FLORA 


OF THE 


SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES 


BEING DESCRIPTIONS OF ———— 


THE SEED-PLANTS, FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES GROWING NATURALLY IN 
NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, FLORIDA, TENNESSEE, 
ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA AND THE 
INDIAN TERRITORY AND IN OKLAHOMA AND 

TEXAS EAST OF THE ONE-HUNDREDTH 
MERIDIAN 


BY 


JOHN KUNKEL SMALL, Pu.D. 


CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Y 

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EN ae 

NEW YORK ene BOTAS 
P. e V 4 sa OS , Jy 
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR o~ «= (5 Gl y poy C 


/ Nw y^ 
1903 ix. i 


Copyright 1903 
By JOHN KUNKEL SMALL. 


Press OF 
Tue New ERA PRINTING COMPANY, 
LANCASTER, PA. 


PREFACE. 


The object of this Flora is to present descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns 
and fern-allies growing naturally within the southeastern United States as limited 
by the northern boundaries of North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Indian 
Territory and Oklaboma, and the one hundredth Meridian, together with the 
known geographical distribution of each species. The usual flowering-period is 
given after the geographical distribution, except in cases where plants bloom 
throughout the year. 

The arrangement of the higher plant-groups is essentially that of Engler 
and Prantl in their Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, except where modifications 
of the sequence there adopted have seemed to be desirable. 

Analytical keys formed by the contrasting of diagnostie characters precede 
the descriptions of the families, genera and species, while a general key to the 
orders precedes the main body of the Flora. 

The collections on which the work is based are mainly at the New York 
Botanical Garden. The manuscript of several groups has been prepared else- 
where by specialists, as indicated in the text. 

To the custodians of the larger herbaria of the country, I wish to express 
my thanks for opportunities afforded for the examination of specimens desirable 
for study, during the prosecution of my investigations. Ialso take pleasure in 
acknowledging important assistance by my associates, Dr. N. L. Britton, Prof. 
L. M. Underwood, Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Mr. G. V. Nash, Dr. J. H. Barnhart and 
Mr. R. M. Harper ; by Mr. C. D. Beadle, Director of the Biltmore Herbarium 
and his associates ; by Prof. W. L. Bray, of the University of Texas, Mr. A. M. 
Huger of North Carolina, Mr. A. Cuthbert of Georgia and Prof. S. W. Stanfield 
of Texas. 

J. K. SMALL. 

THE NEw Yonk BOTANICAL GARDEN, 

July 22, 1903. 


ili 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 
Key to the Orders... ee a oe een a vii-xii 
Descriptive Flora......... te ULL LM ocius 1-1320 
PU oo slo d OMNIS LL oy a ees 1321-1325 
List of Genera and Species published in this Plora es 1326-1341 
Pable of the Orders and Families: soi oso cise nes ee ewes 1342-1344 
IBdeXo 5 0 42 E e re O EE ie cone 1345-1370 


KEY TO THE ORDERS: 


I. Plants without flowers or seeds, but producing spores each of which, on germination, develops into 
a flat or an irregulur prothallium. The prothallia bear the reproductive organs (antheridia and 
archegonia). As a result of the fertilization of an egg in the archegonium by a sperm produced in 
the antheridium a fern or an allied plant is developed. 

PAGE. 


I. PTERIDOPHYTA. 1 


Leaves with broad entire or dissected blades. (Fern-like plants. ) 
Spores of one kind, minute. 
Vernation straight or inclined: prothallium subterranean, yellowish. ; 
Order OPHIOGLOSSALES. 1 
Vernation circinate: prothallium terrestrial or epiphytic, green. Order FILICALES. 3 
Spores of two kinds, minute microspores and larger macrospores, borne in sporocarps. 
Order SALVINIALES. 19 
Leaves scale-like or awl-like. (Moss-like or rush-like plants.) 
Sporangia in an apical cone, borne under peltate scales: stems hollow, rush-like. 
Order EQUISETALES. 20 
Sporangia in the axils of small or leaf-like bracts: stems solid. 
Leaves narrow or scale-like, flat, borne on erect or creeping stems: terrestrial plants. 
Order LYCOPODIALES. 21 
Leaves awl-like, often much elongated, borne on a short corm-like caudex : aquatic plants. 
Order ISOETALES. 24 


II. Plants with flowers which produee seeds. Mierospores (pollen-grains) borne in microsporangia 
(anther-sacs) develop each into a tubular prothallium; a macrospore (embryo-sac) develops a 
minute prothallium, and together with the maerosporangium (ovule) in which it is contained, 
ripens into a seed. 


II. SPERMATOPHYTA. 25 
Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a bract or a scale: stigmas wanting. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. 
Ovules and seeds in a elosed cavity (ovary): stigmas present. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. 


1. Gymnospermae. 


Plants growing by a single terminal bud, with pinnate leaves circinate in vernation: embryo pro- 


longed into a spiral. $ : Order CYCADALES. 25 
Plants growing by lateral as well as by terminal buds, with scale-like, flat or needle-like leaves 
not circinate: embryo not prolonged into a spiral. Order PINALES. 26 


2. Angiospermae. 


Cotyledon 1: stem endogenous. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
Cotyledons normally 2: stem exogenous (with rare exceptions). Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. 


1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 


Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, the members often bristles or mere scales, not corolla-like, 
or wanting. 
Flowers noe in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (scales or glumes). 
Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. _ Order PANDANALES. 
Perianth fieshy or herbaceous, or wanting. 
Fruit baccate: endosperm present. | Order ARALES. 
Fruit drupaceous: endosperm wanting. : Order NAIADALES. 
Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricated, bracts (scales or Sum 
rder POALES. 48 


gd g 


. Perianth of 2 distinet series, the inner series usually corolloid. 


erem m E ed rg Order ALISMALES. 40 
ynoecium of united carpels. 
r Endosperm mealy. P Order XYRIDALES. 231 


Endosperm fleshy, horny or cartilaginous. 
A. Ovary, and fruit, superior. ee i : 
a. Herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees, with simple leaves: ovules 2-many in each cavity of 
the ovary, or solitary only in the case of a few herbs. 
Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix. Order LILIALES. 247 
Inflorescence a fleshy spadix subtended by a spathe. Order ARALES. 225 


! Prepared with the assistance of Dr. P. A. Rydberg. 
vii 


viii KEY TO THE ORDERS 


b. Trees or shrubs, with pinnately or palmately compound or lobed leaf-blades : ovules 
solitary in each peed us of the ovary. i Order ARECALES. 
B. Ovary, and fruit, "E Mucius recs a 
Endosperm present and usually copious. 
nga regular : M ag CN n Wade Sd AS MEO AMARYLLIDALES. 
i H um much reduc : 
Flowers very irregular: androec a ee Ne 
Endosperm wanting. eps i 
Flowers regular, monoecious or dioecious: aquatic plants. Order HYDROCHARITALES. 
Flowers irregular, perfect: terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Order ORCHIDALES. 


2. DICOTYLEDONES. 


A. Corolla wanting, except in the pistillate flowers of Juglans (Juglandaceae). E 
Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers, except sometimes in Casuarina (Casuarinaceae). 
erbs. 
Flowers mainly perfect. : 

Seeds solitary in each carpel or in each cavity of the ovary: endosperm present. 
Flowers spicate: styles wanting: stigmas sessile. - 3 Order PIPERALES. 
Flowers axillary: styles present. Callitrichaceae in Order EUPHORBIALES. 

Seeds numerous in each cavity of the ovary : endosperm wanting. 

odostemaceae in Order ROSALES. 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Order EUPHORBIALES. 
Trees or shrubs: flowers monoecious or dioecious, or polygamous. nd 
Leaves represented by appressed whorled scales: stems or branches loosely jointed. 
Order CASUARINALES. 
Leaves not appressed scales : stems or branches not loosely jointed. 
Fruit 1-seeded : seeds without tufts of hairs. 
Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary : flowers not in heads. 2 
Gynoecium I-carpellary : stigma 1: ovule laterally attached and amphitropous. 
Order LEITNERIALES. 
Gynoecium 2-carpellary: stigmas 2: ovule erect and orthotropous or pendulous 
and anatropous. 
Pistillate flowers without a calyx : ovule erect and orthotropous. 
x : Order MYRICALES. 
Fistillate flowers with a calyx : ovule pendulous and anatropous. 


Leaf-blades simple. 
Fruit a nut or an achene. Corylaceae in Order FAGALES. 
Fruit a drupe. Oleaceae in Order OLEALES. 
Leaf-blades compound : fruit a samara. Oleaceae in Order OLEALES. 
Ovules many : flowers aggregated intodense heads. Altingiaceae in Order ROSALES. 
Fruit many-seeded : seeds each with a tuft of hairs. Order SALICALES. 


Calyx present at least in the staminate or in the perfect flowers. 
Leaves represented by appressed whorled scales: branches loosely jointed. 
Order CASUARINALES. 
Leaves not appressed scales: branches not loosely jointed. 
Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments, or ament-like spikes. 
Leaf-blades simple: ovule pendulous and anatropous. 
Pistillate flowers separate at maturity: fruit a nut or an achene. Order FAGALES. 
Pistillate flowers forming aggregate fruits: fruit drupe-like. 
: Artocarpaceae in Order URTICALES. 
Leaf-blades pinnately compound : ovule erect and orthotropous. Order JUGLANDALES. 
Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments, 
&. Ovary superior. 
—€— C es or several and distinct carpela: stigma and style solitary. 
i ry. 
tyle lateral and oblique. Petiveriaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. 
Style axile, erect. 
Ovary neither enclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-tube. 
Flowers not solitary in axils : land plants. 
Filaments free and distinct. Urticaceae in Order URTICALES. 
Filaments adnate to the sepals or to the calyx-tube. 


Order PROTEALES. 
Flowers solitary in axils; aquatic plants. 


Ceratophyllaceae in Order RANALES. 
Ovary enclosed in or seated in a Dypenbium or a calyx-tube. 
Stamens borne under the gynoecium. 
Allioniaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. 
Stamens borne on the hypanthium or adnate to the calyx-tube. 
Order THYMELEALES. 
Carpels several : 


Stamens inserted below the ovary. Families in Order RANALES. 
Stamens inserted on the edge of à cup-shaped hypanthium. 
Rosaceae in Order RosALEs. 


Gynoecium of 2 or several united ls: stigmas or styles 2 or several. 
* Ovary, by abortion, 1-celled and Lo ue ur 


ves with sheathing stipules (ocreae). Order POLYGONALES. 
Big sel eee c or if stipules are present they are not sheathing. 
ors 


Anthers opening by slits: ovary not seated in a hypanthium. 
Ulmaceae in Order URTICALES. 
mene opening by hinged valves: € seated in an aecrescent hypan- 
jum. 


uraceae in Order THYMELEALES. 
Herbs or vines. 


t Leaves with stipules. 
Stipules herbaceous: inflorescence spicate or racemose: leaf-blades 
palmately veined. Cannabinaceae in Order URTICALES. 


221 


285 
307 


46 
308 


330 
690 


494 
690 


331 


336 


343 


355 
332 


818 


818 


KEY TO THE ORDERS ix 


Stipules scarious or hyaline: inflorescence cymose: leaf-blades pin- 


nately veined. Families in Order CHENOPODIALES. 383 

tt Leaves without stipules. 
Stigmas entire. Order CHENOPODIALES. 383 
Stigmas 2-cleft. Euphorbiaceae in Order EUPHORBIALES. 690 


** Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled. 
Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gynoecium in the perfect flowers, not 
on a disk in the pistillate flowers. 
Herbs. 
Flowers perfect. 
Ovary several-celled. 
Fruit baccate or nut-like, or a circumscissile capsule, the carpels 
.terminalonthereceptacle. Families in Order CHENOPODIALES. 383 
Fruit of several carpels, lateral on the receptacle, each carpel cir- 
cumscissile. Penthoraceae in Order ROSALES. 494 
Ovary 1-2-celled. 
Stamens not tetradynamous, 4-8: ovary 1-celled. 
Order CHENOPODIALES. 383 
Stamens tetradynamous: ovary 2-celled. 
Brassicaceae in Order PAPAVERALES, 460 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 
Ovules with the raphe towards the axis of the gynoecium. 
: Euphorbiaceae in Order EUPHORBIALES. 690 
Ovules with the raphe away from the axis of the gynoecium. 
Buxaceae in Order SAPINDALES. 723 
Trees or shrubs. 
Gynoecium 5-carpellary, the carpels nearly distinet. 
: Buettneriaceae in Order MALVALEs. 759 
Gynoecium 2-4-carpellary, the carpels united. 
Ovary 4-celled: fleshy maritime shrubs. 
Batidaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. 383 


Ovary 2-celled: plants not fleshy. Oleaceae in Order OLEALES. 916 
Ranier peru none or epigynous, inserted on the?margin of a hypanthium or 
a disk. 
Fruit a samara. Families in Order SAPINDALEs. 723 
Fruit not a samara. 
Fruit drupe-like or berry-like: shrubs or trees. Order RHAMNALES. 747 
Fruit a capsule; herbs. Order ARISTOLOCHIALES. 1130 


b. Ovary inferior. 
Flowers not in involucrate heads. 
Fruit 3-winged, splitting into 3 nutlets. Gouania in Order RRHAMNALES. 747 
Fruit neither 3-winged nor splitting into carpels. 
Fruit a berry or a drupe, or nut-like. 
Calyx deciduous as a lid : stamens numerous. 
Chytraculia in Order MYRTALES. 822 
Calyx of valvate or imbricated sepals: stamens few. 
Stamens as many,as the perianth-members and alternate with them, or 


fewer. 
Herbs, with succulent stems and leaves, or woody below: flowers 
perfect. Tetragoniaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. 
Trees or shrubs : flowers dioecious. Nyssaceae in Order AMMIALES. 851 
Stamens as many as the perianth-members and opposite them, or twice 
as many. 


Styles present. 
Ovules mostly on basal placentae, sometimes pendulous: cotyle- 
dons not convolute : tree or root-parasites. Order SANTALALES. 1101 
Ovules not on basal placentae: cotyledons convolute: not parasitic 
plants. Families in Order MYRTALES. 822 
Styles wanting: stigmas sessile. Gunneraceae in Order MYRTALES. 822 
Fruit a capsule. 
Sepals as many as the ovary-cavities or one-half as many. 
Calyx regular and the sepals half as many as the cavities in the ovary, 
or regalar. | ii a M oe 1130 
Calyx regular and the sepals as many as the cavities in the ovary. 
p " ^ : Order MYRTALES. 822 
Sepals (4-5) at least twice as many as the ovary-cavities (2). 
—7 : Baxitragacene in Order ROSALES. 494 
Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads. 
Ambrosiaceae in Order CARDUALES. 1148 
B. Corolla present. 
* Petals distinct, at least at the base. 
Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base. 
Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e., hypogynous. 


Flowers in monoecious heads. Platanaceae in Order ROSALES. 4194 
Flowers not in monoecious heads. 
Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulent. Order RANALES. 428 
Plants with suceulent stems and leaves. Sedaceae in Order RosALES. 494 
Stamens on the margin of a hypanthium (the hypanthium very small in some Saxifra- 
gaceae). 
Plants without secreting glands in tlie bark. Order ROSALES. 494 
Plants with een | glands in the bark. Surianaceae in Order GERANIALES. 658 
Carpels several and united. 
+ Ovary superior 


t Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle. 
à Stamens numerous. : 


peo de eun Order PAPAVERALES. 460 


KEY TO THE ORDERS 


Calyx persistent. 
Stigmas pinnatifid : insectivorous plants. ` 
Dionaeaceae in Order SARRACENIA LES. 
Stigmas not pinnatifid : plants not insectivorous (except in Sarraceniales). 
Styles or stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid. 
Leaves glandular or pellucid-punctate. : 
Placentae axile. Rutaceae in Order GERANIALES. 
Placentae parietal. Canellaceae in Order HYPERICALES. 
Leaves not glandular. i 
Placentae pariental: gynoecium with a 1-celled ovary. 
Anther-sacs opening length wise. 
Capparidaceae in Order PAPAVERALES. 
Anther-sacs opening at the top. 
Bixaceae in Order HYPERICALES. 
Placentae axile or central: gynoecium with a 2-several-celled ovary, 
(or with distinct carpels.) Theaceae in Order HYPERICALES. 
Styles or stigmas united into a disk. 
Herbs: bog or aquatic plants. 
Petalsand sepals numerous : leaves with flat blades: aquatic plants. 
Nymphaeaceae in Order RANALES. 
Petals and sepals few: leaves with pitcher-like organs: bog plants. 
Sarraceniaceae in Order SARRACENIALES, 
Shrubsortrees: plants notaquatic. Clusiaceaein Order HYPERICALES. 
Sepals valvate. 
Stamens with distinct filaments. 
Ovary I-celled: placentae parietal. Capparidaceae in Order PAPAVERALES. 
Ovary 2-several-celled : placentae axile or central. 
Families in Order MALVALES. 
Stamens with united filaments. Order MALVALES. 
£2 Stamens few, not over twice as many as the petals. 
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. 


Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves. Podophyliaceae in Order RANALES. 
Anther-sacs opening by slits. 
Flowers monoecious. Euphorbiaceae in Order EUPHORBIALES. 


Flowers perfect. 
Ovules, or seeds, several or many: embryo coiled. 
Portulacaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. 
Ovules, or seeds, solitary : embryo straight. 
Plumbaginaceae in Order PRIMULALES. 
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more, sometimes 
twice as many. 
Stamens 6: petals 4: sepals 2 or 4. Families in Order PAPAVERALES. 
Stamens, petals and sepals of the same number, or stamens more, usually twice 
as many as the sepals or petals. 
Ovary 1-celled. 
Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae. 


Herbs. Families in Order CHENOPODIALES. 
Trees or shrubs. 


Stamens with free and distinct filaments. 
à B Tamaricaceae in Order HYPERICALES. 
Stamens with partially united filaments, and usually adnate to the 
corolla. Styracaceae in Order EBENALES. 
Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae. 
Stigmas 2-cleft. 
Anther with an inconspicuous connective. 
Stigmas not brush-like. Droseraceae in Order SARRACENIALES. 
Stigmas brush-like. Turneraceae in Order HYPERICALES. 
Anther with the conspicuous connective produced beyond the sacs. 
: Papayaceae in Order PASSIFLORALES. 
Stigmas entire. 


Stamens with united filaments and no staminodia. 
Families in Order MALVALES. 


Stamens with distinct filaments. : 
Staminodia present. Parnassiaceae in Order ROSALES. 


Staminodia wanting. Families in Order HYPERICALES. 
Ovary several-celled. 


Stamens adnate to the gynoecium. 
Asclepiadaceae in Order ASCLEPIADALES. 
Stamens not adnate to the gynoecium. 
Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments. 
Anthers opening lengthwise. Families in Order GERANIALES. 
Anthers opening by pores. Polygalaceae in Order PoLYGALALES. 
Stamens with distinct filaments. 
Anthers opening by pores. Families in Order ERICALEs. 
Anthers opening by slits. 
Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft, or foliaceous, or united by 
. pairs. Order EUPHORBIALES. 
php r styles all distinct or all united, neither cleft nor foli- 
us. 
Stamens 2. Oleaceae in Order OLEALES. 
Stamens more than 2. 
Leaves with compound blades. . 
E Families in Order GERANIALES. 
Leaves with simple blades. 
Ovule solitary in each carpel. 
Styles distinct: ovule pendulous. 
amilies in Order GERANIALES. 


491 


781 


781 


916 


KEY TO THE ORDERS 


Styles united : ovule erect or ascending. 
Limnanthaceae in Order SAPINDALEs. 
Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 
Flowers irregular: stamens united at the top or con- 
. verging. 
Placentae axile. 
Balsaminaceae in Order GERANIALES. 
Placentae parietal. 
Violaceae in Order HYPERICALEs. 
Flowers regular: stamens neither united nor con- 
verging at the top. 
Carpels not circumscissile at maturity. 
Placentae parietal. 
Cistaceae in Order HYPERICALES. 
Placentae axile or central. 
Styles distinct. 
Elatinaceae in Order HYPERICALES. 
Styles united. 
Ovary sessile : filaments filiform. 
Tiliaceae in Order MALVALEs. 
Ovary stipitate : filaments fusiform. 
Koeberliniaceae in Order GERANIALES. 
Carpelscircumscissile at maturity. 
Penthoraceae in Order ROSALES, 
1i Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium (perigynous or hypogynous). 
Stamens fewer than the sepals or the petals. —— 
Hippocrateaceae in Order SAPINDALES. 
Stamens as many as the sepals or the petals, or more. 
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. 
Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct: ovules and seeds many. 
Saxifragaceae in Order RosALEs. 
Styles united. 


Ovules and seeds numerous. Moringaceae in Order PAPAVERALES. 
Ovules and seeds solitary or 2. Order RHAMNALES. 
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more or many. 
Styles distinet. ; 
Upper part of the ovaries distinct, at least at maturity. 
Saxifragaceae and Iteaceae in Order ROSALES, 


Upper part of the ovaries united. Order SAPINDALES. 
Styles united. 
ced creep fiat or obsolete: disk fleshy. 
lants without secreting glands in the bark. Order SAPINDALES. 


Plants with secreting glandsinthe bark. Families in Order GERANIALES. 
Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate : disk obsolete or inconspicuous. 
Order MYRTALES. 
tł Ovary inferior. 
Stamens numerous. : 
Styles and stigmas united into a disk : water-plants with endogenous stems. 
Nymphaeaceae in Order ROSALES. 
Styles distinct, or united, but not forming a disk with radiating stigmas: land-plants 
with exogenous stems. 
Styles distinct. ; 
Stamens distinct: stigmassimple: shrubs or trees. Familiesin Order ROSALES. 
Stamens with united filaments: styles branched: herbs. Order BEGONIALES. 
Styles united. 
Shrubs or trees; not succulents, sometimes woody vines. 
Hypanthium not produced beyond the ovary. 
Escalloniaceae in Order ROSALES. 


Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary. Families in Order MYRTALES. 
Herbs, or shrub-like or tree-like succulents. Order OPUNTIALEs. 
Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. 

Styles wanting: stigmas sessile. Gunneraceae in Order MYRTALEs. 

Styles present. 

Styles distinet. 
Ovules € in each cavity of the ovary: fruit a capsule or a fleshy many- 
ITY, 

Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate. Families in Order ROSALES. 
Fruit cireumseissile, Portulacaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. 
Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary: fruit a drupe or 2-5 more or less 
united achenes. Order AMMIALES. 


Styles united, or single. _ 
Plants without tendrils. 
Ovary enelosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium or adnate to it. 


Anther-sacs opening by pores. Vacciniaceae in Order ERICALES. 
Anther-sacs opening by slits. _ 
Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary. Order AMMIALES. 


Ovules several in each cavity. 
Ovary with parietal placentae. Loasaceae in Order OPUNTIALES. 
Ovary with central or basal placentae. 

Families in Order MYRTALES. 

Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free. _ 
Escalloniaceae in Order ROSALES. 

Plants with tendrils. 

: fruit a : leaf-blades palmately veined. 
dices qus Cucurbitaceae in Order CAMPANULALES. 
Shrubby vines: fruit drupaceous, separating into nutlets: leaf-blades pin- 
nately veined. Rhamnaceae in Order RHAMNALES. 


723 


494 


494 


1134 
747 


os 


xn KEY TO THE ORDERS 


** Petals more or less united. 
Ovary superior. 
Stamens free from the corolla. aD AN 
Gynoecium of a single carpel. Families in Order ROSALES 
Gynoecium of several united carpels. 
Filaments united. 


Stamens diadelphous. Fumariaceae in Order PAPAVERALES. 
Stamens monadelphous. : : ; 
Anther-sacs opening by slits. Oxalidaceae in Order GERANIALES. 
Anther-sacs opening by pores. 
Calyx and corolla very irregular. ... Order POLYGALALES. 
Calyx and corolla regular. Families in Order ERICALES. 


Filaments distinct. à . oS : 
Styles wanting or very short: stigma sessile. Aquifoliaceae in Order SAPINDALES. 
Styles elongated. OM 
Ovary several-celled. Families in Order ERICALES. 
Ovary 1-celled. Armeriaceae in Order PRIMULALES. 
Stamens partially adnate to the corolla. i A 
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, or twiceas many or more. 


Ovary 1-celled. ù 
Placentae central or basal. . Order PRIMULALES. 
Placentae parietal. Fouquieriaceae in Order HYPERICALES. 
Ovary several-celled. Lace E 
Upper portion of the ovaries distinct. Sedaceae in Order RosALEs. 
Upper portion of the ovaries united. Order EBENALES. 


Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. 
Corolla not scarious, veiny : fruit various, but not a pyxis. 
Gynoecium of 3-6 carpels. t : 
Shrubs or trees: ovules and seeds few. Aquifoliaceae in Order SAPINDALES. 
Herbs, or creeping or tufted shrubby plants: ovules and seeds numerous. 
Stamens adnate up to the sinuses of the corolla: creeping evergreen under- 
shrubs. Diapensiaceae in Order ERICALES. 
Stamens adnate to the lower part of the corolla-tube: vines. 
Families in Order POLEMONIALES. 
Gynoecium of 2 carpels. 
Carpels distinet, except sometimes at the apex. 


Style terminal. Order ASCLEPIADALES. 
Style basal. Dichondraceae in Order POLEMONIALES. 
Carpels united. 
Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae. Order GENTIANALES. 
Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled, or if 1-celled with parietal placentae. 
Stamens 2 and opposite each other, or 3. Order OLEALES. 


Stamens usually 4 or 5, if 2 by reduction not opposite each other. 
Leaves with stipules or stipular lines at their bases. 
Í Spigeliaceae in Order GENTIANALES. 
_ Leaves with no traces of stipules. Order POLEMONIALES, 
Corolla scarious, veinless: fruit a pyxis. Order PLANTAGINALES. 
Ovary inferior. 
Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla, 
Stamens 10: anther-saes opening by terminal pores or chinks. 
2 Vacciniaceae in Order ERICALES. 
Stamens 5 or fewer: anther-sacs opening by longitudinal slits. Order CAMPANULALES. 
Stamens adnate to the corolla. 


Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules: calyx unmodified, at least not 


a pappus. — : 
Plants tendril-bearing. Cucurbitaceae in Order CAMPANULALES. 
Plants not tendril-bearing. 

Ovules mostly on basal placentae : plants itic. Order SANTALALES. 


Ovules variously borne, but not on a basal placenta : plants not parasitic. 


Ovary with one fertile cavity. eS ROM ME 


Ovules numerous on a basal placenta. Primulaceae in Order PRIMULALES. 
Ovule solitary, the placentae not basal. 
Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes. Order VALERIANALES. 
Flowers in involucrate heads. Order CARDUALES. 


876. 


1127 
1148 


FLORA 


OF THE 


SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES 


Sunkincpom PTERIDÓPHYTA.' Ferns AND FERN ALLIES. 


Plants containing woody and vascular tissues. They produce spores 
asexually, each of which, on germination, develops into a prothallium 
(gametophyte). The prothallia bear the reproductive organs ; the female 
organ is known as an archegone, the male as an antherid. As a result of 
the fertilization of an egg in the archegone by a sperm produced in the 
antherid, the asexual state of the plant is developed (sporophyte) ; this 
phase is represented by a fern or an allied plant. 


Order 1. OPHIOGLOSSALES. 

Succulent plants, consisting of a stem and leaf growing from a fleshy root- 
stock. Sporophyll in the form of a spike or panicle, the sporanges formed from 
the interior tissues, naked, each opening at maturity by a transverse slit. Spores 
yellow, of one sort. Prothallia subterranean, devoid of chlorophyll. 


FAMILY 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl. ADDER’S-TONGUE FAMILY. 


Characters of the order. 
Veins reticulated : sporanges cohering in one or more distichous spikes. 


Terrestrial: spike single, long-stalked. 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM. 
Epiphytic on palmettos : spikes several, short-stalked. 2. CHEIROGLOSSA. 
Veins free: sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 3. BOTRYCHIUM. 


1. OPHIOGLÓSSUM L. 

Low terrestrial plants, with small rootstocks, and slender fleshy roots. Bud for the 
following year formed at the side of the base of the stem. Leaf solitary, borne on the 
stem : blade simple, entire. Sporophyll terminal, formed of two rows of large coalescent 
sporanges. Veins reticulated. Spores sulphur-yellow. ADDER’S-TONGUE. 


Leaf-blades oyate or elliptic-oblong, 3-12 cm. long, with several equal or parallel veins at the base. 
Leaf-blades obtuse: areolae with few veinlets. : 1. O. vulgatum. 
Leaf-blades apiculate : areolae broad, with many veinlets. 2. O. Engelmannii. 

Leaf-blades cuneate or cordate at the base, with unequal veins at the base. 

Rootstocks slightly tuberous-thickened : leaf-blades lanceolate or ovate with 
a cuneate base. ` 3. O. pusillum. 
Rootstocks globose: leaf-blades ovate with a cordate base. 4. O. crotalophoroides. 
1. Ophioglossum vulgàtum L. Rootstock oblique. Stem slender, 1-4 dm. tall, 
simple, glabrous, bearing a leaf near its middle ; leaf-blade sessile, ovate or elliptic-oblong, 

3-12 cm. long, rather firm in texture, distinctly reticulated, with few veinlets within the 

areolae ; basal veins 9-13: spike solitary, 1-2.5 cm. long, erect apiculate. 

In moist meadows and thickets, Prince Edward Island to Alaska, south to Florida. Also in Europe 
and Asia. May to August. 


1Contributed by Prof. Lucien Marcus Underwood. 


bo 


OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 


2. Ophioglossum Engelmánnii Prantl. Rootstock cylindrie. Stem 8-22 em. high. 
bearing a leaf; blade elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, 3-9 cm. long, sharply apiculate, flesh y 
but becoming pellucid ; basal veins 13 or more, the transverse veinlets oblique, forming 
broad oblong-hexagonal areolae with numerous veinlets : spike 1.5-2.5 cm. long, apiculate. 

In moist grounds, Virginia to Indiana, Missouri, Texas and Arizona. 

3. Ophioglossum pusíllum Nutt. Rootstock slightly thickened. Stem slender, 
2.5-4 cm. high, bearing a leaf near the base; blade lanceolate or ovate with a cuneate base ; 
basal veins 3, the midvein branching by lateral veinlets which form narrow areolae with no 
free veinlets: spikes 6-12 mm. long, with 6-14 sporanges on either side. [0O. nudicaule 
Chapm., not L. f.] 

In sandy soil, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. 

4. Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt. Rootstock globose. Stem relatively 
stout, bearing one leaf ; blade concave, broadly ovate, 8-30 mm. long, with a cordate base 
and acute apex ; basal veins 5, the midvein rarely branched, the lateral veins freely anas- 
tomosing, forming short hexagonal areolae with rarely a free veinlet: spikes broad, 4-12 
mm. long, with 4-1]esporanges on either side. 

In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida and Texas, Also in tropical America. 


2. CHEIROGLÓSSA Presl. 

Epiphytic plants, with slender fleshy roots. Leaf-blades:simple, palmately lobed, bear- 
ing several spikes near their bases. Veins reticulated ; the areolae without free veinlets. 

1. Cheiroglossa palmata (L.) Presl. Rootstock tuberous, covered with fine woolly 
chaff. Leaves fleshy ; blades 10-25 cm. long, on a stem nearly as long, palmately divided 
into 2-9 broadly spreading lobes, or rarely entire and lanceolate : spikes 2-16, or rarely 1, 
short-stalked, 2.5 cm. long or more. [Ophioglossum palmatum L. ] 

On palmettos, Florida and tropical America. 


3. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. 

Fleshy plants, with erect rootstocks, and clustered fleshy roots, the bud for the succeed- 
ing year imbedded in the base of the stem. Leaf-blade pinnately or ternately divided, or 
compound. Sporophyll pinnate or 3-pinnate, with sessile distinct sporanges in rows on 
either side of its branches, forming large panicles in some species. Veins free. Spores 
yellow. Moonwort. 


Bud for the following year enclosed in the base of the stem: leaf-blades ternate or biternate, attached 
near the base of the common stem. : 


Leaf-blades sessile or nearly so: spores maturing in early i ] 
Leaf-blades stalked : spores arris a in fall. x re s LOB erT 
Leaf-blade biternate, thin. 2. B. tenuifolium. 


Leaf-blade ternate, with bipinnate or tripinnate divisions, fleshy. 
Bud enclosed in a cavity at one side of the base of the stem: leaf-blades ternate 
decompound, sessile at the middle of the stem. appe Virginianum. 
1. Botrychium biternàtum (Lam.) Underw. Plant 6-10 cm. high, bearing a single 
leaf ; blade sessile or nearly so, ternately compound, 8-10 cm. wide, 5 cm. long, with the 
middle division slightly larger than the lateral ones and like them nearly 3-pinnate ; ulti- 
mate segments somewhat lunate, usually 5-6 mm. wide, the outer margin crenate, the 
lateral margins decurrent on the rachis: sporophyll on a stalk 8 cm. long or longer, 2- 
pinnate : bud smooth or slightly pilose. 
On dry grassy knolls, South Carolina to Louisiana. The spores mature in March or April. 


2. Botrychium tenuifóülium Underw. A slender plant with a biternate leaf-blade. 
Stems very slender, 2-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick: leaf-blade 3.5-5 cm. long, 3-6 cm. 
wide, usually consisting of nine segments, the primary divisions nearly equal, or the termi- 
nal one sometimes slightly more divided ; segments ovate, 1.2-1.5 cm. long by 6-8 mm. 
wide, thin, sharply serrate, or nearly 2- or3-incised ; petiole 3-6.5 cm. long, very slender ; 
panicle 3-6 cm. long, bipinnate or basely tripinnate below on a slender stalk, 6-22 em. long. 

In low grounds, Alabama, Florida and Louisiana. The spores mature in fall, 


3. Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Plant robust, 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaf rising from 
near the base of the stem on a stalk 2-10 em. long, or more ; blade ternate, with the three 
divisions nearly equal, 2-pinnate or somewhat 3-pinnatifid in larger forms, the ultimate 
segments obliquely ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the terminal one of each division elongated, 
1-2 em. long, the margins crenate or serrate: sporophyll long-stalked 3-4-pinnate : bud 
densely pilose, both portions bent in vernation. [B. ternatum Chapm., not Sw.] 


In low woods and open places from New Brunswi i i i 
Pesce mde Hom ERRAT. OCDE unswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Mexico. 


3. B. obliquum. 


OSMUNDACEAE 3 


4. Botrychium Virginianum (L.) Sw. Plant 2-6 dm. high, the stem slender but 
fleshy. Leaf-blade nearly or quite sessile above the middle of the stem, spreading, thin, 
ternate with the primary divisions pinnate or 2-pinnate and the segments 1-2-pinnatifid ; 
ultimate segments oblong, more or less toothed near the apex ; epidermal cells flexuous : 
sporophyll long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate: bud for the following year pilose, enclosed in a 
glabrous cavity at one side of the lower part of the stem : sporophyll recurved its whole 
length, the leaf reclined upon it in vernation. 

In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida and Arizona. Alsoin Europe and Asia. Spring 


Order2. FILICALES. 

Terrestrial aquatic or epiphytic plants, various in habit. Sporanges devel- 
oped from the epidermal tissues, on the back or margin of the leaf-blades, or in 
panicles formed from modified leaves. Spores of one sort. Prothallia with 
chlorophyll, flat, terrestrial. 


Leaves with filmy translucent blades: sporanges sessile on a filiform receptacle. 
- Fam. 1. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE. 
Leaves with herbaceous or leathery blades: sporanges on normal or 
modified leaf-blades. 
Sporanges in panicles or spikes. 
Sporanges nearly globose, with a rudimentary ring. Fam. 2. OSMUNDACEAE. 
Sporanges ovoid or pyriform, with a complete apical ring. Fam. 3. SCHIZAEACEAE. 
Sporanges borne on the back or margin of a leaf-blade. 
Sporanges seattered, globose, with a more or less complete broad 
ring, opening vertically: aquatic. Fam. 4. CERATOPTERIDACEAE. 


_ Sporanges arranged in sori, with a complete ring, opening trans- 
versely: terrestrial or epiphytic. Fam. 5. POLYPODIACEAE. 


FAMILY d. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Gaud. FILMY FERN FAMILY. 


Membranous, mostly small ferns with filiform or slender creeping or hori- 
zontal rootstocks. Leaf-blades usually much divided. Sporanges sessile on a 
filiform usually elongated receptacle, surrounded by a transverse ring which 
opens vertically. 


1. TRICHÓMANES L. 


Delicate filmy plants. Leaves usually with much divided blades. Receptacle slender- 
filiform, surrounded by a tubular or funnel-shaped indusium which is truncate or slightly 


2-lipped. 
Leaf-blades entire or slightly pinnatifid, 6-24 mm. long. 1. T. Petersii. 
Leaf-blades 2-3-pinnatifid, 8-27 em. long. 2. T. Boschianum. 


1. Trichomanes Petérsii A. Gray.  Rootstocks widely creeping. Leaves with a 
few black hairs along the margins when young ; blades entire, or slightly pinnatifid, 6-24 
mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, on a stalk 2-4 mm. long: indusium solitary, terminal, funnel- 
form, expanded and slightly 2-lipped at the mouth: receptacle mostly included. 

Under moist rocks, Winston and Etowah Counties, Alabama, and in Georgia and Mississippi. 

2. Trichomanes Boschiànum Sturm. Rootstocks wiry, tomentose. Leaves erect or 
ascending ; petioles 2.5-7.5 em. long, naked or nearly so; blades 5-20 cm. long, 1.5-3.3 
em. wide, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2—3-pinnatifid : leaflets ovate, obtuse, the upper 
side of the cuneate base parallel or ipod. to the narrowly winged rachis; segments 
toothed or cut into linear divisions: indusia terminal on short lobes, 1-4 on a segment, 
slightly 2-lipped at the mouth : receptacle partially exserted. [T. radicans A. Gray, not Sw. J 

On wet rocks, Kentucky to Alabama and Florida. Also widely distributed in the tropics. 


FAMILY 2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. CINNAMON FERN FAMILY. 
Large plants, with stout often erect rootstocks. Leaves coiled in vernation : 
blades 1-2 pinnate: veins free, mostly forked, running to the margins of the 
leaflets or lobes. Sporanges large, globose, with no ring or mere traces of a 
transverse ring of thick-walled cells, borne on modified contracted leaflets, or in 
clusters (sori) on the lower surface of the leaflets. 


1. OSMUNDA L. 


Swamp plants, growing in large crowns, with the fertile (spore-bearing) portions very 
much contracted, the short-pedicelled naked sporanges on the margins of their rachis-like 


4 SCHIZAEACEAE 


divisions, which are destitute of chlorophyll. Veins forked, regular and prominent. 
Sporanges each opening by a longitudinal cleft into two halves. Spores green. 


Leaf-blades 2-pinnate, fertile at the apex. 
Leaf-blades 2-pinnatifid, wholly or partially fertile, or sterile. 
Leaflets of sterile leaf with a tuft of tomentum at the base; fertile leaf normally 


1. O. spectabilis. 


distinct from sterile. * 2. O. cinnamomea. 
Leaflets of sterile leaf without a tuft of tomentum at the base; leaves fertile in 
the middle. 


3. O. Claytoniana. 

1. Osmunda spectábilis Willd. Leaves several, clustered, 6-20 dm. high ; blades 
2-pinnate. Leaflets 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, their segments oblong-ovate, or lance- 
olate-oblong, sessile or slightly stalked, glabrous, finely serrulate, especially near the apex 
and occasionally crenate towards the truncate oblique or cordate base: sporophylls linear- 
cylindrie, panicled, withering and shrivelling with age, greenish before maturity, but 
becoming dark-brown after the spores have fallen. 

In swamps and marshes, New Brunswick to Nebraska, Florida and Mississippi. Alsoin Mexico. 
Distinct from the European O. regalis L. May-July. ROYAL FERN. 

2. Osmunda cinnamómea L. Rootstock widely creeping, bearing a cluster of 
sterile leaves with one or several fertile ones within. Leaves erect or nearly so; petioles 3 
dm. long, or longer, clothed with ferruginous tomentum when young, glabrous when old ; 
blades 3-12 dm. long, with merely a tuft of tomentum at the base of each leaflet ; leaflets 
linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into oblong obtuse segments : sporophyll 2-pinnate, con- 
tracted, soon withering: sporanges cinnamon-colored after the numerous green spores have 
been discharged. 


In wet places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Mexico. May-June. CINNAMON 
FERN.—Forms occur with leaves variously intermediate between the sterile and fertile. 

3. Osmunda Claytoniàna L. Rootstock bearing a cluster of ascending or arching 
leaves, some usually partially fertile and taller than the sterile. Leaves 6-20 dm. long, 
1.5-2.5 dm. wide; blades 2-pinnatifid ; sterile leaflets linear-lanceolate, without tufts of 
tomentum at the base, deeply cleft into oblong obtuse segments ; some of the leaf-blades 
contracted at the middle and bearing 2-5 pairs of sporophylls with dense cylindric divi- 
sions greenish at first, afterward dark-brown. 


In moist or shaded places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri. 


May-July. 
FAMILY 3. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb. CURLY-GRASS FAMILY. 


Plants various in habit, with simple or pinnate leaf-blades. Sporanges 
borne in spikes or panicles, sessile, each provided with an apical ring opening 
vertically by a longitudinal slit. 

Twining : sporanges in ample panicles in the upper portion of the leaf: leaflets palmate. 


F 1. LYGODIUM. 
Erect : sporanges in panicles borne on the elongated lower leaflets. 2. ORNITHOPTERIS. 


1. LYGODIUM Sw. 
Twining or climbing plants. Leaves with the lower divisions sterile, variously 
stalked and lobed, the fertile divisions terminal, panicled. Sporanges ovoid, solitary or 


in twos, in the axils of imbricated scale-like indusia. Indusia fixed by their broad bases 
to short oblique veinlets. 


1. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw.  Rootstock slender, horizontal. Leaves 
ample ; petioles slender, flexible and twining; blades 4-10 dm. long, their short alternate 
branches 2-forked, each fork bearing a nearly orbicular 4-7-lobed leaflet, which is more or 
less cordate at the base with a narrow sinus ; ‘surfaces naked ; fertile leaflets contracted, 
several times forked, forming terminal panicles: sporanges solitary. 

In moist thickets and open woods, 


i New Hampshire and 4 i 
and Flocida; rare or local. Bunmber Gud red Massachusetts, to Pennsylvania, Tennessee 


2. ORNITHOPTERIS Bernh. 


Erect plants, with creeping or horizontal rootstocks. Leaves with the lower pair of 
leaflets elongated and often overtopping the blade, bearing numerous panicles of sporanges 
which are borne in two rows on the back of very narrow divisions. Veins free. [Anemia Sw. ] 
Leaf-blades simply pinnate. 1 
Leaf-blades pinnately decompound. : X 9: R, 

l. Ornithopteris Mexicàna 


: (Kl.) Underw. Leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, on petioles 
of equal length, with a large terminal leaflet and from 4-6 pairs of lateral oe ; Heaflets 


POLYPODIACEAE 5 


ovate-lanceolate, short-stalked, somewhat leathery, smooth and manifestly glossy ; midrib 
distinct, with oblique parallel veins: sporophylls long-stalked, overtopping the leaf. 

In dry soi), western and southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. 

2. Ornithopteris adiantifolia (L.) Bernh. Leaf-blades triangular-ovate, 12-20 em. 
long, on usually elongated petioles, slightly pubescent, pinnately decompound ; ultimate 
segments obovate or cuneate, entire or lobed, striate above with numerous flabellate veins. 

In sandy soil or coral rock, peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies and Mexico. 


FAMILY 4. CERATOPTERIDACEAE Underw. FLOATING FERN FAMILY. 


Aquatic succulent plants, floating, or rooting in the mud. Leaves of two 
kinds, some with flat blades, the sporophylls narrowed, with broadly reflexed 
margins meeting at the midrib. Sporanges scattered, sessile, each with a broad 
complete partial or obsolete ring. Sori seated on two or three veins that run down 
the length of the leaf-blade, nearly parallel to both the edge and the midrib. 


1. CERATOPTERIS Brongn. 
Characters of the family. FLOATING Fern, 

__ i. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Leaves tufted ; petioles inflated, filled 
with large air-cavities ; blades floating, 15-35 cm. long, simple or only slightly divided 
when young, 2-pinnate at maturity : sporophyHs 2-3-pinnate, erect or ascending, the ulti- 
mate segments pod-like. 

Indeepor shallow water, peninsular Florida and Louisiana. Also widely distributed in the tropics. 


FAMILY 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. FERN FAMILY. 


Plants various in habit. Rootstocks creeping or horizontal, elongated, or 
short and erect. Leaves various, coiled in vernation: blades entire, pinnate, 
pinnatifid or decompound. Sporanges borne in clusters (sori) on the lower side 
or margins of the leaf-blades, stalked, provided with a vertical ring, open trans- 
versely. Sori frequently with a membranous covering (indusium).  Prothallia 
green. 

A. Sporiferous leaf-blades flat, or their edges merely revolute. 
Sori without indusia. 
Sori covering the leaf-blades or portions of them with a uniform layer. 1. ACROSTICHUM. 
Sori more or less separated from each other. 
Sori roundish, not more than twice as long as broad. 


Leaves with petioles jointed to the rootstocks; blades entire, pin- 
natifid or 1-pinnate. 


Veins free; leaf-blades (in our species) pinnatifid or pinnate. 2. POLYPODIUM. 
Veins copiously anastomosing. 
Veins forming regular ample areolae: leaf-blades pinnatifid. 3. PHLEBODIUM, 


Veins, or those parallel to the margins, forming irregular areo- 
lae: leaf-blades simple. 
Leaves ample : veins parallel to the margins with interven- ` 
ing finer areolae. 4. CAMPYLONEURON. 
Leaves relatively small: veins with irregular areolae through- 


out. 
Leaves not jointed to the rootstocks: blades (in our species) 2-3-pin- 
natifid or ternate. 
Veins free. 25. PHEGOPTERIS, 
Veins connivent, the branches of contiguous groups uniting to form A 


5. PHYMATODES, 


one or more arches. . GONIOPTERIS. 
Sori linear. 
Leaf-blades simple. 
Leaves with very narrow grass-like blades: veins indistinet. 6. VITTARIA. 
: Leaves with expanded blades: veins markedly anastomosing. 7. CHEILOGRAMMA. 
Leaf-blades 1-4-pinnate : sori marginal. 13. NOTHOLAENA. 


Sori with indusia. : 
Indusia formed of the partially altered margin of the leaf-blade. 
Sporanges at the ends of veins, borne in a reflexed portion of the leaf- 
blade. 10. ADIANTUM. 
Sporanges borne on a continuous vein-like receptacle connecting the 
apices of the veins. : 
Indusia single, formed of the altered leaf-margin. 8. PTERIS. 
Indusia double, a membranous one arising within the receptacle. 9. PTERIDIUM. 
Sporanges at the apices of unconnected veins or near them. 
Sori mostly forming a continuous indusium around the leaf-segments. 11. PELLAEA. 
Sori minute; indusium usually interrupted, if continuous, leaf-seg- 
ments small and bead-like. 12. CHEILANTHES. 
Indusia specially developed. not from the leaf-margins: sori dorsal. 
Sori linear or oblong: indusia more than twice as long as broad. 


[er 


POLYPODIACEAE 


Sori parallel to the midrib or rachis. 
Veins free : sori continuous or nearly so. 14. BLECHNUM. 
Veins anastomosing : sori interrupted, chain-like. 
Leaves uniform: veins free between the sori and the margin. 15. ANCHISTEA. 
Leaves dimorphous: veins everywhere anastomosing. 19. LORINSERIA. 
Sori wholly or partially oblique to the midrib. 
Veins free: sori all oblique. mu 
Sori single on the upper side of a veinlet or rarely crossing 1t : 


leaf-blades (in our species) not entire. 3 à 16. ASPLENIUM. 
Sori confluent in pairs with an apparently double indusium 
opening in the middle: leaft-blades entire. 17. PHYLLITIS. 


Veins united : sori partly parallel to the midrib, partly oblique. 18. CAMPTOSORUS. 
Sori orbieular or nearly orbicular: indusia less than twice as long as 
a. Indusia superior. 


Sori mostly on the back of the veins. 
Indusia orbicular, peltate, fixed by the center. 


Veins copiously united, forming areolae. 91. TECTARIA. 
Veins free. 22. POLYSTICHUM. 
Indusia reniform, or orbicular with a narrow sinus. 23. DRYOPTERIS. 
Sori at the ends of free veins: indusia reniform, opening toward 
the margin of the leaflet. 27. NEPHROLEPIS. 


b. Indusia wholly or partly inferior. 
Indusia partly inferior, delicate, fixed by a broad base, enclosing 


the sorus like a hood. 29. FILIX. 
Indusia wholly inferior, various in shape. Y 
Indusia cup-shaped or somewhat 2-valved. 28. DENNSTAEDTIA. 
Indusia nearly orbicular or stellate. 30. WOODSIA. 
B. Sporiferous leaf-blades closely rolled together ; segments necklace-like. 
Leaf-blades with anastomosing veins: rootstock horizontal. 20. ONOCLEA. 
Leaf-blades with free veins: rootstock stout, erect. 24. MATTEUCCIA. 


1. ACRÓSTICHUM L. 


Swamp-inhabiting plants, with the leaves growing in crowns. Sporanges spread over 
the whole lower surface of the leaf-blades, or of the upper leaflets. Veins forming copious 
areolae without free veinlets. 


Sporanges formed on the upper leaflets only. 1. A. aureum. 
Sporanges formed on all the leaflets of some leaves. 2. A. lomarioides. 


1. Acrostichum aüreum L. Hootstocks erect, solitary, or in masses.  Petioles 
tufted, erect, woody, 1-7 dm. long, flattish, channeled, with two or three alternate pairs 
of black indurated spurs ; blades stiff, leathery, glossy, light green, 10-12 dm. long, 3-4 
dm. wide; leaflets 12 pairs or more, rather distant: sporanges confined to the upper half 
or third of the leaf-blade: venation fine, oblique to the margin. 

Southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical regions. 


_2. Acrostichum lomarioides Jenman.  Rootstocks similar to those of A. aureum. 
Petioles tufted, erect, somewhat fleshy, 4-7 dm. long, longitudinally ribbed, slightly an- 
gular; blades erect-spreading, 10-12 dm. high, 3-6 dm. wide, slightly reduced at the base, 
abruptly reduced at the apex ; leaflets spreading, close or crowded, 25-30 pairs, the face 
turned upward and transverse to the rachis: sporanges covering all the leaflets of fertile 
leaves : areelae very fine, directed toward the margin. 

Southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 


2. POLYPODIUM L. a 


Plants with creeping or horizontal rootstocks. Leaves various : petioles jointed to the 
rootstocks : blades pinnate or simple. Sori hemispheric, dorsal, in one or more rows on 
either side of the midrib. Indusium none. Veins free or only casually anastomosing. 
Both surfaces of leaf-blades naked. 

Sori large (2 mm. broad): lower segments of the Jeat-blade scarcely smaller than the upper. 
me smaller (1 mm. wide or less): lower segments of the leaf-blades reduced. ena 
eaf-blades with segments 3 mm. wide or less: veins once forked. 2. P. Plumula. 


Leaf-blades with segments 5 mm. wide or more: veins 2-3-forked i 
Under surface of leaf-blades with scattered peltate scales. : : P tie, 


1. Polypodium vulgare L. Rootstocks widely creeping, densely covered witb cinna- 
mon-colored scales. Leaves evergreen ; petioles light-colored, glabrous, 5-15 cm. long ; 
blades ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong in outline, slightly leathery, glabrous on both sur- 
faces, 7-25 cm. long, cut nearly to the rachis into linear or linear-oblong segments : sori 
borne about midway between the midrib and the margins of the segments. 


On rocks or rocky banks, or rarely on trees, al à v i i 
Aa ond a Poses. y , almost throughout eastern North America. Also in 


POLYPODIACEAE 7 


2. Polypodium Plùmula H.B.K. Leaves erect or spreading ; petioles 2.5-10 cm. 
long, black, slender; blades narrowly lanceolate, 20-40 cm. long; segments numerous, 
narrow, entire, blunt, the lower abruptly smaller, the surfaces naked except the black wiry 
rachis : veins once forked, obscure. 

Peninsular Florida. Also in tropical regions. 

3. Polypodium pectinàtum L. Leaves spreading or arching; petioles rigid, 5-15 
em. long ; blades elliptic-lanceolate, 3-8 dm. long, cut to the rachis into horizontal entire 
or slightly toothed segments, the lower ones gradually reduced to triangular lobes : rachis 
naked or finely villous; veins pellucid, twice or three times forked: sori of medium 
size in long rows. 

Eastern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical regions. 

4. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) A. S. Hitchcock.  Rootstocks woody, widely 
creeping. Leaves evergreen; petioles densely scaly, 2.5-4.5 cm. long; blades oblong 
or oblong-lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long, acute, cut very nearly or quite to the rachis into 
entire oblong or linear obtuse segments, nearly glabrous on the upper surface, the lower sur- 
face and rachis covered with gray peltate scales with darker centers: veins obscure. [P. 
incanum Sw. ] 

On trees or rocks, Pennsylvania to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Also through- 
out tropical America. 


3. PHLEBÒDIUM R. Br. 


Tropical mostly epiphytic plants, with pinnate leaf-blades. Sori round, naked, dorsal, 
borne on the united ends of two or more free veinlets which are included in the ample 
areolae formed by the regular anastomosing veins. 

1. Phlebodium aüreum (L. ) R. Br. Rootstock short, densely scaly. Leavesample, 
3-6 dm. long; petioles chestnut-colored, naked ; blades 6-15 dm. long, cut nearly to the 
rachis into broad entire or undulate segments: areolae copious. [Polypodium aureum L.] 

On Sabal Palmetto, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 


4. CAMPYLONEURON Presl. 


Tropical plants with usually simple and entire leaf-blades. Sori round, naked, dorsal, 
in one or two rows on either side of the midrib. Primary veins distinct from the midrib 
to the margin, connected by parallel transverse veinlets forming regular arches. Areolae 
similar, with two or more large sori. 

1. Camplyoneuron Phyllitidis (L.) Presl. Rootstocks stout, scaly. Leaves erect 
or arching ; petioles short or wanting; blades simple, 3-9 dm. long, 2.5-10 cm. wide, 
leathery, acute, gradually narrowed below : areolae in rows of 6-12 from the midrib to the 
margin. [Polypodium Phyllitidis L.] 

Southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 


5. PHYMATODES Presl. 


Tropical plants, often epiphytic, with simple leaf-blades. Sori rounded, naked, dor- 
sal, various in position. Veins forming fine copious irregular areolae with free veinlets 
spreading in various directions. 

1. Phymatodes exiguum (Hew.) Underw. Rootstocks widely creeping, slender, 
covered with linear ferruginous scales. Leaves elongated ; petioles 6-12 mm. long, 
slender, naked ; blades simple, 5-10 cm. long, entire, undulate or barely lobed, gradually 
narrowed to both ends: sori in one series on free veinlets. [Polypodium Swartzii Baker. ] 

Climbing on shrubs, Key Largo, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


6. VITTARIA J. E. Smith. 


Tufted often epiphytic plants, with grass-like leaves. Sori linear, continuous in 2- 
lipped marginal grooves or intramarginal lines, with the unaltered edge of the leaf-blade 
produced beyond, and often rolled over them, but without special indusia. Veins obscure 


but forming a single row of areolae. 

1. Vittaria lineata (L.) J. E. Smith. Leaves 1.5-9 dm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, nar- 
rowed gradually toward a stout compressed stem, the edges often reflexed : sori in a broad 
intramarginal line in a slight furrow, the edge of the leaf-blade at first wrapped over it. 

On palmettos, middle and peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. Grass FERN. 


8 POLYPODIACEAE 


7. CHEILOGRÁMMA Blume. 


Epiphytes, relatively small, with simple leaf-blades. Sori linear, but the lines some- 
times interrupted, nearly marginal. Veins reticulated. 

1. Cheilogramma lanceolàtum (L.) Blume. Rootstocks creeping. Leaves numer- 
ous; petioles 2.5-5 cm. long ; blades simple, 15-32 cm. long, 1 2-16 mm. wide, entire, often 
somewhat crisped, tapering both ways, with prominent midrib and obscure immersed 
veins ; veins anastomosing, the outer ones free and enlarged at their apices: sori antemar- 
ginal in a mostly continuous line near the apex.  [ Tuenitis lanceolata ( L.) R. Br. ] 

On trees, Old Rhodes Key, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


8. PTERIS L. 


Relatively large plants, with petioles continuous with the rootstock and variously di- 
vided leaf-blades. Sori marginal, linear, continuous, occupying a slender or filiform re- 
ceptacle, connecting the tips of thefree veins. Indusium membranous, single, formed from 
the reflexed margin of the leaf-blade. Veins free. 


Lower divisions of the leaf-blades undivided. 1. P. longifolia. 
Lower divisions of the leaf-blades forked or pinnate. 
Leaflets 7-10 mm. wide, the upper scarcely decurrent. 2. P. Cretica. 
Leaflets 5 mm. wide or less, the upper strongly decurrent. 9. P. serrulata. 


1. Pteris longifólia L. Leaves somewhat spreading ; petioles 15-30 cm. long, clothed 
below with pale brown scales; blades oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 dm. long ; leaflets linear, 4-10 
mm. wide, entire, sessile: veins close, usually once branched : indusium yellowish brown. 

Peninsular Florida and the Keys, and Louisiana. Also widely distributed in the tropics. 


2. Pteris Crética L. Leaves several; petioles 15-30 cm. tall, straw-colored or pale 
brown ; blades 15-30 cm. long; leaflets usually 2-6 opposite pairs, sessile, the sterile con- 
siderably broader and spinulose-serrulate, the lower pairs often parted nearly to the base 
into 2 or 3 linear segments : indusium pale: veins free, parallel, simple or once forked. 

Peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical regions generally. 

3. Pteris serrulàta L. f. Leaves several; petioles 15-22 cm. long, naked, pale or 
brownish ; blades ovate, 20—45 cm. long, 2-pinnatifid, the rachis with a wing 2-4 mm. wide 
at the top, thence narrowed downward ; leaflets in 6 or more distinct opposite pairs, the 


upper simple, the lower with several elongated linear segments on each side; the sterile 
portions spinulose-serrate. 


On old walls, South Carolina to Louisiana, doubtless escaped from cultivation. A nativeof China. 


9. PTERÍDIUM Scop. 


Coarse plants growing in open sunny places, with ternately compound leaf-blades. Sori 
marginal, linear, continuous, rising from a vein-like receptacle connecting the ends of free 
veins. Indusium double, an outer formed by the reflexed margin of the leaf-blade and a 
second, more delicate with the vein-like receptacle. 

Ultimate segments of the leaf-blades approximate at the base. ode ili . 
Ultimate segments of the leaf-blades, L5 mm. apart at the base. 6 pe ceni 

1. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Rootstock stout, woody, horizontal. Leaves 

erect, sometimes 2 m, tall; petioles straw-colored or brownish, 3-6 dm. long ; blades 6-12 


dm. long, usually glabrous, ternate, the three divisions each 2-pinnate, the lower leaflets 
more or less pinnatifid. [Pteris aquilina L.] 


In sunny places, throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Variable. BRACKEN. BRAKE. 

2. Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon. Leaves erect, 1-4 m. tall, or sometimes taller ; 
blades 3-4-pinnate ; divisions pinnatifid, the ultimate segments narrow, with recurved mar- 
gins, remote from one another, scarcely decurrent on the rachis except near the apex, the 


larger with 1-12 similar but shorter segments. [Pteris aquilina var. caudata (L.) Hook. ] 
In sandy soil, Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies. 


10. ADIANTUM L. 
Graceful plants of rocky hillsides, woods and ravines, with much divided leaf-blades. 
Petioles and their divisions slender or filiform, polished and shining. Sori short, margi- 


nal, borne on the under side of the reflexed and altered portion of the leaflets, which serves 
as an indusium. MAIDENHAIR FERN. 


POLYPODIACEAE 9 


Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate or deltoid in outline, pinnately compound. 
Leaf-blades 1-2-pinnate: leaflets persistent. 1. A. Capillus- Veneris. 
Leaf-blades 3-4-pinnate : leaflets deciduous. 2. A. tenerum. 
Leaf-blades roundish or reniform, dichotomously forked, with pinnate branches. 3. A. pedatum. 

1. Adiantum Capíllus-Véneris L.  Rootstocks creeping, slender, chaffy with light 
brown scales. Leaves numerous ; petioles very slender, black or nearly so, shining, 7-22 
cm. long; blades ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2-pinnate below, l-pinnate above, mem- 
branous, commonly drooping, 1.5-5 dm. long, 1-3 dm. wide at the base ; leaflets cuneate- 
obovate or rhomboid, rather long-stalked, glabrous, the upper margin incised, crenate or 
dentate-serrate except where it forms the indusia. 

In ravines, preferring limestone, Virginia to Missouri, South Dakota and California, south to 
Florida and Louisiana. Rareorlocal. Alsoin warm-temperate regions generally. 

2. Adiantum ténerum Sw. Leaves several; petioles 3 dm. tall, glossy ; blades del- 
toid, 3-9 dm. long, 2-4 dm. wide, 3-4-pinnate ; leaflets articulated at the base, and falling 
away at maturity, cuneate, the upper edge sometimes angular, broadly and often deeply 
lobed : sori numerous, roundish or transversely oblong. 

In sink-holes in lime-rock, central peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 

3. Adiantum pedàtum L. Rootstocks slender, chaffy. Leaves numerous ; petioles 
2-4.5 dm. long, dark chestnut-brown, polished and shining, dichotomously and pedately 
forked ; blades nearly orbicular or reniform in outline, 2-4.5 cm. broad, the larger divi- 
sions 1.5-2.5 dm. long: leaflets oblong, triangular-oblong or the terminal one fan-shaped, 
all short-stalked, the upper margin toothed, cleft or lobed, bearing the linear-oblong sori. 


. In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Georgia, Mississippi and Califor- 
nia. Also said to occur in western Asia. MAIDENHAIR FERN. 


11. PELLABA Link. 


Rock-inhabiting plants, relatively small in size, with pinnate or pinnatifid leaf-blades. 
Sterile and fertile leaves similar: petioles usually dark colored. Sori intramarginal, borne 
on the ends of unconnected veins, at length confluent and forming marginal lines. In- 
dusium commonly broad, membranous, formed of the reflexed margins of fertile leaflets 
more or less modified, and membranous. CLIFF-BRAKE. 


Indusium broad : leaflets often narrow. 
Leaf-blades 1-2-pinnate. 
Leaflets obtuse or barely acute. 


Petioles and leaflets smooth. 1. P. atropurpurea. 
Petioles and leaflets scurfy-pubescent. 2. P. aspera. 
Leaflets mucronate or decidedly acute. 3. P. Wrightiana. . 
Leaf-blades 3-4-pinnate: leaflets numerous, 4. P. pulchella. 
Indusium very narrow: leaflets broad: rachis zigzag. 5. P. flexuosa. 


1. Pellaea atropurpürea (L.) Link. Rootstocks short, densely clothed with rusty 
hair-like scales. Leaves tufted ; petioles 5-15 cm. long, dark purple or nearly black ; 
blades leathery, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, 1-3 dm. long, simply pinnate or 
2-pinnate below ; rachis dark-brown or purple; leaflets 2.5-5 cm. long, glabrous, some- 
times sessile: veins obscure, commonly twice forked, 

On rocks, preferring limestone, Ontario to British Columbia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Georgia 
and Arizona. 

2. Pellaea áspera (Hook.) Baker. Leaves several; petioles slender, 5-8 cm. long, 
with scurfy pubescence ; blades oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, 2-pinnate ; leaflets del- 
toid-lanceolate or oblong, those next to the main rachis often lobed, all scabrous on both 
surfaces. 

On dry rocks, Texas and New Mexico. 

3. Pellaea Wrightiàna Hook. Rootstocks stout, densely chaffy. Petioles crowded, 
purplish brown, 10-15 cm. long ; leaf-blades lanceolate to deltoid, 10-25 cm. long, 2-pinnate, 
or 3-foliolate at the apex ; leaflets mucronulate, the ultimate ones often long and narrow ; 
spore-bearing ones with margins inflexed to the midrib. 

On rocks, Colorado to Texas and California. Also in Mexico. 

4. Pellaea pulchélla ( Mart. & Gal.) Fée. Leaves clustered ; petioles 7-15 cm. long, 
chaffy at the base, nearly black ; blades 7-18 em. long, triangular ovate, 4-pinnate below, 
gradually simpler above ; leaflets numerous, oval or cordate-ovate, 2-6 mm. long, stalked, 
ieathery, smooth. 

In dry places, western Texas and New Mexico. Also from Mexico to Chile. 


5. Pellaea flexuósa (Kaulf.) Link.  Rootstocks slender. Leaves several; petioles 
reddish, passing into the zigzag rachis, with deflected and zigzag nearly smooth secondary 


10 POLYPODIACEAE 


and tertiary divisions ; blades ovate-oblong, 15-75 cm. long, 2-pinnate, primary divisions 
mostly alternate: leaflets roundish ovate or nearly cordate-ovate, 10-20 mm. long, smooth. 
On dry rocks, Texas to California. Also in Mexico. 


12. CHEILANTHES Sv. ` 


Rock-inhabiting ferns, often small, usually with pubescent foliage. Leaves various : 
blades much divided. Sori terminal on the veins, ultimately more or less confluent. In- 
dusium formed of the reflexed margins of the leaflets, roundish, sometimes more or less 
confluent. Sporanges often much concealed in the scales of tomentum. Lie-FERN. 


Indusium not continuous around the leaf-segments. 
Leaf-segments glabrous. 


Leaf-blades 2-pinnate ; lower leaflets not enlarged. 1. C. Alabamensis. 
Leaf-blades nearly or quite 3-pinnate ; lower leaflets enlarged. 2. C. microphylla. 
Leaf-segments pubescent and glandular, not tomentose. 
Leaf-blades deltoid-ovate ; petioles stra w-eolored, 8. C. leucopoda. 
Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate; petioles brownish. 4. C. lanosa. 
Indusium continuous around the margins of the leaf-segments. 
Leaf-blades tomentose below, hairy above. 
Leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long; petioles slender, becoming nearly glabrous. 5. €. Feei. 
Leaf-blades 15-45 em. long; petioles stout, densely brown-tomentose. 6. C. tomentosa. 
Leaf-biades scaly and tomentose beneath, white-tomentose above. 7. C. Lindheimeri. 


1. Cheilanthes Alabaménsis (Buckl.) Kunze. Rootstocks horizontal, stout, with 
brown scales. Petioles black, 7-18 em. long, wiry, rusty-villous at least below; leaf-blades 
lanceolate, glabrous, 5-25 cm. long, 2-pinnate ; leaflets numerous, ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, the lower usually smaller than those above, pinnatifid ; segments mostly acute, often 
auriculate on the upper side at the base: indusia pale, membranous, interrupted by the in- 
cising of the segments. 

On rocks, Virginia to Alabama, Arkansas and Arizona. Also in Mexico. 


2. Cheilanthes microphylla Sw.  Rootstocks with slender brown scales.  Petioles 
dark brown, glossy, rusty-pubescent on the upper side, 10-15 cm. long ; leaf-blades ovate- 
lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, 2-pinnate; lower divisions larger and more deltoid than the 
upper; leaflets deeply incised or pinnatifid : indusium similar to the leaf-blade in texture, 
interrupted or nearly continuous. 

On shell heaps, Florida. Also in New Mexico and tropical America. 


3. Cheilanthes leucópoda Link.  Rootstocks stout. Petioles 8-25 cm. long, chaffy 
at the base; leaf-blades broadly deltoid-ovate, 5-8 cm. long, 4-pinnate at the base, gradu- 
ally simpler above, everywhere glandular-puberulent, lowest pair of pinnae inequilaterally 
deltoid, upper oblong ; leaflets short-stalked, the lobules strongly revolute when fertile. 

On rocks, Uvalde Cañon, Texas. Also in Mexico. 


„4. Cheilanthes lanósa (Michx.) Watt. Rootstocks with pale rusty-brown scales. 
Petioles tufted, wiry, chestnut-brown, 5-10 em. long, hirsute; leaf-blades evergreen, her- 
baceous, oblong-lanceolate, 10-22 cm. long, gradually attenuate to the apex, 2-pinnate ; 
leaflets somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid, acute, deeply pinnatifid or incised, more or 
less covered with almost bristly hairs and usually somewhat glandular: sori numerous, 
covered by the infolded ends of the rounded or oblong lobes. (C. vestita Sw. ] 

On rocks, Connecticut to Missouri, middle Georgia and Texas. 


_5. Cheilanthes Feèi Moore. Rootstocks with narrow brown scales lined with black. 
Petioles densely tufted, slender, at first covered with woolly hairs, at length nearly glabrous; 
leaf-blades about as long as the Joe ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 3-pinnate or 2- 
pinnate with the leaflets pinnatifid, the upper surface slightly tomentose, the lower densely 
matted with whitish brown woolly hairs; upper pinnae oblong-ovate, the lower deltoid, the 
lowest distant; leaflets or their lobes minute, the terminal ones slightly larger than the 
others, all roundish or obovate and much crowded : indusium narrow. 

On rocks, Minnesota to British Columbia, Illinois, Texas and Arizona. 


,9. Cheilanthes tomentósa Link.  Rootstocks densely chaffy with light brown scales. 
Petioles tufted, 1-2 dm. long, rather stout, densely brown-tomentose ; leaf-blades oblong- 
lanceolate, 3-pinnate, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, densely tomentose, especially beneath, with slender 
brownish white obscurely articulated hairs ; leaflets ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the 
ultimate division about 1 mm. long, the terminal ones sometimes twice as large as the 
others : indusium pale, membranous, continuous. 

On rocks, Virginia to Missouri, Georgia, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. 


7. Cheilanthes Lindheimeri Hook.  Rootstocks slender, chaffy. Petioles scattered, 
10-18 em. long, black-brown, covered with scales and wool when young ; leaf-blades ovate- 


POLYPODIACEAE 11 


lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, 3-4-pinnate ; leaflets crowded, 0.5 mm. long, white-tomentose 
above, very chaffy beneath. 
On rocks, Llano County, Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 


13. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. 


Relatively small rock-inhabiting plants with tomentose scaly or powdery foliage. 
Leaves various: blades 1-4-pinnate or pinnatifid. Sori roundish or oblong, soon con- 
fluent into a narrow band. Indusium wanting: sporanges sometimes at first covered by 
the inflexed leaf-margins. Veins free. 


Leaf-blades covered with white or yellow powder beneath. 
Leaf-blades 3-4-pinnate at the base. 
Leaf-blades barely 2-pinnate. : 
Leaf-blades deltoid-ovate, white-powdery beneath. 


N. dealbata. 


IÓ 


2. N. candida, 
Leaf-blades pentagonal, yellow-powdery beneath. 3. N. Hookeri. 
Leaf-blades scaly or tomentose beneath. 
Leaf-blades 1-pinnate, narrow, elongated. 4. N. sinuata. 
Leaf-blades 3-pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate. 5. N. Aschenborniana. 


1. Notholaena dealbàta (Pursh) Kunze. Rootstock chaffy with narrow brown 
scales. Petioles tufted, wiry, shining, dark brown, 2.5-4.5 em. long; leaf-blades triangu- 
lar-ovate, acute, broadest at the base, 2.5-10 cm. long, 3-pinnate, the rachis black and 
shining ; leaflets ovate or obovate, obtuse, lobed, crenate or entire, small, scarcely 2 mm. 
long, white and powdery on the lower surface. 

On calcareous rocks, Missouri and Kansas to Texas and Arizona. 

2. Notholaena candida (Mart. & Gal.) Hook.  Rootstocks with rigid nearly black 
scales. Petioles tufted, 7-15 cm. long, wiry, black and shining ; leaf-blades deltoid, pin- 
nate, rather shorter than the petioles; leaflets various, the lower with the lowest inferior 
segments elongated and again pinnatifid, the 3 or 4 successive pairs lanceolate, upper leaflets 
resembling the segments of the lower, white-powdery beneath, slightly revolute. 

On rocks, Texas and New Mexico. Also in Mexico. 

3. Notholaena Hodkeri D. C. Eaton.  Rootstocks densely covered with rigid dark- 
brown scales. Petioles tufted, 10-20 cm. long, reddish brown, wiry, shining ; leaf-blades 
nearly pentagonal, 5-8 cm. in diameter, of 1 terminal and 2 lateral divisions ; terminal 
division pinnatifid into a few toothed segments, the second pair larger than the first ; 
lateral divisions bearing a single large pinnatifid basal segment on the lower side and above 
it pairs of smaller ones, covered beneath with pale yellow powder. 

On rocks, Uvalde Cafion, Texas, west to Arizona. : 

4. Notholaena sinuàta (Sw.) Kaulf.  Rootstocks very chaffy.  Petioles erect, 
5-10 em. long; leaf-blades simply pinnate, 15-60 cm. long; leaflets numerous, short- 
stalked, roundish or ovate, entire or pinnately lobed, densely scaly beneath, with merely 
scattered hairs above. 

On rocks, San Saba Texas, to Arizona and Mexico. Also in tropical America. 

. 5, Notholaena Aschenborniàna Kl. Rootstocks short.  Petioles tufted, 5-8 cm. 
long, wiry, blackish, densely scaly ; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, 3-pin- 
natifid ; segments lanceolate, cut into linear-oblong, crenate or pinnatifid ultimate seg- 
ments, pale green above, densely mottled beneath with linear ciliate ferruginous scales 
and also somewhat mealy ; sori black. 

On rocks, Texas to southern Arizona and Mexico. 


14. BLECHNUM L. 


Coarse swamp plants, with stout rootstocks. Leaves clustered: blades thickish. Sori 
linear, contiguous or nearly so, parallel to the midrib and usually contiguous to it. In- 
dusium membranous, distinct from the edge of the leaf-blade. Veins free. 

1. Blechnum serrulatum L. C. Rich. Petioles erect, nearly naked, 15-30 cm. long, 
stout ; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, leathery, with 12-24 pairs of linear- 
oblong leaflets ; margins very finely incised : veins very fine and close: fertile leaves with 
much narrower blades than those of the sterile. 

In swamps, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


15. ANCHISTEA Presl. 
Large and rather coarse swamp ferns, with short oblong sori sunk in cavities in the leaf 
and arranged in chain-like rows close to the midribs. Leaves uniform. Indusia fixed by 


12 POLYPODIACEAE 


their outer margins. Veins forming a single line of areolae next the midrib, then free to 
the margin. 


1. Anchistea Virginica (L.) Presl. Rootstock stout, chaffy. Petioles stout, 3-4.5 
dm. long, nearly or quite naked, dark-colored below ; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
narrowed at the base, 3-6 dm. long, 15-22 cm. wide, pinnate ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, 
usually alternate, or some of them opposite, leathery, glabrous, acuminate, sessile, 7-15 
cm. long, deeply pinnatifid into ovate or oblong obtuse segments, their margins minutely 
serrulate. [ Woodwardia Virginica (L.) J. E. Smith. ] 


In swamps and meadows, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Michigan, Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. 


16. ASPLÈNIUM L. 


Plants various in habit and habitat. Leaves tufted : blades entire, lobed, pinnatifid 
or 1-3-pinnate, mostly uniform. Sori linear or oblong, oblique to the midrib or rachis. 
Veins free. Indusia straight or curved, opening towards the midrib when single. SPLEEN- 
WORT. 


Sori straight or rien! Fins curved, attached to the upper side of a vein. 
Leaves with simple crenulate or serrulate blades: plants 4-7 dm. tall. 1. A. serratum. 
Leaves with pinnatifid or pinnate blades. 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid or pinnate. 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid, or pinnate merely below. 
Petioles green above, blackish below: leaf-lobes normally rounded. 
Petioles black throughout: leaf-lobes normally acuminate. 
Leaf-blades pinnate. 
Leaflets 0.7-3 em. long, mostly blunt. 
Rachis chestnut-brown or blackish. 
Leaflets auricled at the upper side of the base. 
Leaflets opposite, oblong : rachis dark brown or black. 4. A 
Leaflets partly alternate, lanceolate: rachis chestnut-brown. 5. A. platyneuron. 
Leafiets not auricled. ‘ 6. A. Trichomanes. 
Rachis green: leaflets not auricled, crenate. 7. A. dentatum. 
8. A 
9. A 


pinnatifidum. 
ebenoides. 


go 
=e 


. resiliens. 


Leaflets 4-12 em. long: acute or acuminate. 
Leaf-blades 7-9 dm. long. 
Leaf-blades 2.5-5 dm. long. 
Leaf-blades 2-3-pinnatifid : 
Texture leathery. 


. angustifolium. 
firmum. 


Petioles green: leaf-blades rhombic or obovate, the veins flabellate. 10. A. Ruta-muraria. 
Petioles dark below: leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate. 11. A. montanum. 
Texture herbaceous or membranous. 
Petioles and the lower part of the rachis chestnut-brown. 12. A. Bradleyi. 
Petioles green or greenish. i 
Leaf-segments linear or oblong, narrow. 13. A. cicutarium. 
Leaf-segments rounded, entire or 2-3-lobed. 14. A. myriophyllum. 
Sori more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the outer 
or lower side of the veinlet: large plants. 
Leaf-blades 2-pinnatifid ; segments blunt, scarcely crenate. 15. A. acrostichoides. 
Leaf-blades 2-pinnate; leaflets acute, toothed or pinnatifid. 16. A. Filix-foemina. 


1. Asplenium serràtum L. Leaves in a crown from a stout erect rootstock ; blades 
spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, 4-7 dm. long, crenulate or irregularly serrulate, somewhat 
leathery ; midrib keeled and often blackish purple beneath ; veiris free, approximate, once- 
forked : sori elongated, following the veins of the upper half of the blade from near the 
midrib half way to the margins: indusia single, the free edge entire. 

In swamps, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 


_ 2. Asplenium pinnatífidum Nutt. Rootstock short, chaffy. Leaves tufted ; petioles 
polished, blackish below, green above, 5-12 cm. long, somewhat chaffy below, at least when 
young ; blades broadly lanceolate in outline, 7-25 cm. long, firm, tapering upward to a long 
narrow tip, pinnatifid or the lower parts pinnate ; lowest segments, or occasionally several 
pairs, sometimes tapering to a point like that of the apex of the leaf. 

On rocks, New Jersey to Illinois and Arkansas, and in the mountains to Georgia. 


_ 3. Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott. Rootstock short, chaffy. Leaves tufted ; 
petioles blackish, 4-10 cm. long; blades lanceolate, variable, 8-25 cm. long, firm, tapering 
to a very long narrow acuminate apex, pinnatifid, or commonly pinnate below, the seg- 
ments lanceolate from a broad base, acute or acuminate, irregular, the lower sometimes 
shorter than those just above : sori several on each segment, straight or slightly curved. 

On limestone, Connecticut to Indiana and Alabama. Rare, except at asingle locality in Alabama. 


4. Asplenium resiliens Kunze. Rootstock short, with black stiff scales. Leaves 
tufted ; petioles blackish and shining, 2.5-5 cm. long ; blades rather firm, linear-oblong or 
linear-oblanceolate, 7-25 cm. long, 1-pinnate ; leaflets 4-12 mm. long, mostly opposite, 
oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled on the upper side and nearly sessile, the middle 
ones the longest, the lower gradually shorter and reflexed: rachis dark brown or black : 


POLYPODIACEAE 13 


sori oblong, borne about midway between the midrib and the margin of the blade, nearly 
or quite straight. [A. parvulum Mart. & Gal., not Hook. ] 


Often on limestone, Virginia to Missouri, Florida, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. 


5. Asplenium platyneùron ( L.) Oakes. Rootstock short. Leaves evergreen, tufted ; 
petioles purplish brown and shining, 2.5-10 cm. long; blades linear, 2-4 cm. long, firm, 
pinnate, the rachis chestnut-brown ; leaflets 20-40 pairs, lanceolate, subfalcate, alternate 
or partly so, sessile, crenate, serrate or incised, auricled on the upper side at the base and 
occasionally also on the lower ; lower leaflets gradually smaller and oblong, or triangular : 
sori 8-12 on each side of the midrib, crowded at maturity. [A. ebeneum Ait. ] 

On rocks and shaded slopes, Maine and Ontario to Colorado, south to Florida and Texas. 


6. Asplenium Trichómanes L. Rootstock short, nearly erect, with blackish scales. 
Leaves densely tufted, numerous ; petioles 2.5-12 cm. long, purplish brown and shining ; 
blades linear in outline, 7-20 cm. long, rather rigid, pinnate, evergreen ; leaflets oval or 
roundish oblong, inequilateral, cuneate at the base, their margins slightly crenate ; sori 
3-6 on each side of the forking and evanescent midrib, short, narrowed at both ends. 

On rocks, preferring limestone, nearly throughout North America. Also in Europe and Asia. 


7. Asplenium dentátum L.  Petioles tufted, 5-15 cm. long, naked, blackish below. 
Fertile leaf-blades 5-7.5 cm. long, with 6-8 pairs of stalked oblong or rhombic leaflets, the 
lower side truncate with a curve, the outer edge irregularly crenate ; sterile leaves similar 
but with shorter petioles : rachis naked : sori copious, in parallel rows. 

In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida. Also in the West Indies. 


8. Asplenium angustifòlium Michx. Rootstock stout. Fertile leaves usually taller 
than the sterile. Petioles in a crown, chaffless, or merely scaly at the base, 2-3 dm. long, 
brownish or greenish above ; leaf-blades lanceolate, 3-8 dm. long, pinnate ; leaflets linear- 
lanceolate or those of sterile leaves lanceolate, in 20-30 pairs, acuminate, entire or crenulate, 
obtuse or truncate at the base: sori 20-30 on each side of the midrib, linear, crowded. 

In moist or rich woods, Quebec to Wisconsin, Virginia, Georgia and Alabama. 


9. Asplenium fírmum Kunze. Petioles 10-20 cm. tall, naked, grayish. Leaf-blades 
15-30 cm. long; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 12-20 pairs, blunt-pointed, minutely crenulate, 
the upper margin abruptly narrowed at the base, the lower obliquely truncate: sori short, 
not reaching either margin or midrib. : 

In eaverns, peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 


10. Asplenium Rüta-murària L. Rootstock ascending. Leaves tufted; petioles 
naked, green, 5-7 cm. long; blades ovate or deltoid-ovate, 5-12 cm. long, glabrous, ever- 
reen, 2-3-pinnate, or pinnatifid above ; leaflets stalked, rhombic or obovate, mostly obtuse, 
entate or incised, cuneate at the base; veins flabellate: sori few, linear-oblong, confluent 
when mature and nearly covering the leaflet: indusia membranous and delicate. 

On limestone, Vermont to Michigan and Missouri, south to Connecticut, Alabama and Arkansas. 
Also in Europe, Asia and northern Africa. 

11. Asplenium montànum Willd. Rootstock chaffy at the summit. Leaves tufted ; 
petioles naked, slender, blackish at the base, 5-7 cm. long ; blades 5-20 cm. long, ovate- 
lanceolate in outline, acuminate, rather firm, 1-2-pinnate ; lower leaflets longest, pinnate or 
pinnatifid, the lobes or segments ovate or oblong ; upper less divided, merely toothed or in- 
cised ; veins obscure : sori linear-oblong, short, the lower ones sometimes double. 

On rocks, Connecticut to Ohio and Arkansas, and in the mountains to Georgia and Alabama. 


12. Asplenium Bradleyi D. C. Eaton. Rootstock chaffy with brown scales. Leaves 
tufted ; petioles slender, 5-7 cm. long, chestnut-brown ; blades oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 
acuminate, not narrowed at the base, with 8-12 pairs of short-stalked or sessile oblong- 
ovate leaflets ; the lower again pinnatifid or pinnate, with oblong obtuse lobes or pinnules, 
which are toothed at the apex, the upper pinnatifid with dentate or nearly entire lobes: 
rachis brown : sori near the midrib, covered with the narrow indusia until mature. 

On rocks, often preferring limestone, New York to Illinois and Missouri, south to middle Georgia, 
Alabama and Arkansas. 

13. Asplenium cicutarium Sw. Petioles greenish, tufted, 10-20 cm. long, naked. 
Leaf-blades 15-38 cm. long, with 10-15 pairs of horizontal leaflets, the lower ones 5-7.5 
em. long, parted into linear or oblong segments which are once or twice cleft at the apex : 
rachis compressed and often winged : sori mainly in 2 rows. 

In swamps, Sumter County, Florida. Also in tropical America. 

14. Asplenium myriophyllum Mett. Petioles tufted, 5-15 cm. long. Leaf-blades 
lanceolate, 8-30 cm. long, 2-3-pinnatifid ; segments entire, or 2-3-lobed, each bearing a 
single vein and a sorus. 


On rocks in sink-holes, peninsular Fiorida. Also in tropical America.—A form with narrowly 
linear leaf-blades 1.8-2.5 em. wide, and 7-8-lobed widely ascending leaflets, is known as A. myriophyllum 
Biscayneànum D. C. Eaton. 


14 POLYPODIACEAE 


15. Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. Rootstock sinuous. Petioles 2-3 dm. long, 
straw-colored, somewhat chaffy below at least when young; leaf-blades lanceolate in out- 
line, 3-9 dm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, pinnate-pinnatifid ; 
leaflets linear-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid into numerous oblong obtuse 
or subacute, slightly crenate segments: sori crowded, slightly curved, or straight, the lower 
ones often double : indusium light-colored and somewhat shining when young. 

In rich moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Louisiana. Also in Asia. 

16. Asplenium Filix-foémina (L.) Bernh. Rootstock rather slender for the size of 
the plant. Petioles tufted, 0.5-2.5 dm. long, straw-colored, brownish or reddish ; leaf- 
blades broadly oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, 3-9 dm. long, 2- 
pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, short-stalked or the upper ones sessile 1-2 dm. 
long, the ultimate divisions oblong-lanceolate, incised or serrate, their lobes or teeth often 
again toothed, those toward the ends of the leaflets confluent by a very narrow margin to 
the secondary rachis : sori short, the indusia straight or variously curved, sometimes horse- 
shoe-shaped. 


In wet woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Florida, Louisiana and Arizona. Also 
in Europe and Asia. Very variable. 


17. PHYLLITIS Ludwig. 


Large ferns with oblong or strap-shaped mostly entire leaf-blades. Sori linear, elon- 
gated, almost at right angles to the midrib and contiguous in pairs, one on the upper side 
of a veinlet, the other on the lower side of the next contiguous veinlet, thus appearing to 
have a double indusium opening longitudinally along its middle. [Scolopendrium Adans. } 

1. Phyllitis Scolopéndrium (L.) Newman. Rootstocks short, chaffy with light 
brown scales. _ Petioles 5-15 em. long, fibrillose-chaffy below or sometimes up to the top ; 
leaf-blades entire, bright green, firm, 2-4.5 dm. long, cordate at the base, pairs of sori dis- 


tinct, 4-15 mm. long, conspicuous: veins free, usually once forked near the midrib. 
[Scolopendrium vulgare J. E. Smith. ] 


i On shaded limestone cliffs, New Brunswick to Ontario and New York, south to Tennessee. Also 
in Europe, Asia and Africa. Hart’s TONGUE. 


, 18. CAMPTOSORUS Link. 

Slender plants, with tapering simple entire or undulate leaf-blades. Sori linear or ob- 
long, several times longer than broad, irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulate 
veins or sometimes crossing them, partly parallel to the midrib and partly oblique to it, the 
outer ones more or less approximate in pairs. Indusium membranous. 

1. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Rootstock short, chaffy. Petioles light 
green, 2.5-15 em. long, tufted, spreading ; leaf-blades rather thin, lanceolate, simple, long- 
acuminate at the apex, cordate, hastate or rarely narrowed at the base, 10-25 cm. long, 
sometimes with a more or less elongated pair of basalauricles; tip of the leaf and sometimes 
the tip of one or both of the basal auricles rooting and forming a new plant by the ultimate 
withering away of its tissue : sori usually numerous, irregularly scattered. 


On roeks, preferring limestone, Quebec to Ontario an i 
P sete peat wee Q and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas. 


19. LORINSERIA Presl. 


Rather coarse ferns of swamps, with dimorphous leaves and rather large linear sori 
sunk in cavities in the leaf and arranged in chain-like rows. Indusia rather leathery, fixed 
by their outer margins and covering the cavity like a lid. Veins forming copious areolae. 

1. Lorinseria areolàta (L.) Presl. Rootstock slender, chaffy. Leaves of two kinds, 
the fertile taller than the sterile and their blades borne on longer petioles, 3-6 dm. high 
their segments much contracted, narrowly linear, 7-12.5 em. long, 4-6 mm. wide distant, 
their bases connected by a very narrow wing along the rachis or quite distinct ; sterile leaf- 
blades deltoid-ovate, membranous, broadest at the base, or sometimes with one or two small 
segments below, acuminate, the segments lanceolate or oblon -lanceolate, minutely serru- 


late, sometimes undulate, their bases connected by a rathe is-wl 
. L L * r y d e 
wardia angustifolia J. E. Smith. ] e Pian 


In swamps or wet woods, Maine and Michigan to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. 
20. ONOCLEA L. 
Ferns with elongated horizontal rootstocks. Leaves growing separately. Fertile leaf- 
blades closely rolled up into berry-like segments, and entirely unlike the broad pinnatifid 


POLYPODIACEAE 15 


sterile leaf-blades. Sori round, borne on the back of the veins. Indusium very thin and 
membranous, hemispheric or hood-shaped, fixed at the inferior side of the sorus. Sporo- 
phylls unrolling at maturity, allowing the spores to escape, and remaining long after the 
sterile leaves have been killed by frost. Veins forming small areolae. 

1. Onoclea sensibilis L. Leaves 3-13 dm. high ; blades triangular, deeply pinnati- 
fid ; segments lanceolate-oblong, entire, undulate, or the lower pairs sinuate-pinnatifid : 
sporophylls 3-7 dm. high, persistent over winter, much contracted and with short pin- 
nules rolled up into berry-like closed involucres forming a narrow panicle. 


In moist soil, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to the Gulf of Mexico.—Various 
forms intermediate between sporophylls and foliage leaves occur. Summer and fall. SENSITIVE FERN. 


21. TECTARIA Cav. 


Plants with horizontal rootstocks. Sori round, borne on the back of the leaflets or 
leaf-segments. Indusium peltate, opening all around the margin. Veins everywhere 
anastomosing, forming copious areolae, with free included veinlets. 

1. Tectaria trifoliàta (L.) Cav. Leaves tufted, 6-7.5 dm. tall; petioles brownish, 
scaly at the base ; leaf-blades 3-4.5 dm. long, each with a large ovate-acuminate terminal 
leaflet narrowed or forked at the base, and 1 or 2 lateral leaflets, the lowest mostly forked : 
primary veins distinct to the margin: areolae fine: sori in 2 rows near the main veins : 
indusia orbicular, peltate. [Aspidium trifoliatum (L.) Sw. ] 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 


22. POLYSTICHUM Roth. 


Coarse plants, often with chaffy foliage. Leaves tufted: petioles not jointed to the 
rootstock ; blades 1-2-pinnate, the sterile and fertile similar. Sori usually borne on the 
backs of the veins. Indusium superior, centrally peltate, orbicular. Veins free. 

1. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Rootstocks stout. Leaves ever- 
green, 2.5-8 dm. tall; petioles densely chaffy ; blades lanceolate, those of the fertile ones 
contracted near the top, 1.5-6 dm. long, 1-pinnate ; leaflets somewhat leathery, linear- 
lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm. long, falcate, half-hastate at the base, with appressed bristly teeth, 
bearing the large contiguous sori, which soon cover the whole lower surface near the mid- 
dle. [-Aspidium acrostichoides ( Michx. ) Sw.] 

In woods and on rocky banks, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, south to Forida and Mississippi. CHRIST- 
MAS FERN, 

23. DRYOPTERIS Adans. 

Terrestial plants with erect or horizontal rootstocks. Leaves tufted, the sterile and 
fertile similar: blades 2-3-pinnate or -pinnatifid : petioles not jointed to the rootstocks. 
Indusium flattish, cordate-reniform, superior, fixed by the sinus. Veins free or basal 
veinlets united. Often known as SHIELD-FERNS. 


Leaf-blades thin-membranous: veins simple or 1-forked. 
Lower leaf-segments reduced to mere lobes. 


Rootstock stout, erect, forming a short caudex. 1. D. contermina. 
Rootstock slender, horizontal. 2. D. Noveboracensis. 
Lower leaf-segments little smaller than the central. i à 
Veins forked : leaf-blades dark green, relatively firm. 3. D. Thelypteris. 
Veins simple : leaf-blades pale green, thin-flaccid. 4. D. patens. 
Leaf-blades firm or leathery : veins freely forking. 
Leaf-blades 2-3-pinnatifid : veins always free. ; 
Leaf-blades 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate: divisions not spinulose. 
Indusia large, thinnisn, flat: sori midway to the margins. 
Leaflets or segments broadest at the base. 
Fertile and sterile leaflets alike, deltoid or triangular. 5. D. cristata. 
Fertile leaflets narrowly lanceolate, unlike the sterile ones. 6. D. Floridana. 
Leaflets or segments broadest at the middle. : 7. D. Goldieana. 
Indusia convex, without marginal glands: sori near the margin. 8. D. marginalis. 
Leaf-blades 2-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid : divisions spinulose-tipped. P. ys INN 
. unita. 


Leaf-blades pinnate : contiguous veinlets united. 
1. Dryopteris contérmina ( Willd.) Kuntze. Rootstocks erect, often 3 dm. above the 
surface of the ground. Leaves in a crown ; petioles narrowly wing-margined at the base ; 
blades 3-12 dm. long, lanceolate, cordate-acuminate at the apex, rather rigid, narrowed at 
the base ; leaflets sessile, narrowly lanceolate from a broader base, acuminate, deeply pinnat- 
ifid ; segments obtuse, obliquely and slightly falcate, copiously resinous-dotted beneath : 
sori near the margins : indusia minute, reniform, glandular and pilose, evanescent. 
In swamps near Fort Meade, Florida.—The form within our range is known as D. contermina 
strigósa (Fée) Underw., to which the above description mainly applies. 


16 POLYPODIACEAE 


2. Dryopteris Noveboracénsis ( L.) A. Gray. Rootstocks slender, horizontal. Leaf- 
blades lanceolate, tapering both ways from the middle, 3-6 dm. long, membranous, long- 
acuminate, pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, sessile, long-acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, ciliate 
and finely pubescent beneath, 3-7 cm. long, the two or more lower pairs gradually shorter 
and deflexed, commonly distant ; segments flat, oblong, obtuse, the basal ones often en- 
larged : veins simple, or those of the basal lobes forked ; sori not confluent, borne near 
the margin: indusia minute, reniform, delicate, glandular. 

In moist or swampy woods, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama 
and Arkansas. 

3. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray. Rootstocks slender. Leaf-blades lanceo- 
late or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely narrower at the base than at the middle, 3-8 dm. long, 
short-acuminate, membranous, pinnate ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile, 
mostly horizontal, acuminate at the apex, nearly truncate at the base, 3-7 em. long, slightly 
pubescent beneath, deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, or appearing acute from 
the strongly revolute margins: veins regularly once or twice forked: sori crowded, 10-12 
to each segment: indusia reniform, slightly glandular, or glabrous. 

In marshes, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. Also in Europe and Asia. 

4. Dryopteris pàtens (Sw.) Kuntze. Rootstocks stout. Leaves several together ; 
blades ovate-oblong, 4-12 dm. long, softly pubescent beneath ; leaflets approximate, linear, 
acuminate, the broadest pair somewhat reflexed, all cleft three-fourths the way to the mid- 
rib; segments numerous, the basal ones longest: veinlets manifest, the lowest ones of 
adjacent segments often uniting: sori near the margins: indusia very pubescent. 

In sandy soil or on calcareous rocks, Georgia and Florida to California. 

5. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray.  Rootstocks densely chaffy. Leaves ever- 
green ; petioles of the sterile leaves 5-12 cm. long, those of the fertile 1.5-2.5 dm. long ; 
blades linear-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, gradually and slightly narrowed to the 
base, rather firm, 3-8 dm. long, pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate or triangular-ovate, acumi- 
nate, deeply pinnatifid or the lower pinnate, the segments 6-10 pairs, serrate or incised : 
sori about midway between the margin and midrib: indusia thin, glabrous. 

In wet woods and swamps, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Kentucky and Arkansas. Also 
in Europe and Asia. 

6. Dryopteris Floridàna (Hook.) Kuntze. Leaves clustered ; petioles 15-25 cm. 
long, with few ovate scales ; blades lanceolate, 45-50 cm. long; leaflets various ; fertile 
contined to the upper half of the leaf-blade, narrowly lanceolate, cut nearly to the rachis 
into oblong segments ; sterile leaflets broader, shorter below, less deeply cut. 

In swamps, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. : 

7. Dryopteris Goldieàna (Hook.) A. Gray. Rootstocks chaffy. Petioles 2.5-4.5 
dm. long, chaffy at least below ; leaf-blades ovate, rather firm, 6-12 dm. long, glabrous or 
nearly so, dark-green above, pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate ; lower leaflets broadly lanceolate, 
widest at about the middle, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, parted into about 20 pairs of oblong-linear 
subfalcate segments which are serrate with appressed teeth: sori very near the midrib, 
close together but distinct, large: indusia orbicular, glabrous, persistent. 

In rich woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and the Indian Territory. 

_ 8. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray. Rootstocks ascending, with dark brown 
shining scales. Leaves evergreen; petioles 7-20 cm. long, chaffy below; blades ovate- 
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, rather leathery, 1.5-7.5 dm. long, 1-2-pinnate, acuminate at 
the apex, slightly narrowed at the base ; leaflets numerous, lanceolate, nearly sessile, gla- 
brous, 5-12.5 em. long, the lower broader and shorter than the middle ones, the upper 
pinnatifid, the lower pinnately parted into oblong obtuse entire dentate or pinnately lobed 
segments : sori distinct, close to the margin, covered by the glabrous indusia. 

In rocky woods, Prince Edward Island to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. 

9. Dryopteris spinulósa (Retz) Kuntze. Leaves tufted, evergreen ; petioles bearing 
scales with dark centers ; blades ovate-lanceolate, usually not narrowed below, 2-pinnate ; 
leaflets narrowly triangular or the lower pairs broadly triangular, the ultimate segments 
oblique, connected by a very narrow wing, with spinulose-toothed lobes : indusia glabrous. 


: In rich woods, Newfoundland to Alaska and Washington, south to Virginia and Michigan. Also 
in Europe and Asia. Summer.—Two forms represent the species in our vance : one, D. pimp inter- 
média (Muhl.) Underw., has oblong-ovate 2-3-pinnate leaf-blades and oblong-lanceolate spreading 
leaflets, the lowest unequally triangular-ovate: indusium beset with stalked glands. Its range extends 
southward to North Carolina and Missouri. The other variety, D. spinulosa dilatáta (Hoffm.) Underw.. 
bis Kern n: Es bee ag maha commonly 3-pinnate blades, lanceolate-oblong ultimate divi- 
MS often much elongated, and glabrous indusia, ranges as far sonth as Georgia, Tennessee 

_ 10. Dryopteris unita (L.) Kuntze. Leaves tufted ; petioles brownish, naked, about 
45 em. long ; blades 0.5-1 m. long, 12-20 em. wide; leaflets narrow, the lower ones not 
reduced, cleft 3 to 3 the way to the midrib ; segments acute : veins pinnate in the broad 


POLYPODIACEAE 17 


segments, with 6-8 veinlets on each side of the lower ones of contiguous groups : sori near 
the ends of the veins, mainly in the segments. 
In thickets, Florida. 


24. MATTEUCCIA Todaro. 

Stately ferns with large rootstocks. Leaves in crowns, the sterile and fertile different : 
blades pinnate or pinnatifid : sori round, borne on the veins of a contracted fertile leaf 
concealed by their revolute margins. Veins free. 

1 Matteuccia Struthiópteris (L.) Todaro. Fertile leaves 3-5 dm. long; blades simply 
pinnate, with necklace-shaped leaflets formed of the strongly revolute margins ; sterile leaves 
6-18 dm. long; blades broadly lanceolate, 2-pinnatifid, the lowest leaflets gradually much 
shorter: veins pinnate: sori crowded, confluent. [Onoclea Struthiopteris (L. ) Hoffm.] 

In moist thickets, especially on river banks, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south,to New Jersey 
and Arkansas. OsTRICH FERN. 


25. PHEGOPTERIS Fée. 

Low rather tender ferns, with horizontal rootstalks. Leaves few, the fertile and sterile 
similar: petioles continuous with the rootstocks: blades ternate or 2-3-pinnatifid. Sori 
round, each on the back of a vein just below its tip or on the middle of the veinlets. In- 
dusium wanting or rudimentary. Veins free. OAK or BEECH-FERN. 

1. Phegopteris hexagonóptera ( Michx.) Fée. Rootstock chaffy, somewhat fleshy. 
Petioles 2-4.5 dm. long, straw-colored, naked ; leaf-blades triangular, as broad as long or 
broader, 2-3 dm. wide, slightly pubescent and often slightly glandular beneath, acuminate ; 
uppermost leaflets oblong, obtuse, dentate or entire, small, the middle ones lanceolate, 
acuminate, the very large lowest pair broadest near the middle, pinnately parted nearly to 
the midvein into linear-oblong obtuse segments : sori mostly near the margin. 

In dry woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. 


26. GONIOPTERIS Presl. 

Rather large ferns of woods and rocky places, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves pin- 
natifid or bipinnatifid. Sori on the back of the veins normally without an indusium. 
Veins connivent, the branches form contiguous groups uniting to form one or more arches. 
'Sporiferous leaves of two sorts, one rigid, pinnatifid toward the apex, the other lax, pinnate through- 

out, and proliferous. 1. G. reptans. 
‘Sporiferous leaves of one sort, with large terminal leaflets. 2. G. tetragona. 

1. Goniopteris réptans (Sw.) Presl. Leavesspreading or procumbent ; petioles 7-25 
cm. long, clustered, grayish straw-colored, slender, naked ; blades 10-30 cm. long, mem- 
branous, softly pubescent with branched or stellate hairs, oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, with 
nearly or quite sessile crenately pinnatifid leaflets, the apex merely pinnatifid, often elon- 
‘gated and rooting: veins pinnate, simple, the basal veinlets often anastomosing: sori on 
the middle of the veinlets, sometimes with a rudimentary indusium. 

On ealeareous rocks, middle and peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 

2. Goniopteris tetrágona (Sw.) Presl. Leaves erect; petioles 15-45 em. long, 
sometimes slightly villogs; blades 3-6 dm. long, 15-30 cm. wide; leaflets numerous, 
spreading, 7.5-15 cm. long, the lowest narrowed at the base and sometimes stalked, deeply 
pinnatifid, thin-herbaceous, the lower surface and the rachis finely pubescent : sori in rows 
near the midrib. 

In rocky woods, Marion County, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


27. NEPHRÓLEPIS &chott. 


More or less epiphytic plants. Leaves spreading or pendent : blades elongated : leaf- 
lets numerous, approximate, jointed at the base, with whitish dots on the upper surface. 
Sori round, rising from the apex of the upper branch of a vein, usually near the margin. 


Veins free. 
Leaf-blades 7-15 cm. wide: indusia distinctly reniform. 1. N. exaltata. 
Leaf-blades 20-30 cm. wide: indusia nearly orbicular. 2. N. biserrata. 

1l. Nephrolepis exaltàta (L.) Schott. Petioles 10-15 cm. long; leaf-blades various, 
3-20 dm. long, 7-15 cm. wide; leaflets lanceolate, sometimes crenulate, the upper side 
auricled at the base, the lower rounded ; the rachis nearly naked : sori almost marginal, 
covered with firm distinctly reniform indusia. 

On logs and stumps, peninsular Florida. Also in the tropics. SWORD OR BOSTON FERN. 

2. Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott. Petioles 10-20 cm. long ; leaf-blades 6-12, 
dm. long, 20-40 cm. wide; leaflets 10-20 cm. long, acute, entire or crenulate, the upper 


2 


18 POLY PODIACEAE 


side auricled, the lower rounded at the base: rachis nearly naked: sori almost marginal, 
covered by nearly orbicular, rather peltate indusia. [N. acuta Presl.] 
On the south bank of the Miami River, Florida. Also in tropical regions. 


28. DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. 
Rootstocks usually horizontal. Leaves tufted : blades 2-3-pinnatifid. Sori small, globu- 
lar marginal or nearly so. Sporanges borne in an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in a 
membranous cup-shaped inferior indusium, which is open at the top, and on the outer side 
adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the leaf. Veins always free. 


1. Dennstaedtia punctilóbula (Michx.) Moore. Rootstock not chaffy. Petioles 
stout, chaffless, pale green and sweet-scented ; leaf-blades 3-10 dm. long, lanceolate, acute 
or acuminate, frequently long-attenuate, usually 3-pinnatifid, thin and delicate ; rachis and 
under surface minutely glandular and pubescent : sori minute, each on a recurved toothlet, 
usually one at the upper margin of each lobe: sporanges few : indusium cup-shaped with 
a delicate membranous irregular margin. [Dicksonia punctilobula (Michx.) A. Gray. ] 


On open hillsides, New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to the mountains of Georgia. 
and Alabama. 


29. FILIX Adans. 

Delicate rock ferns. Leaves with slender petioles and 2-4-pinnate blades. Sori 
roundish, each borne on the back of a vein. Indusium membranous, hood-like, attached 
by a broad base on its inner side and partly under the sorus, early opening and somewhat 
evanescent. Veins free. [Cystopteris Bernh.] 

Leaf-blades scarcely broader at the base, short-pointed, without bulblets. 1. F. fragilis. 
Leaf-blades broadest at the base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath. 2. F. bulbifera. 

1. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Leaves tufted; petioles 10-20 cm. long; blades thin, 
oblong-lanceolate, slightly tapering below, 1-3 dm. long, 2-3-pinnatifid or pinnate ; leaf- 
lets lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnatifid, with a broad central space and bluntly or 
sharply toothed segments decurrent along the margined or winged rachis, without bulb- 
lets: indusia narrow or acute at the free end, early withering. 


On rocks and in moist grassy woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia and Arizona. 
Almost eosmopolitan. 


2. Filix bulbífera (L.) Underw. Leaves weak; petioles 10-15 cm. long, light- 
colored ; blades elongated, lanceolate from a broad base, 3-8 dm. long, 2-3-pinnatifid or 
pinnate ; leaflets crowded, toothed or pinnatifid : rachis wingless, commonly bearing under- 
neath, in the axils of the leaflets and segments, fleshy bulblets which fall away and propa- 
gate the plant : indusia truncate on the free side, early thrown back and withering. 

On moist rocks, especially limestone, Quebec to Wisconsin, south to Tennessee and Arkansas. 


30. WOODSIA R. Br. 


Small or medium-sized ferns, growing in rocky places. Leaves often evergreen, 
tufted : petioles often jointed above the base and finally separating : blades 1-2-pinnate or 
pinnatifid. Sori round, borne on the backs of simply forked free veins. Indusia inferior, 
thin and often evanescent, roundish or stellate, either small and open or early bursting at 
the top into irregular lobes or segments. 

Indusium minute or evanescent, flat, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into hair-like seg- 
ments. 1. W. Ilvensis. 
Indusium manifest, at first enclosing the sporanges, splitting into jagged lobes. 2. W. obtusa. 

1. Woodsia Ilvénsis (L.) R. Br. Leaf-blades lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, glabrous 
above, more or less covered with rusty chaff beneath, as are also the slender jointed peti- 
oles ; leaflets crowded, sessile, pinnately parted, the crowded segments oblong, obscurely 
crenate: sori borne near the margins of the segments, somewhat confluent when old: in- 
dusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into filiform segments, which 
are inflexed over the sporanges and inconspicuous, especially when mature. 

a e mes aah pe eae Seach and Greenland to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Kentucky. 

2. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Petioles not jointed, pale green, 7-15 cm. 
long; leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, 15-40 em. long, minutely glandular-pubescent, nearly 
2-pinnate ; leaflets rather remote, triangular-ovate, or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse 
crenate-dentate segments : veins forked, bearing the sori near the minutely toothed lobes : 
indusia conspicuous, at first enclosing the sporanges, at length splitting into several lobes. 


P aa Nova Seotia to New York and British Columbia, south to middle Georgia, Texas and. 


MARSILEACEAE 19 


Order 3. SALVINIALES. 

Aquatic or mud-inhabiting herbs, with horizontal or creeping stems, or float- 
ing. Leaves various, sometimes filiform, or blades entire, lobed or 4-foliolate. 
Spores of two kinds (microspores and macrospores), contained in sporocarps. 
Macrospores germinating into simple prothallia which bear archegones, the 
microspores forming still simpler prothallia bearing antherozoids. 


Plants rooting in the mud: leaves filiform or with 4-foliolate blades. Fam. 1. MARSILEACEAE. 
Plants floating: leaves with entire or 2-lobed blades. Fam. 2. SALVINIACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. MARSILEACEAE R. Br. MARSILEA FAMILY. 


Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, with slender rootstocks. Leaves 
with 4-foliolate blades, or merely filiform. Asexual propagation consisting of spor- 
ocarps borne on peduncles which arise from the rootstock near the leaf-stalk, or 
are consolidated with it, containing both macrospores and microspores. 
Sporocarps ovoid : leaves with 4-foliolate blades. 1. MARSILEA. 
Sporocarps globose: leaves filiform. 2. PILULARIA. 

1. MARSÍLEA L. 

Marsh or aquatic plants. Leaves commonly floating on the surface of shallow water ; 
blades slender-petioled, 4-foliolate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, arising from 
their bases or more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of 
two vertical valves with several transverse compartments (sori) in each valve. 


Sporocarps 2-6 on each peduncle: leaves pubescent on both sides. 1. M. macropoda. 
Sporocarps solitary or rarely 2 on each peduncle. 
Leaflets 4-16 mm. broad, obovate or nearly obcordate. 


Sporocarps 3-5 x 4-7 mm.; raphe short, with acute teeth. 2. M. vestita. 
Sporocarps 6 x 8 mm.; raphe long, with long hooked teeth. 8. M. uncinata. 
Leafiets 2-4 mm. wide, more or less falcate. 4. M. tenuifolia. 


1. Marsilea macrópoda Engelm. Plant robust, 10-25 cm. tall. Leaflets 2-5 cm. 
long, 2 cm. wide, or narrower, usually undulate, pubescent with white hairs on both sides, 
especially so when young: sporocarps 2-6 on erect branching peduncles, densely villous, 
6-8 mm. long, 5-6 mm. thick : raphe short, the lower tooth obtuse, the upper prominent 
or wanting : sori 10 in each valve. 

In muddy places, Texas and New Mexico. 

2. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Rootstock slender. Petioles 5-13 cm. high: 
leaflets entire or toothed : sporocarps 4-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with a short raphe, 
a short and blunt lower tooth and an acute and sometimes curved upper one, densely cov- 
ered with soft spreading narrow hair-like scales, or in certain forms these are short and 
appressed or almost wanting: sori 6-11 in each valve. 

In wet sand or in shallow ditehes, Kansas to British Columbia, Mexico, Texas and Florida. 

3. Marsilea uncinàta A. Br. Plant 6-20 cm. tall. Leaflets nearly glabrous, entire, 
10-16 mm. wide, 8 mm. long: peduncles 15-30 cm. long, 2-4 times the length of the 
sporocarps : raphe long, terminating in 2 approximate teeth, the upper longer and mostly 
uncinately curved : sori 13-14 in each valve. 

In swamps, Louisiana and Texas. 

4. Marsilea tenuifdlia Engelm. Plant slender, 5-15 cm. high. Leaflets 2-4 mm. 
wide, more or less falcate, often slightly truncate and unequally toothed at the apex, " 
pressed-pubescent : sporocarps solitary, 5-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, the teeth nearly 
equal, divergent: sori 9-12 in each valve. 

On borders of ponds, Pierdenales, Texas. 


2. PILULARIA L. 

Marsh plants with slender creeping rootstocks and few filiform leaves. Sporocarps 
globose, longitudinally 2-4-celled, dehiscing from the apex : cavities with parietal cushions 
bearing microsporanges above and numerous macrosporanges below. Macrospores solitary. 
- 1. Pilularia Americana A. Br. Leaves filiform, about 2.5 cm. long. Sporocarps 

2 mm. in diameter, attached by the side to a short descending peduncle, 3-4-celled : micro- 


spores 13-17, not constricted at the middle. 
In shallow pools, Arkansas and California. 


20 — EQUISETACEAE 


FAMILY 2. SALVINIACEAE Reichenb. SALVINIA FAMILY. 


Small floating plants, with a more or less elongated and sometimes branch- 
ing axis bearing apparently 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps soft, thin-walled, 
borne 2 or more on a common stalk, 1-celled, with a central often branched re- 
ceptacle, which bears macrosporanges containing a single macrospore or micro- 
sporanges containing numerous microspores. 


1. AZOLLA Lam. 

Minute moss-like reddish or green floating plants, with pinnately branched stems cov- 
ered with minute imbricated 2-lobed leaves, and emitting rootlets beneath. Sporocarps of 
two kinds borne in the axils of the leaves, the smaller ovoid or acorn-shaped, containing 
a single macrospore at the base and a few minute bodies above it, the larger globose, pro- 
ducing many pedicelled sporanges, each containing several masses of microspores. 

1. Azolla Caroliniana Willd. Plants greenish or reddish, 2-4 mm. broad, deltoid 
or triangular-ovate, pinnately branching, sometimes covering large surfaces of water. 
Macrospores minutely granulate, with three accessory bodies; masses of microspores 
armed with rigid septate processes: leaves with ovate lobes, their color varying with the 
amount of sunlight, the lower usually reddish, the upper green with a reddish border. 

Floating on still water, Ontario to British Columbia, south to Florida, Arizona and Mexico. 


Order 4. EQUISETALES. 

Rush-like perennial plants, with horizontal rootstocks and mostly hollow 
jointed simple or often much-branched grooved stems, provided with a double 
series of cavities and usually with a large central one, the branches whorled, the 
nodes provided with diaphragms. Leaves reduced to toothed sheaths at the 
joints. Sporanges 1-celled, clustered underneath the scales of terminal cone- 
like spikes. Spores uniform, furnished with 2 narrow appendages (elaters) at- 
tached at the middle, coiling around the spores when moist, and spreading, when 
dry, in diverse ways.  Prothallia terrestrial, green, usually dioecious. 


FAMILY 1. EQUISETACEAE Michx. HORSETAIL FAMILY. 
Characters of the order. 


Theonly genus. 1. EQUISETUM L. 


Stems annual, of 2 kinds; fertile vernal, simple, soon withering; sterile much branched: stomata 


scattered. : aed : 1. E. arvense. 
Stems perennial: spikes rigid-pointed : stomata in regular rows. 
Stems rough and tuberculate, prominently ridged. 


Stems stout: ridges with 1 line of tubercles: sheaths with 3-keeled ridges. 2. E. robustum. 
: prems songe E Por with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles: sheaths with obscurely 
-kee ges. 


3. E. hyemale. 
Stems not tuberculate: sheaths enlarged upward. 4. E. leevigatums. 


_ l. Equisetum arvénse L. Stems annual, with scattered stomata, the fertile appear- 
ing in early spring before the sterile. Fertile stems 1-2.5 dm. high, not branched, soon 
withering, light brown, their loose scarious sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 
12 brown acuminate teeth ; sterile stems green, rather slender, 0.5-6 dm. high, 6-19-fur- 
rowed, with numerous long mostly simple whorled 4-angled or rarely 3-angled solid 
aaron their sheaths 4-toothed, the stomata in two rows in the furrows. 
n sandy soil. Newfoundland, Greenland and Alaska, south to North Carolina and ifornia. Also 
sii a : os iin Sou A is an occasional form with a ane carina i normally 
_ ,2. Equisetum robüstum A. Br. Stems perennial, stout, tall, evergreen, 1-2.5 m. 
high, sometimes 2 em. in diameter, 20-48-furrowed, simple or little branched. Ridges 
roughened with a single series of transversely oblong siliceous tubercles: sheaths short, 
cylindrie, appressed, marked with black girdles at the base, and at the bases of the dark 
caducous teeth; ridges of the sheath 3-carinate; branches, when present, occasionally 
fertile: spikes tipped with a rigid point. i j 
In wet places, Ohio to British Columbia, south to Louisiana, California and Mexico. Also in Asia. 
__ 3. Equisetum hyemale L. Stems slender, rather stiff, evergreen, 6-12 dm. high, 
with the stomata arranged in rows, rough, 8-34-furrowed, the ridges with two indistinct 


LYCOPODIACEAE 21 


lines of tubercles, the central cavity large, from one-half to two-thirds the diameter ; 
sheaths rather long, cylindric, marked with one or two black girdles, their ridges obscurely 
4-keeled ; teeth brown, membranous, soon deciduous: stem rarely producing branches 
which are usually short and occasionally fertile, sometimes with longer sterile branches. 


In wet places, especially on river banks, widely distributed in North America, Europe and Asia. 
SCOURING RUSH. 


4. Equisetum laevigàtum A. Br. Stems 3-15 dm. high, simple or little branched, 
pale green, persistent, 14-30-furrowed, the ridges almost smooth. Sheaths elongated and 
enlarged upward, with a black girdle at the base of the mostly deciduous, white-margined 
teeth and rarely also at their bases ; ridges of the sheath with a faint central carina and 
sometimes with faint short lateral ones : stomata arranged in single series ; central cavity 
very large, the wall of the stem very thin. 

Along streams, especial]y in clay soil, New Jersey to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, 


Louisiana and California. : 
Order 5. LYCOPODIALES. 


Terrestrial or epiphytie plants with spores produced in sporanges borne in 


the axils of scale-like leaves. 
Spores all of one sort and size. - 


Sporanges 1-celled, transversely 2-valved : stems leafy. Fam. 1. LYCOPODIACEAE. 
Sporanges 2-3-celled, opening by 2-3 apical valves: stems and branches 
nearly naked. Fam, 2. PSILOTACEAE. 
Spores of two sizes, macrospores and microspores. Fam. 3, SELAGINELLACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. CruB-Moss FAMILY. 


Moss-like plants, with erect, trailing or creeping stems. Leaves often nu- 
merous, in 2-several series: blades narrow. Sporanges 1-celled, solitary in the 
axils of leaf-like or scale-like bracts (sporophylls), sometimes forming compact 
cones (strobiles). Spores uniform, minute. Prothallia (as far as known) mon- 
oecious, mostly subterranean. 


1. LYCOPODIUM L.! 

Perennial evergreen plants various in habit. Leaves in 4-16 series: blades 1-nerved. 
Sporanges 1-celled, in the axils of more or less distant leaf-like bracts or collected into ter- 
minal compact bracted cones, transversely 2-valved. Spores of one kind, sulphur-yellow, 
copious, readily inflammable. Some species are known as CLUB-MOSSEs. 


Plants with mostly upright stems: leaves and bracts (sporophylls) in alternating zones (cones inter- 
rupted). 
Leaf-blades appressed, with hollow bases. 1. L. Selago. 
Leaf-blades ultimately reflexed, flattened at the bases. 
Leaf-blades linear or nearly so, entire or denticulate. 
Leaf-blades manifestly broadest above the middle; erose. _ 
Plants with creeping or horizontal stems (rootstocks): cones terminal. 
Sporanges globose: bracts and leaves similar. 
Bracts 5-6 mm. long, often slightly toothed at the base. 4 
Bracts 8-10 mm. long, usually much toothed. : 
Leaves in many series, radially spreading: stems arching. 3 L. alopecuroides. 
7 


. L. porophilum. 
. L. lucidulum. 


wh 


. L. Chapmani. 


Leaves twisted so as to be in one plane: stems prostrate. . L. pinnatum. 
Sporanges transversely compressed, reniform : braets entirely unlike the leaves. 
Stems (rootstocks) prostrate or creeping : leaves nearly in one plane. 
Stems (rootstocks) creeping or horizontal, with erect or ascending branches. 
Leaves equal, radially arranged (except on twigs of No. 8), in 5 or more series. 
Cones few, stout, erect. 8. L. obscurum. 


. L. Carolinianum. 


Cones numerous, short, nodding. | 9. L. cernuum. 
Leaves dorsiventrally arranged in 4 series on flattened stems. 
Leaves of under row scarcely reduced : terminal branches erect. 10. L. tristachyum. 
Leaves of under row reduced to subulate scales: terminal branches 
horizontally fan-like. 11. L. complanatum. 


1. Lycopodium Selàgo L. Prostrate portion of the stems very short, rooting, curv- 
ing upward, thence dichotomously branched and forming tufts 4-17 cm. tall. Leaves densely 
disposed, appressed or ascending ; blades triangular, linear-subulate or subulate, 4-8 mm. 
long, broadest at the hollow base, entire: bracts shorter than the leaves, triangular: 
sporanges reniform. 

On rocks and shaded cliffs, Labrador, Greenland and Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan and Wash- 
ington and on the mountains to North Carolina. Also in Europe and Asia. 

2. Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw. Prostrate portion of the stems short, 
abundantly rooting, curving upward, thence forking 1-3 times and forming tufts 4-10 cm. 
tall. Leaves densely disposed, spreading or reflexed ; blades very slightly broadened 


! Revised by Prof. Francis Ernest Lloyd. 


22 LYCOPODIACEAE 


above the middle and somewhat contracted near the base, those between the sporangial re- 
gions 6-7 mm. long, broadest at the base, entire or denticulate : sporanges reniform : bracts 
(sporophylls) 4-5 mm. long, denticulate or entire, acuminate. 

On sandstone cliffs, Wisconsin, Indiana, Kentucky and Alabama. 

3. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Prostrate portion of the stems 5-15 cm. long, 
rooting, thence usually forking 1-3 times, forming lax clusters 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves 
numerous, reflexed ; blades linear-spatulate, 8-11 mm. long, acute, erose-denticulate, 1 mm. 
wide at the base: bracts linear to lanceolate, 3.5-8.5 mm. long, sometimes denticulate : 
sporanges depressed-reniform. 

In cool woods and on damp slopes, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to South Carolina, 
Tennessee and Iowa. 

4. Lycopodium Chapmánii Underw. Stems creeping or arching, about 3 mm. thick, 
18-40 cm. long, simple or occasionally pinnately branched. Leaves numerous ; blades 
lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, curved upward, irregularly toothed, with the lower 
teeth often branched, or those of the fertile branches appressed, the lower with subulate 
teeth, upper entire : fertile branches 10-25 cm. long: cones 1.8-7 cm. long, or sometimes 
longer, about 3 mm. thick: bracts 5-6 mm. long, toothed just above the base, whence they 
are contracted into subulate tips: sporanges nearly globular. 

In sandy bogs, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. 

5. Lycopodium pinnàtum (Chapm.) Lloyd & Underw. Stems 20-30 cm. long, pin- 
nately branched, 1-2 mm. thick. Leaves numerous; blades thin, 8-9 mm. long, linear- 
lanceolate, curved, long-toothed, those of the upper side of the stem smaller, all slightly 
contracted at the base: fertile branches 25-40 cm. long, their numerous leaves narrower 
than the stem-leaves: cones 3-12 em. long, 5 mm. thick : bracts spreading, similar to the 
leaves of the fertile branches but more gradually tapering : sporanges nearly globular. 

In low sandy grounds, southern Georgia, Florida and Alabama. 

6. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Stems 5 dm. long, or even longer, arching, root- 
ing at the ends. Leaves numerous ; blades 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate, and spinulose on the 
sides of the stem, linear-lanceolate and long-toothed on the upper and lower sides of the 
stem, and with long hairs near the base on the lower side of the stem : fertile branches 
2-3 dm. tall, densely leafy, resembling the stem : cones 2-10.5 cm. long, 5 mm. thick: 
bracts 10-11 mm. long, becoming reflexed, similar to the leaves of the fertile branches but 
not hairy. 

In low pine lands, Long Island to Florida and Mississippi, usually within about 125 miles of the 
coast. Also in Brazil. 

7. Lycopodium Carolinianum L. Stems prostrate or creeping, 1-15 cm. long, l- 
1.5 mm. thick, pinnately branching. Stem-leaves of 2 kinds, the apparently lateral ones 
ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, falcate, recurved, acute, entire, with the midrib asymmetri- 
cally placed ; leaves of the upper side of the stem 3—4 mm. long, subulate above the broad 
base : fertile branches slender, 5-22 cm. tall, their leaves few, subulate, 2-3 mm. long, ap- 
pressed : cones 1-5 em. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick: bracts triangular, or somewhat constricted 
above the base, sometimes erose : sporanges compressed. 

In sandy bogs, New Jersey to Florida and Mississippi. Also in tropical America. 

8. Lycopodium obscürum L. Stems or branches arising from horizontal root- 
stocks, becoming bushy and 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves numerous, spreading and curved up- 
ward ; blades linear-lanceolate, mucronulate, in 8 rows below, in 6 rows above, twisted so 
as to lie in vertical planes: cones sessile: bracts broadly ovate, papery, erose, subulate- 
tipped : sporanges reniform. [L. dendroidewum Michx. ] 

E MURDER Alaska, south on the mountains to Georgia, and Montana. Alsoappar- 

9. Lycopodium cérnuum L. Stems procumbent or arching, 2-3.5 dm. long, some- 
what creeping, branching, often in various planes, the ultimate branches nodding and 
fertile. Leaves numerous, terete, subulate, 3-5 mm. long, spreading and upwardly curved : 
cones sessile, 5 mm. long: bracts ovate, acuminate, thin-fringed : sporanges minute, trans- 
versely flattened. 1 

In sandy soil or pine lands, Florida to southern Mississippi. Also in tropical regions. 


10. Lycopodium tristáchyum Pursh. Rootstocks horizontal; branches becoming 
erect, or decumbent, repeatedly forking to form several vertically placed flattened branch- 
lets 1.5-2 mm. wide. Leaves of branches appressed or incurved ; blades linear-subulate : 
fertile branches scape-like, 5-6 cm. tall, usually twice-forked : cones 2, 3 dr casually 4, 2-2.8 
cm. long: bracts ovate, abruptly subulate-tipped. [L. Chamaecyparissus A. Br.] 

In woods, Maine to Minnesota, south along the mountains to North Carolina. : 

11. Lycopodium complanàtum L. Rootstocks creeping: branches er 
forked to form several horizontally spreading branchlete LEZE iier dad Toe 


SELAGINELLACEAE 23 


branches somewhat spreading, linear, with subulate tips: fertile branches erect, 5-8 cm. 
long, usually twice-forked : cones 15-25 mm. long: bracts ovate, gradually contracted to 
the subulate tips, toothed. 


> In woods, Prince Edward Island to Ontario and Minnesota, south to the mountains of North Caro- 
lina. Also in Europe and Asia. CHRISTMAS-GREEN. 


FAMILY 2. PSILOTÀCEAE Pritzel. PsILOTUM FAMILY. 


Perennial slender terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Sporanges sessile in the 
axils of the leaves, 2-3-celled, opening by valves at the apex. Spores uniform. 


1. PSILOTUM R. Br. 
Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic. Stem dichotomously forked. Leaves alternate, 
reduced to scales. Sporanges 3-celled, opening by 3 valves at the apex. Spores mealy, 
oval or elongated-reniform. 


1. Psilotum nüdum (L.) Griseb. Stems erect, 20-25 cm. tall, 3-angled at the base, 
copiously forked above, the ultimate divisions with 3 wing-like angles: leaves remote, 
awl-like, 1-1.5 mm. long: sporanges in interrupted spikes. [P. triquetrum Sw. ] 

In hammocks, South Carolina to Florida. Also in tropical America. 


FAMILY 3. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. SELAGINELLA FAMILY. 


Terrestrial moss-like annual or perennial plants, with much branched stems. 
Leaves scale-like, uniform and several-ranked, or of 2 kinds and in 2 planes. 
Sporanges 1-celled, disposed in 4-sided cones, solitary in the axils of bracts, 
some containing 4 macrospores (macrosporanges), others containing numerous 
microspores (microsporanges), which develop into small prothallia, those from 
the macrospores bearing archegones, those from the microspores antherids. 


1. SELAGINÉLLA Beauv. 
Characters of the family. 


Stem-leaves of 2 kinds, spreading in two planes. 
Stems flaccid, creeping; microspores warty. 1. S.apus. . 
Stems rigid, ascending ; microspores smooth. 2. S. Ludoviciana. 

Stem-leaves all alike, several-ranked. 

Stems erect or ascending. 
Cones 2-3 em. long, slender. ! 
Cones 5 mm. long or less, as stout as the diameter of the stem. 


Stems spreading or creeping. Š : : 
Stems rooting only near the base: leaves with tortuous hairs. 5. S. tortipila. 
Stems rooting throughout, usually less than 1 dm.long: cones 10-15 mm. long: 

leaves ending in a slender awn. A : 
Lips of the dorsal groove of the leaf-blades glabrous. _ 6. S. rupestris. 
Lips of the dorsal groove of the leaf-blades spinose-ciliate. 7. S. acanthonota. 

1. Selaginella àpus (L.) Spring. Annual, pale green. Stems creeping, 5-15 cm. 
long, flaccid, pinnately branched: leaves in two planes, those of the lower plane ovate, 
acute, short-ciliate on the margins, those of the upper plane lanceolate short bristle-pointed : 
cones 6-15 mm. long, obscurely 4-angled: bracts ovate, acutely keeled above : microspores 
warty. 

th moist shaded ground, Maine and Ontario to the Northwest Territory, Florida and Texas. 

2. Selaginella Ludoviciana A.Br. Annual, dark green. Stems creeping or ascend- 
ing, 15-30 em. long, once or twice pinnately branched: leaves in two planes, those of the 
lower plane broadly ovate, obtuse, with whitish margins formed of sclerotic cells, those of 
the upper plane lanceolate with slender acuminate tips: cones 1-2 cm. long: micro- 
spores smooth. 

In shaded ground, Florida to Louisiana. 

3. Selaginella arenicola Underw. Roots copious, delicate, 15-20 em. long. Stems 
much branched, the branches tufted, slender, 5-8 cm. tall, giving off brown roots near 
their bases: leaves appressed, narrowly lanceolate, 0.25 mm. wide, ciliate, channeled dor- 
sally, tipped with a spinulose white awn 0.35-0.50 mm. long: cones sharply 4-angled, 2-3 
em. long: bracts broadly lanceolate, spreading, with 15-20 cilia on each side: micro- 
spores copious, globose-tetrahedral. 

In exposed sandy fields, Georgia and Florida. i 

4. Selaginella Sherwoddii Underw. Plants forming densely branched compact 
tree-like tufts 6-8 cm. high. Stems repeatedly branching, erect or ascending, rooting only 
at the base, rigid ; leaves about 10-ranked, about 1.5 mm. long, closely appressed, grooved 


. S. arenicola. 
. S. Sherwoodii. 


moO 


24 ISOETACEAE 


dorsally in the lower two thirds, ending in a slender white coiled hair 0.7-0.9 mm. long, 
and with 8-12 minute cilia on each margin ; cones less than 5 mm. long, terminal on the 
branches, the sporophylls similar to the ordinary leaves ; macrosporangia three-lobed, the 
macrospores pale yellow, rugose-reticulate, 0.44 mm. in diameter; microsporangia round- 
reniform, the microspores bright yellow, smooth, 44 in diameter. 

On rocks, mountains of southwestern North Carolina. 

5. Selaginella tortípila A. Br. Stems rooting only near the base ; branches] zigzag, 
20-25 cm. long, primary ones elongated. Leaves about 6-ranked, loosely imbricated, 
narrowly lanceolate, ciliate, scarcely channeied, tipped by a contorted or coiled hair: cones 
4-5 mm. long, slightly 4-angled: bracts ovate-lanceolate, loosely spreading, dorsally 
channeled. 

On rocky mountain tops, North Carolina and South Carolina. 

6. Selaginella rupéstris (L.) Spring. Stems and branches creeping, 5-10 cm. long, 
zigzag, ascending at the tips ; primary branches short. Leaves closely imbricated, about 8- 
ranked, 0.3-0.38 mm. wide, deeply channeled dorsally, with 6-9 cilia on each side, 
tipped with a white spinulose awn about 1 mm. long: cones 1-1.5 cm. long, sharply 4- 
angled : bracts similar to the leaves but broader and with shorter awns and more cilia. 

On dry rocks, Maine and Ontario to British Columbia, south to Georgia and Missouri. 

7. Selaginella acanthonóta Underw. Stems and branches stout, rooting and ascend- 
ing, softly plumose at the tips. Leaves of the stems in 8-10 regular series ; blades about 
2mm. long, gradually tapering into a roughened awn one-half to one-third their length, 
with about 12 short irregular cilia on each side and similar cilia on either side of the dorsal 
groove : cones fully 10 mm. long: bracts broadly triangular, ciliate like the leaf-blades. 

In sand, near the coast, North Carolina. Summer. 


Order 6. ISOETALES. 

Submerged, amphibious or uliginous plants, with a cluster of elongated awl- 
shaped leaves rising from a more or less 2—3-lobed fleshy short stem, the leaves 
with or without peripheral bast-bundles, with or without stomata, bearing a 
small membranous organ (ligule) above the base. Sporanges sessile in the ex- 
cavated bases of the leaves, the sides more or less covered with a fold of the 
inner side of the leaf-blades (velum) ; those of the outer leaves usually contain 
spherical, mostly sculptured macrospores, those of the inner contain minute 
powdery oblong microspores ; the former germinate into prothallia bearing only 
archegones, the latter into prothallia bearing usually only a single antherid. 


FAMILY 1. ISOETACEAE Horan. QUILLWoRT FAMILY. 
Characters of the order. 
1. ISOBTES L. * 


The only genus. Owing to their aquatic habitat and apparently local distribution, 
these plants are popularly little known. Some species are called QUILLWoRT. 
Velum incomplete or wanting. 


Amphibious: macrospores honeycombed-reticulated. 1. I. Engelmannii. 
Terrestrial: macrospores tuberculate. 
Polygamous : leaves 15-60, often biackish at the base. 2. I. melanopoda. 
Dioecious: leaves 8-15, bright green. 8. I, Butleri. 
Velum complete. 
Macrospores dark-colored: leaves 5-6 em. long. 4. I. melanospora., 
Macrospores light-colored : leaves 40-60 cm. long. 5. I. flaccida. 


1. Isoetes Engelmannii A. Br. Amphibious, usually partly immersed when mature. 
Leaves 25-100, light green, quadrangular, tapering, 22-50 em. long, bearing abundant 
stomata: peripheral bast-bundles present : sporanges oblong or linear-oblong, unspotted : 
velum narrow : macrospores 400—520 in diameter, covered with honeycomb-like reticula- 
tions: microspores 24-28 u long, mostly smooth. 


In ponds and ditches, rooting in mud, Maine to Delaware, Pennsylvania and Missouri.—Repre- 
sented in our range by I. Engelmannii Georgidna Engelm., which has fewer leaves and slightly larger 
macrospores, and is known from Georgia; and by I. Engelmannii Caroliniàna A. A. Eaton, which has 
stouter leaves. a broader velum and larger brown densely muricate microspores; it occurs in the 
mountains and middle country of North Carolina. 

2. Isoetes melanópoda J. Gay. Terrestrial, with a subglobose deeply 2-lobed trunk. 
Leaves 15-60, slender, erect, bright green, with a blackish shining base, 12-15 cm. long, 
3-angled, bearing stomata throughout, and well developed peripheral bast-bundles ; ligule 


ISOETACEAE 25 


3-angled, awl-shaped : sporanges mostly oblong, spotted, with a narrow velum: polyga- 
mous: macrospores 250—400 u in diameter with low more or less confluent tubercles, often 
united into worm-like wrinkles, or almost smooth : microspores 23-28 u long, spinulose. 


On moist prairies and in overflowed fields, Iowa to Illinois, Missouri and Texas.—The Texan form 
bas larger leaves with pale bases. 


3. Isoetes Bütleri Engelm. Terrestrial, from a subglobose trunk. Leaves 8-15, 
bright green, paler at base, triangular, 4.5-18 em. long, bearing numerous stomata, and 
with well developed peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small air cavities : 
sporanges usually oblong, spotted : velum very narrow or none : ligule small, triangular: 
dioecious: macrospores 500-630 x in diameter, with distinct or confluent tubercles. 


On rocky hillsides, Missouri and Indian Territory.—A variety, I. Butleri immaculdta Engelm., grow- 
ing in the barrens about Nashville, Tennessee, has longer leaves, unspotted sporanges and spinulose 
microspores. 


4. Isoetes melandspora Engelm. Stem flat, slightly 2-lobed. Leaves 5-10, dis- 
tichous, slender, 5-6 cm. long, light green: sporanges orbicular or nearly obcordate, 1-2 
mm. long, covered by the velum : ligule triangular, obtuse: macrospores 350-450 u long, 
with distinct or confluent warts, dark-colored : microspores 28-31 « long. 


In shallow excavations in granite, slopes and summit of Stone Mountain and Little Stone Moun- 
tain, middle Georgia. 


5. Isoetes flaccida Shuttlw. Leaves 10-35, light green, 4-6 dm. long, submersed or 
emersed. Sporanges oval, 4-6 mm. long, covered with numerous, or rarely few large flat- 
tish tubercles, these distinct or confluent into labyrinthiform wrinkles. 


In lakes and ponds, western and peninsular Florida.—A variety, I. flaccida rigida Engelm. from 
Lake Flirt, is smaller, and has more slender and erect leaves. 


SUBKINGDOM SPERMATOPHYTA. SEED-BEARING PLANTS. 

Plants producing seeds each of which contains an embryo consisting of 
a short stem (radicle, caulicle or hypocotyl), one, two or several rudi- 
mentary leaves (cotyledons) and a terminal bud (plumule). These parts 
are sometimes partially undifferentiated before germination. Microspor- 
anges (anther-sacs) are borne on modified leaves (filaments) and contain 
usually several or many microspores (pollen-grains). Macrosporanges 
(ovules) are borne on the surface of a flat or inrolled modified leaf (car- 
pel) and contain a macrospore (embryo-sac). A macrospore develops the 
reduced female prothallium ; an egg-cell in an archegone of this prothal- 
lium is fertilized by means of an elongating tube (pollen-tube), a part 
of the male prothallium protruding from the pollen-grain (microspore). 


Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a bract or ascale: stigmas wanting. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE, 
Ovules and seeds in a closed cavity (ovary): stigmas present. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. 


Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. 


Carpel or pistil represented by a scale or disk upon whose face are 
borne the ovules (macrosporanges). Pollen-grains (microspores) divide 
into two or several cells, one of which gives rise to the pollen-tube (male 
prothallium) ; a sperm-cell or spermatozoid developed at the end of a 
pollen-tube directly fertilizes an egg-cell in the archegone of the embryo- 
sac (female prothallium) in the ovule (macrosporange). 


Order 1. CYCADALES. 

Relatively low palm-like plants. Stems scarred with the bases of fallen 
leaves. Leaves aggregated in a terminal crown: blades pinnate. Flowers in 
terminal or nearly terminal cones of often numerous approximate scales, or on 
slightly modified leaves. Staminate cones with peltate or boat-shaped scales 
supporting several pollen-sacs.  Pistillate with two or more ovules on each flat 
or shield-like scale. Seed drupe-like or nut-like, 


26 PINACEAE 


FAMILY 1l. CYCADACEAE Lindl. Cycas FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees of tropical or subtropical regions, usually possessing a sticky 
sap. Leaves (fronds) clustered: blades pinnate: segments variously nerved. 
Flowers dioecious, without perianth: staminate cones falling away : pistillate 
leaves or cones accrescent. Pollen-sacs 1-celled, in groups of 2-4, or more. 
Ovules orthotropous, sessile or nearly so. Fruit an aggregate of nut-like or 
drupe-like seeds. Embryo in the upper part of the endosperm. Cotyledons 2 ; 
radicle ending in a spiral. k 
1. ZAMIA L.! 

Usually low palm-like plants, with stems usually beneath the surface of the ground. 
Leaves few or many : blades pinnate: petioles smooth or spiny ; segments with simple par- 
allel nerves, entire or toothed, jointed at the rachis. Flowers in oblong or cylindric cones : 
scales peltate, spirally arranged. Pollen-sacs numerous. Ovules 2 on each scale, pendu- 
lous, sessile. Cones relatively small, glabrous or scurfy. COONTIE. 


Leaf-segments 10-16-nerved : mature pistillate cones 12-16.5 cm. long, markedly Bn vli 
. 4 0. = 
Leaf-segments 20-28-nerved : mature pistillate cones 6.5-10.5 em. long, scarcely umbonate. ae 
2. Z. pumila. 

1. Zamia Floridàna DC. Plants 3-5 dm. tall. Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
late, 20-30 cm. long; petioles about 20 cm. long, unarmed, 3-angled, silky tomentose at the 
base, with scattered hairs above: leaf-segments mostly opposite, 28-40, linear, 9-14 cm. 
long, 3-7 mm. broad, with 5 or 6 obscure teeth at the obtuse apex, glabrous above, with a 
few scattered hairs beneath, faleate and somewhat twisted, 10-16-nerved, revolute : stami- 
nate cones dark brown, oblong, about 8 cm. long and 2.5 em. thick ; peduncles 5-10 cm. 
long: mature pistillate cones oblong, 12-16.5 cm. long and 6-8 cm. thick, markedly um- 
bonate, densely tomentose with persistent dark brown hairs, peduncles about 10 cm. long, 
ferruginous-tomentose : seed-bearing scales hexagonal, thick, nearly hemispheric at the 
outer end. [ Z. integrifolia Chapm. in part, not Jacq. ] 

In dry forests, ‘‘ flat woods," east coast of Florida below New River. 

2. Zamia pumila L. Plants usually more robust than those of Z. Floridana. Leaf- 
segments mostly opposite but sometimes irregularly placed, 32-44, linear-oblanceolate or 
linear-oblong, somewhat falcate, 7-11 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide, slightly serrate at the ob- 
tuse apex, mostly straight but occasionally slightly twisted, 20-28-nerved, revolute: stami- 
nate cones brown, oblong, about 8 cm. long and 2.5 cm. thick: peduncles 5-10 cm. long: 
mature pistillate cones elliptic, scarcely umbonate, 6.5-10.5 em. long and 5-8 cm. thick, 
densely tomentose with ferruginous partially deciduous hairs: seed-bearing scales hexagonal, 
thin, somewhat flattened at the outer end.  [Z. integrifolia Chapm. in part, not Jacq. ] 

In moist woods, ‘‘ hammocks,” middle peninsular Florida, particularly on the eastern coast. 


Order 2. PINALES. 

Shrubs or lofty trees, various in habit. Leaves scale-like, narrow, or needle- 
like and often collected into bundles, or rarely with expanded blades. Flowers 
in cones of spirally imbricated scales, the staminate and pistillate usually on the 
same plant. Staminate cones with scales bearing pollen-sacs.  Pistillate cones 
with scales bearing ovules: in TAXACEAE the pistillate flowers are rarely in 
cones. Fruit drupe-like, berry-like, or a dry cone. Embryo usually axile. 
Pistillate flowers several. with carpellary scales, these sometimes bracted: fruit a cone, either dry or 


berry-like. 
Carpellary scales with bracts, never peltate: ovules inverted: buds scaly: wing accompanying the 
seed a portion of the carpellary scale. Fam. 1. PINACEAE. 


Carpellary scales without bracts, mostly peltate or fleshy: ovules erect: 
buds naked: wing of the seed, when present, a portion of the testa. Fam. 2. JUNIPERACEAE. 
Pistillate flowers solitary or 2, without carpellary scales: fruit drupaceous or 
baccate. Fam. 3. TAXACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. PINACEAE Lindl. Prine FAMILY. 


Mostly evergreen monoecious resin-yielding shrubs or trees, often conic in 
outline. Buds scaly. Leaves rigid, needle-like or flat, alternate, opposite, 
whorled, or several in a sheath. Anthers 2-several-celled, in more or less 
elongated cones. Pollen-grains globose, ellipsoidal or lobed.  Pistillate aments 


1 Contributed by Mr. Herbert J. Webber. 


PINACEAE 27 


solitary or clustered, consisting of usually numerous spirally disposed bracted 
scales. Ovules inverted, usually 2 at the base of each scale. Fruit a dry cone 
formed by the accrescent scales of the pistillate aments. Seeds usually two at 
the base of each scale, often samara-like, the wing a portion of the carpellary 
scale. Endosperm copious, fleshy, or somewhat mealy. Cotyledons 2-16. 


Leaves several together, surrounded by a sheath at the base: cones maturing the second year. 
Cone-scales with dorsal usually spine-armed appendages: leaves mostly in 2’s or 3's. 
Leaves with 2 fibro-vascular bundles: seeds with elongated wings, these free from the scales, and 
attached to the seeds when they fall. 1. PINUS, 
Leaves with 1 fibro-vascular bundle: seeds with narrow or rudimentary wings, 


these adnate to the scales when the seeds fall. 2. CARYOPITYS. 
Cone-scales with inconspicuous terminal unarmed appendages: leaves in 5’s. 3. STROBUS. 
Leaves solitary, without a sheath : cones maturing the first year. 
Cones drooping: bracts shorter than the scales. 
Leaves 4-sided or nearly terete, spreading : anther-sacs opening lengthwise. 4, PICEA. 
Leaves flat, apparently 2-ranked : anther-sacs opening transversely. 5. TSUGA. 
Cones erect : bracts longer than the scales. 6. ABIES. 


1. PINUS L. 

Rigid monoecious evergreen trees or rarely shrubs, of great economic importance. 
Leaves needle-like, 2-3 together or rarely more, each with 2 fibro-vascular bundles, the 
clusters surrounded at the base by a thin persistent sheath, spreading in all directions. 
Staminate aments elongated, at the ends of branchlets of the preceding year. Anthers 
2-celled, opening longitudinally. Pollen-grains of 3 cells, the 2 lateral cells empty. Pistil- 
late aments globose or slightly elongated, just back of the terminal bud, or on the young 
twigs: scales crowded. Cones maturing the second year: scalesat length hard and spread- 
ing, each appendaged below the apex, usually spine-tipped. Seeds samara-like. The 
plants flower in the spring. 


Scales of the pistillate aments stout, each with a short tip which scarcely equals the body in length. 
Cones over 7 cm. long. 
Cones 16-25 em. long, the spines of the scales stout and strongly recurved : staminate aments over 
5 em. long: seed-wing over 4 cm. long. 1. P. palustris. 
Cones 8-14 em. long, the spines of the scales small, not recurved: staminate 
aments less than 5 em. long: seed-wing less than 4 em. long. 
Leaves not glaucous: cone of an ovoid type when open, flat or depressed 
at the base: seed-wing 2.5-3 cm. long. 2. P. Elliottii. 
Leaves glaucous: cones of a cylindric or conic-cylindrie type when open, 
rounded at the base: seed-wing 1.5-2 cm. long. 
Appendage of the cone scale very thick at the apex, projecting littletif 


at all beyond the spine. Sf ees 3. P. Taeda. 
Appendage of the cone-scale thin at the apex, projecting far beyond the 
spine. 4. P. heterophylla 


Cones less than 7 em. long. 
Cones ovoid or globular-ovoid when closed: leaves 15-25 cm. long, about 2 
. mm. wide. i 5. P. serotina. 
Cones narrowly conic when closed : leaves 4-i2 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide. 
Cone-scales readily opening, each with a slender or minute spine towards 
the front of the appendage, the spine sometimes deciduous or obsolete. 
Cones mainly less du 5 em. long: scales of the staminate aments erose- 
toothed at the apex: bark of thetrunk relatively closeand smooth. 6. P. glabra. 
Cone mainly over 5 em. long: scales of the staminate aments, entire : 
bark of the trunk very rough and shaggy. : . P. echinata. 
Cone-scales tardily opening or permanently closed, each with a'stout spine 
at the middle or towards the back of the appendage. 8. P. clausa. 
Scales of the pistillate aments slender, each with a subulate tip several times the 
length of the body. 
Cones conic when closed, ovoid when open : twigs glaucous. 9. P. Virginiana. 
Cones ovoid when closed, globose-ovoid or depressed when open; twigs yellow. 
Scales of the pistillate aments recurved: appendages of the cone-scales rela- 


-1 


tively thin ; spine slender, more or less recurved. 10. P. rigida. 
Seales of the pistillate aments ascending: appendages of the cone-scales very 
thick ; spines stout, more or less incurved. 11. P. pungens. 


l. Pinus palústris Mill. A tree of great economic importance, reaching a height of 
40 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 1.5 m., with few irregular spreading branches 
near the top, the bark separating into large thin plates. Leaves typically 3 in a sheath, 
20-40 cm. long, bright green, plumosely crowded at the tips of the branches, partially 
drooping: sheaths 2-3 cm. long : staminate aments 5.5-8 cm. long : cones 16-25 cm. long, 
narrowly conic when closed, broadly conic when open, often slightly curved, each scale 
armed with a stout recurved spine : seed 12-13 mm. long, the wing 4.5-5 cm. long. [P. 
australis Michx. ] 

In sandy soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Texas, locally inland to the foothills of Georgia 
and Alabama. GEORGIA PINE. YELLOW PINE. LONG-LEAF PINE. 

2. Pinus Hllióttii Engelm. A tree resembling P. palustris in habit, but smaller. 
Leaves 20r3ina sheath, 18-30 em. long, bright green: sheaths about 1.5 cm. long : stami- 


28 PINACEAE 


nate aments 2.5—4 cm. long: cones 10-14 em. long, broadly conic when closed, ovoid when 
open, straight, each scale armed with a small straight spine : seed 6-8 mm. long, the wing 
2-2.5 cm. long. 

In sandy, usually low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. This species and the 
preceding furnish the turpentine of commerce. SLASH PINE. 

3. Pinus Taéda L. A tree reaching a height of 46 m. and a maximum trunk 
diameter of 1.5 m., the bark dark, very rough, deeply furrowed, exfoliating ın coarse 
plates. Leaves glaucous, 3 in a sheath, 15-28 cm. long : sheaths 15-20 mm. long: stami- 
nate aments 1.5-3 em. long : cones 10-13 em. long, narrowly conic when closed, cylindric 
or conic-cylindric when open, each scale with a thick appendage which projects little if 
at all beyond the small spine : seeds 6-7 mm. long, the wing usually about 2 em. long. 

In sandy or clay soil, Delaware and Arkansas to Floridaand Texas. LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE. 

4. Pinus heterophylla (Ell.) Sudw. A tree becoming 35 m. tall, with a maximum 
trunk diameter of 1 m., the bark pale, thick, but not deeply furrowed. Leaves glaucous, 
2 or 3 in a sheath, 12-25 em. long: often stouter than'those of P. Taeda: sheaths 1.5-2. 
em. long: staminate aments 1.5-2.5 em. long: cones 9-14 em. long, narrowly conic when 
closed, cylindric or conic-cylindric when open, each scale with a thin appendage which pro- 
jects far beyond the slender spine: seeds 5—7 mm. long, the wing 2-2.5 cm. long. 

In swampy pine lands near the coast, South Carolina and Georgia. POND PINE. SLASH PINE. 

5. Pinus serótina Michx. A tree reaching a height of 25 m., with a maximum 
trunk diameter of 9 dm., the trunk clothed with a flaky bark and bearing many irregular 
short branches near the base. Leaves glaucous, 3 in a sheath, 15-25 cm. long, crowded: 
sheaths about 15 mm. long: staminate aments 1.5-2 cm. long : cones 4-6 cm. long, ovoid 
or globular-ovoid when closed, very broad when open, each scale with a thick appendage 
and a minute spine: seeds 3-4 mm. long, the wing nearly 2 cm. long. 

In sandy swamps, in the coastal plain, North Carolina to Florida. BLACK PINE. POND PINE. 

6. Pinus glabra Walt. A tree reaching a height of 40 m., with a maximum trunk 
diameter of 1.2 m., the trunk and branches clothed with a relatively smooth and close 
bark, and bearing spreading branches near the ground, except in the case of very old trees. 
Leaves glaucous, 2 in a sheath, very slender, 4-8 cm. long, numerous or somewhat crowded : 
sheaths 5-8 mm. long: staminate aments fully 1 cm. long: cones 3.5-5 cm. long, conic 
when closed, ovoid when open, the appendages bearing minute or almost obsolete spines, 
and often essentially unarmed : seeds about 4 mm. long, the wing usually 1.5 cm. long. 

In river swamps or hammocks, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. SPRUCE PINE. CEDAR 
PINE. WHITE PINE. WALTER’S PINE. 

7. Pinus echinata Mill. A tree reaching a height of 40 m., with a maximum trunk 
diameter of 1.35 m., the trunk clothed with a coarsely furrowed and very rough bark, with- 
out branches on the lower part, except in the case of young trees. Leaves deep green, 2 
in a sheath or sometimes three together, 8-12 cm. long, slender: sheaths 10-15 mm. long: 
staminate aments 1-1.5 cm. long: cones 5-6.5 cm. long, conic when closed, ovoid when 
open, each appendage armed with a slender spine: seeds 4-5 mm. long, the wing 1.5-2 
em. long. [P. mitis Michx.] 

In sand or clay or on rocky banks, New York to Kansas, Florida and Texas. SHORT-LEAVED PINE. 
YELLOW-PINE. 

8. Pinus claüsa Chapm. A tree reaching a height of 24 m., with a maximum trunk 
diameter of 7.5 dm., the bark relatively smooth. Leaves deep green, 2 in a sheath, 4-8 
em. long, very slender, rather crowded : sheaths 5-7 mm. long : cones 4.5-6 em. long, conic 
when closed, ovoid when open, the appendages of the scales each armed with a stout spine 
at the middle or behind it: seeds 4 mm. long, the wings about 1.5 em. long. 

In sandy ridges near the coast, Florida and Alabama, SAND PINE. 

9. Pinus Virginiàna Mill. A tree reaching a height of 36 m., with a trunk diameter 
of 1 m., but often much smaller, the bark more or less flaky, the twigs glaucous. Leaves 
deep green, 2 in a sheath, 4-7 cm. long, rather stout: sheaths 5-8 mm. long: staminate 
aments 1-1.5 cm. long: cones 5-7 cm. long, narrowly conic when closed, ovoid when 
open, the appendages of the scales each armed with a curved spine: seeds 4-5 mm. long, 
the wing fully 1.5 em. long. | P. inops Ait.] 

In sandy soil or on stony ridges, Long Island to Indiana, Georgia and Alabama. SCRUB or JERSEY 
PINE. POVERTY PINE. 

10. Pinus rígida Mill. A tree reaching a height of 25 m., with a maximum trunk 
diameter of 9 dm., the bark very rough, the twigs yellow. Leaves bright green, 3 in a 
sheath, 6-12 cm. long, rather stout : sheaths 10-15 mm. long: staminate aments about 1.5 
em. long: cones 4-7 cm. long, ovoid when closed, globose-ovoid or depressed when open, 
the appendages of the scales relatively thin, each armed with a more or less recurved spine. 


In sandy or rocky soil, New Brunswick to the Lake Ontario region, Virginia and Kentucky and in 
the mountains to Georgia and Alabama. PITCH PINE. 


PINACEAE 29 


11. Pinus püngens Michx. A tree reaching a height of 18 m., with a maximum 
trunk diameter of about 1 m., the bark rather smooth but flaky. Leaves light green, 2 in 
a sheath, 5-10 em. long, stout, rigid: sheaths 12-14 mm. long: staminate aments 1-1.5 
em. long: cones 8-12 cm. long, ovoid when closed, globose-ovoid or depressed when open, 
very persistent, the appendages of the scales very thick, each armed with a stout incurved 
spine: seeds 6-7 mm. long, the wing fully 2 cm. long. 


In stony soil or on cliffs, Allegheny Mountains and the Blue Ridge from Pennsylvania to northern 
Georgia, and locally in the contiguous territory. TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE. 


2. CARYÓPITYS Small. 


Monoecious evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves needle-like, 2-3 together, or solitary, 
each with 1 fibro-vascular bundle, each cluster surrounded at the base by a deciduous sheath. 
Staminate aments clustered at the ends of branchlets of the preceding year. Anthers 2- 
celled, each sac opening lengthwise. Pollen-grains with two lateral empty cells. Pistil- 
late aments borne behind the terminal bud. Cones maturing the second year: scales be- 
coming leathery, with the dorsal thickenings often minutely spine-tipped. Seed-wing very 
narrow or a mere margin which remains attached to the scale when the seed falls. 

1. Caryopitys édulis ( Engelm.) Small. A tree often becoming 12 m. tall, with 
irregularly ridged bark. Leaves 2 or rarely 3 in a sheath, 2-5 em. long, rigid, dark green: 
sheaths 6-12 mm. long, early deciduous: staminate aments 6-9 mm. long: pistillate aments 
oblong-cylindrie, short-peduncled : cones ovoid, 4-6 cm. long ; scales much thickened back 
of the apex, each enlargement with a minute incurved tip: seeds ovoid, fully 1 cm. long, 
the wing about 3 mm. wide, detached from the seeds at maturity. [Pinus edulis Engelm. ] 

On limestone bluffs or in arid soil, Wyoming to Texas and Mexico. Spring. Nut PINE. PIÑON. 


3. STROBUS Opiz. 

Monoecious evergreen trees. Leaves needle-like, mostly with 1 fibro-vascular bundle, 
5 together, surrounded at the base by a deciduous sheath, the clusters spreading in all direc- 
tions. Staminate aments in spikes or clusters at the ends of brachlets of the preceding 
year. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Pollen-grains of 3 cells; 2 lateral cells 
empty. Pistillate aments slightly elongated, on twigs behind the terminal bud: scales 
crowded in several series. Cones maturing the second year, drooping: scales becoming 
leathery, without either dorsal thickening or spine. Seeds winged. 

1. Strobus Strdbus (L.) Small. . A forest tree of the first economic importance, 
reaching a height of 52 m., with approximately whorled branches, bark relatively smooth, 
often shining. Leaves very slender, 5 in a sheath, often rather crowded, 5-10 cm. long, 
glaucous, nearly triangular in cross-section: sheaths deciduous or fugaceous : staminate 
aments ovoid or oblong, 8-10 mm. long, glaucous, in dense clusters: pistillate aments nar- 
rowly oblong, about 1 cm. in length, glaucous: cones narrowly cylindric, 1-2 dm. long, 
somewhat tapering towards the apex, more or less curved ; scales at length loosely spreading, 
thinnish : seeds elliptic, 6-7 mm. long ; wing usually about 2.5 em. long. [Pinus Strobus L. ] 

In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba. south to New Jersey and Iowa, and in the mountains to 
northern Georgia and Alabama. Spring. WHITE PINE. 

4. PICEA Link. 

Evergreen monoecious trees, with soft wood. Leaves ascending or nearly erect: blades 
needle-shaped, but short, nearly terete or 4-angled, curved, leaving a prominent base on 
falling away. Staminate aments arising from the axils of the leaves of the preceding year, 
or sometimes terminal. Pollen-sacs loosely disposed, opening longitudinally.  Pistillate 
aments terminal: scales closely imbricated : bracts membranous, inconspicuous. Cones 
maturing the first year, drooping ; scales thinnish, persistent, at length spreading. Seeds 
samara-like, each with a hyaline wing. The plants flower in spring. 


Twigs stout, copiously pubescent: leaves over 1 mm. broad, blunt or mucronate: cones LOTRO 
. P. Mariana. 
Twigs slender, glabrate or merely pubescent between the decurrent sterigmata : leaves ; 
barely 1 mm. broad, acute: cones early deciduous. 2. P. australis. 
1. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. A forest tree reaching a height of 30 m., with a 
maximum trunk diameter of about 1 m. Bark slightly roughened : twigs stout, stiff, copi- 
ously pubescent as are usually the sterigmata: leaves stout, curved, 8-12 mm. long, over 1 
mm. thick, blunt or mucronate, deep green : cones oval or ovoid, 2.5-4 cm. long, persistent. 


In moist soil, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, New Jersey and Minnesota, and in the 
mountains to North Carolina. BLACK SPRUCE. HE BALSAM. TAMARACK. YEW PINE. LASHHORN. 


30 JUNIPERACEAE 


2. Picea australis Small. A forest tree sometimes 35 or 40 m. tall, with a maximum 
trunk diameter of nearly 1.5 m. Bark relatively smooth : twigs slender, glabrous or merely 
pubescent in lines between the decurrent sterigmata: sterigmata glabrous: leaves slender, 
straight or slightly incurved, 8-14 mm. long, barely 1 mm. thick, acute, bright green: 
cones oblong, oval or ovoid, rarely 2.5 cm. long, deciduous. [P. alba Chapm., not Link.] 

On dry mountain slopes or summits, or about ledges of rock, Virginia and North Carolina. 


5. TSUGA Carr. 

Stately monoecious evergreen trees, with spreading or somewhat declining branches 
and a brittle wood. Leaves apparently 2-ranked : blades flat, linear, glaucous beneath, 
articulated at the base of the petiole. Staminate aments on slender stalks arising from the 
axils of the leaves of the preceding year. Pollen-sacs subglobose, confluent, opening trans- 
versely. Pollen-grains 2-lobed or discoid.  Pistillate aments solitary and terminal on the 
branchlets of the preceding year: scales in few series: bracts membranous, inconspicuous. 
Cones elongated, drooping, maturing the first year: scales at length loose or spreading, 
persistent. Seeds samara-like, each with a delicately striate wing. 

Twigs tomentose with long hairs: cones narrowly ovoid, 1.8-2.3 cm. long: scales nearly erect. s 
1. T. Canadensis. 
Twigs tomentose with short hairs, or glabrate: cones cylindric-oblong, 3 em. long: : 
scales spreading at right angles. 2. T. Caroliniana. 

1. Tsuga Canadénsis (L.) Carr. A forest tree reaching a height of 31 m., with a 
maximum trunk diameter of 1.2 m., clothed with a thin bark which exfoliates in scales. 
Branches lax, somewhat declining: leaves 6-14 mm. long; blades linear, obtuse, slightly 
revolute, glabrous, shining, with a furrow along the midrib above, glaucous beneath : twigs 
reddish, tomentose with long hairs : staminate aments subglobose, 2 mm. in diameter: cones 
narrowly ovoid, 1.8-2.3 em. long; scales suborbicular, thinnish, nearly erect, the tips 
slightly revolute : seeds oblong, 4 mm. long, oblique at the ends; wings 1 cm. long or shorter. 


On rocky banks, in woods and ravines, Nova Scotia to Quebec and Wisconsin, south to Delaware, 
ane on ie Alleghenies or in their vicinity to northern Georgia and Alabama. Spring. HEMLOCK. 
PRUCE PINE. 


2. Tsuga Caroliniàna Engelm. A tree rarely reaching a height of 25 m. and a 
maximum trunk diameter of 1 m., the bark rather smooth. Branches bristly, spreading 
horizontally : leaves 1.2-2 cm. long ; blades linear, obtuse or notched at the apex, glabrous 
and shining above, glaucous beneath, somewhat revolute : twigs tomentose with short hairs 
or glabrate: staminate aments ovoid, 3 mm. long: cones cylindric-ovoid, 3 cm. long; 
scales oblong or nearly so, thinnish, at length spreading at right angles, the tips slightly 
involute : seeds ovoid, 4 mm. long, covered with resinous glands ; wings 1.2-1.5 cm. long. 


_ In ravines and on rocky mountain slopes from southwestern Virginia to northeastern Georgia. 
Spring. HEMLOCK. CRAG HEMLOCK. CAROLINA HEMLOCK. 


6. ABIES Mill. 

Small or medium sized monoecious evergreen trees, with spreading or somewhat droop- 
ing branches and soft but compact wood. Leaves sometimes apparently 2-ranked, narrow, 
flattish or strongly keeled and glaucous beneath, leaving no prominent points of attach- 
ment in falling away. Staminate aments arising from the axils of the leaves of the preced- 
ing year, solitary, subtended by imbricated bracts. Pollen-sacs loosely disposed, opening 
transversely or nearly so. Pistillate aments lateral, elongated, erect: scales densely im- 
bricated ; bracts membranous, conspicuous, deciddous at maturity. Cones maturing the 
first year, cylindric, erect: scales spreading at right angles. Seeds samara-like. 

1. Abies Praseri (Pursh) Lind]. A tree reaching a height of 25 m., with balsam- 
yielding blisters on the trunk. Leaves curved ; blades linear, 1-2 cm. long, flattish, rather 
thick, slightly keeled beneath, obtuse or notched at the apex, smooth and shining above, 
glaucous beneath, sessile: twigs pubescent : staminate aments 5-8 mm. long, nearly sessile : 
cones cylindric, 4-5 cm. long, rounded at each end, their scales fan-shaped, compactly 
arranged ; bracts suborbicular, surpassing the scales, reflexed, erose and apiculate : seeds 
4-5 mm. long, each with a short wing which is nearly as broad as long. 


On mountain peaks, southern Virginia to Tennessee and North Crolina. Spring. FIR. SILVER 
Fir. SHE BALSAM. LASH HORN. 


FAMILY 2. JUNIPERACEAE Horan. JUNIPER FAMILY. 


Usually evergreen dioecious or monoecious trees or shrubs, commonly conic 
in outline. Buds naked. Leaves opposite or whorled, mostly reduced to ap- 


JUNIPERACEAE 31 


pressed scales, or sometimes subulate and spreading.  Perianth wanting. 
Staminate aments solitary, variously disposed.  Pistillate aments mostly soli- 
tary, of few carpellary scales. Ovules naked, erect, 1 or several at the base of 
each carpellary scale. Fruit a cone of often peltate scales, or sometimes fleshy 
and berry-like or drupaceous. Seeds wingless, or winged, the wing a portion of 
the testa. Cotyledons 2 or more. 

Plants monoecious : cones dry : scales merely imbricated. 


Leaves not scale-like. spreading. 1. TAXODIUM. 
Leaves mostly scale-like. typically appressedland imbricated. 

Cones elongated : seales not peltate: seeds winged at both ends. 2. THUJA. 

Cones nearly globose: scales peltate: seeds slightly winged. 3. CHAMAECYPARIS. 


Plants mostly dioecious: cones berry-like or drupe-like : scales fleshy, coalescent. 
Leaves subulate and spreading on the mature branches: aments axillary, the 


pistillate with smaller scales at the top. 4. JUNIPERUS. 
Leaves scale-like and appressed on the mature branches: aments terminal, 
the pistillate with larger scales at the top. 5. SABINA. 


1. TAXODIUM L. C. Rich.! 

Deciduous-leaved monoecious trees, with lax branches. Bark thin, smooth, fibrous. 
Leaves narrow, often almost 2-ranked, normally spreading. Staminate aments in panicled 
spikes or racemes. Anthers stalked on an oblong column, 2-5-celled, crowded, opening 
longitudinally. Pistillate aments subglobose, sessile on the branchlets of the preceding 
year, solitary or in pairs: scales peltate, crowded. Ovules erect, 2 on each scale. Cones 
globose or obovoid, closed, their scales orbicular or oblong, shield-like, each base narrowed 
into a stalk. Seeds angled, not winged. Testa shining. Embryo with 6-9 cotyledons. 


Leaves 2-ranked, widely spreading: branchlets horizontal: bark thin, comparatively smooth. 
1. T. distichum. 


Leaves appressed to the appressed branchlets: bark thick, strongly furrowed. 2. T. imbricarium. 


1. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. A tree sometimes 49 m. tall and rarely 
4 m. in diameter above the enlarged base, with soft light, but compact and durable wood. 
Roots producing hollow conic knees sometimes 2 m. tall: base of the trunk conic, usually 
hollow, with very prominent narrow longitudinal ridges: bark thin, comparatively smooth : 
branchlets narrowly horizontal: leaves spreading, 2-ranked ; blades linear, often falcate, 
1-1.5 em. long, acute, sessile: staminate aments 1-2 mm, in diameter, in naked drooping 
panicled spikes: pistillate aments in the axils of the leaves, with crested scales: cones 
globular, 2.5 cm. in diameter: seeds 8-10 mm. long. 

In swamps, in or near the coastal plain, usually along the larger rivers and over calcareous rocks, 
Delaware to Florida and Texas, ascending the Mississippi Valley to Missouri and Indiana. Spring.—A 
Mexican species, T. mucrondtum Tenore, may occur in southern Texas. CYPRESS. BALD CYPRESS. 

2. Taxodium imbricàrium (Nutt.) Harper. A tree usually smaller than T. disti- 
chwm, sometimes attaining a height of 25 m. and a diameter of 1 m. above the enlarged 
base, the wood usually heavier and stronger than that of the preceding species, the knees 
less abundant and short and rounded. Base of the trunk conoidal, hollow, often 3 or 4 
times the diameter of the trunk proper, with broad rounded or almost obsolete longitudinal 
ridges: bark thick, coarse and furrowed : branchlets normally erect: leaves appressed to 
the branchlets (but on shoots often resembling those of T. distichum), incurved : blades subu- 
late, 0.5-1 cm. long, sessile: inflorescence and fruit very similar to that of T. distichum. 


In lakes, pine-land ponds, creeks and small rivers in the coastal plain, apparently always over a 
clay subsoil, Virginia (Dismal Swamp) to Florida and Alabama. Spring. POND CYPRESS. 


2. THUJA L. 

Evergreen monoecious shrubs or trees narrowly conic in outline. Branchlets 2-ranked. 
Leaves scale-like, opposite, 4-ranked, flat or concave, often with a gland on the back, be- 
coming longer and less densely imbricated on the older parts. Staminate aments terminal, 
solitary, nearly sessile between the leaves. Anthers in 2 or 3 series, 4-celled, stalked. 
Pistillate aments solitary, terminal, on short twigs, ovoid or oblong: scales opposite, in 
several series. Ovules 2 or rarely 3—5, erect at the base of each scale. Cones ovoid or ob- 
long, drooping, persistent: scales dry, spreading. Seeds flat, broadly winged on both sides. 

.. l. Thuja occidentalis L. A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 18 m., rarely 
With a trunk diameter of 1.5 m., producing light and soft but durable wood. Branches 
zigzag : leaves scale-like, appressed, each bearing a gland on the back, those of the branches 


‘Contributed by Mr. Roland M. Harper. 


32 JUNIPERACEAE 


5-7 mm. long, sharp-pointed, those of the twigs of two forms, one set opposite, flat, acute, 
the other boat-shaped, overlapping the edges of the flat ones: staminate aments in depres- 
sions, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter: cones oblong, 1-1.3 cm. long, brown, drooping ; scales ovate 
or oblong, obtuse, with a gland at the apex, at length loose and spreading : seeds elliptic, 5 
mm. long, narrowed at each end; wing 6-7 mm. long, notched at each end. 


In swamps and on rocky banks, New Brunswick to Lake Winnipeg, south to Pennsylvania and in 
the Alleghenies to North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring. ARBOR VITAE. WHITE CEDAR. 


3. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. 


Evergreen monoecious strong-scented trees, with 2-ranked branchlets. Leaves imbri- 
cated, scale-like, or sometimes subulate on twigs, opposite, 4-ranked, each with a gland 
on the back. Staminate aments terminal, sessile or nearly so. Anthers 2-4-celled, in the 
side of a shield-like scale. Pistillate aments terminal, globose, of several series of opposite 
scales. Ovules erect, 1-4 at the constricted base of each scale, bottle-shaped. Cones glo- 
bose, woody : scales more or less angled, thick, with points or knobs on the back. Seeds 
angled or slightly winged. 


1. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P. A small or medium-sized strong-scented 
tree, reaching a height of 27 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 1.2 m., producing soft 
light but compact and durable wood. Leaves scale-like, 1-2 mm. long, 4-ranked, imbri- 
cated, covering the branchlets, acute, the lateral keeled, the vertical merely convex ; those of 
twigs subulate: staminate aments 2-3 mm. long, slightly broadened upward: pistillate 
aments about 2 mm. in diameter, glaucous, their scales with hyaline appendages: cones 
globose, somewhat angled, 5-7 mm. in diameter ; scales at length widely spreading, pointed 
on the back: seeds narrowly winged. [Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Bn 


. In swamps and sandy places, mostly near the coast, southern Maine to Florida and Mississippi. 
Spring. WHITE CEDAR. CYPRESS. 


4. JUNIPERUS L. 


Evergreen dioecious or monoecious shrubs or trees, with decumbent or erect stems. 
Leaves in whorls of 3, subulate, neither appressed nor imbricated, without glands on the 
back, jointed at the base. Staminate aments axillary, solitary. Pollen-sacs several under 
each scale. Pistillate aments of 2-3 rows of fleshy scales. Ovules usually solitary, erect. 
Cone berry-like by the accrescent scales of the pistillate aments. Seeds 1 or several, enclosed 
in the cones, wingless. 

A depressed shrub, with creeping branches: leaves abruptly bent at the base, deeply channeled, rather 
abruptly pointed. 1. J. Sibirica. 
A tree or an erect shrub: leaves straight or nearly so, shallowly channeled, gradually acuminate. 
2. J. communis. 

1. Juniperus Sibirica Burgsd. A depressed radially spreading shrub, with creeping 
branches, forming extensive patches, seldom rising over 5 dm. above the ground. Leaves 
stout, mostly 8-12 mm. long, abruptly curved at the base, appressed or erect-ascending, 
densely crowded, abruptly pointed : cones subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. 

In dry or stony soil, Labrador to Alaska and in the Appalachian Mountains to North Carolina and 
Tennessee, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. Spring. 

. 2. Juniperus comminis L. An erect shrub or a narrowly conic tree, attaining a 
height of 8 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 0.5 m. Leaves 1-2 cm. long ; blades 
narrowly linear, sometimes gradually narrowed upward into a very sharp point, somewhat 
concave and glaucous above, keeled beneath, sessile, usually spreading : staminate aments 
oblong, 4-5 mm. long, sessile: pistillate aments narrowly ovoid, glaucous: cones globose, 
6-8 mm. in diameter, dark blue, covered with a bloom : seeds ovoid, about 3 mm. long, 
more or less flattened, 3-angled below the apex, roughened. 


On dry rocky hills, Labrador to the Rocky Mountains, southward to Georgia and New Mexico. 
Also in Europe and Asia. Spring. JUNIPER. 


5. SABINA Haller. 


Evergreen strong-scented monoecious or dioecious shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly 
scale-like, each with a gland on the back, appressed and imbricated at maturity, opposite, 
sometimes connate at the base, or sometimes subulate on the twigs. Staminate aments very 
small, solitary or 3-6 together, terminal on the branchlets. Pollen-sacs 3-6 under each 
ovate or shield-like scale. Pistillate aments subglobose, composed of 2-3 rows of fleshy 


TAXACEAE 33 


scales. Ovules erect, 1 or sometimes 2 under each scale. Cone berry-like by the acrescent 
fleshy scales, which enclose the seeds. Seed 1-4, wingless. 
Cones 3-6 mm. long: seeds 2-4 mm. long, smooth. 


Staminate aments 4-5 mm. long: cones 5-6 mm. long. l. S. Virginiana. 
Staminate aments 3-4 mm. long: cones 3-4 mm. long. 2. S. Barbadensis. 
Cones 8-10 mm. long: seeds 6-8 mm. long, ribbed. 3. S. sabinoides. 


1. Sabina Virginiàna (L.) Antoine. A shrub-like or conic tree, reaching a height 
of 30 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 1.5 m., clothed with a shreddy bark, and with 
a durable red heart-wood. Leaves often of 2 forms, those on the twigs awl-shaped, spread- 
ing, about 1 em. long, but normally scale-like, appressed, acute, opposite and 4-ranked, or 
in whorls of 3, 1-4 mm. long, with a gland on the back : staminate aments oblong, 3-4 mm. 
long, numerous: cones ovoid, 5-6 mm. in diameter, blue, covered with a bloom: seeds 
ovoid, flattened, 3-4 mm. long, smooth, shining. [Juniperus Virginiana L.] 


On dry hills and in swamps throughout the United States and southern British America. Spring. 
Fruit ripe in fall. RED CEDAR. SAVIN. 


2. Sabina Barbadénsis (L.) Small. A shrub or tree similar in habit to S. Virginiana, 
but with shorter and rather thicker leaves, the relatively blunt apex closely appressed. 
Staminate aments 4-5 mm. long: berry-like cones ovoid or oval-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long. 
[Juniperus Barbadensis L.] 

In sandy or clay soil, Florida to Texas, along or near the coast. Spring. Also in the West Indies. 

3. Sabina sabinoides (H.B.K.) Small. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height 
of 15 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 3 dm., clothed with a shreddy bark and pos- 
sessing a brown wood. Leaves scale-like, appressed, imbricated, 1-2 mm. long, opposite, 
or four-ranked, obtuse, minutely fringed: staminate aments oblong, about 4 mm. long: 
pistillate aments 2-3 mm. long, with very large spreading terminal scales: cones subglo- 
bose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, covered with a bloom : seeds ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, flattened, 
1-4 in a cone, ribbed. [Juniperus sabinoides (H.B.K. ) Sargent.] 

On hillsides, mostly in limestone soil, Texas and Mexico. Winter and spring. MOUNTAIN CEDAR. 


FAMILY 3. TAXACEAE Lindl. Yew FAMILY. 


Evergreen monoecious or dioecious shrubs or trees, mostly destitute of resin, 
with scaly buds. Leaves spirally disposed but usually spreading as if 2-ranked : 
blades simple, entire, rigid. Aments axillary or terminal; staminate small, 
naked or subtended by imbricated bracts. Pollen-sacs under variously shaped 
scales, opening longitudinally.  Pistillate flowers solitary, or one only maturing, 
consisting of an orthotropous ovule; this sessile, without a carpellary scale. 
Fruit berry-like, erect, nearly enclosed in the accrescent pulpy aril, or naked. 
Testa bony or woody. Endosperm fleshy or mealy, sometimes channeled. 
Cotyledons 2. 


Pistillate flowers 2 together: pollen-sacs 2: fruit naked : endosperm channeled. 1. TUMION. 
Pistillate flowers solitary: pollen-sacs 6-8: fruit surrounded by an aril: endosperm even. 2. TAXUS. 


1. TUMION Raf. 


Medium-sized dioecious conic evergreen trees, with a light but hard and compact 
wood. Branches whorled : branchlets 2-ranked. Leaves spreading as if 2-ranked : blades 
linear, flat. Staminate aments often crowded, each arising from a set of imbricated bracts, 
sessile in the axils of the leaves. Pollen-sacs 2 under each scale. Pistillate aments soli- 
tary, erect, consisting of 2 ovules, these sessile in a set of persistent bracts. Seeds berry- 
like, elongated, witha fleshy pericarp. [Torreya Arn., not Raf.] 

1. Tumion taxifdlium (Arn.) Greene. A low or medium-sized tree, reaching a 
height of 18 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of 0.9 m., when bruised exhaling a dis- 
agreeable odor. Twigs puberulent: leaf-blades linear, 1.5-3 cm. long, slightly narrowed 
upward, tipped by a hard sharp point, somewhat revolute, longitudinally wrinkled beneath, 
short-petioled : staminate aments subglobose, 5-7 mm. in diameter, yellow, often crowded, 
subtended by broadly ovate keeled scales: seed globose-oblong or somewhat obovoid, 3-4 
em. long, smooth, glaucous. [Torreya taxifolia Arn. ] 

Along the Apalachicola River, western Florida. Rare and local. Spring. STINKING CEDAR. 


2. TÁXUS L. 


Low often diffuse dioecious or rarely monoecious evergreen trees, or shrubs. Leaves 
spreading as if 2-ranked: blades flat, usually pointed, often scythe-shaped. Staminate 


34 TYPHACEAE 


aments short-stalked, subtended by involucres of several imbricated bracts arising from the 
axils of the leaves. Pollen-sacs 6-8 under each shield-like scale. Pistillate aments erect, 
consisting of usually one ovule ; this sessile in an involucre of several imbricated bracts. 
Aril accrescent into a pulpy cup. Seed nut-like, elongated, exposed only at the apex. 

1. Taxus Floridana Nutt. A low tree ranging from 3-6 m. in height, with a maxi- 
mum trunk diameter of 0.25 m., producing a heavy, hard and compact wood. Branches 
horizontally spreading ; branchlets 2-ranked : leaves 1-2 em. long ; blades narrowly linear, 
sharply apiculate, revolute, sometimes glaucescent beneath, narrowed into short twisted 
poe ; midrib prominent on both surfaces: fruit berry-like; aril bright red, 6-10 mm. 
ong: seed ovoid, 5-7 mm. long, minutely wrinkled, narrowed into a short tip. 

On river banks, western Florida. Rare and local. Spring. YEW. 


Class 2. ANGIOSPÉRMAE. 


Carpel or pistil a closed cavity formed by the uniting of the margins of 
a rudimentary leaf, or sometimes of several leaves. The ovules (macro- 
sporanges) are borne on the inner face of this cavity and within it the 
seeds are matured. A pollen-grain alighting on the stigma (a specialized 
portion of the carpel) sends out a pollen-tube which penetrates the tissues 
of the carpel and on reaching an ovule enters its orifice (micropyle), or 
rarely the pollen-tube enters at the chalaza. Fertilization is effected by 
a sperm-cell at the end of a pollen-tube coming in contact with an egg cell 


in the embryo-sac. 


Cotyledon 1: stem endogenous. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
Cotyledons normally 2: stem exogenous ( with rare exceptions). Subelass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. 


SuBcLAss 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 


Stems endogenous, with no distinction into bark, wood and pith, con- 
sisting of a ground-mass of soft tissue (parenchyma) in which strands or 
bundles of wood-cells are irregularly distributed. Leaves mostly alter- 
nate, sheathing at the base : blades usually parallel-nerved, entire or essen- 
tially so, rarely separating by a manifest articulation. Perianth and essen- 
tial parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes. Embryo with a single 
cotyledon, the early leaves always alternate. 


Order 1. PANDANALES. 

Aquatic, or marsh-inhabiting herbs, perennial, mostly with elongated root- 
stocks. Leaves alternate, with narrow elongated blades. Flowers incomplete 
and imperfect, in elongated or head-like spikes. Perianth of bristles or scales. 
Androecium of 2-7 stamens. Gynoecium a single carpel, or rarely of 2 united 
carpels. Ovary 1-2-celled. Fruit nut-like. Endosperm mealy or fleshy. 


Flowers in elongated terminal spikes: fruit hidden among bristles. ; Fam. 1. TYPHACEAE. 
Flowers in globose axillary spikes: fruit not hidden among bristles. Fam. 2. SPARGANIACEAF. 


FAMILY 1. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 


Perennial marsh herbs, with long rootstocks and glabrous foliage. Stems 
simple, terete. Leaves sheathing at the base: blades linear, sword-like, flat. 
Flowers monoecious, in dense spikes, these subtended by fugacious bracts; 
staminate spike above the pistillate. Perianth of several bristles. Stamens 2- 
7. Filaments united atthe base. Anthers oblong or broadened upward. Ovary 
1-2-celled, stalked. Stigmas club-shaped, oblong or rhomboidal. Ovules sus- 
pended, anatropous. Accompanying the stamens and pistils are numerous 
bristles, while among the pistillate flowers are other sterile flowers in the form 
of club-shaped hairs. Fruit nut-like. Endosperm copious. 


SPARGANIACEAE 35 


1. TYPHA L. 
Characters of the family. CAT-TAIL. REED MACE. 


Spikes with pistillate and staminate portions separated ; pistillate with bractlets; stigmas linear: pol- 
len of simple grains. 


Hairs accompanying the pistillate flowers not thickened at the apex. 1. T. angustifolia. 
Hairs accompanying the pistillate flowers with club-shaped tips. 2. T. Domingensis. 
Spikes with pistillate and staminate portions contiguous : pistillate without bract- 
lets: stigmas club-shaped or rhomboidal: pollen grains in 4's. 3. T. latifolia. 


1. Typha angustifolia L. Stems 1.5-3 m. tall, slender, not jointed: leaf-blades 
narrowly linear, 5-15 mm. wide, finely striate-ridged : spikes light brown, 1-4 dm. long ; 
pistillate portion with bractlets, 0.5-1.5 em. thick ; staminate part separated from the pis- 
tillate : stigmas linear or oblong-linear: pollen-grains simple : nutlets terete, not bursting 
in water: outer coat of seeds not separable from the inner. 

In marshes, chiefly along the coast, Nova Scotia to Florida. Summer. Also in Europe and Asia. 

2. Typha Domingénsis Pers. Similar to T. angustifolia, but larger. Leaf-blades flat 
or nearly so, the lower ones often 2 em. broad : spikes 4-6 dm. long, the pistillate portion 
10-20 mm. thick: hairs accompanying the pistillate flowers, or most of them, with mani- 
fest club-shaped tips. 

3 "x marshes or low grounds, Florida, Texas and California. Also in tropical America. Summer 
and fall. 

3. Typha latifólia L. Stems 1-2.5 m. tall, stout, not jointed: leaf-blades linear, 
10-25 mm. wide, contracting much in drying: spikes dark brown or black, 1.5-6 dm. 
long ; pistillate portion destitute of bractlets, 2.5-3 cm. thick ; staminate part contiguous 
with the pistillate: stigmas spatulate or rhomboidal: pollen-grains in 4's: nutlets fur- 
rowed, bursting in water: outer coat of the seeds separating from inner. 

In marshes nearly throughout North America. Summer and fall. Also in Asia and Europe. 


FAMILY 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh. BuR-REED FAMILY. 


Perennial marsh or aquatic herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Stems erect 
or floating. Leaves alternate: blades sheathing at the base, narrow. Flowers 
monoecious, in dense heads on the upper part of the stem and its branches. 
Heads globose, sessile or peduncled ; staminate uppermost. Spathes bract-like, 
sometimes remote from the head or its peduncle. Perianth of several (3-6) 
scales. Stamens mostly 5. Filaments distinct. Anthers oblong, or cuneate. 
Ovary 1-2-celled. Stigmas slender. Ovules anatropous. Fruit nut-like. 
Endosperm copious, surrounding the straight embryo. 


1. SPARGANIUM L. 


Characters of the family. Bun-REED. The plants flower in spring and summer. 


Nutlets stalked, fusiform. ; 
Upper leaves with neither sac-like bases nor hyaline margins: achenes abruptly 


narrowed into the slender style. 1. S. androcladum. 
Upper leaves with sac-like bases and hyaline margins: achenes gradually nar- : 
rowed into the conspicuous styles. 2. S. Americanum. 
Nutlets sessile, obovoid or cuneate. 8. S. eurycarpum. 


l. Sparganium andrócladum (Engelm.) Morong. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. 
Stems 2-7 dm. tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades linear, attenuate, sometimes quite 
numerous: staminate heads usually less than 1 cm. thick: pistillate heads 3-7, sessile or 

duncled : bractlets broadest at the eroded apex, as long as the nutlets or shorter : fruiting 

eads globose, 1-2 cm. in diameter : nutlets fusiform, more or less constricted at the middle, 

4-6 mm. long, each abruptly narrowed into a slender style. [.S. simplex Chapm., not Huds. ] 
In swamps or shallow water, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida and Louisiana. 


2. Sparganium Americànum Nutt. Similar to S. androcladum, but the stem simple, 
the lower heads of the inflorescence merely peduncled. Leaves drying green, the upper 
with more or less sac-like bases and broad hyaline-scarious margins : nutlets slightly angled, 
each gradually narrowed into a stout conspicuous style. 

In low grounds or ponds, Ontario to British Columbia, Pennsylvania, and the Indian Territory. 

3. Sparganium eurycárpum Engelm. Foliage glabrous. Stems 8-20 dm. tall, 
branched : leaf-blades linear, attenuate, flat or slightly keeled beneath, the lower ones 9-15 
dm. long, the upper shorter : staminate heads about 1 em. thick: pistillate heads several, 


36 ZANNICHELLIACEAE 


sessile or peduncled, accrescent : bractlets broadened upward, as many as the angles of the 

nutlets, entire or eroded at the apex : fruiting heads globose, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter: nutlets 

6-10 mm. long, sessile, 4-5-angled, rounded or depressed at the apex, tipped with the style. 
Along streams or in marshes, Newfoundland to British Columbia, North Carolina and California. 


Order 2. NAIADALES. 

Aquatic or marsh-inhabiting herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Leaves various, 
sometimes reduced to phyllodes, sometimes with both narrow and broad blades 
on the same plant. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, usually with an 
unequal number of parts in the whorls. Perianth wanting or very imperfect. 
Androecium of 1—4 stamens or sometimes more. Gynoecium of 1 or several 
distinct or united carpels. Endosperm scant or wanting. 

Gynoecium of distinct carpels: stigmas disk-like or cup-like. Fam. 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 


Gynoecium of united carpels: stigmas 2-4, slender. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers alternating on a slender spadix, later- 


ally attached : leaves with entire blades. Fam. 2. ZOSTERACEAE. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers axillary, attached at the base : leaves 
with spiny-toothed blades. Fam. 3. NAIADACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dumort. PONDWEED FAMILY. 


Perennial submersed caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, sometimes clus- 
tered: blades filiform or expanded. Flowers perfect or monoecious, in axillary 
sometimes peduncled spikes or clusters arising from a spathe. Perianth a hya- 
line envelope, or wanting. Androecium of 1-4 stamens or rarely more. Fila- 
ments distinct, hypogynous in the perfect flowers. Anthers 1-2-celled, extrorse. 
Gynoecium of several distinct carpels. Ovaries 1-celled. Ovule solitary. Fruit 
a spike or cluster of drupelets. Endosperm wanting. 


Stamens 2 or sometimes solitary, the connectives without appendages: drupelets manifestly stipitate. 


Stigma terminating a long style: anther 1. 1. ZANNICHELLIA. 
Stigma sessile: anthers 2. 2. RUPPIA. 
Stamens 4, the connectives with dilated appendages: drupelets sessile. 3. POTAMOGETON. 


1. ZANNICHÉLLIA L. 


Delicate submerged herbs, with filiform branching flaccid stems. Leaves alternate: 
blades slender, entire, 1-nerved, tapering from the dilated base. Flowers monoecious, both 
kinds in the same axils; staminate of a single stamen : anther 2-4-celled, terminating a 
pedicel-like filament.  Pistillate flowers consisting of a gynoecium of 2-6 sessile carpels. 
Ovary flask-shaped : stigma peltate or somewhat cup-shaped, with uneven edges, surmount- 
ing along style. Fruit a cluster of somewhat elongated curved stalked drupelets, these 
ribbed, sometimes toothed on the back. Seed with a coiled embryo. 

1. Zannichellia palustris L. Stems filiform, 2-7 dm. long, sparingly branched: 
leaves numerous ; blades soft, narrowly linear, 2-9 cm. long, acute, 1-nerved: stipules or 
spathes persistent, separating from the leaves: peduncles very short: pedicels obsolete 


or wanting: drupelets 2-4, or sometimes 6 in a cluster, oblong or oblong-falcate, 2-4 mm. 
long, tipped with the persistent style, maturing under water. 


In fresh or brackish ponds or ditehes, throughout North A me north. 
Summer and fall. Also throughout the Old World." SIMI PAESE MAR CANTI 


2. RÜPPIA L. 


Submersed delicate herbs, with filiform branching stems and elongated rootstocks. 
Leaves alternate : blades 1-nerved, tapering to a hair-like apex from a more or less dilated 
basal sheath. Flowers perfect, terminating spadix-like peduncles. Perianth wanting. 
Stamens 2: anthers sessile; sacs large, separate, attached by their backs to the rachis. 
Pistils 4, sessile: stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit a cluster of several oblique stipitate drupe- 
, lets. Embryo with the hypocotyl and the inflexed cotyledonary end immersed. 


.l. Ruppia maritima L. Foliage deep green. Stems slender, 3-10 dm. long, often 
whitish ; internodes unequal in length: leaf-blades narrowly linear, or filiform, 2.5-4 cm. 


ZAN NICHELLIACEAE 37 


long, attenuate: sheaths membranous, 6-8 mm. long, each with a minute ligule : peduncles 
filiform, sometimes becoming 3 dm. long: drupelets ovoid, about 2 mm. long, oblique or 
gibbous at the base, 4-7 together, in umbel-like clusters, each on a stipe 1-4 cm. long. 


In salt or brackish water on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and in the interior of North America. 
Summer. Widely distributed throughout the world. DiTCH-GRASS. 


3. POTAMOGETON L. 

Perennial submerged herbs, with more or less elongated often branching stems. Leaves 
commonly numerous, often of 2 kinds: submerged of thin texture: floating smaller, of 
thick texture. Spathe stipule-like, free, or united with the base of the petiole or blade, 
early deciduous. Peduncles axillary. Spikes mostly erect. Flowers perfect. Perianth 
wanting or obsolete. Stamens 4. Anthers sessile, the connectives bearing dilated appen- 
dages. Pistils 4, distinct, sessile: ovary 1-celled. Stigmas sessile or terminating recurved 
styles. Fruit of 4 drupelets with a hard or spongy pericarp. Seeds solitary, crustaceous, 
campylotropous. Embryo hooked. PoNDWEED. 


Stipules axillary, free from the leaf. : 
Plants with both submerged and floating leaves. 
Submerged leaves without blades. 
Floating leaves with ovate broadly elliptic or oval blades subcordate or rounded at the base: 


flowering spikes 3-6 cm. long, 5-6 mm. thick. 1. P. natans. 
Floating leaves with narrowly elliptic blades acute at both ends : flowering 
spikes 1-2 em. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick. 2. P. Floridanus. 
Submerged leaves with normal blades. 
Blades of submerged leaves of 2 forms. 3. P. pulcher, 


Blades of submerged leaves all alike. : 
Submerged leaves with linear or nearly linear blades. 


Leaf-blades with coarse cellular reticulation in the middle. 4. P. Nuttallii. 
Leaf-blades with inconspicuous cellular reticulation. 5. P. heterophyllus. 
Submerged leaves with lanceolate or oblanceolate blades. 
Leaf-blades distinctly petioled. 6. P. Lonchites. 
Leaf-blades sessile or nearly so. Ta P. Ziji: 
Plants with submerged leaves only. 
Leaf-blades broad. 
Blades short-petioled or nearly sessile. 8. P. lucens. 
Blades clasping the stem. 9. P. perfoliatus. 
Leaf-blades linear or filiform. 
Blades 1-nerved. 10. P. Curtissii. 
Blades 3-nerved. ? ; 
Drupelets crested : plants without propagating buds or glands. 11. P. foliosus. 
: Drupelets erestless: plants with both propagating buds and glands. 12. P. pusillus. 
Stipules adnate to the blades or the petioles of the submerged leaves. 
Plants with both submerged and floating leaves: drupelets crested. 13. P. diversifolius. 
Plants with submerged leaves only: drupelets crestless. 14. P. pectinatus. 


1. Potamogeton nàtans L. Stems 6-12 dm. long,simple or sparingly branched: 
leaves various, of 2 kinds, those of submerged leaves reduced to bladeless petioles which 
perish early ; those of floating leaves with leathery ovate broadly elliptic or oval blades 4-9 
cm. long, usually abruptly pointed, many-nerved, rounded or subcordate at the base; 

tioles as long as the blades or much longer: peduncles as thick as the stem, 4-9 cm. 
ong: spikes cylindric, 3-6 em. long, dense: drupelets narrowly obovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long, 
scarcely kou : nutlets more or less pitted on the sides, 2-grooved on the back. 

Instill water or streams, nearly throughout North America. Alsoin Europe and Asia. Summer. 


2. Potamogeton Floridànus Small. Resembling P. natans, but more slender. 
Floating leaves few ; blades narrowly elliptic, 4-7 cm. long, acute at both ends, narrowly 
revolute, with 7 main nerves ; petioles very slender, several times longer than the blades : 
peduncles stouter than the stem, 4—6 cm. long: flowering spikes cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, 
2.5-4 mm. thick. 

In the Blackwater River, Florida. Spring and summer. 


3. Potamogeton pülcher Tuckerm. Stems 3-6 dm. long nearly simple, terete, 
Spotted: leaves various ; blades of 3 kinds, those of submerged leaves leathery, spatulate 
ovate or oblong, and those above these flimsy, pellucid, lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, attenu- 
ate, short-petioled ; those of floating leaves leathery, ovate or orbicular-ovate, 4-10 cm. long, 
obtuse or abruptly pointed, many-nerved, cordate at the base ; petioles as long as the blades 
or longer : peduncles slightly thicker than the stem, 5-10 cm. long : spikes cylindric, dense, 
2-2.5 em. long: drupelets turgid, 4—4.5 mm, long, abruptly pointed, 3-keeled on the back. 
In ponds, Maine to Missouri and Georgia. Summer. 

. ^4. Potamogeton Nuttállii Cham. & Schlecht. Stem slender, 3-20 dm. long, flattened, 
simple or sparingly branched : leaves various ; blades of 2 kinds, those of submerged leaves 
linear, 2-ranked, 5-16 em. long, 5-nerved, reticulated between the midrib and contiguous 


38 ZANNICHELLIACEAE 


nerves ; those of floating leaves leathery, oblong, elliptic or obovate, 3-8 cm. long, many- 
nerved, short-petioled : peduncles 2.5-12 cm. long: spikes 1.5-2 cm. long, dense, emersed 
or partly so: drupelets globose-obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp: 
embryo coiled 13 times. 

In ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to Ontario and South Carolina. Summer. 

5. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Stems slender, 1-3.5 m. long, flattened, 
branched : leaves various ; blades of 2 kinds, those of submerged leaves lanceolate or nar- 
rowly linear-lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, mostly sessile, with conspicuous cellular reticula- 
tions; those of floating leaves leathery, oval or elliptic, 1.5-4 cm. long, abruptly pointed, 
shorter than the petioles: peduncles 2.5-15 cm. long, often thickened upward : spikes 2-4 
em. long, dense: drupelets nearly as broad as long, 1.5-3 mm. long, indistinctly 3-keeled 
on the back, abruptly pointed. 

In still or flowing water, nearly throughout North America. Also in Europe. Summer and fall. 

6. Potamogeton Lonchites Tuckerm. Stems terete, 9-20 dm. long, branching: 
leaves various ; blades of two kinds; those of submerged leaves elongated, lanceolate or 
oblanceolate, 10-30 cm. long, pellucid ; those of floating leaves thinnish, oblong or ellip- 
tic, 4-15 cm. long, many-nerved, usually acute at both ends ; petioles fully 3 as long as the 
blades: peduncles 5 cm. long, slightly thickened upward: spikes cylindric, 2.5-5 cm. 
long, dense: drupelets as broad as long, 3.5-4 mm. long, 3-keeled on the back, the middle 
keel prominent. 

In ponds and rivers, New Brunswick to Washington, Florida and California. Summer and fall. 

7. Potamogeton Zízii Roth. Stems slender, elongated, branching: leaves various ; 
blades of 2 kinds ; those of submerged leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, cus- 
pidate or acute, wavy-margined, pellucid ; those of floating leaves more less leathery, 
elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, many-nerved, sessile or nearly so: peduncles thicker than the 
stems, 5-15 cm. long: spikes 2.5-5 cm. long, not very dense: drupelets nearly as broad as 
long, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 3-keeled on the back, abruptly pointed. 

In lakes and rivers, Quebec to Montana, Florida, Texas and Wyoming. Summer. Also in Europe. 

8. Potamogeton lücens L. Stems stout, elongated, more or less branched, often 
profusely so above: leaves all submerged ; blades elliptic or lanceolate, or oval above, 
5-20 em. long, acute or acuminate or sometimes mucronate, often serrulate at the apex, 
mostly 13-nerved, short-petioled or nearly sessile: peduncles 7-15 cm. long, barely thick- 
ened upward : spikes dense, 5-7 cm. long: drupelets 3 mm. long, blunt-tipped. 

In ponds, Nova Scotia to California, Florida and Mexico. Fall. Also in Europe. 

9. Potamogeton perfoliàtus L. Stems slender, elongated, much branched : leaves 
all submerged ; blades suborbicular to ovate or lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, usually obtuse, 
often serrulate at the apex, cordate-perfoliate, crisped : peduncles 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about 
as thick as the stem: spikes 1.5-2.5 cm. long, as long as' the peduncle or shorter, often 
UM ander water: drupelets obliquely obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, obscurely 3-keeled on 
the back. 


In rivers and ponds, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida and California. Also in Europe. 
Summer and fall. 

10. Potamogeton Curtissii Morong. Stems delicate, filiform, 2-4 dm. long, simple 
or branched ; internodes elongated, naked : leaves all submerged : blades linear-filiform, 
1-4 em. long, 0.5-1 mm. broad, terminating in a hair-like tip, 1-nerved, sometimes with an 
indication of 2 lateral nerves; stipules hyaline, 6-8 mm. long, obtuse, deciduous : pedun- 
cles slender, club-shaped, 6-12 mm. long, erect, axillary near the upper end of the stem: 
spikes capitate, 4-6 mm. long, 3-6-flowered : fruit not seen. 

In tidal creeks, Blackwater River, Florida. Spring and summer. 


11. Potamogeton folidsus Raf. Plants without propagating buds, or glands at the 
base of each leaf. Stems 3-10 dm. long, flattened, much branched : leaves all submerged, 
very numerous ; blades linear or filiform, 1.5-5 cm. long, acute, 3-nerved : peduncles some- 
what club-shaped, 8-12 mm. long: spikes short, about 4-flowered : drupelets 1.5-2 mm. 
long, 3-keeled ; middle keel crest-like, undulate or sinuate-toothed, often with tooth-like 
shoulders at each end. 

In streams and ponds, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Florida and California. Summer. 

12. Potamogeton pusíllus L. Plants with both propagating buds and glands at the 
base of each leaf. Stems filiform, 1-6 dm. long, branched: leaves all submerged, numer- 
ous ; blades linear or linear-filiform, 2-8 cm. long, acute, 1-3-nerved, usually 2-glandular 
at the base: peduncles slender, 6-20 mm. long, or rarely 10 cm. long : spikes 3-10-flowered, 
capitate or interrupted : drupelets longer than broad, 1.5-2 mm. long, 2-grooved on the 
back or with 3 distinct keels, crestless. 


In slow streams and ponds, New Brunswick to British i i ali- 
fornia. Summer. Also in Europe. ritish Columbia, North Carolina, Texas and C 


NAIADACEAE 39 


13. Potamogeton diversiífólius Raf. Stems elongated, flattened or nearly terete, 
branched : leaves various ; blades of 2 kinds; those of submerged leaves linear-setaceous, 
2-8 cm. long, acute, 1-nerved ; those of the floating leaves leathery, elliptic or oval, some- 
times oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse or acute: petioles shorter than the blades 
or rarely longer : peduncles various, emersed club-shaped, 6-14 mm. long ; submerged, 4-6 
mm. long: spikes dense, 4-8 mm. long : drupelets cochleate, about 1 mm. long, 3-keeled ; 
middle keel crest-like, 7-8-toothed ; lateral keels acute or obtuse. 

In pools and still water, Maine to Montana, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

14. Potamogeton pectinàtus L. Stems slender, 3-10 dm. long, or longer, repeat- 
edly forking : leaves all submerged ; blades setaceous or filiform, 2-15 cm. long, 1-nerved 
or nerveless : peduncles filiform, 5-30 cm. long: spikes interrupted, sometimes elongated ; 
flowers in approximate whorls or these remote : drupelets cochleate, barely fleshy, 1.5 mm. 
long, 3-keeled on the back, crestless, but with 4-5 teeth. 


In still or running fresh or salt water, Cape Breton Island to British Columbia, Florida, Texas and 
California. Summer and fall. 


FAMILY 2. ZOSTERACEAE Dumort. EEr-GRAss FAMILY. 


Perennial marine herbs, with creeping rootstocks and flattened branching 
stems. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked: blades several-nerved, linear from a 
sheathing inflated base. Flowers monoecious, both kinds arranged alternately 
on a flattened spadix ; this enclosed in a spathe. Perianth wanting. Stami- 
nate flower a sessile 1-celled anther attached to the spadix. Pollen thread-like. 
Pistillate flower a single pistil with an elongated style and 2 thread-like stigmas, 
attached by its back to the spadix. Fruit a flask-shaped beaked utricle ; this 
irregularly rupturing. Seeds ribbed : embryo ellipsoidal. 


1. ZOSTERA L. 


Characters of the family. Err-GRAss. GRASS-WRACK. 

Leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 1-nerved: seeds 1.5 mm. long. 1, Z. minor. 
Leaves 2-18 dm. long, 3-7-nerved : seeds 3 mm. long. 2. Z. marina. 

1. Zostera minor (Caval.) Nolte. Stems more or less elongated, often sparingly 
branched. Leaves few ; blades narrowly linear, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, obtuse, 1-nerved, usually 
about 1-5 mm. broad : spathe 1-1.5 cm. long: fruits flask-shaped, with an oval or broadly 
oblong body in all about 3 mm. long, 4-5 maturing in a spathe : seeds nearly 1.5 mm. long, 
smooth or very faintly striate. 

In shallow water, Key West, Florida. Also in Europe. 

2. Zostera marina L. Stems slender. Leaf-blades linear, ribbon-like, 2-18 dm. 
long, obtuse, 3-7-nerved: spadix 2.5-6.5 cm. long: flowers commonly 10-20 on each 
spadix : fruits oblong, fully 3 mm. long, obtuse : seeds nearly cylindric, about 3 mm. long, 
20-ribbed, truncate. 


In streams or ditches, on or near the coast, Greenland and Labrador to Florida, also from Alaska 
to California, and on the coasts of Europe. Summer. 


FAMILY 3. NAIADACEAE Lindl. Naras FAMILY. 


Submerged herbs, with fibrous roots and slender branching stems. Leaves 
alternate, opposite or whorled : blades various, dilated and sheathing at the 
base, mostly toothed. Flowers dioecious, solitary in the axils. Staminate flow- 
ers with a double perianth, the outer entire or 4-horned, the inner hyaline, ad- 
hering to the solitary stamen. Anther sessile or short-stalked, 1-4-celled, apic- 
ulate or 2-lobed at the apex.  Pistillate flowers with a single ovary, topped by a 
short style and 2-4 stigmas. Fruit a sessile drupelet, with acrustaceous pericarp 
and a membranous epicarp. Seed solitary, filling the pericarp. Embryo con- 
formed to the interior of the seed. 


1. NÀIAS L. 
Characters of the family. 


Sheaths oblique, with margins minutely 10-20-toothed. 
Leaf-margins with shallow inconspicuous teeth. : i 
Pericarp of the drupelets dull, with 16-20 rows of strong reticulations : leaf- > 
blades with 80-100 marginal teeth. : : : 1. N. Guadalupensis. 
Pericarp of the drupelets shining, with 30-50 rows of delicate reticulations: E EE 
leaf-blades with 50-60 marginal teeth. 2. N. flexilis. 


40 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE 


Leaf-margins with prominent sharp teeth. 8. N. conferta. 
Sheaths equilateral, with margins entire or coarsely few-toothed. ; E a 

Leaves about 0.5 mm. broad, with 15-24 marginal teeth : internodes filiform. 4. N. gracilis. 

Leaves about 2 mm. broad, with 6-10 marginal teeth : internodes stout. 5. N. marina. 


1. Naias Guadalupénsis (Spreng.) Morong. Stems filiform or hair-like, 3-7 dm. 
long, widely branched : leaves opposite, sometimes clustered ; blades narrowly linear, 
10-20 mm. long, acute, often curved, with 40-50 minute teeth on each margin : drupelets 
2 mm. long; pericarp granular, marked with 16-20 rows of rectangular or hexagonal reticu- 
lations, the long axis transverse. [N. microdon A. Br.] 


In ponds and lakes, Nebraska to Oregon, Florida, Texas and throughout;tropical America. Sum- 
mer and fall. 


2. Naias fléxilis ( Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Stems slender, 2-18 dm. long, forking ; 
internodes commonly armed with teeth : leaves numerous ; blades narrowly linear, 1-2.5 cm. 
long, acute or acuminate, with 25-30 minute teeth on each margin: drupelets ellipsoidal, 


2-4 mm. long ; pericarp lustrous, finely sculptured, with 30-50 rows of square or hexagonal 
reticulations. 

In streams and ponds, nearly throughout North America. Summer. Also in Europe. 

3. Naias conférta A. Br. Similar to N. flexilis in habit. Leaves slender, the mar- 
gins with prominent sharp teeth. 

In tidal creeks, Milton, Florida. Summer. Also in tropical America. 

4. Naias gracilis (Morong) Small. Stems filiform, forking; branches erect or as- 
cending, the internodes 2.5-10 cm. long, with a few teeth near the upper ends: leaves 
slender ; blades 2-4 cm. long, about 0.5 mm. broad, with 15-24 marginal teeth and few 
dorsal teeth : sheaths with 2-3 teeth on each margin: drupelets barely 4 mm. long, slightly 
oblique ; pericarp with about 25 rows of square or irregular-oblong reticulations. [N. 
marina var. gracilis Morong. ] 

In ereeks and ponds, Florida. Spring to winter. 

5. Naias marina L. Stems stout, several dm. long, flattened, branching, commonly 
armed with tooth-like spines about twice as long as broad: leaves opposite or whorled ; 
blades linear, 10-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, acute, with 6-10 spine-like teeth on 
each side and sometimes several on the back of the midrib: drupelet oblong, 4-5 mm. 
long ; pericarp granular, reticulated.  [.N. major All. ] 

In lakes, New York to California and Florida. Summer. Also in Europe. 


Order 3. ALISMALES. 

Marsh or aquatic herbs, with rush-like or spongy tissues. Leaves alternate, 
various, slender and stiff, or with dilated blades. Flowers perfect, monoecious 
or dioecious. Perianth of 2 often dissimilar series (sepals and petals). Androecium 
of 3-6 stamens. Gynoecium of 3-many distinct carpels. Endosperm wanting. 


Petals nearly similar to the sepals: anthers long and narrow: carpels coherent. 


i . Fam. 1. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 
Petals very different from the sepals: anthers short and thick: carpels 


not coherent. Fam. 2. ALISMACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Agardh. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. 


Perennial marsh herbs, with scapes or normal stems. Leaves alternate: 
blades rush-like, narrow, often very siender from a dilated base. Flowers per- 
fect, in terminal spikes or racemes : perianth of 4-6 members in 2 series, or the 
corolla wanting, persistent or deciduous. Androecium mostly of 4-6 stamens. 
Filaments variable in length. Anthers usually 2-celled, extrorse. Gynoecium 
of 3-6 partially united carpels. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Ovules 1 or 2 in 
each cavity, anatropous. Fruit of 3-6 separating dehiscent or indehiscent 
carpels. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel. Embryo straight. 


1. TRIGLOCHIN L. 

Acaulescent marsh herbs, commonly with abbreviated rootstocks. Leaves basal, 
sheathing each other by their dilated membranous bases : blades narrow, elongated. Scapes 
slender, erect, simple. Spikes or racemes terminal. Perianth inconspicuous : sepals 3: 
petals 3, remote from thesimilar sepals, or wanting. Stamens 3-6 : anthers 2-celled, sessile 
or nearly so. Pistils 3-6, 1-celled : stigmas 3-6, sessile or nearly so, plumose. Ovule soli- 


ALISMACEAE 41 


tary, erect. Carpels leathery, 3-6, distinct or partially united until fully mature, each 
opening by a ventral suture. Seeds solitary, erect, flattened or angled. 

1. Triglochin striata R. & P.  Foliage'glabrous. Leaves basal; blades slightly 
fleshy, linear, attenuate, 0.5-2 mm. broad, 2-3 dm. long, erect: scapes erect, solitary or 
2 together, angled, about as long as the leaves or longer : racemes 2-15 cm. long, barely if 
at all interrupted : pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long, not crowded : perianth greenish or light yel- 
low: sepals 3, oval or ovate, obtuse, less than 1 mm. long: stigmas plumose : fruit sub- 
globose, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, somewhat 3-winged at maturity: carpels 3, 3-ribbed on 
the back. [Triglochin triandra Michx.] 

In salt marshes, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. ARROW-GRASS. 


FawiLY 2. ALISMACEAE DC. WaATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial acaulescent aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves basal: 
petioles elongated, sheathing at the base: blades flat, several-ribbed, often with 
spreading or deflexed lobes. Scapes erect or floating, mostly simple to the in- 
florescence. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, regular, whorled, dis- 
posed in terminal racemes or panicles. Receptacle flat or globose. Calyx of 
3 persistent sepals. Corolla white or pink, of 3 deciduous imbricated petals. 
Androecium of 6 or more stamens. Filaments distinct. Anthers 2-celled, 
extrorse. Gynoecium of few or many carpels. Ovaries 1-celled. Styles rather 
persistent. Ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit a head of flattened achenes. 
Seeds curved. Embryo horseshoe-shaped 


Carpels in a ring on a flat receptacle. 1. ALISMA. 
Carpels curved in many series on a convex or globose receptacle. 
Flowers perfect or polygamous. 


Sepals spreading : pedicels not recurved at maturity. 2. ECHINODORUS. 
Sepals appressed : pedicels recurved at maturity. 3. LOPHOTOCARPUS. 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 4. SAGITTARIA. 


1. ALISMA L. 


Annual, or mostly perennial scapose herbs. Leaves erect or floating : blades several- 
ribbed, without basal lobes, narrowed into petioles. Flowers perfect, in compound or 
umbel-like panicles. Stamens 6-9, rather perigynous: filaments slender. Carpels few or 
many, in one whorl on a flat receptacle. Achenes in 1 whorl, 2-3-ribbed on the back, 
1-2-ribbed on the sides. WATER PLANTAIN. 

1. Alisma subcordatum Raf. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Leaf-blades ob- 
long, elliptic, oval or ovate, or sometimes narrower, 3-15 cm. long, usually abruptly 
pointed, entire, cuneate to truncate, or cordate at the base ; petioles often longer than the 
blades : scapes 1-10 dm. tall, solitary or several together ; branches and pedicels in whorls 
of 3-10, variable in length: bracts lanceolate or linear, often acuminate: sepals broadly 
ovate to suborbicular, obtuse : petals white or pinkish, 1-2 mm. long: mature heads 4-6 
mm. broad, flat: achenes obliquely obovate, 2 mm. long; beak small, ascending. 

In swamps and shallow water, Nova Scotia to North Dakota, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


2. ECHINÓDORUS L. C. Rich. 

Annual or perennial usually acaulescent marsh herbs. Leaves erect or ascending: 
blades sometimes ample, several-ribbed. Scapes usually surpassing the leaves. Flowers 
perfect, in whorls disposed in racemes or panicles. Stamens 12-30: filaments often about 
as long as the anthers. Carpels numerous, inserted on a convex or globose receptacle. 
Style obliquely apical: stigma simple. Achenes forming a bristly head, leathery, ribbed, 
and beaked by the persistent style. 


Carpels few, usually less than 14 maturing: flowers in termina] umbel-like clusters. 1. E. parvulus. 
Carpels numerous, many maturing: flowers in terminal panicles, the main axis of 
the panicle sometimes greatly elongated. 
Scapes creeping near the base: style shorter than the ovary : beak about 14 as long 


as body of the achene. 2. E. radicans. 
Scapes erect or ascending: style longer than the ovary: beak fully 14 as long as ease 
body of the achene. 8. E. cordifolius. 


1. Echinodorus párvulus Engelm. Leaf-blades linear to linear-elliptic, 1-3 cm. 
long, acute at both ends, longer than the petioles or much shorter: scapes solitary or 
several together, surpassing the leaves or overtopped by them, topped by a whorl of 2-8 
Pedicels, these spreading or curved, 5-25 mm. long, unequal in length: bracts white, 


42 ALISMACEAE 


3-5 mm. long: petals white: mature heads 3-4 mm. in diameter: achenes broadly and 
obliquely obovate, barely 1 mm. long, black ; beak minute, sharp, oblique. 

In mud, Massachusetts to Ontario and Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

2. Echinodorus radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. Leaf-blades ovate or oblong, 5-20 cm. 
long, obtuse, undulate, truncate or cordate at the base; petioles 1-7 dm. long: scapes 
elongated, spreading or decumbent, creeping, 3-12 dm. long, often solitary : whorls of the 
inflorescence remote : pedicels 3-12, unequal, 1.5-6 em. long: bracts linear-lanceolate 
from dilated bases: sepals ovate or orbicular-ovate, rather obtuse: petals white, about 
6 mm. long: mature heads bur-like, 7-8 mm. in diameter : achenes cuneate, 2 mm. long ; 
body 6-10-ribbed ; beak about 1 as long as the body. 

In ponds and swamps, Illinois and Missouri, to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

3. Echinodorus cordifdlius ( L.) Griseb. Leaf-blades various, lanceolate to broadly 
ovate, 4-20 cm. long, obtuse, commonly truncate or cordate at the base ; petioles angled, 
usually longer than the blades: scapes solitary or clustered, 1-5 dm. tall, surpassing the 
leaves, simple or branched from the lower whorls of the inflorescence : pedicels 7-15 mm. 
long, not very variable in length: bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate : sepals ovate, 
rather acute: petals white, 4-6 mm. long, usually broader: mature heads bur-like, 4-6 
mm. in diameter : achenes 2.5-3 mm. long ; body cuneate ; beak slender, fully 3 as long 
as the body.  [ E. rostratus Engelm. ] 

In ditches and swamps, Illinois and Missouri, to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


3. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Durand. 

Annual or perennial acaulescent aquatic or marsh herbs. Scapes simple below the 
inflorescence. Flowers in several whorls of 2-3 at the top of the scape ; upper staminate ; 
lower pistillate. Stamens 9-15, hypogynous : filaments flattened, inserted at the base of 
the receptacle. Pistils numerous on a convex receptacle. Style slender, oblique. 
Achenes crowded together, crested or winged, more or less completely enveloped by the 
calyx. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. 

Petioles 0.5-1.5 dm. long : leaf-blades less than 4.5 em. broad: whorls of the inflorescence usually soli- 


_ tary: mature fruiting heads 7-8 mm. in diameter. 1. L. depauperatus. 
Petioles 1.5-4 dm. long : leaf-blades over 4.5 em. broad : whorls of the inflorescence 
2-6: mature fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter. 2. L. calycinus. 


1. Lophotocarpus depauperatus J. G. Smith. Leaves with petioles 0.5-1.5 dm. 
long ; blades oblong, elliptic, oval or ovate, sometimes sagittate or hastate, 1-2 cm. wide 
or the small basal lobes spreading to a width of 3-4 cm. and acuminate: inflorescence of 
usually 1 whorl: mature fruiting heads 7-8 mm. in diameter: achenes cuneate, about 1.7 
mm. long, each with a slender horizontal beak. 

On margins of ponds, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 

2. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Leaves with petioles 1.5-4 
dm. long; blades hastate or sagittate, sometimes almost triangular or lunate, the basal 
lobes often longer than the middle one, spreading to a width of 5-30 cm. and usually 
acuminate: inflorescence of 2-6 whorls: mature fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter: 
achenes cuneate, 2-2.5 mm. long, each with a triangular horizontal beak. [Sagittaria caly- 
cina Engelm.] 


Santis swamps or ponds, often submerged, South Dakota to Delaware, Louisiana and New Mexico. 
er. 


4. SAGITTARIA L. 

Perennial acaulescent marsh or aquatic herbs, either erect or floating. Rootstock 
irregularly thickened or tuber-bearing. Leaves various, usually differentiated into petioles 
and blades, or reduced to phyllodes. Scapes sometimes greatly elongated, usually simple 
below the inflorescence. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in whorls of 3 near the top of 
the scape, those of the upper whorls usually staminate. Staminate flowers with many 
stamens: anthers 2-celled, opening by lateral slits: gynoecium wholly or partially sup- 
pressed. Pistillate flowers with many distinct carpels : androecium wholly or partially 
suppressed. Receptacle more or. less convex. Achenes numerous, flattened, densely 
crowded in globular heads. ARROW-HEAD. 


Sepals of the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading, not accrescent. 
Pedicels of the pistillate flowers much thickened. reflexed at maturity. 
Filaments glabrous. 
Seapes simple. 
Filaments about as long as the anthers: achenes with 3 undulate or slightly Lesen crests. 
1. S. subulata. 


ALISMACEAE 43 


Filaments much longer than the anthers: achenes with 5-7 crenate 


or dentate crests. 2. S. natans. 
, Seapes branching. 3. S. filiformis. 
Filaments pubescent. 4. S. platyphylla. 
Pedicels of the pistillate flowers slender, ascending, or wanting. 
Leaf-blades entire or barely hastate, sometimes greatly reduced. 
Pistillate flowers pedicelled. 
Filaments dilated. 
Pedicels of the pistillate flowers shorter than those of the stam- 
_inate. x 5. S. macrocarpa. 
Pedicels of the pistillate flowers as long as those of the staminate 
or longer. 
Leaves terete, mostly bladeless. 
Filaments as long as the anthers: achenes 1 mm. long, with 
low facial ridges. 6. S. isoctiformis. 
Filaments shorter than the anthers: achenes 2 mm. long, 
with several facial wings. 7. S. teres. 
Leaves with more or less flattened blades. 
Achenes oval or broadly oblong. 8. S. cycloptera. 
Achenes cuneate. 
Beak large, horizontal at the top of the achene. 9. S. Mohrii. 
Beak minute, much below the top of the achene. 
Braets ovate, united to the middle. 10. S. graminea. 
Braets lanceolate, nearly distinct. 11. S. Chapmanii. 


Filaments slender, not dilated. 
Filaments glabrous. 
Braets ovate, obtuse, united to about the middle: beak near 


the middle of one side of the achene. 12. S.'papillosa. 
Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, distinct or nearly so: beak hori- 
zontal at top of the achene. 13. S. ambigua. 
__,. Filaments pubescent. 14. S. lancifolia. 
Pistillate flowers sessile. 15. S. rigida. 
Leaf-blades mostly sagittate. 
Basal lobes twice or thrice as long as the middle lobe. 16. S. longiloba. 
Basal lobes shorter than the middle lobe. ; 
Pedicels of the pistillate flowers much shorter than their bracts. 17. S. longirostra. 
Pedicels of the pou flowers surpassing their bracts. 
Filaments villous, not dilated: bracts and sepals viscid. 18. S. viscosa. 


Filaments glabrous: bracts and sepals not viscid. 
Beak of the achene erect, the tip sometimes recurved. 
Lobes of the leaf-blades ovate, obtuse: achenes broadest at 


the top with 1 facial wing on each side. 19. S. australis. 
Lobes of the leaf-blades linear or nearly so, acute: achene : 
broadest at the middle with 2 facial wings on each side. 20. S. Engelmanniana. 
Beak of the achene lateral, horizontal or oblique. : 
Foliage. especially that of the inflorescence, glabrous. 21. S. latifolia. 
Foliage, especially that of the inflorescence, pubescent. 22. S. pubescens. — 
Sepals of the pistillate flowers erect, accrescent. 23. S. Montevidensis. 


1. Sagittaria subulàta (L.) Buch. Monoecious or sometimes wholly staminate. 
Leaves usually represented by rigid phyllodes 2-12 cm. long, rarely normal ; blades linear 
to linear-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, acutish, shorter than the petioles : scapes 5-15 cm. tall, 
rarely surpassing the leaves: whorls of the raceme solitary or often 2: bracts thin, 1-3 
mm. long: pedicels of pistillate heads 10-15 mm. long: sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse : 
corollas 15 mm. broad : achenes few, 1.5 to nearly 2 mm. long, with short lateral beaks 
and 3 prominent but merely undulate or sparingly toothed crests. 

In mud and tidal flats, New York to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


2. Sagittaria nàtans Michx. Monoecious, commonly submerged.  Petioles blade- 
less, or blades floating, elliptic, oblong or ovate-oblong, 1.5-5 cm. long, rounded, subcor- 
date or hastate-truncate at the base: phyllodes flattened, elongated : scape elongating to 
the surface of the water or rising above it, 1-10 dm. long : whorls of the inflorescence one 
or several: bracts thin, acuminate: mature fruiting heads 8 mm. in diameter: achenes 
rather numerous, 2 mm. long, with short upeurved beaks and 5-7 prominently dentate or 
crenate crests. 

In fresh or brackish ponds, South Carolina to Florida. Summer and fall. 


3. Sagittaria filifórmis J. G. Smith.  Monoecious, submerged. Leaves wanting: 
phyllodes filiform from thicker bases, 1-6 dm. long, rarely as long as the scape: scapes 
slender, 6-12 dm. long, often branching from the lower whorls : bracts lanceolate, 3-5 mm. 
long, acuminate : pedicels filiform, those of the lower whorls 1-4 cm. long, ascending or 
erect: whorls remote, staminate except 1 or 2 flowers of the lower one: sepals ovate, 2-3 
mm. long, obtuse: corolla white, about 2 cm. broad : mature fruiting heads 6-7 mm. in 
diameter: achenes 1.5 mm. long, with upcurved lateral beaks and about 6 crests. 

In ponds, Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 

4. Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Monoecious. Leaf-blades rather 
leathery, lanceolate, elliptic to ovate, 5-15 cm. long, 5-7-nerved, acute or acuminate, 
gradually narrowed or subcordate at the base: scapes 2-5 dm. tall, usually overtopped by 


44 ALISMACEAE 


the leaves: whorls of the inflorescence 3-8, the 2 or 3 lower ones pistillate : pedicels 1-2.5 
em. long: bracts broadly ovate, 3-8 mm. long, scarious tipped : mature fruiting heads fully 
1 cm. in diameter: achenes obliquely obovate, 2 mm. long, winged ; beak horizontal. 

In ponds and swamps, Missouri to Alabama and Texas. Spring to fall. 

5. Sagittaria macrocárpa J. G. Smith. Monoecious. Leaves phyllode-like ; blades 
linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long, much shorter than the petioles : scapes 3-4 dm. 
tall, overtopping the leaves: whorls of the inflorescence 3-5, the lower pair, or only the 
lowest one, pistillate: pedicels about as long as the internodes except those of the pistillate 
flowers ; these much shorter: bracts obovate, 3 mm. long, acute, united at the base: fila- 
ments dilated, pubescent : mature fruiting heads 10-12 mm. in diameter: achenes obovate 
or oblong-ovate, 3 mm. long, winged ; beak ascending. 

On the margins of ponds, North Carolina and South Carolina. Spring to fall. 

6. Sagittaria isoetifórmis J. G. Smith. Monoecious, delicate. Leaves terete 
throughout, or rarely with imperfect flattish blades : scapes 8-12 cm. tall, as long as the 
leaves or overtopping them : whorl of the inflorescence usually one: bracts ovate, 2-3 mm. 
long, acute, united below : pedicels of pistillate flowers slender, 15-18 mm. long, those of 
the staminate flowers filiform, 2-3 cm. long : sepals 2 mm. long : corolla white, 12-15 mm. 
broad : filaments dilated, pubescent, about as long as the anthers : mature fruiting heads 
about 6 mm. in diameter: achenes obovate, 1 mm. long, with a prominent dorsal crest 
and low facial ridges ; beak short, oblique. 

On sandy margins of lakes, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 


7. Sagittaria téres S. Wats.  Monoecious, slender. Leaves usually reduced to 
terete attenuate nodose phyllodes 1-3 dm. long, or rarely developing narrow, imperfect 
blades at the top: scapes slender, 15-45 cm. tall: bracts ovate, 3 mm. long, obtuse: 
whorls of the inflorescence solitary or sometimes 3, 1 or 2 pedicels of the lower whorls 
bearing pistillate flowers, 10-25 mm. long, longer than those of staminate flowers : sepals 
about 3 mm. long: corolla white, 12-15 mm. broad : stamens often 12: filaments dilated, 
pubescent, shorter than the anthers : mature fruiting heads 8-12 mm. in diameter : achenes 
oval or oval-obovate, 2 mm. long, with stout obliquely upcurved beaks, an uneven crest 
and several facial wings. 

Inshallow water, Massachusetts to South Carolina. Summer and fall. 


8. Sagittaria cyclóptera (J. G. Smith) C. Mohr. Monoecious or dioecious. Leaves 
sometimes reduced to slender tapering phyllodes ; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-15 
em. long, tapering to both ends, shorter than the petioles: scapes 2-8 dm. long : whorls of 
the inflorescence 3-15, or rarely solitary, several of the lower ones usually pistillate : bracts 
ovate, 3-5 mm. long, acute, united at the base: filaments dilated, pubescent : mature fruit- 
ing heads barely 1 cm. in diameter : achenes broadly oblong or oval, 1.5 mm. long, winged, 
crested, with 2 facial wings on each side; beak short, ascending, rather lateral. 

In swamps, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

9. Sagittaria Mohrii J. G. Smith. Monoecious. Leaves 3-7 dm. tall ; blades linear 
to lanceolate, 5-15 em. long, acuminate, often poorly developed : scapes ascending, decum- 
bent or declining, 3-angled : whorls of the inflorescence 6-8, the lower 3-4 pistillate, with 
pedicels somewhat longer than those of the staminate flowers: bracts thin, 3-4 mm. long, 
united to about the middle: sepals oblong, 2-3 mm. long, obtuse: corolla hardly 1 cm. 
broad : mature fruiting heads subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter : achenes cuneate, 2.5-3.5 
mm. long, winged, with cuneate crests ; beak horizontal. 

In muddy ponds, southern Alabama. Summer. 


~ 10. Sagittaria gramínea. Michx. Monoecious or dioecious. Leaf-blades linear, 
lanceolate or elliptic, 5-15 cm. long, or leaves represented by phyllodes: scapes 1-6 dm. 
tall, shorter than the leaves or overtopping them : whorls of the inflorescence few and 
remote or sometimes numerous and rather approximate: pedicels variable, but those of 
staminate and pistillate flowers often equal in length: bracts ovate, 3-5 mm. long, acute, 
united to about the middle: filaments dilated, pubescent : mature fruiting heads less than 
1 cm. in diameter : achenes cuneate, 1.5 mm. long, winged, with one facial wing or crest ; 
` beak short, lateral, spreading. 

In mud or ponds, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

1l. Sagittaria Chapmánii (J. G. Smith) C. Mohr.  Monoecious or dioecious. 
Leaves often accompanied by phyllodes; blades linear or lanceolate, 15-20 cm. long, 
acute, usually much shorter than the petioles : scapes 3-5 dm. long : whorls of the inflores- 
cence often numerous : pedicels spreading or ascending, those of the pistillate heads 1.5-3 
cm. long: bracts lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long, acute or acuminate, slightly united at the 
base: filaments dilated, pubescent: mature fruiting heads 5 mm. in diameter : achenes 
cuneate, 1 mm. long, wingless ; beak short, lateral and above the middle of the body. 

In ponds and marshes, Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 


ALISMACEAE 45 


12. Sagittaria papillósa Buch. Monoecious. Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceo- 
late, 10-15 cm. long, acute, as long as the petioles or shorter : scapes 3-5 dm. tall: whorls 
of the inflorescence 3-10, the lower remote: pedicels of pistillate flowers 1-1.5 cm. long: 
bracts ovate, 3-4 mm. long, densely granular-papillose, united to about the middle : sepals 
ovate, roughened like the bracts : corollas:2-3 cm. broad : filaments not dilated, glabrous : 
mature fruiting heads subglobose, 6-10 mm. in diameter: achenes cuneate, 1.5 mm. long ; 
beak lateral and slightly above the middle of the body. 

In shallow ponds, Louisiana and Texas. Spring to fall. 


13. Sagittaria ambígua J. G. Smith. Monoecious. Leaves erect ; blades lanceo- 
late, 12-50 cm. long, 5-nerved, shorter than the petioles: scapes 3-6 dm. tall, as long as 
the leaves or surpassing them: whorls numerous, commonly 8-15: pedicels mostly ascend- 
ing, those of the pistillate heads longer than those of staminate ; bracts lanceolate, 10-15 
mm. long, united at the bases : filaments not dilated, glabrous : achenes oblong, slightly 
curved, 2 mm. long, narrowly winged, prolonged into short horizontal beaks at the top. 

In ponds, Kansas and Oklahoma. Summer. 


~~ 14. Sagittaria lancifólia L. Monoecious. Leaves 4-9 dm. tall; blades leathery, 
broadly linear to elliptic, 3-6 dm. long, acute, commonly shorter than the petioles: scapes 
6-20 dm. tall, usually branched: whorls of the inflorescence numerous : pedicels of the 
pistillate heads ascending, often shorter than those of the staminate : bracts ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate: sepals obtuse: corollas 4-5 cm. broad ; 
petals obovate : filaments not dilated, pubescent : mature fruiting heads fully 1 cm. in diam- 
eter: achenes cuneate or obovate, 2-3 mm. long, winged ; beak short, ascending. 
In marshes, Delaware to Florida, Texas and tropical America. Spring and summer. 


15. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Monoecious. Leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, linear, lance- 
olate, elliptic or broadly ovate, 7-9-nerved, acute or cordate at the base, sometimes with 
1 or 2 spreading or recurved basal lobes : scapes 1-8 dm. long, commonly shorter than the 
leaves, usually bent and sometimes branched at the lower whorl of the inflorescence : pedi- 
cels of the pistillate heads (1 or 2 lower whorls) barely 1 cm. long: bracts ovate, obtuse, 
4-8 mm. long, united at the base: mature fruiting heads 8-15 mm. in diameter, bristly by 
the protruding beaks of the achenes : achenes cuneate, 3-4 mm. long, winged ; beak stout, 
ascending. 

In swamps or running water, Quebec to Minnesota, New Jersey, Tennessee and Nebraska, Sum- 
mer and fall. 

16. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm.  Monoecious, glabrous. Leaf-blades 10-18 cm. 
long ; terminal lobe linear to lanceolate ; basal lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, twice or 
thrice as long as the terminal one, long-acuminate : scapes 3-15 dm. tall, rarely branched : 
whorls of the inflorescence 4-8, remote, 1-3 lower very fertile : pedicels slender, 15-35 mm. 
long, spreading: bracts lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, acuminate : filaments not dilated, gla- 
brous : mature fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter : achenes cuneate, 1 mm. long ; wings 
somewhat undulate ; beak very short, lateral. 

On margins of shallow ponds, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 


17. Sagittaria longiróstra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. Monoecious, glabrous. Leaf- 
blades rather ample, 10-25 cm. long ; terminal lobe broadly ovate, abruptly pointed ; basal 
lobes ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, about 3 as long as the blade: scapes 4-8 dm. tall, 
sharply 6-angled: whorls of the inflorescence few, 1 or 2 lower ones usually pistillate : 
bracts triangular, 15-30 mm. long, acuminate: pedicels of the lower whorls 5-10 mm. 
long, ascending: mature fruiting heads spheroidal, 12-18 mm. in diameter: achenes 
obovate, 4 mm. long, the crest undulate ; beak about 3 as long as the body, curved ; facial 
wings prominent. 

On margins of ponds, New Jersey and Pennsy!vania to Tennessee. Summer. 


18. Sagittaria viscósa C. Mohr. Monoecious. Leaf-blades broadly ovate, 2-3.5 dm. 
long, rounded to the apiculate apex ; basal lobes ovate, acute or acuminate, shorter than 
the middle lobe : scapes 5-8 dm. tall, overtopping the leaves: pedicels in 8-10 whorls, of 
nearly equal length throughout: bracts leathery, ovate-oblong, obtuse, papillose, rugose 
and viscid : sepals leathery, ovate-lanceolate, roughened and viscid like the bracts : corol- 
las white, fully 1 em. broad : filaments not dilated, pubescent : achenes not seen. 

In muddy plases and marshes, southern Alabama. Spring and summer. 


19. Sagittaria australis (J. G. Smith) Small. Monoecious, slender. Leaf-blades 
oval or suborbicular, 8-10 cm. long, abruptly pointed at the apex, ciliate; basal lobes 
ovate, barely 3 as long as the blade, obtuse: scapes 4-5 dm. tall, pubescent about the 
nodes in the inflorescence, angled, overtopping the leaves : whorls of the inflorescence 4-6, 
remote: bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate : pedicels of lower whorls 10-13 mm. long: 
achenes obovate, 3-3.5 mm. long ; crest undulate ; beak curved over the top of the crest, $ 


46 ELODEACEAE 


as long as the body; facial wings prominent, 1 on each side. [S. longirostra australis J. 
G. Smith. ] 


In low grounds, Alabama. Summer. 


20. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith. Slender, monoecious, glabrous. Leaf- 
blades narrow, 8-20 cm. long, shorter than the petioles ; lobes linear, 1-5 mm. broad, the 
terminal and basal about equal in length: scapes about as tall as the leaves, 2-6 dm. long: 
whorls of inflorescence 5-6, remote: bracts lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long: pedicels ascend- 
ing, those of staminate flowers often longer than those of the pistillate: sepals ovate, 6-7 
mm. long, acute : filaments not dilated, glabrous: mature fruiting heads subglobose, 12-14 
mm. in diameter : achenes obovate, 4 mm. long ; beak erect, 1-3 as long asthe body ; facial 
wings 1-3. 

In shallow water, Massachusetts to Florida. Summer. 

21. Sagittaria latifdlia Willd. Monoecious or dioecious. Leaf-blades ample, some- 
times broader than long, 15-40 cm. long, glabrous and rarely pubescent ; basal lobes ovate 
or lanceolate, acute or acuminate : scape 3—6 dm. long, angled : bracts 1—5 cm. long, gla- 
brous, acute or acuminate : whorls of the inflorescence mostly distant: pedicels variable, 
those bearing pistillate heads 2-5 cm. long, or longer: filaments not dilated, glabrous: 
mature fruiting heads subglobose, 1.5-3 cm. in diameter: achenes obovate, about 3 mm. 
long, erect, undulate ; beak ascending or recurved. 

In swamps and shallow water, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Florida and Louisiana. Sum- 
mer and fall. 

22. Sagittaria pubéscens Muhl. Monoecious or dioecious, puberulent or hirsute. 
Leaf-blades oblong or broadly ovate, 8-25 cm. long, usually abruptly pointed ; basal lobes 
ovate to lanceolate, about 3 as long as the blade or longer: scapes 3-6 dm. tall: whorls of 
the inflorescence remote : pedicels variable in length, surpassing the bracts: bracts ovate 
or suborbicular, obtuse, 7-10 mm. long: mature fruiting heads 8-15 mm. in diameter: 
achenes somewhat anvil-shaped or resembling the head of a bird, 2-3 mm, long; beak 
horizontal or somewhat declined. 

In meadows or marshes, Ontario to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 

23. Sagittaria Montevidénsis Cham. & Schlecht. Monoecious, robust. Leaf-blades 
sagittate, 1-5 dm. long, often as broad, glabrous above, sparingly scabrous on the nerves 
beneath ; basal lobes acute or acuminate, more or less divergent, middle lobe acute : scapes 
sometimes 6-8 cm. thick at the base, usually simple : whorls of the inflorescence several or 
numerous, 2-4 of the lower ones pistillate: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, united below: 
pedicels of staminate flowers ender, 2-3 cm. long, surpassing those of pistillate flowers : 
sepals 10-15 mm. long, obtuse: petals white, obovate: filaments not dilated, glandular- 
pubescent, longer than the anthers : mature fruiting heads 1.5-3 cm. in diameter : achenes 
2-3 mm. long, rhomboid-obovate, winged ; beak slender, oblique ; faces flat. 


a ve North Carolina to Alabama and California, naturalized from South America. Spring 
and fall. 


Order 4. HYDROCHARITALES. 


Floating or more or less emersed herbs, perennial by rootstocks or stolons. 
Leaves usually with dilated blades. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arising 
from spathes. Perianth of 2 dissimilar series, or the corolla rarely wanting. 
Androecium of 3-12 stamens. Gynoecium of 3-15 united carpels. Ovary in- 
ferior, with several parietal placentae or several-celled. Endosperm wanting. 


Ovary 1-celled, with 3, or rarely 2, 4 or 5 parietal placentae: stigmas usually 3. 
: Fam. 1. ELODEACEAE. 
Ovary 6-9-celled : stigmas 6-9. Fam. 2. HyDROCHARITACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. ELODEACEAE Dumort. TAPE-GRASS FAMILY. 


Floating or submerged sometimes acaulescent herbs, perennial by root- 
stocks or stolons. Leaves clustered or remote : blades short and broad or much 
elongated and ribbon-like. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arising from a 
spathe or 1-3 bracts. Perianth regular, of 3 sepals and 3 petals, or the latter 
wanting, all more or less petaloid. Androecium of 3-12 stamens. Filaments 
distinct or monadelphous. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium a single pistil. Ovary 
inferior, 1-celled with 3 or rarely 2-5 parietal placentae. Ovules mostly num- 
erous, orthotropous or anatropous. Fruit usually indehiscent, often becoming 


` HYDROCHARITACEAE 47 


submerged and maturing under water. Seeds with a straight embryo, without 


endosperm. 
Staminate flowers with 1-3 stamens. 
Spathes of pistillate flowers sessile or nearly so, of 2-3 distinct bracts. 1. HALOPHILA. 
Spathes of pistillate flowers very long peduncled, of several more or less united 
bracts. 2. VALLISNERIA. 
Staminate flowers with 9 stamens. 3. PHILOTRIA. 


1. HALOPHILA Thouars. 

Marine herbs, with creeping rootstocks. Leaves opposite or whorled at the nodes, 
accompanied by stipule-like scales. Flowers dioecious, solitary in spathes, 2 or 3 distinct 
bracts arising between the leaves. Staminate flowers pedicelled: perianth of 3 rather 
herbaceous sepals. Stamens 3: anthers nearly sessile, extrorse.  Pistillate flowers sessile 
in the spathes: perianth of 3 minute sepals. Ovary l-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, 
long-beaked. Style 3-parted: branches filiform. Fruit included in the spathe. Seeds 
numerous. Embryo with spirally bent cotyledons. 

1. Halophila Engelmánnii Aschers. Floating, glabrous.  Rootstocks branched, 
with many nodes : stems 10 cm. long, or shorter, commonly erect : leaves mainly whorled 
at the ends of the stem or its branches; blades linear, oblong or oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. 
long, obtuse or acutish, sharply serrulate, 3-nerved, sessile: flowers and fruit not known. 

In coves and ereeks, peninsular Florida. Spring to winter. 


2. VALLISNERIA L. 


Acaulescent submerged herbs, very delicate. Leaves basal: blades several-nerved, 
ribbon-like. Flowers dioecious. Staminate minute, numerous, crowded on a spadix 
enclosed in a spathe of 3 segments. Perianth of 3 sepals. Stamens 2 or 1-3. Pistillate 
flowers solitary at the ends of elongated cord-like spiral scapes, subtended by a tubular 
2-cleft spathe: petals 3, larger than the 3 green sepals. Ovary 1-celled, inferior, with 3 
parietal placentae: stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Fruit elongated, leathery, indehiscent. 

1. Vallisneria spiralis L. Stoloniferous, flaccid, glabrous: leaf-blades narrowly 
linear, 1-18 dm. long, entire or serrate below the apex: flowers inconspicuous ; staminate 
basal, detached at maturity, floating and expanding on the surface; pistillate floating, 
attached to the base of plant by elongated filiform scapes, which after fertilization coil 
spirally and submerge the flower : spathes cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, subtending one flower, 
membranous: fruit cylindric, 3-15 cm. long. 

In ponds or flowing water, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 
EEL-GRASS. TAPE-GRASS. 


3. PHILOTRIA Raf. 

Caulescent submerged herbs, with slender rootstocks and branching stems. Leaves 
numerous, opposite or whorled : blades 1-nerved. Flowers polygamous or dioecious, from 
a sessile 2-cleft spathe. Sepals 3. Petals 3, thin. Staminate flowers minute, with 9 sta- 
mens. Fertile flowers pistillate or perfect: stamens 3-6, sometimes sterile. Ovary 
l-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Stigmas apparently sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules few. 
Fruit leathery, inhehiscent. [Elodea Michx., not Elodes Adans. ] WATER-WEED. 


Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-oblong : calyx over 2.5 mm. broad. 1. P. Canadensis. 
avi narrowly linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate: calyx less than 2.5 mm. S 
road. . P. minor. 


1. Philotria Canadénsis (Michx.) Britton. Aquatic, flaccid. Stems variable in 
length, 1-12 dm. long, forking: leaves opposite or in whorls of 3 or 4 above the base ; 
blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-oblong, 4-15 mm. long, entire or serrulate ; whorls often 
approximate : flowers axillary ; staminate submerged, breaking off at maturity and floating 
on the surface they discharge the pollen near the pistillate flowers, these floating, attached 
to the plant by the elongated stalk, which varies from 3-30 cm. in length : spathes 10-18 
mm. long. [Elodea Canadensis Michx.] 

In ponds and slow-flowing water, nearly throughout North America. Spring to fall. 

3. Philotria minor (Engelm.) Small. Similar to P. Canadensis in habit, but more 
slender, with more branched stems and less densely crowded leaves. Leaf-blades narrowly 
linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate : pedicels hair-like : calyx 1.5-2 mm. broad. 

In ponds and streams, Minnesota to Tennessee, Missouri and Arkansas. Summer. 


48 POACEAE 


FAMILY 2. HYDROCHARITACEAE Aschers. FRoG's-BIT FAMILY. 


Aquatic or mud-inhabiting herbs. Leaves clustered, usually with well de- 
veloped blades. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arising from spathes of distinct 
or united bracts. Perianth regular, superior, of 3 sepals and 3 petals. Androe- 
cium of 6-12 stamens. Filaments distinct or partially united. Gynoecium of 
6-15 united carpels. Ovary inferior, usually 6-9-celled. Styles as many as the 
cavities of the ovary. Ovules numerous. Fruit usually indehiscent. 

Leaf not differentiated into blade and petiole: flowers dioecious: stamens distinct: anthers nearly 


sessile. _ ; : : ; 1. THALASSIA. 
Leaf differentiated into blade and petiole: flowers monoecious : stamens with united 
filaments. 2. LIMNOBIUM. 


l. THALASSIA Banks. 


Marine herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leavesseveralata joint, sheathing at the base: 
blades linear, elongated. Scape arising from the cluster of leaves. Flowers dioecious, solitary 
in narrow spathes of two bracts : these united into a tube at the base. Staminate flowers long- 
pedicelled : perianth of 3 petaloid sepals: stamens 6: filaments very short: anthers open- 
ing laterally. Pistillate flower nearly sessile in the spathe, caducous : ovary 6-9-celled, 
beaked. Fruit stalked, rugose or nearly echinate, opening by many valves. Seeds numerous. 


1. Thalassia testudinum Koenig & Sims. Submersed, glabrous.  Rootstocks creep- 
ing, elongated : stems short, arising from the nodes of the rootstock : leaves 2-5, sheathing 
the stem ; blades linear, strap-like, 0.5-3 dm. long, obtuse, withering-persistent : scapes 
solitary, central: fruit globose or oval, echinate-pubescent, slightly pointed. 

In shallow water, along the coast of peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 


2. LIMNÓBIUM L.C. Rich. 

Aquatic herbs usually floating and producing pendent roots and stolons. Leaves 
clustered : petioles elongated : blades broad, several-nerved. Flowers monoecious, from 
spathes of 2 membranous bracts. Perianth white: sepals 3: petals 3, narrower than the 
sepals, Staminate flowers 2—4 in a spathe, usually with 6-12 stamens : filaments united into 
a column, bearing the anthers at different heights. Pistillate flowers with 3-6 abortive 
stamens, a 6-9-celled ovary with several central placentae : stigmas as many as the cavities 
in the ovary, each 2-parted. Fruit a many-celled berry. 

1. Limnobium Spóngia (Bosc) L. C. Rich. Acaulescent, stoloniferous. Leaves 
basal ; petioles erect or ascending, 5-25 cm. long: blades ovate to suborbicular or reniform, 
2-5 em. broad, obtuse, entire, truncate or cordate at the base; petioles tapering to the 
blade : flowers monoecious ; staminate on scapes 8-10 cm. long ; pistillate on shorter and 
stouter scapes, these recurving at maturity: berry nodding, oval, 1-1.5 cm. long. 

In shallow water or mud, Ontario to Illinois and Missouri, to Florida and Louisiana. FROG'S-BIT. 


Order 5. POALES. 

Mostly perennial caulescent or acaulescent plants, commonly known as 
GRASSES and SEDGES. Stems (culms) simple or branched, sometimes conspicu- 
ously jointed. Leaves alternate, mostly sheathing at the base: blades usually 
narrow and elongated, entire or nearly so. Flowers variously disposed in à 
simple or compound inflorescence, perfect, or rarely monoecious or dioecious, 
incomplete, inconspicuous, in the axils of chaffy bracts or scales (glumes). 
Fruit a caryopis (grain) or an achene. 

Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with ununited margins: stems mostly hollow: fruit a grain (caryopsis). 


; ; Fam. 1. POACEAE. 
Leaves3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins: stems solid : fruitan achene. Fam. 2. CYPERACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. POACEAE R. Br! Grass FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, sometimes monoecious or 
dioecious, varying much in habit. Stems (culms) usually hollow, the nodes 
closed. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, sheathing, the sheaths generally open to 
the base on the side opposite to the blade; a scarious or cartilaginous ring 


1Contributed by Mr. George V. Nash. 


/ 


POACEAE 49 


(ligule), naked or sometimes hairy, rarely wanting, occurs at the sheath-orifice. 
Inflorescence of spikes, racemes, or panicles, composed of spikelets, these con- 
sisting of 2-many 2-ranked imbricated bracts (scales), usually the lower 2, and 
occasionally the succeeding 2-4 scales also empty, rarely all the scales flower- 
bearing. One or more of the upper scales, except sometimes the terminal one, 
bearing an axillary flower surrounded by a bract-like organ (palet), which is 
placed opposite to the scale and with its back to the axis (rachilla) of the 
spikelet, usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled and awnless, rarely 1-nerved or awned ; 
the palet is sometimes present without the flower and vice versa; the rachilla 
is often thickened and appears as a hard projection (callus) at the base of the 
scale. Flowers perfect, staminate, or pistillate, subtended by 1-3 minute 
scales (lodicules). Stamens 1-6, rarely more, usually 3. Anthers 2 celled, 
versatile. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Styles 1-8, commonly 2, distinct or more 
or less united, rarely wanting. Stigmas hairy or plumose. Fruit a seed-like 
grain (caryopsis), sometimes nut-like. Endosperm starchy. [Gramineae Juss.] 


A. Spikelets falling from the pedicel entire (see also nos. 58, 61, 62, 68 and 76 of section B), naked, or en- 
closed in bristles or a bur-like involucre, or immersed in the internodes of a readil disarticulating 
rachis, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered the lower flower staminate ; no upper empty scales: rachilla not 
extending beyond the uppermost scale. 


Spikelets round or somewhat dorsally compressed ; empty scales manifest: hilum punctiform. 


Flowering scale and palet hyaline, thin, much more delicate in structure than the thick-mem- 
branous to coriaceous empty scales. 
Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the E 
staminate in the upper, part of the same spike. TRIBE I. MAYDEAE. 
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, the 
former perfect, the latter sometimes perfect, more com- 
monly with a staminate flower, often empty or reduced 
to one or two scales, or occasionally wanting; both i ree 
spikelets pedicellate in nos. 2 and 6. TRIBE II. ANDROPOGONEAE 
Flowering seale, at least that of the perfect flower, similar in 
texture to the empty scales, or frequently thicker and 
firmer, never hyaline and thin. 
Flowering scale and palet membranous. 
Inflorescence spicate: spikelets deciduous singly or in MTM 
groups, the first scale usually larger than the rest. TRIBE III. ZOYSIEAE. 
MV vede ee v eap dc $ dg LUE Eom rid 
rom the ultimate branches, the first scale usually 3 
smaller or narrower than the rest. TRIBE IV. TRISTEGINEAE. 
Flowering scale and palet chartaceous, cartilaginous, or 
coriaceous, very different in color and appearance 


from the remaining scales. TRIBE V. PANICEAE. 
Spikelets much compressed laterally ; empty scales none or rudi- 3 
mentary: hilum linear. TRIBE VI. ORYZEAE. 


B: Spikelets with the empty scales persistent, the rachilla hence articulated above them Paor them 
in nos. 58, 61, 62, 68 and 76 and the spikelet falling entire), 1-many-flowered ; frequently the upper 
scales are empty : rachilla often produced beyond the uppermost scale. 


Stems herbaceous, hence annual: leaf-blade sessile, not articulated with the sheath. 
Spikelets borne in open or spike-like panicles or racemes, usually upon distinct and often long 


pedicels. 
Spikelets 1-flowered. 
Empty scales 4: palet 1-nerved. TRIBE VII. PHALARIDEAE. 
Empty scales 2 (rarely 1): palet 2-nerved. TRIBE VIII. AGROSTIDEAE. 


Spikelets 2-many-flowered. 


Flowering scales usually shorter than the empty ones, 2 
the es dorsal and usually bent. TRIBE IX. AVENEAE. 


Flowering seales usually bone An empty en ses 
i ight, rarely dorsal, so 
Rd Ri puis d | TRIBE XI. FESTUCEAE. 


Spikelets in two rows: : 
On one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes 


or racemes. TRIBE X. CHLORIDEAE. 
On opposite sides of an axis which is often articulated, 
orming equilateral spikes. TRIBE XII. HORDEAE. 


Stems, at least near the base, woody, hence perennial: leaf-blade 
with a petiole-like base which is articulated with the sheath. TRIBE XIII. BAMBUSEAE. 
TRIBE I. MAYDEAE. 


Fertile spikelets imbedded in the internodes of the thick rachis. 1. TRIPSACUM. 
4 


50 POACEAE 


TRIBE Il. ANDROPOGONEAE. 


A. Internodes of the rachis not thickened nor excavated for the reception of 
the spikelets. 
Spikelets alike, perfect. ; 
Axis of the racemes continuous, not articulated. 
Axis of the racemes articulated. 
Spikelets not alike: : f 
All pedicellate, the long-pedicellate one perfect, the short-pedicellate one 
staminate. : 
Sessile and pedicellate, the former perfect, the latter empty, staminate 
or wanting. 
First empty scale of the sessile spikelet balsam-bearing. 
First empty scale of the spikelet not balsam-bearing. 
a. Sessile spikelets alike throughout the inflorescence. 
Racemes singly disposed : apex of the rachis-internodes a trans- 
lucent cup-shaped, entire or irregularly toothed, va E a 
Racemes disposed in Perc or more: apex of the rachis-inter- 
nodes not appendaged. 
Rachis-internodes and pedicels sulcate, the median portion 
translucent, the margins thickened. 
Rachis-internodes and pedicels not sulcate. 
Some or all of the racemes sessile. 
All of the racemes more or less pedunculate. 
Sessile spikelets dorsally compressed. 
Pedicellate spikelets wanting. 
Pedicellate spikelets present and usually staminate. 
Sessile spikelets rounded or laterally compressed. 
Racemes with many internodes: awns none. 
Racemes with usually but one internode: awns long. 
b. Lower spikelets differing from the others. 
B. preci of the rachis much thickened and excavated to receive the 
spikelets. 
First scale of the spikelet flat or convex. 
First scale of the spikelet globose. 
TRIBE III. ZOYSIEAE. 
Second empty scale naked. 
Second empty scale with hooked spines on the back. 


TRIBE IV. TRISTEGINEAE. 


Inflorescence a panicle, the spikelets long-awned. 
TRIBE V. PANICEAE. 
A. Spikelets all perfect. 
a. Spikelets not sunken in the rachis. 
1. Spikelets naked, not involucrate. 
Empty scale 1. 
Empty scales more than 1. 
mpty scales 2. 
Lower empty scale with a thickened ring-like callus. 
Lower empty scale unappendaged. 
Spikelets in one-sided racemes or spikes. 
Flowering scale with its opening turned from the rachis. 
Spikelets ovate to orbicular, usually obtuse, rarely acute. 
Spikelets lanceolate, acute to acuminate. 
Flowering scale with its opening turned toward the rachis. 
Spikelets in panicles: 
Fertile. 
Sterile: fertile spikelets on short subterranean branches. 
Empty scales 3. 
Palet of the third scale not enlarged. 
Second empty scale not saccate at the base. 
Spikelets acute to obtuse, their empty scales not markedly 
exceeding the flowering ones. 
Spikelets sessile or nearly so, singly disposed : flowering 
scale with the opening toward the rachis. 
Spikelets more or less distinctly pedicellate, usually in 
pairs or more; flowering scale with the opening 
turned from the rachis. 
Empty scales not awned. 
Spikelets in very slender one-sided racemes which 
_ are usually whorled or approximate. 
Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes, the lat- 
ter never whorled, commonly distant. 
Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, long-hairy. 
Spikelets orbicular or lanceolate, if the latter 
then glabrous. 

Spikelets in pairs in one-sided racemes: first 
scale of the short-pedicelled spikelet 
turned to one side and often much 
longer than the corresponding scale in 

__ the other spikelet. 

Spikelets not in one-sided racemes, or if thus 
pie es the first scale of the spikelets 
central. 


a) 


-I 


gU 


16. 
Tni 


18. 


. IMPERATA. 
. ERIANTHUS. 


. TRACHYPOGON. 


. ELIONURUS. 


. SCHIZACHYRIUM. 


. AMPHILOPSIS. 
. ANDROPOGON. 
. SORGHASTRUM. 
. SORGHUM. 

. VETIVERIA. 


. RAPHIS. 
. HETEROPOGON. 


. MANISURIS. 
. HACKELOCHLOA. 


HILARIA. 
NAZIA. 


LIMNODEA. 


. REIMARIA. 


. ERIOCHLOA. 


. PASPALUM. 


SYNTHERISMA. 
ANASTROPHUS. 


. ANTHAENANTIA. 
. AMPHICARPON. 


. BRACHIARIA. 


27. SYNTHERISMA. 


21. 


31. 


. TRICHACHNE. 


DIMORPHOSTACHYS- 


PANICUM. 


POACEAE 


Empty scales awned or awn-pointed. 
Stems creeping: leaf-blades short and broad: ra- 
cemes or clusters usually of few spikelets. 
Stems erect: leaf-blades long and narrow: ra- 
cemes usually of many spikelets. 

Spikelets and their empty scales long-acuminate, the lat- 
ter not varying much in length and more than twice 
as long as the fourth scale. 

Second empty scale much enlarged, many-nerved, saccate at 
the base. 
Palet of the third scale much enlarged when mature, forcing 
open the spikelet. 
2. Spikelets involucrate. 
Involucre of numerous bristles. 
Bristles persistent: spikelets deciduous. 
Bristles not plumose. 
Bristles plumose. 
Bristles deciduous with the spikelets. 
Bristles rigid, thickened at the base. 
Bristles delicate, not thickened at the base, plumose. 
Involucre of two spine-bearing valves. 
b. Spikelets sunken in one side of the flat rachis. 
B. Spikelets monoecious: leaf-blades with a petiole-like base at the junction 
with the sheath. 
TRIBE VI. ORYZEAE. 
Spikelets monoecious. 
Inflorescence of short terminal and axillary spikes. 
Inflorescence paniculate. ne 
Spikelets in pairs, the larger one sessile and pistillate, the other small 
and staminate, pedicellate. 
Spikelets not in pairs. 
Spikelets linear. 
Spikelets ovate or elliptic. ; : 
Pistillate and staminate spikelets in different panicles. 
Pistillate and staminate spikelets in the same paniele. 
Spikelets perfect. 
Empty scales present, manifest. : E 
Empty scales wanting, or rarely present as minute rudiments. 


TRIBE VII. PHALARIDEAE. 
Third and fourth scales empty : 
Awnless. 
Awned upon the back. 
Third and fourth scales enclosing staminate flowers. 


TRIBE VIII. AGROSTIDEAE. 


A. Flowering scale indurated when mature and very closely embracing the 
grain, or at least firmer than the empty scales. 
Rachilla not extending beyond the palet. 
Flowering scale 3-awned. 
Flowering scale 1-awned. 
Awn untwisted : 
Stout: spikelets large. 
Slender : spikelets small. 
Awn twisted. 
Rachilla extending beyond the palet. E 
B. Flowering scale WHAY hyaline or membranous at maturity, 
delicate than the empty ones: grain loosely enclosed. 
Inflorescence a spike. 
Rachilla of the spikelets articulated above the empty scales which are 
therefore persistent. 
Rachilla of the spikelets articulated below the empty scales, hence de- 
ciduous entire. 
Inflorescence an open or spike-like panicle. j 
Grain not permanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet: peri- 
_ carp opening readily when mature. . : 
nage rmanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet: pericarp 
erent. 
Spikelets readily falling off entire when mature. 
Spikelets with the empty scales at least persistent. 
Palet 1-nerved and 1-keeled : stamen 1. 
Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled: stamens 3. 
Empty scales saccate at the base. 
Empty scales not saccate at the base. 
lowering scale with long hairs at the base. 
Flowering scale and palet thin-membranous. 
Flowering scale and palet chartaceous. 
* Flowering scale 5-nerved. 
Flowering scale 1-nerved. 
Flowering scales naked at the base. : 
Inflorescence an elongated narrow panicle. 
Inflorescence an open, or short and spike-like panicle. 


atleast more 


30. 
29. 


51 


OPLISMENUS. 


ECHINOCHLOA. 


. PHANOPYRUM. 
. SACCIOLEPIS, 


34. STEINCHISMA. 


. CHAETOCHLOA. 
. PENICILLARIA. 


. CENCHROPSIS. 

. PENNISETUM. 

. CENCHRUS. 

. STENOTAPHRUM. 


. OLYRA. 


. HYDROCHLOA. 


. PHARUS. 
. ZIZANIA. 


. LUZIOLA. 
. ZIZANIOPSIS. 


VORYZA: 
. HOMALOCENCHRUS. 


. PHALARIS. 
. ANTHOXANTHUM. 
. SAVASTANA. 


. ARISTIDA. 


. ORTACHNE. 

. MUHLENBERGIA. 

. STIPA. 

. BRACHYELYTRUM. 


. PHLEUM. 


. ALOPECURUS. 
. SPOROBOLUS. 


. POLYPOGON. 
. CINNA. 


. GASTRIDIUM. 


5. CALAMAGROSTIS. 


5. AMMOPHILA. 
67. 


CALAMOVILFA. 


60. EPICAMPES. 


63. 


AGROSTIS, 


52 POACEAE 


TRIBE IX. AVENEAE. 


Spikelets readily deciduous as a whole. : : 68. HoLcus. 
Spikelets with the cd be scales persistent, the flowering scales deciduous. 
Spikelets 2-flowered : rachilla not rolonged. 69. AIRA. 


Spikelets 2-many-flowered : rachilla extending beyond the upper flower. 
Flowering scale awned below the teeth. 
Flowers all perfect. ; 
Grain free, unfurrowed : spikelets less than 1 em. long. 


Flowering scales erose-toothed or shortly 2-lobed at the apex. 70. DESCHAMPSIA. 
Flowering scales cleft or 2-toothed, the teeth extending into 
awns. 71. TRISETUM. 
Grain furrowed, adherent to the scale: spikelets exceeding 1 cm. 
in length. 72. AVENA. 


Flowers different, the uper perfect, the lower staminate and with its a 
scale strongly awned. 73. ARRHENATHERUM. 
Flowering scales awned between their usually awned teeth. 74. DANTHONIA. 


TRIBE X. CHLORIDEAE. 
A. Spikelets with perfect flowers. a 
Spikelets deciduous as a whole. i 76. SPARTINA. 
Spikelets with at least the empty scales persistent. 
Spikelets with one perfect flower. 
No scales above the flowering scale. 


Spikes 2-6, digitate. 75. CAPRIOLA. 

Spikes numerous, arranged along a common axis. 82. SCHEDONNARDUS. 
1-several scales above the flower. 

Empty scales 4. 77. CAMPULOSUS. 

Empty scales 2. 


Spikes in whorls or closely approximate. 
Flowering scales with a single awn or awnless. 
Second empty scale acute: awn of flowering scales usually 


long. 78. CHLORIS. 
Second empty scale truncate or 2-toothed : flowering scales 
awnless or awn-pointed. 79. EUSTACHYS. 
Flowering scales with three awns. 80. TRICHLORIS. 
Spikes scattered. 
Spikelets scattered or distant. 81. GYMNOPOGON. 


Spikelets crowded. 
Spikes generally 4 or less, rarely as many as 8, long : spike- 
lets numerous, exceeding 12. 83. BOUTELOUA. 
Spikes often numerous, short: spikelets few, less than 12. 
Rachis of the spikes with manifest internodes. 
Spikelets broad, erowded ; internodes of the rachis 
short: rachilla terminated by a 3-awned scale, 
or sometimes reduced to 3 weak awns. 84. ATHEROPOGON. 
Spikelets very narrow, scattered : internodes of the 
rachis at least 14 as long as the spikelets: ra- 
chilla terminated by 3 stout awns. 85. TRIATHERA. 
Rachis with the internodes so short that the spikelets 


; appear clustered. 86. POLYODON. 
Spikelets with 2-3 perfect flowers. 


Spikes commonly digitate ; spikelets crowded. 
Spikes with terminal spikelets. 87. ELEUSINE. 
Spikes with the rachis extending beyond the spikelets in a manifest 


: f ege : 88. DACTYLOCTENIUM. 
Spikes distant: spikelets alternate. 


Spikelets small, numerous and crowded : scales thin. 89. LEPTOCHLOA. 
À Spikelets large, few and distant: scales firm and thick. 90. ACAMPTOCLADOS, 
B. Spikelets dioecious, those of the two sexes very dissimilar. 91. BULBILIS. 


TRIBE XI. FESTUCEAE. 


Flowering scales many-cleft into awn-like divisions. 92. PAPPOPHORUM. 
Flowering scales entire, or at most 2-lobed. 
Hairs on the rachilla or flowering scale very long and enclosing the latter : 
tall reed-like grasses. 

Flowering scales hairy : rachilla glabrous. 95. ARUNDO. 
Flowering scales glabrous: rachilla hairy. 96. PHRAGMITES. 
Hairs, if any, on the rachilla or flowering scales shorter than the scale: 

rasses of lower stature. 
Stigmas barbellate, on elongated styles. z 
Spikelets dioecious, single, concealed in the heath-like leaves. 93. MONANTHOCHLOE. 
_Spikelets perfect, commonly in 3's, in the axils of stiff spinescent leaves. 94. MUNROA. 
Stigmas plumose, sessile or on a short style. 
Flowering scale 1-3-nerved, or rarely with faint additional interme- 
diate nerves. 
adesse: nue membranous : seed not beaked nor exserted from 
e scale. 
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale pilose. 
Internodes of the rachilla long, the deeply 2-lobed flowering 
scales attached by a long pointed callus. 99. TRIPLASIS. 
Internodes of the rachilla and the blunt callus of the flower- 
ing scale short. 
Inflorescence simple or pe iiir contracted or open, the 
spikelets on pedicels of varying length. 


POACEAE 


Inflorescence a short congested raceme: leaf-blades 
with thick conspicuous cartilaginous margins. 
Inflorescence a contracted or open panicle: leaf-blades 

not cartilaginous on the margins. 

Inflorescence composed of long branches along which the 
appressed spikelets are arranged on short pedicels, or 
sometimes only a one-sided raceme. 

Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous. 
eke of the flowering scales copiously pubescent with long 
airs. 

Panicle contracted : flowering scales broadly oval, rounded 


98. 
97. 


at the apex. 102. 


Panicle pon and diffuse: flowering scales lanceolate and 
acute. 
Callus of the flowering scales glabrous. 

Second empty scale similar to the first. 

Rachilla of the spikelet continuous: palets often per- 
sistent. 1 

Rachilla of the spikelet articulated. 

Spikelets very small and numerous, less than 3 mm. 


long, usually several-many-flowered. 103. 
105. 


Spikelets large, about 6 mm. long, 2-3-flowered. 
Second empty scale very dissimilar to the first, broad and 
rounded at the summit. 

Flowering scale coriaceous in fruit: seed beaked and exserted from 

the scale. 1 
Flowering scales 5-many-nerved. 

Spikelets with two or more of the upper scales empty, broad and 
enfolding each other. 1 

Spikelets with the upper scales flower-bearing, or smaller and 


101. 


ERIONEURON. 


TRIDENS. 


DIPLACHNE. 


RHOMBOLYTRUM. 


00. REDFIELDIA. 


03. ERAGROSTIS. 


ERAGROSTIS. 
KOELERIA. 


04. EATONIA. 


07. KORYCARPUS. 


06. MELICA. 


empty. 
Empty basal scales 3-6. 108. UNIOLA. 
Empty basal scales 2. 
Spikelets dioecious. 109. DISTICHLIS. 


Spikelets perfect : 
Bornein fascicles which are arranged in a glomerate or in- 
terrupted panicle. 11 
Borne in panicles or racemes, but not in fascicles. 
Stigmas inserted at or near the apex of the ovary. 


0. DACTYLIS. 


Flowering scales with the nerves parallel. 112. PANICULARIA. 
Flowering scales with the lateral nerves converging 
above toward the midnerve. 
Flowering scales strongly keeled on the back, pu- 
bescent on some or all of the nerves: hilum 
punctiform. 111. Poa. 
Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least 
; below: hilum linear. 113. FESTUCA. 
: Stigmas plainly inserted below the apex of the ovary. 114. BROMUS. 
TRIBE XII. HORDEAE. 
Spikelets singly arranged at the rachis nodes. 
Spikelets with the flowering scales with their backs to the rachis ; empty 
scale 1. 115. LoLium. 
Spikelets with the flowering scales with their sides to the rachis: empty 
Scales 2, 116. AGROPYRON. 
Spikelets 2-6 at each rachis node: 
1-flowered. 117. HoRDEUM. 


2-many-flowered. 
Empty scales usually as long as the flowering ones. à c 
chis of the spike articulated, its internodes readily separating at 
the joints: empty scales 2-many-parted or cleft. 1 


18. SITANION. 


Rachis of the spike continuous: empty scales entire. 119. ELYMUS. 
Empty scales wanting or minute. 120. HysTRIX. 
TRIBE XIII. BAMBUSEAE. 
Shrubs or trees with the leaf-blades usually articulated with the sheaths. 121. ARUNDINARIA. 


1. TRIPSACUM L. 


Tall perennial monoecious grasses, with stout rootstocks, usually broad flat leaf-blades 
and spicate inflorescence. Spikes articulated, elongated. Staminate spikelets 2-flowered, 
in pairs at each joint of the upper portion of the axis, of 4 scales, the outer 2 empty, 
coriaceous and shining, the inner 2 thinner, each enclosing a hyaline palet and a flower 
consisting of 3 stamens.  Pistillate spikelets 1-flowered, in excavations in the lower inter- 
nodes of the rachis, the outer scale very hard, thick and shining, concealing the more deli- 


cate remaining scales, the fourth scale enclosing a flower with a slender style. Stigmas 2, 
exserted. Grain enclosed in the appressed outer scale and the internode. 
Spikes in pai ingle, terminal and axillary: leaf-blades 1-2 em. 

p x ; irs or more, rarely single, termina y a 
Spike single, terminal, none axillary : leaf-blades 8 mm. broad or less. Der, Suid. 


54 POACEAE 


l. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Glabrous, or on the summit of the sheaths and the 
upper surface of the leaves more or less hirsute. Stems 1-2.5 m. tall, from stout root- 
stocks; blades 6 dm. long or less, 1-4 cm. wide: spikes terminating the stem and its 
branches, single, or at the summit of the stem in 2's-4's, 1-3 dm. long, the lower 1-3 
pistillate, the remainder staminate, the margins of the excavations in the pistillate portion 
ciliate, the sinus at the base with long hairs: pistillate spikelets 7-10 mm. long, orbicular- 
ovate: staminate spikelets 7-10 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, oblong, the outer 2 scales 
glabrous or puberulent. 

In swamps or along streams, Rhode Island to Kansas, Florida, Texas, and Mexico. Summer and 
fall GAMA GRASS. 

2. Tripsacum Floridanum Porter. Similar to the preceding species, but much more 
slender. Stems from stout rootstocks, 6-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades long and narrow, usually 
5-8 mm. wide: spikes rather slender, 1.5-2 dm. long, single, terminal, never axillary. 


In moist or wet places, peninsular Florida and the Keys to Texas. Spring and summer. 


2. IMPERATA Cyr. 


Perennial grasses, with long leaf-blades and long terminal cylindric dense and spike- 
like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, narrow, in pairs, unequally pedicel- 
late. Scales 4, thin, hyaline, awnless, the outer 2 empty, pilose, the third scale glabrous, 
empty or rarely enclosing a palet and staminate flower, the fourth scale glabrous, subtend- 
ing a perfect flower and its 2-nerved palet which is truncate and toothed at the apex. 
Stamens l or 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


1. Imperata Brasiliénsis Trin. Stems tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, slender: leaf-sheaths 
smooth and glabrous ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-8 mm. wide, smooth beneath, hirsute 
above near the base: panicle 6-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. broad, oblong, its branches 1.5-4 
cm. long, ascending: spikelets about 4 mm. long, the one about equalling, the other about 
twice as long as its pedicel, the outer 2 scales and the callus densely clothed with hairs, 
these, as well as those at the summit of the rachis internodes, more than twice as long as 
the spikelets. 


In dry soil, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring and summer. BBRA- 
ZILIAN BLADY-GRASS. 


3. ERIANTHUS Michx. 


Tall perennial grasses, with frequently robust stems arising from thick rootstocks, and 
with flat leaf-blades and perfect flowers in open or contracted terminal panicles. Spikelets 
usually with a basal ring of long hairs, or rarely naked, in pairs at each joint of the artic- 
ulated and often hairy rachis. Scales 4, the outer 2 indurated, frequently hairy, the re- 
mainder hyaline, the fourth scale often 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an awn which is 
straight, spiral, or more or less contorted ; palet small, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles dis- 
tinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose. PLUME Grass. BEARD GRASS. 


Spikelets with a basal ring of hairs at least 14 its length, the outer 2 scales long- 
pilose or becoming glabrous. 
Panicle pale, rarely tinged with P a the basal hairs much exceeding the 
eco d yellowish white spikelet. 
Exserted portion of the awn loosely coiled, the included part tightly spiral. 1. E. alopecuroides. 
Exserted portion of the awn straight, the included portion rarely slightly ae 
2. E. Tracyi. 


twisted. 
Panicle dark, often tinged with purple, the basal hairs?from'shorter than to ex- 
ceeding the yellowish brown or dark brown spikelet. 
Exserted portion of the awn straight. 
Spikelets 6 mm. long or less, equalling or shorter than the basal hairs. 

Panicle dense and compact, its branches short and erect; basal hairs 
about as long as the spikelet. 3. E. compactus. 

Paniele loose and open, its branches long and ascending ; basal hairs 

much exceeding the spikelet. 
Internodes of the branches commonly about as long as the spikelets 


whieh are about 24 as long as the basal hairs. 4. E. saccharoides. 
Lower internodes of the elongated branches much exceeding the 
: spikelets which are about 14 as long as the basal hairs. 5. E. lazus. 
Spikelets 8 mm. long or more, exceeding the basal hairs. 6. E. brevibarbis. 


Exserted portion of the awn contorted or loosely spiral. 
Spikelets 7.5 mm. long or less; summit of the stem and panicle-axis gla- 


.. brous orsparingly appressed-hirsute. 7. E. contortus. 
Spikelets 8-9 mm. long; summit of the stem and panicle-axis densely ap- 
pressed-hirsute. 8. E. Smallü. 


Spikelet naked at the base or with a few short hairs, the outer 2scales strongly ap- 
pressed-hispid. 9. E. strictus. 


POACEAE 55 


1. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) EIL. Stems 1.5-3 m. tall, the apex, the panicle-axis, 
and often also the nodes, pubescent with long silky appressed hairs. Leaf-sheaths gla- 
brous ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 5-25 mm. broad, hirsute above near the base: panicle 2-3. 
dm. long, 5-10 em. broad, oblong, its branches erect-ascending, the larger 4-11 em. long : 
spikelets rather crowded, about $ as long as the basal hairs and 4 again as long as the inter- 
nodes; 2 outer scales about 6 mm. long, pilose with hairs less than 1} timesas long as the 
scales; fourth scale 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth acuminate, the awn 12-16 mm. long, 
the included portion a tightly spiral column, the remainder loosely coiled. 

In damp soil, North Carolina, Kentucky and Missouri, to Georgia and Alabama. Fall.—A form» 
E. alopecuroides hirsütus Nash, differs from the species in having the sheaths, at least the lower ones, and 
the lower surface of the leaf-blades appressed-hirsute. In similar situations, Florida. 

2. Erlanthus Tracyi Nash. Stems 2-4 m. tall, the summit and nodes together with 
the paniele-axis and top of the otherwise glabrous sheaths appressed-pubescent with long 
silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes; blades 5 dm. long or more, 1.5-3 
em. broad, very rough, pilose above at the base: panicle 3-5 dm. long, 8-12 cm. wide, ob- 
long, its pubescent branches erect-ascending, the larger 1-1.5 dm. long : spikelets crowded, 
less than å as long as the basal hairs and 4 again as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 
5-6 mm. long, pilose with hairs twice as long as the scale ; fourth scale entire or somewhat 
2-toothed at the apex, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, straight or slightly flexuous. 

In moist open places, Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 

S. Erianthus compáctus Nash. Stems 1-2 m. tall, the summit and nodes together 
with the panicle-axis and top of the otherwise glabrous sheaths appressed-pubescent with 
long silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 6-12 
mm. wide, rough on both surfaces, more or less appressed-hirsute beneath, also above near 
the base: panicle 1-2 dm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, oblong, its branches erect-ascending, the 
larger 3-5 cm. long: spikelets crowded, about equalling the basal hairs, and usually over 
twice as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 5-6 mm. long, pilose with long hairs; fourth 
. scale slightly if at all toothed at the apex, the awn straight or slightly flexuous, 1-2 cm. long. 

In swamps, New Jersey to North Carolina and Tennessee. Fall. 

4. Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Stems 1.5-3 m. tall, the summit and nodes to- 
gether with the panicle-axis and top of the otherwise glabrous sheaths appressed-pubes- 
cent with long silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 
6-25 mm. wide, usually rough and more or less hirsute on both surfaces : panicle 1.5-4 dm. 
long, 5-15 cm. wide, oblong, its branches ascending, the larger 7-15 cm. long: spikelets 
rather loosely disposed, about 3 as long as the basal hairs and a little exceeding the inter- 
nodes ; 2 outer scales 4-6 mm. long, pilose with long hairs; fourth scale slightly if at all 
toothed at the apex, the awn straight or slightly flexuous, 1.5-2.5 em. long. 

In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

5. Erianthus láxus Nash. Stems 2-3 m. tall, pubescent, especially at the nodes, 
with appressed hairs, those at the apex and on the panicle-axis long and copious. Leaf- 
sheaths, particularly the lower ones, densely hirsute, especially at the ends; blades 2-5 
dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, hirsute on both surfaces, the upper surface becoming glabrous : 
pee 4-5 dm. long, 1 dm. wide or less, its elongated and ascending branches lax and 

exuous, the larger 2-2.5 dm. long : spikelets loosely disposed, 3 as long as the basal hairs 
and much exceeded by the internodes, especially by the lower ones; 2 outer scales 4-5 
mm. long, pilose with long hairs ; fourth scale entire or shortly 2-toothed at the apex, the 
awn straight or slightly flexuous, about 2 cm. long. 

In swamps, peninsular Florida. Fall. 

6. Erianthus brevibárbis Michx. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, the nodes pubescent with 
readily deciduous hairs, the summit and panicle-axis glabrous.  Leaf-sheaths rough, the 
summit appressed-hirsute ; blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, rough: panicle 2-3 
dm. long, about 3 cm. wide, its branches erect, the larger 2-7 em. long : spikelets crowded, 
exceeding the basal hairs and a little less than twice as long as the internodes ; 2 outer 
scales 8-9 mm. long, sparingly pilose; fourth scale usually entire at the apex, the awn 
straight, 1.5-2.5 em. long. 

In moist soil, Delaware to North Carolina and Louisiana. Fall. 

7. Erianthus contórtus Ell. Stems 1-2 m. tall, the nodes often pubescent with 
readily deciduous hairs, the summit and panicle-axis glabrous, or sparingly appressed- 
pubescent.  Leaf-sheaths smooth or rough; blades 1.5-8 dm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, 
smoothish or rough : panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, its branches erect, the larger 
4-7 cm. long: spikelets crowded, exceeding the basal hairs and about } again as long as 
the internodes ; 2 outer scales 7-7.5 mm. long, at first more or less pilose with long hairs ; 
fourth scale 2-toothed at the apex, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, the included portion often a 
little spiral at the base, the remainder loosely spiral. 

In pine woods, Delaware to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 


56 POACEAE 


8. Erianthus Smállii Nash. Stems 1.5-2.5 m. tall, the nodes pubescent with readily 
deciduous hairs, the summit and the panicle-axis copiously appressed-pubescent with long 
silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths usually sparingly hirsute at the apex, otherwise glabrous ; blades 
1.5-7 dm. long, 6-20 mm. wide, rough on both surfaces: panicle 2-4 dm. long, 4-6 cm. 
wide, its branches erect, the larger 7-10 cm. long: spikelets crowded, about equalling the 
basal hairs and 3 again as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 8-9 mm. long, pilose with 
long hairs ; fourth scale 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth long and subulate, the awn 2-2.5 
em. long, the included portion long and tightly spiral, the remainder loosely spiral. 

In low grounds, Tennessee to Georgia, Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 

9. Erianthus strictus Baldw. Stems 1-2 m. tall, the nodes usually pubescent with 
readily deciduous hairs, the summit and the panicle-axis glabrous. Leaf-sheaths glabrous ; 
blades 2-7 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, rough on the margins but otherwise smooth : pan- 
icle 2-4 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, its branches appressed, the larger 5-8 cm. long : spikelets 
crowded, about 4 again as long as the internodes, the basal hairs wanting or sparse and less 
than } as long as the spikelet ; 2 outer scales 8-10 mm. long, strongly appressed-hispid ; 
fourth scale entire or shortly 2-toothed at the apex, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, straight. 

In moist soil, Tennessee to Florida and Texas. Fall. 


4. MANISURIS L. 


Perennial, often tall grasses, sometimes with rootstocks, narrow flat leaf-blades, and 
cylindric articulated terminal and axillary spikes. Spikelets in pairs at each joint, in ex- 
cavations in the rachis, one sessile and containing a perfect flower, the other pedicellate 
and either bearing a staminate flower, or empty. Scales of the sessile spikelet 4, the 
outermost thick and coriaceous, sometimes more or less rugose or pitted, concealing, to- 
gether with the pedicel of the other spikelet, the remaining scales and the excavation in 
the rachis ; second scale chartaceous, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the former empty 
or infolding a staminate flower, the latter enclosing a thinly hyaline palet and perfect 
flower. Scales of the pedicellate spikelet 4 or fewer. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
[ Rottboellia L. f.] RAT-TAIL Grass. 


Stems from horizontal rootstocks, round ; sheaths round, narrow. 1. M. cylindrica. 
Stems tufted, much flattened, at least below ; rootstocks wanting ; sheaths much com- 
pressed, broad, keeled. 
First scale of the sessile spikelet transversely wrinkled (rarely smooth). 
Wrinkles short, but little elevated, tubercle-like, sometimes entirely wanting. 2. M, tuberculosa. 
Wrinkles long, often extending completely across the scale, much elevated. 
Leaf-blades rather short and broad, especially those of the upper sheaths, 


6-10 mm. wide at the base: rachis of the racemes glabrous. 3. M. C hapmanii. 
Leaf-blades elongated and narrow, even those of the upper sheaths, 6 mm. 
wide at the base or less: rachis of the racemes puberulent. 4. M. rugosa. 
First scale of the sessile spikelet pitted. 5. M. tessellata. 


1l. Manisuris cylíndrica (Michx.) Kuntze. Stems from creeping rootstocks, round, 
3-10 dm. tall, slender: leaf-sheaths round, narrow ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. 
wide: racemes finally exserted, 1-2 dm. long, straight or curved, the rachis barely if at all 
contracted at the nodes: sessile spikelet 4.5-5 mm. long, about equalling the internode, 
the first scale more or less pitted in longitudinal lines, or rarely unpitted, each pit often con- 
taining a subulate hair; pedicellate spikelet reduced to 1 or 2 short scales, the pedicel 
linear, shorter than the sessile spikelet and curved around its margin. [Rottboellia cylin- 
drica (Michx.) Chapm.] 

In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Texas; also in Missouri and the Indian Territory. Summer, 

2. Manisuris tuberculósa Nash. Stems tufted, much compressed, 8-12 dm. tall, 
stout: leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad, keeled; blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. 
wide: racemes finally exserted, 6-10 cm. long, straight, the rachis barely if at all contracted 
at the nodes : sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, about equalling the internode, the first 
scale transversely wrinkled, or very rarely without wrinkles, the wrinkles short, tubercle- 
like, irregularly disposed ; pedicellate spikelet reduced to 1 or 2 short scales about 4 the 
length of the linear pedicel which isa little shorter than the sessile spikelet and curved 
around its margin. 

On lake shores, peninsular Florida. Summer. 


3. Manisuris Chapmánii (Hack.) Nash. Stems tufted, 6-15 dm. tall, much com- 
pressed: leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad throughout ; blades usually less than 2.5 dm. 
long, 6-10 mm. wide, those of the inflorescence generally very short and broad : racemes 
commonly 4-5 em. long, occasionally longer, little compressed, exserted or a little included 
at the base, the rachis glabrous, the internodes and pedicels usually flat, not much de- 
pressed on the back: sessile spikelet 4-5 mm. long, usually exceeding the stout inter- 


POACEAE 57 


node ; pedicellate spikelet smaller and of 2 scales, or sometimes staminate and as long as 
the linear pedicel. 

In swampy places, Florida. Fall. 

4. Manisuris rugósa (Nutt.) Kuntze. Stems tufted, much compressed, 7-12 dm. 
tall, stout: leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad, keeled ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 6 mm. 
wide or less: racemes exserted or somewhat included at the base, 5-8 em. long, straight or 
a little curved, the rachis internodes usually much contracted at the base and puberulent : 
sessile spikelet 3.5-4.5 mm. long, about equalling or a little exceeding the internodes, the 
first scale strongly transversely wrinkled, the wrinkles much elevated and often extending 
across the entire width of the scale, the longitudinal ridges usually rather prominent, often 
2-toothed at the obtuse apex ; pedicellate spikelet of 2 scales, 3 as long as the clavate 
puberulent pedicel or less. [Rottboellia rugosa Nutt. Rottboellia corrugata Baldw. ] 

In wet places, Delaware and Maryland to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

5. Manisuris tessellata (Steud. ) Scribn. Stems tufted, much compressed, 8-12 dm. 
tall, stout: leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad, keeled ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 3-8 
mm. wide: racemes finally exserted, 6-12 cm. long, straight, the rachis barely if at all 
contracted at the nodes: sessile spikelet about 5 mm. long, a little exceeding the inter- 
node, the first scale deeply pitted, the pits quadrangular: pedicellate spikelet of 1 or 2 
scales, about 3 as long as the straight linear pedicel which is shorter than the sessile spike- 
let. [Rottboellia corrugata Chapm., not Baldw. ] 

In low pine lands, Alabama to Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


5. HACKELOCHLOA Kuntze. 


Annual grasses, with branching stems, flat leaf-blades and terminal and axillary short 
spikes which are sometimes partially included in the sheaths. Spikelets in pairs in excava- 
tions at the rachis-joints, one sessile, 1-flowered, the other pedicellate, flowerless. Scales 
of the sessile spikelet 4, awnless, the outermost empty, firm, globose, pitted, covering the 
excavation in the rachis, the second small, concave, thin, somewhat rigid, the third empty, 
the fourth small, thin, hyaline, enclosing a perfect flower and sometimes also a minute 
palet. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Manisuris Sw., not L.] 

1. Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze. Stems tufted, 2-10 dm. tall, finally 
much branched: leaf-sheaths papillose-hirsute ; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-15 mm. 
wide, papillose-hirsute on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins : racemes 1-2 cm. long, the 
peduncles hirsute: sessile spikelet about 1 mm. in diameter; pedicellate spikelet about 2 
mm. long, sterile, consisting of 2 scales. [Manisuris granularis Sw. ] 

In cultivated and waste places, Georgia and Florida to Arizona. Also in all tropical regions. 
Summer and fall. LizARD-TAIL GRASS. 


6. TRACHYPOGON Nees. 


Tall perennial grasses, with long narrow leaf-blades and spike-like terminal racemes. 
Spikelets 1-flowered, one almost sessile and staminate, or if perfect, sterile, the other ped- 
icellate and enclosing a perfect flower. Scales usually 4; the first scale rigid, awnless, en- 
closing the rest, the second somewhat resembling the first but smaller and thinner, the 
third scale very thin and hyaline ; fourth scale in the sessile spikelets very thinly hyaline, 
awnless, in the pedicellate spikelet very narrowly hyaline at the base, and produced into a 
very long contorted awn which is geniculate above. Palet minute or wanting. Stamens 
3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1l. Trachypogon secündus (Presl) Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, simple, the 
nodes barbed : leaf-blades erect, 1-3 dm. long, about 3 mm. wide, hirsute on the upper 
surface: racemes 1-2 dm. long, the rachis glabrous: short-pedicellate spikelet about 7 mm. 
long, the long-pedicellate one about 9 mm. in length, the first scale of both copiously pu- 
bescent with rather long ascending hairs, the awn of the latter 4-6 cm. long, twisted at 
the base and geniculate, pubescent below with long nearly erect hairs which become much 
shorter toward the summit. [Heteropogon secundus Presl.] 

In dry soil, Texas to Arizona, south to Mexico. Summer and fall. 


7. ELIONURUS H. & P. 


Tall and branched, or low and tufted grasses, with often elongated leaves, and terminal 
Spikes. Spikelets in pairs in excavations at the rachis-nodes ; one sessile, 1-flowered, or 
rarely 2-flowered ; the other pedicellate, sometimes enclosing a flower. Scales 4, awnless, 


58 POACEAE 


the outermost one larger than the rest, membranous, exhaling a balsam-odor when fresh 
or when soaked in water, second scale shorter, thinner, somewhat rigid, acute, the third 
scale empty, or rarely in the sessile spikelets infolding a staminate flower, the fourth scale 
very thinly hyaline, in the sessile spikelets enclosing a perfect flower, in the pedicellate 
spikelets either empty or enclosing a staminate flower ; palet minute or wanting. Stamens 
3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Blionurus tripsacoides H. & B. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, from a rootstock, branched 
above: leaf-blades 5 dm. long or less, involute above the base when dry and about 0.8 
mm. in diameter, 3-5 mm. wide at the base, hirsute above near the base: racemes finally 
exserted, 7-14 cm. long, the rachis-internodes pilose excepting the inner surface : sessile 
spikelet 6.5-8 mm. long, about twice as long as the rachis-internode ; pedicellate spikelet 
5-6 mm. long, reaching or extending a little beyond the apex of the sessile spikelet, the 
pedicel pilose, excepting the inner surface. 

In low pine lands, Florida to Texas. Also in Mexico and South America. Summer and fall. 


8. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees. 


Annual or perennial grasses, tufted, or from rootstocks, with flat or involute leaf-blades, 
and spike-like racemes, singly disposed, terminating the stem or its branches. Spikelets 
in pairs at each node of the articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other 
pedicellate. Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, sometimes pubescent, the 
remainder of the scales hyaline, the fourth scale entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a 
straight, contorted or spiral awn; palet small, hyaline.  Pedicellate spikelet sterile, of 1 
or 2 scales, or wanting. Stamens1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. BEARD GRASS. 


Internodes of the racemes glabrous, or merely shortly appressed-pubescent on 
the back, the racemes hence appearing naked. 
Internodes as well as the first scale of the sessile spikelet glabrous. 
Sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long; pedicel stout, oblong-elliptic, the outer mar- 


gin ciliate its entire length. 1. S. semibcrbe. 
Sessile spikelet 4 mm. long; pedicel slender, linear, the outer margin ciliate 
only at the apex. 2. S. tenerum. 
Internodes as well as the first scale of the sessile spikelet appressed-pubes- 
cent. 3. S. oligostachyum. 


Internodes of the racemes and the pedicels long-ciliate on the margins, the in- 
ner or usually both surfaces glabrous, the racemes hence appearing hairy. 
Leaf-blades flat and broad; rachis-internodes and pedicels glabrous on the 

back, or the former rarely sparsely pilose at the summit, the marginal 
hairs much shorter than the respective organs. 
Stems tufted, no stolons. 
Sheaths and leaf-blades glabrous or sometimes sparingly pubescent. 
Spikelets 5-7 mm. long. 
Spikelets 10 mm. long. 
Sheaths and leaf-blades densely long-villous. 
Stems not tufted, stoloniferous, rootstocks long and slender. 
Pedicellate spikelet staminate: lower sheaths numerous, crowded, the 
blades spreading. 7. S. maritimum. 
Danes teres spikelet sterile: lower sheaths few, not crowded, the blades 
erect. 
Sessile spikelet 6-7 mm. long, the first scale strongly tuberculate- 
roughened ; pedicellate spikelet of a single scale, about 3mm. : 
long, single-awned. 8. S. stoloniferum. 
Sessile spikelet 9-10 mm. long, the first scale smooth or nearly so; 
pedicellate spikelet of 2 scales, 6-8 mm. long, the first scale 3- 


. S. scoparium. 
ES. acuminatum. 
. S. villosissimum. 


oO 


awned. 9. S. triaristatum. 
Leaf-blades involute, filiform ; rachis-internodes and pedicels strongly pilose 
on the back, the marginal and dorsal hairs much longer than the re- 
spective members. 10. S. gracile. 

1. Schizachyrium semibérbe Nees. Smooth and glabrous. Stems tufted, 6-12 dm. 
tall, the branches in 1’s or 2’s: leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide: racemes 
single, 5-8 cm. long, partially included at the base, the rachis-internodes with a dense 
ring of short hairs at the base, thick, channeled on the inner surface : sessile spikelet 5-6 
mm. long, the first scale rounded on the back, roughened, acuminate, the awn of the fourth 
scale 12-15 mm. long, geniculate, tightly spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicel- 
late spikelet consisting of a single hispidulous scale about 3 mm. long with an equally long 
awn, the pedicel stout, oblong-elliptic, ciliate on the outer margin, shorter than the inter- 
node. [Andropogon semiberbis (Nees) Kunth. ] 

In dry rocky or sandy ground, southern peninsular Florida. Also tropical America. Summer. 

2. Schizachyrium ténerum Nees. Smooth and glabrous. Stems tufted, slender, 
often weak and decumbent, 4-10 dm. long, the branches in 1’s or Xs: leaf-blades 2 dm. 
long or less, 0.5-2 mm. wide, the lower ones often sparingly hirsute above near the base: 
racemes single, 3-6 em. long, the rachis-internodes with a ring of hairs at the base, stout, 


POACEAE 59 


channeled on the inner surface: sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, the first scale somewhat 
rounded on the back, acute, the awn of the fourth scale 7-10 mm. long, geniculate, tightly 
spiral at the base, the column exserted; pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale, 
4-5 mm. long, awnless or awn-pointed, the pedicel linear, not stout, pilose on the outer 
side near the summit, usually equalling or a little exceeding the internode. [Andropogon 
tener (Nees) Kunth. ] 

In dry ground, South Carolina to Florida and southern Texas. Also in tropical America. Fall. 

3. Schizachyrium oligostachyum (Chapm.) Nash. Smooth and glabrous, some- 
times glaucous. Stems 9-15 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s or 2’s: leaf-blades 2 dm. long or 
less, 4 mm. wide or less: racemes single, usually partially included at the base, 6-10 cm. 
long: sessile spikelet about 6 mm. long, about as long as or a little exceeding the hirsute 
rachis-internode, the first scale hirsute, the geniculate awn of the fourth scale 10-12 min. 
long, closely spiral at the base, the column considerably exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 
4-5 mm. long, the first scale glabrous, bearing an awn about 2 mm. long. [Andropogon 
oligostachyus Chapm. ] 

In dry sandy soil, Florida. Fall. 

4. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash. Green or purplish, sometimes 
glaucous. Stems tufted, 4.5-15 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s-4’s: leaf-sheaths usually 
glabrous, sometimes more or less hirsute; blades 5 dm. long or less, 8 mm. wide or less, 
commonly roughened, and frequently somewhat hirsute above near the base: racemes 
single, 3-6 cm. long, the hairs on the rachis-internodes and pedicels grayish white : ses- 
sile spikelet 5-7 mm. long, usually about twice as long as the internode, the first scale 
generally more or less tuberculate-roughened, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, 
8-15 mm. long, closely spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 2-4.5 
mm. long, the first scale usually glabrous, tipped with an awn generally 1 mm. long or less, 
the pedicel considerally shorter than the sessile spikelet. [Andropogon scoparius Michx. ] 

In dry sandy soil, New Brunswick to Alberta, Florida and Texas. Summer and Fall. BROOM GRASS. 

5. Schizachyrium acuminatum Nash. Stems tufted, 7-10 dm. tall, the branches 
in I's-3's: leaf-sheaths generally rough toward the summit, compressed, keeled ; blades 
2 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, rough: racemes single, finally exserted, 3-6 cm. 
long, the hairs of the rachis-internodes and pedicels grayish white: sessile spikelet 1 cm. 
long, about twice the length of the internode, the awn about 1.5 cm. long, geniculate ; 
pedicellate spikelet consisting of 2 scales, the first 4-5 mm. long, strongly hispidulous and 
bearing an awn 2 mm. long or less, the pedicel about 2 as long as the sessile spikelet. 

In dry soil, Mississippi. Fall. i 

6. Schizachyrium villosíssimum (Kearn.) Nash. Leaf-sheaths, and blades on both 
surfaces, densely villous. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, rather stout : leaf-blades 3.5 dm. long 
or less, 3-5 mm. wide, erect, rather firm : racemes single, about 3 em. long, exserted from 
the spathes which are more or less villous: sessile spikelet about 6.5 mm. long, the first 
scale tuberculate-roughened, acuminate, the awn of the fourth scale usually geniculate and 
more or less contorted, 10-13 mm. long, tightly spiral at the base, the column exserted ; 
pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale about 2 mm. long with an awn 1-2 mm. 
long, the pedicel recurved, at least when dry, shorter than the sessile spikelet, pilose above 
the middle with white hairs, glabrous below. [Andropogon scoparius villosissimus Kearn. ] 

In dry sandy soil, Mississippi. Fall. 

7. Schizachyrium marítimum (Chapm.) Nash. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. 
Stems 4-6 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, the lower ones crowded and over- 
lapping ; blades 1 dm. long or less, 4 mm. broad or less, widely spreading : racemes 
single, usually partially included at the base, 3-4 cm. long, rather stout, the terminal hairs 
of the internodes of the rachis 5-7 mm. long: sessile spikelet 8-9 mm. long, about twice 
as long as the internodes, the awn twisted at the base, geniculate, 9-13 mm. long; pedicel- 
late spikelet 5-7 mm. long, awnless, consisting of four scales, the outer two acuminate and 
usually awn-pointed, the fourth scale enclosing a staminate flower, the pedicel about 4 as 
long as the sessile spikelet. [Andropogon maritimus Chapm. ] 

Along the seacoast, western Florida to Mississippi. Fall. 

8. Schizachyrium stoloniferum Nash. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, stoloniferous: leaf- 
sheaths keeled, more or less hirsute on the margins near the summit ; blades 2 dm. long 
or less, 2-5 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above and hirsute near the base: racemes 
single, 3-4 cm. long: sessile spikelet 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, about twice as long as the 
rachis-internode, the first scale strongly tuberculate-roughened, the awn of the fourth scale 
geniculate, more or less contorted, 8-10 mm. long, spiral at the base, the column not ex- 
serted ; pedicellate spikelet of a single scale about 3 mm. long, hispidulous, bearing an 
awn shorter than itself. 

In sandy soil, western Florida. Fall. 


60 POACEAE 


9. Schizachyrium triaristàtum Nash. Stems 6-8 dm. tall, stoloniferous: leaf- 
sheaths keeled, more or less hirsute on the margins near the summit ; blades 1.5 dm. long 
or less, 3-5 mm. wide, hirsute above near the base: racemes single, 3-5 cm. long: sessile 
spikelet 9-10 mm. Jong, acuminate, more than twice as long as the rachis-internode, the 
first scale smooth or nearly so, the awn of the fourth scale 12-15 mm. long, geniculate, 
more or less contorted, spiral at the base, the column not exserted ; pedicellate spikelet of 
2 scales, 6-8 mm. long, the first scale hispidulous, 3-awned. 

In sand, Florida. Fall. 

10. Schizachyrium gracile (Spreng.) Nash. Smoothand glabrous. Stems densely 
tufted, slender, rigid, 3-6 dm. tall; leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, very slender, involute, 
0.5 mm. in diameter or less: racemes long-exserted, single, 3-5 cm. long, silvery white : 
sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about 4 again as long as the internode, the awn geniculate, 
13-20 mm. long, tightly spiral to the bend, loosely so above, the column much exserted : 
pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale, 1-2.5 mm. long, short-awned, the pedicel 
about as long as or a little shorter than the sessile spikelet. [Andropogon gracilis Spreng. ] 

In dry pine woods, southern peninsular Florida: also in the West Indies. Summer. 


9. ANDROPOGON L. 


Perennial grasses, tufted or from elongated rootstocks, with flat or involute leaf-blades, 
and spike-like racemes, disposed in pairs or sometimes in 3’s or more, terminating the stem 
or its branches, and often protruding from the side of a membranous spathe-like sheath. 
Spikelets sometimes with a ring of short hairs at the base, in pairs at each node of the 
articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate. Sessile spikelet 
of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often pubescent, the remainder of the scales usually 
hyaline, the fourth scale entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a straight contorted or 
spiral awn, or sometimes awnless ; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate spikelet usually sterile 
of 1 or 2 scales, sometimes of four scales and enclosing a staminate or more rarely a perfect 
flower, or frequently entirely wanting, the first scale rarely short-awned. Stamens 1-3. 
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. BEARD Grass. Broom Grass. SAND GRASS. 


A. Pedicellate spikelet sterile, consisting of 1 or 2 scales, much smaller than the 
sessile one. 
a. Stamen 1. i 

1. Racemes usually equalling or a little shorter than the spathes, rarely 
somewhat exceeding them (considerably exserted in some forms of 

no. 2), the common peduncle thus concealed. 
Inflorescence oblong to oval or obovate, the branches many times di- 
vided, the lower ones elongated, forming 1 or more corymbiform 
masses; upper stem-leaves usually equalling or exceeding the in- 


florescence. 
Spathes smooth; apex of the common peduncle of the racemes gla- 
brous. 1. A. glomeratus. 
Spathes very rough ; apex of the common peduncle of the racemes 
hispidulous. 2. A. corymbosus. 


Inflorescence long and narrow, commonly linear, the branches not 
much divided nor the lower ones excessively elongated, hence 
forming no corymbiform masses ; upper stem-leaves usually shorter 
than the inflorescence. 

Racemes in pairs (very rarely in 3’s or 4’s). 
Sheaths not glabrous. 

Sheaths hirsute on the margins, the upper surface of the leaf- 
blades also hirsute near the base; hairs on the summit of 
the internodes of the racemes rather sparse, and about 
twice their length, 3. A. Virginicus. 

Sheaths, especially those of the innovations and their blades, 
densely appressed-hirsute; hairs on the summit of the 
internodes of the racemes copious and about three times 


their length. 4. A. longiberbis. 
Sheaths glabrous. 


Leaf-blades tuberculate-hirsute above toward the base; hairs 
of xs racemes dense, the spikelets therefore obscurely 
visible. 

Leaf-blades not hirsute above; hairs of the racemes rather 
scant, the spikelets therefore plainly visible. 

Branches of the inflorescence several times divided : spathes 
2-3 em. long. 6. A. capillipes. 
Branches of the inflorescence simple: spathes 4-7 em. long. 
Stems slender; basal leaf-blades narrow, 2 mm. wide or 
Jess, usually long and flexuous. 7. A. perangustatus. 
Stems cha basal leaf-blades broad and rigid, 3-6 mm. 


c 


(A. Tracyt: 


wide. 8. A. glaucopsis. 
Racemes in 4's (rarely in 2’s or 3’s) ; sheaths, at least the lower ones, 
densely hirsute. 


POACEAE 61 


Spathes narrow, long-acuminate, much exceeding the slender ra- 
cemes : sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, lanceolate. 9. A. tetrastachyus. 
Spathes broad, acuminate, equalling or shorter than the stout 
racemes: sessile spikelet about 4.5 mm. long, broadly lanceo- 
late. : 10. A. Mohrii. 
2. Racemes, at least some of them, entirely exserted from the spathes. the 
common peduncle thus visible. 
Sheaths at the summit of the stem and also sometimes at the upper 
nodes much enlarged, crowded and imbricated. 
All the flowering stems with enlarged upper sheaths; lower sheaths 
shorter than the internodes, hence distant. 
Basal sheaths and those of the innovations glabrous; enlarged 
sheaths in 2’s or 3’s, 3 mm. wide or less. ll. A. gracilior. 
Basal sheaths and those of the innovations densely hirsute; en- 
larged sheaths in 4's or more, 4-6 mm. wide. 12. A. Elliottii. 
Only some of the flowering stems with enlarged upper sheaths ; lower 
sheaths much exceeding the internodes, hence overlapping. 18. A. campyloracheus. 
Sheaths not enlarged. 
Spathes exceeding 10 cm. in length : racemes long and lax, the inter- 
nodes much exceeding the spikelets. 1BE IL 
Spathes less than 8 em. long : racemes short and stout, the internodes 
equalling or shorter than the spikelets. 
Inflorescence much branched, branches much divided; sheaths 
glabrous. 
Racemes 1-2 cm. long, the spikelets about twice as long as the 
rachis-internodes. 14. A. brachystachyus. 
Racemes 3-4 em. long, the spikelets equalling or little exceed- 
ing the rachis-internodes. 15. A. Floridanus. 
peace not much branched, the branches little or not at all 
ivided. 
Sheaths glabrous; racemes silvery white. 16. A. subtenuis. 
Sheaths hirsute; racemes brown. 17. A. arctatus. 
b. Stamens 3. 
First scale of the sessile spikelet appressed-hispid between the keels, rather 
thin: sheaths sometimes pubescent. 
First scale nerveless between the keels, or if intermediate nerves occur, 
not running the entire length of the scale: terminal hairs of the 
internodes about twice their length. i 18. A. argyraeus. 
First scale with 2 or 3 nerves between the keels, the nerves running the 
entire length of the scale: terminal hairs of the internodes about 


A 


campyloracheus. 


m. 


3 equalling them. ris 19. A. Cabanisii. 
First scale of the sessile spikelet glabrous and shining between the keels, 
firm : sheaths glabrous, and, with their blades, glaucous. 20. A. Scribnerianus. 


B. Pedicellate spikelet as large as the sessile, or larger, consisting of 4 scales and 
a staminate or rarely perfect flower. 
Stems tufted, no rootstocks. / 

Rachis-internodes of the racemes smooth : pedicellate spikelet staminate. 
Outer 2 seales of the sessile spikelet more or less hispidulous all over: 

hairs on the internodes usually 2 mm. long or less. 21. A. furcatus. 
Outer 2 scales of the spikelet glabrous, arp the nerves and also 
toward the summit of the first scale: hairs on the internodes 3-4 


mm. long, usually yellow. 1 ‘ 22. A. chrysocomus. 
Rachis-internodes of the racemes strongly hispidulous: pedicellate spike- 
let perfect. 23. A. Tennesseensis. 
Stems from long horizontal rootstocks. 24. A. geminatus. 


1. Andropogon glomeràtus (Walt.) B.S.P. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, commonly 
stout, the branches repeatedly and fastigiately branched, the lower ones somewhat elon- 
gated but considerably shorter than the stem, thus forming a large oblong glomerate pan- 
icle: leaf-blades 4 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, rough : spathes 2.5-3 cm. long, 
equalling or somewhat exceeding the racemes, smooth and glabrous, fastigiately crowded 
at the summit of the stem and ends of the branches : racemes in pairs, 1-2 cm. long: ses- 
sile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, the awn 10-15 mm. long, straight; pedicellate spikelet want- 
ing, or present as a subulate rudimentary scale. [.A. macrourus Michx. ] 

In low ground, Florida to Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Fall.—A form with the racemes usu- 
ally more eye exserted from the apex of the narrow spathes which are tightly enrolled on the com- 
mon peduncle of the racemes, is known as A. glomeratus tenuispátheus Nash. 

2. Andropogon corymbósus (Chapm.) Nash. Stems 4-10 dm. tall, rather stout, 
from a little exceeding to twice as long as the basal leaves, the branches much divided, 
the lower ones elongated and nearly equalling the upper, thus forming a corymbiform 
panicle: leaf-sheaths keeled, those at the base much compressed and equitant, rough, often 
more or less papillose-hirsute, especially the shorter and crowded ones of the inflorescence ; 
stem-leaves with blades 3 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, rough : spathes very rough, 
narrow, tightly enrolled around the common peduncle of the raceme which is densely his- 
pidulous toward the summit and rather stout : racemes in pairs, more or less exserted from 
the summit of the spathes, 2-3 cm. long: sessile spikelet 4-5 mm. long, the awn 12-13 
mm. long, straight or nearly so ; pedicellate spikelet usually present as a subulate scale 
1-2 mm. long. [A. macrourus var. corymbosus Chapm. ] 


3 In wet soil, District of Columbia to Floridaand Mississippi. Fall.—A form differing from the type 
in having the spathes generally about equalling the racemes and few if any of them narrow and in- 
rolled on the peduncles is known as A. corymbosus abbrevidtus ( Hack.) Nash. It ranges as far north as 
Long Island, EK y 


62 POACEAE 


3. Andropogon Virginicus L. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s-3’s: 
leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, more or less tuberculate-hirsute on the margins with 
long usually lax hairs ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, rough or roughish, hirsute 
on the upper surface near the base : spathes 3-5 em. long, extending beyond the racemes : 
racemes generally in pairs, rarely in 3’s or 4’s, 2-3 cm. long: sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. 
long, twice to 3 again as long as the internode, the awn straight, 10-15 mm. long; pedi- 
cellate spikelet wanting, or rarely present as a minute scale, the pedicel exceeding the 
sessile spikelet. 

In dry or moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Florida and Texas. Fall. 


4. Andropogon longibérbis Hack. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, the branches in 
1’s-3’s: leaf-sheaths, especially those on the innovations, appressed-hirsute, shorter than 
the internodes ; blades 5 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, those on the innovations 
densely appressed-hirsute, those on the stem more or less so beneath, rough above: spathes 
3-5 cm. long, usually considerably exceeding the racemes, commonly brown: racemes in 
pairs, 3-4 cm. long, stout: sessile spikelet 4-4.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the 
rather stout rachis-internode, the awn straight or nearly so, 12-16 mm. long ; pedicellate 
spikelet a subulate scale, or wanting, the pedicel rather stout and a little exceeding the 
sessile spikelet. 

In dry pine lands, eastern and peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 


5. Andropogon Tracyi Nash. Stems 5-8 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s or Xs: leaf- 
sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-2.5 mm. wide, smooth beneath, 
rough above and hirsute toward the base: spathes 4-5 cm. long, rather broad, from slightly 
shorter to exceeding the racemes: racemes in pairs, 3-4 cm. long, rather stout : sessile 
spikelet 5 mm. long, about twice as long as the stout internode which is densely clothed 
with silvery white hairs a little more than 13 times as long as the spikelet, the awn 1.5-2 
em. long, sometimes a little spiral at the base ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a 
minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet. 

In dry soil, Alabama and Mississippi. Fall. 

6. Andropogon capillipes Nash. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems 8-12 dm. 
tall: leaf-sheaths on the branches and summit of the stem much narrower than the 
spathes, shorter than the peduncles which are usually in 3’s and around which the sheaths 
are tightly enrolled, the peduncles usually manifestly exserted ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 
1-2.5 mm. wide, erect: spathes 2-3 cm. long, exceeding the racemes: racemes 1.5-2 cm. 
long: sessile spikelet 3-3.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the awn 
straight, 11-13 mm. long: pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as à minute rudimen- 
tary scale, the pedicel as long as or a little exceeding the sessile spikelet. 

In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida. Fall. 

7. Andropogon perangustatus Nash. Smooth and glabrous, the basal leaves nar- 
row and flexuous, about 4 as long as the plant. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, slender, the branches 
usually single, sometimes in pairs : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide: spathes 
4-5 cm. long, extending beyond the summit of the racemes which are in pairs, 2.5—4 cm. 
long : sessile spikelet 3.5—4 mm. long, twice to J again as long as the internode, the awn 
12-18 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet wanting or rarely present as a minute scale, the ped- 
icel exceeding the sessile spikelet. [A. Virginicus var. stenophyllus Hack., not A. stenophyl- 
lus R. & S.J 

In dry soil, Florida to Mississippi. Fall. 

8. Andropogon glaucópsis (Ell) Nash. Glaucous, grayish green. Stems 6-10 
dm. tall, rigid, rather stout, the branches in 1’s—2’s, usually considerably above the middle: 
leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous, keeled, the lower ones compressed ; blades erect, 2 dm. 
long or less, 2.5-6 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous beneath, roughened above with a 
minute pubescence, the basal ones from 4-3 as long as the stems: spathes 4-6 cm. long, 
equalling or usually a little exceeding the racemes : racemes in pairs, 3-4.5 cm. long : sessile 
spikelet 4.5-5 mm. long, long-acuminate, from equalling to nearly twice as long as the inter- 
node, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, straight; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a 
e EIL] ar scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet. [A. macrourus var. glaucop- 
sis Ell. 

In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 


9. Andropogon tetrastáchyus Ell. Stems tufted, 8-15 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths 
densely villous, at least the lower ones, with dark hairs; blades 4 dm. long or less, 2-4 
mm. wide, the lower ones villous on both surfaces toward the base : spathes 3—4, rarely 6, 
em. long, extending beyond the racemes: racemes usually in 4's, sometimes fewer, 
em. long: sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, twice to 3 again as long as the internode, the 
awn straight, 1.5-2 em. long; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or rarely present as a minute 


POACEAE 63 


scale, the pedicel considerably exceeding the sessile spikelet. [A. Virginicus var. tetra- 
stachyus ( Ell.) Hack.] 

In dry or moist soil, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Fall. 

10. Andropogon Mohrii Hack. Stems 8-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths densely ap- 
pressed-hirsute ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, densely appressed-hirsute : 
spathes 4-5 em. long, equalling or a little shorter than the racemes : racemes in 4’s, 3-4 
cm. long, rather stout, the hairs at the summit of the rachis-internodes 3 again as long as 
the spikelets: sessile spikelet about 4.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, 
the awn straight or nearly so, slightly if at all twisted at the base, 2-2.5 cm. long ; pedicel- 
late spikelet wanting, or sometimes present as a small subulate scale, the pedicel usually a 
little shorter than the sessile spikelet. 

In low pine lands, western Florida to Louisiana. Fall. 

11. Andropogon gracílior (Hack.) Nash. Stems tufted, slender, 3-7 dm. tall, 2-3 
times as long as the basal leaves, the lower branches single: leaf-sheaths glabrous, shorter 
than the internodes, the terminal ones more or less enlarged, 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; 
stem-leaves with blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above 
and sparingly hirsute near the base : racemes in pairs, slender, about 3 cm. long, exserted, 
or slightly included at the base: sessile spikelet 3.5-4 mm. long, equalling or somewhat 
exceeding the internode, the awn geniculate, 1.3-2 cm. long, loosely spiral at the base, the 
column exserted ; pedicellate spikelet a minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel usually about 
3 again as long as the sessile spikelet. 

In dry or moist places, Florida to Alabama; also in Tennessee. Fall. 

12. Andropogon Ellidttii Chapm. Stems tufted, 5-8 dm. tall, rather stout, 2-3 
times as long as the basal leaves: leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes, the lower ones 
and those of the innovations densely appressed-hirsute, those of the inflorescence much en- 
larged and densely crowded at the summit and also sometimes at the nodes below, 8-11 cm. 
long, 3-6 mm. wide; blades 2 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, usually smooth beneath, 
rough above and hirsute near the base : racemes in pairs, slender, 3-4 cm. long, the longer 
one at each node exserted, the rest concealed in the spathes: sessile spikelet 4.5-5 mm. 
long, equalling or somewhat exceeding the internode, the awn geniculate, 1.5-2.3 cm. long, 
usually spiral at the base, the column much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet a minute rudi- 
mentary scale, the pedicel usually about 4 again as long as the sessile spikelet. 

In dry sandy soil, South Carolina and Tennessee to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 


13. Andropogon campylorácheus Nash. Stems densely tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, the 
terminal internode much elongated and slender, the branches single : leaf-sheaths much 
exceeding the internodes, overlapping, those on the stem 13-17 em. long, sparingly hirsute, 
those on the innovations densely hirsute with ascending hairs, the terminal one very nar- 
row and tightly embracing the stem, the upper sheaths on some of the stems much en- 
larged and producing smaller spathes in their axils with concealed racemes ; blades erect, 
2 dm. long or less, 2-3 mm. broad, smooth beneath, hirsute above near the base : racemes 
in 2's-4's, flexuous, 5-10 cm. long: sessile spikelet 5 mm. long, usually much exceeded 
by the internode, the terminal hairs of which are 8-10 mm. long, the awn more or less 
contorted, 1.5-2 cm. long, barely if at all twisted at the base ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, 
or present as a minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel much exceeding the sessile spikelet. 

In dry sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 

14. Andropogon brachystáchyus Chapm. Stems tufted, 6-15 dm. tall, the 
branches in l's-3's and usually pilose just below the nodes: leaf-sheaths smooth and 
glabrous; blades erect, 3 dm. long or less, 3-4 mm. wide, smooth beneath, on the upper 
surface rough and hirsute near the base: racemes in pairs, shortly exserted, or partly in- 
cluded at the base, 1-2 cm. long: sessile spikelet 3~4.5 mm. long, about twice as long as 
the internode, the first scale pubescent between the keels, the awn of the fourth scale 
straight or nearly so, 6-9 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale, the 
pedicel shorter than the sessile spikelet. 

In moist pine lands, Florida. Summer and fall. : 

15. Andropogon Floridanus Scribn. Stems tufted, 5-16 dm. tall, the branches in 
1’s~3’s : leaf-sheaths roughish, usually shorter than the internodes; blades 5 dm. long or 
less, 1 em. wide or less, rough : racemes in pairs, occasionally in 3's or 4’s, 3-4 cm, long, 
exserted, or partly included at the base : sessile spikelet 3.5-4 mm. long, equalling ora little 
longer than the internode, the awn straight, 8-12 mm. long ; pedicellate spikelet wanting 
or present as a small scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet. 

In dry pine lands, peninsular Florida. Summer and fall. 

16. Andropogon subténuis Nash. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, slender, the branches single : 
leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth 


64 POACEAE 


beneath, rough above and somewhat hirsute near the base : racemes in pairs, exserted, or a 
little included in the narrow spathes, 2-3 em. long: sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, exceed- 
ing the internode, the awn 1-1.5 em. long, more or less contorted, slightly twisted at the 
base ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or a minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel considerably 
exceeding the sessile spikelet. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi. Fall. 

17. Andropogon arctàtus Chapm. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, branched toward the sum- 
mit, the branches in 1's-3's: leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, more or less densely 
appressed-hirsute at the summit ; blades erect, 3 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, the 
upper surface rough, the lower usually densely appressed-hirsute toward the base : racemes 
in pairs, rarely in 3’s or 4’s, rather stout, dark gray, 2.5-4 cm. long, long-exserted : sessile 
spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the awn more or less con- 
torted, 1-1.5 em. long ; pedicellate spikelet usually present, consisting of a single scale, the 
pedicel considerably shorter than the sessile spikelet. 

In low pine lands, Florida. Fall. 

18. Andropogon argyraéus Schult. Stems tufted, 8-12 dm. tall, about twice as long 
as the basal leaves, the branches in 1’s-3’s: leaf-sheaths smooth or rough, glabrous or 
hirsute ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 3 mm. wide or less, rough : racemes in pairs, rather 
stout, silvery gray, 3-5 cm. long, long-exserted, the hairs on the summit of the internodes 
13-2 times their length : sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the inter- 
node, the first scale appressed-pubescent between the nerves, acuminate from about the 
lower third, nerveless between the keels and usually deeply depressed, the awn more or 
less contorted, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; pedicellate spikelet of a single scale, 1-3 mm. long, the 
pedicel usually a little shorter than the sessile spikelet. 


In dry soil, Delaware and Maryland to Florida, and Texas; also in Indian Territory and Mis- 
souri, and probably southward tothe Gulf. Fall SILVER BEARD. 


19. Andropogon Cabanisii Hack. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s or 2’s: 
leaf-sheaths smooth or a little roughened ; blades 2.5 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. broad, 
smooth beneath, rough above: racemes in pairs, 4-7 cm. long, grayish, the hairs at the 
apex of the internodes as long as or a little exceeding them, rather scant: sessile spikelet 
6-7 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, tapering from the middle, about twice as long as the 
internode, the first scale strongly hispidulous and 2-3-nerved between the keels, the nerves 
running the entire length of the scale; pedicellate spikelet of a single hispidulous scale 
3-3.5 mm. long, the pedicel about $ as long as the sessile spikelet. 

In dry soil, Pennsylvania (according to Hackel) and Florida. Summer. 

20. Andropogon Scribneriànus Nash. Glaucous. Stems tufted, 3-10 dm. tall, 
twice as long as the basal leaves, rather sparsely branched above : leaf-sheaths shorter than 
the internodes, smooth and glabrous ; blades 1 dm. long or less, 2.5 mm. wide or less, the 
upper surface minutely pubescent and also often hirsute near the base: racemes in pairs, 
stout, long-exserted, 4—7 cm. long, bright silvery white, the hairs on the internodes copious, 
those at the summit about twice the length of the internodes: sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. 
long, about twice as long as the internode, the first scale narrowed from about the middle, 
glabrous and shining between the keels, the internerve flat or nearly so, the awn of the 
fourth scale more or less contorted and bent, somewhat twisted below, 1-1.5 cm. long ; 
pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a small scale 1.5 mm. long or less, the pedicel 
equalling or a little shorter than the sessile spikelet. 

In dry pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 

21. Andropogon furcàtus Muhl. Stems 1-2 m. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous or some- 
times slightly hirsute ; blades 6 dm. long or less, 12 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath and 
glabrous or rarely a little hirsute, more or less roughened above and hirsute at the base : 
racemes in 2's-6's, 5-10 cm. long, stout, long-exserted, the hairs of the internodes and 
pedicels grayish white, 1-2 mm. long: sessile spikelet 7-10 mm. long, the outer 2 scales 
more or less hispidulous, the awn 7-15 mm. long, geniculate, twisted at the base ; pedicel- 
late spikelet as large as or a little smaller than the sessile, staminate, awnless. 


ih In dry or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Summer and 
all. 


22. Andropogon chrysocómus Nash. Stems 7-15 dm. tall, the branches in 
l's-3's: leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, 
smooth beneath, a little roughened above: racemes in 2's-4's, 5-9 cm. long, stout, long- 
exserted, the hairs of the internodes and pedicels about 3 mm. long, usually yellow : ses- 
sile spikelet about 1 cm. long, with a basal ring of short hairs, the outer 2 scales hispid on 
the nerves, the awn of the fourth scale twisted at the base, geniculate, 10-12 mm. long ; 
pedicellate spikelet awnless. 

In dry soil, Kansasto Texas. Summer and fall. 


POACEAE 65 


23. Andropogon Tennesseénsis Scribn. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, stout, the branches 
in 1’s or 2’s: leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, hirsute toward the summit ; blades 6 
dm. long or less, 6-12 mm. wide, rough, the lower surface sometimes hirsute, and also the 
upper surface near the base: racemes in 2’s—4’s, 5-8 cm. long: sessile spikelet about 8.5 
mm. long, broadly lanceolate, twice as long as the hispidulous internode, the outer 2 
scales strongly hispidulous, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, about 1.5 cm. long, 
twisted below, the column a little exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 8-10 mm. long, of 4 scales, 
perfect, the outer 2 scales strongly hispidulous, the first often short-awned, the hispidulous 
pedicel less than 4 as long as the sessile spikelet. 

In dry soil, Tennessee and Mississippi. Fall. 

24. Andropogon geminatus Hack. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems 6-10 
dm. tall, from long rootstocks: leaf-blades erect, rigid, long-acuminate, 3 dm. long or 
less, 9 mm. wide or less: racemes in pairs, finally exserted, 3-5 cm. long, rather slender, 
the hairs on the rachis-internodes and the pedicels grayish or yellowish white: sessile 
spikelet 6-8 mm. long, the awn not twisted below, geniculate, 5-7 mm. long; pedicellate 
spikelet about the same length, awnless. 

In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 


10. AMPHILÓPHIS Nash.’ 


Perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades and showy often silvery white panicles, 
the axis short, making the panicle appear fan-like, or elongated with the branches scattered. 
Racemes usually numerous, the internodes with manifestly thickened margins, the median 
portion thin and translucent, the pedicels of the same construction, the margins ciliate 
with usually long hairs. Sessile spikelets,of 4 scales, the first one 2-keeled, the second 
l-keeled, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter very narrow, stipe-like, somewhat 
thickened, gradually merging into a usually geniculate contorted or spiral awn, or the awn 
rarely wanting.  Pedicellate spikelets staminate and similar to the sessile, or sterile and 
smaller than them. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


First scale of the sessile spikelet not pitted on the back. : ; 
Axis of the panicle elongated, the branches scattered, the panicle hence linear 
to oblong ; stem-nodes naked. ^ 
Sessile spikelets 3 mm. long, the awn wanting or rarely present and then but 2 
short and not twisted. ; : 1. A. exaristatus. 
Sessile spikelets 4 mm. long, the awn long and geniculate, spiral at the base. 2. A. Torreyanus. 


Axis of the panicle short, the branches congested, the panicle hence fan-like, ; : 
: oval or obovate; stem-nodes densely barbed. | ` 3. A. barbinodis. 
First scale of the sessile spikelet with a deep pit-like impression on the back. 4. A. perforat us. 


1. Amphilophis exaristatus Nash. Smooth and glabrous. Stems 6-8 dm. tall, rather 
slender: leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 3-6 mm. wide, rough toward the apex: panicle 
10-13 em. long, 2-2.5 em. wide, oblong, its axis 8-10 em. long, the branches much divided, 
the ultimate divisions (racemes) 1-2 cm. long, the terminal hairs 2-3 times as long as the 
rachis-internodes: sessile spikelet 3 mm. long, about j again as long as the internode, 
the fourth scale almost wanting, or present as a mere rudiment, very rarely short-awned ; 
pedicellate spikelet of a single scale, 2-3 mm. long, the pedicel considerably shorter than 
the sessile spikelet. [Andropogon saecharoides submuticus Vasey, not A. submuticus Steud. ] 


In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 

2. Amphilophis Torreyanus (Steud. ) Nash. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems 
5-10 dm. tall, simple or somewhat branched : leaf-blades 1-5 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. 
wide, rough above : panicle 4-10 cm. long, 7-20 mm. wide, linear to oblong, its axis 2-7 
em. long, the longer branches somewhat divided, the ultimate divisions ( racemes) 1-4 cm. 
long, the terminal hairs 14-2 times as long as_ the internodes: sessile spikelet 4 mm. long, 
about 3 again as long as the internode, the awn geniculate, more or less contorted, 10-15 
mm. long, spiral at the base, the column much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet consisting of 
a single scale, 2-3 mm. long, the pedicel shorter than the sessile spikelet. 

In dry soil, Kansas to Arizona, Texas and Mexico. Summer, : 

3. Amphilophis barbinódis (Lag.) Nash. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, simple or 
somewhat branched, the nodes densely barbed with silvery hairs: leaf-sheaths and their 
blades smooth and glabrous, the latter 2 dm. long or less, 2-8 mm. wide, rough : panicle 
broadly oblong, ovate, oval or obovate, 5-12 cm. long, finally exserted, its axis 2-5 em. 
long: racemes 2-15, 3-5 cm. long, the terminal hairs twice as long as the internodes: ses- 
sile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about } again as long as the internode, the geniculate awn 
2-3 cm. long, spiral at the base, the column much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet of a single 
awnless scale, 4-5 mm. long, the pedicel considerably shorter than the sessile spikelet. 

In moist or rocky ground, central Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Summer and fall, 


5 


66 POACEAE 


4. Amphilophis perforatus (Hack.) Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, the nodes 
barbed : leaf-sheaths and blades smooth and glabrous, or the latter with the upper sur- 
face pubescent with long scattered hairs ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle 
6-8 em. long, fan-shaped, much exserted : racemes 5-8, 5-6 cm. long, the terminal hairs 
about as long as the internodes: sessile spikelet 5-5.5 mm. long, the first scale with a 
deep depression on the back above the middle, the fourth scale with a geniculate awn 2-2.5 
em. long, the column tightly spiral and much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet of a single 
awnless scale about 3 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Texas and Mexico. Fall. 


ll. SORGHUM Pers. 


Tall grasses, with usually broad flat leaf-blades and large terminal panicles, its primary 
branches verticillate. Spikelets of 4 scales, in pairs, or in 3’s at the end of the branches, 
one sessile and perfect, the rest pedicellate and staminate, dorsally compressed, pubescent or 
glabrous. Sessile spikelets with the outer 2 scales indurated, the third and fourth hya- 
line, the latter awned or awnless. Pedicellate spikelets with the outer 2 scales firm-mem- 
branous, or rarely reduced to 1 or 2 scales and sterile. Lodicules ciliate. Stamens 3. 
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


1. Sorghum Halepénse (L.) Pers. Smooth and glabrous. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, 
from a long rootstock : leaf-blades 5 dm. long or less, 0.5-3 cm. wide: panicle 1.5-5 dm. 
long, oblong to oval, its branches ascending, the longer ones 7-14 cm. long : sessile spike- 
let 4.5—5.5 mm. long, ovate, the outer 2 scales densely appressed-pubescent with silky hairs 
and indurated at maturity, the first scale 3-toothed at the apex, the readily deciduous awn 
of the fourth scale 1-1.5 em. long, geniculate, spiral below, the column much exserted ; 
pedicellate spikelet 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer scales sparingly pubescent. 


In fields and waste places, Pennsylvania to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 
JOHNSON-GRASS. 


12. SORGHÁSTRUM Nash. 


Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal panicles with the prim- 
ary branches usually solitary and branched from the base, hence appearing as if whorled. 
Sessile spikelets dorsally compressed, of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often hairy, the 
third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter long-awned, the awn spiral at the base. Pedi- 
cellate spikelets wanting, or very rarely present as a minute rudiment, usually only the 
hairy pedicels present, a single one at the side of each sessile spikelet, or 2, one on each 
side, at the end of the branches. Lodicules glabrous. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
Stigmas plumose. 

Awn but once bent, 1-1.5 em. long, the closely spiral portion but little exserted be- 
yond the scales. 1. S. nutans, 
Awn twice bent, 2-3 em. long, the closely spiral portion extending to the second 
bend and much exserted beyond the scales. 
Branches of the panicle much exceeding the internodes of the axis, the ulti- 
mate divisions of its branches straight. 2. S. Linnaeanum. 
Branches of the one-sided panicle shorter than the internodes of the axis, the 
ultimate divisions of the branches much curved, the spikelets hence re- 
flexed. : 3. S. secundum. 

1. Sorghastrum nütans (L.) Nash. Stems 1-2.5 m. tall: leaf-sheaths usually 
smooth and glabrous, or the lowermost ones sometimes pubescent; blades 6 dm. long or 
less, 13 mm. wide or less, very rough : panicle 2-5 dm. long, loose, the apex usually nod- 
ding, its branches erect or nearly so, at least the lower ones much exceeding the internodes 
of the axis, 7-10 cm. long, the ultimate divisions straight: spikelet 6-8 mm. long, lance- 
olate, the 2 outer scales golden brown and indurated at maturity, the first one densely 
pubescent with long erect hairs, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 
closely spiral to the bend, thence loosely twisted, the column more or less exserted ; ped- 
icel from 3-3 as long as the spikelet. [Sorghum avenaceum (Michx. ) Chapm.] 

In dry or moist soil, Ontario to Manitoba, Rhode Island, Florida, Texas and Arizona. Late sum- 
mer and fall. INDIAN GRAss. 

2. Sorghastrum Linnaeànum (Hack.) Nash. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall: leaf-sheaths 
smooth and glabrous; blades 4 dm. long or less, 1 cm. wide or less, very rough : panicle 
1.5-3 dm. long, the apex usually nodding, its branches erect or nearly so, at least the 
lower ones much exceeding the internodes of the axis, 6-8 cm. long, the ultimate divisions 
straight: spikelet 5.5-7.5 mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer scales blackish brown and in- 
durated at maturity, the first one densely pubescent with long erect hairs, the awn of the 


POACEAE 67 


fourth scale twice bent, 2-3 cm. long, closely spiral to the second bend, thence loosely 
twisted, the column very much exserted ; pedicel from 3 as long as the spikelet to nearly 
equalling it. [Sorghum nutans Chapm. ] E x 

In dry soil, South Carolina and Tennessee to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 

3. Sorghastrum secándum ( Ell.) Nash.. Stems 8-14 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths smooth 
and glabrous ; blades 6 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, 
often involute: panicle 2-4 dm. long, one-sided, its branches erect or nearly so, rarely 
exceeding 4 em. in length, usually shorter than the internodes of the axis, the ultimate 
divisions much curved, making the spikelets reflexed: spikelet 6-8 mm. long, lanceolate, 
the 2 outer scales golden brown and indurated at maturity, the first one pubescent with 
long erect hairs, the awn of the fourth scale twice bent, 2.5-3 cm. long, closely spiral to the 
second bend, thence loosely twisted, the column very much exserted ; pedicel from 3-3 as 
long as the spikelet. [Sorghum secundum ( Ell.) Chapm. ] 

In dry sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Fall. WILD Oats. 


13. VETIVERIA Thouars. 


Tall grasses with simple stems, narrow leaf-blades and terminal panicles with the 
branches usually much articulated and disposed in dense whorls. Spikelets in pairs, 
narrow, acute, of 4 scales, the one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate and staminate. 
Sessile spikelets usually somewhat laterally compressed, the first scale coriaceous or char- 
taceous, the margin inflexed or involute, the second awned or awnless, the third and fourth 
scales hyaline, the latter entire or shortly 2-toothed, mucronate or awned from between the 
teeth. Pedicellate spikelets usually awnless, rarely awned. Stames 3. Styles distinct. 
Stigmas plumose. 

l. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash. Stems 2 m. tall or more: sheaths smooth and 
glabrous ; blades 9 dm. long or less, 4-10 mm. wide: panicle 2-3 dm. long, its slender as- 
cending or nearly erect branches in dense whorls and readily disarticulating at the nodes : 
sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, about as long as the internode, the first scale minutely 
tuberculate-roughened, 2-keeled, the keels muricate, the second scale 1-keeled, the keel 
muricate, the fourth scale awnless or short-awned, the awn not exserted beyond the 2 outer 
scales ; pedicellate spikelet about as long as or a little shorter than the sessile, the 2 outer 
scales sparingly muricate. 

Cultivated and escaping into fields in Louisiana. Fall. 


14. RHAPHIS Lour. 

Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with narrow leaf-blades and terminal panicles, 
whose branches usually bear clusters of 3 spikelets, or very rarely more, at the end, one 
spikelet sessile and perfect, the other 2 staminate or sterile and pedicellate. Sessile spike- 
lets usually somewhat laterally compressed, of 4 scales, the first scale broadly involute, the 
second somewhat distinctly keeled, and usually awned, the third and fourth scales hyaline, 
the latter usually awned.  Pedicellate spikelets dorsally compressed, awnless or awned. 
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Rhaphis pauciflórus (Chapm.) Nash. Annual. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, simple or 
somewhat branched : leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 2-10 mm. wide, papillose-hirsute 
above: panicle 2-3 dm. long, its branches erect or ascending, slender, the lower in whorls 
of 2-5, rarely divided, the longer, exclusive of the spikelets and awn, 5-8 cm. long: ses- 
sile spikelet about 15 mm. long, including the 6-7 mm. long and densely p callus, 
cylindric or slightly zen d compressed, the first and second scales dark brown, shining 
and coriaceous at maturity, hispidulous at the apex, the fourth scale emitting a flexuous 
more or less contorted usually geniculate awn 14-16 cm. long; pedicellate spikelet 10-12 
mm. long, on slender pedicels about reaching the apex of the sessile spikelet, empty or 
containing a staminate flower. [Sorghum pauciflorum Chapm. 

In dry sandy soil, eastern and peninsular Florida. Alsoin Cuba. Fall. 


15. HETEROPOGON Pers. 
Annual or perennial grasses, sometimes tall, with narrow leaf-blades and compressed 
sheaths, and terminal solitary dense racemes. Spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs at the rachis- 
nodes, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate, containing a staminate flower, or empty. 


Scales of the sessile spikelets 4, the outermost empty, firm, convolute, awnless, the second 
also empty, thinner, keeled, the third scale very thinly hyaline, likewise empty, the 


68 POACEAE 


fourth scale, enclosing a pistillate flower, small and hyaline and bearing a long rigid con- 
torted and geniculate awn ; palet small and hyaline, or wanting. Pedicellate spikelet awn- 
less, the outermost scale thinner than the corresponding one in the sessile spikelet. Sta- 
mens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


Upper sheaths tuberculate along the keel and the first scale of the pedicellate 

spikelet on the midnerve, the latter 1.5 em. long or more and glabrous. 1. H. melanocarpus. 
Upper sheaths and the first scale of the pedicellate spikelet smooth all over, the 

latter 1 em. long or less, papillose-hispid toward the summit and near the 

margins. 2. H. contortus. 


1. Heteropogon melanocárpus (Muhl.) Ell. Annual. Stems 4-15 dm. tall, much 
branched above : upper leaf-sheaths at least tuberculate on the keel; blades 5 dm. long or 
less, 3-12 mm. wide: racemes 3-6 cm. long, exserted, or included at the base, the pedun- 
cles pilose with ascending hairs, the internodes between the upper spikelets densely pu- 
bescent with long chestnut-brown hairs: sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, the awn 9-15 cm. 
long ; pedicellate spikelet 15-22 mm. long, sterile or staminate, the first scale long-acumi- 
nate, tuberculate on the midnerve. [H. acuminatus Trin. ] 


In cultivated grounds, South Carolina to Florida, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Also in tropical 
America. Summer and fall. 


2. Heteropogon contórtus (L.) Beauv. Perennial. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, rather 
sparingly branched above: leaf-sheaths smooth, even on the keel; blades 2 dm. long or 
less, 3-7 mm. wide: racemes 4-6 cm. long, exserted, or included at the base, the peduncles 
hispidulous, the internodes between the upper spikelets densely pubescent with long nearly 
appressed chestnut-brown hairs: sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, the awn 4.5-8 em. long ; 
pedicellate spikelet about 1 cm. long, sterile or staminate, the first scale acute, papillose- 
hispid toward the summit and near the margins with long hairs. 

In dry soil, southern and western Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Widely distributed in the warmer 
parts of all countries. Spring to fall. 


16. HILARIA H.B.K. 


Stoloniferous grasses, decumbent and branching at the base, with flat or convolute 
leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence. Spiklets in sessile deciduous crowded clusters of 3, 
the empty scales resembling an involucre, the central spikelet 1-flowered, the flower pistil- 
late or perfect, the lateral spikelets 2-flowered, the flowers staminate. Scales 4, the 2 outer 
empty, rigid, thin or indurated, the first the larger and varying much in shape, entire 
or 2-cleft at the toothed or lacerate apex, awnless, or bearing an awn between the lobes, 
the second scale narrower, often keeled, entire or 2-toothed at the apex, awnless, mucronate, 
or short-awned ; third and fourth scales thin-membranous, entire or toothed at the apex, 
each in the lateral spikelets enclosing a palet and a flower, in the central spikelet the third 
scale is empty. Stamens 3. Styles a little united at the base. Stigmas shortly plumose. 


Outer scales of the spikelet linear or oblong, the nerves parallel, some of them awned. 1. H. Texana. 
Outer scales of the spikelet cuneate, the nerves strongly diverging above, awnless. 2. H. mutica. 


1. Hilaria Texana (Vasey) Nash. Creeping by arched stolons. Stems 1-2.5 dm. 
tall: basal leaves numerous ; blades 1-5 cm. long and about 2 mm. wide, very rough, pu- 
bescent, the upper surface densely so with short hairs, the lower surface with a few lon 
es ee 2-3 cm. long, of 4-8 spikelets, which are 4-5.5 mm. long, each cluster nak 
at the base. 


On hills and plains, central Texas to Arizona. Spring and summer. CREEPING MESQUITE. 
2. Hilaria mütica (Buckl.) Benth. Stems rigid, 2-6 dm. tall, from rootstocks : leaf- 


blades erect, firm, 1 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide: spike 4-6 cm. long: spikelets many, 
crowded, usually overlapping, 6-7 mm. long. 


On plains and prairies, Texasto Arizona. Alsoin Mexico. Summer and fall. BLACK GRAMA. 


17. NAZIA Adans. 


An annual grass, with flat leaf-blades and racemose or spike-like inflorescence. Spikelets 
articulated below the empty scales, 1-flowered, solitary, or in clusters of 3-5. Scales 2 or 3, 
the first small, or sometimes wanting, the second firm, with its nerves dorsally armed with 
hooked prickles, the third scale membranous, subtending a hyaline palet and a perfect 
flower. Stamens3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas moderately long, plumose. 

1. Nazia alièna (Spreng.) Scribn. Tufted. Stems finally prostrate and rooting and 
branching at the lower nodes, 1-3 dm. tall: leaf-blades ciliate on the margin : spike 4-10 
cm. long: spikelets about 2.5 mm. long. 


On dry hillsides, Texas to Arizona. Also in Central and South America, and the West Indies. 
Spring and fall. 


POACEAE 69 


18. LIMNODEA L. H. Dewey. 


Somewhat branched tufted grasses, with the stems usually decumbent at the base, nar- 
row flat leaf-blades, and narrow slender elongated contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-flow- 
ered, narrow, scattered on the panicle branches. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, about equal 
in length, hispidulous or pilose, the nerves inconspicuous, the third scale scarcely shorter, 
thin, the apex shortly 2-toothed or 2-cleft, with an elongated slender genieulate or flexuous 
awn, which is a little twisted at the base, arising from between the teeth, the scale enclos- 
ing a somewhat shorter 2-keeled narrow hyaline palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. 
Styles short, distinct. Stigmas shortly pilose. [Thurberia Benth., not A. Gray. ] 

1. Limnodea Arkansàna (Nutt.) L. H. Dewey. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall: leaf- 
sheaths glabrous or more or less hirsute ; blades erect, 3-12 em. long, 2-8 mm. wide, more 
or less pubescent on both surfaces: panicle narrow, often partially included at the base, 
7-17 em. long: spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, the 2 outer scales tuberculate-hispidulous, the 
awn of the third scale geniculate, spiral at the base, 8-10 mm. long. [Thurberia Arkansana 
(Nutt.) Benth. ] 


In dry soil, Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Spring.—A form known as L. Arkansana pilosa (Trin. ) 
Nash (Sclerachne pilosa Trin.) is like the preceding, but the two outer scales are densely hirsute. It 
occursin Louisiana and Texas. 


19. REIMARIA Fluegge. 

Perennial grasses, usually diffusely branching, with ascending stems, and the inflores- 
cence composed of 2 or more secund racemes. Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, acuminate, 
subsessile, alternately disposed in 2 rows on a narrow or somewhat dilated rachis. Scales 
2, the first empty, membranous, 3-5-nerved, acute, the second scarcely shorter and enclos- 
ing the slightly shorter palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 2. Styles distinct to the base. 
Btigmas long-plumose. 

1. Reimaria oligostáchya Munro. Smooth and glabrous. Stems compressed, 4-8 
dm. long: leaf-sheaths compressed ; blades erect or ascending, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide: racemes one-sided, in pairs at the summit of the stem, or sometimes with an addi- 
tional one a short distance below, 5-7 cm. long: spikelets broadly lanceolate, about 5 mm. 
long, about twice as long as the rachis-internodes, the first scale 9-nerved, the four nerves 
on each side close together and rather distant from the midnerve. 

Along shores and in ditehes, Florida. Summer. 


20. PASPALUM L. 


Usually perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of one or 
‘more unilateral racemes, arranged singly, in pairs, or in panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, 
obtuse, or rarely short-acuminate, nearly sessile or short-pedicelled, alternately disposed, 
singly or in pairs, in 2 rows on one side of a narrow and usually winged rachis. Scales 3, 
rarely 4, the 2 outer, rarely 3, empty, membranous, usually equal in length, the flowering 
scales glabrous and shining, more or less convex, with its back turned toward the rachis, 
at length indurated, enfolding a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Sta- 
mens 3. Styles distinct to the base, often elongated. Stigmas plumose. 


A. Rachis dilated, its broad margins membranous and at maturity inrolled 
on the spikelets. : 
Rachis long-acuminate, extending beyond the spikelets which are 1.5 
mm. long or less. 1. P. mucronatum. 
Rachis acute, not extended ; spikelets about 2 mm. long or more. 2. P. membranaceum. 
B. Rachis more or less winged, rarely wingless, its margins not membranous 
nor enclosing the spikelets. 
a. Stems with 1-several raceme-bearing naked branches from the upper- 
most sheath. 
1. Leaf-blades glabrous on the lower surface, or the midnerve some- 
times pubescent. 
*Blades conspicuously ciliate. t 
Uppermost sheath with the margins glabrous. 


Spikelets glabrous, or nearly so, rounded at the apex. 3. P. blepharophyllum. 
Spikelets Sorma pubescent, obtusely apiculate at the apex. 4. P. propinquum. 
Uppermost sheath with the overlapping margin prominently cili- 
ate. 
Spikelets orbicular, hence as broad as long, straw-color. 5. P. stramineum. 


Spikelets broadly obovate to oval, longer than broad, green. 
Spikelets densely pubescent, 2 mm. long, the leaves scat- L 
tered along the stem. 6. P. Chapmanii. 


70 POACEAE 


Spikelets glabrous: 
2mm. long: leaves scattered along the stem. 
1.5 mın. long: leaves crowded at the base of the stem: 
Upper surface of the blades glabrous; marginal hairs 
less than 1 mm. long. 
Upper surface of the leaves pubescent with short 
hairs; marginal hairs about 2 mm. long. 
**Blades naked on the margins, or rarely with a few scattered hairs. 
Racemes 1-3. 
Uppermost sheath pubescent on the overlapping margin. 
Leaf-blades lanceolate; spikelets orbicular-obovate, the 
first and second scales strongly pubescent. 
Leaf-blades linear, rigid, long and narrow; spikelets oval, 
the first scale sparingly pubescent. 
Uppermost sheath glabrous on the margin. 
Spikelets glabrous. 
Spikelets with the first scale pubescent. 
Leaf-blades linear, narrow, becoming involute; spike- 
lets elliptic. 
Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, broad, flat; 
broadly obovate. 
Racemes 6-12. 
2. Leaf-blades very pubescent on both surfaces. 
Stem long-hirsute below the raceme; basal sheaths glabrous or 
nearly so. 
Stem glabrous throughout; basal sheaths usually hirsute. 
Spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long. 
Stems slender; blades narrow and scattered. 
Stems stout; blades broad, crowded at the base; pubescence 
very leng and copious. 
Spikelets 2-2.25 mm. long. 
Raceme on the main stem 1, or sometimes 2 together ; spike- 
lets glabrous; leaf-blades not thick. 
Racemes on the main stem 2 or 8; spikelets usually more or 
less pubescent ; leaf-blades thick. 
b. Stems simple, no raceme-bearing branches from the uppermost sheath. 
1. Racemes 2-several, scattered, never in pairs. 
*Stems tufted. 
Spikelets rounded or obtuse at the apex, not ciliate on the mar- 


spikelets 


gins. 
2Spikelets convex on one side. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long or less. 
Spikelets singly disposed. 
Spikelets oval, 14 as thick as broad or more, the outer 
scales firm. 
Spikelets 2 mm. long, the flowering scale deep seal 
brown at maturity. 
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long, the flowering scale yellow- 
ish white at maturity. 
Leaf-sheaths glabrous. 
Blades short ; racemes usually 2 or 3. 
Blades elongated ; racemes usually 3-5. 
Leaf-sheaths hirsute, at least on the margins. 
Blades short, glabrous on the lower surface. 

Sheaths hirsute only on the margins, or 
the basal ones sometimes sparingly so 
on the surface. 

Sheaths broad and much compressed, 
densely hirsute all over with very 
long weak hairs. 

Blades elongated, more or less hirsute on 
both surfaces. : 
Spikelets circular or nearly so, about L4 as thick as 
broad, the outer scales very thin. ` 
Spikelets in pairs. 
Mature flowering scale white or yellowish. 
Spikelets 2 mm. long or less; stems slender. 
Spikelets obovate, 1.5 mm. long, pubescent with 
ope glandular-tipped hairs. 
Spikelets elliptie, 2 mm. long, sparsely pubes- 
cent with long appressed hairs. 
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; stems usually stout. 
Spikelets pubescent. 
Spikelets glabrous. 
Stems rooting at the lower nodes; blades 
thin, long ; racemes 4-8. 
Stems not rooting at the lower nodes; blades 
firm, short; racemes 3, rarely 4. 
Mature Verse scale deep seal brown. 
Rachis broadly winged, wider than the spikelets 
which are about 2 mm. long. 
Rachis narrowly winged, much narrower than the 
spikelets which are 2.5-3 mm. long. 
Spikelets more than 3 mm. long. 
Racemes long and strictly erect, or short and ascending. 
Leaf-blades short ; racemes short and ascending. 
Sheaths glabrous or nearly so. 
Sheaths densely hirsute. 


21. 


26. 


31. 
32. 


7. P. ciliatifolium. 


. P. Kentuckiense. 


. P. longepedunculatum. 


. P. Eggertii. 
. P. rigidifolium. 


SP epue. 

. P. elatum. 

. P. latifolium. 

. P. gracillimum. 


. P. pubescens. 


. P. setaceum. 


. P. villosissimum. 


. P. Muhlenbergii. 
. P. dasyphyllum. 


P. scrobiculatum. 


. P. laeve. 
. P. angustifolium. 


. P. australe. 


. P. longipilum. 
P. praelongum. 
. P. circulare. 


. P. Simpsonii. 
. P. Blodgettii. 
. P. Hallii. 


P. laeviglumis. 


P. geminum. 


. P. Boscianum. 


. P. plicatulum. 


5. P. difforme. 
36. 


P. altissimum. 


POACEAE 71 


Leaf-blades elongated ; racemes long and erect. 


Sheaths glabrous. 37. P. glabratum. 
Sheaths densely hirsute. 38. P. Floridanum. 


Racemes finally widely spreading. 
Sheaths glabrous; blades glabrous or ciliate with 
short hairs. | 39. P. giganteum. 
Sheaths densely hirsute; blades ciliate with long 
: airs. 40. P. longicilium. 
228pikelets flat, barely if at all convex on one side. 
Spikelets pubescent. 41. P. Buckleyanum. 
Spikelets glabrous. 
Sheaths, excepting the exterior basal ones, glabrous, or 
the lower sometimes pubescent at the summit. 
Stems and sheaths much compressed, the former 
rather slender. 
Spikelets elliptic. 42. P. lividum. 
Spikelets orbieular or nearly so. 
Leaf-blades glabrous. 
Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. 43. P. praecox. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long. 41. P. glaberrimum. 
Leaf-blades hirsute : 
On the upper surface only : spikelets circular 


or nearly so. 45. P. tardum. 
On both surfaces, strongly so on the lower: 
spikelets broadly obovate. 46. P. Kearneyi. 
Stems and sheaths not much compressed, the former 
stout. 47. P. amplum. 
Sheaths densely hirsute. 48. P. Curtisianum. 
TiSpikelets acute, ciliate with very long hairs. 
Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long; racemes numerous (usually 10 
or more). 49. P. Vaseyanum. 
Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long; racemes few to several (usually less 
than 8). 50. P. dilatatum. 
**Stem single, from a long scaly rootstock. 
Seales of the rootstock appressed-pubescent: rachis of the ra- 
cemes not winged, the spikelets scattered. 51. P. bifidum. 
Seales of the rootstock glabrous: rachis of the racemes winged, 
the spikelets crowded. i : 92. P. solitarium. 
2. Racemes in pairs at the summit of the stem, rarely in 3’s or with 
another raceme below. 


Stems tufted : racemes long and slender, the spikelets about 1.5 mm. 
53. P. conjugatum. 


ong. : 
Stems from long rootstocks: racemes short and stout, the spikelets 


exceeding 2 mm. long. 3 
Spikelets ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, pubescent; midnerve of the 


second scale present. : 
Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, glabrous; midnerve : 
of the rugose second scale suppressed. 55. P. vaginatum. 

1. Paspalum mucronàtum Muhl. Stems 1.5-8 dm. long, compressed, from a float- 
ing or creeping base, branched: leaf-sheaths loose or inflated, glabrous or hirsute ; blades 
8-30 em. long, 6-25 mm. wide, acuminate, rough: racemes 20-100, scattered, or sometimes 
apparently whorled, 1-8 cm. long, slender, spreading, the rachis extending in an acumi- 
nate point beyond the spikelets, the wings membranous and nearly enclosing the spikelets 
at maturity : spikelets singly disposed in two rows, elliptic, 1.2-1.5 mm. long and about 
0.6 mm. wide, pubescent. [P. fluitans Kunth. ] 

In water, Virginia to southern Illinois, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 


54. P. distichum. 


Fall 

2. Paspalum membranàceum Walt. Stems sometimes 6-8 dm. long, compressed, 
creeping at the base, much branched: leaf-sheaths compressed, loose; blades 3-8 cm. 
long, 4-6 mm. wide, smooth: racemes 3-7, erect, 2-3 cm. long, the rachis not extending 
beyond the spikelets, the wings broad and nearly enclosing the spikelets at maturity : 
spikelets singly disposed in two rows, 2-2.3 mm. long and 1.3-1.5 mm. wide, oval, gla- 
brous. [P. Walterianum Schult. ] 

In moist or wet soil, New Jersey and Delaware to southern Ohio, Florida and Texas. Fall. 

3. Paspalum blepharophyllum Nash. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths 
glabrous, even on the margins; blades linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, glabrous on both 
surfaces, ciliate on the margins, 2.5 dm. long or less, 8-16 mm. wide: racemes usually 
single, commonly 6-8 cm. long, sometimes longer: spikelets in pairs, 2 mm. long and 
1.3-1.6 mm. wide, broadly obovate or oval, the first scale 3-nerved, usually pubescent with 
short hairs, the second scale 3-nerved, or sometimes 2-nerved by the suppression of the 


midnerve, glabrous. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Louisiana. Spring and summer, 

4. Paspalum propínquum Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall: basal leaf-sheaths 
pubescent, the remaining ones glabrous ; blades glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate on the 
margins with stiff hairs, linear, erect or nearly so, 5-20 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide : racemes 
rather slender, 8-12 cm. long, in 1’s or 2’s: spikelets in pairs, on shorter pubescent pedi- 


72 POACEAE 


cels, oval, about 1.8 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, obtusely apiculate at the apex, the outer 
2 scales densely pubescent with short spreading glandular-tipped hairs, the first scale 3- 
nerved, the second usually 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. 

In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Summer. 

5. Paspalum stramineum Nash. Foliage light yellowish green, the spikelets, and 
sometimes also the sheaths, pale straw color. Stems tufted, 2-8 dm. tall: basal leaf-sheaths 
softly and densely pubescent, the remaining sheaths glabrous, excepting on the margins ; 
blades erect or nearly so, firm, linear to lanceolate, long-ciliate on the margins, otherwise 
glabrous except usually on the midnerve beneath, 5-25 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide: racemes 
4-10 cm. long, on the main stem usually 2, rarely 1 or 3, single on the branches : spike- 
lets in pairs, on shorter pubescent pedicels, orbicular, 2 mm. in diameter, the first scale 
3-nerved, pubescent with short spreading glandular-tipped hairs, the second scale glabrous 
or nearly so, 2-nerved, the midnerve suppressed. 

In sandy places and fields, Nebraska, Kansas and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 

6. Paspalum Chapmanii Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall: basal leaf-sheaths 
pubescent, the remaining ones glabrous except on the margins; blades glabrous on both 
surfaces, the margins ciliate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rather thin, 7-20 cm. long, 
7-14 mm. wide: racemes 10-12 cm. long, rather slender, usually in 2's on the main stem, 
single on the branches: spikelets in pairs on shorter pubescent pedicels, oval, 2.2 mm. long 
and about 1.8 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales densely pubescent with short spreading gland- 
ular-tipped hairs, 3-nerved, or the second often 2-nerved by the suppression of the midverve. 

In dry sandy soil, Florida. Summer. 

7. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Stems tufted, erect, 4-8 dm. tall, smooth and 
glabrous : leaf-sheaths ciliate on the overlapping margin, otherwise glabrous ; blades 5-26 
cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, the margins conspicuously 
ciliate with long hairs: racemes single, or sometimes in 2’s, 5-11 cm. long: spikelets in 
pairs, 1.8-2.1 mm. long and 1.5-1.8 mm. broad, oval to broadly obovate, the 2 outer 
scales 3-nerved or the second one rarely 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, 
both the scales glabrous. 

In sandy or rocky soil, District of Coitumbia to Alabama and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

8. Paspalum Kentuckiénse Nash. Stems tufted, 2-5 dm. tall, slender: leaf-sheaths 
ciliate on the overlapping margin, otherwise glabrous ; blades erect, lanceolate, 6 cm. long 
or less, 4-10 mm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins with hairs less 
than 1 mm. long: racemes single or in pairs, 2-5 em. long: spikelets about 1.6 mm. long 
and about 1.3 mm. wide, the scales glabrous, the first scale 3-nerved, the second one usu- 
ally 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. 

In dry soil, Kentucky and Tennessee. Summer. 

9. Paspalum longepedunculàtum Le Conte. Stems tufted, 2.5-8 dm. tall, smooth 
and glabrous: leaf-sheaths glabrous excepting on the pilose margins, crowded towards the 
base of the stem : blades 2.5-9 cm. long, rarely a little longer, 4-9 mm. broad, smooth and 
glabrous below, pubescent above with short appressed hairs, conspicuously ciliate on the 
margins, the hairs about 2 mm. long: racemes in l's or Xs, 2.5-8 cm. long: spikelets in 
pairs, 1.5-1.8 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. wide, broadly obovate, glabrous, the first scale 3-nerved, 
the second 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve which is rarely present. 

In sandy or rocky soil, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 

10. Paspalum Eggértii Nash. Stems tufted, 3-5 dm. tall: basal leaf-sheaths pubes- 
cent, the remainder ciliate on the overlapping margin but otherwise glabrous ; blades lan- 
ceolate, glabrous on both surfaces and on the margins, 10 cm. long or less, 4-8 mm. wide: 
racemes single or in pairs, 4-6 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, a little exceeding 2 mm. long 
and about 1.5 mm. wide, oval, the first scale strongly pubescent with short spreading hairs, 
3-nerved, the second scale usually 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, sparingly 
pubescent with similar hairs. 

Onsandy ridges, Arkansas. Fall. : 

11. Paspalum rigidifolium Nash. Stems tufted, erect, 3-8 dm. tall, smooth and 
glabrous: basal leaf-sheaths softly pilose with rather long spreading hairs, the remaining 
ones glabrous ; blades erect or ascending, rigid, linear, glabrous, 7-20 cm. long, 3-7 mm. 
wide : racemes single, or rarely in 2’s, 6-13 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, on shorter glabrous 
or nearly glabrous pedicels, 2.3-2.5 mm. long, 1.7-2 mm. wide, oval or broadly obovate, 
the first scale more or less pubescent with spreading hairs, 5-nerved, the second scale 
glabrous, 5-nerved, or sometimes 4-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. 

In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring. 

12. Paspalum épile Nash. Whole plant glabrous. Stems 6-8 dm. tall: leaf- 
blades thick, firm, linear-lanceolate, 2 dm. long or less, 7-10 mm. wide: racemes single or 


POACEAE 73 


in pairs, 6-10 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, 2 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, broadly 
obovate, the first scale 3-nerved, the second one generally 2-nerved by the suppression of the 
midnerve. ` 

In sand, Key West, Florida. Spring to fall. 


13. Paspalum elàtum L. C. Rich. Stems 6-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; 
blades 3 dm. long or less, 2-6 mm. wide, densely pubescent with long hairs above at the very 
base, otherwise glabrous: racemes in 3's, 10-13 cm. long: spikelets on hispidulous pedicels, 
elliptic, about 2.2 mm. long and 1.3 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, the first scale 
pubescent with long appressed hairs, the second one glabrous. 

In sandy soil, Key West, Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 


14. Paspalum latifolium Le Conte. Stems tufted, 6-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths smooth 
and glabrous, or the basal ones a little pubescent ; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, or the upper- 
most often shorter, 1-2 cm. wide, rather thin, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, glabrous, or 
some of them occasionally with a few scattered hairs on the margins near the base : racemes 
on the main stem usually in pairs, rarely single, those on the branches single, 6-12 cm. 
long : spikelets in pairs, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 2 mm. long and 1.5-1.7 mm. 
wide, broadly obovate, the first scale 3-nerved, pubescent with short spreading hairs, the 
second scale 3-nerved, or rarely 5-nerved, glabrous. 

In dry usually shady places, Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 

15. Paspalum gracílimum Nash. Stems slender, 4-6 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths smooth 
and glabrous : blades (the upper ones) 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-7 mm. wide, flat, a ring of 
long hairs just above the ligule, otherwise glabrous : racemes 6-10, usually alternate, 
widely spreading, slender, 3-7 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, obovate, 1.4 mm. long and 0.9 
mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, the first scale pubescent with short glandular-tipped 
hairs, the second scale glabrous, the third scale about 4 as thick as broad. 

Insandy soil, Key West, Florida. Spring to fall. 

16. Paspalum pubéscens Muhl. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, long-hirsute below the 
racemes: leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes pubescent on the margins or toward the apex, 
the basal ones sometimes pubescent all over ; blades 4-23 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rarely 
broader, densely pubescent on both surfaces with long spreading rather stiff hairs arising 
from papillae, if ciliate on the margins the hairs short: racemes usually 1, rarely 2 on the 
main stem, generally straight, or sometimes a little curved, 6-12 cm. long, rarely shorter : 
spikelets in pairs, glabrous, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 2 mm. long and 1.5-1.8 
mm. wide, broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, or the second 2-nerved by the sup- 
pression of the midnerve, the flowering scale triangular in cross-section, the angles rounded, 
about two-thirds as thick as broad. 

In fields, New York and New Jersey to Pennsylvania, District of Columbia and Tennessee. Sum- 
mer and fall. 

17. Paspalum Muhlenbérgii Nash. Stems tufted, at first erect, finally reclining, 
4-8 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous: leaf-sheaths generally pubescent all over with long 
hairs or sometimes only on the margins ; blades 0.5-2 dm. long, rarely longer, usually 
7-11 mm. wide, or sometimes narrower, ciliate on the margins with usually long hairs, 
more or less pubescent on both surfaces with long hairs: racemes in 1’s or 2’s, straight or 
curved, 5-10 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, glabrous, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 
2mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, oval or broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, or the 
second rarely 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, the flowering scale triangular 
in cross-section, the angles rounded, about à as thick as broad. 

In fields or in sandy or stony ground, Massachusetts to Missouri and the Indian Territory, South 
Carolina, Georgia and Mississippi. Late summer and fall. 

18. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Stems tufted, slender, 2-7 dm. tall: basal leaf- 
sheaths densely pubescent with long hairs, the upper ones only on the margins ; blades 
3-14 cm. long, rarely somewhat longer, usually 2.5-5 mm. wide, sometimes a little 
broader, linear, strict and erect or ascending, densely pubescent on both surfaces with long 
hairs: racemes single, slender, 4-8 cm. long, sometimes a little longer: spikelets either - 
single or in pairs, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 1.5 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. 
wide, broadly obovate, the first scale 3-nerved,* pubescent with spreading glandular-tipped 
hairs, the second scale 2-nerved, the midnerve rarely, if ever, present, glabrous or occasion- 
ally pubescent. oe 

In dry sandy soil, southeastern New York to Florida, west to Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

19. Paspalum villosissimum Nash. Plant yellowish gray-green. Stems tufted, 
erect, 4-10 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths crowded at the base of the stem, very densely pubescent, 
as well as both surfaces of the blades, with very long white spreading hairs; blades erect 
or ascending, thick, lanceolate, 2 dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. broad : racemes single or in 


74 POACEAE 


pairs, 5-9 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 1.8 mm. long 
and about 1.5 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales densely pubescent with spread- 
ing glandular-tipped hairs, the first scale 3-nerved, the second 2-nerved, or the midnerve 
very rarely present. 

In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Summer. 

20. Paspalum dasyphyllum Ell. Plant yellowish green. Stems tufted, stout, 2-6 
dm. tall: leaf-sheaths, as well as both surfaces of the blades, densely pubescent with long 
yellowish spreading hairs ; blades erect or ascending, thick, lanceolate, 2 dm. Jong or less, 
usually 1-2 cm. broad, sometimes a little narrower: racemes on the main stem in 2’s or 
3’s, those on the branches single, 4-10 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, on shorter puberulent 
pedicels, 2-2.2 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale usually 
more or less pubescent with spreading glandular-tipped hairs, 3-nerved, the second scale 
glabrous, usually 2-nerved or sometimes 3-nerved. 

In dry usually sandy places, South Carolina to Florida; also in Missouri. Summer. 

21. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Glabrous. Stems densely tufted, 2-6 dm. tall: 
leaf-blades erect, flat, 1 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, those on the innovations longer : 
racemes 2-5, erect or nearly so, 2-4 cm. long: spikelets singly disposed, oval, about 2 mm. 
long and 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, glabrous, the outer scales 5-nerved, the lateral nerves ap- 
proximate and distant from the midnerve, the third scale deep seal brown when mature, 
scrobiculate. 

In sandy soil, Florida. Also in tropical countries. Summer and fall. DITCH MILLET. 

22. Paspalum laéve Michx. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed, 
glabrous ; blades short, those on the stem usually less than 1.5 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, 
pubescent above near the base: racemes 2 or 3, spreading, 4-8 cm. long: spikelets singly 
disposed, glabrous, oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. 

In fields, District of Columbia to Kentucky, Georgia, Arkansas and Texas. Summer. 

23. Paspalum angustifóltum Le Conte. Stems tufted, 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths 
compressed, glabrous; blades long, the larger 2-4 dm. long, less than 1 cm. wide, gla- 
brous, or the upper surface sometimes sparingly hirsute near the base : racemes 3-5, spread- 
ing, usually 6-10 cm. long, sometimes shorter: spikelets singly disposed, oval, 3-3.5 mm. 
long and about 2.5 mm. wide, glabrous, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. 

B zi fields, District of Columbia to northern Florida, Louisiana, Kansas and Missouri. Summer 
an all. 

24. Paspalum australe Nash. Stems tufted, 4-7 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths usually hir- 
sute only on the margins; blades erect, short, generally 1.5 dm. long or less, 5-10 mm. 
wide, strongly ribbed, rather thick, firm, glabrous beneath or nearly so, hirsute above: 
racemes 2-5, usually 2 or 3, finally spreading, commonly 5 em. long or less, sometimes 
longer : spikelets singly disposed, oval, 2.7-3 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, the 2 outer 
scales 3-nerved, glabrous. 

On grassy flats and banks, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 

25. Paspalum longipilum Nash. Stems tufted, compressed : leaf-sheaths much com- 
pressed, keeled, the lower ones strongly hirsute with very long hairs: blades erect, firm, 
stiff, folded when dry, 2 dm. long or less, 6-12 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, densely hir- 
sute above with very long hairs: racemes 2 or 3, spreading or ascending, usually 4—6 cm. 
long, sometimes longer: spikelets singly disposed, oval, about 3 mm. long and a little ex- 
ceeding 2 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 5-nerved, the lateral nerves close together 
and near the margin. 

In moist or wet soil, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 

26. Paspalum praelóngum Nash. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths usually 
hirsute all over; blades long, usually exceeding 1.5 dm., sometimes 3 dm. long, 5-10 mm. 
wide, thin, lax, hirsute on both surfaces: racemes 2-4, usually 3 or 4, finally spreading, 
5-10 em. long: spikelets singly disposed, oval, 2.5-2.8 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, 
the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous. : 

In moist or dry soil, District of Columbia to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. Summer and fall. 

27. Paspalum circulare Nash. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths hirsute 
with long hairs, compressed ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 5-8 mm. wide, glabrous beneath 
or hirsute along the midnerve, the upper surface hirsute with long hairs: racemes 2-4, 
spreading or ascending, 4-6 cm. long: spikelets singly disposed, glabrous, orbicular, about 
2.5 mm. in diameter, the 2 outer scales thin, finely but distinctly striate. 

In fields and meadows, New York to North Carolina; alsoin Missouri Summer and fall. 

28. Paspalum Simpsdnii Nash. Stems tufted, slender, 4-8 dm. tall: basal leaf- 
sheaths hirsute, the rest glabrous; blades lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, gla- 
brous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins below the middle : racemes 3-5, spreading, 


POACEAE 75 


2-7 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, obovate, 1.3-1.5 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. broad, the 
2 outer scales 3-nerved, densely pubescent with short glandular-tipped hairs. 

In rocky pine woods, No-name Key and Key West, Florida. Spring and summer. 

29. Paspalum Blodgéttli Chapm. Smooth and glabrous. Stems densely tufted, 
slender, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, narrowed at both ends: 
racemes erect, 2-6, 1.5-6 cm. long, slender, the rachis flat, winged, about 0.5 mm. broad, 
about j as wide as the spikelets: spikelets in pairs, 1.5-2 mm. long, about 1 mm. broad, 
elliptie to obovate, the 2 outer scales papillose-pubescent with appressed hairs, 3-nerved. 

On coral soil or shell mounds, Florida. Alsoin Cuba. Spring and fall. 

30 Paspalum Hállii Vasey & Scribn. Stems 4-10 dm. long, finally prostrate and 
rooting toward the base, the nodes pubescent: leaf-sheaths more or less hirsute on one 
margin, the exterior basal ones hirsute all over ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 1-1.5 cm. wide, 
glabrous on both surfaces: racemes 2-4, usually ascending, the lower ones 5-10 em. long : 
spikelets in pairs, broadly obovate, 2.5-3 mm. long and about 2 mm. broad, the 2 outer 
scales 3-nerved, the first scale strongly hirsute, the second one glabrous. 

In moist soil, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 

31. Paspalum laeviglümis Scribn. Stems 5-15 dm. long, finally prostrate and 
rooting toward the base, the nodes pubescent : sheaths more or less hirsute on one margin, 
otherwise glabrous; leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 1-2 em. wide, glabrous on both surfaces : 
racemes 4-7, spreading or ascending, the lower ones usually 5-10 cm. long: spikelets in 
pairs, oval to broadly obovate, 2.7-3 mm. long, 1.8-2 mm. broad, glabrous, the first scale 
3-5-nerved, the second scale 5—7-nerved. 

In moist places, Tennessee to the Indian Territory, Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 

32. Paspalum géminum Nash. Stems 5-7 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, 
glabrous, or the basal ones pubescent; blades erect, firm, thick, 2 dm. long or less, 6-10 
mm. wide, glabrous beneath, hirsute above near the base with long hairs : racemes about 3, 
sometimes more, spreading or ascending, 4-6 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, elliptic, 3-3.3 mm. 
long and about 2 mm. wide, glabrous, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. 

In fields and orchards, Florida. Spring and summer. 

33. Paspalum Bosciànum Fluegge. Stems 5-12 dm. long, compressed, finally 
branched, often decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: leaf-sheaths com- 
pressed, smooth and glabrous, or the basal ones papillose-hirsute ; blades 4—30 cm. long, 
3-10 mm. wide, smooth or roughish, papillose-hirsute above near the base: racemes 2-13, 
spreading or ascending, 4-9 cm. long, the rachis straight, 2-2.5 mm. wide, broadly 
winged : spikelets in pairs and often so crowded as to appear in four rows, frequently red- 
brown, broadly obovate, 2-2.3 mm. long, 1.5-1.8 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales smooth and 
glabrous, the first 5-nerved, the second 3-nerved, the flowering scale faintly pitted in close 
longitudinal lines, deep brown at maturity. [P. purpurascens Ell. ] 

In meadows and moist places, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


34. Paspalum plicàtulum Michx. Stems tufted, flattened, 4-8 dm. tall: leaf- 
sheaths compressed, smooth and glabrous ; blades usually folded, at least when dry, more 
or less long-hairy above, erect, rather stiff, 2dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide: racemes 
3-7, rarely fewer, spreading or ascending, 3-7 cm. long: spikelets brown at maturity, 
elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. wide, the first scale 5-nerved, the lateral 
nerves approximate, more or less pubescent with appressed hairs, the second scale glabrous, 
3-nerved, the margins usually more or less transversely plicate, the third scale seal-brown 
at maturity. 

In dry, usually sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Also in Mexico, South America and the 
West Indies. Spring to fall. 

35. Paspalum diffórme Le Conte. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, rather stout, leafy below, 
not tufted: leaf-sheaths somewhat compressed, the external basal ones, as well as some- 
times the summit of the others, papillose-hirsute ; blades erect or nearly so, commonly 
less than 1.5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, flat, glabrous or hirsute above and sometimes more 
or less so below : racemes 2 or 3, ascending, short, commonly 4-6 cm. long : spikelets usu- 
ally singly disposed, or rarely some of the central ones in pairs, 3-3.5 mm. long and abont 
2.6 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous. 

In low grounds, Georgia and Florida. Summer. B 

36. Paspalum altíssimum LeConte. Stems usually 5-8 dm. tall, rarely taller, slen 
der: leaf-sheaths hirsute with rather short hairs; blades short-hirsute on both surfaces, 
commonly ]ess than 2 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide : racemes generally in pairs, 5-8 cm. long, 
ascending : spikelets usually singly disposed, sometimes in pairs, about 3.5 mm. long and 
2.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved. 

In dry pine lands, Alabama and Mississippi. Fall. 


76 POACEAE 


37. Paspalum glabratum (Engelm. ) C. Mohr. Whole plant often glaucous. Stems 
usually 1-2 m. tall, stout, leafy: leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes sparingly pubescent, 
the external basal ones sometimes hirsute ; blades glabrous on the lower surface, the upper 
surface glabrous or more or less hirsute, the lower blades 3-7 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide: 
racemes usually 3-6, sometimes 2, erect or nearly so, the lower ones commonly 1-1.5 dm. 
long, occasionally shorter or longer: spikelets singly disposed or in pairs, 3.5-4.5 mm. 
long, 2.75-3.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved. 

In low ground, Maryland to Kansas, Georgia and Texas. Summer and fall. 

38. Paspalum Floridànum Michx. Stems 9-12 dm. tall, rather stout, leafy : leaf- 
sheaths densely hirsute with long hairs ; blades densely hirsute above and usually also on 
the lower surface, the lower ones 3-6 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide: racemes commonly 2 or 
3, rarely 4, erect, the lower ones usually 8-12 cm. long: spikelets usually singly disposed, 
3.5-4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous. 

In low ground, South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas. Summer and fall. 

39. Paspalum gigantéum Baldw. Stems tufted, 1-1.5 m. tall, stout: leaf-sheaths 
glabrous; blades erect, glabrous on both surfaces, if ciliate on the margins the hairs short, 
the lower leaves 2-3 dm. long, 1.5-2 em. wide: racemes 3-5, finally widely spreading, 
1-1.5 dm. long: spikelets in pairs, about 3.25 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer 
scales glabrous, 3-nerved. 

In ditches and swamps, Florida. Summer. 


40. Paspalum longicílium Nash. Stems tufted, ascending, stout, 6-12 dm. tall: 
lower leaf-sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long shaggy hairs ; blades glabrous on both 
surfaces, the margins ciliate with very long hairs, the lower blades 2-4 dm. long, 1-2 cm. 
wide : racemes ascending, the lower ones 8-17 cm. long : spikelets usually singly disposed, 
3-3.3 mm. long and 2-2.3 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved. 

In clay soil in ditches, central peninsular Florida. Summer. 

41. Paspalum Buckleyanum Vasey. Stems erect, 6-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths 
smooth and glabrous ; blades 4-20 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough above, smooth beneath : 
racemes erect, 2-4, 5-7 cm. long, the rachis straight, broadly winged, 1.5-2 mm. wide: 
spikelets in pairs, often so crowded as to appear as if in 4 rows, 3 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. 
broad, elliptic, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, densely appressed-pubescent, the flowering scale 
yellowish at maturity, faintly pitted in fine longitudinal lines. 

«in low grounds, Texas. Summer and fall. 

42. Paspalum lívidum Trin. Stems 6-10 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed, 
keeled, smooth, glabrous, except on the margins ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, 
more or less pubescent on the upper surface: racemes 3-7, erect or ascending, 2.5-5 cm. 
long, the rachis often setiferous on the margins: spikelets bright green, in pairs, elliptic, 
acute or acutish, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, gla-: 
brous, the third scale yellowish white, only slightly convex in cross-section. 

In wet places, Texas. Also in Mexico and South America. Summer. 

43. Paspalum praécox Walt. Stems tufted, compressed, 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths 
compressed, the lower ones purple, the exterior basal ones hirsute, the remainder glabrous ; 
blades 2 dm. long or less, 4-6 mm. wide, glabrous: racemes usually 4-6, rarely more or 
fewer, ascending, 2-5 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, lenticular, nearly flat on the inner side, 
yellowish green, orbicular to oval, 2.2-2.6 mm. long, 1.8-2.2 mm. wide, the 2 outer 
scales glabrous, 3-nerved, the third scale striately roughened with conspicuous papillae. 

In moist or wet places, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. In spring and early summer ; some- 
times also in the late fall. 

44. Paspalum glabérrimum Nash. Glabrous. Stems single, about 1 m. tall, erect, 
compressed : leaf-sheaths compressed ; blades erect, long-acuminate, the larger 3-4 dm. 
long, 5-8 mm. wide, the upper blade very short or wanting : racemes 3 or 4, ascending, the 
lower 4-7 em. long: spikelets nearly circular, barely if at all convex on one side, 3 mm. 
long, light green, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. 

In low pine lands, southern peninsular Florida. Summer. 

45. Paspalum tárdum Nash. Stems not tufted, compressed, usually 6-13 dm. tall : 
leaf-sheaths compressed, the outer basal ones densely papillose-hirsute with long hairs, the 
remainder similarly pubescent with very long hairs at the apex ; blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 
3-6 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, hirsute above toward the base, especially near the base 
where the hairs are very dense and long : racemes usually 3 or 4, sometimes only 2, spread- 
ing or ascending, commonly 3-6 cm. long, sometimes shorter: spikelets singly or in pairs, 
orbicular or nearly so, 2.2-2.5 mm. in diameter, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous, the 
third scale striately roughened with conspicuous papillae. 

In wet ground, Florida to Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


POACEAE 77 


46. Paspalum Kearneyi Nash. Stems single, slender, 8-10 dm. tall, compressed : 
leaf-sheaths compressed, the external basal ones hirsute, as well as sometimes the summit 
of some of the others ; blades erect, elongated, densely hirsute on both surfaces, long- 
acuminate, the lower ones 2-3 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide: racemes about 3, spreading, 3-4 
cm. long : spikelets broadly obovate, 2.8 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, barely if at all 
convex on one side, light green, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. 

In dry soil, Mississippi. Fall. 

47. Paspalum ámplum Nash. Stems tufted, stout, 1-1.5 m. tall, round or but 
little compressed : leaf-sheaths a little flattened, the outer basal ones hirsute below, the 
remainder glabrous, excepting a tuft of long hairs at the apex ; blades 2-5 dm. long, 5-10 
mm. wide, glabrous beneath, pubescent above with short appressed hairs and near the base 
with very long ones: racemes usually 6-8, erect or ascending, the lower ones commonly 
8-15 em. long: spikelets orbicular to oval, about 3 mm. long and 2.5-3 mm. wide, the 
third scale strongly roughened with conspicuous papillae. 

In wet ground, Florida to Mississippi. Summer. 

48. Paspalum Curtisiànum Steud. Stems stout, 8-10 dm. tall:  leaf-sheaths 
densely papillose-hirsute with long ascending hairs ; blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, 
strongly papillose-hirsute, especially above, with long hairs: racemes 5-10, finally spread- 
ing, 3-8 em. long: spikelets single or in pairs, lenticular, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, the 
2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved, the third scale striately roughened with conspicuous 
papillae. 

In wet places, South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 

49. Paspalum Vaseyànum Scribn. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, stout: lower leaf-sheaths 
densely papillose-hispid with ascending hairs ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 8-12 mm. wide, 
hirsute above at the very base, otherwise glabrous : racemes erect, 10-20, the lower 8-12 
em. long: spikelets in pairs, acute, 2.3-2.5 mm. long and about 1.4 mm. wide, the 2 outer 
scales 3-nerved, acute, pilose on the margins with very long hairs, the surface, especially 
that of the first scale, pubescent with shorter hairs. 

In fields, Alabama to Texas. Summer and fall. 

50. Paspalum dilatàtum Poir. Smooth and glabrous. Stems 5-17 dm. tall, some- 
what compressed : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-12 mm. wide: racemes 5-10 cm. long, 
erect or ascending, the rachis broadly winged, 1.2-1.5 mm. wide, straight : spikelets in 
pairs, so densely crowded as to appear as if in 4 rows, 3-3.3 mm. long, 2-2.2 mm. broad, 
nearly orbicular, apiculate, much compressed dorsally, the 2 outer scales 5—7-nerved, the 
first scale ciliate on the margins with very long lax hairs, the second sparingly ciliate with 
much shorter hairs, the flowering scale white at maturity, orbicular. 

In meadows and moist places, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

51. Paspalum bifidum (A. Bertol.) Nash. Glaucous. Stems 7-13 dm. tall, single, 
from a stout scaly rootstock, its scales strongly appressed-hirsute: leaves mostly at the 
base of the stem ; sheaths, at least the external basal ones, papillose-hirsute ; blades 3 dm. 
long or less, generally 5-10 mm. wide, narrowed at both ends, glabrous or but sparingly 
hirsute beneath, strongly hirsute above toward the base: racemes usually 2 or 3, sometimes 
more or only 1, 7-15 cm. long, erect, the rachis triangular, slender, the lateral margins 
not winged: spikelets in rather distant pairs, oval, 3.5-4 mm. long and about 2.5 mm. 
broad ; scales usually 3 (sometimes 4 and the first one minute), the first scale 7-nerved, the 
second one 5-nerved. [P. racemulosum Nutt. ] 

In dry pine lands or on wooded hillsides, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Fall. 

52. Paspalum solitarium Nash. Rootstock long and stout, scaly, the scales gla- 
brous. Stems single, rigid, 6-10 dm. tall (rarely shorter) : leaf-sheaths sometimes pubes- 
cent on the exterior margin ; blades elongated, stiff, the larger ones often 3-6 dm. long, 
involute, at least when dry, long-acuminate, glabrous: raceme 1, or rarely 2 racemes, 1-2 
dm. long, erect: spikelets crowded in pairs on hispid pedicels, glabrous, 3 mm. long and 
about 1.5 mm. wide, elliptic, the 3 outer scales 3-nerved. [P. monostachyum Vasey, not 
Walp.] 

In wet soil, southern Florida and Texas. Fall. 

53. Paspalum conjugàtum Berg. Smooth and glabrous. Stems compressed, 2-9 
dm. tall, finally decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: leaf-blades 4-16 
cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide: racemes in pairs, slender, often curved, spreading or ascending, 
5-12 em. long, the rachis straight, or flexuous toward the apex, 0.6-0.8 mm. broad : spike- 
lets crowded, much compressed dorsally, singly disposed, 1.5 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. broad, 
apiculate, the 2 outer scales 2-nerved, the nerves marginal, the first scale ciliate on the 
margins with very long lax hairs, the third scale smooth, white. 

In wet places, Louisiana and Texas. Common in all tropical countries. Summer. 


78 POACEAE 


54. Paspalum distichum L. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, from a long stout rootstock: 
leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, especially at the base 
and on the innovations, glabrous, or more or less hairy on the margins; blades com- 
monly less than 1 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, generally glabrous : racemes terminal, in pairs, 
ascending, 2-5 cm. long: spikelets singly disposed, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute, the 
2 outer scales firm, 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved, the first scale glabrous, the second appressed- 
pubescent, the third apiculate, strongly pubescent at the apex. 

In sandy soil, on the seashore or along rivers, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas, and on the 
Pacific coast. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 

55. Paspalum vaginatum Sw. Stems 2-6 dm. tall. from a long stout rootstock : 
leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, at least at the base and 
on the innovations, glabrous ; blades folded, or involute when dry, 1.5 dm. long or less, 
2-4 mm. wide, glabrous, or sparingly hairy above at the very base: racemes terminal, usu- 
ally in pairs, rarely more or but a single one, erect or ascending, 3-7 cm. long: spikelets 
singly disposed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long, the 2 outer scales glabrous, thin, 
the first scale 4-nerved, the lateral nerves approximate at the margin, the midnerve sup- 
pressed, the second scale 5-nerved, the lateral nerves rather near together, the third scale 
glabrous at the apex or with 2 or 3 hairs. 

Along the seashore, Florida to Texas. Also in the West Indies. Summer and fall. 


21. DIMORPHOSTACHYS Fourn. 


Perennial grasses with simple or somewhat branched stems, flat leaf-blades and one-sided 
racemes. Spikelets borne in pairs, the one short-, the other longer-pedicelled, the former 
with the first scale turned to one side and often much longer than the corresponding scale 
in the other spikelet. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous; fourth scale indurated in fruit, 
with its opening turned away from the rachis, and enclosing a palet of similar texture and 
a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles long, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

Spikelets 2.3-2.5 mm. long: leaf-blades usually short, with naked margins. 1. D. Drummondii. 
Spikelets 2.8-3 mm. long: leaf-blades with ciliate margins. 2. D. ciliifera. 

1. Dimorphostachys Drummondii Fourn. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, rather slen- 
der, glabrous: leaf-sheaths glabrous excepting the ciliate margins; blades erect, gla- 
brous, or sometimes with a few scattered hairs on the surface, generally 1.5 dm. long or 
less, occasionally longer, 1-1.5 cm. broad: racemes 2-4, 4-9 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, 
2.3-2.5 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. broad, obovate or elliptic ; scales 4 (rarely 3), the 
first and second scales rather strongly pubescent, the first scale very small, nerveless, the 
second me third scales 5-nerved, the latter glabrous. [Paspalum Drummondii ( Fourn. ) 
Vasey. 

In low grounds, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 

2. Dimorphostachys ciliifera Nash. Stems tufted, glabrous, or sometimes papillose- 
hirsute toward the base, 7-11 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths ciliate, otherwise glabrous, or the 
lower ones papillose-hirsute ; blades erect or nearly so, the larger ones 2-3 dm. long and 
1-1.5 em. wide, ciliate on the margins, sparingly pubescent on the surface with scattered 
hairs: racemes 2 or 3, finally spreading, 7-9 cm. long: spikelets crowded in pairs, 2.8-3 
mm. long and about 1.8 mm. broad ; scales 4, the glabrous first scale very small or occa- 
sionally $ as long as the spikelet and acuminate, nerveless, or in the latter case 1-nerved, 
the second and third scales 5-nerved, the former glabrous, the latter sparingly pubescent 
with short appressed hairs. 

In moist soil, southern peninsular Florida. Fall. 


22. ANASTROPHUS Schlecht. 


Perennial grasses, with compressed stems and sheaths, the stems creeping at the base, 
the inflorescence consisting of 2-several (rarely 1) unilateral more or less spreading spikes. 
Spikelets articulated below the empty scales, 1-flowered, singly and alternately disposed in 
2 rows on one side of a narrow rachis, appressed, narrow, sessile, acute or acuminate. 
Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, membranous, the third one firmer, glabrous and shining, at 
length indurated, with its back turned away from the rachis, enfolding a shorter palet of 
similar texture and.a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. 1. A. paspaloides. 
Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long: : 
Ovate: lower leaf-blades 8-12 mm. wide. 2. A. platycaulis. 
Elliptic: lower leaf-blades rarely exceeding 6 mm. in width. 3. A. compressus. 


1. Anastrophus paspaloides (Michx.) Nash. Perennial, with creeping stolons. 
Stems flattened, 2-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed and, like the blades, pubescent or 


POACEAE 79 


glabrous ; blades commonly 2 dm. long or less, 5-12 mm. wide: spikes 4-13 em. long, 
usually a pair at the summit of the stem, sometimes with an additional one a short distance 
below: spikelets 4-6 mm. long. [Paspalum furcatum Fluegge. ] 

In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Spring to fall. 

2. Anastrophus platycatlis (Poir.) Nash. Stolons stout and creeping. Stems 
flattened, 2-4 dm. tall: leaves glabrous or pubescent ; sheaths compressed ; blades 1.5 dm. 
long or less, 8-12 mm. wide: spikes a pair, or sometimes with an additional one below: 
spikelets about 2.25 mm. long, ovate, very acute, pubescent. 

In dry sandy soil, Florida. Summer and fall. 

3. Anastrophus compréssus (Sw.) Schlecht. Stolons numerous and creeping, 
Stems 3-8 dm. tall, slender, flattened : leaves glabrous ; sheaths compressed ; blades some- 
times 3 dm. long, usually shorter, 4-8 mm. wide: spikes in pairs, or with an additiona] 
third one below, slender, 4-10 cm. long: spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic, pubescent, 

In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Alsoin tropical America. Summer and fall. 


23. ANTHAENANTIA Beauv. 


Erect perennial grasses, with numerous spikelets arranged in a narrow or contracted 
panicle. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, ovate, sometimes shortly acuminate. Scales 3, the 2 
outer equal, or nearly so, membranous, densely silky-pilose externally, empty, or the 
second one enclosing a palet and sometimes also a staminate flower, the third scale equal- 
ling ora little shorter than the second, membranous, finally somewhat rigid or slightly in- 
durated, enclosing a shorter palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stig- 


mas penicillate-plumose. 


Leaf-blades linear, the lower ones 3-4 mm. wide: plant often purple or purplish. '1. A. rufa. 
Leaf-blades narrowed toward the summit, the lower ones 5-10 mm. wide: plant green. 2. A. villosa. 


1. Anthaenantia rüfa (Ell.) Schult. Smooth and glabrous, often purple. Stems 
4-10 dm. tall, from a running rootstock : leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 
erect, linear, obtuse, 2-5 mm. wide, those at the base and on the innovations 2-4 dm. long, 
those on the stem 2 dm. long or less: panicle contracted, 8-20 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad : 
Spikelets numerous, 3.5-4 mm. long, the first and second scales about equal in length, 
9-nerved, the hairs about 1 mm. long, the second enclosing a palet and often also a stami- 
nate flower, the third scale as long as or a little shorter than the others. 

In moist pine lands, South Carolina to'Florida. Fall.—A form, A.rufa scdbra Nash, differing from 
the above in having the sheaths and blades scabrous, occurs in similar situations in South Carolina, 
but mainly from Alabama to Louisiana. Fall. 

2. Anthaenantia villdsa (Michx.) Beauv. Smooth and glabrous, green. Stems 
5-15 dm. tall, from a running rootstock : leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 
erect, narrowed toward the apex, acute or somewhat obtuse, 3 dm. long or less, 1 cm. wide 
or less: panicle contracted, 8-20 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad: spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the 
2 outer scales 5-nerved, the hairs about 0.6 mm. long, the first scale equalling or a little 
shorter than the second which encloses a palet and sometimes also a staminate flower, the 
third scale about equalling the second. 

In dry pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


24. AMPHICARPON Raf. 


Tufted grasses, with flat leaf-blades and 1-flowered spikelets of two kinds; one borne 
in terminal panicles, articulated below the empty scales and readily deciduous, lanceolate, 
not ripening fruit; the other solitary, larger, becoming ovoid and turgid, terminating 
subterranean stems, and maturing fruit. Scales 3, the third subtending a palet and perfect 
flower; the scales of the aérial spikelets green, membranous ; those of the subterranean 
spikelets much firmer in texture, white or yellowish, becoming indurated and enclosing 
the grain. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas penicillate-plumose. 

1. A. Amphicarpon. 


Stems not from rootstocks : leaf-blades papillose-hispid. j 
Stems from long running rootstocks : leaf-blades glabrous. 2. A. Floridanum. 


1. Am on Amphicárpon (Pursh) Nash. Stems tufted, the aérial 3-8 dm. 
tall, naked ea buius a EI contracted panicle 3-20 cm. long, the spikelets 
numerous, elliptic, 4-5 mm. long; subterranean stems slender, 1.5-10 cm. long, bracted at 
the base, with a single terminal spikelet : leaf-sheaths and blades papillose-hispid with 
spreading hairs, the latter erect, 15 cm. long or less, 1.5 cm. wide or less, lanceolate. [A. 
Purshii Kunth. ] 

In sandy soil, New Jersey to Georgia (according to Chapman). Fall. 


80 i POACEAE 


2. Amphicarpon Floridànum Chapm. Stems tufted, from a long stout rootstock, 
the aërial 3-8 dm. tall, naked above and bearing a terminal contracted panicle 3-23 cm. 
long, the lanceolate spikelets numerous, 6-7 mm. long ; subterranean stems 3-15 cm. long, 
scaly at the base, with a single terminal spikelet : leaf-sheaths papillose-hispid at the 
summit and along the margins, or sometimes the lower ones all over ; blades erect or as- 
cending, glabrous on both surfaces, or sparingly pubescent above, 2 dm. long or less, 1 
cm. wide or less, lanceolate. 

In dry sandy soil, Fiorida. Summer and fall. 


25. ERIÓCHLOA H.B.K. 


Perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of spike-like one- 
sided racemes which are racemosely arranged. Spikelets with an annular callus at the 
base, articulated below the callus, 1-flowered, imbricated, arranged in 2 rows on a flat 
rachis, acute or acuminate. Scales 3, the two outer membranous, empty, acute or 
acuminate, the third scale glabrous and shining, shorter, at length indurated, awn-pointed 
or short-awned at the apex, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Sta- 
mens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


Flowering scale 34 as long as the spikelet or more, the awn a mere point or apiculation. 
Hairs at the apex of the pedicels none, or few and short. 
Rachis of the inflorescence and racemes puberulent or with a few scattered 


long hairs. 1. E. longifolia. 
Rachis of the inflorescence and racemes densely pilose with long hairs. 2. E. mollis. 
Hairs at the apex of the pedicels many, more than 4 as long as the spikelet. 3. E. sericea. 
Flowering scale usually about 24 as long as the spikelet, the awn 14-4 as long as 
the scale. 4, E. punctata. 


1. Eriochloa longifdlia Vasey. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; 
blades erect or ascending, 4 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth : inflorescence 6-20 
cm. long, its axis puberulent or with a few scattered long hairs: racemes erect, 2-4 cm. 
long, puberulent: spikelets 8-16, ovate-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, on puberulent 
pedicels, the 2 outer scales appressed-pubescent with long hairs, 5-nerved, acute or obtuse ; 
third scale about 3.5 mm. long, coarsely transverse-rugose, about $ as long as the spikelet, 

. apiculate, or with a short awn less than 1 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida. Spring. 

2. Eriochloa mollis ( Michx.) Kunth. Stems single, 7-15 dm. tall, densely and 
softly pubescent at and near the nodes : leaf-sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent with short 
ascending hairs; blades 1-4.5 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous : inflores- 
cence 1.5- 4 dm. long, its axis densely pilose with somewhat ascending hairs: racemes erect 
or nearly so, 8-20, 3-15 cm. long, the rachis densely pilose with somewhat ascending hairs : 
spikelets 12-40, 5—5.5 mm. long, ovate, acute, on pilose pedicels, the 2 outer scales appressed- 
pubescent with long hairs, 5-nerved, acute ; third scale about 3.5 mm. long, rather finely 
transverse-rugose, apiculate, or with a very short awn. [Panicum molle Michx. ] 

In low pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Summer. 

3. Eriochloa sericea Munro. Stems tufted, 4-10 dm. tall, softly pubescent at and 
near the nodes : leaf-sheaths usually softly pubescent ; blades glabrous or pubescent, 4 mm. 
broad or less, those on the innovations 1-3 dm. long, those on the stem 3-20 cm. long: 
inflorescence 1-2 dm. long, its axis pubescent with short ascending hairs; racemes ap- 
pressed, 5-9, 1-4 cm. long, the rachis pubescent with short ascending hairs: spikelets 
10-24, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, ovate, acutish, on pedicels which are densely hispid at the apex 
with hairs more than 3 as long as the spikelet, the 2 outer scales pubescent with rather long 
hairs, acute or obtuse ; third scale 3-3.5 mm. long, transversely rugose, apiculate. 

In dry soil, Texas and the Indian Territory to New Mexico. Summer. 

4. Eriochloa punctata (L.) Hamilt. Stems tufted, 2-8 dm. tall, finally much 
branched, the nodes puberulent: leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous or pubescent, the latter 
2-30 em. long, 3-10 mm. wide: inflorescence 6-20 cm. long, its axis pubescent with 
short ascending or nearly appressed hairs: racemes erect or nearly so, 4-20, 1.5-4 cm. 
long, the rachis with short ascending hairs: spikelets 10-30, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, lanceolate, 
acuminate, on appressed-pubescent pedicels, the 2 outer scales appressed-pubescent with 
long hairs, acuminate ; third scale transversely rugose, from 3-3 as long as the spikelet, 
about 2.5 mm. long, exclusive of the hispid awn which is 4 as long as the scale or more. 

On plains or prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer and fall. EvERLASTING GRASS. 


26. BRACHIARIA Ledeb. 


Grasses with flat leaves and the spikelets borne in 2 rows in one-sided spikes. Spikelets 
of 4 scales, the outer 3 membranous, the fourth scale chartaceous, indurated in fruit, trans- 


POACEAE 81 


versely rugose, and enclosing a similar palet and a perfect flower, its opening turned toward 
the rachis. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

i. Brachiaria platyphylla (Munro) Nash. Stems at first erect, finally prostrate and 
rooting at the lower nodes, 4-6 dm. long: leaf-sheaths pubescent, commonly overlapping ; 
blades flat, 5-10 em. long, 7-12 mm. wide, lanceolate : spikes 2-5, rather distant, 3-6 cm. 
long, the rachis broadly winged : spikelets ovate, glabrous, about 4 mm. long. 

In wet woods, Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 


27. SYNTHERISMA Walt. 


Annual grasses, with flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of spike-like racemes 
which are disposed in whorls, or scattered and approximate, at the summit of the stems. 
Spikelets narrow, acute, in 2’s or 3’s on one side of the flat and winged or triangular rachis, 
one of the spikelets generally longer pedicelled than the rest. Scales 3 or 4, the 3 outer 
membranous, the first small or wanting, the fourth scale chartaceous, glabrous and shining, 
at length indurated, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. 
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Digitaria Scop., not Heist.] CRAB GRASS. 


Rachis of the racemes with the angles naked, not winged: first scale wanting or 
sometimes present as an inconspicuous rudiment. 
Second and third scales pubescent with appressed glandular tipped hairs: stems 
simple or sparingly branched at the base; nodes 5 or fewer. 
Racemes usually short, 2-10 em. long: spikelets less than 2 mm. long. 1. S. filiforme. 
Racemes usually exceeding 10 em. in length, rarely shorter: spikelets 2.25 
mm. long or more. 
Pubescence on the sheaths spreading: racemes commonly more than 5. 2. S. villosum. 
Pubescence on the sheaths appressed or nearly so: racemes commonly 
less than 4. 3. S. leucocomum. 
Second and third scales glabrous. 
Hairs on the sheaths appressed or nearly so: nodes 5 or fewer. 
Second scale 14 as long as the spikelet or less, rounded or truncate at the 


apex. i 4. S. gracillimum. 
Second scale more than 23% as long as the spikelet, sparingly pilose at the 
2 acute apex. 5. S. Bakeri. 
Hairs on the sheaths widely spreading: nodes numerous. j 6. S. Simpsonii. 
Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles broadly winged, thus making it 
nite flat: first scale usually present, or generally wanting in nos. 7 and 8. 
Pedicels terete or sometimes obscurely angled, sparingly if at all hispidulous. 
Sheaths and leaf-blades strongly papillose-hirsute: rachis of the racemes 
0.8 mm. wide or less; second scale 12 as long as the spikelets or less. 7. S. serotinum. 
Sheaths and leaf-blades glabrous: rachis of the racemes 1 mm. wide or 
more ; second scale nearly as long as the spikelet. 8. S. humifusum. 


Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous. 
Sheaths strongly papillose-hirsute : racemes commonly more than 3. : 

Racemes very slender, the rachis usually less than 0.5 mm. wide: spike- 
lets 1/5 as wide as long, acuminate: fourth scale greenish when ma- 
ture. 

Racemes stouter, the rachis usually exceeding 0.7 mm. wide: spikelets 14 
as wide as long or more, acute: fourth scale yellowish white when 
mature. 

Spikelets usually less than 3 mm. long, the second scale 34 as long as 
the spikelet or less, the third scale with the first and second nerves 
on each side hispid above the middle. 10. S. sanguinale. 

Spikelets commonly more than 3 mm, long, the second scale more 
than ý as long as the spikelet, the third scale with the nerves 

moot. 


9. S. setosum. 


S 2 11. S. fimbriatum. 
Sheaths glabrous or nearly so: spikelets about 4 mm. long: racemes 2. 12. S. barbatum. 


1. Syntherisma filifórme (L.) Nash. Stems 1.5-7 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths papillose-hir- 
sute, or the uppermost one glabrous ; blades 3-20 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, erect, usually 
glabrous below, papillose-hirsute above toward the base: axis of the inflorescence 1-3 cm. 
long: racemes 2-5, 2-10 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate: spikelets about 1.8 mm. 
long, 0.75 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, in pairs ; first scale wanting, the second and third 
scales appressed-pubescent with long glandular-tipped hairs, the former 3-nerved and about 
ł as long as the 7-nerved third scale, the fourth scale slightly exceeding the third, deep 
chestnut brown when mature, striate. [Panicum filiforme L. ] 

In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Michigan, North Carolina and the Indian Territory. Summer. 


2. Syntherisma villdsum Walt. Stems densely tufted, 6-14 dm. tall: lower leaf- 
sheaths papillose-hirsute, the uppermost one sometimes glabrous; blades 7-25 cm. long, 
3-6 mm. wide, erect or nearly so, smooth beneath, rough above, the lower surface more or 
less papillose-hirsute, the upper leaves glabrous: axis of the inflorescence 3-9 cm. long ; 
racemes 2-8, usually more than 5, generally 12-15 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate : 
spikelets 2.5 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in 3's, the first scale 
wanting, the second and third scales appressed-pubescent with long glandular-tipped hairs, 


6 


$2 POACEAE 


the second scale 3-nerved, a little shorter than the 7-nerved third, the fourth scale slightly 
exceeding the third, deep chestnut brown when mature, striate, apiculate. 

In sandy soil, Illinois to the Indian Territory, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 

3. Syntherisma leucocómum Nash. Stems 1 m. tall or less: leaf-sheaths coarsely 
striate, the lower one densely hirsute with nearly appressed hairs; blades erect, often invo- 
lute when dry, smooth beneath, rough above, those on the stem 1.5-2.5 dm. long, those 
on the innovations 1-4 dm. long: axis of the inflorescence 4-6 cm. long; racemes 2-4, 
2-2.5 dm. long, erect or nearly so, alternate : spikelets 2.25-2.5 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, 
elliptic, acute, usually in 3's; first scale wanting, the second and third scales appressed- 
pubescent with very long glandular-tipped hairs, the second scale about as long as the 
fourth, 3-nerved, the third scale a little longer than the fourth, 7-nerved, the fourth scale 
brown at maturity, striate, apiculate. 

In high pine lands, Florida. Summer. 

4. Syntherisma gracíllimum (Scribn.) Nash. Stems tufted, 6-8 dm. tall, the inno- 
vations mostly about j as long: lower leaf-sheaths somewhat hirsute with ascending-ap; 
pressed hairs ; blades 2 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, those on the inno- 
vations 3-4 dm. long; axis of the inflorescence 3-6 cm. long ; racemes 2, or rarely 3, about 
3 dm. long, erect : spikelets slightly exceeding 2 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. broad, elliptic, 
acute, usually in 3’s, irregularly scattered ; scales glabrous, the first wanting, the second 
3-nerved, usually about } as long as the spikelet, the third scale 5-nerved, slightly shorter 
than the spikelet, the fourth scale deep seal brown when mature, conspicuously striate, ob- 
tusely angled on the back, apiculate. 

In high pine lands, Florida. Summer. 

5. Syntherisma Bakeri Nash. Stems tufted, 1 m. tall or less: lower leaf-sheaths 
densely hirsute with ascending hairs; blades 2 mm. wide or less, involute when dry, 
smooth, densely pubescent above at the base, those on the innovations 2-4 dm. long, those 
on the stem 1-2.5 dm. long: axis of the inflorescence 4-7 cm. long ; racemes usually 3, 
14-22 em. long, densely long-pilose at the base: spikelets about 2.25 mm. long, 0.8 mm. 
wide, elliptic, usually in 3’s; scales glabrous, excepting the sparsely pilose apex of the 
second, the first one wanting, the second about $ as long as the spikelet, acute or acutish, 
3-nerved, the third a little shorter than the fourth which is deep chestnut brown when ma- 
ture, elliptic, obtusely apiculate and rather faintly striate. 

In dry sandy soil, Florida. S- mmer. 

6. Syntherisma Simpsónii (Vasey) Nash. Stems 8-12 dm. long, finally branched, 
prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes : leaf-sheaths copiously papillose-hir- 
sute with spreading hairs; blades 7-30 cm. long, 5 mm. wide or less, papillose-hirsute on 
both surfaces : axis of the inflorescence 4-6 cm. long ; racemes 6-8, 10-13 cm. long, erect 
or ascending, usually scattered : spikelets a little exceeding 3 mm. long, about 1 mm. 
wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, in pairs; scales glabrous, the first one usually wanting, 
the second and third about equal in length, the former 5-, the latter 7-nerved, the fourth 
a little shorter than the third, elliptic, acute, yellowish white, finely striate. 

In moist saline soil, Florida. Summer. 

7. Syntherisma serótinum Walt. Stems 2-5 dm. long, finally branched, prostrate 
at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: leaf-sheaths, especially the lower ones, papil- 
lose-hirsute with spreading hairs ; blades 1.5-10 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, ascending, pu- 
bescent on both surfaces: axis of the panicle 1-2 cm. long; racemes 2-6, 2.5-10 cm. long, 
ascending, usually alternate : spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, about 0.6 mm. wide, elliptic, 
acute, usually in pairs; first scale wanting, the second and third appressed-pubescent with 
long hairs, the second one about 4 as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the fourth a little 
longer than the third, white, ovate-lanceolate, acute. [Panicum serotinum Trin. ] 

In low open grounds, Delaware to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 

8. Syntherisma humifüsum (Pers.) Rydb. Stems 2-5 dm. long, finally branched, 
prostrate and forming large mats: leaf-sheaths glabrous; blades 1.5-15 cm. long, 2.5- 
mm. wide, erect or nearly so, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces: axis of the inflores- 
cence 1-3 cm. long ; racemes 2-5, 2-8 cm. long, finally widely spreading, alternate : spike- 
lets slightly exceeding 2 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, acutish, usually in pairs; 
first scale usually wanting, the second and third appressed-pubescent, the 3-nerved second 
about equalling the 7-nerved third, the fourth one a little longer than the third, deep 
chestnut brown when mature, striate, acute. [Panicum glabrum Gaud.] 

In waste places and fields, Ontario to Kansas, Florida and Louisiana.—A form, S. humifusum Mis- 
sissippiénse papery Nash, differs from the above in having usually longer racemes and the first scale 
of the spikelet generally present. Cedar barrens, Nashville, Tenn. Summer. 

9. Syntherisma setdsum ( Desv.) Nash. Stems tufted, 4-10 dm. tall, finally branched, 
decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: leaf-sheaths, excepting the upper- 


POACEAE 83 


most one, densely papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs ; blades 2-12 em. long, 2-7 mm. 
wide, papillose-hirsute on both surfaces: axis of the inflorescence 4 cm. long or less; 
racemes 4-13, 4-13 cm. long, finally widely spreading, usually in a whorl at the base and 
the remainder alternate or approximately in pairs: spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, about 
0.5 mm. wide, lanceolate, acuminate, in pairs, occasionally with a delicate basal bristle ; 
first scale minute, glabrous, the second and third scales appressed-pubescent, the second 
3-nerved, about 4 as long as the spikelet, the third 7-nerved, noticeably longer than the 
fourth one which is slightly less than 2 mm. long, elliptic, greenish when mature. 
In dry sandy soil, Florida. Also in the West Indies and South America. Summer. 


10. Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Stems 1 m. long or less, finally branched, 
rostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: lower leaf-sheaths densely papillose- 
irsute ; blades 4-20 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute on both sur- 

faces: axis of the inflorescence 1 cm. long or less; racemes 3-10, 5-18 em. long, usually 
erect or ascending, commonly digitate: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, 
elliptic-lanceolate, acute, in pairs ; first scale small, glabrous, the second and third appressed- 
pubescent, the second about 3 as long as the spikelet, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, the third 
about as long as the flowering one, 7-nerved, the first and second nerves on each side hispid 
above the middle, fourth scale yellowish white when mature, acutely apiculate, elliptic- 
lanceolate. [Panicum sanguinale L.] 
In cultivated places, nearly throughout North America. Introduced. Spring to fall. 


11. Syntherisma fimbriàtum (Link) Nash. Stems 8 dm. long or less, finally 
branched, prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: lower leaf-sheaths densely 
papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs; blades 2-8 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, erect or 
ascending, both surfaces glabrous or more or less pubescent : axis of the inflorescence 2 cm. 
or less long ; racemes 2-9, 2-12 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate, in pairs or whorls : 
spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, lanceolate, very acute, in pairs ; first scale 
small, glabrous, the second and third appressed-pubescent with long hairs, the second one 
ł to $ as long as the spikelet, lanceolate-cuneate, 3-nerved, the third slightly exceeding the 
flowering scale, 7-nerved, the pubescence usually becoming widely spreading, the fourth 
one lanceolate, very acute, yellowish white at maturity. 

In dry sandy soil, District of Columbia to Florida and Texas. Introduced. Summer. 

12. Syntherisma barbàtum (Willd.) Nash. Stems 5 dm. long or less, branching, 
often rooting at the lower nodes: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades lanceolate, 3 em. long or 
less, 3-5 mm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces, sparsely ciliate at the base: racemes in 
pairs, 4-6 em. long, erect or ascending: spikelets 3.5—4 mm. long, slightly exceeding 1 
mm. wide, lanceolate, acute, in pairs; first scale small, glabrous, the second and third 
appressed-pubescent with very long hairs, the second one about $ as long as the spikelet, 
lanceolate-cuneate, 3-nerved, the third 7-nerved and in the long-pedicelled spikelet the 
pubescence of two kinds; fourth scale yellowish white at maturity, elliptic-lanceolate, 
acuminate. 

Insandy soil, Mississippi. Introduced. Summer. 


28. TRICHACHNE Nees. 


Perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades, usually tufted stems and narrow or contracted 
panicles, usually densely hairy. Spikelets numerous, articulated below the empty scales, 
1-flowered, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, empty, the 
second and usually also the much shorter first densely silky-pilose or long-ciliate on the 
margins, often acuminate, and sometimes with a short bristle at the apex, the fourth scale 
shorter, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, finally indurated, enclosing a shorter palet of 
similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
Panicle tawny white: spikelets 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate. 1. T. insulare. 
Panicle silvery white: spikelets about 3 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate. 2. T. saccharatum, 

1. Trichachne insulàre (L.) Nash.. Stems 1-1.5 dm. tall, stout, finally more or less 
branched : leaf-sheaths usually glabrous, or sometimes papillose-hirsute ; blades ascending, 
sometimes drooping, 1-3 dm. hoes generally 5-20 mm. wide : panicle tawny white, usually 
2-3 dm. long, 1-2 em. wide : spikelets 4-5 mm. long, long-acuminate, the hairs less copious 
than in the following species. [Panicum leucophaeum H.B.K. 

In cultivated ground, on banks, and in coral soil, Florida and southern Texas. Also in tropical 
countries. Spring to fall. 

2. Trichachne saccharatum (Buckl.) Nash. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, finally somewhat 
branched : leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes papillose-hirsute ; blades erect or ascending, 
generally less than 1.5 dm. long and usually less than 5 mm. wide : panieles silvery white, 


84 POACEAE 


1-2 dm. long, usually 1.5 cm. wide or less: spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-3.5 mm. 
long, the silvery white hairs very long and copious, extending much beyond the apex of 
the spikelet. 


On dry hillsides, Texas to Colorado. Also in Mexico. Summer. 


29. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. 

Often tall grasses, with flat leaf-blades, the inflorescence composed of several to many 
unilateral more or less spreading spike-like racemes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, lanceolate to 
ovate or orbicular-ovate, crowded in small clusters or racemes in 2 rows on one side of the 
flat rachis. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, spiny-hirsute or hispid externally, the first 
much shorter than the spikelet, often awn-pointed, the second and third awn-pointed or 
awned (rarely awnless), the latter bearing the longer awn and rarely enclosing a palet and 
sometimes also a staminate flower ; fourth scale chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length 
indurated, acute or acuminate, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect 
flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


Leaf-sheaths glabrous. 
Awn of the third scale not exceeding 4 times the length of the spikelet, some- 
times very short or almost wanting. 
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long: lower racemes rarely exceeding the rachis-inter- 


nodes. 1. E. colona. 
Spikelets 4 mm. long; the lower racemes much exceeding the rachis-inter- `’ 
nodes. 2. E. Crus-galli. 
Awn of the third scale 8-15 times the length of the spikelet. 3. E. longearistata. 
Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose-hispid. 4. E. Walteri. 


1. Echinochloa colóna (L.) Link. Stems tufted, 1-8 dm. tall, often decumbent 
and rooting at the lower nodes : leaf-sheaths glabrous, compressed ; blades flat, 2-17 cm. 
long, 2-8 mm. wide: inflorescence composed of 3-18 one-sided more or less spreading ra- 
cemes, 6-30 mm. long: spikelets single, in pairs, or in 3's in 2 rows, obovate, pointed, his- 
pid on the nerves, 2.5-3 mm. in length, the fourth scale cuspidate. [Panicum colonum L.] 

In fields and along roadsides, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Common in all tropical 
countries. Spring to fall. JUNGLE RICE. 

2. Echinochioa Crüs-gálli (L.) Beauv. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; 
blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth or rough: panicle of 5-15 erect 
or ascending branches, or the lower ones spreading or reflexed and sometimes 6-8 cm. long: 
spikelets ovate, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis, about 4 mm. long, 
exclusive of the awn, hispidulous, hispid on the nerves, the second and third scales more 
or less awned, the fourth abruptly pointed. [Panicum Crus-galli L.] 


In cultivated and waste places throughout North America, excepting the extreme north, and 
widely distributed as a weed in all eultivated areas. Introduced from Europe. Summer and fall. 
BARNYARD GRASS. 


3. Echinochloa longearistàta Nash. Stems 1-2 m. tall, stout: leaf-sheaths gla- 
brous ; blades flat, rough on the upper surface, smooth beneath, 6-12 dm. long, 2-4 cm. 
wide or more : panicle 4-6 dm. long, its branches ascending: spikelets ovate, 3.5—4 mm. 
long, acuminate, hispidulous, the nerves strongly hispid, the awn of the third scale usually 
8-15 times as long as the spikelet. 

In wet ground, South Carolina to Louisiana. Summer. 

4. Echinochloa Wálteri (Pursh) Nash. Stems 9-18 dm. tall, stout : leaf-sheaths, at 
least the lower ones, papillose-hispid ; blades 3 dm. long or more, 1-2.5 cm. wide, very 
rough above : panicle of 10—40 ascending or spreading branches : spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 
densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis, 3-4 mm. long, exclusive of the awns, 
hispidulous, hispid on the nerves, the second and third scales very long-awned, the fourth 
scale ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 

In marshes and ditches, usually near salt-water, New York to Florida. Summer and fall. 


30. OPLÍSMENUS Beauv. 

Perennial grasses, often decumbent and branched at the base, with broad flat leaf- 
blades and inflorescence composed of spikes, bearing on the lower side scattered clusters of 
a few spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first and 
second empty, awned, the first equalling or somewhat shorter than the spikelet, the third 
scale usually awned, empty, or enclosing a small palet, the fourth one shorter than the 
others, obtuse, awnless, chartaceous, finally indurate, enclosing a shorter palet of similar 
texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct to the base. Stigmas plumose. 


Oplismenus setàrius ( Lam.) R. & S. Stems prostrate, rooting at the nodes: leaf- 
blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-6 em. long: panicle 2-8 em. long, its short 


POACEAE 85 


branches erect to spreading : spikelets, exclusive of the awns, 2.5-3 mm. long, the longer 
awns 6-8 mm. long. 
In low woods and swamps, Georgia to Texas. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 


31. PANICUM L. 


Annual or perennial grasses, varying much in habit, with elongated or flat and broad 
leaf-blades, and the spikelets in open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, lance- 
olate, oblong, ovate to obovate or globose, obtuse to acute or acuminate. Scales 4, the 
3 outer membranous, the first and second empty, the first usually much shorter than the 
spikelet, sometimes minute, the third one empty or enclosing a shorter hyaline palet and 
often alsoa staminate flower ; fourth scale shorter and usually more obtuse than the others, 
chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, enclosing a palet of similar texture 
and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

Herbs, varying in habit. 
Spikelets disposed singly or in pairs in one-sided racemes, the pedicels short. I. PASPALOIDEA. 
Spikelets arranged in panicles but not disposed in one-sided racemes, the 
pedicels short or long. 
Basal leaf-blades long and narrow, similar to those of the stem: no rosu- 
late tufts of leaves in the fall: spikelets lanceolate to ovate, usually 
the former, acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse. 
Spikelets manifestly tuberculate. II. VERRUCOSA. 
Spikelets not tuberculate. 
Basal leaf-sheaths round or but little flattened, not keeled. 
Fourth scale smooth. 
Annuals or perennials, if the latter no rootstocks or stolons. III. CAPILLARIA. 


Perennial by long rootstocks or stolons. 
Rootstocks and stolons naked or with a few large scales : 


sandbinders. IV. HALOPHILA. 
Rootstocks, at least when young, and stolons covered with 
numerous small broad acute scales. V. VIRGATA. 
Fourth scale transversely rugose. VI. MAXIMA. 


Basal leaf-sheaths much crt ahire broad, keeled, often equitant. VII. AGROSTOIDEA. 
Basal leaf-blades commonly unlike those of the stem, ovate to ovate- 

lanceolate: perennial by rosulate tufts which form in the fall at the 

base of the stems: spikelets elliptic to spherical, usually obtuse, some- 


times acute, never acuminate. s VIII. DICHOTOMA. 
Much branched shrubs, with broad leaf-blades: spikelets large and turgid, the 
outer scales woolly-tipped. IX. LATIFOLIA. 


I. PASPALOIDEA. 
Fourth scale of the spikelet smooth. 
Spikelets not ciliate with long hairs, the first scale 14 as long as the spike- 
let or less, excepting in no. 2. 
Terrestrial grasses. - 
Stems prostrate: leaf-blades short, ovate-lanceolate, spreading. 1. P. prostratum. 
Stems erect: leaf-blades long and relatively narrow, 
Spikelets obtuse, turgid, the first scale very large, rounded at the 
apex, more than 1; as long as the spikelet. 2. P. obtusum. 
Spikelets acute, the first scale small, acute at the apex, less than 
15 as long as the spikelet. . P. molle. 
Aquatic grasses. 
Spikeléts singly disposed, about 3 mm. long, the first scale rounded 
or truncate at the He 
Spikelets in pairs, about 2 mm. long, the first scale acute at the sum- 


e 


4. P. paspaloides. 


Qr 


. P. digitarioides. 


. P. ciliatissimum. 


Iz] 


mit. 
Spikelets ciliate with numerous very ond EN the first'scale narrow and 
acuminate, nearly as long as the spikelet. 
Fourth scale transversely rugose: usually the outer scales of some or all of 
the spikelets with anastomosing veinlets. : 
sri oo of the panicle terminated by a spikelet, no extension beyond 
them. 
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, broadly obovoid, obtuse or acutish, anasto- 
mosing veinlets numerous and prominent. : 1 7. P. fuscum. 
Spikelets 4-6 mm. long, acute or acuminate. oval, anastomosing vein- 
lets few and faint. 


Spikelets about 4 mm. long, the first scale less Mr their length. 8. P. fasciculatum. 
Spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the first scale more than 4 their Mag lu 9. P. Texanum. 
Branches of the panicle extending beyond thespikelets in an awn-like pro- 


jection. : : : 
First scale of the spikelet 1-nerved, or sometimes with a faint lateral 
. nerve on each side. 
First scale of the spikelet 5-nerved. : 
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long : leaf-blades usually short. 1 1. P. ramisetum, 
Spikelets 3.5 mm. long : leaf-blades usually elongated. 12. P. Reverchonii. 


10. P. Chapmanii. 


II. VERRUCOSA. 


Spikelets about 2 mm. long, the tubercles not hair-bearing. 13. P. verrucosum, 
Spikelets about 3 mm. long, each tubercle bearing a short stout hair. 14. P. brachyanthum. 


86 POACEAE 


HI. CAPILLARIA. 
Annuals, 
Spikelets 3 mm. long or less, lanceolate or elliptic. 
Leaf-sheaths pubescent. 
Stems stout : panicle usually included at the base, its many branches 
repeatedly divided and bearing numerous spikelets. 
Stems slender: panicle exserted, its few branches but little divided 
relatively and bearing comparatively few spikelets. 
Spikelets 2 mm. long, acute. 
Spikelets lanceolate, about 0.6 mm. wide. 
Spikelets elliptic, about 0.8 mm. wide. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long, acuminate. 
Leaf-sheaths glabrous. 
First scale about 14 as long as the spikelet. 
First scale more than 15 as long as the spikelet. 
Spikelets ovate, the panicle branches ascending: leaf-blades 1.5 
dm. long or less. 
Spikelets lanceolate, the panicle branches very long and wide- 
spreading: leaf-blades 2.5-4 dm. long. 
Spikelets 5 mm. long, ovate. 
Perennials. 
Spikelets less than 4 mm. long. 
Pedicels usually not RUD four times the length of the spikelets, 
often shorter than them. 
Stems densely tufted, stiff and wiry, slender. 
Panicle branches appressed. 
Panicle branches at maturity spreading. 
Stems single or not much tufted, stout, not rigid and wiry. 
Spikelets ovate, the panicle branches ascending: leaf-blades 1.5 
dm. long or less. 
Spikelets lanceolate, the panicle branches very long and widely 
spreading : leaf-blades 2.5-4 dm. long. 
Pedicels usually many times exceeding the spikelets. 
Spikelets 5-6 mm. long, acuminate. 
IV. HALOPHILA. 
Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish. 
Panicle dense, the spikelets crowded, the first scale of the spikelet acute, 
about 12 as long as the spikelet. i 
Panicle long and narrow, loose, the spikelets rather scattered, the first 
: scale of the spikelet truncate, about 14 as long as the spikelet. 
Spikelets 5-6 mm. long, acuminate. 


V. VIRGATA, 
Stems tall, simple: panicle usually ample. 


VI. MAXIMA. 
Tall stout grasses, with large leaves and ample panicles. 


VII. AGROSTOIDEA. 
Innovations intravaginal, hence stems tufted; spikelet not oblique to the 
pedicel, the apex straight, hence equilateral. 
Fourth scale of the spikelet sessile. 
Ligule membranous. 
Panicle ovate, its branches at maturity widely spreading. 
Panicle oblong, its branches erect. 
Ligule a ring of long hairs. 
Leaf-sheaths naked at the apex: panicle branches rigid and spread- 
ing at maturity. 
Leaf-sheaths pubescent with long hairs at the apex on the outside : 
nicle branches long and slender, erect, flexuous. 
Fourth seale of the spikelet with a distinet slender a 
Innovations extravaginal, the long stolons stout and scaly: spikelet oblique 
to the pedicel, the apex decidedly curved, hence inequilateral. 


VIII. DICHOTOMA. 


A. Leaf-blades on the stem long and narrow, linear, narrowed at both ends, 
very different from the early basal ones. 
a. Leaf-blades erect. 
Stems 8-14 dm. tall, stout. 
Stems less than 6 dm. tall, not stout. 
Primary leaf-blades of the stem usually less than 4 mm. wide, from 
25-50 times as long as broad. 
Stems simple, finally with very short spikelet-bearing basal stems 
concealed in the leaves: spikelets 2 mm. long or more. 
Spikelets obtuse, the outer scales as long as or but little shorter 
than the fourth scale. 
Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, 
Spikelets 3 mm. long, wit 
base. 
Spikelets acute, glabrous, the outer scales manifestly exceeding 
the fourth scale. 
Stems finally branching at the nodes, no short basal stems : spike- 
lets 1.5 mm. long or less. 
Primary leaf-blades of the stem exceeding 4 mm. wide, often more 
than 1 em. in width, 20 times as long as broad or less. 


ubescent. 
a few scattered hairs near the 


29, 


105. 


dA. 


EUM 
ex 


up. 


E: 
edt 
P. 
P. 


capillare. 


Philadelphicum. 
Gattingeri. 
flexile. 


proliferum. 


Hallii. 


filipes. 
miliaceum. 


stenodes. 
diffusum. 


. Hallii. 
filipes. 


cognatum. 
capillarioides. 


. halophilum. 


repens. 
amarum. 


. virgatum. 


v 


marimum. 


agrostoides. 
condensum. 


P. Combsii. 


. P. pseudanceps. 


P. stipitatum. 


rostratum. 


P. scabriusculum. 


linearifolium. 
perlongum. 
depauperatum. 


glabrifolium. 


POACEAE 


Stems simple, or sometimes sparingly branched at the nodes: 
eiie usually bright green: hairs on the leaf-sheaths re- 
exea: 
Spikelets 1.7-2 mm. long : leaf-blades usually pubescent, some- 
times nearly glabrous, commonly ciliate on the margins. 
Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long : leaf-blades glabrous, excepting 

/ sometimes a few hairs on the margin. 

Stems at length repeatedly dichotomous-branched, forming dense 
mats : plants grayish green : hairs on the leaf-sheaths, if any, 
ascending or appressed. 

Whole plant, excepting the spikelets, glabrous or nearly so, or 
the sheaths and blades sometimes pubescent. 
Spikelets broadly obovoid, about 2 mm. long. 
Spikelets obovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long. 
Ne lant, including the upper part of the stem, densely 
villous. 
b. Leaf-blades widely spreading. 
B. Leaf-blades of the main stem differing from the above, usually lanceolate 
to ovate-lanceolate, sometimes short and linear. 
Stems simple, or rarelya little branched at the lower nodes, forming 
dense tufts. 

Leaf-sheaths hirsute. 

Spikelets less than 1.5 mm. long. 
Spikelets exceeding 1.5 mm. long. 
Leaf-sheaths glabrous, excepting the ciliate margin; blades strongly 
and beautifully ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous. 
Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, glabrous. 
yep 1.8-2 mm. long, pubescent. 
Stems finally branching at the upper nodes (sometimes remaining simple 
in number 89), often repeatedly branching. 

* Middle leaf-blades of the main stem less than 1.5 em. in width, usually 
less than 1 em. wide, the base rounded or truncate, sometimes in 
the broadest ones cordate. 

t Leaf-sheaths glabrous or puberulent, the lower ones sometimes 
with a few scattered long hairs, the margins often ciliate. 

Stem nearly naked above the base, a single leaf above the mid- 
dle of the stem. 

Stems leafy. 

Nodes barbed. 
Spikelets glabrous : 
A little less than 2 mm. long. 
About 2.5 mm. long. 
Spikelets pubescent. 
Nodes naked. 
Spikelets glabrous. 
Spikelets less than 1.5 mm. long. 

Stems densely tufted, less than 3 dm. tall, finally 
much-branched and prostrate and forming large 
mats: spikelets about 1 mm. long. 

Stems exceeding 6 dm. tall: spikelets about 1.3 mm. 
long. 

Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long. 

Leaf-blades ciliate with long hairs, at least for the 
Jower half. 

Leaf-blades not ciliate. 

Primary leaí-blades of the stem large, 9-12 cm. 


ong. 
Primary leaf-blades of the stem small, rarely ex- 
ceeding 6 em. long. 
Leaf-blades widely spreading, thin. 
Stems remaining erect, branching at the mid- 
dle, the late state assuming the form of 
a little tree. 
Stems becoming prostrate, branching their 
whole length. 
Leaf-blades erect: 
Thin : stems finally much-branched and pros- 
trate. 
Ligule membranous, 0.25 mm. long to al- 
most wanting: spikelets elliptic. 
Ligule of erect hairs about 1 mm. long: 
spikelets obovoid. 
Firm, the basal ones thick and much broader 
than the upper. 
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long: 
Elliptic : stems finally much-branched and prostrate. 
Broadly obovoid : stems erect. 
Spikelets pubescent. 
2 Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. : 
Leaf-blades ciliate for at least 14 their length. 
Panicle ovoid: spikelets few, 1.75 mm. long: leaf- 
blades small. 
Panicle oblong : spikelets numerous, 1.3 mm. long: 
leaf-blades large. ; : 
Leaf-blades naked on the margins, or sometimes with 
a few long hairs at the very base. 


46. 
45. 


47. 
48. 


49, 
107. 


52. 


87 


P. laxiflorum. 


P. pyriforme. 


P. neuranthum. 
P. angustifolium. 


P. consanguineum. 
P. equilaterale. 


. P. strigosum. 
. P. laxiflorum.. 


. P. polycaulon. 
. P. ciliatum. 


. P. nudicaule. 


. P. barbulatum. 
. P. nemopanthum. 
. P. Mattamuskeetense. 


. P. Baldwinii. 
78. 


P. octonodum. 


P. Nashianum. 


. P. Yadkinense. 


. P. dichotomum. 


. P. lucidum. 


. P. lucidum. 
. P. curtivaginum. 


. P. Roanokense. 


P. sphagnicola, 
P. pernervosum. 


. P. Nashianum. 


91. P. erectifolium. 


88 POACEAE 


Spikelets less than 1 mm. long. 
Spikelets 1-2 mm. long. 
Ligule 0.5 mm. long to almost wanting. 
Blades of the primary stem-leaves, the larger 
ones, 8-15 mm. wide. 

Spikelets 1.3 mm. long: basal leaf-blades 
equalling or larger than those on the 
stem which are usually 5-7 in number. 

Spikelets 1.5 mm. long or more: basal leaf- 
blades smaller than those on the stem 
whieh usually number 4 or less. 

Upper surface of the blades very rough. 
Upper surface of the blades smooth : 
stems much-branched : sheaths in- 
flated. 
Blades of the primary stem-leaves, the larger 
ones, rarely exceeding 6 mm. wide: 

With a broad cartilaginous white much- 

thickened margin. 
Upper portion of the stem naked. the 2 
leaves below the middle. 
Stems leafy almost to the panicle: 
leaves usually 3. 
With no conspicuous white margin. 
Leaf-blades glabrous on both surfaces. 

Spikelets barely exceeding 1 mm. 
long, obovoid: primary leaf- 
blades 5-7 em. long. 

Spikelets 1.5 mm. long. elliptie: pri- 
mary leaf-blades usually less 
than 5 em. long. 

Leaf-blades pubescent, at least below. 

Stems very slender, weak: stem- 
leaves light green, thin, spread- 
ing, usually less than 2 em. long. 

Upper surface of the blades pubes- 
cent with very long weak 
hairs. 

Upper surface of the blades gla- 
brous. 

Stem stouter: stem-leaves grayish 
green, firm, 2-3 cm. long. 

Ligule of hairs 2-4 mm. long. 
Leaf-blades glabrous on the lower surface. 

Plant bright green : panicle broadly ovoid, 
its branches spreading. 

Plant grayish green, the leaves purplish: 

anicle oblong, its branches ascend- 

ing or nearly erect. 
Peet pe pubescent beneath with short 
airs. 

Stems slender, glabrous. 

Plant bright green : sheath margin cili- 
ate with long hairs. 

Plant (ue que green: sheath margin 
naked. 

Stems rather stout, the lower portion 
densely pubescent with long nearly 
erect hairs. 

2? Spikelets exceeding 2 mm. in length. 
n leaf-blades elongated, broadly linear, often 
2 dm. long and 1.5 em. wide, spreading. 
Primary leaf-blades lanceolate : 
Rounded or truncate at the base. 
Margins ciliate, at least for the lower half. 
Margins naked, or sometimes with a few hairs 
at the very base. 
Leaf-blades spreading: first scale 14 as long 
as the spikelet, acute. 

Stems puberulent: primary leaf-blades 
less than 4 em. long: plant usually 
purplish. 

Stems glabrous: primary leaf-blades 5-7 
em. long: plant usually green. 

Leaf-blades erect: first scale 44-14 as long as 
the spikelet, rounded at the apex. 
Cordate at the clasping base. 
Leaf-blades glabrous. sometimes ciliate on the 
margins. 
Stems puberulent: blades naked on the 
margin. 
Stems glabrous : blades ciliate on the margin. 
Leaf-blades pubescent. 
++ Leaf-sheaths pubescent with long hairs. 
Spikelets very prin A and sharply nerved, acute: leaf-blades 
elongated, broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, the larger 
ones often 2 dm. long and 1 em. wide. 


eo 
- 


91. 


105. 


E 


I 


TE: 


ej 


SE: 


ej 


TE 
SU 


10 


Je 


BAS 
39-5: 
biden 


4 Je 


ped be 


SED: 


p: 


E 


E- 


Wrightianum. 


erectifolium. 


sphaerocarpon. 


inflatum. 


albomarginatum. 


trifolium. 


gracilicaule. 


. flavovirens. 


Cuthbertii. 
ensifolium. 
glabrissimum., 


nitidum. 


paucipilum. 


nitidum. 


longiligulatum. 


. parvispiculum. 


equilaterale. 


Nashianum. 


. P. patentifolium. 
101. 
PD 


epilifolium. 


Webberianum. 


. Ashei. 
Sa 


commutatum. 


P. ovale. 


v 


P: 


scabriusculum. 


POACEAE 


Spikelets and leaf-blades not as above, the former obtuse. 
Spikelets glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long. 
Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones and those on the 
branches, densely papillose-hispid. 
Lower leaf-sheaths with scattered papillae from some of 
: which arise hairs. 
Spikelets not exceeding 1.5 mm. long. 
Leaf-blades pubescent with long weak hairs. 
Leaf-blades glabrous, or if pubescent the hairs few and 
: very short. 
Spikelets densely pubescent. 
Leaf-blades glabrous on both surfaces, or the lower surface 
sometimes with a few scattered long hairs. 
Spikelets 2 mm. long or less. 
Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, broadest at the mid- 
dle: spikelets about 1.5 mm. long. 
Leaf-blades broadest below the middle, long-acumi- 
nate : spikelets a little less than 2 mm. long. 
Spikelets about 3 mm. long : 
Broadly obovoid, turgid. 
Elliptic, not turgid. 
Leaf-blades pubescent on one or both surfaces. 
Spikelets but little exceeding 1.5 mm. long or less. 
Lower surface of the leaf-blades softly pubescent with 
usually short hairs,sometimes intermixed with a 
few stiff ones. 

Spikelets about 1 mm. long. 

Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long. 

Upper surface of the leaf-blades glabrous or 
nearly so, or at first with a few scattered 
hairs. 

Leaf-blades See, ciliate on the 
margin with long hairs. 

Leaf-blades naked on the margin, or some- 
times with a few scattered hairs. 

Upper surface of the leaf-blades strongly pubes- 
cent, sometimes with long stiff hairs. 

Stems low, slender, usually 2 dm. tall or less. 
Stems tall, stout, 4 dm. high or more. 

Spikelets obovoid, 1.5 mm. long: pubes- 
cence on the lower surface of the leaf- 
blades short. 

Spikelets elliptic, about 1.75 mm. long: 
pubescence on the lower surface of 
the leaf-blades longer and villous. 

Lower surface of the leaf-blades as well as the upper 
surface pubescent with long usually stiff hairs. 
Spikelets 2 mm. long or more. 
Pubescence on the lower surface of the leaf-blades of 
long stiff spreading hairs. 

Pubescence on the leaf-sheaths and stems appressed 
or ascending. 

Pubescence on the sheaths and stems widely 
keystore A à 

Spikelets about 2 mm. long, obovoid. 

Hairs on the upper surface of the leaf-blades 
similar to those on the lower surface. 

Hairs on the upper surface of the leaf-blades 
mueh longer than those of the lower 
surface. 

Spikelets 2.5-2.75 mm. long, elliptic. 

Spikelets purplish. 
Spikelets yellow. 
Pubescence on the lower surface of the leaf-blades of 
either soft and short or appressed hairs. 

Upper surface of the leaf-blades glabrous, or at 
least the pubescence much more scanty than 
on the lower surface. 

Stems pubescent below with long stiff appressed 
or nearly appressed hairs. 

Leaf-blades naked on the margins : 

Exceeding 1 em. in width : spikelets about 
4 mm. long. 

Less than 1 em. in width: spikelets 3 mm. 
long or less. 

Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long. à 
Leaf-blades ciliate on the margin with Jong 
hairs. 

Stems villous below. ; 

Both surfaces of the leaf-blades pubescent with 
short hairs. 

Stems glabrous or nearly so. 

Stems strongly pubescent. 

Pubescence minutely villous, or of long and 
stiff ascending or appressed hairs. 


104. 
61. 
5d 2d 


79; 


95. 


97. 


119. 


mp: 
D: 


PE 
. Helleri. 


V 


72 


I 


I 


Y 


P. 


ID. 


DP. 


p 


P: 


D. 


P. 
F.: 
E: 
D. 


js 


89 


Scribnerianum. 
Earlei. 


curtifolium. 


Lindheimeri. 


arenicola. 


. Seribnerianum. 
. Helleri. 


leucothrix. 


cilioswum. 


Tennesscense, 


filiculime. 


lanuginosum. 


Thurowii. 


. unciphyllum. 


chrysopsidifolium. 


pseudopubescens. 


Atlanticum. 


villosissimum. 
zanthospermum. 


Ravenelii. 


Commonsianum. 
strictifolium. 
ciliiferum. 
oligosanthes. 


annulum. 


90 POACEAE 


Plant green: stems slender: leaf-blades 


rather sparingly pubescent. 102. P. pedicellatum. 
Plant purplish: stems stout: leaf-blades 
densely pubescent. 108. P. malacon. 


Pubescence of widely spreading hairs. 
Stems, as well as the leat-sheaths, densely 
velvety pubescent, usually 6-8 dm. ` 
tall. 106. P. scoparium. 
Stems, as well as the leaf-sheaths, papil- 
lose.pubeseent with rather stiff long 
hairs, usually less than 4 dm. tall. i5: 
** Middle leaf-blades of the main stem more than 1.5 em. wide, some- 
times 3-4 cm. in width, the base cordate and clasping. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long or less. 
Leaf-blades glabrous, or sometimes ciliate on the margins. 
Spikelets 1.5 mm. long. 92. P. polyanthes. 
Spikelets 2-3 mm, long. 
Leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes ciliate on the margin. 
Basal leaf-blades smaller than those of the stem. 
Stems erect, even in the late state, sparingly branched: 


x 


malocophyllum, 


spikelets obtuse or acutish. 111. P. commutatum. 
Stems finally much-branched and prostrate, forming 
large mats: spikelets very acute. 110. P. Manatense. 
Basal leaf-blades usually very long, larger than those of 
the stem : 
Their margin naked. 113. P. Joorii. 
Their margin ciliate with long hairs. 112. P. mutabile. 
Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones and those of the 
branches, densely papillose-hispid. 114. P. clandestinum. 


Leaf-blades pubescent : : 
Ovate-lanceolate: stems pubescent with short ascending 


. hairs. 109. P. ovale. 
Linear: stems densely velvety pubescent with spreading 
hairs. 106. P. scoparium. 


Spikelets exceeding 3 mm. long. 
gni enna on the stem and leaf-sheaths, if any, of soft weak 
airs. 
Nodes naked: leaf-blades usually ciliate on the margin. 120. P. macrocarpon. 
Nodes densely barbed with spreading hairs: leaf-blades usu- 
ally naked on the margins. 


Lower surface of the leaf-blades paler, glabrous. 121. P. Porterianum. 
Lower surface of the leaf-blades pubescent, as are also the gee! 
sheaths and stems. . 122. P. pubifolium. 
Pubescence on the stem and leaf-sheaths of coarse rigid hairs is 
arising from manifest papillae. 119. P. Ravenelii. 
IX. LATIFOLIA. 
Tropical plants represented in our range by a single species. 123. P. latifolium. 


1. Panicum prostratum Lam. Stems prostrate and creeping, leafy, branching, the 
summit ascending : leaf-blades ovate, glabrous or pubescent, ciliate on the margin near the 
cordate-clasping base, usually 1-3 cm. long, sometimes larger: racemes 4-6, ascending, 
one-sided, 1.5-2.5 cm. long : spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic, glabrous, acute, the first 
scale broader than long, truncate at the apex, the fourth scale transversely rugose. 

Along roadsides, Louisiana. Introduced from tropical countries. Summer and fall. 


2. Panicum obtisum H.B.K. Glabrous. Stems erect, simple, or branching at the 
base, 3-6 dm. tall : leaf-blades usually erect, long-acuminate, 6--22 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: 
panicle linear, 5-15 cm. long, its branches appressed, one-sided : spikelets about 3 mm. long, 
crowded, oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid, in pairs, the one short- the other long-pedicelled, 
glabrous, the first scale shorter than the rest, 5-nerved. 

In dry usually sandy places, Kansas and Colorado to Texas and Arizona. Alsoin Mexico, Sum- 
mer and fall. : 

3. Panicum mólle Sw. Sterile stems 1-2 m. long, rooting at the nodes, the fertile 
stems erect, 6-10 dm. tall or more, the nodes densely barbed : leaf-sheaths often overlap- 
ping, papillose-hirsute : blades 1-3 dm. long, glabrous or pubescent, 7-15 mm. wide: 
panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets about 3 mm. long, 
glabrous. 

à a, fields and along roadsides, Florida to Texas. Introduced from tropical America. Summer 
and fall. 

4. Panicum paspaloides Pers. Aquatic. Stems 6-12 dm. long, usually clothed with 
sheaths below : leaves glabrous; blades 2.5 dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. wide: racemes 
10-20, one-sided, the rachis broadly winged, appressed, 2-3.5 em. long : spikelets about 2.5 
mm. long, ovate, acute, glabrous, singly disposed in 2 rows, the first scale broader than 
long and clasping the spikelet at its base, truncate at the apex, the fourth scale transversely 
wrinkled. 


In shallow water, southern Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America, Asia and Australia 
Spring to fall. WATER GRASS. 


POACEAE 91 


5. Panicum digitarioides Carpenter. Aquatic. Stems from stout rootstocks, 6-12 
dm. tall or more: leaves glabrous; blades 3 dm. long or less, 6-12 mm. wide: racemes 
6-20, appressed, one-sided, 4-10 em. long, the rachis barely if at all winged : spikelets in 
pairs, the one short- the other longer-pedicelled, about 2.5 mm. long, the scales promi- 
nently nerved, the first scale ovate, acute, the fourth scale smooth. 

In shallow water, Delaware to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

6. Panicum ciliatíssimum Buckl. Perennial. Stems slender, branched at the base 
and barbed at the nodes, 2-6 dm. long: leaf-sheaths pubescent ; blades 4-9 cm. long, 3-5 
mm. wide, flat, sparingly pubescent beneath and usually long-ciliate on the margin near 
the base: panicle 4-6 cm. long, its branches erect: spikelets about 4 mm. long, ovoid, the 
first scale deltoid-cuneate, but little shorter than the spikelet, glabrous, the second scale 
pubescent, the hairs near the margin very long, the third scale pubescent near the margin 
with very long hairs. 

In low grounds, southern Texas. Spring and summer. INDIAN WHEAT. CARPET GRASS. 

7. Panicum fáscum Sw. Annual. Stems tufted, finally branching at the base and 
often rooting at the lower nodes, glabrous, 3-8 dm. long: leaf-sheaths glabrous, pubescent ; 
blades 2.5 dm. long or less, 8-20 mm. wide, glabrous or pubescent : panicle 1-2 dm. long, 
its branches ascending or nearly erect: spikelets usually borne in pairs on one side of 
the branches on frequently bristle-bearing pedicels, brown or green, 2.5-3 mm. long, 
broadly obovoid, turgid, glabrous, obtuse, the second and third scales with anastomosing 
veinlets, the fourth scale transversely rugose. 

In various situations, southern Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 

8. Panicum fasciculatum Sw. Annual. Stems 4-6 dm. tall, glabrous, branching 
below : leaf-sheaths glabrous; blades 2 dm. long or less, 1.5-2 em. wide, glabrous: pan- 
icle 1-2 dm. long, its branches ascending or nearly erect : spikelets usually borne in pairs 
on one side of the branches, green, glabrous or pubescent, oval, abruptly acuminate, about 
4 mm. long, the second and third scales with a few anastomosing veinlets, the fourth scale 
transversely rugose. 

In sandy soil, Key West. Alsoin the West Indies. Spring to fall. 

9. Panicum Texànum Buckl. A softly pubescent annual. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, leafy, 
often branched at the base : leaf-blades erect, lanceolate, acuminate, commonly 1-2 dm. 
long, 1-2 em. wide : racemes usually 6-12, erect, one-sided, 3-8 em. long, the rachis wing- 
less : spikelets in pairs, 5-6 mm. long, ovate, acute, pubescent, one short- the other longer- 
pedicelled, the pedicels bristly, the first scale more than 3 as long as the spikelet, ovate, 
acute, the fourth scale transversely rugose. 

On plains and prairies, Texas. Summer and fall. TEXAS MILLET. 

10. Panicum Chapmánii Vasey. Glabrous or nearly so. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, 
slender, sometimes branched below : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 4-6 mm. wide, long- 
acuminate : inflorescence 1.5-2.5 dm. long, composed of appressed one-sided racemes, the 
lower ones 3-5 cm. long, the rachis terminating in an awn-like point: spikelets nearly 
sessile, 2 mm. long, singly disposed in 2 rows, broadly obovoid, glabrous, the fourth scale 
finely transversely rugose when mature. 

In sandy soil, Florida keys. Summer. 

11. Panicum ramisétum Scribn. Glabrous. Stems from a stout rootstock, 2-6 
dm. tall, simple: leaf-blades ascending, 4-12 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle narrow, 
4-10 cm. long, its short branches appressed and terminating in an awn-like projection : 
spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, the fourth scale transversely rugose. | [ P. subspicatum Vasey, 
not Desv. ] 

In sandy places, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 

12. Panicum Reverchónii Vasey. Glabrous. Stems from a stout rootstock, 2-4 
dm. tall, simple: leaf-blades erect, usually involute in drying, 1-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide: panicle narrow, 6-12 cm. long, its short branches appressed and terminating in an 
awn-like projection : spikelets 3.5 mm. long, glabrous, the fourth scale finely and trans- 
versely rugose at maturity. 

On sandy plains, Texas. Spring and summer. 

13. Panicum verrucdsum Muhl. Stems erect or decumbent, slender, generally 
much branched at the base: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades 5-18 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, 
erect or ascending, glabrous: panicle 7-30 em. long, its lower branches 5-15 cm. long, 
naked below : spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic, acutish. 

In moist or wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

14. Panicum brachyánthum Steud. Glabrous. Stems at first erect, finally prostrate 
at the base and branching, and rooting at the lower nodes, sometimes 1 m. long: leaf-sheaths 
shorter than the internodes ; blades erect or nearly so, usually 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. 


92 POACEAE 


wide, linear: panicle 6-14 cm. long, its branches very long, naked below, erect to widely 
spreading : spikelets at the end of the branches, 3-4 mm. long and 1.5-1.8 mm. wide, 
elliptic, acute, densely papillose-hirsute with ascending hairs. [P. sparsiflorum Vasey. ] 

In wet soil, the Indian Territory to Mississippi and Texas. Fall. 

15. Panicum capillare L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, simple, or branched near the base, 
stout: leaf-sheaths usually purplish, papillose-hirsute ; blades 1.5-8 dm. long, 6-16 mm. 
wide, pubescent : primary panicle 2-3.5 dm. long, the larger branches 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 
the lateral panicles smaller: spikelets very numerous, 2-2.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, glabrous. 

In dry soil, and common in cultivated ground as a weed, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and 
Texas. Summer and fall. WITCH Grass. TUMBLE WEED. 

16. Panicum Philadélphicum Bernh. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, slender, somewhat 
branched at the base: leaf-sheaths hirsute ; blades 5-10 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, erect, 
pubescent : panicle 10-23 em. long, its lower branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 
about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic, acute, glabrous. ; 

In dry woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Georgia and Missouri. Summer and fall. 

17. Panicum Gattingeri Nash. Annual. Stems commonly slender, finally branched 
and often prostrate at the base, 3-6 dm. long: leaf-sheaths papillose-hirsute ; blades 1.5 
dm. long or less, 4-8 mm. wide, pubescent, erect: primary panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, its 
branches ascending, the larger ones usually 5-7 cm. long, the lateral panicles smaller : 
spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic, acute, glabrous. 

In poor soil, Connecticut and New Jersey to North Carolina and Tennessee; alsoin Missouri. Fall. 

18. Panicum fléxile (Gattinger) Scribn. Stems erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, slender: 
leaf-sheaths papillose-hirsute ; blades 10-23 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, erect, long-acumi- 
nate, pubescent: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long: spikelets about 3 mm. long, much shorter than 
the pedicels, acuminate, glabrous. 

In moist or dry soil, Pennsylvania to Tennessee and Missouri. Summer and fall. 

19. Panicum proliferum Lam. Stems at first erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple, later de- 
cumbent, 1-1.5 m. long, branched at all the upper nodes: leaf-sheaths loose, glabrous, 
somewhat flattened ; blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, long-acuminate: panicle 
pyramidal, 1-4 dm. long: spikelets 2-3 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. 

In wet soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

20. Panicum miliaceum L. Stems erect or decumbent, rather stout, 3 dm. tall or 
more: leaf-sheaths papillose-hirsute ; blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, pubescent : 
panicle rather dense, 1-2.5 dm. long, its branches erect or ascending : spikelets 5 mm. long, 
acuminate, glabrous. 

In waste places, Maine to Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Georgia, and in Nebraska. Introduced 
from the Old World. Summer and fall. MILLET. 

21. Panicum stenódes Griseb.  Glabrous, or the lower leaf-sheaths sometimes 
pubescent. Stems tufted, wiry, erect, 3-8 dm. tall, finally branched : leaf-blades erect, 
involute when dry, 1.5 dm. long or less, 1-1.5 mm. wide: panicle narrow, 3-15 cm. long, 
its branches erect, the pedicels often with a few bristles at the base: spikelets about 2.5 
mm. long, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. 

In moist and sandy pine lands, Florida to Texas. Alsoin the West Indies. Spring to fall. 

22. Panicum diffüsum Sw. Glabrous. Stems tufted, erect, 2-4 dm. tall, rather 
slender: leaf-blades linear, narrowed toward the base, long-acuminate, 2.5 dm. long or 
less, 3-4 mm. wide, erect: panicle 8-15 em. long, its branches ascending: spikelets gla- 
brous, lanceolate, acute, about 2 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, southern Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

23. Panicum Hállii Vasey. Stems tufted, branching from the base, glabrous : leaf- 
sheaths glabrous ; blades erect, linear, long-acuminate, 5-15 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, gla- 
brous: panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches long and ascending : spikelets about 2.5 mm. 
long, ovoid, acute, glabrous. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 

24. Panicum fílipes Scribn. Glabrous. Stems erect, 8-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades 
linear, long-acuminate, lighter above, 3-4 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide: panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. 
long, effuse, its slender branches spreading: spikelets glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, about 
2.5 mm. long, acute, the first scale large and acute, a little more than 3 as long as the 
spikelet. 

In dry soil, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 

25. Panicum cognàtum Schult. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. long, at first erect, finally 
prostrate and branched at the base, glabrous: leaf-sheaths usually longer than the inter- 
nodes, glabrous, or more or less pubescent with very long weak hairs; blades erect, linear 


POACEAE 93 


to linear-lanceolate, glabrous, or sometimes pubescent, the primary ones 3-8 cm. long, 4-7 
mm. wide, those on the branches smaller: panicle at first included at the base, finally ex- 
serted, as broad as or broader than long, the branches very long and finally spreading : 
spikelets on pedicels many times their length, elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. 
wide, glabrous or pubescent. [P. autumnale Bose. ] 

In dry places, South Carolina to Minnesota, Florida, Texas and Arizona. Spring and fall. 

26. Panicum capillarioides Vasey. Perennial. Stems tufted, erect, or geniculate 
at the base, pubescent with spreading hairs, at least below : leaf-blades erect or ascending, 
linear, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 2 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide: panicle 1-1.5 
dm. long, its branches long and ascending: spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, 6 mm. long, 
glabrous. 

In dry soil, southern Texas. Summer. 

27. Panicum halóphilum Nash. Stems from a long stout rootstock, 1.5—4 dm. tall: 
leaves numerous, crowded at the base of the stem ; sheaths overlapping, the margins some- 
times ciliate; blades spreading, lanceolate, usually 2-6 cm. long, sometimes longer, 3-8 
mm. wide: panicle dense, 2-9 cm. long, its branches ascending: spikelets crowded, gla- 
brous, about 2.5 mm. long, the first scale 3 as long as the spikelet, or nearly so, the apex 
acute at a broad angle, apiculate. 

In sand along the seashore, Mississippi. Also in Mexico. Spring to fall. 

28. Panicum répens L. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, from long stout rootstocks : leaf-sheaths 
overlapping, at least at the base, the lower ones at first densely hirsute, later sometimes 
glabrate ; blades erect to spreading, 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-6 mm. wide: panicle 6-15 cm. 
long, narrow and confined, slender, its branches erect or ascending : spikelets yellowish or 
green, glabrous, 2.5 mm. long, the first scale about } as long as the spikelet, truncate at 
the apex. 

In sand along the seashore, Alabama, Mississippi, and California. Of wide geographic distribu- 
tion. Summer and fall. 

29. Panicum amarum Ell. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems arising from long 
branching rootstocks, 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths overlapping ; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-12 
mm. wide, long-acuminate, thick and leathery, involute on the margins, at least toward 
the apex : panicle linear, less than 3 dm. long, its branches erect : spikelets 5-6 mm long. 

On sea beaches, New Hampshire to Florida. Fall. 

30. Panicum virgàtum L. Glabrous. Stems erect from a stout rootstock, 9-15 
dm. tall: leaf-blades elongated, 3 dm. long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, glabrous or pu- 
bescent : panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, its branches widely spreading or sometimes nearly erect : 
spikelets ovate, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm. long, glabrous. 

In moist or dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. A 
variety, known as P. virgatum breviramosum Nash, with short spreading branches and smaller spikelets, 
occurs in eastern Georgia. SWITCH GRASS. 

31. Panicum maximum Jacq. Stem 1-2 m. tall or more, leafy : leaf-sheaths over- 
lapping, glabrous, or tuberculate-pubescent ; blades 2-8 dm. long or more, 1-4 cm. wide, 
‘glabrous: panicle 3-6 dm. long, its branches erect or nearly so, very long : spikelets gla- 
brous, 3-4 mm. long, the fourth scale transversely rugose. 

In fields and along roadsides, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Introduced from tropical America. 
Summer and fall. 

32. Panicum agrostoides Muhl. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, much branched, compressed : 
leaf-blades 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide: panicle pyramidal, 1-3 dm. long, its 
branches spreading : spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, acute, straight. 

In wet ground, Maine to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

33. Panicum condénsum Nash. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, branched, the lateral panicles 
often much exserted : leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, erect : panicle dense, 1-2 
dm. long, contracted, its branches erect: spikelets numerous, about 2 mm. long, glabrous, 
acute. 

In ditches and wet places, South Carolina to Florida. Fall. 

34. Panicum Cdmbsii Scribn. & Ball. Glabrous. Stems tufted, erect, slender, finally 
branched, 4-6 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled ; blades erect, linear, acuminate, 
5-15 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide: panicle about 1 dm. long, its branches finally spreading : 
spikelets 3 mm. long, lanceolate, acute. 

In damp or wet woods, Florida. Summer and fall. 

35. Panicum pseudánceps Nash. Glabrous. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, erect, 
slender, compressed, finally branching at each node: leaf-sheaths compressed and keeled, 
an external tuft of long hairs on each side at the apex ; ligule a ring of hairs 2-3 mm. 
long ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, somewhat pilose on the upper surface near the 


94 POACEAE 


base: panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long, its slender branches erect : spikelets numerous, about 
2.5mm. long, lanceolate, often with 1-3 bristles at the base, glabrous. 

In pine lands, southern peninsular Florida. Summer and fall. 

36. Panicum stipitatum Nash. Stems erect, 9-15 dm. tall, much branched : leaf- 
blades 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate, rough: panicle pyramidal, 1-3 dm. 
long, its primary branches spreading or ascending: spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, acumi- 
nate, the fourth scale on a delicate stalk about 0.5 mm. long. 


à m moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia. Summer 
and fall. 


37. Panicum rostratum Muhl. Stems erect, 4-15 dm. tall, branched: leaf-sheaths 
glabrous, or pubescent ; blades 3 dm. long or more, 4-10 mm. wide : panicles 1.5-3 dm. 
long, its branches erect to spreading : spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, 
curved at the apex. 

In moist soil, southern New York and New Jersey to Missouri and the Indian Territory, Florida 
and Texas. Summer and fall. 

38. Panicum linearifòlium Scribn. Stems tufted, slender, erect, glabrous, simple, 
1.5-4 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous or hirsute ; blades glabrous or pubescent, elongated, 
7-25 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the uppermost blade the longest and often extending beyond 
the panicle: primary panicle loose and open, 4-10 em. long, its branches ascending : spike- 
lets 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In dry soil, especially on hillsides, New York and New Jersey to Missouri and the Indian Terri- 
tory. Summer and fall. 

39. Panicum perlóngum Nash. A tufted pubescent perennial. Stems 2-4 dm. 
tall, simple, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, the nodes barbed, finally with short basal 
stems : leaves 1 or 2; sheaths hirsute with long ascending hairs ; blades elongated, linear, 
erect, papillose-hispid beneath, 2-3 mm. wide, the upper blade commonly 8-14 cm. long: 
panicle much exserted, generally extending beyond the apex of the upper leaf-blade, 4—6 
cm. long, its branches erect or erect-ascending : spikelets about 3.25 mm. long and 1.5-1.75 
mm. wide, pubescent with a few scattered long hairs. 


On prairies and in dry soil, Illinois to South Dakota and the Indian Territory. Spring and sum- 
mer. 


40. Panicum depauperàtum Muhl. Stems erect, 3 dm. tall or less, simple: leaf- 
sheaths glabrous to hirsute ; blades 8-15 cm. long, elongated, 1-4 mm. wide, the upper one 
sometimes much exceeding the panicle: primary panicle much exserted, 2-8 cm. long, 
usually linear, its branches erect or nearly so: spikelets 3-4 mm. long, glabrous, acute. 

In dry places, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

41. Panicum glabrifólium Nash. Glabrous and shining. Stems tufted, 1.5-4 dm. tall, 
erect, rigid, slender, leafy, finally much branched : leaf-sheaths with a tuft of hairs on each 
margin at the apex ; blades narrowly linear, erect, rigid, thickish, long-acuminate, nar- 
rowed toward the base, those on the shoots 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-4 mm. wide, those on 
the flowering stems 3-9 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide : panicle ovate, 4-6 cm. long, its branches 
spreading or somewhat ascending : spikelets 1.3-1.5 mm. long and 0.7 mm. wide, obovoid. 

In low pine lands, Florida. Summer. 

42. Panicum strigdsum Muhl. A tufted densely papillose-hirsute perennial, the 
pubescence spreading. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, simple: leaves 2 or 3; sheaths much shorter 
than the internodes ; blades erect, lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide: panicle much 
exserted, 5-8 cm. long, broadly ovate, its branches spreading or somewhat ascending : 
spikelets 1.3-1.5 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, oval, glabrous. 

In dry or moist pine lands, North Carolina and Tennessee to Florida. Spring and summer. 

43. Panicum polycaülon Nash. Yellowish green. Stems tufted, naked above, 2 
dm. tall or less, erect, simple, finally branched : leaf-sheaths ciliate on the margin ; blades 
erect or ascending, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, ciliate on the 
margin : panicle broadly ovate, 3 cm. long or less, its branches spreading or ascending, the 
main axis and generally the branches sparingly pilose: spikelets about 1.5 mm. long and 
0.8 mm. wide, obovoid, obtuse, glabrous. 

In low pine lands, Florida to Mississippi. Also in Cuba. Summer. : 

44. Panicum ciliàtum Ell. Stems tufted, 1-2.5 dm. tall, simple, glabrous, the axis 
of the panicle and its branches hirsute: leaves usually 2; sheaths shorter than the inter- 
nodes ; blades spreading or ascending, glabrous on both surfaces, conspicuously ciliate on 
the margins, acute at the apex, somewhat cordate at the base, narrowly elliptic, linear or 
lanceolate, usually 2-6 cm. long and 5-10 mm. wide, rarely larger: panicle 3-5 cm. long; 
broadly ovate, its branches ascending: spikelets 1.8-2 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, 
elliptic, pubescent with short spreading hairs, rarely nearly glabrous, the first scale about 
4 as long as the spikelet. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 


POACEAE 95 


45. Panicum pyriforme Nash. Stems densely tufted, 3-4 dm. tall, rather slender, 
glabrous, rather weak, finally much branched: leaves usually 2, or sometimes 3; sheaths 
densely papillose-hirsute with long reflexed hairs ; blades thin, lax, glabrous on both sur- 
faces, long-acuminate, narrowed to the barely rounded base, the primary ones 1-2 dm. 
long, 8-12 mm. wide: panicle ample, loose and open, 6-11 em. long, its branches widely 
spreading : spikelets rather few, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, broadly obovoid, 
densely pubescent with long hairs. 

In elay or sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 

46. Panicum laxiflorum Lam. Stems tufted, erect, simple, 2-4 dm. tall, pubescent 
or glabrous: leaf-sheaths hirsute with reflexed hairs; blades 6-13 cm. long, 4-10 mm. 
wide, erect, glabrous or pubescent, ciliate on the margin: panicle 5-10 cm. long, its axis 
and erect or spreading branches sometimes hirsute : spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic or 
narrowly obovoid, strongly pubescent. 

In moist or dry soil, Virginia to Kentueky and Florida. Summer. 

47. Panicum neuránthum Griseb. A tufted usually glabrous perennial, or some- 
times the sheaths and lower part of the stem ascending-hirsute. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. tall, 
finally dichotomously Malis iere : primary leaves 4-6 ; sheaths usually much shorter 
than the internodes ; blades erect, firm, thickish, the primary ones 3-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. 
wide, long-acuminate, those on the branches much smaller and usually involute: primary 
panicle much exserted, narrow, 5-8 cm. long, its branches erect or nearly so, sometimes 
spreading in age: spikelets 1.75-2 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, turgid, broadly obo- 
void, pubescent with short spreading hairs. [P. ovinum Scribn. & Smith. ] 

In dry or moist sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, Texas and the Indian Territory. Also in Cuba. 
Spring to fall. 

48. Panicum angustifólium Ell Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. tall, finally profusely 
branched, glabrous, or sometimes pubescent toward the base: primary leaves usually 4 or 
5 ; sheaths glabrous, or the lower ones sometimes pubescent ; blades erect, linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate, glabrous, or the lower ones sometimes pubescent below, ciliate on the margin 
near the base, 5-12 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, those on the branches much smaller, crowded, 
usually involute : primary panicle broadly ovate, long-exserted, 6-9 cm. long, its branches 
spreading, glabrous, the secondary panicles much smaller, simple or nearly so: spikelets 
obovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long and 1.3-1.6 mm. broad, strongly nerved, densely pubescent with 
spreading hairs. [P. arenicoloides Ashe. P. orthophyllum Ashe. ] 

In dry sandy soil, Maryland to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

49. Panicum consanguineum Kunth. A densely villous tufted perennial. Stems 
3-7 dm. tall, finally much branched, the nodes barbed with spreading hairs : primary leaves 
usually about 5; sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, linear-lanceolate, the 
primary ones 4-8 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, those on the branches much smaller: primary 
panicle 4-8 cm. long, oval, its branches ascending : spikelets 2.5 mm. long and about 1.3 
mm. wide, broadly obovoid, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In dry sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

50. Panicum arenicola Ashe. Stems tufted, erect, usually from an ascending base, 
2-4 dm. tall, finally branched, pubescent below with long ascending or nearly erect hairs, 
minutely pubescent above: leaves 4 or 5, confined to the lower two-thirds of the stem ; 
sheaths, at least the lower ones, hispid with ascending hairs ; blades erect, firm, stiff, in- 
clined to become involute in drying, acuminate from below the middle, the lower ones 
sparingly hispid beneath, 2-6 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle.long-exserted, broadly 
ovate, 2-5 em. long, its branches widely spreading : spikelets a little less than 2 mm. long 
and about 1.2 mm. wide, broadly obovoid, pubescent with very short spreading hairs. 

In dry soil, North Carolina to Mississippi, Summer. 

51. Panicum Roanokénse Ashe. Glabrous. Stems tufted, erect, 3-5 dm. tall, 
finally branched : leaves 3 or 4; blades erect, rather firm, 3-8 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide: 
panicle 5-7 em. long, its branches ascending : spikelets glabrous, 2 mm. long and 1 mm. 
wide, elliptic. 3 

In dry soil, North Carolina. Summer. 

52. Panicum Nashiànum Scribn. Stems tufted, glabrous or puberulent, slender, 
1.5-4 dm. tall, finally much branched : leaf-blades erect or ascending, lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, glabrous or puberulent beneath, ciliate, at least at the base, 2-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. 
wide, the blades on the branches smaller: primary panicle 2.5-5 cm. long, its branches 
widely spreading : spikelets about 2 mm. long, obovoid, glabrous to densely pubescent with 
short spreading hairs. [P. pauciciliatum Ashe. ] ‘ 

In pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 

53. Panicum patentifdlium Nash. A nearly glabrous purplish tufted perennial. 
Stems erect or nearly so, 2-4 dm. tall, puberulent,4lender, finally much branched : leaves 2-4, 


96 POACEAE 


rather distant ; sheaths minutely pubescent, especially at the apex on the margins ; blades 
widely spreading, firm, lanceolate, 2.5-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, puberulent at the very 
base on the upper surface: panicle 4-6 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its axis and spreading 
branches puberulent: spikelets about 2.5 mm. long and 1.3 mm. wide, pubescent with 
spreading hairs, the first scale J as long as the spikelet. 

In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring. 

54. Panicum Webberianum Nash. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, erect or ascending, 
rigid, branched : leaf-sheaths ciliate on the margin ; blades lanceolate, 4-9 em. long, 7-14 
mm. wide, sparsely ciliate at the base, usually erect: panicle ovate, 6-9 cm. long, its 
branches spreading: spikelets elliptic or obovoid, 2.5 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, 
the apex of the fourth scale minutely pubescent. [P. Onslowense Ashe. ] 

In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 

55. Panicum dichótomum L. Light green, glabrous, or the lower nodes sometimes 
barbed. Stems tufted, slender, 2-6 dm. tall, rarely taller, finally much branched about 
the middle: primary leaves 4 or 5; sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades widely 
spreading, linear-lanceolate, the primary ones 4-8 cm. long, usually 4-8 mm. wide, rarely 
wider, those on the branches much smaller, often involute: panicle 4-8 em. long, broadly 
ovate, its branches usually ascending: spikelets rather few, 1.75-2 mm. long and 0.8-1 
mm. wide, elliptic, glabrous. 

In dry soil, Connecticut and southern New York to Ohio, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 

56. Panicum Yadkinénse Ashe. A glabrous perennial. Stems single, 8-10 dm. 
tall, finally somewhat branched: leaves 5 or 6; sheaths much shorter than the inter- 
nodes, white-spotted ; blades ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed toward the base, 
the primary ones 8-12 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide: panicle 8-12 cm. long, broadly ovate or 
oval, its branches long, ascending : spikelets about 2.3 mm. long and 1 mm. wide, elliptic, 
acute, glabrous. 

In dry or sandy soil, Maryland to Georgia. Summer. 

57. Panicum barbulàtum Michx. Glabrous. Stems densely tufted, at first erect, 
finally much branched and decumbent, the nodes strongly barbed with silky somewhat re- 
flexed hairs: primary leaves 5-7 ; sheaths shorter than the internodes, ciliate on the over- 
lapping margin ; primary leaf-blades spreading, sometimes somewhat reflexed, usually 6-10 
em. long, rarely shorter or longer, 8-15 mm. wide, lanceolate, the blades on the branches 
much smaller: panicle finally much exserted, 7-11 cm. long, oval, its branches ascending : 
spikelets 1.5-1.8 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. broad, elliptic, glabrous, or rarely minutely 
and sparingly pubescent. [P. nitidum var. barbulatum (Michx. ) Wood. ] 

In wet places, New York to Illinois, Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 

58. Panicum nemopánthum Ashe. A tufted nearly glabrous perennial with barbed 
nodes. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, erect: leaves 3 or 4; lowermost sheaths sometimes pubescent, 
the uppermost often longer than the internodes ; blades spreading or ascending, lanceolate, 
long-ciliate toward the somewhat narrowed base, 7-10 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, long- 
acuminate: panicle 7-10 cm. long, broader than long, its branches wide-spreading, lax and 
drooping: spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, a little exceeding 1 mm. broad, elliptic, glabrous. 

In woods, North Carolina. Spring. 

59. Panicum Mattamuskeeténse Ashe. A tall sometimes tufted perennial with 
barbed nodes. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, finally much branched : leaves 6 or 7 ; sheaths much 
shorter than the internodes, usually considerably less than 3 as long, ciliate on the margins, 
all but the lower ones glabrous ; blades spreading, 3-8 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, the lower- 
most pubescent on both surfaces: panicle 6-10 dm. long, ovate : spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long 
and about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with short spreading hairs. 

In wet places, North Carolina. Summer. 

60. Panicum ánnulum Ashe. Stems 4—7 dm. tall, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 
finally branched, the nodes densely barbed with spreading hairs: leaves 4 or 5; sheaths 
softly pubescent or sometimes the upper ones glabrous; blades erect or nearly so, softly 
pubescent on both surfaces, or the upper ones sometimes glabrous: panicle 4-10 cm. long, 
its branches erect-ascending or ascending, rarely spreading: spikelets usually numerous,. 
1.8-2 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic, strongly pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In dry rocky woods, Maryland to Georgia and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 

61. Panicum Eárlei Nash. Stems densely tufted, slender, 1-1.5 dm. tall, usually 
with a few long weak scattered hairs below, finally branched, the nodes rather sparingly 
barbed : leaves about 3; sheaths rather sparsely hirsute with long hairs ; blades ascending, 
lanceolate, rather sparingly hirsute on both surfaces with long spreading hairs, 1-3 cm. 
long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 2-3 em. long, broadly ovate, its smooth branches spreading : 
spikelets about 1.3 mm. long, 0.7 mm. wide, elliptic, glabrous. [P. austromontanum Ashe. ] 

In sandy soil, Tennessee and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


POACEAE 97 


62. Panicum lucidum Ashe. Stems tufted, 2-8 dm. long, slender, glabrous, weak, at 
first erect or ascending, simple, later prostrate and much branched: leaves 3-5; sheaths 
much shorter than the internodes, ciliate on the margin ; blades thin, glabrous, the primary 
ones usually erect, 3-6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, those on the branches much smaller, gen- 
erally 3 cm. long or less and 1.5-3 mm. wide, spreading to erect: primary panicle ovoid, 
3-7 cm. long, its branches spreading or somewhat ascending: spikelets glabrous, 1.5-2 
mm. long and 0.6-0.75 mm. wide, elliptic. 

In wet shady places, usually sphagnum swamps, New Jersey and Maryland to Florida and Missis- 
sippi. Summer and fall. 

63. Panicum curtivaginum Ashe. Stems tufted, 6-8 dm. long, slender, weak, gla- 
brous, finally branched: leaves 4 or 5; sheaths much shorter than the internodes, some- 
times sparingly ciliate on the margin ; blades erect, glabrous, the primary ones linear, 
usually 3-6 cm. long, rarely larger, 3-5 mm. wide: panicle 4-8 cm. long, ovoid, its 
branches ascending : spikelets 2 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, glabrous. 

In sandy soil, Mississippi. Spring and summer. 

64. Panicum curtifólium Nash. A nearlv glabrous tufted perennial. Stems 2-3 
dm. tall, finally much branched: leaves 3 or 4 ; sheaths usually about J as long as the in- 
ternodes, sparsely pubescent with long weak spreading hairs; blades widely spreading, 
lanceolate, a few long hairs on the upper surface near the base, the primary blades 1.5-3 em. 
long, 3-5 mm. wide: panicle 2-4 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its branches widely spread- 
ing : spikelets about 1.5 mm. long and about 0.75 mm. wide, elliptic, glabrous. 

In sandy soil, Mississippi. Spring and summer. 

65. Panicum sphagnícola Nash. Grayish green. Stems 6-10 dm. long, at first 
simple, finally repeatedly and dichotomously branched, the branches very divergent: leaf- 
blades glabrous, thick, lanceolate, the primary ones 5-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, those 
on the branches 2.5 cm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wide, appressed: primary panicle about 5 
em. long, its branches spreading, 1.25-2.5 cm. long, the secondary panicles about 1.25 cm. 
long, raceme-like : spikelets 2.5 mm. long and 1 mm. wide, few and appressed, glabrous 
or sparingly pubescent. 

In sphagnum swamps, northern Florida. Summer. 

66. Panicum nudicaüle Vasey. Glabrous. Stems 5-6 dm. tall: leaves 3, the lower 
2 approximate and near the base of the stem, the other distant, above the middle of the 
stem ; blades erect, firm, lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide: panicle 4-7 cm. long, 
broadly ovate, its branches ascending or spreading: spikelets 3mm. long and 1 mm. wide, 
elliptic, acute, glabrous. 

In swamps, western Florida. Spring and summer. 

67. Panicum Wrightianum Scribn. Stems tufted, 3-4 dm. long, puberulent, slen- 
der, at first erect, finally much branched and forming broad mats: leaves 5-7; sheaths 
minutely pubescent with spreading hairs, ciliate on the margins ; blades minutely and softly 
pubescent on the lower surface, the upper surface pubescent with longer hairs, the primary 
blades 2-4.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, those on the branches much smaller : primary panicle 
3-5 em. long, ovoid, its branches ascending: spikelets a little less than 1 mm. long and 
about 0.4 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Alsoin Cuba. Summer and fall. 

68. Panicum Baldwinii Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so. Stems densely tufted, slender, 
1-2 dm. tall, rarely longer, sometimes a little puberulent, erect, finally much branched and 
ascending or prostrate: leaves on the primary stem 2, or sometimes 3; sheaths less than à 
as long as the internodes ; blades erect or ascending, lanceolate, rough on the margins, the 
primary ones 1-3 em. long, 1-3 mm. wide: primary panicle 1.5-4 cm. long, broadl 
ovoid, its branches widely spreading: spikelets 1 mm. long and about 0.7 mm. broad, 
oval, or somewhat broadly ovoid, glabrous. 

In dry sandy soil, southern Georgia and Florida, Spring and summer. 

69. Panicum ensifdlium Baldw. A slender much tufted glabrous perennial. Stems 
1-3 dm. tall, finally somewhat branched : leaves 2 or 3; sheaths very short, several times 
shorter than the internodes ; blades widely spreading, lanceolate, usually less than 2 cm. 
long, rarely larger, 1-3 mm. wide, densely puberulent on the lower surface, the basal blades 
markedly larger and more erect: panicle small, ovate, 1-2 cm. long, occasionally larger, 
its branches usually ascending : spikelets about 1.3 mm. long and about 0.6 mm. wide, 
elliptic, pubescent with spreading hairs. [P. nitidum var. ensifolium ( Baldw.) Chapm. ] 

In sphagnum bogs, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 

70. Panicum Cuthbértii Ashe. Stems tufted, slender, weak, 2-5 dm. tall, glabrous, 
finally much branched : primary leaves 3 or 4; leaf-sheaths short, ciliate on the margin, 
much shorter than the internodes; blades densely pubescent beneath, more sparsely so 


7 


98 POACEAE 


above, with rather long hairs, the primary ones spreading, 1-3 em. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide: 
panicle 1.5-3 cm. long, ovate, its branches spreading: spikelets elliptic, about 1.3 mm. 
long and 0.5 mm. wide, pubescent. 

In wet places, South Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 

71. Panicum gracilicaüle Nash. Glabrous. Stems tufted, erect, slender, 1-3 dm. 
tall: leaves 3 or 4; sheaths shorter than the blades; blades erect, linear, acuminate, 3-7 
em. long, 3-8 mm. wide: panicle 3-6 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending: spikelets 
about 1.1 mm. long and 0.7 mm. wide, obovoid, pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In sandy soil along brooks, Sand Mountain, Alabama. Summer. 

72. Panicum flavóvirens Nash. A glabrous tufted light green perennial. Stems 
2-3 dm. tall, slender, finally much branched : leaves 2 or 3; sheaths very short, the lower 
ones ciliate on the margin, the exterior basal ones pubescent all over ; blades thin, erect, 
smooth or nearly so on the margins, linear-lanceolate, the primary ones 2.5-4 cm. long, 2.5 
-4 mm. wide, usually minutely pubescent on the lower surface between the nerves: panicle 
3-4 cm. long, broadly ovate, its branches spreading : spikelets 1.5 mm. long and 0.7 mm. 
wide, elliptic, densely pubescent with spreading hairs, the first scale about + as long as the 
spikelet. 

Inswampy woods, Florida. Summer. 

73. Panicum albomarginàtum Nash. Glabrous, excepting the spikelets. Stems 
densely tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, finally branched toward the base, the upper part of the stem 
naked : leaves usually 2 ; sheaths on the primary stems much shorter than the internodes ; 
blades erect, thick, stiff, lanceolate, with a prominent wide thickened white margin, usually 
1.5-4 em. long, rarely longer, 2-7 mm. wide: panicle 2-4 cm. long, broadly ovate : spike- 
lets elliptic, about 1.3 mm. long and 0.7 mm. wide, pubescent with short spreading hairs. 

In low pinelands, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 

74. Panicum trifolium Nash. A nearly glabrous tufted perennial. Stems slender, 
2-4 dm. tall, finally a little branched : leaves 3, rarely 4, the uppermost one much above 
the middle of the stem and generally but a little below the panicle ; sheaths often but | 
as long as the internodes; blades erect or nearly so, firm, lanceolate, the margins thick- 
ened and cartilaginous, 1.5-6 cm. long, 1.5-5 mm. wide: panicle 2.5-6 cm. long, broadly 
ovoid, its branches ascending : spikelets 1.5 mm. long and about 0.7 mm. wide, ellipsoid, 
densely pubescent with short spreading hairs. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to northern Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 

75. Panicum glabríssimum Ashe. Stems tufted, rather slender, 3-4 dm. tall, finally 
somewhat branched : leaves about 3, distant ; sheaths less than å as long as the internodes ; 
blades erect or ascending, pubescent on the lower surface with short hairs, 1.5-3 5 cm. 
long, 2-3 mm. wide: panicle long-exserted, 3-5 cm. long, ovate, its branches ascending : 
spikelets 1.5 mm. long and a little less than 1 mm. wide, oval, pubescent with spreading 
hairs. 

In dry soil, North Carolina. Summer. 

76. Panicum longiligulàtum Nash. A tufted nearly glabrous perennial. Stems 4-5 
dm. tall, slender, finally branched, the branches fasciculately much divided and forming 
dense masses at their ends : leaves 4 or5 ; sheaths minutely pubescent between the prominent 
nerves; ligule of erect silky hairs about 3 mm. long ; blades ascending, lanceolate, ob- 
securely and minutely pubescent on the lower surface, the primary ones 2.5-3 cm. long, 
about 3 mm. wide: panicle 5-6 cm. long, oval, its branches spreading : spikelets about 1.3 
mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, oval, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In dry sandy soil, western Florida. Summer. 

77. Panicum paucípilum Nash. A tufted nearly glabrous perennial. Stems 6-10 
dm. tall, finally somewhat branched : leaves 5-8 ; sheaths with the exterior margin ciliate 
toward the summit ; blades erect or ascending, thickish, rather firm, sometimes minutely 
puberulent on the lower surface, usually with a few hair-bearing papillae at the base, the 
lower and larger primary ones 6-9 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide: panicle 5-10 em. long, rather 
dense, its branches erect-ascending or erect: spikelets numerous, about 1.4 mm. long and 
0.8 mm. wide, oval, pubescent with spreading hairs, the first scale about 4 as long as the 
spikelet. 

In wet soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 

78. Panicum octonódum J. G. Smith. Glabrous. Stems erect, 7-11 dm. tall, finally 
branched : leaves 6-8 ; sheaths much shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, firm, 4-11 
em. long, 4-8 mm. wide, lanceolate: panicle 9-13 cm. long, oblong, dense, 2-4 em. wide, 
its branches erect or erect-ascending: spikelets 1.3 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, 
oval, glabrous. 

In wet places, New Jersey to Alabama and Texas. Spring and summer. 


POACEAE 99 


79. Panicum leucóthrix Nash. A villous densely tufted perennial. Stems 3-6 
dm. tall, erect, finally much branched : primary leaves 3-5 ; sheaths usually less than 4 as 
long as the internodes, the pubescence ascending ; blades erect, rather firm, lanceolate, 
densely and softly pubescent on the lower surface with short spreading hairs, glabrous 
above, 3-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide: primary panicle usually 3-5 em. long, rarely larger 
or smaller, broadly ovate, its branches ascending : spikelets about 1.2 mm. long and about 
0.6 mm. wide, oval, pubescent with short spreading hairs. 

In usually dry sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer, 


80. Panicum parvispiculum Nash. A much tufted perennial. Stems glabrous, or 
more or less appressed-pubescent below, erect, finally branched: leaves 4 or 5; sheaths 
shorter than the internodes, glabrous, or the lower ones more or less pubescent ; blades 
erect or ascending, firm, lanceolate, acuminate, the primary ones 3-10 cm. long, 2-7 mm. 
wide, minutely but densely pubescent on the lower surface: panicle 6-10 cm. long, broadly 
ovate, its branches ascending: spikelets 1.3: mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, oval, 
densely pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 


81. Panicum nítidum Lam. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, glabrous, finally much 
branched : leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths glabrous, ciliate on the margin with long hairs ; blades 
erect, glabrous, or the lower surface sometimes minutely pubescent with short hairs, ciliate 
at the base, the primary ones 2-8 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, lanceolate, firm, the blades on 
the branches much smaller : panicle 3-8 em. long, broadly ovoid, its branches ascending : 
spikelets about 1.5 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, obovoid, densely pubescent with short 
spreading hairs. 

In dry soil, New York to Georgia. Summer. 

82. Panicum Tennesseénse Ashe. Stems tufted, 4-6 dm. tall, rather weak and as- 
cending, papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs, finally much branched and prostrate 
and forming broad mats: leaves 4 or 5; sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long 
spreading hairs; blades ascending, lanceolate, the lower surface densely and softly pubes- 
cent with short hairs, the upper surface with scattered hairs and those at the base very 
long, the primary blades 4-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, those on the branches muc 
Shorter and spreading with the upper surface nearly glabrous: panicle 7-10 cm. long, 
ovoid, its branches ascending : spikelets 1.7-2 mm. long, 0.8-0.9 mm. wide, elliptic or 
obovoid, strongly pubescent with long spreading hairs. [P. Wilmingtonense Ashe.] 

In woods, New York and Illinois to Tennessee and Florida. Summer and fall. 


83. Panicum ciliosum Nash. Stems tufted, 3-5 dm. tall, papillose-hirsute with 
spreading hairs, finally much branched: leaves 4 or 5; sheaths densely hirsute with 
spreading hairs, hirsute on the margins; blades erect or ascending, narrowed toward the 
base, ciliate on the margins, glabrous above, the lower surface densely pubescent between 
the nerves with short spreading hairs: panicle about 8 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its axis 
pubescent with short hairs, the branches spreading : spikelets a trifle less than 2 mm. long 
and about 0.9 mm. wide, elliptic, strongly pubescent with rather long spreading hairs. 

In dry soil, Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

84. Panicum lanuginósum Ell. Stems and leaves villous with spreading hairs, those 
on the blades and upper part of the stems shorter. Stems leafy, tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, erect, 
finally branched, a smooth ring below each barbed node : leaf-blades erect, lanceolate, 4-13 
em. long, 4-9 mm. wide: panicle ovoid, 4-10 cm. long, the axis pubescent, the branches 
ascending : spikelets numerous, broadly obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, 
densely pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In dry sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. Summer, 

85. Panicum Thurówii Scribn. & Smith. Stems tufted, 4-6 dm. tall, at first erect 
and simple, finally branched, papillose-hirsute below with long hairs, the pubescence above 
softer : leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs; blades 
erect or ascending, densely long-villous on the lower surface, the upper surface pubescent 
with long stiff spreading hairs, or sometimes nearly glabrous: panicle 6-9 cm. long, 
broadly ovoid, its branches ascending : spikelets about 1.8 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, 
elliptie, pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 

86. Panicum filicalme Ashe. Stems densely tufted, slender, finally much branched, 
2-3 dm. tall, minutely pubescent above : leaf-sheaths strongly hirsute with very long hairs ; 
blades erect, the primary ones 1.5-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, papillose-pubescent on both 
surfaces, or sometimes glabrous beneath, the hairs on the upper surface exceedingly Jong 
and copious: primary panicle long-exserted, 2-3 cm. long: spikelets broadly obovoid to 


100 POACEAE 


elliptic, 1.5 mm. long, pubescent. [P. Albemarlense Ashe. P. microphyllum Ashe. P. 
subvillosum Ashe. ] 

In dry soil, New Jersey to Georgia. Summer. 

87. Panicum unciphyllum Trin. Stems at first erect and simple, later profusely 
branched and leaning or ascending, glabrous or pubescent: leaf-sheaths hirsute, often 
papillose ; blades hirsute, especially beneath, erect or spreading, those on the main stem 
5-8 em. long, those on the branches much shorter : primary panicleless than 8 em. long, 
ovoid, its branches ascending, the lateral panicles much smaller: spikelets hardly 2 mm. 
long, pubescent. [P. pubescens A. Gray, not. Lam.] 

In dry soil, common, Maine and Quebec to British Columbia, Georgia, the Indian Territory and 
Arizona. Summer. 

88. Panicum Lindheimeri Nash. A nearly glabrous perennial. Stems 3-5 dm. 
tall, finally much branched: primary leaves 5-7; sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
ciliate on the margin, usually sparingly tuberculate-hirsute ; blades ascending, lanceolate, 
acute, smooth on both surfaces, usually 2-7 cm. long, sometimes longer, 4-10 mm. wide: 
primary panicle 3-5 cm. long, broadly ovate or oval, its branches spreading : spikelets about 
1.5 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, broadly obovoid, pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In dry soil, Georgia to Texas and the Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 

89. Panicum sphaerocárpon Ell. Stems generally erect, simple or somewhat 
branched at the base, 2.5-6 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf-sheaths usually shorter than the inter- 
nodes, glabrous, the margins ciliate ; blades 5-10 cm. long, 4-14 mm. wide, rough above, 
smooth beneath, the margins cartilaginous and minutely serrulate, ciliate toward the base : 
panicle ovoid, 5-10 cm. long : spikelets less than 2 mm. long, nearly spherical, or a little 
longer than thick, obtuse. 


: In dry soil, southern Ontario, New York and Missouri to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Summer and 
fall. 


90. Panicum inflatum Scribn. & Smith. Stems 3-4 dm. tall, branched, finally pros- 
trate and rooting at the lower nodes : sheaths compressed, inflated, very loosely embracing 
the stem, strongly striate, marked with white tubercles, ciliate on the margin ; blades as- 
cending, lanceolate, ciliate at the base, 3-7 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide,'flat, acuminate into an 
obtuse point : panicle much exserted, 6-8 cm. long, oval, its branches ascending : spikelets 
oval, 1.3 mm. long and about 0.9 mm. wide, minutely and sparsely pubescent. [P. Mississip- 
piense Ashe.] 

In sandy soil, Mississippi. Fall. 

91. Panicum erectifdlium Nash. A nearly glabrous tufted perennial. Stems erect, 
5-7 dm. tall, finally sparingly branched, the branches erect: primary leaves usually 5-7 ; 
sheaths usually about à as long as the internodes, ciliate on the margins ; blades erect, 
firm, ciliate on the margins toward the base, lanceolate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, 5-13 
mm. wide: panicle elliptic, 8-12 cm. long, its branches erect-ascending : spikelets numer- 
ous, 1-1.3 mm. long and 0.6-0.8 mm. wide, elliptic to oval, pubescent with spreading 
hairs. [P. Floridanum Chapm. ] 

In wet soil or swamps, Florida to Mississippi. Spring and summer. 

92. Panicum polyánthes Schult. Stems generally erect, 6-9 dm. tall, simple, gla- 
brous: leaf-sheaths glabrous, longer than the internodes; blades 1-2 dm. long, 1-2.5 
em. wide, long-acuminate, smooth, cordate-clasping and sparingly ciliate at the base: 

anicle 7-20 cm. long, ovoid to oblong, its branches slender, ascending : spikelets 1.5 mm. 
ong, obovoid to nearly spherical, numerous, puberulent. [P. microcarpon Muhl. ] 

In woods and along thickets, southern New York and Pennsylvania to Michigan, Florida, Louis- 
iana, Nebraska and Texas. Summer and fall. : 

93. Panicum cbrysopsídifólium Nash. Stems tufted, 2.5-5 dm. tall, stout, finally 
branched, strongly pubescent below with long stiff nearly appressed hairs, the upper por- 
tion sparingly pubescent: leaves 5 or 6; sheaths papillose-hirsute with ascending hairs; 
blades lanceolate, acuminate, 3-12 em. long, 3-10 mm. wide, thick, firm, rather sparingly 
papillose-hirsute on both surfaces with long spreading stiff hairs: panicle 5-7 em. long, 
broadly ovoid, its branches spreading: spikelets about 2 mm. long and 1.2 mm. wide, 
broadly obovoid, coarsely and strongly nerved, pubescent with short spreading hairs. 

In dry sandy soil, middle Florida. Spring. 

94. Panicum pseudopubéscens Nash. A densely tufted pubescent perennial. Stems 
2-4 dm. tall, hirsute with ascending hairs, finally branched, the nodes barbed: leaves 
usually 3; sheaths densely hirsute with spreading hairs ; blades erect, rather firm, lanceo- 
late, 4-10 em. long, 3-11 mm. wide, densely hispid on the lower surface with spreading 
hairs, the upper surface with long stout hairs at the base: panicle 5-9 em. long, broadly 
ovoid, its branches ascending or spreading: spikelets 2.25-2.5 mm. long and 1-1.2 mm. 
wide, obovoid, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In sandy soil, Alabama. Spring and summer. 


POACEAE 101 


95. Panicum Atlanticum Nash. Densely papillose-hirsute, the hairs on the sheaths 
and upper surface of the leaf-blades exceedingly long. Stems tufted, erect, often from an 
ascending base, 3-5 dm. tall, finally branched, the nodes barbed with spreading hairs : 
sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, lanceolate, rather firm, the primary ones 
usually 6-8 em. long, rarely longer or shorter, 4-8 mm. wide: panicle 5-7 cm. long, 
broadly ovoid, its branches ascending : spikelets barely exceeding 2 mm. long and about 1.2 
mm. wide, broadly obovoid, pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In dry soil, southeastern New York to Georgia and Mississippi. Summer. 

96. Panicum villosissimum Nash. Whole plant densely pubescent with long 
spreading hairs. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect or ascending, the nodes barbed : leaf-blades 
linear-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, erect, yellowish green: panicle long- 
exserted, broadly ovate, 6-10 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascending, sometimes 
flexuous, the lower ones 3-6 em. long: spikelets elliptic, 2.5 mm. long and about 1.25 
mm. wide, obtuse or acutish, pubescent. 

In alluvial soil, Georgia. Spring and summer. 

97. Panicum xanthospérmum Scribn. & Mohr. Stems tufted, 1-2 dm. tall, hirsute, 
finally branched : leaf-sheaths hirsute ; blades 3-6 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, lanceolate, 
pubescent on both surfaces with long rather stiff spreading hairs, those on the upper surface 
the longer: panicle 3-4 cm. long, its branches ascending: spikelets yellowish, about 2.3 
mm. long and 1 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with long weak hairs. 

In dry sandy soil, Aiabama. Spring and fall. 

98. Panicum Commonsianum Ashe. Stems tufted, 3-5 dm. tall, finally branched, 
pubescent below with long nearly appressed hairs, the upper portion glabrous or 
puberulent, the nodes bearded with spreading hairs : primary leaves usually 2 or 3 ; sheaths, 
at least the lower ones, pubescent with nearly appressed hairs ; blades erect, lanceolate, 
strigose on the lower surface, the upper surface glabrous or with some long spreading hairs 
toward the base, the primary ones 4-8 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide: panicle 4-8 cm. long, 
ovate, its branches spreading or ascending: spikelets 2.5 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. 
wide, obovoid, pubescent with spreading hairs, the first scale about 4 as long as the spikelet. 

In dry sandy soil near the coast, New Jersey and Delaware. Spring and summer. 

99. Panicum strictifdlium Nash. Stems tufted, 2.5-5 dm. tall, strongly pubescent 
toward the base with long soft hairs, puberulent toward the summit, finally much branched : 
leaves 3 or 4; sheaths much shorter than the internodes, the lower ones densely pubescent 
with long soft appressed hairs; blades erect or nearly so, rather firm, narrowly lanceolate, 
the upper surface often with a few long scattered hairs, the primary blades 4-7 cm. long, 
3-5 mm. wide: panicle 5-7 em. long, broadly ovoid, its axis and spreading branches mi- 
nutely pubescent : spikelets obovoid, 3 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, densely pubes- 
cent with rather long spreading hairs. 

In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 


100. Panicum cilifferum Nash. Stems tufted, 2-5 dm. tall, finally much branched, 
densely hirsute below with long nearly erect hairs, sparsely pubescent above: primary 
leaves usually 3, sometimes 2; sheaths densely hirsute with long ascending hairs ; blades 
erect or ascending, lanceolate, the upper surface glabrous or sometimes with some long 
erect hairs near the base, the lower surface strongly strigose, ciliate with long hairs, the 
pour ones 3-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide: primary panicle ample, 6-11 cm. long, 

roadly oval, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets about 2.75 mm. long and 1-1.2 
mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with long spreading hairs. 
In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 


101. Panicum epilifdlium Nash. A glabrous tufted perennial. Stems 2-3.5 dm. 
tall : leaves 2 or 3; sheaths minutely pubescent at the apex, ciliate on both margins with 
long slender hairs; blades widely spreading, linear-lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, 5-7 mm. 
wide, minutely pubescent on the upper surface between the nerves: panicle 5-7 cm. long, 
ovate, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 3 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, 
oval, obtusely apiculate, densely pubescent with short spreading hairs, the first scale about 
2 as long as the spikelet. 

In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring. 

102. Panicum pedicellàtum Vasey. A pubescent perennial. Stems 3-4 dm. tall, 
pubescent with short ascending hairs, finally branched : leaves 4 or 5; sheaths shorter 
than the internodes, pubescent between the nerves with short hairs, ciliate on the margins 
with long hairs; blades erect or nearly so, linear-lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces 
with rather short spreading hairs, usually ciliate at or toward the base, the primary ones 
4-9 cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide, those on the branches smaller: panicle 3-4 em. long, nar- 
TOW, its branches erect-ascending : spikelets 4 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, the scales 


102 POACEAE 


rather distantly inserted on the rachilla, the first scale about 3 as long as the spikelet, the 
second and third scales densely pubescent with short spreading hairs. 
In dry ground, Texas. Spring and summer. 


103. Panicum málacon Nash. A densely tufted usually purplish perennial, with 
the stem and sheaths strongly hirsute with ascending or nearly erect hairs. Stems,3-5 dm. 
tall, finally much branched : sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, acuminate, 
softly pubescent on both surfaces with short hairs : panicle 7-10 em. long, oval, its branches 
ascending : spikelets 3.5 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. broad, obovoid, densely pubescent 
with rather long spreading hairs, the first scale fully 3 as long as the spikelet and 5-nerved. 
In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring. 


104. Panicum Hélleri Nash. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, finally branched, appressed- 
pubescent below with long hairs, the nodes sparingly barbed : leaves 5 ; sheaths ciliate on 
the exterior margin, bearing between the prominent nerves scattered papillae from which 
sometimes arise stiff hairs, the internerves of all but the upper sheaths minutely pubescent ; 
blades broadly lanceolate, thin, sparsely ciliate at the rounded base, the primary ones 6-8 
em. long, 6-12 mm. wide: panicle usually included at the base, 6-8 cm. long, its branches 
ascending: spikelets 3.25-3.5 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, ellipsoid or somewhat 
obovoid, pubescent toward the base with a few scattered hairs. 

On stony wooded hillsides, southern Texas. Spring. 


105. Panicum scabritsculum Ell. Stems glabrous or pubescent, 8-14 dm. long, 
erect, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, finally branched : leaves 6-8 ; sheaths glabrous 
or pubescent ; blades erect or ascending, linear-lanceolate, glabrous, 1-2 dm. long, 8-12 
mm. wide: panicle 1-2 dm. long, broadly ovoid, its branches spreading or ascending: 
spikelets lanceolate, glabrous, 2-2.3 mm. long and 1 mm. broad, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, the nerves of the flowering scale very prominent. 

In swampy places and ponds, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


106. Panicum scoparium Lam. Stems erect, 6-12 dm. tall, simple, finally much 
branched above, villous: leaf-sheaths villous ; blades softly pubescent, those on the main 
stem 10-18 em. long, 10-16 mm. wide, distant, those on the branches 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 4-10 
mm. wide, crowded: primary panicle 7-15 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending, the 
secondary panicles much smaller: spikelets ovoid to oval, about 2.5 mm. long, pubescent. 


[.P. viseidum Ell. ] 


In moist soil, New Jersey to Indiana, the Indian Territory, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


107. Panicum equilateràle Scribn. A tufted nearly glabrous perennial. Stems 
4-8 dm. tall, finally branched, the branchlets crowded at the end of the branches: primary 
leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths ciliate on the margins, shorter than the internodes : primary blades 
spreading, elongated, linear to linear-lanceolate, 8-18 em. long, 7-15 mm. wide, those on 
the branches much smaller but similar in shape: primary panicle 7-9 cm. long, broadly 
ovate, its branches somewhat ascending : spikelets about 3.5 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. 
wide, elliptic, somewhat acute, pubescent with short spreading hairs. 

In dry soil, peninsular Florida. Summer. 


108. Panicum Ashei G. Pearson. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, erect, usually spar- 
ingly branched, rarely much branched and prostrate, puberulent: leaves 3 or 4 ; sheaths 
usually less than 4 as long as the internodes, ciliate on the overlapping margin ; 
blades usually erect or ascending, sometimes spreading, lanceolate, sparsely ciliate at the 
base with long hairs, usually 5-8 cm. long, rarely longer, 6-10 mm. wide, occasionally 
broader, a little cordate at the base, the upper blades about the same length, the lower ones 
shorter, the early basal blades ciliate: panicle 5-7 em. long, its branches ascending : spike- 
lets about 2.3 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with rather long ascend- 
ing hairs. 

i In dry woods, southern Connecticut and New York to Tennessee and Georgia; also in Missouri 
ummer. 

109. Panicum ovale Ell. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, villous, finally somewhat 
branched, the branches divergent: primary leaves usually 3-5 ; sheaths shorter than the 
internodes, softly pubescent, ciliate on the margin ; upper blades ovate-lanceolate, crowded 
and clasping at the base, pubescent on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins, the primary 
ones 5-10 em. long, 1-2.5 em. wide: primary panicle 7-12 cm. long, oval, its branches as- 
cending : spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, rarely larger, pubescent with 
spreading hairs. [P. commelinaefolium Ashe. P. Currant Ashe. ] 

In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


110. Panicum Manaténse Nash. Stems 2-4 dm. long, finally decumbent and much 
branched : leaf-sheaths ciliate on the margin ; blades erect or nearly so, lanceolate, 3-9 


POACEAE 103 


em. long, 7-15 mm. wide, sparsely ciliate at the base : panicle 4-6 em. long, its branches 
ascending : spikelets elliptic, about 3 mm. long and 1.3 mm. wide, very acute, strongly 
pubescent with spreading hairs. : 

In hammock land, southern peninsular Florida. Summer. 

lll. Panicum commutàtum R. & S. Stems tufted, glabrous, erect, 3-6 dm. tall, 
finally rather sparingly branched : leaves 3 or 4; sheaths glabrous, ciliate on the margin ; 
blades ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous, cordate and clasping at the base, those on 
the stem larger than the basal ones, 5-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate : panicle 
5-10 em. long, broadly ovoid, its branches spreading or ascending: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. 
long and about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, obtuse or acutish, pubescent. 

In dry plaees, New York to Tennessee, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer. 

112. Panicum mutábile Scribn. & Smith. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, tufted, glabrous, at 
first erect, finally prostrate and much branched : leaves 3 or 4 ; sheaths glabrous, excepting 
the ciliate margin ; blades glabrous, cordate and clasping at the base, ovate-lanceolate, the 
basal ones larger than those on the stem and conspicuously ciliate with long hairs, the 
stem-leaves with blades 6-12 cm. long and usually 1-2 em. wide: panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, 
broadly ovoid, its branches ascending: spikelets about 3 mm. long and 1-1.2 mm. wide, 
pubescent. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

113. Panicum Joórii Vasey. Stems tufted, glabrous, at first erect, finally prostrate 
and much branched : leaves 3 or 4 ; sheaths glabrous, excepting the ciliate margin ; blades 
ovate-lanceolate, cordate and clasping at the base, glabrous, those on the stem, which are 
smaller than the basal ones, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 em. wide: panicle 6-10 cm. long, ovoid, 
its branches ascending : spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long and 1-1.2 mm. wide, obtuse or sometimes 
aeutish, pubescent. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

114. Panicum clandestinum L. Stems tufted, 6-14 dm. tall, glabrous, or some- 
times papillose-hirsute below, finally much branched, the branches clothed with the densely 
papillose-hispid overlapping leaf-sheaths : primary leaves usually 5-7, their sheaths shorter 
than the internodes, ciliate on the exterior margin, at least the lower ones strongly papillose- 
hispid with spreading hairs; blades spreading or ascending, glabrous on both surfaces, 
ciliate at the cordate and clasping base, the primary ones 1-2 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 em. wide, 
acuminate, lanceolate, those on the branches ovate-lanceolate and usually less than 1 dm. 
long: primary panicle long-exserted, 9-12 cm. long, rarely larger, broadly ovate, its 
branches ascending, the later panicles wholly or partially concealed in the sheaths : spike- 
lets 2.7-3 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with spreading hairs. 

In moist or wet places, Rhode Island and southern New York to Florida. Summer and fall. 

115. Panicum malacophyllum Nash. A perennial with the stems and sheaths 
papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs and the nodes barbed. Stems 3-4 dm. tall, finally 
somewhat branched above : leaves 4 or5 ; sheaths about 3 as long as the internodes ; blades 
ascending, lanceolate, softly pubescent on both surfaces, 5-7 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide : 
panicle 4—5 em. long, its axis and spreading branches densely hirsute with spreading hairs : 
spikelets 3 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, broadly oval or obovoid, densely hirsute with 
long spreading hairs. 

In dry soil, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. Spring. 

116. Panicum pernervòsum Nash. A glabrous perennial. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, 
finally branched : leaves 3 or 4; sheaths ciliate on the exterior margin ; blades erect or 
ascending, narrowed toward the base, the larger ones 5-10 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, ciliate 
toward the base with a few long hairs, the lower ones usually pubescent on the lower sur- 
face, ciliate for 3 their length : panicle 7-12 cm. long, its branches ascending : spikelets 3 
mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, broadly oval, turgid, glabrous. 

In woods, eastern Texas. Spring. 

. 117. Panicum oligosánthes Schult. Stems tufted, erect, 3-8 dm. tall, villous, 
finally fasciculately branched : leaves 4 or 5; sheaths, at least the lower ones and those on 
the branches, papillose-hispid, ciliate on the margin ; blades erect or ascending, 5-10 cm. 
long, 5-10 mm. wide, lanceolate, softly and densely pubescent on the lower surface, the 
upper surface glabrous, or with a few long hairs at the base: primary panicle 6-8 cm. long, 
its branches ascending : spikelets about 3.5 mm. long and 1.7 mm. broad, oval, pubescent. 
[ P. pauciflorum Ell., not R. Br. ] 

In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

118. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. Stems tufted, erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall, simple, 
finally dichotomously branched above, sparingly pubescent or glabrous : leaf-sheaths 
strongly papillose-hispid ; blades 5-10 em. long, 6-12 mm. wide, spreading, glabrous: 


104 POACEAE 


primary panicle ovoid, 4-8 em. long, its branches spreading : spikelets turgid, obovoid, 
about 3 mm. long, glabrous, or sometimes pubescent with short spreading hairs. 

In dry soil, Vermont, Massachusetts and New Jersey to Minnesota, British Columbia, Missouri, the 
Indian Territory and Arizona. Spring and summer. 

119. Panicum Ravenélii Scribn. & Mer. Stems tufted, erect, 4-6 dm. tall, finally 
branched, papillose-hirsute below with ascending hairs, the pubescence above softer : 
leaves 3 or 4; sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with ascending hairs; blades erect or 
ascending, glabrous above, densely and softly pubescent below, broadly lanceolate, 8-12 
cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, cordate at the clasping base: panicle 8-10 em. long, its branches 
ascending : spikelets about 4 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, obovoid, pubescent with rather 
weak hairs. [ P. scoparium Ell., not Lam. ] 

In woods, Distriet of Columbia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

120. Panicum macrocárpon Le Conte. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, or some- 
what branched above, the nodes, at least the upper ones, naked: leaf-sheaths glabrous, 
ciliate; blades 7-18 em. long, 2-4 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at the base, acuminate, 
glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate : panicle 8-15 em. long, usually long-exserted, rarely in- 
cluded, its branches more or less ascending : spikelets 3-4 mm. long, turgid, oval to obo- 
void, pubescent. 

In woods or on dry hillsides, New Hampshire to North Carolina, Iowa and Kansas. Summer. 

121. Panicum Porterianum Nash. Stems tufted, erect, the upper part, including 
the panicle axis, and sometimes also the lower portion, pubescent with short hairs, or 
sometimes glabrous, finally branching, the nodes densely barbed with long spreading hairs : 
leaves 4-6 ; sheaths ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous, or sometimes the lower ones 
softly pubescent ; blades ovate-lanceolate, cordate and clasping at the base, paler on the 
lower surface, glabrous, or the upper surface sometimes sparsely pubescent, 6-12 cm. long, 
the larger ones 2-4 cm. wide: panicle 6-12 cm. long, its branches ascending : spikelets 
4-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, the scales distant, pubescent with long weak hairs. [P. 
latifolium Chapm., in part, not L.] 

In rocky woods, New York to Florida and Texas. Summer. 


122. Panicum pubifólium Nash. A softly pubescent densely tufted perennial. Stems 
3~7 dm. tall, pubescent with soft weak spreading hairs, finally branched, the nodes densely 
barbed with long hairs: leaves 3-5 ; sheaths ciliáte on the margins, densely pubescent, at 
least all but the uppermost, with spreading weak usually long hairs ; blades spreading or 
ascending, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed to the rounded cordate- 
clasping base, pubescent on both surfaces with short spreading hairs, the upper primary 
blades 7-11 cm. long and 2-3 cm. broad, the lower smaller: primary panicle usually but 
little exserted, sometimes included at the base, 7-11 cm. long, its axis, as well as the 
branches, densely pubescent with short soft spreading hairs, the branches spreading or 
ascending : spikelets 4-5 mm. long and about 1.6 mm. broad, narrowly obovoid, the scales 
distant, strongly pubescent with long spreading hairs. [P. latifolium Chapm., in part, not L. ] 

In rocky woods, New York to Missouri, Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

123. Panicum latifdlium L. An intricately much branched shrub, sometimes 2-3 
m. tall. Leaves crowded and numerous ; sheaths overlapping, ciliate on the margin ; 
blades spreading or ascending, glabrous, acuminate, the larger ones 8-10 cm. long, 13-35 
mm. wide, those on the ultimate divisions considerably smaller: panicle 1 dm. long or 
less, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets turgid, 4-5 mm. long, the scales tipped 
with woolly hairs, the first scale very broad, clasping the base of the spikelet. [P. divari- 
catum L.] 

In dry soil, southern peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. SMALL CANE. 


32. PHANOPYRUM Nash. 


Tall grasses with long flat linear or lanceolate leaf-blades which are cordate and clasp- 
ing at the base, and ample panicles with the spikelets arranged in pairs or in short branchlets 
on one side of its branches. Spikelets on rather short pedicels, acuminate ; scales 4, 
acuminate, strongly nerved, the first scale 3 as long as the spikelet or more, a little shorter 
than or equalling the third, the second scale considerably exceeding the third, the fourth 


scale less than 3 as long as the spikelet, chartaceous, indurated in fruit. Stamens 3. 


Styles long and slender, free to the base. Stigmas plumose. 


1. Phanopyrum gymnocàrpon (Ell) Nash. A glabrous perennial. Stems leafy, 
6-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades 4 dm. long or less, 1-4 cm. wide: panicle 1-2 dm. long, its 
branches long and ascending : spikelets 5-6 mm. long. [Panicum gymnocarpon EM. ] 

In moist places, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Summer and fall. 


POACEAE 105 


33. SACCIOLEPIS Nash. 


Perennials with flat leaf-blades and contracted dense panicles. Spikelets numerous. 
Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous ; 2 outer scales empty, the first scale small and narrow, 
the second one large and broad, 11-nerved, saccate and gibbous at the base, the third scale 
enclosing a palet and staminate flower, the fourth scale chartaceous, finally indurated, about 
3 as long as the second scale, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. 
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Sacciolepis gibba (Ell.) Nash. Stems erect or ascending, usually rooting at the 
lower nodes, finally dichotomously branched, 3-20 dm. long : leaf-sheaths papillose-hirsute, 
at least the lower ones; blades lanceolate, spreading or ascending, long-acuminate, some- 
times hirsute on one or both surfaces, 4-20 em. long, 4-22 mm. wide: panicle contracted, 


6-30 cm. long, 1.5-2 em. wide: spikelets 4-5 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate. [Panicum 
gibbum EI. ] 


In swamps and low grounds, Virginia to Tennessee, Missouri, Florida and Louisiana, chiefly 
along the coast. Alsoin Cuba. Summer and fall. 


34. STEINCHISMA Raf. 


Perennial tufted grasses, with erect stems, flat leaf-blades and loose open panicles. 
Spikelets 1-flowered, the 3 outer scales membranous, the third scale bearing in its axil a 
much enlarged and inflated papery palet which exceeds in length the fourth scale ; first 
scale short, the second one about as long as the spikelet ; fourth scale indurated in fruit 
and enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Styles long, united only at 
the base. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Steinchisma hians (Ell.) Nash. Glabrous. Stems erect, 3-8 dm. tall, sometimes 
creeping at the base: leaf-blades 7-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acuminate, usually erect : 


paniele 7-20 cm. long, its branches few, generally spreading : spikelets about 2 mm. long. 
[ Panicum hians Ell. ] 


In moist ground, North Carolina to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


35. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. 


Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat, sometimes complanate, leaf-blades and 
dense terminal cylindric spike-like or narrowly thyrsoid panicles. Spikelets with one or 
a cluster of 2-several sterile barbed bristle-like persistent branches. Scales 4, the 3 outer 
membranous, the first often very short and together with the larger second one empty, the 
third scale frequently longer than the second, empty, or rarely enclosing a palet and also 
sometimes a staminate flower, the fourth scale usually shorter than the spikelet, charta- 
ceous, glabrous, shining, often transversely rugose, finally indurated, obtuse, enclosing 
a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, 
elongated. Stigmas plumose. [Setaria Beauv., not Achar.] FoxrAiL. FOXTAIL GRASS. 


Inflorescence with the spikelets racemosely arranged : bristles 5-16 at the base of 
each spikelet, involucrate. 


Annual ; bristles tawny orange. : 1. C. glauca. 
Perennial, from branching rootstocks: bristles green, yellowish green or 
* purple. ; 
Inflorescence stout: bristles usually exceeding twice the length of the 
spikelet. 


Rootstocks slender: leaf-blades elongated. : ; 
Second scale of the spikelet 5-7-nerved : leaf-blades sometimes with 


a few scattered hairs near the base on the üpper surface. 2 C. imberbis. 
Second scale of the spikelet 3-nerved : leaf-blades glabrous. 3. C. versicolor. 
Rootstocks stout: leaf-blades short, thick and firm, grayish green. 4. C. occidentalis. 
Inflorescence slender: bristles once or twice as long as the spikelet. 
Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, short. 5. C. purpurascens. 
Leaf-blades linear, elongated. : 6. C. gracilis. 
Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters or on branches: bristles 1-3 at the base 
of each spikelet, not involucrate. 7 eroi 
Bristles downwardly barbed. 7. C. verticillata. 


Bristles upwardly barbed. i ; 
a. Second scale of the spikelet as long as the flowering scale or very nearly so. 
* Panicle thick, dense, its branches crowded. e RES 
Flowering scale dull, Lag ag when mature, often finely transversely 
rugose : plants usually less than 1.5 m. tall. Nor a 
Panicle usually 1 em. thick or less: bristles commonly green : spike- ica 
lets about 2 mm. long. 8. C. viridis. 


106 POACEAE 


Panicle usually 1-3 cm. thick: bristles usually purple: spikelets 


2.5-3 mm, long. 9. C. Italica. 
Flowering scale shining, very hard in fruit, smooth : plants usually 
2-4 m. tall. 10. C. magna. 
** Panicle slender, loose, narrow, often interrupted below. 
Spikelets about 3 mm. long. 15. C. villosissima. 
Spikelets about 2 mm. long. 16. C. Grisebachii. 


b. Second scale manifestly shorter than the flowering scale. 
Spikelets less than 3 mm. long. 
Panicle loose, often interrupted below, usually narrowed at thesummit. 
Spikelets elliptie to ovate. 
Panicle long-attenuate at the a 


es 18. C. caudata. 
Panicle narrowed at the apex, but not long-attenuate. 


Leaf-blades 1 em. wide or less : stems usually slender. 16. C. Grisebachii. 
Leaf-blades 1.5-2 em. wide: stems usually stout. 17. C. polystachya. 
Spikelets hemispheric. 13. €. macrostachya. 


Panicle dense, of the same diameter throughout. 
Flowering scale very coarsely undulate-rugose : panicles with many 


bristles. il. C. corrugata. 
Flowering scale finely transverse-rugose: panicles with rather few ; 
bristles. 12. €. composita. 


Spikelets 3 mm. long or more. 
Panicle dense, of equal diameter throughout, 1 em. thick or less, ex- 
clusive of the bristles. 12. C. composita. 
Panicle loose, narrowed at the summit, 2-4 em. in diameter, exclusive 
of the bristles. 


Leaf-blades 1-2 em. wide, glabrous. 14. €. macrosperma. 
Leaf-blades 6-8 mm. wide, pubescent on both surfaces with spread- : 
ing hairs. 15. C. villosissima. 


1. Chaetochloa glaüca (L.) Scribn. Annual. Stems tufted, 3-12 dm. tall, branch- 
ing at the base : leaf-sheaths glabrous, loose, compressed ; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 4-8 
mm. wide, glaucous, at least the lower ones pilose near the base on the upper surface: ra- 
cemes dense, about 1 cm. in diameter, the rachis pubescent, 2-10 cm. long: spikelets 
broadly ovoid, 3 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, the acute flowering scale striate, coarsely 
transversely rugose. [Setaria glauca Beauv. ] 

In cultivated grounds and waste places nearly throughout North America. Naturalized from 
Europe. Summerand fall. : 

2. Chaetochloa imbérbis (Poir.) Scribn. Perennial. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, 
from rootstocks, slender, compressed, rough below the raceme : leaf-sheaths glabrous, com- 
pressed ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, the upper surface often with a few long hairs 
at the base : racemes dense, spike-like, 2-5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. in diameter, exclusive 
of the bristles, the rachis pubescent : bristles 5-10 mm. long: spikelets ovoid, acute, 2-2.5 
mm. long, the flowering scale acute, striate, finely transversely rugose. [Setaria laevigata 
Chapm. in part. ] 

_ In moist soil, New Jersey, Kansas and Missouri to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 
Spring to fall. 

3 Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell. Perennial. Stems 6-12 dm. long, ascending : 
leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, smooth and glabrous ; blades long and narrow, 1-3.5 dm. 
long, 2-6 mm. wide, pale green or glaucous, glabrous: spike-like raceme long-exserted, 
rather slender, 2-7 cm. long, about 1.5 em. in diameter : bristles in two nearly equal clus- 
ters of 5 each, very slender, 6-10 mm. long: spikelets usually single, about 2.5 mm. long 
and 1.25 mm. wide, the first and second scales 3-nerved, the fourth scale purple-tipped. 
[ Panicum laevigatum Ell., not Lam. Setaria laevigata Chapm. in part.] 

Along borders of salt or brackish marshes, Massachusetts to Florida. Summer and fall. 

4. Chaetochloa occidentalis Nash. Perennial. Stems from a stout branching root- 
stock, 3-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, smooth and glabrous; blades erect, 
firm, 1.5 dm. long or less, 5-7 mm. wide, glabrous: spike-like racemes 3-5 cm. long, I, 

2 cm. in diameter: bristles green: spikelets a little less than 3 mm. long, the flowering 
scale strongly transversely rugose, elliptic. 

In meadows, Kansas and the Indian Territory. Summer. 

5. Chaetochloa purpurascens (H.B.K.) Scribn. & Mer. Perennial. Stems 1-6 
dm. tall, slender, branching, from rootstocks: leaf-sheaths loose, striate, glabrous ; blades 
5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, rough on both surfaces : racemes 1-5 em. long, about 5 mm. 
in diameter, the rachis pubescent : bristles 5-10, 3-8 mm. long, often barely exceeding the 
spikelets : spikelets ovoid, acute, 2 mm. long, the flowering scale acute, transversely ru- 
gose. 

In dry places, Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 

6. Chaetochloa gracilis (H.B.K.) Scribn. & Mer. Perennial. Stems erect, 3-7 
dm. tall, slender, cylindric, simple, or somewhat branched at the base : leaf-sheaths loose; 
glabrous ; blades involute-setaceous, 2 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wide: racemes dense, de 
6 cm. long, 3-5 mm. in diameter: bristles 5-8, very short, equalling or twice -as long as 


POACEAE 107 


the spikelet: spikelets 2 mm. long, ovoid, acute, the flowering scale acute, abruptly 
apiculate, transversely rugose. [Setaria imberbis Chapm. ] 

In sandy soil, Texas, and adventive eastward. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 

7. Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn. Annual. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect or 
ascending : leaf-sheaths loose, the margin ciliate above ; blades 7-18 cm. long, 6-12 mm. 
wide, flat, rough on both sides : panicle spike-like : bristles 1-3, stout, flexuous, 3-6 mm. 
long : spikelets narrowly elliptic-ovate, acute, 2-2.5 mm. long, the flowering scale about 2 
mm. long, rounded at the shortly apiculate apex, smooth, or with very fine transverse 
wrinkles below the middle. [Setaria verticillata Beauv. ] 

In waste places, fields and along roadsides, throughout the United States. A cosmopolitan weed. 
Introduced from Europe. Summer and fall. 

8. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. Annual. Stems tufted, usually much branched 
at the base, compressed, 2-9 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, loose, ciliate on the margin ; 
blades 3 dm. long or less, 4-10 mm. wide: spike-like panicles 2-10 cm. long, about 1 em. 
in diameter, exclusive of the bristles, green, the rachis villous: bristles 1-1.5 cm. long: 
spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic, the flowering scale elliptic, rounded at the apex, finely 
and faintly transversely rugose below the middle or merely striate and pitted. [Setaria 
viridis Beauv. ] 

In cultivated grounds and waste places nearly throughout North America. Introduced from 
Europe. Summer and fall. 

9. Chaetochloa Itálica (L.) Scribn. Annual. Stems simple, or branched at the 
base : leaf-sheaths loose, glabrous, ciliate on the margin ; blades long-acuminate, 2-4 dm. 
long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, rough: panicles dense, cylindric, 8-20 em. long, 2-3 em. in diam- 
eter, obtuse or truncate at both ends, the rachis densely villous : bristles 1-3, 3-10 mm. long, 
often shorter than the spikelets or nearly wanting: spikelets elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long. 

In fields and waste places, Quebec and Minnesota to Florida and Texas. Widely cultivated and 
very variable. Introduced from Europe or Asia. The variety C. Italica Germdnica (Mill.) Seribn. 
differs in being smaller and more slender, and in having a smaller narrower panicle which is usually 
tapering at the base. ITALIAN MILLET. HUNGARIAN GRASS. 

10. Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.) Scribn. Stems stout, erect, 1-4 m. tall, branch- 
ing at the base: leaf-sheaths glabrous, compressed; blades 3-6 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, 
rough: panicle usually interrupted below, 1-3.5 dm. long, 2-5 em. in diameter ; bristles 
1-3, green, 8-11 mm. long: spikelets elliptic, acute, 2 mm. long. [Setaria magna Griseb. } 

In swamps or even in shallow water, Delaware to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. Also in tropical 
America. Summer and fall. 

11. Chaetochloa corrugàta (Ell) Scribn. Annual. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, 
compressed, much branched at the base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes : leaf-sheaths 
very loose, compressed, keeled ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rough, narrowed to- 
ward both ends: panicle 5-15 cm. long, 5-15 mm. in diameter, exclusive of the bristles : 
bristles solitary or rarely 2 at each spikelet, 5-15 mm. long: spikelets ovoid, acute, about 
2 mm. long, the fourth scale very strongly transversely and coarsely undulate-rugose. 
[Setaria corrugata Schult. ] 

In fields and waste places, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. The variety C. corrugata 
arviflóra ( Poir.) Seribn. & Mer. is a more slender and short form with shorter leaf-blades and panicles. 
n similar situations, South Carolina to Florida. Also in the West Indies. Spring to fall. 

12. Chaetochloa compósita (H.B.K.) Scribn. Perennial. Stems tufted, 3-10 
dm. tall, much branched from the base, usually pubescent : leaf-sheaths compressed, mostly 
glabrous ; blades linear, flat, 1-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, glaucous, usually rough : panicle 
pale green, 5-15 cm. long, 5-15 mm. in diameter, exclusive of the bristles : bristles single, 
rarely in pairs, green, flexuous, 5-15 mm. long: spikelets narrowly ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, 
the flowering scale narrowly ovoid, acute. 

In dry soil, Colorada to Arizona and Texas. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 


13. Chaetochloa macrostáchya (H.B.K.) Scribn. & Mer. Perennial. Stems erect 
or ascending, 6-12 dm. tall, rather stout, compressed : leaf-sheaths loose, glabrous or nearly 
so ; blades linear-lanceolate, rigid, 1.5-5 dm. long, 1-1.5 em. wide, usually rough, gener- 
erally with a few long white hairs near the base: panicle pale green, strict, usually taper- 
ing at the apex, 1-3 dm. long, 1-2 cm. in diameter: bristles single or in pairs, slender, 
flexuous, 1-2 cm. long : spikelets ovoid-globose, about 2 mm. long, acute, the flowering 
scale strongly convex, apiculate, transversly undulate-rugose. 

In dry soil, Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 

14. Chaetochloa macrospérma Scribn. & Mer. Perennial. Stems stout, 6-12 dm. 
tall, glabrous: leaf-sheaths compressed, glabrous, the margins ciliate ; blades linear-lanceo- 
late, 1-3 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, rough or smooth: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-4 cm. in 
diameter, exclusive of the bristles: bristles single, 1.5-3 cm. long, green: spikelets nar- 


108 POACEAE 


rowly ovoid, acute, 3 mm. long, the flowering scale acute, narrowly ovoid, finely trans- 
versely rugose. 

On shell islands or keys, or sometimes in old fields, southern Florida and Texas. Summer to fall. 

15. Chaetochloa villosissima Scribn. & Mer. Perennial. Stems branching at the 
base, 4-10 dm. tall, compressed, glabrous: leaf-sheaths loose, compressed, rough above, 
nearly smooth below, densely villous above ; blades linear, 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, 
tapering toward the base, pubescent on both surfaces with white spreading hairs: panicle 
about 2 dm. long, 2-3 cm. in diameter, tapering to the apex : bristles single, green, 1.5-2.5 
em. long: spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2.5-3 mm. long, the flowering scale abruptly 
short-apiculate at the incurved tip, rather finely transversely rugose below and punctate 
above. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 


16. Chaetochloa Grisebáchii (Fourn.) Scribn. Annual. Stems 1.5-8 dm. tall, 
branching at the base, slender, glabrous : leaf-sheaths loose, compressed, sparingly strigose, 
the margins ciliate ; blades lanceolate, slightly narrowed at the cordate base, 5-10 cm. 
long, 5-10 mm. wide, rough and sparingly short-pubescent: bristles single or in pairs, 
widely spreading, purple or sometimes green, 5-15 mm. long: spikelets ovoid, 2 mm. long, 
acute, the flowering scale nearly 2 mm. long, ovoid, acute, very finely transversely rugose 
below. 

In dry soil, Texas to Arizona. Alsoin Mexico. Spring to fall. 


17. Chaetochloa polystachya (Scheele) Seribn. & Mer. Perennial. Stems stout, 
6-12 dm. tall, branching at the base, glabrous: leaf-sheaths glabrous or sparingly pubes- 
cent, the margins ciliate: blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 1.5-2 em. wide, abruptly narrowed at the 
base, rough, the lower ones sometimes strigose: panicle lax, pale green, 1.5-3 dm. long, 
1.5-3 em. in diameter: bristles single, 8-12 mm. long, green, slender, flexuous : spikelets 
narrowly ovoid, acute, 2 mm. long, the flowering scale narrowly ovoid, acute, transversely 
undulate-rugose at the base. 

In dry soil, Texas. Summer and fall. 


18. Chaetochloa caudàta (Lam.) Seribn. Annual. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, much 
branched from the base, glabrous, slender: leaf-sheaths pubescent, ciliate on the margin ; 
blades linear, 1-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, pubescent, filiform-attenuate at the apex: 
oe 5-15 cm. long, attenuate, the rachis slender and flexuous, pilose : bristles single, 

exuous, 4-10 mm. long: spikelets ovoid, acute, the flowering scale ovoid, acute, short- 
apiculate, transversely undulate-rugose below. 


In dry soil, New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 


36. CENCHRUS L. 


Annual or perennial grasses, with flat, convolute or complanate leaf-blades and terminal 
spikes. Spikelets 2-6, in an ovate or globose involucre, consisting of two thick hard 
valves which are exteriorly armed with stout spines and sometimes also with basal bristles 
which are thickened at the base, the involucres articulated to the rachis and readily de- 
ciduous, carrying the persistent spikelets with them. Scales 4, awnless, the first and sec- 
ond empty, the first small or minute, the third equalling or longer than the second, enclos- 
ing a palet and also sometimes a staminate flower, the fourth scale chartaceous, firmer, 
enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles often connate 
at the very base. Stigmas plumose. BurGrass. SAND Bur. SanpSpur. CocKSPUR. 


Involucre armed at the base: 5 
With shorter generally reflexed spines, the base of the involuere glabrous: in- 
volucres containing 2 spikelets. 
Involucre pubescent : : : 
Usually less than 5 mm. broad. 1. €. tribuloides. 
6-8 mm. broad. 250: macrocephalus. 
Involuere glabrous. 3. C. gracillimus. 
With erect barbed bristles, the base of the involucre villous: involucres con- j 
taining 4-6 spikelets. 4. C. echinatus. 
Involuere naked at the base. 5. C. incertus. 


1. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Stems at first erect, later prostrate and forming mats, 
2-6 dm. long, branching: leaf-sheaths compressed ; blades 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, 
smooth or rough, usually flat : spikes 3-6 em. long: involucres 6-20, 3-5 mm. broad, en- 
closing 2 spikelets, pubescent, the spines 3-4 mm. long: spikelets 6-7 mm. long, usually 
not exserted beyond the involucre. 


In dry sandy places, Massachusetts, Ontario, Minnesota and Nebraska to Florida, Texas and 
Mexico. Very variable. Spring to fall. 


POACEAE 109 


2. Cenchrus macrocéphalus (Doell) Scribn. Stems at first erect or ascending, later 
becoming prostrate and branched and forming mats, 3-6 dm. long: leaf-sheaths verv 
loose, glabrous, compressed ; blades flat or complanate, smooth and glabrous, 1 dm. long 
or less, 4-8 mm. wide: spikes stout, 3-5 cm. long: involucres 5-12, 6-8 mm. broad, en- 
closing 2 spikelets, pubescent, the spines usually 5-8 mm. long: spikelets not exserted be- 
yond the involucre. 

Along the seashore, New Jersey to Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


3. Cenchrus gracillimus Nash. Stems erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. tall, simple, or 
sometimes sparingly branched above, slender: leaf-sheaths but little inflated ; blades com- 
planate, 5-8 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, acuminate : spikes finally long-exserted, 3-5 em. 
long, bearing 3-6 distant purplish involucres which are glabrous and with a deeply fur- 
rowed and glabrous base, the spines purple, 5-6 mm. long: spikelets about 8 mm. long, 
exserted beyond the involucre from 4-3 their length. 

In dry sand in the high pine land region, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 

4. Cenchrus echinatus L. Stems finally prostrate and rooting at the nodes, 
branched: leaf-sheaths loose; blades 1-4 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, smooth or rough, 
flat: spikes 4-12 cm. long, finally more or less exserted : involucres 20-50, densely crowded, 
containing 4-6 spikelets, glabrous, green to purplish, pubescent, villous at the base, the 
spines 3-4 mm. long, the bristles at the base numerous, slender, distinctly barbed for their 
whole length : spikelets 6—7 mm. long, exserted from the involucre. 

In sandy places, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 

5. Cenchrus incértus M. A. Curtis. Stems at first erect or ascending, finally pros- 
trate and rooting at the lower nodes, 3-6 dm. long: leaf-sheaths compressed, inflated ; 
blades glabrous, flat, 4-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide : spikes usually exserted, 3-6 cm. long : 
involucres 8-20, containing 2 spikelets, pubescent, ovoid, glabrous at the base, the spines 
about 3 mm. long, very broad at the base, ciliate : spikelets 5 mm. long, exserted from the 
involuere. 


In dry sandy places, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


37. CENCHROPSIS Nash. 


Perennial grasses, with long rootstocks, flat leaf-blades and terminal spicate inflores- 
cence. Spikelets single, subtended by an involucre consisting of 1 or 2 outer rows of 
barbed bristles which are thickened at the base, and 1 or 2 inner rows of barbed spines 2-4 
times as long as the bristles and about equalling the spikelet, the involucre articulated to 
the rachis and readily deciduous. Scales 4, the first and second empty, the first about one- 
half as long as the spikelet, the third scale longer than the second, enclosing a palet one- 
half its length or less, the fourth scale chartaceous, firmer, enfolding a palet of similar 
texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles often connate at the very base. 

1. Cenchropsis myosuroides ( H.B.K.) Nash. Stems 6-14 dm. tall, from a stout 
rootstock, simple, or branched above: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades glabrous, 1-3 dm. 
long, 3-8 mm. wide: spikes 5-20 cm. long, included at the base or exserted : involucres 
numerous, consisting of 1-2 rows of barbed spines as long as the single spikelet, and sub- 


tended by 1-2 rows of barbed bristles 1—3 as long: spikelets about 5 mm. long. [Cenchrus 
myosuroides H.B.K. | 


In dry sandy plaċes, Georgia and Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 


38. PENNISÈTUM Pers. 


Annual or perennial, often branched, grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal dense 
cylindric spikes. Spikelets in 1’s-3’s, 1-2-flowered, subtended by an involucre consisting 
of numerous slender bristles which are not thickened at the base, all the bristles, or at least 
the middle ones, plumose. Scales 4, rarely 3, the 2 outer empty, the first small or minute, 
rarely wanting, the second often as long as the spikelet, the third scale empty or enclosing 
a palet and a staminate flower, the fourth scale firmer, shorter, enfolding a palet of similar 
texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles usually distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Pennisetum setdsum (Sw.) Pers. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, simple or branched : leaf- 
sheaths glabrous, keeled ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 6-13 mm. wide, long-acuminate, the 
upper surface toward the base pubescent with long spreading stout hairs: spikes dense, 
cylindric, 1-3 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter: bristles of two kinds, the outer short and 
slender, merely hispidulous, about as long as or shorter than the spikelet, the inner much 


110 POACEAE 


longer, stouter, beautifully plumose below: spikelets very numerous, densely crowded, 
about 4 mm. long. 

In damp places, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 
MISSION GRASS. 


39. PENICILLARIA Beauv. 


Tall grasses, with flat leaf-blades and dense cylindric panicles. Spikelets in pairs on a 
short pedicel, surrounded by bristles, persistent ; bristles little if at all exceeding the spike- 
lets, the outer ones short and merely hispidulous, the inner ones plumose. Scales 4, the 
3 outer membranous, the fourth scale shorter, firmer, enclosing a palet of similar texture 
and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles usually distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Penicillaria spicata (L.) Willd. Stems erect, 1 m. tall or more, densely and softly 
pubescent below the inflorescence, leafy: leaf-sheaths stfongly ciliate on the margins with 
long hairs; blades 4 dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. wide, long-acuminate : panicles 1-3 dm. 
long, cylindric, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter: outer bristles shorter than the spikelet, numerous, 
slender, merely hispidulous, the inner ones stouter, few, about equalling the spikelet in 
length, plumose : spikelets about 4 mm. long. 


In fields and waste places, and alongiroadsides, Alabama and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


40. STENOTAPHRUM Trin. 


Perennial grasses, creeping and branching at the base, with compressed stem, flat or 
convolute leaf-blades, and a terminal spike or spike-like panicle. Spikelets acute or acumi- 
nate, 2- (rarely 1-) flowered, in 2’s—4’s in short spikes which are embedded in the alternate 
notches on one side of the broad and compressed rachis. Scales 4, rarely 3, the 2 outer 
empty, the first small, rarely wanting, the second equalling or a little shorter than the 
spikelet, the third scale similar to the second, enclosing a palet and a staminate flower, 
rarely empty, the fourth scale more rigid than the others, enfolding a palet of similar 
texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze. Stems compressed, prostrate and 
rooting at the lower nodes: leaf-sheaths compressed, glabrous, keeled ; blades flat, or 
folded when dry, linear, rounded at the apex, usually less than 1 dm. long, sometimes 
longer, 4-10 mm. wide: spikelets 5-10 mm. long, immersed in one side of a broad com- 
pressed rachis, 3.5-5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 
SHORE GRASS. 

41. OLYRA L. 


Usually tall grasses, with broad flat leaf-blades, which are contracted into a petiole- 
like base, and terminal or axillary panicles. Spikelets unisexual, monoecious: staminate 
spikelets arranged along the panicle branches below the summit ; scale 1, usually awned ; 
palet as long as the scale, 2-nerved ; stamens 3.  Pistillate spikelets terminating the main 
branches of the panicle, much larger than the staminate ; empty scales 2, usually awned, 
membranous, the third scale chartaceous, indurated in fruit; styles 2, united at the base. 

1. Olyra latifdlia L. Stems finally branched: leaf-blades contracted at their junc- 
tion with the sheath into a petiole-like base, oblong to broadly lanceolate, rather abruptly 
acuminate, the primary ones 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-4 cm. wide: panicle triangular or 
ovate, its branches spreading or ascending : staminate spikelets lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, 
exclusive of the awn: pistillate spikelets ovoid, acuminate, 8-10 mm. long, exclusive of 
the awn. 

In dry places, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. Summer. 


42. HYDROCHLOA Beauv. 


Slender branching monoecious aquatic grasses, usually floating, sometimes creeping, 
with narrow flat leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence. Spikelets small, of two kinds, the 
staminate in a slender short terminal spike, the pistillate in few-flowered spikes in the upper 
jeaf-axils, the spikes but little exserted from the sheaths. Scales 2, a little unequal, mem- 
branous, concave, awnless, palet wanting. Stamens 6. Styles short, distinct, somewhat 
laterally attached to the apex of the ovary. Stigmas elongated, shortly plumose. 


POACEAE 111 


1. Hydrochloa flùitans ( Michx.) Nash. Floating or creeping. Stems 1 m. long or 
less, slender, much branched : leaf-sheaths sparingly pilose at the summit ; blades 1-4 cm. 
long, 1.5-4 mm. wide: staminate spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long: stamens about 3 mm. long: 
pistillate spikelets about 2.5 mm. long. 

In water or on muddy banks, North Carolina to Florida. Summer and fall. 


43. PHARUS L. 


Monoecious, usually tall, grasses, with ample panicles and large oblique long-petiolate 
feather-veined leaf-blades with numerous veinlets, the petioles twisted, hence reversing the 
leaf. Spikelets articulated below the scales, of two kinds, in pairs upon the branches of 
the panicle, one sessile, pistillate, the other much smaller, pedicellate, staminate. Scales 
3; in the staminate spikelets membranous, somewhat broadened, the 2 outer empty, the 
first a little shorter, the second longer than the flowering scale; the third scale en- 
closing a flower but no palet ; in the pistillate spikelets the outer two scales membranous, 
empty, many-nerved, subequal, the third scale much longer than the others, narrow, 
at length indurated, nearly closed by the involute margins, enfolding a 2-toothed mem- 
branous palet which is convolute around the flower. Stamens 6. Styles filiform, elongated, 
united to near the apex. Stigmas papillose. 

1. Pharus latifolia L. A leafy perennial. Stems 6-10 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths longer 
than the internodes, concealing the stems; petiole-like base of the blades 1-5 cm. long; 
blades oblanceolate to elliptic, acute, commonly 1-2 dm. long, 3-4 cm. wide: panicle 1-2 
dm. long, its branches finally widely spreading : sessile spikelet about 9 mm. long, the 
empty scales brown, acute, the flowering scale about twice as long as the empty ones, 
cylindrie, about 1.5 mm. in diameter, densely pubescent with spreading glandular-tipped 
hairs, abruptly acute at the naked apex ; pistillate spikelet 3-5 mm. long, the apex about 
reaching the summit of the sessile spikelet. 

In hammocks, near Orange Lake, Florida. Summer. 


44. LUZÍOLA Juss. 

Creeping monoecious marsh or aquatic grasses, with flat leaf-blades and open terminal or 
lateral panicles. Spikelets small, articulated below the scales, 1-flowered, the staminate 
and smaller pistillate in separate panicles. Scales 2, awnless; in the staminate spikelet 
thin-membranous, the first empty, broader but scarcely shorter than the second which en- 
closes a flower but no palet; in the pistillate spikelet membranous, the first scale striately 
many-nerved, broader than the second which encloses a flower. Stamens 6-18. Styles 


short, distinet. Stigmas plumose with simple hairs. 


Staminate and pistillate spikelets borne in panicles on different stems: pistillate ; 
spikelets less than 3 mm. long. 1. L. Peruviana. 

Staminate and pistillate spikelets borne in separate panicles on the same stem: à 
pistillate spikelets about 4 mm. long. 2. L. Alabamensis. 


1. Luziola Peruviàna Pers. Stems finally branching and rooting at the lower 
nodes, 4 dm. long or less: leaf-blades elongated and narrow: staminate panicles 3-6 cm. 
long, the branches erect, the spikelets about 6 mm. long: pistillate panicles 4-6 cm. long, 
the branches spreading or ascending, the spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. 

In ditches and in wet usually grassy places, Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

2. Luziola Alabaménsis Chapm. Stems finally branching and rooting at the lower 
nodes, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades elongated and narrow, usually much exceeding the pan- 
icles : panicles 3-8 cm. long, often included below in the upper leaf-sheath, the branches 
commonly ascending or erect : staminate spikelets 5-6 mm. long : pistillate spikelets about 
4 mm. long. 

In wet places, Alabama and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


45. ZIZANIÓPSIS Doell & Aschers. 

Tall robust perennial monoecious aquatie grasses, with creeping rootstocks, long flat 
leaf-blades and ample terminal panicles. Spikelets with a more or less prominent carti- 
laginous ring at the base, 1-flowered, narrow, articulated below the scales, flattened, of 2 
kinds, the staminate at the base of, the pistillate terminating, the branches of the narrow 
panicle. Scales 2, membranous, concave, acute, the first empty, awned in the pistillate 
spikelets, a little broader than the scarcely shorter awnless second scale which encloses a 
flower but no palet. Stamens 6. Styles united. Stigmas plumose with short hairs. 


112 POACEAE 


1. Zizaniopsis miliàcea (Michx.) Doell & Aschers. Stems 1—4 m. tall, from a long 
and creeping rootstock : leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades 3-10 dm. long, 1-3 
em. wide, usually smooth and glabrous: panicle 2.5-6 dm. long: staminate spikelets 7-8 
mm. long, more or less awned : pistillate spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the awn 2-6 mm. long, 


In swamps, Georgia and Ohio to Florida and Texas. Summer. WATER MILLET. MARSH MILLET. 


46. ZIZANIA L. 


Tall robust annual monoecious aquatic grasses, with broad flat leaf-blades and ample 
terminal panicles. Spikelets of two kinds, articulated below the scales, 1-flowered, each 
with a more or less prominent cartilaginous ring at the base, narrow, the staminate readily 
deciduous, on the more or less spreading lower branches, the pistillate tardily deciduous, on 
the erect or appressed upper branches of the panicle. Scales 2, the first empty, the second 
enclosing a flower but no palet: scales of the staminate spikelets membranous, concave, 
acute or awn-pointed ; those of the pistillate spikelets linear, firmer, involute, the first 
long-awned, longer than the awn-pointed second.  Stamens 6. Styles nearly distinct. 
Stigmas plumose with short hairs. 

1. Zizania aquatica L. Annual. Stems 1-3 m. tall: leaf-sheaths smooth and gla- 
brous; blades 1.5-8 dm. long, 5-25 mm. broad, usually rough: panicle 2-3 dm. long: 
eges spikelets 7-8 mm. long: pistillate spikelets 12-20 mm. long, the awn 2.5-5 cm. 
ong. 


In swamps and along creeks and rivers, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida, Louisiana and 
Texas. Summer and Fall. INDIAN Rice. WILD RICE. REEDS. WATER OATS. MARSH RICE. 


47. ORYZA L. 


Swamp grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal narrow panicles, the branches of 
which are slender, erect and somewhat flexuous. Spikelets much compresséd, articulated 
below the empty scales, 1-flowered. Scales 4, the 2 outer empty, very small, scale-like or 
bristle-form, the 2 inner compressed-keeled, somewhat rigid, the first a little the larger, 
empty, awned or awnless, the keel often narrowly winged or muricate, the second scarcely 
shorter, narrower, short-awned or awnless, the keel not winged, naked, enclosing a perfect 
flower but no palet. Stamens 6. Styles short, scarcely united at the base. Stigmas 
plumose with short hairs. 

1. Oryza sativa L. Stems 5-10 dm. tall or more, simple: leaf-blades usually 


rough : panicle 1-3 dm. long, its branches erect : spikelets 8-10 mm. long, oblong, hispid, 
sometimes awned. 

In ditches and water, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Extensively cultivated. Native of tropical 
Asia. Summer and fall. RICE. Rick GRASS.* CUT GRASS. 


48. HOMALOCÉNCHRUS Mieg. 

Grasses of wet situations, with flat leaf-blades and usually open, rarely contracted, ter- 
minal panicles, the branches of which are slender. Spikelets often with a cartilaginous 
ring at the base, articulated below the scales, compressed, 1-flowered. Scales 2, compressed- 
keeled, somewhat rigid, awnless, the first scale empty, usually ciliate on the keel, broader 
than the second which encloses a perfect flower but no palet. Stamens 1-6. Styles short 
or slender, distinct. Stigmas plumose with branched hairs. [Leersia Sw., not Hedw.] 


Spikelets oblong to elliptic, their width less than 12 their length. 
Spikelets glabrous, 2 mm. long or less: stamen 1: stems densely tufted, erect. 1. H. monandrus.. 
Spikelets aculeate on the keels, hispidulous on the surface, 2.5 mm. long or more : 
stamens 2 or more: stems decumbent at the base. 
Panicle-branches singly disposed, few, usually less than 8. 


Panicle-branches elongated, each with a long naked base; stamens 2. 2. H. Virginicus. 
Panicle-branches short, spikelet-bearing to the base; stamens 6. 3. H. hexandrus. 
Panicle-branches, at least the lower ones, in whorls or approximately in pairs, 
numerous, usually exceeding 15. 4. H. oryzoides. 
Spikelets broadly oval to nearly orbicular, their width more than 2; their length. 5. H. lenticularis. 


1. Homalocenchrus monandrus (Sw.) Kuntze. Stems densely tufted, 4-6 dm. tall : 
leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades erect, 4-15 em. long, 2-5 mm. wide, roughish : 
panicle 7-13 em. long, its branches ascending, slender, 3-4 cm. long: spikelets 1. 75-2 mm. 
long, about 1 mm. broad, smooth and glabrous: stamen 1. à 


In dry soil, extreme southern parts of Florida and Texas. Also in tropieal Ameriea. Spring. 


POACEAE 113 


2. Homalocenchrus Virginicus ( Willd.) Britton. Stems 6-13 dm. tall, slender, 
pubescent at the nodes, finally much branched : leaves rough ; blades erect or ascending, 3- 
20 cm. long, 2-11 mm. wide: panicle 6-20 cm. long, its branches finally spreading, slender, 
4-9 cm. long, single at the nodes: spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1-1.3 mm. broad, aculeate 
on the keels, hispidulous on the surface : stamens 2. 

In moist places and low woods, Maine and Ontario to Dakota, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall, 
WHITE GRASS. 

3. Homalocenchrus hexándrus (Sw.) Kuntze. Stems slender, weak, 6-10 dm. long, 
rooting at the lower nodes: leaves exceedingly rough ; blades flat, erect, 3-15 cm. long, 
3-6 mm. wide: panicle 4-8 cm. long, its branches ascending, 1.5-4 em. long : spikelets 
4-4.5 mm. long, 1.25-1.5 mm. broad, the keels strongly aculeate, the hairs increasing in 
length toward the apex, the surface of the scales hispidulous: stamens 6. 

In water, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring and summer, 

4. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Stems 8-15 dm. tall, often rooting at the 
lower nodes : leaves very rough ; blades 6-20 cm. long, 5-13 mm. wide, ascending: panicle 
1-2 dm. long, often partially included at the base, its branches ascending or spreading, the 
longer 6-10 cm. long : spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. broad, the keels aculeate, 
the surface hispidulous : stamens 3. 


In wet places and swamps, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Washington, Florida, Texas and California. 
Also in Europe and Asia. Summer and fall. RICE CUT Grass. 


5. Homalocenchrus lenticulàris (Michx.) Scribn. Stems 2-12 dm. tall: leaves 
rough ; blades 8-30 cm. long, 8-20 mm. wide: panicle 6-20 cm. long, its branches spread- 
ing, 2-8 cm. long : spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. broad, keels strongly aculeate, the 
surface glabrous or sparingly hispidulous: stamens 2. 

In marshes and wet places, Virginia to Florida, and from Illinois and Missouri to Louisiana. 
Summer and fall. CATCH-FLY GRASS. > 


49. PHALARIS L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal panicles which are cylin- 
dric and spike-like, capitate, or densely thyrsoid and somewhat interrupted. Spikelets 
articulated above the empty scales, compressed, 1-flowered, crowded. Scales 5, the 2 lower 
persistent, larger than the rest, thin-paleaceous, compressed-keeled, the keel usually more 
or less winged, sometimes wingless, awnless, third and fourth scales shorter, very thin and 
narrowly lanceolate, sometimes reduced to bristles, or rarely one of them wanting; a fifth 
scale chartaceous, at length indurated, awnless, sometimes pointed, obscurely 3-5-nerved, 
the midnerve sometimes obsolete, enclosing a faintly 2-nerved palet of similar texture and 
a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


Outer scales of the spikelet not winged. | 1. P. arundinacea. 
Outer scales of the spikelet manifestly winged. d 
Third and fourth scales of the spikelet very small, the blade barely if at all 
manifest. : 
Spikelets about 4 mm. long: panicle ovoid or oval to oblong, if the latter ex- : p 
ceeding 1 ci. in diàmeter. — dE nd 2. P. Caroliniana. 
Spikelets 5-6 mm. long: panicle linear, cylindric, less than 1 em. in diameter. 3. P. a a. 
Third and fourth scales os. the blade broad and manifest. 4. P. Canariensis. 
1. Phalaris arundinacea L. Stems erect, 6-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 
6-14 mm. wide, smooth or rough: panicle 7-20 cm. long, its branches erect or ascending : 
spikelets 5-6 mm. long. 
In moist or wet soil, Nova Scotia and British Columbia to Maryland, Tennessee, Kansas, Arizona 
and California. Summer and fall. 
2. Phalaris Caroliniàna Walt. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent 
at the base: leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, smooth or rough: panicle 1-10 
em. long, ovoid, oval to oblong : spikelets 5-6 mm. long. 
In moist soil, South Carolina, Missouri and southern California to Florida and Texas. Summer. 
3. Phalaris angüsta Nees. Stems erect, 8-14 dm. tall: leaf-blades rough, 2 dm. 
long or less, 5-10 mm. wide, acuminate : panicle 6-10 cm. long, cylindric, less than 1 cm. 
in diameter : spikelets about. 4 mm. long. 
In moist soil, South Carolina and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 
4. Phalaris Canariénsis L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades 5-30 cm. long, 
4-12 mm. wide, very rough: panicle ovoid or oblong, 1.5-4 em. long, 1-2 em. in diam- 
eter: spikelets 6-8 mm. long. 


In waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Georgia and Nebraska. Naturalized from Europe. 
Summer. CANARY GRASS. 


8 


114 POACEAE 


50. ANTHOXANTHUM L. 


Erect aromatic annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal usually 
dense spike-like panicles. Spikelets articulated above the empty scales, 1-flowered, nar- 
row, a little compressed, crowded. Scales 5, the 2 outer persistent, empty, acute, mu- 
cronate, or short-awned, the second longer than the others, the third and fourth scales 
much shorter, empty, narrow, keeled, awned at the middle or near the base, the fifth 
scale shorter than the remainder, hyaline, obtuse, awnless, enclosing a 1-nerved palet and 
a perfect flower. Stamens 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas elongated, plumose. 

1. Anthoxanthum odoràtum L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect, tufted : leaf-blades 1-15 
cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 2-6 cm. long: spikelets 8 mm. long. 

In fields and meadows throughout nearly the whole of North America. Naturalized from Europe. 
Summer. SwEET VERNAL GRASS. 


51. SAVASTANA Schrank. 

Aromatie perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles. 
Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate. Scales 5; first and 
second nearly equal; third and fourth a little shorter, awned or awnless, enclosing a palet 
and stamens ; fifth scale, often with a short awn, enclosing a palet and a perfect flower. 
Stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


1. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, simple: leaf-blades gla- 
brous ; blades on the innovations 1-3 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, those on the stem 1—5 em. 
long, broad : panicle 5-10 cm. long, its branches usually spreading, naked at the base: 
spikelets 4-6 mm. long. 


In moist or wet places, Newfoundland and New Brunswick to British Columbia, and in or near 
the mountains to North Carolina (according to Chapman), Arizona and Mexico, and Oregon. Spring 
and summer. VANILLA GRASS. HOLY GRASS. 


52. ARISTIDA L. 


Tufted grasses, with narrow and often convolute or setaceous leaf-blades and contracted 
or open panicles, which are sometimes nearly racemose: Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow. 
Seales 3, the outer 2 membranous, persistent, empty, narrow, keeled, awnless, usually 
longer than the third scale which is of firmer texture, narrow, rigid, strongly convolute 
about the 2-nerved palet and the perfect flower, often with a prominent callus at the base, 
3-awned from the apex, the generally spreading awns glabrous to plumose, the central awn 
commonly flexuous, coiled, or bent, the lateral awns often shorter, occasionally very short 
and erect, the 3 awns sometimes more or less connate at the base and the column thus pro- 
duced articulated to the scale. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. POVERTY 
Grass. WIRE GRASS. 


A. Awns not articulated to the scale. 
Central awn coiled at the base. 
First scale usually equalling or sometimes slightly shorter than the second 
scale which is generally 7-9 mm. long. 
First scale much shorter than the second (often but little more than 1 as 
uou which is 10-15 mm. long. 
Lateral awns short, straight and erect, 1-2 mm. long, the central awn 
usually more than five times their length, its straight portion 5-8 
mm. long. : 2. A. Curtissii. 
Lateral awns more or less spreading, usually a little spiral at the base, 
the central awn from 1 again to twice their length, its straight por- 
tion from 10-15 mm. long. 3. A. basiramea. 
Central awn not coiled at the base. 
a. Panicle narrow, linear to oblong, the branches generally short (or the 
lower ones in No. 24 commonly elongated and ascending), usually erect 
or ascending, sometimes spreading. 
Central awn and sometimes the lateral ones also strongly reflexed, the 
bend semicircular. 
Stems simple or nearly so: spikelets many, the first scale 1-nerved, or 
sometimes with an additional faint nerve on each side. 
Spikelets less than 1 cm. long, the first scale strongly hispidulous, 
the lateral awns of the flowering scale much more slender than 


1. A. dichotoma. 


the central awn. 4. A. simplicifiora. 
Spikelets more than 1 cm. long, the first scale glabrous, the lateral 
awns about as stout as the central one. 5. A. Mohrii. 
Stems much branched : spikelets few, the first scale 5-7-nerved. 6. A. ramosissima. 
Signes awn from erect to spreading with no semicireular bend at the 
ase. 


* First scale much shorter than the second, usually about 14 as long. 


POACEAE 115 


Spikelets crowded, 4-6 on the short panicle-branches which are 
spikelet-bearing to the base or nearly so. 
Spikelets not crowded, usually 1-3, or if more numerous the branches 
of the panicle, or their divisions, with a long naked base. 
Flowering scale not twisted at the summit. 
Second scale of the spikelet 1.5 em. long or less, usually 
equalling or slightly exceeding the flowering scale. 
Paniele simple or nearly so; branches bearing 1 spikelet, a 
or the longer sometimes 2 spikelets : stems commonly 
naked above. 
Branches appressed, the longer, exclusive of the spike- 


. A. fasciculata. 


-I 


lets, usually 1 em. long or less. 8. A. Fendleriana. 
Branches spreading or ascending, sometimes flexuous, 
the longer, exclusive of the spikelets, usually 1.5-3 
. em. long. 9. A. subunifiora. 
Panicle compound ; branches bearing 2 or more spikelets : 
stems usually leafy. 
Stems stout: panicle branches straight. 10. A. Wrightii. 
Stems slender: panicle branches filiform, flexuous. 
Second scale of the spikelet 12-15 mm. long, the awns 
of the flowering scale commonly 3-4.5 em. long. 11. A. purpurea. 
Second scale of the spikelet usually less than 1 em. 
long, the awns of the flowering scale generally 
2 em. long or less, rarely longer. 12. A. micrantha. 
Second scale of the spikelet 2 cm. long or more, from 14 again as 
long as to nearly twice the length of the flowering scale. 13. A. longiseta. 
Flowering scale twisted at the summit. 
Spikelets few and scattered: flowering scale without a long 
beak, much shorter than the second scale, the awns inter- 
lacingly coiled at the base. 14. A. gyrans. 
Spikelets many and crowded: flowering scale with a long 
beak, equalling or exceeding the second scale, the awns 
not coiled at the base. 15. A. Reverchonii. 
** First scale a little shorter than or exceeding the second. 
Flowering scale not twisted. 
Spikelets exceeding 2 cm. long: first scale 5-7-nerved. 16. A. oligantha. 
Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long: first scale 1-3-nerved. 
Sheaths glabrous, or pubescent only at the apex. 
Leaves, at least the lower ones and those on the innova- 
tions, with the base of the strongly involute blades 
densely villous. 17. A. stricta. 
Leaves with the base of the flat blades at least not villous. 
First scale of the spikelet 1-nerved. n 
First scale glabrous : stems single or few in a tuft. 18. A. condensata. 
First scale hispidulous : stems densely tufted. 
First scale generally shorter than or equalling the 
second. 
Annual: flowering scale equalling or exceeding 
at least the body of the second scale. 
Flowering scale 5-6 mm. long, its central awn 
usually 6-10 mm. long. 19. A. gracilis. 
Flowering scale 7-9 mm. long, its central awn à 
exceeding 15 mm. in length. 20. A. intermedia. 
Perennial: flowering scale manifestly shorter 
than the second scale. 21. A. Chapmaniana. 
First scale usually exceeding the second. . A. purpurascens. 
First scale of the spikelet strongly 2-3-nerved. 23. A. palustris. 
Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely woolly pubescent. 24. A.lanosa. — 
Flowering scale twisted above for the greater part of its length. 25. A. spiciformis. 
b. Panicle diffuse and open, the branches elongated and widely spread- 
ing, with a long naked base. : 6. A. patula. 
B. Awns united at the base into aspiral column which is articulated to the scale. 
Column conspicuous, 6 mm. long or more. . A. tuberculosa. 
28. A. desmantha. 


Column inconspicuous, 2 mm. long or less. 


1. Aristida dichótoma Michx. Stems densely tufted, slender, 2-6 dm. tall, finally 
branching: leaf-blades erect, 2-9 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide or less, sparingly pilose above 
toward the base: panicle 3.5-7 cm. long, the branches short or erect: spikelets 7-9 mm. 
long, the 2 outer scales about equal in length, or the first a little the shorter, usually awn- 
pointed, the flowering scale 5-7 mm. long, the lateral awns very short, erect, the central 
awn spreading, spiral at the base, the straight portion 2-5 mm. long, rarely longer. 

In dry sandy soil, Maine to Ontario, Missouri and the Indian Territory, Florida and Texas. Sum- 
mer and fall Poverty GRASS, 

2. Aristida Curtissii (A. Gray) Nash. Stems tufted, 2-5 dm. tall, branching : leaf- 
blades 4-16 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, sometimes sparsely pilose above near the base : pani- 
cle 5-9 em. long, the branches erect: spikelets generally 10-12 mm. long, rarely longer, 
the first scale much shorter than the second which usually about equals the flowering one, 
rarely somewhat exceeding it, the flowering scale 7-11 mm. long, the lateral awns very 
short, 1-2 mm. long, straight and erect, usually less than 1 as long as the central awn 
which has the straight portion 5-8 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to the Indian Territory; alsoin Virginia. Fall. 


116 POACEAE 


3. Aristida basiramea Engelm. Stems tufted, rather slender, 2-6 dm. tall, branch- 
ing: leaf-blades 3-15 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide or less, sometimes sparsely pilose above at 
the base: panicle 3-9 cm. long, the branches erect: spikelets 10-15 mm. long, the first 
scale much shorter than the second, the flowering scale 7-11 mm. long, considerably shorter 
than the second, the lateral awns more or less spreading, usually a little spiral at the base, 
4-2 as long as the central awn which is strongly spiral at the base and with the straight 
portion 10-18 mm. long. 

In dry fields, Manitoba to Illinois, Nebraska and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 

4. Aristida simpliciflora Chapm. Stems tufted, 4-6 dm. tall, slender, simple or 
sparingly branched : leaf-blades 3.5-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, flat: panicle 1-2 dm. 
long, its branches short and appressed : spikelets 8-9 mm. long, crowded, the 2 outer scales 
1-nerved, about equal or the first a little the shorter, the flowering scale 5-6 mm. long, the 
central awn 12-15 mm. long, strongly reflexed, the lateral awns ascending, about 3 as 
long and much more slender than the central awn. 

In low pine woods, Florida. Fall. 


5. Aristida Mòhrii Nash. Stems 5-7 dm. tall, simple: leaf-blades 5-12 cm. long, 
1-1.5 mm. wide, those on the innovations hirsute above : panicles 1.5-3-dm. long, simple : 
spikelets 10-12 mm. long, on very short pedicels, appressed, scattered, the 2 outer scales 
1-nerved, the first equalling or often a little exceeding the second, the flowering scale 8-9 
mm. long, the awns of equal thickness, all strongly reflexed, the central one 15-18 mm. 
long, the lateral ones a little shorter. 

On dry sandy pine ridges, Alabama. Fall. 


6. Aristida ramosissima Engelm. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, slender, branched : 
leaf-blades 4-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, flat: panicle 6-10 em. long, simple, the 
branches very short and bearing a single usually ascending spikelet : spikelets 1.6-2.2 cm. 
long, the 2 outer scales usually awned, the first scale 5-7-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved 
second, the flowering scale 15-18 mm. long, the central awn strongly reflexed, 2-3 cm. 
long, the lateral awns rigid, erect, 1-2 mm. long. 

In dry ground, Illinois and Missouri to the Indian Territory. Late summer and fall. 

7. Aristida fasciculata Torr. Stems tufted, 5-8 dm. tall, branched : leaf-blades 6 -12 
cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide: panicle 7-20 cm. long, its branches short, in fascicles of 2-4, 
erect or nearly so : spikelets 9-10 mm. long, crowded, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, the first 
one 3-3 as long as the second, the flowering scale 8-12 mm. long, hispidulous on the keel, 
the callus densely pilose, the awns ascending, the central one 10-17 mm. long, the lateral 
awns 2-$ as long. 

In dry soil, Kansas to California, Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. Fall. 


8. Aristida Fendleriàna Steud. Stems densely tufted, 1.5-2.5 dm. tall, erect, rigid, 
simple: leaf-sheaths smooth, confined to the base of the stem, a tuft of hairs on each side 
at the apex ; blades involute, at least when dry, often curved, 0.5 mm. in diameter, those 
on the stem usually 2, 1.5-5 cm. long, the basal longer: panicle 7-10 cm. long, strict, its 
branches short and appressed and usually bearing but a single spikelet, rarely exceeding 
1.5 em. long, or sometimes the lower ones with 2 spikelets: spikelets 12-15 mm. long, the 
2 outer scales l-nerved, the first scale about 4 as long as the second, the flowering scale 
9-12 mm. long, equalling or a little shorter than the second scale, the awns ascending, the 
central one 2-3.5 cm. long, the lateral ones a little shorter. 

In dry sandy soil, South Dakota to Utah, Texas and New Mexico. Summer and fall. 

9. Aristida subuniflóra Nash. Stems densely tufted, 2.5-3.5 dm. tall, erect, 
simple: leaf-sheaths usually confined to the base of the stem; blades involute, at least 
when dry, usually straight, sometimes curved, those on the stem usually 2, 2-4.5 cm. long, 
the basallonger: paniele 6-13 cm. long, its branches more or less spreading, the larger 
ones 2-3 em. long, bearing 1 or 2 spikelets: spikelets 1.5-2 em. long, the 2 outer scales 
l-nerved, the first about 3 as long as the second, the flowering scale 13-15 mm. long, 
usually a little shorter than the second scale, the awns ascending, the central one 3-5 cm. 
long, the lateral awns a little shorter. ; 

In dry sandy soil, central Texas to New Mexico. Spring and summer. 

10. Aristida Wrightii Nash. Stems tufted, 3.5-5 dm. tall, simple, leafy: leaf- 
blades involute, at least when dry, those on the stem usually 3 or 4, 3-20 cm. long, often 
curved, as are the commonly longer basal ones: panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches more 
or less spreading, the longer usually bearing 2-4 spikelets: spikelets 12-15 mm. long, 
the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, the first scale about 3 as long as the second, the flowering scale 
10-12 mm. long, usually a little shorter than the second scale, the awns ascending, the 
central one 2.5-3 cm. long, the lateral awns a little shorter. 

In dry sandy soil, Kansas to Texas and New Mexico. Summer and fall. 


POACEAE EEE 


ll. Aristida purpurea Nutt. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, slender, simple, leafy : 
leaf-blades involute, at least when dry, often curved, those on the stem 2-5, 4-12 cm. 
long: panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending, filiform, flexuous, often 
with a long naked base: spikelets 12-15 mm. long, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, frequently 
awned, the first about } as long as the second, the flowering scale about 1 cm. long, a little 
shorter than the second scale, the awns ascending, the central one about 3-5 cm. long, 
the lateral awns a little shorter. 

In dry sandy soil, Arkansas and Louisiana, to New Mexico. Spring and summer. 

12. Aristida micrantha (Vasey) Nash. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, slender, simple : 
leaf-blades 4-15 cm. long, involute, at least when dry : panicle 8-12 em. long, its branches 
filiform, flexuous, spreading or ascending: spikelets 2-4 on the longer branches, the 2 
outer scales 1-nerved, the second one 8-10 mm. long, the flowering scale 6-8 mm. long, the 
awns ascending or nearly erect, the central awn 1.5-2 cm. long, rarely longer, the lateral 
awns a little shorter. 

In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 

13. Aristida longiséta Steud. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, simple : leaf-blades 3-10 
em. long, involute, at least when dry : panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches usually ascend- 
ing, bearing generally 1 spikelet, or in the longer branches sometimes 2 spikelets : spike- 
lets 2-2.5 cm. long, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, the first one about 4 as long as the second, 
the flowering scale 12-16 mm. long, occasionally a little shorter, from a little over 3 3 as 
long as the second scale, the awns ascending, the central one 6-11 em. long, the lateral ones 
equalling it or a little shorter. 

In dry sandy soil, Montana and Washington to Nebraska, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 

14. Aristida gyrans Chapm. Stems 3-4 dm. tall, slender, simple: leaf-blades 
6-12 cm. long, involute, about 0.5 mm. in diameter: panicle about 12 cm. long, slender, 
its few branches short and appressed : spikelets 10-11 mm. long, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, 
the first one shorter than the second, the flowering scale about 6 mm. long, including the 
1.5 mm. long callus, the apex a little twisted, the awns ascending, loosely twisted together 
at the base, the central awn about 12 mm. long, the lateral ones a little shorter. 

In sand, Keys of Caximbas Bay, southern Florida; also in Cuba. Summer and fall. 

15. Aristida Reverchónii Vasey. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, simple: leaf-blades 
2-12 cm. long, involute, about 0.5 mm. in diameter: panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, its branches 
usually short and appressed, rarely long and somewhat spreading: spikelets on short pedi- 
cels, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, the first one much shorter than the second which is 8-10 
mm. long, the flowering scale 9-11 mm. long, usually hispidulous, with a long slender 
more or less twisted summit, a little exceeding the second scale, the awns ascending, the 
central one 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the lateral ones a little shorter. 

In dry soil, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 

16. Aristida oligántha Michx. Stems tufted, 2-6 dm. tall, branching: leaf-sheaths 
shorter than the internodes, smooth and glabrous ; blades 0.5-2 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide: 

aniele 1-2 dm. long, simple, its branches very short and bearing a single spreading spike- 
et: spikelets 2-3 cm. long, the 2 outer scales usually awned, the first 5-7-nerved, from a 
little shorter than the second to a little exceeding it, 1.5-2 cm. long, the awns ascending, 
the central one 3.5-7 cm. long, the lateral ones a little shorter. 

In dry usually sterile soil, New Jersey to Nebraska, Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 

17. Aristida stricta Michx. Stems densely tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, simple: leaf- 
sheaths, the lower ones and especially those on the innovations, villous at the apex ; blades 
involute, even when fresh, 0.5-3 dm. long, about 0.7 mm. in diameter, the lower ones and 
those on the innovations densely villous at the base: panicle 1-3 dm. long, the short ap- 
pressed branches in alternate fascicles of 2 or 3: spikelets 10-11 mm. long, the 2 outer 
scales 1-nerved, usually awn-pointed, the first shorter than the second, the flowering scale 
7-9 mm. long, glabrous or sparingly hispidulous toward the summit, the awns more or less 
spreading, the central one 11-17 mm. long, the lateral ones from # to nearly as long. 

In dry sandy soil, Virginia (according to S. Watson) to Florida. Spring to fall. 

18. Aristida condensàta Chapm. Stems single or few in a cluster, 6-10 dm. tall, 
simple : leaf-sheaths confined to the lower part of the stem, overlapping, glabrous.or spar- 
ingly pubescent ; blades 2-3 dm. long, flat when fresh, 2-3 mm. wide at the base from 
which they gradually taper to a long slender acumination : panicles 2-5.5 dm. long, usually 
densely spikelet-bearing, its branches erect or nearly so, the longer from 3-13 dm. long, 
the spikelets erowded and overlapping: spikelets 8.5-10 mm. long, the 2 outer scales 
l-nerved, glabrous, the first equalling or very little shorter than the second, the flowering 
scale about 7 mm. long including the 1 mm. long and densely pilose callus, glabrous, the 
awns spreading, the central one 10-14 mm. long, the lateral ones from $ as long as to 
nearly equalling it. [A. Combsii Scribn. & Ball. ] 

In dry sandy soil, Florida. Fall. 


118 POACEAE 


19. Aristida gracilis Ell. Stems densely tufted, 1.5-6 dm. tall, slender, finally 
more or less branched : leaf-sheaths equalling or shorter than the internodes, glabrous, 
or the lower ones sparingly pubescent ; blades 3-12 cm. long, 1 mm. wide or less, erect, 
flat: panicle 5-15 em. long, its short branches appressed : spikelets 5-7 mm. long, the 
2 outer scales 1-nerved, usually awn-pointed, the first equalling or a little shorter than the 
second, sparingly hispidulous, the flowering scale 5-6 mm. long, frequently barred or 
spotted with black, more or less hispidulous, especially on the keel, the central awn 
spreading, 6-10 mm. long, rarely longer, the lateral awns erect, 1-3 mm. long, occasion- 
ally longer. 

In dry soil, Vermont to Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

20. Aristida intermèdia Scribo. & Ball. Stems slender, finally branching, 3-8 
dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous or sparsely hirsute ; blades 5-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or 
less, erect, involute : panicle 2-4 dm. long, slender, its branches appressed : spikelets 8-10 
mm. long, the empty scales manifestly awned, about equal, the flowering scale strongly his- 
pidulous above the middle, equalling or exceeding the empty scales, the awns spreading, 
the middle one 15-25 mm. long, the lateral ones shorter. 

In sandy soil, Iowa to Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 

21. Aristida Chapmaniàna Nash. Stems densely tufted, 7-10 dm. tall, finally more 
or less branched : leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. broad, flat, long-acuminate : panicle 
2-4 dm. long, the branches short and appressed : spikelets 6-8 mm. long, rather crowded 
on the branches, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, or the first rarely with faint lateral nerves, 
the first one shorter than the second, usually strongly hispidulous, the flowering scale about 
5 mm. long, glabrous or sparingly hispidulous on the upper part of the keel, the central awn 
widely spreading, at right angles to the scale, 1.8-2.5 cm. long, the lateral awns erect, 
usually a little more than 3 as long as the central awn, rarely shorter. 

In dry sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 

22. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Stems tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, usually simple, or 
occasionally branched : leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous, or the lower ones sometimes 

ubescent ; blades 0.5-2 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, long-acuminate: panicle 1.5-3 dm. 
ong, its branches appressed and usually short: spikelets 9-12 mm. long, rarely a little 
smaller, usually crowded, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, sometimes awn-pointed, the first 
one usually exceeding the second, occasionally equalling it, hispidulous, the flower- 
ing scale 6-8 mm. long, glabrous or sparingly hispidulous, the awns more or less spreading, 
especially the central one which is 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the lateral awns from 2 as long to 
nearly equalling it. 

In dry soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Fall. 

23. Aristida palüstris (Chapm.) Vasey. Stems densely tufted, 8-12 dm. tall, firm 
and hard at the base: leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide: panicle 2-5 dm. long, its 
branches closely appressed, the longer 5-7 cm. long: spikelets 10-12 mm. long, the first 
scale prominently 2—3-nerved, strongly hispidulous, from a little shorter than to slightly 
exceeding the second, the flowering scale 8-9 mm. long, smooth and glabrous, the callus 
fully 1 mm. long, sparsely pilose, the central awn widely spreading, 1.5-3 cm. long, the 
lateral awns erect or nearly so, from $ as long as to nearly equalling it. 

In swamps and wet places, Florida to Louisiana. Late summer and fall. 

24. Aristida lanósa Muhl. Stems 8-14 dm. tall, simple, rather stout : leaf-sheaths 
confined to the lower part of the stem, densely woolly pubescent ; blades 3-5 dm. long, 2-7 
mm. wide, flat: panicle 4-6 dm. long, its axis villous at the nodes, its lower branches dis- 
tant, ascending, 8-12 cm. long: spikelets 12-17 mm. long, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, the 
first much exceeding the second, the flowering scale 8-10 mm. long, the central awn widely 
spreading, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the lateral awns erect or ascending, about å as long. 

In dry thickets, Delaware to Florida, and Texas. Fall. 

25. Aristida spiciformis Ell. Stems tufted, 4-10 dm. tall, simple: leaf-sheaths 
overlapping on the lower part of the stem ; blades 1-3 dm. long, flat, or involute when dry, 
3-5 mm. wide: panicle 12-20 cm. long, oblong, very dense: spikelets densely crowded, 
the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, the first scale about À as long as the second which is about 
1 cm. long, the former with an awn longer than its body, the latter bearing an awn 0 
about equal length, the flowering scale, exclusive of the awns and including the 2 mm. long 
callus, about 6 mm. long, the awns united below into a twisted flexuous column 1.5-2.5 cm. 
long, the free portion of the awns spreading or ascending, the central awn 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 
the lateral ones a little shorter. 

In moist or flat pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Summer and fall. 


26. Aristida pátula Chapm. Stems tufted, 1-1.5 m. tall, simple, the leaves confined 
to the lower part of the stem: leaf-sheaths overlapping, smooth, usually with a pubescent 


POACEAE 119 


ring at the summit ; blades 2-6 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat, glabrous, smooth, even on 
the margins : panicle 4-6 dm. long, its branches widely spreading, rough, divided, the 
larger ones 2-3 dm. long: spikelets on short pedicels, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, more or 
less awned, the first one 11-14 mm. long, usually exceeding the second, rarely equalling 
or a little shorter than it, the flowering scale 1-1.5 cm. long, smooth and glabrous, the awns 
erect or nearly so, the central one 2-3 cm. long, the lateral ones 4-2 as long. 

In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Summer and fall. 

27. Aristida tuberculósa Nutt. Stems tufted, 2-5 dm. tall, branched : leaf-sheaths 
shorter than the internodes, the lower ones pubescent ; blades 8-20 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. 
wide, flat: panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches erect or ascending, the larger ones 6-10 cm. 
long : spikelets on short pedicels, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, awn-pointed, the body of the 
first shorter than that of the second which, exclusive of the awn, is about 2 cm. long, the 
flowering scale, exclusive of the awns and including the 2-3 mm. long callus, 12-15 mm. 
long, the awns united at the base into a spiral column 6-20 mm. long which is articulated to 
the scale, the free portion finally reflexed and sometimes coiled at the base, the central awn 
3.5-5 em. long, the lateral ones a little shorter. 


In sandy soil, especially along sea beaches, Massachusetts to Georgia; also in the interior in. 
Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois. Summer and fall. 


28. Aristida desmántha Trin. & Rupr. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, branching : lower leaf- 
sheaths pubescent ; blades 6-30 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, flat, or involute when dry : 
panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, its branches erect or nearly so, the lower ones 6-8 cm. long : spike- 
lets on short pedicels, the 2 outer scales awned, 1-nerved, the first one sometimes with 2 
or 3 lateral nerves on each side, the first usually 'equalling or shorter than the second 
which is 12-14 mm. long, exclusive of the awn, rarely exceeding it, the flowering scale, 
exclusive of the awns, 8-10 mm. long, the awns united at the base into a usually spiral 
column 2 mm. long or less which is articulated to the scale, the free portion finally reflexed 
and usually coiled at the base, the central awn 2.5-3 cm. long, the lateral ones a little 
shorter. 

In dry soil, the Indian Territory and Texas. Summer. 


53. ORTACHNE Nees. 

Tall usually slender grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades and terminal panicles. 
Spikelets 1-flowered : empty scales narrow, acuminate, usually awn-pointed : flowering scale 
narrow, merging into the single terminal awn. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas 
plumose. 

1. Ortachne Floridana (Chapm.) Nash. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, simple: leaf-blades 
2-3 dm. long, involute, at least when dry, about 1 mm. in diameter: panicle 2-3 dm. long, 
its branches ascending, the larger ones 8-14 cm. long: spikelets 9-11 mm. long, the 2 outer 
scales 1-3-nerved, the first from a little shorter than to somewhat exceeding the second, 
the flowering scale 1.5-2 cm. long, compressed, curved at the summit, gradually tapering 
into the single awn which is 14-18 mm. long. [Aristida Floridana (Chapm.) Vasey. ] 

In dry places, Key West, Florida. Spring to fall. 


54. STIPA L. 

Tufted grasses, with convolute or flat leaf-blades and terminal contracted or open, often 
slender, panicles. Spikelets narrow, 1-flowered, usually few and large, or sometimes 
smaller and numerous. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, narrow, keeled, acute, 
rarely awned, the third scale tightly convolute about the 2-nerved or 2-keeled palet and 
the perfect flower, rigid, narrow, the apex usually attenuated into a more or less geniculate 
awn (or rarely 2-toothed or shortly 2-cleft, with the awn strict and arising between the 
teeth) which is often spiral or twisted at the base, and generally deciduous at the articula- 
tion to the scale, rarely not articulated and persistent. Stamens 3, or rarely fewer, the 
anthers very often barbellate at the apex. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
Flowering scale abruptly contracted above into a smooth cylindric appendage over 


1 mm. long and hairy at the apex. 1. S. leucotricha. 
Flowering scale not thus appendaged : 
About 1 em. long: empty scales 8-12 mm. long. 2. S. avenacea. 
Exceeding 1.5 em. in length : empty scales 1.5 em. long or more. 3. S. avenaceoid es. 


1. Stipa leucotricha Trin. Stems tufted, 3-5 dm. tall, erect: leaf-sheaths glabrous, 
or sparingly pubescent, the upper one often enclosing the base of the panicle ; blades rather 
sparingly pubescent with short spreading hairs, 2 dm. long or less, 2-3 mm. wide: panicle 
1-1.5 dm. long, its branches erect: spikelets 15-18 mm. long, exclusive of the awn ; 


120 POACEAE 


empty scales green, acuminate; flowering scale about 1 cm. long, usually strongly papil- 
lose-roughened, the callus about 4 mm. long and strongly pubescent with white appressed 
hairs. the awn 6-8 cm. long, spiral and very pubescent at the base, usually twice bent. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 

2. Stipa avenacea L. Stems 3-8 dm. tall: leaf-blades involute-filiform, the basal 
4-3 as long as the stem, those on the stem 7-13 em. long: panicle 1-2 dm. long, loose, its 
branches lax and finally spreading: empty scales of the spikelet 8-12 mm. long ; flowering 
scale shorter, black, hairy at the base, and with a ring of short hairs at the top, the awn 
4-7 cm. long, bent, loosely spiral below. 

In dry woods, Rhode Island to Florida, mostly near the coast; also in western Ontario and Wis- 
consin. BLACK OAT GRASS. 

3. Stipa avenaceoides Nash. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, tufted, erect, slender: leaf- 
sheaths glabrous; blades involute-setaceous, glabrous, the basal ones about 3 dm. long, 
those on the stem 2.5-12 cm. long: panicle simple, 1-2.5 dm. long, finally long-exserted, 
its branches 2.5-8 cm. long: spikelets few ; empty scales purple at the base, acuminate, 
15-22 mm. long; flowering scale glabrous, excepting the hairy apex, 1.5-2 cm. long, in- 
cluding the callus which is 6-8 mm. long and covered with appressed brown hairs, the awn 
7-10 em. long, pubescent below, spiral at the base, twice bent. 

In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 


55. MUHLENBÉRGIA Schreb. 


Perennial or rarely annual grasses, various in habit, with flat or often involute leaf- 
blades, and terminal contracted or open panicles, which are often slender, densely thyrsoid, 
or almost spike-like, or diffuse with long capillary branches. Spikelets 1-flowered, small. 
Scales 3 (or rarely 4), the outer 2 empty, persistent, membranous or hyaline, from minute 
to almost equalling the third scale, keeled, acute, mucronate or rarely short-awned, the 
second occasionally 3-toothed, the third scale somewhat rigid, convolute about the 2-keeled 
hyaline palet and the perfect flower, at the apex entire or rarely 2-toothed, obtuse, acute, 
mucronate to long-awned, the awn very often capillary, a fourth awned scale very rarely 
present. Stamens usually 3, rarely fewer. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

Panicle contracted, its branches erect or nearly so: spikelets on short pedicels. 
Empty scales at least 14 as long as the spikelet. 
Flowering scale not awned, but sometimes awn-pointed. 
Empty scales not awned, about 1⁄4 as long as the flowering scale, acute. 1. M. sobolifera. 
Empty scales long-acuminate, awn-pointed or awned. 
Empty seales about as long as the flowering scale, sharp-pointed, about 
3mm.long. . 
Empty scales exceeding the flowering scale, usually twice as long, awned, 
about 5 mm. long. 


Flowering scale long-awned, the awn usually twice as long as the scale. 
Empty scales about equalling the flowering scale. 


. M. Mexicana. 
. M. racemosa. 


M. sylvatica. 


oce w y 


Empty scales 14-24 as long as the flowering scale. . M. tenuiflora. 
Empty.scales minute, the first one often wanting. . M. diffusa. 


Panicle open, its filiform branches spreading or ascending: spikelets on very long 
capillary pedicels. 
Stems erect, simple. 
Empty scales awnless, or awn-pointed : 
Awn of the flowering scale very short, rarely nearly equalling it in length. 7. M. trichopodes. 


Awn of the flowering scale very long, often several times its length. 8. M. capillaris. 
Empty scales long-awned, the awns usually many times as long as the scale. 9. M. filipes. 
Stems much branched and prostrate. 10. M. Porteri. 


1. Muhlenbergia sobolífera (Muhl.) Trin. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, 
simple, or sparingly branched above : leaf-blades rough, those on the stem 1-1.5 dm. long, 
2-6 mm. wide, those on the branches 2-8 em. long and about 2 mm. wide: panicle 7-15 
cm. long, slender: empty scales about 1 mm. long, the flowering one obtuse, scabrous, 
the midnerve usually excurrent as a short tip. 


_In rocky woods, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Minnesota, Virginia, Tennessee and the 
Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 


2. Muhlenbergia Mexicàna (L.) Trin. Stems 6-12 dm. long, erect, or often pros- 
trate, much branched : leaf-blades rough, those on the stem 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. 
wide, the branch blades smaller: panicle 5-15 em. long, contracted : spikelets 2.5-3 mm. 
long, the outer scales somewhat unequal, acuminate or short-awned, rough, especially on 
the keel, the third scale acuminate, rough. 


In swamps and borders of fields, New Brunswick to western Ontario, North Carolina, Tennessee, 
Nebraska and the Indian Terrítory. Summer and fall. 


3. Muhlenbergia r»cemósa (Michx.) B.S.P. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, usually 
much branched : leaf-blades 5-13 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 5-12 cm. long, 


POACEAE 121 


usually dense and interrupted : spikelets much crowded, the empty scales acuminate, 4-6 
mm. long, including the awn, the flowering scale 2-3 as long, acuminate, the strongly 
scabrous midnerve excurrent as a short point. [M. glomerata Trin. ] 

In wet places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, New Jersey, North Carolina, Missouri, and 
New Mexico. Summer and fall. 

4. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, branched: leaf-blades 
9-18 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough : panicle 7-18 cm. long, somewhat lax : empty scales 
of the spikelet 2.5-3 mm. long, awn-pointed, rough, the third scale equalling or somewhat 
exceeding the outer ones, very rough, attenuate into a slender awn 2-4 times its length. 

In moist woods and along streams, New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ten- 
nessee, Nebraska and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 

5. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P. Stems 6-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, 
simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades 6-18 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, narrowed toward 
the base, acuminate, rough : panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, slender: empty scales of the spikelet 
unequal, j-3 the length of the flowering scale, awn-pointed, rough, the flowering one 
2.5-3 mm. long, rough, bearing an awn 2-4 times its length. [M. Wildenovii Trin. ] 

A AR rocky woods, Massachusetts to southern Ontaria, Minnesota, Alabama and Texas. Summer 
an all. 

6. Muhlenbergia diffüsa Willd. Stems 3-9 dm. long, decumbent, or often prostrate 
or creeping and ascending, very slender, diffusely branched : leaf-blades 4-9 cm. long, 1-4 
mm. wide, rough: panicle 5-20 cm. long, slender, somewhat lax: empty scales of the 
spikelet minute, the lower one often wanting, the flowering scale, exclusive of the awn, 
about 2 mm. long, very rough, especially on the nerves, the awn 1-4 mm. long. 


On dry hills and in woods, Maine and southern Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Kansas and 
Texas, Summer and fall. 


7. Muhlenbergia trichépodes ( Ell.) Chapm. Stems tufted, wiry, 7-10 dm. tall : 
leaf-blades long and narrow, stiff, often involute when dry: panicle 2-4 dm. long, its 
branches erect: spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, the empty scales 
acuminate, shorter than the flowering scale, sometimes awn-pointed, the flowering one 
bearing a short awn 2 mm. long or less. 

In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

8. Muhlenbergia capiilàris ( Lam.) Trin. Stems erect, wiry, tufted, 5-12 dm. tall : 
leaf-blades long and narrow, often involute when dry, 1-3 mm. wide: panicle 1.5-4 dm. 
long, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 3.5-4 mm. long, 
lanceolate, acuminate, the empty scales usually J as long as the spikelet or less, commonly 
bearing a short awn, the flowering scale bearing an awn longer than its body, sometimes 2 
cm. long. [M. caespitosa Chapm. ] 


In dry soil and pine lands, Massachusetts, New Jersey and Missouri to Florida, the Indian Terri- 
tory and Texas. Alsoin Cuba. Fall. 


9. Muhlenbergia fílipes M. A. Curtis. Stems tufted, erect, wiry, 5-10 dm. tall: 
leaf-blades long and narrow, involute, at least when dry, 1-2 mm. wide: panicle 2-3 dm. 
long, often included at the base, its long branches spreading or ascending : spikelets, ex- 
clusive of the awns, 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, the empty scales J as long as the 
spikelet or less, bearing a long awn, that on the second scale, and also often that on the first, 
frequently much exceeding the spikelet. 

In sands on the seashore and in pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 

10. Muhlenbergia Pdrteri Scribn. Stems 2-6 dm. long, much branched and pros- 
trate: leaf-blades 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, acuminate, linear: panicles 8-10 cm. 
long, the branches widely spreading, rather stiff: spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 3-4 mm. 
long, the empty scales acuminate, shorter than the spikelet, the flowering one bearing an 
awn 5-10 mm. long. 

On hills and plains, central Texas to southern Oalifornia. Summer and fall. 


56. BRACHYÉLYTRUM Beauv. 

Tall perennial grasses, with rather broad flat leaf-blades and a terminal narrow panicle, 
its branches few, erect and filiform. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, the rachilla produced 
beyond the flower into a long glabrous stipe which sometimes bears a small scale at its 
apex. Scales 3 (or rarely 4), the 2 outer empty, persistent, very small, the first minute, 
sometimes almost wanting, the third scale elongated, rather rigid, acuminate into a long 
erect awn and enclosing a somewhat short dorsally suleate 2-nerved palet of similar texture 
and a perfect flower, a fourth scale sometimes terminating the rachilla-prolongation. 
Stamens 2. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas elongated, plumose. 


122 POACEAE 


1. Brachyelytrum eréctum (Schreb.) Beauv. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, pubescent at and 
near the nodes: leaf-sheaths villous, especially at the throat ; blades 5-13 em. long, 6-18 
mm. wide, rough : panicle 5-15 em. long, slender, its branches erect or appressed : empty 
scales of the spikelet unequal, the upper one less than 3 as long as the flowering scale, the 
lower minute or wanting, the flowering scale, exclusive of the awn, 9-12 mm. long, rough, 
the awn erect, 2-2.5 em. long. [B. aristatum R. & 8.] 

In moist places or woods, Newfoundland and Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Kansas. Summer. 


57. PHLEUM L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal, often long-pedunculate, 
dense spike-like panicles, which are from elongated, narrow and cylindric, to short, oblong 
or nearly ovoid. Spikelets crowded, 1-flowered, compressed. Seales 3, the 2 outer empty, 
persistent, membranous, compressed-keeled, obliquely truncate at the summit, awned, the 
third scale much shorter, hyaline, truncate and denticulate at the apex, enclosing a nar- 
rower palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, rather 
long. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Phleum praténse L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, erect, simple: leaf-blades 7-23 cm. 
long, 4-6 mm. wide, smooth or rough: spike usually elongated, cylindric, 3-18 cm. long, 
5-8 mm. in diameter: empty scales of the spikelet, exclusive of the awn, 2.5 mm. long, 
ciliate on the keel, the awn less than 3 their length. 

In fields and meadows nearly throughout North America. Widely cultivated. Also in Europe 
and Asia. Summer. TIMOTHY. 


58. ALOPECURUS L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, erect, or decumbent at the base, with flat and lax or 
rather rigid or convolute leaf-blades, and dense terminal spike-like cylindric panicles. 
Spikelets articulated below the empty scales, readily deciduous, 1-flowered, compressed, 
crowded. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, acute, sometimes short-awned, usually more or less 
united at the base, compressed-keeled, the keel ciliolate or somewhat winged, the third 
scale broad, hyaline, obtuse, bearing a short awn or point on the back, the margins some- 
times united into a short tube at the base, enclosing a perfect flower and sometimes also a 
hyaline keeled palet. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, or rarely more or less united at the 
base. Stigmas elorigated, somewhat plumose with short hairs. FOXTAIL. 


Empty scales of the spikelet united for 44 their length, glabrous to hispid on the 
keel. 1. A. agrestis. 
Empty scales of the spikelet united for 14 their length or less, long-ciliate on the 
keel. 2. A. geniculatus. 


1. Alopecurus agréstis L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple: leaf-blades 4-18 cm. 
long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough, especially above: spike 4-10 cm. long, 4-8 mm. in diameter : 
empty scales of the spikelet narrowly winged, 4-5 mm. long, the flowering scale equalling 
or slightly exceeding the empty ones, smooth and glabrous, the awn inserted near the 
base and about twice its length, bent. 

In waste places and on ballast, southern New York, New Jersey, and Mississippi. Summer. 

2. Alopecurus geniculàtus L. Stems 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent 
at the base : leaf-blades 2-15 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, rough, especially above : spike 2-8 
em. long, 4-8 mm. in diameter: empty scales of the spikelet 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse or 
subacute, glabrous, excepting the lateral nerves and strongly ciliate keel, the flowering 
scale somewhat shorter, obtuse, the awn inserted at or below the middle, equalling or ex- 
ceeding it. 

An = S red begin pique cem ud AI Columbia, Florida, Tennessee, Arizona, and California. 


59. SPORÓBOLUS R. Br. 

Perennial or rarely annual grasses, varying much in habit, with flat or convolute leaf- 
blades and terminal panicles, which are contracted, sometimes cylindric and spike-like, 
often elongated, or open and diffuse. Spikelets small, sometimes minute, 1-flowered, or 
very rarely 2-4-flowered. Scales 3, rarely 4-6, membranous, acute or obtuse, rarely awn- 
pointed or short-awned, the 2 outer empty, the first shorter than the second, the remaining 
scale or scales longer or about equalling the second scale, enclosing a perfect flower, and a 
2-nerved, often deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted, palet which is equal in length to, or a little 
shorter than, the scale, rarely awned and exceeding it. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles short, 
distinct. Stigmas plumose. RusH Grass. 


POACEAE 123 


Plants with no long rootstocks : stems tufted or single. 
Leaf-sheaths glabrous. 
Upper leaf-sheaths enclosing panicles which are usually concealed, or some- 
times partially protruding: terminal panicle contracted, narrow. 
Annual. 1. S. vaginaeflorus. 
Perennial. 
Flowering scale appressed-pubescent below with long hairs. 
Palet long-acuminate, sometimes almost awned, much exceeding 


the scale. 2. S. asper. 
Palet merely acute, about equalling the scale, rarely a little exceed- 
ing it. 3. S. canovirens. 


Flowering scale glabrous. 
Stems slender: panicle very slender, usually less than 5 mm. broad : 
pend 4 mm. long or less. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long. 4. S. attenuatus. 
Spikelets 4 mm. long. 5. S. Drummondii. 
Stems stout: panicle broader, usually 1 em. wide: spikelets 5-6 mm. 
long. 6. S. longifolius. 
Upper leaf-sheaths not enclosing panicles. 
Panicle usually loose and open, its branches spreading or ascending, or if 
erect the panicle not elongated. 
Spikelets 2 mm. long or less. 
Panicle branches verticillate, at least the lower ones. 


Larger leaf-blades rarely exceeding 5 cm. in length. 7. S. argutus. 
Larger leaf-blades 1 dm. long or more. 8. S. Domingensis. 
Panicle branches scattered. 13. S. Buckleyi. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long or more. A 
Panicle branches verticillate. 9. S. ejuncidus. 


Panicle branches scattered. 
Empty scales very unequal, the first subulate, the second very j 
road. 10. S. heterolepis. 
Empty scales approximating each other in shape, the first lanceo- 
late. 


Basal leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide or less. 11. S. Curtissii. 
Basal leaf-blades 3 mm. wide or more. 12. S. Floridanus. 
Panicle narrow and elongated, spike-like. 15. S. Indicus. 
Leaf-sheaths with a tuft of long spreading hairs on each side of the apex. 14. S. cryptandrus. 
Plants with long rootstocks. Dn 
Panicle loose and open : rootstocks slender. 16. S. asperifolius. 
Panicle contracted, spike-like : rootstocks stout: sand-binders. 17. S. Virginicus. 


1. Sporobolus vaginaefldrus (Torr.) Wood. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, erect, slender: 
leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less, attenuate and slender above, the lower ones elongated, the 
upper 2-8 cm. long: terminal panicle 2-5 em. long: spikelets 3.5—4.5 mm. long, the scales 
acuminate, the flowering one appressed-pubescent with long hairs [S. vaginaeflorus var. 
minor Scribn. ] 

In dry soil, Massachusetts and New York to Nebraska, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 

2. Sporobolus ásper ( Michx. ) Kunth. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 7-35 
cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, attenuate into a long slender involute tip: panicle 5-13 em. 
long: spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the empty scales unequal, acute, the flowering scale ap- 
pressed-pubescent below, much longer than the second one and much exceeded by the 
long-acuminate palet. 

In dry soil, New York to Illinois, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

3. Sporobolus canóvirens Nash. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades 2.5 dm. 
long or less, 1-3 mm. wide, attenuate and filiform above: panicle 5-13 cm. long: spikelets 
5-6 mm. long, the scales acuminate, the empty ones unequal, the flowering scale appressed- 
pubescent below with long hairs, about equalling or a little exceeded by the acute palet. 

In dry sandy soil, Tennessee to Missouri, Kansas, Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 

4. Sporobolus attenuàtus Nash. Stems tufted, slender, 5-7 dm. tall, erect : leaf- 
blades 4 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide at the base, the upper portion filiform: panicle 
5-7 em. long, very slender: spikelets 3 mm. long, the scales acuminate, the empty ones 
unequal, the second a little shorter than the glabrous flowering one which about equals 
the acute palet. 

In dry soil, Mississippi. Fall. 

5. Sporobolus Drummóndii (Trin.) Vasey. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, erect, slender : 
leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wide, attenuate and filiform at the apex: panicle 
1-1.5 dm. long, slender: spikelets about 4 mm. long, the empty scales acute, the first a 
little shorter than the second, the flowering scale glabrous, acute or obtusish, longer than 
the second one and about equalling the acutish palet. 

In dry soil, Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 

6. Sporobolus longifdlius (Torr.) Wood. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, stout, erect : leaf- 
blades 5 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide: panicle 2-3 dm. long, usually more or less in- 
cluded in the upper leaf-sheath, sometimes entirely so: spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the scales 
obtuse, the first about 3 as long as the second, the flowering scale glabrous, considerably 
exceeding the second one, about equalling the palet or a little shorter or longer than it. 

In dry soil, Massachusetts to Iowa, Kansas and Arkansas. Fall. 


124 POACEAE 


7. Sporobolus argütus (Nees) Kunth. Stems 3 dm. tall or less, erect, or sometimes 
decumbent at the base: leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acuminate: panicle 4-8 
cm. long, its branches at first appressed, finally widely spreading : spikelets 1.5-1.8 mm. 
long. 

QE prairies, Kansas and Colorado to Louisiana and Texas. Also in Mexico and the West Indies, 
Summer and fall. 

8. Sporobolus Domingénsis ( Trin.) Kunth. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 
2 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, long-acuminate: panicle 8-15 cm. long, its branches at 
first erect, finally spreading : spikelets about 2 mm. long. 

In moist often brackish places, southern peninsular Florida. Also in Mexico and the West 
Indies. Summer. 

9. Sporobolus ejáncidus Nash. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. tall, erect, slender: leaf- 
blades filiform or setaceous, the basal numerous, 1.5-3 dm. long, those on the stem few, 
2.5-8 em. long: panicle 7-18 cm. long, open, its branches finally widely spreading: spike- 
lets 2.5-3 mm. long, purple, the empty scales very unequal, the first 1-3 as long as the 
second, the flowering scale equalling the second and the obtuse palet. [S. junceus ( Michx. ) 
Kunth. ] 

In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

10. Sporobolus heterólepis A. Gray. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades in- 
volute-setaceous, the basal ones about $ as long as the stem, sometimes equalling it, those 
on the stem shorter: panicle 7-25 cm. long, its branches erect or ascending: spikelets 
4-5.5 mm. long, the empty scales unequal, acuminate, the lower subulate, about $ as long 
as the broad second one, sometimes awn-pointed, the flowering scale obtuse or acute, ex- 
ceeded by the second or occasionally equalling it. 

In dry soil, Quebec to Assiniboia, Pennsylvania, Arkansas and Nebraska. Summer and fall. 


11. Sporobolus Curtissii (Vasey) Small. Stemstufted, 4-8 dm. tall, slender, erect, 
wiry : leaf-blades erect, 2.5 dm. long or less, 1-1.5 mm. wide, stiff, often involute: panicle 
1.5-2 dm. long, its branches ascending : spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the scales acute, the empty 
ones unequal, the second equalling or somewhat shorter than the flowering one. 

In sandy soil, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


12. Sporobolus Floridànus Chapm. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, erect, stout : leaf-blades 
broad, flat, 4 dm. long or less, 4-5 mm. wide, linear, abruptly acute: panicle 2-4 dm. 
long, oblong, its branches ascending or erect-ascending : spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, the 
empty scales acute, unequal, the second a little shorter than or about equalling the flower- 
ing scale which is acute or obtusish and about as long as the palet. 

In sandy soil, Georgia and northern Florida. Fall. 


13. Sporobolus Buckleyi Vasey. Stems 5-8 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades 3 dm. 
long or less, 3-7 mm. wide, flat, narrowed toward the base, long-acuminate above: panicle 
1.5-2.5 dm. long, its branches at first erect, finally ascending : spikelets 1.5 mm. long, the 
scales very acute. 


In valleys, southern Texas. Alsoin Mexico. Summer. 


14. Sporobolus cryptándrus (Torr.) A. Gray. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, erect: leaf- 
sheaths with a dense tuft of long hairs on each side at the apex : blades 7-15 cm. long, 2-4 
mm. wide, flat, long-acuminate: panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, its branches spreading or 
ascending : spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, the scales acute. ` 

In sandy soil, along the coast of New England and of the Great Lakes, to North Dakota, and in 
the interior in Missouri and Texas. Also in Mexico. Summer and fall. 

15. Sporobolus Indicus (L.) R. Br. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, erect, tufted : leaf-blades 
2-6 mm. wide, attenuate into a long slender points, the basal ones 2-3 dm. long: panicle 
e dm. long, usually much elongated, narrow, dense, spike-like : spikelets 1.5-2 mm. 
ong. 


In fields and waste places, Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and California. Naturalized from trop- 
iealregions. Summer and fall. 

16. Sporobolus asperifdlius Nees & Meyen. Stems 1.5—5 dm. tall, erect, decum- 
bent and branching at the base, from a slender rootstock : leaf-sheaths short, crowded and 
overlapping ; blades numerous, 2-9 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, very rough above : panicle 
7-20 cm. ilong, included at the base, rarely entirely exserted, the capillary branches 
spreading or ascending : spikelets sometimes 2-3-flowered, 1.5 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Assiniboia and British Columbia to Missouri, Texas and southern California. Also in 
Mexico. Summer and fall. 

17. Sporobolus Virgínicus (L.) Kunth. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, from a stout 
rootstock : leaf-sheaths numerous, short, overlapping, crowded on the lower part of the 
stem ; blades 2.5-20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less at the base, distichous, long-acuminate, 


POACEAE 125 


involute on the margins and at the summit: panicle 2.5-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, dense 
and spike-like : spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. 


On sandy shores, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 


60. EPICAMPES Presl. 

Tall perennial grasses, with usually stout stems, flat leaf-blades, and contracted dense 
panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered ; empty scales about equal, very nearly as long as to some- 
what exceeding the thinner flowering scale which is frequently awned, the awn inserted 
just below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Epicampes ligulata Scribn. Stems 8-12 dm. tall, stout: ligule pronounced, 1-2 
cm. long ; blades 5 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, usually folded: panicle 2.5-4 dm. 
long, 1.5-3 em. wide: spikelets about 2.5 mm. long. 

In dry soil, central Texas to Arizona. Also in Mexico. Summer and fall. 


61. POLYPOGON Desf. 


Annual or perennial grasses, with usually decumbent or rarely erect stems, flat leaf- 
blades, and terminal panicles, generally very dense, which are cylindric and spike-like, or 
sometimes broader and more lax. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales, crowded, 
— l-lowered. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, about equal in length, each terminating in an 
erect slender awn, the third scale smaller, thinner, often hyaline, enclosing a smaller palet 
and a perfect flower, entire, emarginate, or 2-toothed, awned or awn-pointed, when entire 
the awn terminal, otherwise dorsal, the awn slender, either long with a twisted base and 
geniculate at the middle, or short and erect, sometimes reduced to a mere point. Stamens 
1-3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. BEARD GRASS. 

Panicle silky : awn of the empty scales of the spikelet 2-3 times as long as the 


scale. s 1. P. Monspeliensis. 
Panicle dull, often interrupted : awn of the empty scales of thespikelet about as 


long as the scale. 2. P. littoralis. 

1. Polypogon Monspeliénsis (L.) Desf. Stems 6 dm. tall or less, erect, from a 
usually decumbent base: leaf-blades 4-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 2-10 
em. long, dense and spike-like: spikelets crowded, the empty scales about 2 mm. long, 
obtuse, slightly bifid, rough, bearing a bent awn 4-6 mm. long, the flowering scale much 
shorter, erose-truncate, hyaline, bearing a delicate awn about 0.5 mm. long, inserted below 
the apex. 


In waste places, New Hampshire to South Carolina, and very common in western North America 
from British Columbia to Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. 


2. Polypogon littoralis Sm. Stems tufted, 1.5-9 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades erect, 
1.5 dm. long or less, 3-8 mm. wide: panicle 3-15 em. long, 6-40 mm. wide: spikelets, 
exclusive of the awns, about 2 mm. long. 

In wet places, Louisiana; and from British Columbia to California. Naturalized from the Old 
World. Summer. 


62. CINNA L. 


Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and long terminal contracted or open pan- 
icles, often nodding, its branches slender and usually drooping. Spikelets numerous, flat- 
tened, 1-flowered, the rachilla articulated below the empty scales. Scales 3, the 2 outer 
empty, persistent, keeled, acute, the third one similar in texture, stalked, bearing just 
below the somewhat obtuse apex a short awn or awn-like point, the scale enclosing a 
slightly smaller 1-nerved keeled palet, the keel minutely ciliate, and a perfect flower. 
Stamen 1. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. REED Grass. 

Panicle contracted at maturity, its filiform branches erect, often drooping: spike- 


lets 4-5 mm. long, the first scale much shorter than the second. 1. C arundinacea. 
Panicle open; its capillary branches flexuous and drooping: spikelets 3 mm. long, 
the first seale about equalling the second. 2. C. latifolia. 


1. Cinna arundinacea L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-14 
mm. wide, rough : panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, usually contracted, sometimes purple : scales 
of the spikelet acute, rough, the flowering scale slightly exceeded or equalled by the second, 
usually bearing an awn about 0.5 mm. long from the 2-toothed apex. 


In moist woods and swamps, Newfoundland to the North west Territory, North Carolina, Louisiana, 
Missouri and Texas. Summer and fall. 


2. Cinna latifdlia ( Trev.) Griseb. Stems 6-12 dm. tall : leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 
4-12 mm. wide, rough : panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, the capillary branches generally spreading 


126 POACEAE 


and flexuous: scales of the spikelet rough, strongly hispid on the keel, the flowering one 
usually exceeded by the second and bearing a rough awn 1-2 mm. long from the 2-toothed 
apex. [C. arundinacea var. pendula A. Gray. ] 

In damp woods, Newfoundland to New Jersey and British Columbia, and in the Alleghanies to 
North Carolina, and in the Rockies to Colorado and Utah. Also in northern Europe. Summer and fall. 


63. AGROSTIS L. 

Annual or perennial usually tufted grasses, with flat or setaceous leaf-blades and ter- 
minal often slender contracted or open panicles with numerous branches. Spikelets very 
numerous, small, 1-flowered, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales. Scales 3, the 
2 outer empty, persistent, membranous, keeled, acute, awnless, the third one shorter, 
thin-hyaline, awnless, or sometimes bearing a slender dorsal often geniculate awn, enclos- 
ing a perfect flower and frequently also a short very thin hyaline palet rarely more than 
À as long as the scale, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens usually 3. Styles distinct, 
very short. Stigmas plumose. BENT GRASS. 


Palet of the spikelet conspicuous, at least 14 as long as the scale. 
Panicle open, its branches long and at least some of them naked below: 


spikelets hispidulous on the keel only. T A aba: 
Panicle dense and contracted, its branches short and ascending or erect, spike- — * 
let-bearing to the very base: spikelets strongly hispidulous all over. 2. A. verticillata. 
Palet inconspicuous, minute, or wanting. 
Flowering scale awnless, or very rarely bearing a short awn. 
Stems weak, usually decumbent and often prostrate at the base: leaf-blades 
lax: A aen oblong, the spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long. 3. A. perennans. 
Stems, and usually also the leaf-blades, erect. 
Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, commonly dividing above 
the middle. 
Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long: leaf-blades short. 4. A. hyemalis. 
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long : leaf-blades elongated. 5. A. altissima. 
Branches of the panicle not elongated, dividing at or below the middle. 
Spikelets about 2 mm. long: a grass of low elevations. 6. A. Scribneriana. 
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long: a high mountain grass. 7. A. Novae-Angliae. 
Flowering scale awned. 
Awn glabrous, rigid, usually bent, less than twice as long as the spikelet. 
Branches of the panicle generally ascending: spikelets 2 mm. long. 8. A. canina. 
Branches of the panicle usually spreading: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long. 9. A. rubra. 


Awn very finely filiform, barbellate, at least twice as long as the spikelet. 10. A. Elliottiana. 


1. Agrostis álba L. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, often 
stoloniferous: leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough or smooth: panicle 5-23 
em. long, usually open, or sometimes contracted after flowering, green or purplish : spike- 
lets 2-2.5 mm. long, the empty scales about equal, acute, hispidulous on the keel. 

In fields and meadows, nearly throughout North America. Summer. RED-TOP. 

2. Agrostis verticillàta Vill. Stems tufted, 8 dm. tall or less: leaf-blades erect, 
linear to lanceolate, 1.5 dm. long or less, flat, very rough, 2-8 mm. wide: panicle 4-12 
cm. long, dense, often interrupted, its short branches ascending or erect, densely spikelet- 
bearing to the base: spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the empty scales strongly hispidulous. 

In moist places, Texas to Arizona. Alsoin Mexico. Spring to fall. 

3. Agrostis perénnans ( Walt.) Tuckerm. Stems 3-8 dm. long from a decumbent 
or prostrate base, weak, slender, simple, or sparingly branched above: leaf-blades 5-15 
em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, lax, rough: panicle 1-2 dm. long, open, oblong, its branches 
widely spreading, the branchlets and pedicels divergent: spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the 
empty scales hispidulous on the keel. 


å a woods, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina. Summer 
and fall. 


4. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, slender: leaf-blades 
5-13 em. long, 1-3 mm. wide, usually erect, roughish : panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, usually 
purplish, the very rough capillary branches ascending or spreading, often drooping, the 
lower ones 7-15 cm. long: spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long. [A. scabra Willd. ] 

In dry or moist soil, throughout nearly the whole of North America. Summer. 

5. Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades 
elongated, 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rough: panicle 2-2.5 dm. long, its branches 
ascending or erect, the lower 5-10 cm. long, spikelet-bearing at the end: spikelets 2.5-3 
mm. long, occasionally bearing a short awn. [ A. elata Trin. ] 

In sandy swamps, New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 

6. Agrostis Scribneriana Nash. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, tufted, rather slender: 
leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, its ascending 
branches 3.5-8 cm. long: spikelets about 2 mm. long, on appressed pedicels. [Agrostis 
intermedia Scribn., not Balb. ] 

In dry soil, Massachusetts to New York, Tennessee and Missouri. Summer and fall. 


POACEAE 127 


7. Agrostis Novae-Angliae Tuckerm. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, erect, tufted : leaf-blades 
2.5-9 em. long, 2 mm. wide or less, erect, generally involute, rough : panicle 1-2 dm. long, 
open, the branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, very hispidulous on 
the keel. 

In dry soil, Newfoundland and on the high mountains of New England, New York and North 
Carolina. Summer. 

8. Agrostis canina L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect, slender: leaf-blades 2.5-8 cm. 
long, 2 mm. wide or less, rough : panicle 5-18 cm. long, contracted in fruit, its branches 
slender, naked below, ascending or spreading in flower: spikelets 2 mm. long, on ap- 
pressed pedicels, the flowering scale with an awn 2-4 mm. long inserted just above the 
middle. 

In meadows, Newfoundland and Alaska to Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Naturalized from 
Europe in the South. Summer and fall. 

9. Agrostis rübra L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, 1-3 
mm. wide: panicle 6-13 em. long, open, the branches usually widely spreading and more 
or less flexuous, rarely erect : spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the flowering scale bearing a gen- 
erally bent awn 4-5 mm. long and inserted below the middle. 

In dry or wet soil, summits of the highest mountains in New England, New York and North 
Carolina. Summer. 

10. Agrostis Elliottiàna Schult. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, erect, slender, tufted: leaf- 
blades 1-5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, rough : panicle 5-13 cm. long, usually narrow, 
sometimes open, the branches slender, naked below, erect or ascending : spikelets 1.5 mm. 
long, the third scale bearing a very finely filiform flexuous barbellate awn 2-4 times its 
length, inserted just below the apex. [Agrostis arachnoides Ell. ] 

In dry soil, South Carolina to Kentucky, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


64. GASTRÍDIUM Beauv. 

Tufted annual grasses, with flat leaf-blades and spike-like dense cylindric shining 
panicles. Spikelets numerous, crowded, 1-flowered, the rachilla articulated above the 
empty scales and extending beyond the flower. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, unequal, per- 
sistent, narrow, keeled above, acute, sometimes short-awned, the third scale much shorter, 
thinly hyaline, broad, denticulate at the truncate apex, awnless, or sometimes bearing an 
awn below the apex, enclosing a narrow somewhat shorter palet and a perfect flower. 
Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Gastridium lendigerum (L.) Gaud. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent 
at the base, often branched : leaf-blades erect, 1 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle 
3-13 cm. long, dense, 5-13 mm. in diameter: spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 3-4 mm. long. 

In dry places, Texas. Also in Oregon and California. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. 


65. CALAMAGRÓSTIS Adans. 


Erect usually perennial grasses, with generally flat, sometimes involute leaf-blades, and 
terminal contracted or open panieles. Spikelets numerous, 1-flowered, commonly small, 
the rachilla usually prolonged beyond the flower, the prolongation either pilose through- 
out, the usual state, or with a terminal tuft of long hairs. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, 
persistent, narrow, keeled, acute or acuminate, the third scale much shorter than the others, 
very thickly hyaline, with a basal ring of hairs which are from one-half as long as the scale 
to somewhat exceeding it, rarely very short or almost wanting, bearing a usually delicate 
dorsal awn which is rarely twisted at the base, and enclosing a small narrow thinly hyaline 
palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
Prolongation of the rachilla of thespikelet hairy throughout : spikelets 3-4 mm. long. 1. C. Canadensis. 
Prolongation of the rachilla of the spikelet hairy at thesummit: spikelets 6-8 mm. long. 2. C. cinnoides. 


1. Calamagrostis Canadénsis (Michx.) Beauv. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, smooth or 
somewhat rough: leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long or more, 2-8 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1-2 
dm. long, open, usually purplish, its branches spreading or ascending, naked at the base : 
spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long ; flowering scale with a delicate awn, the basal hairs equalling or 
a little shorter than the scale. 

In swamps and wet soil, Prince Edward Island to British Columbia, New Jersey, Ohio, Iowa, Utah 
and Oregon.—Represented in our area, on the high mountains of North Carolina, by C. Canadensis 
acumindta Vasey, which differs in having the panicle usually smaller, denser and darker purple, and 
in the larger spikelets which are 3.5-4 mm. long and with the scales more pointed. Summer. 


128 POACEAE 


2. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Seribn. Stems 9-15 dm. tall. erect: leaf- 
blades 1-3 dm. long or more, 4-10 mm. wide, rough: panicle 7-18 cm. long, contracted, 
its branches erect: spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the scales very hispidulous, the outer ones 
about equal, acuminate and awn-pointed, the flowering scale obtuse, the basal hairs from 
1-3 its length, the awn stout, exceeding or equalling the scale. [C. Nuttalliana Steud. } 

In moist soil, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and Georgia. Summer. 


66. AMMOPHILA Host. 

Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades, which are often convolute above, and 
dense spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower 
and hairy. Scales 3, rigid, chartaceous, acute, keeled ; flowering scale 5-nerved, with a 
ring of short hairs at the base. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Ammophila arenàiria (L.) Link. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, erect, rigid, stout, arising 
from a long branching rootstock: leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long or more, rigid, attenuated 
into a long slender involute point, rough above : panicle 1-3 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. in diam- 
eter : spikelets 10-12 mm. long, the scales hispidulous, the flowering scale usually with the 
rudiment of an awn just below the apex. [Calamagrostis arenaria (L.) Roth.] 

In sands along the seacoast, New Brunswick to North Carolina, and inland along the shores of the 
Great Lakes. Summer and fall. SEA SAND REED. 


67. CALAMOVILFA Hack. 


Tall perennial grasses, with horizontal rootstocks, elongated narrow flat leaf-blades, 
involute at the apex, and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets flattened, 1-flowered, 
erowded, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales and not prolonged beyond the 
flower. Scales 3, rigid, chartaceous, awnless, keeled, 1-nerved, the 2 outer empty, unequal, 
persistent, the third scale with a ring of long hairs at the base, enclosing a 2-keeled palet 
and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. REED GRASS. 

1. Calamovilfa Curtissii Vasey. Stems 8-12 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 4 dm. long 
or less, 2-3 mm. wide: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, narrow, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, its branches 
erect: spikelets about 5 mm. long. [Calamagrostis Curtissii Vasey.] 

In dry or moist pine lands along the Indian River, Florida. Summer. 


68. HÓLCUS L. 


Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades and terminal spike-like con- 
tracted or open often interrupted panicles. Spikelets crowded, 2-flowered, the lower flower 
perfect, the upper one staminate, the rachilla articulated below the empty scales. Scales 
4, the 2 outer empty, keeled, the first 1-nerved, acute, the second broader, 3-nerved, acute 
or short-awned, the third and fourth scales shorter than the second, membranous, at length 
rigid, enclosing flowers, the former awnless, the latter bearing a slender dorsal awn which 
is often hooked when dry; palet narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas 
plumose. VELVET GRASS. 

1. Holcus lanatus L. Softly and densely pubescent. Stems 4-9 dm. tall, erect, 
tufted : leaf-blades 2.5-15 em. long, 4-12 mm. wide: spikelets 4 mm. long, the empty 
scales white-villous, the upper one awn-pointed, the flowering scales 2mm. long, glabrous, 
shining, the upper one 2-toothed and bearing a finally hooked awn just below the apex. 


In meadows, fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Illinois, North Carolina and Tennes- 
see. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. VELVET GRASS. 


69. AIRA L. 


Mostly annual grasses, with narrow leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles. 
Spikelets small, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect. Scales 4, the lower 2 empty, thin-mem- 
branous, acute, subequal, persistent, the flowering scales usually close together on the 
rachilla, hyaline, mucronate or 2-toothed, bearing a delicate awn inserted just below the 
middle. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Harr GRASS, 

1. Aira caryophyllea L. Glabrous throughout. Stems 1-2.5 dm. tall, erect, from 
an annual root, slender: leaf-blades 1-5 cm. long, involute-setaceous : panicle silvery, 
shining, 2-10 cm. long, open, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 2-2.5 mm. 
long, the empty scales acute, the flowering scales very acute, 2-toothed, 2 mm. long, bear- 


ing an awn 3-4 mm. long. 


In fields and waste places, Massachusetts to North Carolina. Also on the Pacific Coast. Natural- 
ized from Europe. Spring and summer. 


POACEAE 129 


70. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. 

Perennial grasses, with narrow convolute or flat leaf-blades and terminal contracted or 
open panicles. Spikelets 2-flowered, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales and pro- 
longed beyond the flowers. Scales 4, the 2 outer empty, persistent, keeled, acute, mem- 
branous, usually somewhat shining, the flowering scales thin-membranous, almost hyaline, 
entire or toothed, acute, obtuse, or truncate and denticulate at the apex, each bearing a 
slender dorsal straight or geniculate awn which is twisted at the base ; palet narrow, 2- 


nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Harr GRASS. 
Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate: leaf-blades flat. 1. D. caespitosa. 
Flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acute or obtuse : leaf-blades involute. 2. D. flexuosa, 
1. Deschampsia caespitósa (L.) Beauv. Stems tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, erect: leaf- 
blades flat, 2-3 mm. wide, rough above, the basal ones numerous, 1-1 as long as the stem, 
those on the stem 5-15 em. long: panicle open, 7-23 em. long, its branches spreading or 
ascending, naked at the base: spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2.5 mm. 
long, erose-truncate at theapex, the awns somewhat shorter or a little longer than the scale. 


In wet soil, Newfoundland to Alaska, New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota and in the mountains to 
North Carolina, New Mexico and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 


2. Deschampsia flexuósa (L.) Trin. Stems tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, erect, slender: 
leaf-blades involute-setaceous, rough above, the basal very numerous, } as long as the stem 
or less, those on the stem 2-8 cm. long: panicle open, 5-20 em. long, the branches spread- 
ing to nearly erect, naked at the base, flexuous: spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, the flowering 
scales about 4 mm. long, acutely toothed at the apex, the awns bent and twisted, much ex- 
ceeding the scale. 

In dry soil, Greenland and Newfoundland to Ontario, Michigan, North Carolina and Tennessee. 
Also in Europe. Summer. 


71. TRISETUM Pers. 

Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal spike-like con- 
tracted or open panicles. Spikelets usually 2-flowered, rarely 3-6-flowered, the flowers 
perfect, or the upper one staminate, the rachilla glabrous or pilose, articulated between 
the flowering scales and prolonged beyond them. Scales 4, rarely 5-8, keeled, the 2 outer 
empty, membranous, unequal, acute, entire at the apex, awnless, persistent, the flowering 
scales usually shorter, sometimes longer, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth acuminate and 
often terminating in a bristle or slender awn, awned, or the lower flowering scale rarely 
awnless, the awn often twisted, inserted below the apex and arising between the teeth ; palet 
hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. FALsE OAT. 


Flowering scales each bearing a long awn. 

Empty scales shining, 1-nerved, or the second one 3-nerved. ; 
Panicle spike-like, dense, its branches short and appressed. ; 1. T. subspicatum. 
Panicle loose and open, its branches long and slender, erect or ascending. 2. T. flavescens. 

Empty scales not shining, very strongly nerved, the first 3-nerved, the second 


5-nerved. 
Awn of the flowering scales inserted about 14 way below the apex: teeth 5 
of the flowering scales euneate. 3. T. Hallii. 
Awn of the flowering scales inserted about the middle : teeth of the flower- j 
ing scales subulate. 4. T. interruptum. 


Lower flowering scale not bearing a long awn, a remnant sometimes present. 
Second empty scale less than 3 mm. long : awn of the flowering scales 1-2 mm. i 
long. : 5. T. aristatum. 
Second empty scale 4-5 mm. long: awn of the flowering scales exceeding 3 
mm. in length. 
Empty scales dissimilar, the first much narrower than the second, 1-nerved, 


or sometimes 3-nerved at the base: leaf-blades 1 dm. long or less. 6. T. Pennsylvanicum. 
Empty scales similar, the first about as broad as the second, strongly 3- de 
nerved : leaf-blades 1.5-2 dm. long. 7. T. Ludovicianum. 


1. Trisetum subspicatum (L.) Beauv. Softly pubescent or glabrous in some or all 
of its parts. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades 2-10 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide: pan- 
icle spike-like, 2-13 cm. long, oval to oblong, sometimes interrupted below : spikelets 2-3- 
flowered, the empty scales hispidulous on the keel, the second one about 5 mm. long, the 
flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, acuminate, hispidulous, each bearing a long bent and some- 
what twisted awn.  [ T. molle Kunth. ] 

In dry or rocky places, Labrador to Alaska, and in the mountains to North Carolina, New Mexico 
and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer and fall. 

2. Trisetum flavéscens (L.) R. & S. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, erect, glabrous: leaf- 
sheaths pubescent ; blades 4-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough : panicle open, 5-13 cm. 


9 


130 POACEAE 


long, its branches ascending or erect, somewhat flexuous, naked below : spikelets 3—4- 
flowered, the first empty scale about 4 as long as the second which is about 5 mm. long, the 
flowering scales 5-6 mm. long, hispidulous, each bearing a long, bent and twisted awn. 


In waste places and fields, Missouri, Kansas and Mississippi. Naturalized from Europe or Asia. 
Summer. 


3. Trisetum Hállii Scribn. Stems tufted, 1.5-5 dm. tall, slender: leaf-blades 3-13 
em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rough, flat, or somewhat involute: panicle contracted, 3-15 em. 
long, its branches erect or nearly so: spikelets 4—5 mm. long, exclusive of the awns, the 
first scale much narrower and almost as long as the second. 

On prairies, Texas. Spring. 

4. Trisetum interrüáptum Buckl. Stems tufted, 5 dm. tall or less, slender: leaf- 
sheaths glabrous or pubescent ; blades flat or involute, rough, 8 em. long or less, 1-2 mm. 
wide: panicle 4-13 em. long, its branches erect or nearly so: spikelets 4-5 mm. long, ex- 
clusive of the awns, the first scale narrower than the second but about as long. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring. 

5. Trisetum aristàtum (Scribn. & Mer.) Nash. Stems 4-6 dm. tall, erect, slen- 
der: leaf-blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, roughish : panicle slender, 1.5-2.5 
dm. long, its branches erect or nearly so, the larger ones 6-8 em. long : spikelets of 4 or 5 
scales, 4.5-5 mm. long, exclusive of the awns, the first scale linear, several times narrower 
than the broad second scale. 

In moist or dry soil, North Carolina. Summer. 

6. Trisetum Pennsylvánicum (L.) B.S.P. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, slender and 
often weak: leaf-sheaths sometimes rough; blades 1 dm. long or less, 1-4 mm. wide, 
rough : panicle 6-15 em. long, its branches erect or ascending: spikelets of four scales, 
the empty ones about equal, the first a little shorter than the second, the flowering scales 
4-5 mm. long, the second one hispidulous or nearly glabrous. [7 palustre Torr. ] 

In swamps and wet meadows, New York to Virginia, Tennessee and Florida. Spring and summer: 

7. Trisetum Ludoviciànum Vasey. Stems 6-9 dm. long, weak : leaf-blades flat, the 
larger ones 1.5-2 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, rough : panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, its branches 
erect or nearly so: spikelets usually of 4 scales, the first a little shorter than the second, 
the second flowering scale strongly hispidulous. 

In wet places, Louisiana. Spring. 


72. AVENA L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, varying in habit, with usually flat leat-blades and terminal 
contracted or open panicles. Spikelets generally large, erect or pendulous, usually 2- 
several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, the rachilla articulated between the fertile flowers, the 
lower flowers perfect, the upper ones often staminate or wanting. Scales 4-several, rarely 
3, the 2 outer empty, membranous, exceeding or shorter than the flowering scales, persist- 
ent; the flowering scales 5-9-nerved, rounded on the back, the apex frequently shortly 2- 
toothed, the scales enclosing perfect flowers and bearing a dorsal twisted geniculate awn, 
the upper empty ones or those infolding staminate flowers awnless; palet 2-cleft or 2- 
toothed, narrow. Stamens3. Styles distinct. Grain deeply furrowed, usually pubescent. 

1. Avena sativa L. Annual. Stems 8-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades flat, 2.5 dm. long 
or less, 5-10 mm. wide or more : panicle usually 1.5—4 dm. long, its branches erect or ascend- 


ing: empty scales of the spikelet 2-3 em. long, acuminate, the flowering ones shorter, 
awned or awnless. 


In fields and waste places, escaped from cultivation nearly every where in civilized North America 
Summer. OAT. 

73. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. 

Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal open or contracted panicles. 
Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flowerstaminate, the upper one perfect or pistillate, the rachilla 
articulated above the empty scales and prolonged beyond the flowers. Scales 4, the 2 outer 
empty, persistent, thin-membranous, keeled, the flowering scales more rigid, somewhat 
toothed at the apex, the lower one bearing near the base a long dorsal twisted and genicu- 
late awn, the upper scale awnless, or short-awned below the apex ; palet 2-keeled, hyaline, 
narrow. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain hardly sulcate. 


1. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades 
6-30 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1-3 dm. long, its branches erect: empty 


POACEAE 131 


scales of the spikelet unequal, the first shorter than the second which is about 8 mm. long, 
the flowering scales about 8 mm. long. [A. avenaceum Beauv. ] 


In fields and waste places, Maine and Ontario to Georgia, Tennessee and Nebraska. Also on the 
Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. OAT GRASS. 


74. DANTHONIA DC. 

Usually perennial grasses, various in habit, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and ter- 
minal dense and contracted or open diffuse panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flow- 
ers perfect or the upper ones staminate, the rachilla pilose, articulated between the scales 
and prolonged beyond them. Scales 5-many, the 2 outer empty, persistent, usually ex- 
tending beyond the flowering scales, rarely shorter, keeled, acute or acuminate, the flower- 
ing scales rounded on the back, the margins often ciliate, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth 
often awned, with an awn arising between the teeth which is more or less flattened and 
very often twisted at the base and frequently geniculate, the remaining scales often small 
and enclosing a palet only, or empty; palet obtuse or 2-toothed, 2-keeled, hyaline. Sta- 
mens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Wrirp OAT GRASS. 


Empty scales of the spikelet 1.25 cm. long or less: leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes 
sparingly pubescent at the base. 
Teeth of the flowering scale about 1 mm. long, acute : leaf-blades of the stem short: 


panicle contracted. 1. D. spicata. 
. Teeth of the flowering scale 2-3 mm. long, awned: leaf-blades of the stem elon- 
gated: panicle usually open. 2. D. compressa. 
Empty seales more than 1.25 em. long. 
Leaf-sheaths and flowering scales villous. 3. D. sericea. 
Leaf-sheaths glabrous: flowering scales pilose on the margins. 4 D. epilis. 


1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, erect, nearly round : leaf- 
sheaths glabrous, or often sparingly pubescent below; blades rough, 2 mm. wide or less, 
usually involute, the lower ones 1-1.5 dm. long: panicle 2-5 cm. long, its branches, as 
well as the pedicels, erect or ascending : spikelets 5-8-flowered, the empty scales 8-10 mm. 
long, the flowering scales broadly oblong, sparingly appressed-pubescent with silky hairs. 

In dry soil, Newfoundland, Quebee and North Dakota to North Carolina, Kansas and Louisiana. 
Summer and fall. 

2. Danthonia compréssa Austin. Stems 4-9 dm. tall, flattened, erect : leaf-blades 
2 mm. wide or less, the lower ones 1.5-2 dm. long: panicle open, 6-10 cm. long, the lower 
branches usually spreading : spikelets 5-10-flowered, the empty scales 10-12 mm. long, the 
flowering scales oblong, with a ring of short hairs at the base, appressed-pubescent with 
silky hairs. 

In woods, Maine and Vermont to North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer and fall. 

3. Danthonia serícea Nutt. Stems 4-9 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths villous; blades rough 
and more or less villous, 2-3 mm. wide, the basal ones usually flexuous, those on the stem 
2-10 em. long, erect : panicle 6-12 cm. long, contracted, the branches erect or ascending : 
spikelets 4—10-flowered, the empty scales 14-16 mm. long, the flowering scales oblong, 
strongly pubescent with long silky hairs, the teeth 2-3 mm. long, acuminate, awned. 

In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey and Florida. Spring and summer. 

4. Danthonia épilis Scribn. Stems tufted, erect, 4-7 dm. tall, slightly roughened 
just below the panicle and puberulent below the brown nodes: leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, 
erect, those on the sterile shoots 1.5 dm. long or more, those on the stem 5-10 em. long: 
panicle 5-8 em. long, contracted : spikelets 5-10-flowered, the empty scales acuminate, the 
flowering ones 5-6 mm. long to the base of the teeth, pilose on the margins below and 
sometimes sparingly so on the midnerve at the base, the teeth, including the awn, 2-3 mm. 
long. [D. glabra Nash, not Philippi.] 

In swamps, southern New Jersey to Georgia. Spring and summer. 


75. CAPRIOLA Adans. 

Perennial usually stoloniferous grasses, the stems as well as the stolons often creeping, 
with flat usually short leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence, the spikes terminal. Spikelets 
1-flowered, small, sessile, alternate in 2 rows on one side of the continuous rachis. Scales 
3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, thin, keeled, acute or obtuse, awnless, the flowering scale 
membranous, broader, its keel ciliate, awnless, enclosing a 2-keeled hyaline palet and a 
perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Cynodon L. C. Rich.] 


1. Capriola Dáctylon (L.) Kuntze. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, erect, from long creeping 
and branching rootstocks : leaf-sheaths glabrous or somewhat pubescent, crowded at the 


132 POACEAE 


base of the stems and along the stolons; blades 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, rigid, 
rough above : spikes 4 or 5, digitate, 1-5 em. long: spikelets 2 mm. long, the outer scales 
hispid on the keel. [Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers.] 


In fields and waste places, southern New York to Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Florida and Texas. 
Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. BERMUDA GRASS. 


76. SPARTINA Schreb. 


Often tall grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence, the spikes 
one-sided, the rachis extending beyond the spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile or 
nearly so, much crowded and imbricated in 2 rows. Scales 3, firm-membranous, the 2 
outer empty, narrow, very unequal, keeled, the flowering scale equalling or a little longer 
and broader than the second scale ; palet thin or almost hyaline, enclosing a perfect flower, 
obscurely 2-nerved, scarcely included in the scale which it often slightly exceeds. Stamens 
3. Styles elongated. Stigmas 2, thread-like, papillose or shortly plumose. MARSH Grass. 


Second scale long-awned. 1. S. cynosuroides. 
Second scale awnless. 
First scale strongly hispid on the keel. 
Leaf-blades wide (1-2.5 em.), flat. 
Leaf-blades narrow (6 mm. or less) involute, at least when dry. 
First scale less than !2 as long as the second: spikes usually few, erect or 


to 


. S. polystachya. 


. Ascending. 3. S. patens. 
First scale about 34 as long as the second : spikes numerous, appressed. 4. S. junciformis. 
First scale not hispid on the keel. 5. S. stricta, 


1. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Stems 6-18 dm. tall: leaf-blades 3 dm. 
long or more, 6-14 mm. wide, attenuate into long slender tips: spikes 5-30, ascending or 
erect, 5-13 cm. long: spikelets strongly imbricated, 12-14 mm. long, the empty scales 
strongly hispid on the keel. 


In swamps and streams of brackish or fresh water, Nova Scotia to Assiniboia, New Jersey and 
Texas. Summer and fall. 


2. Spartina polystachya ( Michx. ) Ell. Stems 1-3 m. tall, stout : leaf-blades 3 dm. 
long or more, 1-2.5 cm. wide, flat, attenuate into long slender tips: spikes 20-50, as- 
cending, 5-10 em. long: spikelets much imbricated, 8-10 mm. long, the empty scales 
strongly hispid on the keel. 


In salt and brackish marshes, New Jersey to Florida. Summer and fall. WHITE RUSH. SALT 
REED GRASS. 


3. Spartina patens ( Ait.) Muhl. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, usually from a branching and 
decumbent base: leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, involute, attenuate into long 
tips: spikes 2-10, 2.5-5 cm. long, usually ascending: spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the empty 
scales hispid on the keel. [S. juncea Willd. ] 


On salt meadows, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. SALT 
MEADOW GRASS. WHITE RUSH. 


——— 4. Spartina juncifórmis Engelm. & Gray. Stems tufted, stout, rigid, 3-10 dm. 
tall: leaf-sheaths thick, hard, the lower ones shining ; blades involute, 5 dm. long or less : 
panicle 1-2 dm. long, narrow, strict, its branches 3-4 em. long: spikelets about 7 mm. 
long, the first scale at least $ as long as the third scale. 

In sandy or alluvial soil, Florida to Texas. Summer and fall. 

5. Spartina stricta (Ait.) Roth. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, erect, usually stout: leaf- 
blades 5 dm. long or less: panicle 1-3 dm. long, its branches appressed, 4-10 cm. long : 
spikelets 1-1.5 cm. long, glabrous or appressed-pubescent. [S. glabra Muhl.] 

In salt or brackish marshes, Maine to Florida, Texas and California. Summer and fall. 


77. CAMPULOSUS Desv. 

Often tall perennial grasses, with narrow flat or convolute leaf-blades and usually a 
terminal straight or curved dense spike. Spikes rarely 2 or 3. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, if 
the latter the upper flower staminate, sessile, crowded in 2 rows. Scales 6 or 7, the lower 
4 empty, the first small, keeled, awnless, the second larger than the others, membranous or 
rigid, acute or 2-cleft, generally bearing near the middle a dorsal often stout and usually 
horizontal awn, orthe awn sometimes reduced to a tubercle, the third, fourth and fifth scales 
awned, more delicate than the second, the 2 former empty or enclosing palets, the fifth scale 
enclosing a palet and a perfect flower, the remaining scales narrow, empty or enclosing 
palets, the first also rarely a staminate flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas 
plumose. TOOTHACHE GRASS. 


POACEAE 133 


Spikes stout, the spikelets at right-angles tothe rachis: second scale with a row of 


. glands each side of the midnerve. 1. C. aromaticus. 
Spikes slender, the spikelets diverging from the rachis: second scale without 
glands. 2. C. Chapadensis. 


1. Campulosus aromaticus ( Walt.) Scribn. Stems 9-12 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 
1.5dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or involute: spikes 5-10 cm. long: spikelets about 
6 mm. long. Plant pungent to the taste. [Cteniwm Americanum Spreng. ] 

In moist soil in pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

2. Campulosus Chapadénsis Trin. Stems slender, 6-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades flat, 
2 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wide: spikes slender, 5-15 cm. long: spikelets 5-6 mm. long, 
exclusive of the awns. 

In pine woods, Florida. Alsoin Brazil. Summer and fall. 


78. CHLORIS Sw. 

Usually perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence, the spikes ver- 
ticillate or approximate. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile, crowded in 2 rows, the rachilla 
prolonged beyond the flower. Scales usually 4, sometimes 5, or occasionally more, the 2 
lower empty, persistent, unequal, keeled, narrow, acute or acuminate, awnless or rarely 
awn-pointed, the third scale acute, usually long awned, rarely nearly awnless, enclosing a 
perfect flower and a folded 2-keeled palet, the remaining scale or scales commonly empty 
and usually awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

Spikes slender, usually naked at the base or with a few scattered spikelets. 


Midnerve of the third scale not pilose, but hispidulous above the middle. 1. C. Nealleyi. 
Nerves of the third scale all pilose. 
Apex of the elliptic fourth scale acute. 2. C. tenuispica. 
Apex of the obovate-cuneate fourth scale obliquely truncate. 3. C. verticillata. 


Spikes stout, spikelet-bearing to the base. 
Hairs on the nerves of the third scale short, 0.5 mm. long or less, not manifest, nor 
extending beyond the apex of the scale. 
Fourth seale obovate-cuneate, 3-nerved, 0.6 mm. wide, the apex unequally 


rounded. 4. C. brevispica. 
Fourth scale obcuneate or triangular, 5-nerved, 1 mm. broad ora little more. 5. C. la'isquamea. 
Fourth scale broadly triangular, 7-nerved, wider than long. 6. C. cu ullata. 


Hairs on the lateral nerves of the third scale long, 1 mm. long or more, manifest 
and decidedly extending beyond the apex of the scale. 
Seales 6: hairs on the lateral nerves of the third scale about equal in length. 
Hairs exceeding the apex of thescale, about 1 mm. long : fourth scale 1 mm. 
wide: upper surface of the leaves glabrous. 7. C. Texana. 
Hairs much exceeding the apex of the scale, 2-3 mm. long: fourth scale 0.5 
mm. wide: upper surface of the leaves near the base usually long-hairy. 8. C. barbata. 

Scales 7-9, the upper ones much reduced ; hairs on the lateral nerves of the n 

third scale unequal in length, those at the summit much longer. 9. C. Prieuri. 

1l. Chloris Nealleyi Nash. Stems 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades 2.5-15 cm. long, 3-5 
mm. wide, rough above: spikes 5-8, 10-18 cm. long: spikelets, exclusive of the awns, 
about 4 mm. long: scales 4; outer empty scales acuminate ; third scale, exclusive of the 
awn, 4 mm. long, in side view equilateral and 0.8 mm. wide, acute, the internerves rough, 
the lateral nerves pilose above the middle, the awn 6-9 mm. long ; fourth scale 2-2.5 mm. 
long, in side view elliptic and about 0.5 mm. wide, the apex acute, the awn 4-5 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 


2. Chloris tenuispica Nash. Stems 2-4 dm. tall: leaf-blades 4-15 cm. long, 2-3 
mm. wide, abruptly acute, rough above and on the margins: axis of the inflorescence 2 
em. long or less: spikes 10-12, 6-10 cm. long, spreading, very slender, in about 2 whorls: 
spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 3 mm. long: scales 4 or 5 ; outer empty ones nar- 
row, acuminate, awn-pointed ; third scale about 3 mm. long, in side view elliptic and 0.7 
mm. wide, the nerves pilose, the awn 4-6 mm. long ; fourth scale nearly glabrous, smaller 
than the third, 1.75-2 mm. long, acute at the apex, the awn 2.5-4 mm. long ; fifth scale 
smaller. 

In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 

3. Chloris verticillàta Nutt. Stems 2-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1.5-18 cm. long, 2-4 
mm. broad, rough above and on the margins, obtuse: axis of the inflorescence 0.5-5 cm. 
long : spikes 8-21, spreading, 5-15 cm. long, in 1-4 whorls, or the upper ones scattered or 
approximate: spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 3 mm. long : scales 4; outer empty 
ones acuminate, awn-pointed ; third scale 2.5-2.75 mm. long, in side view nearly equi- 
lateral and 0.8 mm. wide, the nerves pilose, the awn 5-8 mm. long ; fourth scale 1.5-2 mm. 
long, in side view obovate-cuneate and about 0.75 mm. wide, the apex obliquely truncate, 
the awn 4-5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Arkansas to Kansas and Texas. Summer. 


134 POACEAE 


4. Chloris brevispica Nash. Stems 1-2 dm. tall : leaf-blades 1-6 cm. long, 1-3 mm. 
wide, rough above and on the margins: spikes 6-10, finally spreading, 2.5—4.5 cm. long: 
spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 2.8 mm. long : scales 4; outer empty ones lanceo- 
late, acute ; third scale 2.5 mm. long, in side view elliptic and about 0.75 mm. wide, the 
nerves pilose, the hairs about 0.5 mm. long, the awn about 2 mm. long ; fourth scale 
obovate-cuneate, about 1.5 mm. long, in side view about 0.6 mm. wide, the apex unequally 
rounded, the awn 1.4-1.8 mm. long. 

Insandy soil, Texas. Summer. 

5. Chloris latisquàmea Nash. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-10 em. long, 2-4 
mm. wide, obtuse, rough : axis of the inflorescence 1.5 cm. long or less : spikes 10-16, 3-7 
em. long, finally widely spreading: spikelets, exclusive of the awns, 2.8-2.8 mm. long: 
scales 4; outer empty ones acute; third scale 2.2-2.7 mm. long, in side view elliptic and 
0.8-0.9 mm. wide, the nerves pilose, the awn 1.5-3 mm. long; fourth scale 1.5-1.7 mm. 
long, in side view obcuneate or triangular and 1-1.2 mm. broad, 3-nerved, the lateral 
nerves much curved, branching at the middle, thus making the scale appear 5-nerved at 
the truncate apex, 0.5 mm. wide, the awn 1.5-2 mm. long. 

In dry ground and on shady river banks, Texas. Summer. 

6. Chloris cucullàta Bisch. Stems 2-7 dm. tall: leaf-blades 2-15 cm. long, 3 mm. 
wide or less, very rough : spikes 6-15, 2-4 cm. long, spreading : spikelets, exclusive of the 
awns, about 2 mm. long, triangular, about as broad as long : scales 4 ; first scale acute, the 
second broader above the middle; third scale 1.7-2 mm. long, in side view elliptic and 
about 0.9 mm. wide, obtuse, the lateral nerves densely pilose with short hairs about 0.4 
mm. long, the midnerve sparingly so, the awn 0.5-1 mm. long ; fourth scale about 1 mm. 
long, in side view broadly triangular and 1.3 mm. broad, the lateral nerves branching 
twice, making the scale appear 7-nerved above, the awn 0.2-0.3 mm. long. 

Insandy soil, Texas. Fall. 

7. Chloris Texàna (Vasey) Nash. Stems 2.5-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades 6-20 cm. long, 
3-6 mm. wide, rough on the margins and toward the apex on the lower surface: spikes 
3-6, 4-8 cm. long: spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 2.8 mm. long: scales 6 ; outer 
empty ones very acute, pointed ; third scale about 2.7 mm. long, in side view inequilateral 
and 1 mm. broad, the nerves pilose with hairs about 1 mm. long, the awn about 1.5 mm. 
long ; fourth scale 1.7 mm. long, in side view obovate-cuneate and 1 mm. wide at the 
truncate and obscurely crenulate apex, 3-nerved, the awn 1-1.25 mm. long; fifth scale 1 
mm. long ; sixth scale about 0.5 mm. long. 

In low land, southern Texas. Summer. 

8. Chloris barbàta (L.) Nash. Stems 5-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades 6 dm. long or 
less, 1 cm. wide or less, attenuate into long slender tips, smooth : spikes 6—25, flexuous 
and spreading, 5-15 cm. long: spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 3 mm. long: scales 
6 ; outer empty ones acuminate ; third scale about 2.25 mm. long, in side view elliptic and 
about 0.75 mm. wide, the nerves pilose, the midnerve-hairs about 0.5 mm. long, the re- 
mainder of irregular length, 2-3 mm. long, the awn 3-4 mm. long ; fourth scale about 1.3 
mm. long, in side view obovate-elliptic and about 0.5 mm. wide, obliquely truncate at the 
crenulate apex, the awn 2.5-3 mm. long ; fifth and sixth scales smaller. 


j In sand or moist places, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies and South America. 
ummer. 


9. Chloris Prieüri Kunth. Stems 4-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-6 
mm. wide, rough above and on the margins: spikes 4-15, 6-9 em. long, erect : spikelets, 
exclusive of theawns, about 4 mm. long: scales 7-9, the upper ones much reduced; outer 
empty scales acuminate, awn-pointed ; third scale, exclusive of the awn, 3-3.5 mm. long, 
in side view narrowly oblong and about 0.5 mm. wide, acute, a row of dark glands on each 
side of the glabrous midnerve, the lateral nerves glabrous below the middle, pilose above, 
the awn 8-13 mm. long, the palet gland-bearing between the nerves. 

Introduced at Wilmington, North Carolina, and on ballast at Mobile, Alabama. Summer. 


79. BUSTÁCHYS Desv. 

Perennial grasses, with flat or folded usually obtuse leaf-blades and spicate inflores- 
cence, the spikes single, in pairs, or 3-many and digitate. Spikelets usually 1-flowered, 
rarely 2-flowered, if the latter the upper flower staminate, sessile, crowded in 2 rows. 
Scales 4, rarely 5, the 2 lower empty, persistent, unequal, keeled, the first generally acute, 
the second oblong, truncate or 2-lobed at the apex, short-awned, the remaining scales awn- 
less, mucronate, or short-awned, firmer than the empty scales, the third scale enclosing 4 
perfect flower and a palet, the fourth scale empty, or rarely enclosing a staminate flower, 


POACEAE 135 


the fifth scale, when present, empty, similar in texture to the fourth. Stamens 3. Styles 


distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
Spikelets 2 mm. long: third and fourth scales awnless, or the former sometimes with 


a mere dorsal projection. 
Spikes usually 4-6, rarely more: second scale of the spikelet manifestly 2-toothed 


at the apex: leaf-blades usually 3-7 mm. wide. 1. E. petraea. 
Spikes 10-25: second scale of the spikelet truncate at the apex: leaf-blades usu- 
ally 1 em. wide or more. 2. E. glauca. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long or more: third and fourth scales awned. 
Spikes usually 1 or 2, rarely 3: third scale of the spikelet over 3 mm. long. 3. E. Floridana. 
Spikes 4-6: third scale of the spikelet less than 3 mm. long. 4. E. neglecta. 


1. Eustachys petraéa (Sw.) Desv. Stems 3-11 dm. tall: leaf-blades 3 dm. long or 
less, 10 mm. wide or less, smooth : spikes 3-11, usually 4-6, erect, 4-11 cm. long: spike- 
lets about 2 mm. long: scales 4, the second, exclusive of the awn, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, 
2-toothed at the apex, the teeth triangular, acute or obtusish, the awn about 0.5 mm. long ; 
third scale about 2 mm. long, in side view elliptic and about 1 mm. wide, the nerve-hairs 
about 0.3 mm. long, the awn short or wanting ; fourth scale 1.3-1.5 mm. long, in side view 
obovate-elliptic, 0.5-0.7 mm. wide, rounded at the apex, awnless. [Chloris petraea Sw.] 


In dry sandy soil. usually along the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical 
America. In Florida it occurs in the heart of the peninsula, 50 miles from the coast. Summer. 


2. „Eustachys glaüca Chapm. Stems6-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades 2.5 dm. long or less, 
1.5 em. wide or less, smooth : axis of the inflorescence 2.5 em. long or less: spikes 10-25, 
6-15 em. long: spikelets about 2 mm. long: scales 4; second scale, exclusive of the awn, 
1.5 mm. long, in side view about 0.3 mm. wide, minutely and irregularly toothed at the 
truncate apex, the awn about 0.3 mm. long; third scale 1.75-2 mm. long, in side view 
ovate and 0.8-0.9 mm. wide, obtuse at the awnless apex, the nerves hispid above the 
middle ; fourth scale about 1.3 mm. long, in side view oblong and about 0.5 mm. wide, 
rounded-truncate at the awnless apex. [Chloris glauca ( Chapm.) Vasey.] 

In brackish marshes and about cy press swamps, Florida. Summer. 

3. Eustachys Floridàna Chapm. Stems 4-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades smooth, the 
early basal ones 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, those on the stem 2-7 em. long, 5 mm. wide 
or less: spikes 1-3, erect, 5-10 cm. long: spikelets, exclusive of the awns, 3-3.5 mm. long : 
scales 4, the second about 2.5 mm. long, exclusive of the awn, unequally 2-lobed at the 
apex, the lobes rounded and minutely and irregularly toothed, the awn 0.7-1 mm. long ; 
third scale 3-3.5 mm. long, in side view elliptie and 1-1.2 mm. wide, the nerve-hairs about 
0.5 mm. long, the awn 0.5-0.7 mm. long; fourth scale smaller, the awn less than 0.5 mm. 
long. [Chloris Floridana (Chapm.) Vasey.] 

In dry sandy soil, southern Georgia and northern Florida. Summer. 

4. Eustachys neglécta Nash. Stems 7-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades 2 dm. long or 
less, 9 mm. wide or less, smooth : spikes 4-6, erect, 8-15 cm. long : spikelets, exclusive of 
the awns, about 3 mm. long: scales 4, rarely 5; second scale, exclusive of the awn, about 
2.5 mm. long, 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes obtuse and minutely and irregularly toothed, 
the awn about 1 mm. long ; third scale 2.5-2.8 mm. long, in side view about 1 mm. wide, 
the nerve-hairs about 0.7 mm. long, the awn 1 mm. long ; fourth scale 1.5-2 mm. long, in 
side view obovate-elliptic, about 0.75 mm. wide, the awn less than 1 mm. long ; fifth scale 
smaller. 

In dry sandy soil, eastern and peninsular Florida. Summer. 


80. TRICHLORIS Fourn. 

Tall grasses, with flat leaf-blades and usually numerous slender spikes which are closely 
approximate or subverticillate. Spikelets sessile, densely crowded in 2 rows on one side of 
the continuous rachis, 1-, rarely 2-3-flowered, the rachilla extending beyond the flowers as 
a scale-bearing appendage. Scales usually 3, sometimes more, the 2 outer empty, small, 
persistent, membranous, the first usually very narrow, acute, awnless, the second short. 
awned, the flowering scale or scales 3-awned, the awns long and nearly equal or the lateral 
much shorter, the remaining scales empty or sometimes reduced to mere awns ; palet hya- 
line, 2-keeled near the margins. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


1. Trichloris pluriflora Fourn. Stems erect, 4-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades flat, 3 dm. 
long or less, 5-10 mm. wide: spikes 5 or more, 5-15 cm. long, slender : spikelets, exclu- 
sive of the awns, about 4 mm. long, the awn of the flowering scales 2-3 times their length. 

In dry soil, central and western Texas. Also in Mexico. Spring and summer, 


81. GYMNOPOGON Beauv. 


Usually perennial grasses, with flat, generally short, rarely long, leaf-blades and an in- 
florescence composed of numerous long slender spikes which are alternately arranged or 


136 POACEAE 


the lower ones subverticillate. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, sessile or nearly so, scattered, 
appressed, the rachilla glabrous and prolonged beyond the flower, bearing at its apex a 
small usually awned scale. Scales 4, the 2 lower empty, persistent, narrow, acute, or the 
second short-awned, the third scale somewhat broader, shortly 2-toothed at the apex, bear- 
ing a straight awn, and enclosing a narrow 2-keeled palet and a perfect flower ; fourth scale 
empty, awned, the body often much reduced. Stamens3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu- 
mose. 


Spikes spikelet-bearing their whole length : awn longer than the flowering scale. 1. G. ambiguus. 
Spikes spikelet-bearing only above the middle: awn shorter than the flowering scale. 2. G. brevifolius. 


1. Gymnopogon ambíguus (Michx.) B.S.P. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, erect, or decum- 
bent at the base : leaf-sheaths with a villous ring at the summit, crowded at the base of the 
stem ; blades 2-10 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, lanceolate, crowded at the base, spreading : 
spikes slender, the lower ones finally widely spreading, 1-2 dm. long: spikelets, exclusive 
of the awn, 4—5 mm. long, the awn of the flowering scale 4-6 mm. long. [G. racemosus 
Beauv. | 

In dry sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

2. Gymnopogon brevifdlius Trin. Stems 3-6 dm. long, decumbent at the base, 
slender : leaf-sheaths sometimes crowded at the middle of the stem ; blades 2-5 cm. long, 
2-8 mm. wide, lanceolate, usually spreading : spikes very slender, the lower one finally 
widely spreading and 1-1.5 dm. long: spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 3 mm. long, the 
flowering scale short-awned. 

In dry soil, New Jersey to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


82. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. 


Annual grasses, with narrow almost subulate leaf-blades and an inflorescence consisting 
of numerous long slender spikes arranged in an open panicle. Spikelets 1-flowered, acumi- 
nate, scattered, appressed, sessile and alternate on opposite sides of the rachis. Scales 3, 
membranous, the 2 lower empty, persistent, narrow, acuminate, somewhat unequal, the 
third scale longer, at length rigid, enclosing a narrow shorter palet and a perfect flower. 
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Schedonnardus paniculàtus ( Nutt.) Trelease. Stems 2—5 dm. tall, slender, erect, 
rigid, branched at the base: leaf-sheaths crowded at the base ofthe stem, compressed ; 
blades 2-5 em. long, 2 mm. wide or less, usually erect, flat: spikes numerous, widely spread- 


ing, alternate, rigid, the lower ones 5-10 em. long : spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, appressed, 
alternate. 


In dry soil, Manitoba and Assiniboia to Illinois, Texas and New Mexico. Summer and fall. 


83. BOUTELOUA Lag. 


Annual or perennial grasses, with narrow flat or convolute leaf-blades, and an inflores- 
cence composed of few scattered one-sided, often more or less curved, many-flowered sessile 
spikes with the rachis sometimes conspicuously prolonged beyond the spikelets. Spikelets 
numerous, 1-2-flowered, the lower flower perfect, the upper one when present staminate or 
sterile, crowded in 2 rows. Scales 3 or more, the 2 lower empty, narrow, acute, un- 
equal, keeled, the third one enclosing a narrow hyaline palet and a perfect flower, usually 
thinner and broader, 3-nerved, the nerves excurrent from the lobes or teeth as short pro- 
jections or awns or protruding between the lobes, the small empty scales terminating the 


rachilla 1-3, 3-awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmasplumose. MESQUITE GRASS. 
Awns terminating the lobes of the flowering scale. 
Stems glabrous. 
Rachilla of the spikelet with a dense tuft of long hairs at the apex. 1. B. oligostachya. 
Rachilla glabrous. 
Second empty seale with large hair-bearing tubereles on one or both sides 


of the midnerve. 2. B. hirsuta. 
Second empty scale glabrous and free of tubercles. 
Flowering scale pubescent with long ascending silky hairs. 3. B. Burkei. 
Flowering scale glabrous, or sometimes with a few hairs at the base. 4. B. trifida. 
Stems densely villous below. 5. B. eriopoda. 
Awns arising between the lobes of the flowering scale. 6. B. microstachys. 


1. Bouteloua oligostáchya (Nutt.) Torr. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 
2-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, involute, at least at the long slender point : spikes 1-5, 
2.5-5 cm. long, the rachis ending in a short inconspicuous tip: spikelets about 6 mm. long, 
the rachilla with a tuft of long hairs under the rudimentary scales and awns. 

On prairies, Manitoba to Alberta, Wiseonsin and Texas. Alsoin Mexico. Summer and fall. 


POACEAE 137 


2. Bouteloua hirsüta Lag. Stems erect, 1.5-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades mostly at the 
base of the stem, 2-13 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, erect or ascending, flat, rough, spar- 
ingly papillose-hirsute near the base, especially on the margins: spikes 1-4, 1-5 cm. long, 
erect or ascending, the rachis extending beyond the spikelet in a conspicuous point: 
spikelets 5-6 mm. long. 

In dry soil, especially on prairies, Illinois to North Dakota, Texas and Arizona, and in southern 
peninsular Florida. Summer and fall. 


3. Bouteloua Bürkei Scribn. Perennial. Stems tufted, 3 dm. tall or less: leaf- 
blades spreading, often involute, 1-3 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, stiff: spikes 3-6, erect, 
1-2 em. long: spikelets diverging from the rachis, about 2.5 mm. long, exclusive of the 
awns. 

In dry soil, central and western Texas. Alsoin Mexico. Spring and summer. 

4. Bouteloua trífida Thurb. Perennial. Stems tufted, 3 dm. high or less : leaf- 
blades spreading, often involute, 4 dm. long or less, about 1 mm. wide: spikes 2-6, erect, 
1.5-3 em. long: spikelets diverging from the rachis, 3-4 mm. long, exclusive of the awns. 

In dry soil, central Texas to New Mexico. Alsoin Mexico. Spring and summer. 

5. Bouteloua eriópoda Torr. Perennial. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. tall, at least the 
lower internodes densely villous : leaf-blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, usually 
attenuated into a long slender point, erect : spikes 2-5, erect, 2-5 em. long: spikelets di- 
verging from the rachis, 6-8 mm. long, exclusive of the awns. 

In dry soil, central Texas to Arizona. Summer and fall. 

6. Bouteloua microstáchys Fourn. Annual. Stems tufted, erect or ascending, 
slender, 1-3 dm. tall, sometimes branching : leaf-blades spreading or ascending, flat, 1-7 
em. long, 1-2 mm. wide: spikes 2-7, usually curved, ascending, 1.5-3 cm. long : spikelets 
diverging from the rachis, 2-3 mm. long, exclusive of the awns, the flowering scale 
strongly pubescent, the rachilla with a terminal tuft of hairs. 

In dry soil, southern Texas to southern California. Alsoin Mexico. Summer and fall. 


84. ATHEROPOGON Mull. 

Perennial grasses, with narrow flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of numer- 
ous scattered short few-flowered spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile, crowded in 2 rows, 
imbricated, the rachilla extending beyond the flower, its summit bearing scales or awns. 
Scales 3 or more, the 2 lower empty, unequal, narrow, acute, keeled, the third scale thin- 
ner and broader, 3-toothed at the apex, the teeth more or less awned, enclosing a narrow 
hyaline 2-toothed palet and a perfect flower, the small upper scales empty, awned. Stamens 
3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Atheropogon curtipéadulus (Michx.) Fourn. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, tufted : leaf- 
blades 5-30 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, flat or involute, rough : spikes 6-16 mm. long, 
widely spreading or reflexed : spikelets 4-12, diverging from the rachis, 7-10 mm. long. 
[Bouteloua racemosa Lag. ] 

In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, New Jersey, Kentucky, Georgia (according to Feay and Chap- 
man) and Texas. Alsoin Mexico. Summer and fall. 

85. TRIATHERA Desv. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades and slender nanicles com- 
posed of short slender one-sided spikes. Spikelets narrow, appressed, the rachilla terminat- 
ing in 3 stout awns. Scales 3, long-acuminate, the 2 outer empty, unequal, the flowering 
scale 3-toothed at the apex, the teeth usually awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stig- 
mas plumose. 

l. Triathera aristidoides ( H.B.K.) Nash. Stems slender, 1-4 dm. tall, wiry, finally 
somewhat branched : leaf-blades 2-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, or sometimes involute : 
panicle slender, 4-10 em. long, consisting of 5-20 spreading spikes 1-1.5 cm. long, their 
bases strongly appressed-pubescent with long silky hairs : spikelets 2-3 in each spike. 

In dry places, central Texas to southern California. Also in Mexico. Summer and fall. 


86. FOLYODON H.B.K. 

Perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades, and short spikes arranged in slender 
panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, appearing clustered by reason of the very short internodes 
of the rachis. Scales 5 or 6: the 2 outer empty, narrow, acuminate ; third scale 3-awned, 
enclosing a perfect flower; remaining scales empty, the lower 3-awned, the uppermost usually 
reduced to 1-3 awns. Stamens 3. Styles 2, slender, distinct, distantly inserted. Stigmas 
plumose. 


138 POACEAE 


1. Polyodon Texanus (S. Wats.) Nash. Stems tufted, wiry, erect, slender, 1-4 dm. 
tall: leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, often involute: panicle 3-6 cm. long, 
of 5-8 short spreading spikes which are 9-12 mm. long: spikelets 2-4 in each spike. 
[Bouteloua Texana S. Wats. j 

In dry soil, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 


87. ELEUSINE Gaertn. 

Annual, or perennial and creeping, grasses, with flat leaf-blades, and an inflorescence 
composed of normally several spikes arranged digitately or approximately with sometimes 
an additional single spike below. Spikelets numerous, much crowded, imbricated, sessile, 
alternate in 2 rows, several-flowered, the flowers perfect, or the upper ones staminate. 
Scales several, obtuse or acute, flattened, keeled, thin, the 2 lower empty, a little shorter 
than the others, the remaining scales usually more obtuse, each of the lower ones enclosing 
a scarcely shorter compressed 2-keeled palet and a flower, the terminal scales empty. Sta- 
mens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Bleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the 
base : leaf-sheaths loose, overlapping, often short and crowded at the base of the stem ; 
blades 7-30 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: spikes 2-10, whorled, or approximate at the summit 
of the stem, or sometimes with 1 or 2 distant ones, 2-8 cm. long: spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 
3-6-flowered. 


In waste places, fields and dooryards nearly throughout North America. Naturalized from the 
Old World. Summer and fall. WIRE Grass. YARD GRASS. CRAB GRASS. DOG GRASS. CROW-FOOT. 


88. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. 

Annual grasses, with flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence consisting of one-sided spikes 
terminally arranged in pairs or digitate. Spikelets numerous, crowded, imbricated, ses- 
sile, alternate in 2 rows, several-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. 
Scales several, acute and mucronate-pointed, or the second awned, thin, flattened, keeled, 
the 2 lower empty, the remaining scales broader, each of the lower ones enclosing a 
scarcely shorter compressed 2-keeled palet and a flower, the upper scales empty. Stamens 
3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Dactyloctenium Aegyptium (L.) Willd. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, usually decum- 
bent and extensively creeping at the base: leaf-sheaths loose, overlapping, often crowded ; 
blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-6 mm. wide, ciliate toward the base : spikes in pairs, or 3-5 
and digitate, 1-5 em. long: spikelets 3-5-flowered. [Eleusine Aegyptia Pers. ] 


, In cultivated ground and waste places, southern New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia to Illinois, 
California and Florida. Also widely distributed in tropieal America. Naturalized from Asia or Africa. 
Summer and fall. EGYPTIAN GRASS. 


89. LEPTÓCHLOA Beauv. 

Often tall grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades, and an inflorescence consisting of 
very many long slender spikes arranged in a panicle, rarely approximate at the summit of 
the stem. Spikelets small, close, or rarely scattered, 2-several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, 
flattened, sessile, alternate in 2 rows. Scales 3-several, keeled, obtuse, acute, or shortly 
awned, the 2 lower empty, a little unequal, usually shorter than the spikelet, or in the 
1-flowered spikelets exceeding the third scale, the remaining scales more obtuse or some- 
times bearing a slender awn, each of the lower enclosing a prominently 2-keeled palet and 
a flower, the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


Spikes very slender, 1 mm. broad or less: empty scales generally about the same 
length, the first from nearly equalling to exceeding the first flowering scale. 
Flowering scales 1.5 mm. long, the pubescence on the nerves long and copious. 1. L. mucronata. 
E AE scales less than 1 mm. long, the pubescence on the nerves short and 
scant. 
Spikes stouter, 2 mm. wide or more: empty scales usually very unequal, the first 
much shorter than the first flowering scale. 
Inflorescence generally loose and open, the branches elongated and more or less 
spreading, usually in whorls or sometimes opposite or alternate. 

Upper surface of the leaf-blades glabrous : scales of the spikelet usually 7-8, 
the flowering ones awnless, or sometimes the first and rarely the second 
short-awned. 3. L. virgata. 

Upper surface of the leaf-blades hirsute toward the base: scales of the spike- 
let usually 5-6, the flowering ones all awned, the awn of the first more : 
than 15 as long as the body. 4. L. Domingensis. 

Inflorescence jong and narrow, the branches commonly short, erect or nearly 
so, crowded and disposed in dense alternate fascicles, 


t2 


. L. attenuata. 


POACEAE 139 


Sheaths smooth or nearly so: flowering scales 1.75 mm. long, broad, obtuse, 


the nerves densely pilose excepting at the summit. 5. L. Nealleyi. 
Sheaths very rough: flowering scales 2.5 mm, long, narrow, acute, the nerves 
pilose below the middle. 6. L. scabra. 


1. Leptochloa mucronata ( Michx. ) Kunth. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, finally branching : 
leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, generally more or less hirsute ; blades 6-25 cm. long, 
1 em. wide or less, rough: inflorescence 1.5-5 dm. long, usually included at the base : 
spikes slender, commonly elongated, ascending, 5-15 cm. long: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long : 
scales usually 5 ; the 2 outer empty, acute, equal, or the first somewhat shorter than the sec- 
ond, the first commonly a little shorter than the first flowering scale, rarely somewhat ex- 
ceeding it; flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long, rounded at the emarginate apex, the nerves 
pilose, excepting at the apex, the hairs copious and long. 

In fields, Virginia to Florida and California. Summer. 


2. Leptochloa attenuàta Nutt. Stems tufted, 2-6 dm. tall, finally branching : leaf- 
sheaths more or less hirsute ; blades 4-20 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, rough, sparingly hir- 
sute above: inflorescence 1.5-2 dm. long, usually included at the base: spikes slender, 
spreading or ascending, 4-10 em. long: spikelets 1.6-2 mm. long : scales 5 or6 ; the 2 outer 
empty, subulate, acuminate, awn-pointed, generally about equal, or the first shorter than 
the second which reaches the apex of the second flowering scale; flowering scales a little 
less than 1 mm. long, rounded at the apex, the nerve-hairs scant and very short. 

In low sandy bottoms, Illinois to the Indian Territory. Fall. 


3. Leptochloa virgàta (L.) Beauv. Stems 2-10 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous; 
blades 5-30 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, often rough above: inflorescence 1-2.5 dm. long, 
exserted : spikes numerous, erect or ascending, usually in whorls, sometimes scattered or 
in pairs, 3-12 em. long, rather stout: spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long: scales 6-9 ; the 2 outer 
empty, broad, acute; flowering scales 2-2.5 mm. long, the midnerve glabrous, sometimes 
excurrent in a short point or awn, the lateral nerves pubescent for the upper two-thirds. 

Insandy soil, Texas. Alsoin Mexico, South America and the West Indies. Summer. 

4. Leptochloa Domingénsis (Jacq.) Trin. Stems 2-10 dm. tall, finally branching : 
leaf-sheaths glabrous or sparingly hirsute ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 1 em. wide or less, some- 
times rough beneath, hirsute above: inflorescence 1-2 dm. long, its axis smooth : spikes 
erect or somewhat ascending, usually numerous, the lower ones 3-10 em. long : spikelets, 
exclusive of the awns, 2-3 mm. long: scales 4 or 5; the 2 outer empty unequal, acute, 
shorter than the spikelet ; flowering scales 1.75-2.25 mm. long, acute, internerves glabrous or 
appressed-pubescent, the lateral nerves pilose for part way above the middle, the midnerve 
hispidulous above the middle and extending into an awn 3 to fully as long as the body. 

In sand, peninsular Florida and southern Texas. Also in tropical America. Summer. 

5. Leptochloa Nealleyi Vasey. Stems 4-10 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths smooth and gla- 
brous ; blades 4-20 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, roughish ; inflorescence 1.5-3.5 dm. long, in- 
cluded at the base : spikes very numerous, short and stout, 2-5 em. long, appressed : spike- 
lets crowded, about 3 mm. long : scales 5 or 6; the 2 outer empty, broad, obtuse, the first 
about à as long as the second which is } as long as the spikelet or less ; flowering scales 1.75 
mm. long, rounded at the apex, the midnerve sometimes excurrent, the nerves pilose, ex- 
cepting at the apex, with long hairs. 

In low land, central and southern Texas. Summer. 

6. Leptochloa scàbra Nees. Rough throughout. Stems 1 m. tall or less: leaf- 
sheaths glabrous ; blades 2-4 dm. long, 1 cm. wide or less : inflorescence 2-4 dm. long, in- 
cluded at the base: spikes very numerous, erect-ascending, sometimes curved, the lower 
ones 5-8 em. long: spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long: scales usually 6 ; the 2 outer empty, acute, 
the first } as long as the second which is less than 4 as long as the spikelet ; flowering scales 
about 2.5 mm. long, acute, the nerves pilose below the middle, the midnerve also hispidu- 
lous above the middle and usually excurrent in a short awn. 

In ditches and fields, Louisiana. Probably introduced. Fall. 


90. ACAMPTOCLADOS Nash. 


Perennial tufted grasses, with stiff stems, flat or involute leaf-blades and a panicle 
composed of scattered and distant widely spreading rigid branches. Spikelets scattered 
and distinct, singly disposed in two rows, sessile, 4-6-flowered. Scales 6-8, firm: the 2 

, lower empty, acuminate, about equal, the first 1-nerved, the second usually 3-nerved ; 
flowering scales very acute, becoming harder in fruit, 3-nerved, the nerves glabrous, the 
lateral nerves vanishing at the margin below the apex ; palet compressed, its 2 nerves cilio- 


late, gibbous at the base. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


140 POACEAE 


1. Acamptoclados sessilispicus (Buckl.) Nash. Stems 2-14 dm. tall, erect, sim- 
ple: leaf-sheaths crowded at the base of the stem, hairy at the summit ; blades 5-15 cm. 
long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, rough above: panicle 1-4 dm. long, its branches stout and rigid: 
spikelets 4-6-flowered, the flowering scales 4 mm. long. [Eragrostis sessilispica Buckl. } 

On prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer and fall. 


91. BÜLBILIS Raf. 


Perennial creeping stoloniferous grasses, with narrow flat leaf-blades and the inflores- 
cence of two forms, one staminate, consisting of one-sided spikes approximate at the sum- 
mit of long-exserted stems, the other pistillate, on short stems, composed of small spike- 
like clusters barely exserted from the sheath. Spikelets dioecious, sessile, very unlike. 
Staminate spikelets 2-3-flowered, crowded in 2 rows on one side of the short flattened 
spikes; scales 4 or 5, membranous; stamens 3.  Pistillate spikelets 1-flowered, the larger 
scales united at the base and involucre-like ; scales 3, the 2 outer empty, the first mem- 
branous, usually small, sometimes similar to the second which is the largest, firm, concave 
at the base, 3-lobed at the apex, the flowering scale narrow, nearly hyaline, enclosing a 
broad convolute 2-nerved palet and a flower. Styles distinct, long. Stigmas elongated, 
short-plumose. 

1. Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. Stoloniferous. Staminate stems 1-3 dm. tall, 
erect, slender, naked above: pistillate stems 1-8 em. long, much exceeded by the leaves : 
leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less, papillose-hirsute, those on the staminate stems 2-10 cm. 
long, erect, those on the stolons and pistillate stems 2.5 em. long or less and spreading : 
staminate spikes 2 or 3, approximate, the 2-3-flowered spikelets 4-5 mm. long, flattened : 
pistillate spikelets ovoid, the outer scales indurated. 

On plains and prairies, Minnesota to North Dakota, Arkansas aud Texas. Alsoin Mexico. Sum- 
mer. BUFFALO GRASS. 


92. PAPPOPHORUM Schreb. 


Perennial tufted grasses, with narrow leaf-blades and dense spike-like panicles. Spike- 
lets usually 1-2-flowered, narrow. Scales usually 4-6 ; the 2 lower empty, acute, carinate ; 
tlowering scales firm, divided into many awn-like lobes. Stamens3. Styles short, distinct. 
Stigmas plumose. 

1. Pappophorum apértum Munro. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, erect, rather stiff, 
finally somewhat branched : leaf-sheaths pubescent at the summit on the outside ; blades 
3 dm. long or less, usually involute: panicle 1-2 dm. long, narrow, its branches erect: 
spikelets 7-8 mm. long, including the awns, the flowering scales pubescent on the margins 
and keel for å their length. 

In dry soil, central Texas to Arizona. Alsoin Mexico. Spring and summer. 


93. MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm. 

Perennial creeping or stoloniferous monoecious grasses, with short rigid convolute often 
curved leaf-blades crowded at the nodes, and an inconspicuous inflorescence concealed 
among the leaves. Spikelets unisexual, the staminate hardly differing from the pistillate, 
2-flowered, rarely 3-flowered, usually sessile and in pairs, or stipitate and single, in the leaf 
fascicles, the rachilla continuous and prolonged beyond the flower and sometimes bearing a 
short terminal scale. Seales 4 or 5, the 2 outer empty, somewhat resembling the floral 
leaves, distichous, membranous and sheathing at the base, linear, rigid and spreading 
above, many-nerved, the remaining scales membranous, firmly hyaline, obtuse or denticu- 
late, enclosing a 2-nerved convolute palet and a flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, long. 
Stigmas elongated, shortly barbellate-plumose. 


1. Monanthochloe littoralis Engelm. Branches densely tufted from creeping stems, 
1-5 dm. tall, stiff, wiry: leaf-blades crowded on short branches, widely spreading, 1.5 em. 
long or less, stiff, often curved. 

In sand along the seacoast, southern Florida and southern Texas and Lower California. Spring 
and summer. 


b. 
94. MUNROA Torr. 
Low annual tufted grasses, with many rigid and often creeping dichotomously or fascic- 
ulately branched stem, short rigid spinescent leaves which are crowded at the nodes or at 


POACEAE 141 


the summit of the branches, and an inconspicuous inflorescence which is almost concealed 
in the leaf-fascicles. Spikelets few, usually 3-flowered, almost sessile, in small clusters in 
the axils of the floral leaves. Scales several, the 2 outer empty, persistent, narrow, acute, 
hyaline, nerveless, the remaining ones 3-nerved, larger, entire, retuse, or 3-cleft at the 
apex, the central nerve or all of them excurrent in a short tip, each of the lower scales 
enclosing a narrow folded hyaline 2-keeled palet and a perfect flower, the upper scales 
empty, similar to the flowering ones but smaller and narrower or sometimes with one re- 
duced to 3 awns. Stamens 3. Styles elongated. Stigmas loosely and shortly plumose. 


1. Munroa squarrósa (Nutt. ) Torr. Stems 5-20 dm. long, tufted, erect to prostrate, 
much branched : leaf-sheaths short, crowded at the nodes and ends of the branches ; blades 
2.5 em. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, rigid, spreading, rough, pungently pointed : spikelets 
2-5-flowered ; flowering scales 3-toothed, the teeth short-pointed or awned. 

On dry plains, South Dakota to Alberta, Nebraska, Texas and Arizona. Summer and fall. 


95. ARÜNDO L. 

Tall perennial grasses, with thick stout somewhat woody stems, broad flat leaf-blades 
and dense panicles. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, the rachilla-internodes glabrous. Seales 
4-many ; empty scales narrow; flowering scales broader, 3-nerved, hairy on the back. 
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Arundo Dónax L. Stems stout, erect, 3-6 m. tall: leaf-blades often 5 dm. long 
or ae and sometimes 4-5 em. wide: panicle 5-8 dm. long, oblong: spikelets numerous, 
crowded. 


Occasionally escaped from cultivation in the southern United States. Native of the tropical and 
warmer regions of both hemispheres. Summer. 


96. PHRAGMITES Trin. 

Tall perennial grasses, with flat usually broad leaf-blades and ample terminal panicles. 
Spikelets 2-several-flowered, the lower flower staminate, the remainder perfect, the rachilla 
articulated between the flowers and covered with long silky hairs which surround the fertile 
scales. Scales 4-several, glabrous, thin, narrow, acute, keeled, the 2 outer empty, the first 
much shorter than the second, the remaining scales long-acuminate, the lowest one enclos- 
ing a staminate flower, the remainder of the scales narrower and each containing a perfect 
flower or the upper sometimes empty ; palet hyaline, much shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. 
Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Phragmites Phragmites (L.) Karst. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, stout, erect, from long 
rootstocks: leaf-sheaths loose, overlapping ; blades 1.5-3 dm. long or more, 1-5 cm. wide, 
flat: panicle ample, 1.5-3 dm. long or more, its branches ascending: spikelets crowded, 
the flowering scales 10-12 mm. long, long-acuminate. [P. communis Trin. ] 


In swamps and wet places in almost all parts of North America north of Mexico. Also in Europe 
and Asia. Summer and fall. CoMMON REED. 


97. TRIDENS R. & S. 

Usually perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades and the inflorescence com- 
posed of open or contracted and sometimes spike-like panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, 
the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 5-many, membranous, sometimes 
firmer, the 2 lower empty, keeled, obtuse to acuminate, usually shorter than the rest, some- 
times longer: flowering scales 3-nerved, the midnerve or all the nerves excurrent, the 
midnerve and the lateral nerves or the margins pilose, the apex entire or shortly 2-toothed, 
the teeth obtuse to acute, the callus short and obtuse ; palet shorter than the scale, com- 
pressed, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


A. Panicle open, the branches long and more or less spreading. 
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale vanishing at the margin, not excurrent. 
Spikelets 4-5 mm. long, the nerves of the palet not abruptly gibbous below 


the middle. i 1. T. eragrostoides. 
Spikelets 8-10 mm. long, nerves of the palet abruptly and strongly gibbous 
below the middle. 2. T. Texanus. 


mtis nerves manifestly ee As E nnd projections. 
pikelets oval, more than 12 as broad as long ; i 
Spikelets 7-9-flowered, 5 mm. long: palet rounded at the decidedly apic- 


ulate apex, the nerves ciliolate, the internerve broadly ovate-oval. 3. T. ambiguus. 
Spikelets 4-6-flowered, 6-7 mm. long: palet obtuse at the apex, the nerves Bey 
ciliate, the internerve elliptic or nearly so. 4. T. Langloisii. 


Spikelets elliptic to linear-oblong, less than 14 as broad as long. 5. T. seslerioides. 


142 POACEAE 


B. Panicle narrow, often spike-like, its branches erect or appressed. 
Second empty scale I-nerved. 
Lateral nerves excurrent in short projections, the nerve-hairs less than 1 
mm. long. 
Panicle exceeding 1.5 dm. in length: spikelets not turgid, the palet- 
nerves not gibbous at the base. 
Sheaths, at least the basal, villous; spikelets loosely arranged, the 


empty scales broad, ! as long as the spikelet or less. 6. 7. Drummond. 
Sheaths glabrous: spikelets erowded, the empty scales narrow and 
often equalling or exceeding the flowering scales. 7. T. strictus. 


Panicle less than 1 dm. long: spikelets turgid, the palet-nerves abruptly 
and strongly gibbous at the base. : 
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale vanishing below the apex : nerve-hairs 
about 1.5 mm. long. 9. T. muticus. 
Second empty scale 3-5-nerved. 
Spikelets 8-10-flowered, 10-14 mm. long, the hairs on the margins and mid- 


8. T. congestus. 


nerve of the flowering scales copious. 10. T. elongatus. 
Spikelets 3-5-flowered, 5-8 mm. long, the hairs on the margins and midnerve 
of the flowering scales scanty. 11. T. Buckleyanus. 


1l. Tridens eragrostoides (Vasey & Scribn.) Nash. Stems tufted, 3-12 dm. tall, 
smooth : leaf-sheaths overlapping, rough ; blades erect or ascending, 2-3 dm. long, 4-7 
mm. wide, long-acuminate, rough: panicle loose and open, 1.5-3 dm. long, its rough 
branches ascending, the larger 3-12 cm. long: spikelets loosely arranged, 7—10-flowered, 
4-5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, ovate ; empty scales l-nerved, acuminate, hispid on the 
keel, the first much narrower than the second ; flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, oval 
and about 1.5 mm. wide when spread out, the apex rounded or nearly truncate, denticulate, 
the hairs on their margins and midnerve about 0.2 mm. long, the midnerve usually excur- 
rent, the lateral nerves vanishing at the margin. — [ T’riodia eragrostoides Vasey & Scribn.] 

On hillsides, southern Florida and Texas. Alsoin Mexico. Summer and fall. 

2. Tridens Texànus (Thurb.) Nash. Stems tufted, 2-7 dm. tall, more or less hirsute 
toward the base: stem-leaves 2 or 3; sheaths glabrous to sparingly hirsute, pilose at the 
summit ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, long-acuminate, often more or less hir- 
sute : panicle loose and open, 6-17 em. long, its branches at length spreading, the lower 
2-7 em. long: spikelets loosely disposed, 8-11-flowered, 8-10 mm. long, oblong to narrowly 
ovate; empty scales rather broad, I-nerved, acute; flowering scales about 3.5 mm. long, 
oval and about 2.5 mm. broad when spread out, the apex obtusely 2-toothed, their nerve- 
hairs about 0.7 mm. long, the lateral nerves barely if at all excurrent, the midnerve shortly 
so; palet with the ciliolate nerves gibbous below the middle. [ Triodia Tecana 'Thurb.] 

On hills and in valleys, Louisiana to Arizona and northern Mexico. Summer. 

3. Tridens ambiguus ( Ell.) Schult. Stems 5-9 dm. tall, smooth: leaf-sheaths smooth 
and glabrous; blades 0.5-3 dm. long, 1-3 mm. wide: panicle loose and open, 8-20 em. long, 
its branches ascending, the larger 4-10 cm. long : spikelets loosely arranged, 7-9-flowered, 
about 5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, oval; empty scales rather broad, acute, 1-nerved ; 
flowering scales 3-3.5 mm. long, oval and about 2 mm. broad when spread out, their 
nerve-hairs about 0.7 mm. long, the lateral nerves slightly excurrent, and the midnerve in 
an awn about 0.3 mm. long ; palet ciliolate on the nerves, the internerve broadly ovate- 
oval, the rounded apex decidedly apiculate. [Triodia ambigua ( EM.) Vasey.] 

In dry pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Summer and fall, 

4. Tridens Langloisii Nash. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, smooth : leaf-sheaths glabrous, or 
pilose at the summit ; blades minutely pubescent above, the basal 2-4 dm. long, 2.5-5 mm. 
wide, those on the stem shorter and narrower: panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long, about 2 cm. 
broad, its branches erect or nearly so, the larger 6-10 cm. long : spikelets loosely arranged, 
4-6-flowered, 6-7 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide ; empty scales rather broad, acute, 1-nerved or 
the second rarely 3-nerved ; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, elliptic and 2.25 mm. wide 
when spread out, their nerve- hairs about 0.5 mm. long, the apex minutely 2-toothed, the 
nerves excurrent in short tips; palet ciliate on the nerves, the apex obtuse, the inter- 
nerve elliptic or elliptic-ovate. 

In pine lands, western Florida to Texas. Summer and fall. 

5. Tridens seslerioides (Michx.) Nash. Stems tufted, 5-16 dm. tall, smooth : 
stem-leaves 2-6 ; sheaths smooth, villous at the summit, those at the base crowded, the 
remainder shorter than the internodes ; blades elongated, the basal and lower ones 2-6 dm. 
long, 5-15 mm. wide, the uppermost one 6-20 cm. long, long-acuminate, smooth ; panicle 
loose and open, 1.5-4 dm. long, its branches from nearly erect to spreading, drooping at 
the end, the lower from 7-25 em. long, the axils more or less villous: spikelets usually 
numerous, 5-8-flowered, 7-10 mm. long, elliptic to linear-oblong ; empty scales rather 
broad, acute, 1-nerved ; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, their nerve-hairs about 0.7 mm. 
long, the apex 2-toothed between the excurrent nerves. [Z'riodia cuprea Jacq. | 


In dry soil, New York to Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall.— 7. seslerioides 
Chapmánii (Small) Nash, differs from the species in its smaller panicle with more rigid branches and 
more densely villous axils, and in the more acute teeth of the flowering scale. It occurs in Georgia, and 
from Texas to Oklahoma and the Indian Territory. RED-TOP. 


POACEAE 143 


6. Tridens Drummóndii (Scribn. & Kearn.) Nash. Stems 8-12 dm. tall from a 
scaly rootstock, smooth : basal leaf-sheaths crowded, villous, the upper ones glabrous or 
nearly so; blades of the basal leaves elongated, 2-4 dm. long, about 5 mm. wide ; blade 
of the uppermost stem-leaf 3 cm. long or less: panicle narrow, spike-like, 1.5-2 dm. long, 
its branches short and appressed : spikelets rather loosely arranged, 3-5-flowered, 8-10 
mm. long; empty scales broad, 1-nerved, short-awned at the shortly 2-toothed apex; 
flowering scales firm, 5-6 mm. long, elliptic-ovate when spread out, their nerve-hairs about 
0.8 mm. long, the apex 2-lobed, the nerves excurrent as projections.  [ Z'riodia Drummondii 
Scribn. & Kearn.] 

In dry soil or in low pine lands, South Carolina to Mississippi and Florida. Fall. 


7. Tridens strictus ( Nutt.) Nash. Stems5-15 dm. tall, smooth : leaf-sheaths smooth ; 
blades erect or ascending, 4 dm. long or less, 2-7 mm. wide, long-acuminate, smooth ex- 
cept on the margins: panicle narrow, spike-like, 1.5-3 dm. long, 1-1.5 em. broad, its 
branches short and appressed : spikelets crowded, 6-10-flowered, 5-6 mm. long ; empty 
scales narrow, l-nerved, acuminate, usually exceeding the flowering scales; flowering 
scales 3.5—4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad and elliptic when spread out, their nerve-hairs about 
0.8 mm. long, the lateral nerves usually slightly excurrent, the midnerve extended into a 
short awn 0.25-0.5 mm. long. ['iodia stricta ( Nutt. ) Vasey.] 

In moist soil and meadows, Kansas to Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 


8. Tridevs congéstus (L. H. Dewey) Nash. Stems tufted, 1-7 dm. tall, smooth : 
leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth ; blades ascending, 5-20 cm. long, 2-5 
mm. wide, long-acuminate, smooth beneath, roughish above: panicle dense, 3-8 cm. long, 
1-1.5 em. broad, its branches short and erect: spikelets nearly sessile, crowded, turgid, 
8-15-flowered, 8-12 mm. long, about 4 mm. broad, ovate to oblong ; empty scales broad, 
l-nerved, acute ; flowering scales about 5 mm. long, orbicular when spread out, their nerve- 
hairs about 0.8 mm. long, the midnerve and often also the lateral nerves excurrent in short 
projections; palet-nerves hispid and saccate at the base. [Triodia congesta L. H. Dewey.] 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring to fall. 


9. Tridens müticus (Torr.) Nash. Stems tufted, 2-5 dm. tall, roughened: leaf- 
sheaths glabrous or papillose-hirsute ; blades erect or ascending, 2-12 cm. long, 3 mm. 
wide or less, often involute when dry, rough : panicle narrow, 6-15 cm. long, its branches 
appressed : spikelets 6-9-flowered, 10-12 mm. long, lanceolate ; empty scales l-nerved ; 
flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, obscurely and irregularly lobed at the obtuse or rounded 
apex, the hairs on their margins and midnerve about 1.5 mm. long, the lateral nerves 
vanishing below the apex, the midnerve also, or the latter continued to the apex, or rarely 
excurrent as a short projection.  ( T'rieuspis mutica Torr. ] 

On dry hills, Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. Spring to fall. 


10. Tridens elongàtus (Buckl.) Nash. Stems tufted, 3-9 dm. tall, very rough : leaf- 
sheaths longer than the internodes, rough ; blades erect or ascending, 4-25 cm. long, 3 mm. 
broad or less, long-acuminate, rough: panicle narrow, 12-25 em. long, its branches ap- 
pressed : spikelets 8-10-flowered, 10-14 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, elliptic; first empty 
scale 1-nerved, the second 3-5-nerved ; flowering scales 5-6 mm. long, the apex obtuse or 
minutely 2-toothed, their hairs on the margins and midnerve about 1 mm. long, the lateral 
nerves vanishing below the apex, the midnerve excurrent as a short projection. 

On plains or prairies, Colorado to Texas and Arizona. Summer and fall. 


11. Tridens Buckleyànus (Vasey) Nash. Stems 6-8 dm. tall, very rough, as are 
the sheaths: leaf-blades 0.5-2 dm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide, involute when dry, rough on 
both surfaces: panicle narrow, slender, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, its main axis and appressed 
branches rough, the larger ones 3-5 em. long : spikelets loosely disposed, 3-5-flowered, 5-8 
mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, narrowly elliptic ; empty scales narrow, acuminate, the first 
1-nerved, the second 3-nerved ; flowering scales about 5 mm. long, elliptic and about 2 mm. 
wide when spread out, the apex minutely 2-toothed, the midnerve sometimes excurrent in 
a short tip between the teeth, the lateral nerves vanishing just below the apex, the hairs on 
the margins and midnerve scanty, about 0.4 mm. long. [Triodia Buckleyana Vasey. ] 

In dry soil, southern Texas. Summer and fall. 


98. ERIONEURON Nash. 


Perennial tufted grasses, with thick linear leaf-blades having thickened white mar- 
gins, and dense contracted almost capitate panicles. Spikelets several-many-flowered : 
empty basal scales 2, narrow, acuminate : flowering scales broad, 3-nerved, pubescent on 
the nerves below, and sometimes also on the body of the scale at the base, with long silky 


144 POACEAE 


white hairs, the apex acuminate, entire or slightly 2-toothed, the awn terminal or arising 
between the minute teeth. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. 

1. Erioneuron pilósum (Buckl.) Nash. Stems densely tufted, 0.4-3 dm. tall, naked 
above: leaf-sheaths sparingly pilose at the summit; blades erect, folded, linear, obtuse or 
abruptly acutish at the apex, thick, with broad white serrulate margins, papillose-hirsute, 
especially beneath, the basal numerous, 2-8 cm. long, those on the stem usually 3 em. 
long or less: panicle racemose or nearly so, 1-3 em. long: spikelets 3-8, crowded, 1-1.5 
em. long, about 5 mm. broad, the empty scales acuminate, 1-nerved, the flowering scales, 
exclusive of the awn, 5.5-6 mm. long, acuminate, entire or slightly toothed at the apex, 
the internerves pilose at the base, the nerves pilose on the lower 4 and the midnerve 
also above the middle, the longer hairs about 2 mm. long, the awn 1-1.5 mm. long. 

In dry gravelly soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas and Arizona. Summer. 


99. TRIPLASIS Beauv. 

Perennial grasses, with very narrow flat or convolute leaf-blades and terminal con- 
tracted or open somewhat branched panicles. Spikelets shortly pedicellate, 2-6-flowered, 
the flowers perfect or the upper staminate, the glabrous rachilla articulated between the 
flowers, the internodes long. Scales 4-8, membranous, the 2 lower empty, keeled, acute 
shorter than the rest, the flowering scales distant on the rachilla, dorsally rounded at the 
base, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves pilose, deeply 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes obtuse, acute 
or acuminate, each with a glabrous or pubescent awn arising between the lobes, the callus 
long and subulate ; palet shorter than the scale, compressed, 2-keeled, the keels long-ciliate. 
Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

Flowering scale 14 as broad as long or more, with a shorter straight awn 3 mm. long 


or less. 
Lobes of the flowering scale rounded or truncate at the irregularly and minutely 
toothed apex ; awn less than 2 mm. long. 1. T. purpurea. 
Lobes of the flowering scale acute or acutish at the apex ; awn 2.5-3 mm. long. 2. T. intermedia. 
Flowering scale 1/; as broad as long, its lobes acuminate, pointed, the awn longer 
than the scale, 6 mm. in length or more, recurved, at least when dry. 3. 7. Americana. 


1. Triplasis purptrea (Walt.) Chapm. Stems tufted, 2-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths 
rough; blades 15 cm. long or less, 1-3 mm.. wide, rough: panicle finally exserted, its 
branches in 1’s or Xs, 4 em. long or less: spikelets on short hispidulous pedicels: scales 
4 or 5; the 2 outer empty, acuminate ; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide 
when spread out, divided about } way down, the lobes rounded or truncate at the irregularly 
and minutely toothed apex, theawn equalling or a little exceeding the lobes, pilose on the 
lower half, less than 2 mm. long, straight. [T. sparsiflora Chapm. ] 


In sandy soil, usually along the coast, Ontario to Florida and Texas. Also along the Great Lakes 
and from Missouri and Nebraska southward. Summer. SAND GRASS. 


2. Triplasis intermédia Nash. Stems densely tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, slender: leaf- 
sheaths very rough, papillose-hirsute toward the base with long ascending hairs; blades 
13 em. long or less, involute when dry, rough, hirsute above : panicle finally exserted, its 
branches in 1's-3's, pubescent at the base, rough, the larger ones 2-4 em. long: spikelets on 
short pubescent pedicels, 8-10 mm. long; scales 5 or 6; the 2 outer empty, acuminate ; 
flowering scales 4.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide when spread out, divided from 1-À their 
length, the lobes acute to somewhat obtuse, the awn 2.5-3 mm. long, straight, much exceed- 
ing the scale. 

In dry sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida. Summer. 

3. Triplasis Americana Beauv. Stems tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, slender, puberulent : 
leaf-sheaths smooth ; blades 15 cm. long or less, less than 2 mm. wide, smooth, the upper 
surface minutely pubescent : panicle finally exserted, its branches single or in pairs, 3 cm. 
long or less : spikelets on short hispidulous pedicels; scales 4 or 5; the 2 outer empty, 
acuminate ; flowerimg scales about 5 mm. long and 1 mm. broad when spread out, divided to 
the middle, the lobes subulate, acuminate, pointed, the awn much exceeding the scale, usu- 
ally reflexed, at least when dry, pilose for about % its length, 6-8 mm. long. 

In dry sandy soil along the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer. 


100. REDFIELDIA Vasey. 


Tall perennial grasses, with long narrow leaf-blades and a terminal ample diffuse pan- 
icle, its branches long and capillary. Spikelets numerous, 1-3-flowered, the flowers perfect. 
Scales 3-5, acute, the 2 outer empty, about equal in length, the remaining scales com- 
pressed-keeled, larger, each furnished with a basal ring of hairs, 3-nerved, the middle 


POACEAE 145 


nerve often excurrent as a short tip ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. 
Styles long, distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. 

1. Redfieldia flexuósa (Thurb.) Vasey. Stems 1 m. tall or less, from a stout rootstock : 
leaf-blades elongated, 2-6 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth : panicle loose and open, 1.5-5 
dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending, the larger 7-15 cm. long, their divisions 
spreading and more or less flexuous : spikelets 5-6 mm. long, on slender spreading pedicels ; 
scales 4-7 ; the 2outer empty, acuminate; flowering scales 5-6 mm. long, acuminate, the 
callus densely pilose with long hairs. 

On prairies, Nebraska and Wyoming to the Indian Territory and Colorado. Summer and fall. 


101. DIPLACHNE Beauv. 


Tufted often tall grasses, with narrow flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence usually com- 
posed of numerous long slender spikes or racemes (rarely reduced to one and terminal), 
racemosely arranged on a long axis. Spikelets linear, sessile or nearly so, often scattered 
along and appressed to the rachis, many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones 
staminate. Scales many, membranous, the 2 lower empty, persistent, keeled, acute, un- 
equal, the remaining scales larger, the apex often 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned 
between the teeth ; palet shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 
3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


Inflorescence of a single raceme. l. D. spicata. 
Inflorescence of 5-many racemes. 
Flowering scales entire or shortly and acutely 2-toothed at the apex, usually 
awned or awn-tipped. 
Palet pilose on the infolded margins. 
Awn less than 14 as long as the body of the flowering scale. 
Spikelets 4-8 mm. long, the flowering scales acute or obtuse at the 2- 


toothed apex, the lateral nerves often excurrent. 2. D. fascicularis. 
Spikelets 10-12 mm. long, the flowering scales acuminate at the usually 
entire apex, the lateral nerves rarely excurrent. 3. D. acuminata. 
Awn 1 as long as the body of the flowering scale or more. 4. D. procumbens. 
Palet not pilose on the infolded margins. 5. D. Halei. 
Flowering scales usually awnless, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth broad and 
rounded. 6. D. dubia. 


1. Diplachne spicata Doell. Stems densely tufted, 1-2 dm. tall, naked above, twice 
as long as the innovations or more: leaf-sheaths short, more or less pilose at the apex ; 
blades erect, sparingly pilose, 0.5 mm. wide, involute, those on the stem 3 em. long or less, 
those on the innovations longer: inflorescence of+a single raceme, 4-10 em. long: spikelets 
7-8 mm. long ; scales 8-10, the lower empty ones rather narrow, the flowering scales, ex- 
clusive of the awn, about 3 mm. long, the nerves glabrous, the lateral ones vanishing below 
the apex, the midnerve excurrent in an awn 0.75-1.5 mm. long, the apex 2-toothed, a tuft 
of long hairs on the rachilla at the base of the palet. 

Among rocks, central Texas to Mexico. Summer and fall. 

2. Diplachne fasciculàris (Lam.) Beauv. Stems tufted, finally branched, 3-8 dm. 
tall, somewhat exceeding the innovations to twice their length : lower leaf-sheaths often 
rough; blades erect, 1-2 dm. long, 3 mm. wide or less: involute when dry, rough, the 
uppermost one often equalling or exceeding the inflorescence : inflorescence usually partially 
included at the base, its 8 or more racemes erect or erect-ascending, the larger ones 4-8 cm. 
long: spikelets 6-8 mm. long; scales 10-12, the lower empty ones acute, the flowering 
scales, exclusive of the awn, 3-4 mm. long, the apex commonly 2-toothed, the nerves pilose 
below the middle, the lateral nerves usually slightly excurrent, the midnerve extending 
into an awn 1 mm. long or less. 

Along the coast, Florida to Texas, and in the Mississippi Valley to Missouri. Summer and fall. 

3. Diplachne acuminata Nash. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. tall, finally branched : leaf- 
sheaths rough at the summit ; blades erect, 1-3 dm. long, 4.5 mm. wide or less, usually 
involute when dry, very rough, uppermost one generally exceeding the inflorescence : in- 
florescence partly included at the base, the exserted portion 2.5 dm. long or less, its 
branches and the main axis rough, the former erect or ascending, the larger 0.7-1.5 dm. 
long: spikelets 10-12 mm. long ; scales 8-11, the lower empty ones acuminate, the flower- 
ing scales 6-7 mm. long, acuminate at the entire or occasionally slightly 2-toothed apex, 
the lateral nerves rarely slightly excurrent, the midnerve extending into an awn 0. 75-1.3 
m long, the lateral nerves pilose below the middle, the midnerve rarely slightly so at the 

ase. 

In wet or moist soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Arkansas. Summer. 

4. Diplachne procumbens (Muhl.) Nash. Stems tufted, finally branched, 2-4 dm. 
tall: leaf-sheaths smooth ; blades erect, 8-20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, involute when 


10 


146 POACEAE 


dry, the uppermost one much exceeding the inflorescence: inflorescence included at the 
base, the exserted portion 12 em. long or less, its branches erect, the larger 5-7 cm. long: 
spikelets about 1 cm. long ; scales 8-10, the lower empty ones acuminate, usually awned or 
awn-pointed, the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 4.5-5 mm. long, acuminate at the 
2-toothed apex, the nerves pilose below the middle, the lateral ones usually slightly excur- 
rent, the awn $ as long as the scale-body or more. [Leptochloa polystachya Chapm. ] 

In brackish marshes, New York to South Carolina. Summer and fall. 

5. Diplachne Halei Nash. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, finally branched: leaf-sheaths 
smooth ; blades erect or ascending, 1.5-4 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, very rough : in- 
florescence finally exserted, 2-3 dm. long, 4-10 em. wide, its numerous branches ascending, 
4-7 cm. long: spikelets 4-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; scales 7-10, the lower empty 
ones rough, the first scale acute, the second obtuse, the flowering scales about 3 mm. long, 
slightly and usually obtusely 2-toothed at the obtuse apex, the lateral nerves pilose toward 
the base, not excurrent, the midnerve glabrous or pilose toward the base, excurrent in an 
awn 0.2 mm. long or less. 

In marshes, Louisiana to Texas. Summer and fall. 

6. Diplachne dubia (H.B.K.) Benth. Stems tufted, 3-10 dm. tall, simple: leaf- 
sheaths smooth ; blades erect, smooth or rough, 2-8 mm. wide, the uppermost one 1.5-8 
em. long, the lower 1.5-4 dm. long: inflorescence usually finally exserted, 1-2 dm. long, 
the 5-20 racemes erect to spreading, the larger 5-11 cm. long: spikelets 5-9 mm. long ; 
scales 5-10, the lower empty ones acuminate, the flowering scales about 4.5 mm. long, ob- 
long, rough at the 2-lobed apex, the lobes rounded at the summit, the nerves glabrous, the 
lateral ones vanishing considerably below the apex of the Iobes, the midnerve at the cleft 
or rarely extending into a short awn, the margins of the scale pilose below the middle. 

In woods and rocky places, Florida to Texas, Arizona and Mexieo. Summer and fall. 


102. RHOMBOLYTRUM Link. 

Perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades and a narrow contracted spike-like 
panicle. Spikelets numerous, several-flowered. Scales several ; 2 lower empty, 1-nerved ; 
flowering scales broad, rounded at the summit, 3-nerved, the nerves glabrous, the lateral 
ones disappearing below the margin, the midnerve at the margin or sometimes excurren 
as a short projection. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 


1. Rhombolytrum albéscens (Munro) Nash. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths 
shorter than the internodes; blades ascending, 0.5-2 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, smooth : 
panicle contracted, spike-like, 6-15 cm. long, 8-15 mm. broad, its branchés short and 
appressed : spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide, oval; scales 8-10, the 2 outer 
empty ones rather broad, 1-nerved, the flowering scales about 3 mm. long, nearly orbicular 
when spread out, rounded at the erose and sometimes acuminately 2-toothed apex, 3- 
nerved, the nerves glabrous, the lateral ones vanishing below the margin, the midnerve at 
the margin or sometimes excurrent as a short projection. 

In dry gravelly soil, Texas to Arizona. Summer. 


103. ERAGRÓSTIS Beauv. 

Low or tall annual or perennial tufted rarely dioecious grasses, the stems sometimes 
prostrate or creeping, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and open or contracted panicles. 
Spikelets numerous, arranged singly or in fascicles, 2-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or 
unisexual. Scales 4- many, membranous, compressed, keeled, the 2 lower empty, unequal, 
the remaining scales larger, 3-nerved, obtuse or acute at the apex ; palet shorter than the 
scale, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, often incurved and persistent on the rachilla after 
the fall of the scale. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. 


A. Stems not creeping: flowers perfect. 
a. Palet of the spikelets glabrous on the keels or merely hispidulous. 
* Annuals. 
Spikelets 2-5-flowered. 
hene and branches of the paniele short: stems usually branehed 
above. 
Pedicels and branches of the diffuse panicle long and capillary : stems 
branched only at the base. 
Stems slender, rarely equalling 5dm. in height : leaf-blades usually 
1.5 dm. long or less. 2. E. capillaris. 
Stems stout, 8-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades elongated, 4-6 dm. long. 3. E. hirsuta. 
Spikelets more than 5-flowered. : 
Panicle narrow, elongated, 2.5-5 dm. long, its branches erect or nearly 
so: spikelets crowded. 4. E. glomerata. 


1. E. Frankii. 


POACEAE 147 


Panicle open, usually less than 2.5 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending : spike- 
lets not crowded. 
Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide or less: palets remaining attached to the continuous rachis for 
some time after the flowering scales have fallen. 
Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the lateral 


nerves faint or wanting: spikelets about 1 mm. wide. 5. E. pilosa. 
Flowering scales firm, usually dull purple or green, the lateral 
nerves very prominent: spikelets about 1.5 mm. wide. 6. E. Purshii. 
Spikelets more than 2 mm. wide: palets falling with the flowering 
scales and the internodes of the rachis. 7. E. major. 


** Perennials. 
Spikelets scattered on long branches. 
Branches of the open panicle spreading or ascending, rather stiff. 


Lateral nerves of the flowering scales faint. 8. E. lugens. 
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale very prominent. 
Spikelets short-pedicelled, the pedicel 1 mm. long or less. 9. E. curtipedicellata, 


Spikelets on pedicels which are often as long as or much ex- 
ceeding the spikelet. 
Pedicels usually less than twice as long as the spikelet. 
Margins of the flowering scales convex above the middle, 


the scales hence merely acute. 10. E. pectinacea. 
Margins of the flowering scales straight or concave above 
the middle, the scales hence acuminate. 11. E. refracta. 
Pedicels many times longer than the spikelets. 12. E. Ellioitii. 
Branches of the narrow and elongated panicle long and flexuous, 
erect or nearly so. 13. E. trichodes. 
Spikelets crowded and clustered on short branches : 
Linear-lanceolate, 2 mm. wide or less. 14. E. simplex. 
Oblong to oval, exceeding 3 mm. in width. 
Flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, acute, firm. 15. E. secundiflora. 
Flowering scales 5 mm. long, acuminate, thin and papery. 16. E. Beyrichii. 
b. es of the spikelets beautifully and conspicuously ciliate with long 
airs. 
Panicle contracted, spike-like, the branches short and appressed. l7. E. ciliaris. 
Panicle open, its branches spreading. 18. E. plumosa. 
B. Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes. 3 
Flowering scales less than 2 mm. long, glabrous. 19. E. hypnoides. 
Flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, pubescent. 20. E. capitata. 


1 Eragrostis Frankii Steud. Stems 1.5-4 dm. tall, tufted, erect, often decumbent at 
the base, branching : leaf-blades 5-13 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough above: panicle 5-15 
cm. long, open, its branches ascending: spikelets ovate, 2-3 mm. long, 3-5-flowered, the 
flowering scales acute, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long, their lateral nerves obscure. 

In moist places, Connecticut to Minnesota, Mississippi, Louisiana and Kansas. Fall. 

2. Eragrostis capillàris (L.) Nees. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, slender, erect, finally 
branching at the base: leaf-blades 7-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle diffuse, 1-4 dm. 
long, its capillary branches spreading or ascending: spikelets ovate, 2-3 mm. long, 2-4- 
flowered, the flowering scales acute, 1.5 mm. long, their lateral nerves obscure. 

In dry places, Rhode Island and New York to Missouri, Georgia and Texas. Summer and fall, 

3. Eragrostis hirsüta (Michx.) Nash. Stems densely tufted, rather stout, 7-13 dm. 
tall: leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, strongly papillose-hispid, each with a tuft of hairs 
at the apex ; blades, the lower leaves, 4-6 dm. long, less than 1 cm. wide, long-acuminate, 
flat : panicle 5-8 dm. long, diffuse, its long branches finally widely spreading: spikelets 
3-5-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, the flowering scales 2-2.5 mm. long. 

In dry fields, thickets and woodlands, South Carolina to Florida, the Indian Territory and Texas. 
Summer and fall. 

4. Eragrostis glomeràta (Walt.) L. H. Dewey. Stems erect, rather stout, 2.5-8 
dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades rough, 2 dm. long or less, less than 1 cm. wide, 
long-acuminate: panicle narrow, contracted, 1-5 dm. long, its branches erect or nearly so : 
spikelets 5-10-flowered, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the flowering scales about 1 mm. long. [£. 
conferta Trin. ] 

In damp or wet places, South Carolina to Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas. Alsoin Mexico. 
Summer and fall. 

5. Eragrostis pildsa (L.) Beauv. Stems tufted, 1.5-5 dm. tall, erect, slender, 
branched : jeaf-blades 2-13 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less: panicle 5-15 cm. long, its 
branches finally spreading, often hairy in the axils : spikelets 5-12-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, 
about 1 mm. wide, the flowering scales acute, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long, thin, the lateral 
nerves faint or wanting. 

In eultivated ground or waste placés, southern New England to Illinois, Kansas, Florida and 
Texas. Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. 

6. Eragrostis Pürshii Schrad. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall, tufted, finally much-branched : 
leaf-blades 3-9 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less: panicle 7-20 cm. long, open, its branches 
spreading, naked in the axils: spikelets 5-15-flowered, 3-8 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, 
the flowering scales acute, firm, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent. 

In dry places, throughout the United States and extending into Ontario. Summer and fall. 


148 POACEAE 


7. Eragrostis major Host. Ill-scented. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, at first erect, finally 
decumbent and much branched : leaf-blades 5-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat: panicle 
5-15 em. long, its branches spreading or ascending: spikelets 8-35-flowered, 5-16 mm. 
long and about 3 mm. wide, flat, the flowering scales obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long, the lateral 
nerves prominent. [. megastachya Link. ] 

Ineultivated and waste places, nearly throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe. 
Summer and fall. SKUNK GRass. 

8. Eragrostis làgeus Nees. Stems tufted, slender, 2-3 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths, at 
least the lower ones, papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs ; blades erect, papillose- 
hirsute with long spreading hairs, 3-9 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide: panicle 1-2 dm. long, 
its branches long and ascending: spikelets 3-7-flowered, 3.5—4.5 mm. long, 1.3 mm. wide. 

In dry soil, southern peninsular Florida. Also in Mexico and South America. Spring and summer. 

9. Eragrostis curtipedicellàta Duckl. Stems 1.5-9 dm. tall, erect, rigid : leaf- 
sheaths overlapping, pilose at the summit ; blades 5-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough 
above: panicle 1-3 dm. long, the branches widely spreading: spikelets 5-12-flowered, 
3-6 mm. long, the flowering scales about 1.75 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent. 

Qn prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer and fall. 

10. Eragrostis pectinàcea ( Michx.) Steud. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, rigid : leaf-sheaths 
overlapping, glabrous or pubescent, the upper one often enclosing the base of the panicle ; 
blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough above: panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, purple or 
purplish, its branches widely spreading or the lower ones reflexed, strongly bearded in the 
axils: spikelets 5-15-flowered, 3-8 mm. long, the flowering scales about 1.75 mm. long, 
their lateral nerves very prominent. 

In dry usually sterile soil, New Hampshireto South Dakota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

11. Eragrostis refrácta (Muhl.) Scribn. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, slender : leaf-sheaths 
overlapping, glabrous ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough above and villous to- 
ward the base: panicle 2-5 dm. long, its slender branches finally widely spreading, the 
axils often bearded : spikelets 6-25-flowered, 5-12 mm. long, the flowering scales acumi- 
nite, 1.5-2 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent.  [ E. campestris Trin. ] 

In moist soil, Delaware and Maryland tozFlorida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


12. Eragrostis Bllióttii S. Wats. Stems tufted, firm, erect, 4-10 dm. tall: leaf- 
sheaths glabrous ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above, 
long-acuminate: panicle diffuse, 2-5 dm. long, its long slender branches finally widely 
spreading or ascending: spikelets 6-13-flowered, 5-10 mm. long, the flowering scales 
1.75-2 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent. [ÆE. nitida El] 

In dry soil, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Fall. 


13. Eragrostis trichódes ( Nutt.) Nash. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths overlap- 
ping, pilose at the throat; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, attenuate into long 
slender tips: panicle 2-7 dm. long, narrow and elongated, the branches capillary, the lower 
axils sometimes bearded : spikelets usually pale, or sometimes purple-tinged, 3-10-flowered, 
5-9 mm. long, the flowering scales acute, the lower ones 2.5-3 mm. long, their lateral nerves 
manifest. 

In dry sandy soil, Ohio and Illinois to Nebraska, Arkansas and Texas. Summer and fall. 


14. Eragrostis símplex Scribn. Stems densely tufted, ascending, 2-5 dm. tall, rather 
stiff : leaf-sheaths and blades usually sparsely pubescent, the latter erect or ascending, 
7-10 cm. long and 2-4 mm. wide: panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches stiff and widely 
spreading, usually 2-4 cm. long: spikelets 12-40-flowered, 5-17 mm. long, 1.6-2 mm. 
wide. [E. Brownei Chapm., not Nees. ] 

In waste places and in ditches, Florida. Summer and fall. 

15. Eragrostis secundiflora Presl Stems tufted, 1-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades 3 dm. 
long or less, 2-4 mm. wide : panicle 4-15 cm. long, its branches short and erect : spikelets 
crowded and clustered, 12-20-flowered, 6-14 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. [E. orylepis Torr.] 

In sandy soil, Missouri and Kansas to Mississippi and Texas. Alsoin Mexico. Summer and fall. 

16. Eragrostis Beyríchii J. G. Smith. Stems tufted, 1-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades 
2 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, involute when dry: panicle 3-20 em. long, its branches 
short and erect : spikelets crowded and clustered, 12—42-flowered, usually 1-2 em. long and 
about 5 mm. wide, the flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acuminate, in side view cuneate. 

Insandy places, Texas. Alsoin Mexico. Summer. 

17. Eragrostis ciliàris (L.) Link. Annual. Stems densely tufted, erect or ascend- 
ing, slender, 1.5-4 dm. tall, often branching : leaf-sheaths usually ciliate on the margin 
and with a tuft of long hairs at the apex ; blades flat, ascending, 2-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide: panicle spike-like, often interrupted below, 3-10 cm. long, its branches short and 


POACEAE 149 


appressed : spikelets 6-16-flowered, the nerves of the palet long-ciliate, the hairs exceeding 
0.5 mm. in length. 


In waste places and cultivated ground, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Widely distributed in 
tropical America. Summer and fall. 


18. Eragrostis plumósa Link. Annual. Stems densely tufted, ascending, slender, 
1-4 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths usually ciliate on the margin and with a tuft of hairs at the apex ; 
blades flat, spreading or ascending, 2-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle open, usually 
diffuse, oblong, 4-16 em. long, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 4-8-flowered, 
the nerves of the palet ciliate with hairs about 0.2 mm. long. 

In cultivated ground and waste places, southern Georgia and Florida. Widely distributed in 
tropical regions. Spring to fall. 

19. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Stems 2-5 dm. long, slender, creeping 
and rooting at the nodes, branched : leaf-blades pubescent above, sometimes also below, 
erect to spreading, commonly 1-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, or sometimes involute : 
panicle 1.5-5 cm. long: spikelets 10-35-flowered, 4-16 mm. long, the flowering scales 1.5-2 
mm. long, glabrous, those of the pistillate spikelets more sharply acute than those of the 
staminate.  [ E. reptans Nees. ] 

Along shores, usually in sand or gravel, Vermont and Ontario to Oregon, Florida and Texas. Also 
in tropieal America. Summer and fall. 

20. Eragrostis capitàta (Nutt.) Nash. Stems branching and creeping, rooting at 
the nodes which send up branches 6-10 cm. long: leaf-sheaths, at least those on the 
branches, pubescent: blades spreading or ascending, 1-3 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, flat, 
lanceolate, pubescent : panicle 2-3 cm. long, nearly or quite as broad, oval: spikelets 
crowded, clustered, 12-30-flowered, 6-14 mm. long. [Poa capitata Nutt. ] 


In sandy, usually wet soil, Arkansas and Louisiana to Nebraska, New Mexico and Texas. Also in 
Mexico. Summer, 


104. EATONIA Raf. 

Tufted perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and usually narrow and 
contracted, or sometimes open panicles. Spikelets numerous, 2-3-flowered, shining. Soalts 
4 or 5, membranous, the 2 outer empty, the first very narrow, 1-nerved, acuminate, the 
second much broader, obovate when spread out, obtuse, truncate, and sometimes apiculate 
at the apex, 3-nerved, the remaining scales narrower, obtuse or somewhat acute ; palet 
narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. 


Empty scales usually unequal, the first commonly shorter and not more than 1/5 
as wide as the second. 
Second scale obovate in side view, rounded at the summit. 
Leaf-sheaths, blades and stems glabrous. 1. E. obtusata, 
_ Leaf-sheaths, and often the blades and stems softly pubescent. 2. E. pubescens. 
Second scale oblanceolate in side view, acute or acutish at the apex. 
Basal leaf-blades long, slender, involute, at least when dry, usually equal- 


ling or sometimes exceeding the stems. 3. E. filiformis. 
Basal leaf-blades short, broad, flat, many times shorter than the stems. : 
Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long. 4. E. Pennsylvanica, 
Spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 5. E. longiflora. 
Empty scales usually equal, the first at least 14 as broad as the second. m 
Leaf-sheaths and blades softly pubescent. 6. E. nitida. 
Leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous. 7. E. glabra. 


1. Batonia obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, often stout: leaf- 
sheaths and blades usually rough, the latter flat, 2.5-23 cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide, rarely 
wider: panicle 5-15 em. long, dense and usually spike-like, strict, sometimes purple, its 
branches erect : spikelets crowded, 2.5-3 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Massachusetts and Ontario to Assiniboia, Florida and Arizona. Summer. 

2. Eatonia pubéscens Scribn. & Mer. A tufted perennial, with the leaf-sheaths, 
back of the ligule and lower part of the stem softly and densely pubescent. Stems 3-8 dm. 
tall: leaf-blades 5-18 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, glabrous, or often softly pubescent: panicle 
5-20 em. long: spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Texas. Spring and summer, 

3. Eatonia filifórmis (Chapm.) Vasey. Stems densely tufted, slender, 2.5-8 dm. 
tall: leaf-blades narrow, slender, involute, at least when dry, the stem-blades 2, usually 
less than 6 em. long : panicle 6-12 em. long, slender, often nodding at the apex : spike- 
lets 3.5-4 mm. long. 

In dry soil, South Carolina and Tennessee to Florida and Texas. Spring. 

4. Batonia Pennsylvánica (DC.) A. Gray. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades 6-18 
em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 7-18 em. long, often nodding at the summit, lax : 
spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, the flowering scales narrow, acute. 

In hilly woods or moist soil, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 


150 POACEAE 


5. Eatonia longiflóra (Vasey) Beal. Stems tufted, stout, 6-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades 
rough, lax, 5-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide : panicle loose, lax, nodding at the apex, 1-2.5 
dm. long, its branches long, slender and erect : spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 

6. Batonia nítida (Spreng.) Nash. Stems tufted, slender, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf- 
sheaths pubescent; blades 1-8 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, usually pubescent : panicle 
5-15 em. long, lax, its branches spreading at flowering time, finally erect : spikelets 3 mm. 
long. [ÆE. Dudleyi Vasey. ] 

In dry woods, Connecticut to Ontario, Georgia and Alabama. Spring and summer. 

7. Eatonia glàbra Nash. Stems densely tufted, slender, 3-7 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths 
pendet blades rough, flat, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide: panicle 7-15 em. long, slen- 
der, nodding at the summit: spikelets 3-4 mm. long. 

In woods, southern New York to Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


105. KOELERIA Pers. 

Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with narrow flat or involute leaf-blades and usu- 
ally dense contracted or spike-like cylindric, rarely elongated and interrupted panicles. 
Spikelets numerous, crowded, 2-5-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. 
Scales 4-7, membranous, the 2 lower empty, narrow, unequal, the flowering scales similar 
to the second, obtuse or acute at the summit, awnless, sometimes mucronate or short-awned 
at or just below the apex, the upper scales gradually smaller, the upper 1 or 2 often empty ; 
palet hyaline, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Stems tufted, erect, rigid, often pubescent just be- 
low the panicle, 3-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths smooth or rough, sometimes pubescent ; blades 
2-30 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, erect, flat or involute, sometimes hirsute : panicle 2-18 cm. 
long, pale green, shining, usually contracted or spike-like, its branches generally erect: 
spikelets 2-5-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, the scales acute, the flowering scales 3-4 mm. long. 


In dry sandy soil, especially on prairies, Ontario to British Columbia, Pennsylvania, Nebraska, 
Texas and Arizona. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer and fall. 


106. MELICA L. 

Perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles 
which are sometimes almost racemose. Spikelets few-many, erect or nodding, 1-several- 
flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 3-several, the 2 lower 
empty, membranous or hyaline, obtuse or acutish, unequal in length, the flowering scales 
larger, membranous, the lateral nerves vanishing at the broad hyaline margin, acute or ob- 
tuse at the apex, the remaining scales empty, gradually smaller, convolute and involving 
each other and forming a clavate to obovoid mass ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. 
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. MELIC Grass. 

Second scale much shorter than the 3-5-flowered spikelet. 


Spikelets few: branches of the panicle spreading or ascending. 1. M. diffusa. 
Spikelets usually numerous: branches of the panicle erect. 2. M. parvifiora. 
Second scale nearly equalling the 2-flowered spikelet. 3. M. mutica. 


l. Melica diffüsa Pursh. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, erect, tufted: leaf-blades 1-2 dm. 
long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, open, its branches spreading or as- 
cending : spikelets usually numerous, about 3-flowered, 9-11 mm. long, nodding, on slender 
pubescent pedicels, the flowering scales 7~9 mm. long, acute or obtuse, hispidulous. 

In rich soil, Pennsylvania to Missouri, Virginia, Kentucky and Texas. Spring and summer. 

2. Melica parviflóra (Porter) Scribn. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, erect, rough: leaf- 
blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1-2 dm. long, contracted, its 
branches erect : spikelets few, 4-5-flowered, 10-13 mm. long, nodding, on slender strongly 
pubescent pedicels, the flowering scales 7-8 mm. long, acutish, hispidulous. 

On prairies, Kansas and Colorado to Arizona and Texas. Summer. 

3. Melica mütica Walt. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, commonly slender : leaf-sheaths 
rough; blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, rough : panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, narrow, 
its branches spreading or ascending: spikelets 7-9 mm. long, about 2-flowered, nodding, 
on flexuous pubescent pedicels, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, usually very obtuse. 

In rich soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, Colorado and Texas. Summer. 


107. KORYCÁRPUS Zea. 
Perennial grasses, with long flat leaf-blades and elongated narrow panicles. Spikelets 
few, erect, narrow, 3-5-flowered, the rachilla fragile and articulated between the perfect 


POACEAE 151 


flowers. Scales 5-7, the 2 lower empty, the first narrow, acute, the second longer and 
broader, keeled, acuminate or mucronate, the flowering scales broader, rounded on the 
back, acuminate or mucronate, at length coriaceous and shining, the remaining scales 
empty, gradually narrower, involving each other ; palet thin, 2-keeled. Stamens 2, or rarely 
solitary in each flower. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, erect, rough be- 
low the panicle: leaf-sheaths overlapping, confined to the lower part of the stem, some- 
times pubescent ; blades 2-6 dm. long, 1-2 em. wide, commonly rough: panicle, often 
reduced to a raceme, 5-20 em. long, its branches erect: spikelets 12-16 mm. long, 3-5- 
flowered, the flowering scales abruptly acuminate. — [ Diarrhena Americana Beauv. ] 

In rich woods, Ohio to Kansas, Georgia, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall, 


108. UNIOLA L. 

Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and contracted or open 
panicles, the branches sometimes nodding. Spikelets many, erect, or sometimes nodding, 
laterally compressed, 2-edged, 3-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones 
staminate. Scales 6-many, compressed-keeled, sometimes winged, the lower 3-6 empty, 
gradually enlarging, the flowering scales many-nerved, similar to the upper ones of the 
lower empty scales but larger, the remaining scales, if any, empty ; palet somewhat rigid, 
2-keeled, the keels narrowly winged. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
Stamen 1: not strand grasses. 

Inflorescence long and very slender, usually nodding at the apex. 

Leaf-sheaths glabrous. 

Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, strongly hirsute. 

Inflorescence not long and slender. 

Spikelets less than 2 cm. long, the scales less than 10. 

Small empty scales at the base of the spikelet 3: flowering scales ascend- 
ing, longer than the acute palet: inflorescence usually with long 
spreading branches. 

Small empty scales at the base of the spikelet 4 or 5: flowering scales 
widely spreading, equalled or exceeded by the long-acuminate 
palet: inflorescence with short branches. 4. U. ornithoryncha. 

Spikelets 2.5-4 cm. long, oval to ovate, the scales 10-20. 5. U. latifolia. 
Stamens 3: strand grass. 6. U. paniculata. 

1. Uniola láxa (L.) B.S.P. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, erect, slender: leaf-blades 1-4 
dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, usually erect, each attenuate into a long tip: panicle slender, 
1-3 dm. long, erect, strict, or nodding at the summit, its branches erect: spikelets about 
6 mm. long, 3-6-flowered, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, acuminate, spreading in 
fruit. [U. gracilis Michx. ] : 

In sandy soil, Long Island to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

2. Uniola longifólia Scribn. Stems tufted, 8-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths, at least the 
lower ones, densely hirsute ; blades flat, 3 dm. long or less, narrowed at both ends, 6-12 
mm. wide: panicle 2-4.5 dm. long, its branches short and appressed, or the lower ones 
sometimes long and ascending : spikelets 3-4-flowered, usually about 6 mm. long, the flow- 
ering scales about 5 mm. long. 

In dry usually sandy soil, Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

3. Uniola nítida Baldw. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 4-8 
mm. wide: panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending, the larger ones 
4-6 cm. long, or sometimes reduced to a raceme: spikelets 1-1.5 cm. long. 

In low woods, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Spring and summer. 

4. Uniola ornithorhyncha Nees. Stems 2.5-6 dm. tall, slender: leaf-blades flat, 
6-12 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide: panicle 4-8 cm. long, its branches short and ascending, 
sometimes bearing but a single spikelet: spikelets crowded, 8-10 mm. long, broader than 
long, the flowering scales long-acuminate. 

In low woods, Mississippi and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

5. Uniola latifólia Michx. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 
6-25 mm. wide, flat, the base often ciliate : panicle lax, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, its long branches 
filiform and pendulous: spikelets many-flowered, oval to ovate, much flattened, 2.5-4 cm. 
long, on long capillary pendulous pedicels, the flowering scales 9-12 mm. long, ciliate- 
hispid on the winged keel. 

In moist places, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

6. Uniola paniculata L. Stems 1-2.5 m. tall, erect: leaf-blades 3 dm. long or 
more, about 6 mm. wide, involute, at least when dry, attenuate into long slender tips: 
panicle 2-3 dm. long or more, its branches erect or ascending, strict, rigid: spikelets 


-= V. laxa. 
. U. longifolia. 


Nm 


e 


. U. nitida. 


152 POACEAE 


many-flowered, ovate to oval when mature, 12-25 mm. long, the flowering scales 8-10 mm. 
long and hispidulous on the keel. 

In sands along the seacoast, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Alsoin the West Indies and South 
America. Fall. SEA Oats. 


109. DISTICHLIS Raf. 

Perennial dioecious grasses, with rigid creeping or decumbent stems concealed by the 
overlapping leaf-sheaths, stiff flat or convolute leaf-blades, and contracted panicles. 
Spikelets many-flowered, unisexual, more numerous in the staminate than in the pistillate 
panicles, the rachilla continuous in the staminate, articulated in the pistillate spikelets. 
Seales many, acute, keeled, the 2 lower empty, narrow, the flowering scales longer and 
broader, firm-membranous or nearly coriaceous; palet compressed, 2-keeled, the keels 
sometimes narrowly winged. Stamens 3. Styles thickened at the contiguous but distinct 
bases, moderately long. Stigmas plumose. 

1l. Distichlis spicàta (L.) Greene. Stems 1-6 dm. long, erect, or often decumbent 
at the base, from a long rootstock: leaf-sheaths overlapping and often crowded ; blades 
1-15 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or involute: panicle dense and spike-like, 2-6 cm. long, 
its branches erect : spikelets 8-18 mm. long, 6-16-flowered, pale green, the flowering scales 
3-5 mm. long, acute or acuminate.  [ D. maritima Raf. ] 


On salt meadows along the Atlantic coast from Maine to Florida and Texas, on the Pacifie Coast, 
and in saline soil throughout the interior. Summer. SPIKE GRASS. 


110. DACTYLIS L. 


Perennial usually tall grasses, with flat leaf-blades and open or contracted panicles. 
Spikelets in head-like clusters which are unilaterally arranged and crowded at the ends of 
the branches, 3-5-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 5-7, 
keeled, the 2 lower empty, unequal, mucronate, the second the larger, the flowering scales 
larger, more rigid, the keel ciliate and excurrent as a mucro or short awn; palet nearly . 
as long as the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 

1. Dactylis glomerata L. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, tufted, erect: leaf-sheaths smooth 
or rough ; blades 7-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, rough : panicle 7-20 cm. long, its 
branches spreading or ascending in flower, erect in fruit: spikelets in dense capitate clusters, 
MTM E the flowering scales 4-6 mm. long, rough, pointed or short-awned, ciliate on 
the keel. : 


In fields, meadows and waste places, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Georgia and Colorado. Natu- 
ralized from Europe. Summer. ORCHARD GRASS. 


111. POA L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, with flat leaf-blades and open sometimes 
contracted panicles, the branches often drooping. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, the flowers per- 
fect, or rarely unisexual, the glabrous or rarely somewhat pilose rachilla articulated between 
the flowers. Scales 4-8, membranous, keeled, acute or obtuse, awnless, the 2 lower empty, 
persistent, the flowering scales usually longer, frequently pubescent on the callus and the 
midnerve and marginal nerves, the hairs often long and curled; palet shorter than the 
scale, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. MEADOW 
Grass. SPEAR GRASS. BLUE GRass. 

Annuals or biennials : stems densely tufted, low, usually less than 3 dm. long. 


Flowering scales distinctly 5-nerved, not webby at the base. 1. P. annua. 
Flowering scales 3-nerved or sometimes with a pair of obscure additional ; 
nerves, webby at the base. 2. P. Chapmaniana. 


Perennials: stems usually exceeding 3 dm. in height. 
A. Plants green, with no long rootstocks. 
a. Flowering scales with long crimped hairs at the base. 
Flowering scales with only the midnerve pubescent. 
Flowering scales 2.5 mm. long, the midnerve sparsely pubescent: plant 
yeliowish green. 
Flowering scales 3.5 mm. long, the midnerve densely pubescent: plant 
green. 4. P. alsodes. 
Flowering scales with the midnerve and lateral nerves pubescent. 
* Panicle open, its branches spreading: spikelets not crowded. 
Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent only below the middle. 
Flowering scales about 3mm. long: basal leaves usually rela- i 
tively short. 5. P. pratensis. 
Flowering scales 4-5 mm. long: basal leaves very long, often : 
equalling the stem in length or nearly as long. 6. P. brevifolia. 


. P. trivialis. 


e 


POACEAE 153 


Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent the whole length, or 


nearly so. 
Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, obtuse. 7. P. sylvestris. 
Flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acute. 8. P. Wolfii. 
** Panicle contracted, its branches erect or nearly so: spikelets crowded. 
Flowering scales strongly pubescent at the base with very long 
crimped hairs, the midnerve and lateral nerves pubescent. 9. P. arachnifera. 
Flowering scales with fewer crimped hairs at the base, the nerves 
all glabrous. 10. P. glabrescens. 
b. Flowering scales with no crimped hairs at the base. 
Panicle loose and open, its branches long and widely spreading and spike- 
let-bearing only above the middle. 11. P. autumnalis. 
Panicle contracted, its branches short and erect or nearly so, spikelet- 
bearing to the base or nearly so. 12. P. pratericola. 
B. Plants dull bluish green, with long stout often branching rootstocks : stems 
much compressed. 13. P. compressa. 


l. Poa ánnua L. Stems 5-30 cm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base: leaf-sheaths 
loose, usually overlapping ; blades 1-10 em. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide: panicle 1-10 cm. long, 
its branches spreading: spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-5 mm. long, the flowering scales 2.5-3 
mm. long. 

In waste and cultivated places nearly throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe. 
Native also of Asia. Spring to fall. 

2. Poa Chapmaniàna Scribn. Stems 7-15 cm. tall, erect, rigid : leaf-sheaths tight, 
mostly at the base of the stem; blades 1-2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less: panicle 2.5-5 
em. long : spikelets 3-7-flowered, 2.5-3 mm. long, the flowering scales obtuse, webbed at the 
e su sometimes with hairs on the more prominent nerves. [P. cristata Chapm., not 

Y alt. 

In dry soil, Kentucky and Tennessee to Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 

3. Poatriviàlis L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, usually decumbent at the base : leaf-sheaths 
very rough ; blades 5-18 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1-1.5 dm. long: spike- 
lets 2-3-flowered, 3 mm. long, the scales acute, the flowering scales 2-3 mm. long, 5-nerved, 
the intermediate nerves prominent. 

In meadows and waste places, New Brunswick to Michigan and Georgia. Naturalized from 
Europe. Summer. 

4. Poa alsódes A. Gray. Stems 2-8 dm. tall: leaf-blades usually rough, 2-4 mm. 
wide, those on the stem 5-20 cm. long, the basal ones longer: panicle 8-20 cm. long, its 
branches spikelet-bearing at the ends : spikelets 2-3-flowered, about 5 mm. long, the flow- 
ering scales acute, about 4 mm. long, the intermediate nerves very faint. 

In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring 
and summer. 

5. Poa praténsis L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades smooth or rough, 1-6 mm. 
wide, those on the stem 5-15 em. long, the basal much longer : panicle 6-20 cm. long, us- 
ually pyramidal: spikelets 3-5-flowered, 4-5 mm. long, the scales acute, the flowering 
scales 3 mm. long, 5-nerved. 

In meadows, fields and woods, almost throughout North America. Widely cultivated for hay. 
Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS. JUNE GRASS. 

6. Poa brevifólia Muhl. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades smooth beneath, 
rough above, 2-4 mm. wide, abruptly acute, those on the stem 1-10 em. long, the upper- 
most sometimes almost wanting: panicle 6-13 cm. long, its branches widely spreading or 
often reflexed, spikelet-bearing at the ends: spikelets 3-6-flowered, 5-7 mm. long, the 
flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, the intermediate nerves prominent. 

In rocky woods, southeastern New York to Illinois, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring and 
summer. 

7. Poasylvéstris A. Gray. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, slender: leaf-blades smooth beneath, 
rough above, 2-6 mm. wide, those on the stem 4-15 em. long, the basal much longer : 
panicle 7-18 cm. long, the branches spreading or ascending, sometimes reflexed when old, 
spikelet-bearing at the ends: spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2-4 mm. long, the flowering scales 
about 2.5 mm. long, obtuse. 

In thickets and meadows, New York to Wisconsin, Nebraska, Georgia and Louisiana. Summer. 

8. Poa Wólfii Scribn. Stems tufted, 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades rather lax, flat, 2-3 
mm. wide, those on the stem 5-10 em. long, the basal ones longer : panicle 7-15 em. long, 
its branches long and lax, dreoping, spikelet-bearing toward the end : spikelets 2-4-flow- 
ered, 5-6 mm. long, the acute flowering scales about 4 mm. long, strongly pubescent on the 
midnerve and the lateral nerves, the intermediate nerves very prominent. 

In moist soil, Illinois, Tennessee and Kansas. Summer. 

9. Poa arachnífera Torr. Stems tufted, 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades erect, usually 
folded when dry, smooth beneath, rough above, 4-23 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, abruptly 
acute: panicle dense and contracted, sometimes interrupted below, 7-16 cm. long, its 


154 POACEAE 


branches erect or nearly so: spikelets numerous, 4-7-flowered, the scales acuminate, the 
flowering scales 4-5 mm. long. 

On prairies, Kansas to New Mexico, Louisiana and Texas. Also introduced into Florida. Spring. 

10. Poa glabréscens Nash. Stems tufted, 2-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades erect, 1.5 dm. 
long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, rough above: panicle 4-15 em. long, 1-3 em. wide : spikelets 
5-9-flowered, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long. 

On prairies, Indian Territory and Texas. Spring. 

11. Poa autumnáàlís Muhl. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less, 
smooth beneath, rough above, those on the stem 4-15 em. long, the basal much longer: 
panicle 7-22 em. long, the branches long and slender and spikelet-bearing at the ends: 
spikelets 3-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, the flowering scales rounded or retuse at the apex, 
3-4 mm. long, pubescent on the lower part of the internerves.  [ P. jlexuosa Muhl. ] 

In woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

12. Poa praterícola Rydb. & Nash. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect, rigid : leaf-sheaths 
usually overlapping ; ligule 2-4 mm. long, acute; blades smooth beneath, rough above, 
1-2 mm. wide, flat or folded, pungently pointed, those on the stem 1-2.5 cm. long, erect, 
the basal ones 7-15 cm. long: panicle contracted, 5-13 em. long, the branches erect : spike- 
lets 4-7-flowered, 5-7 mm. long, the flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, erose-truncate at the 
apex, strongly silky-pubescent qn the nerves for j their length, the internerves pubescent 
below, the intermediate nerves very obscure. 


_ In meadows and low grounds, Northwest Territory to Kansas, the Indian Territory and Arizona. 
Spring and summer. 


13. Poa compréssa L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, decumbent at the base, from long 
branching rootstocks, much flattened : leaf-sheaths loose, flattened ; blades 2-10 cm. long, 
about 2 mm. wide: panicle usually contracted, the branches erect or ascending : spikelets 
3-9-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 2-2.5 mm. long, obscurely 3-nerved. 


In cultivated grounds, waste places and woods, almost throughout North America. Naturalized 
from Europe, at least in some places, Also a native of Asia. Summer. CANADIAN BLUE GRASS. 


112. PANICULARIA Fabr. 

Usually perennial, rarely annual, sometimes aquatic grasses, with commonly flat leaf- 
blades and open or contracted panicles, the branches sometimes drooping. Spikelets usually 
numerous, ovate to linear, few-many-flowered, the glabrous rachilla articulated between 
the perfect flowers, the upper flowers sometimes imperfect. Scales few-many, awnless, the 
2 lower empty, obtuse or acute, unequal, the flowering scales longer, obtuse to truncate and 
denticulate, rarely acute or acuminate at the more or less hyaline apex, convex on the back 
but not keeled, usually prominently nerved, the nerves vanishing at the hyaline margin ; 
palet 2-keeled, equalling or shorter than, rarely exceeding, the scale. Stamens 3. Style 
short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Glyceria R. Br.] MANNA GRAss. 

Spikelets ovate or oblong, 8 mm. long or less. 


Flowering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not sharply nerved. 1. P. obtusa. 
Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinetly 7-nerved. 
Panicle elongated, its branches erect or appressed. 2. P. elongata. 
xps not elongated, its branches usually spreading or ascending, sometimes 
rooping. 
Flowering scales about 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex. 
Spikelets 2-3 mm. long or less: branches of the panicle often drooping. 3. P. nervata. 
Spikelets 4-6 mm. long: branches of the panicle ascending or spreading. 4. P. Americana. 
Flowering scales 2.5-3 mm. long, truncate and denticulate at the apex. 5. P. pallida. 
Spikelets linear, 12 mm. long or more. 
Flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, equalling or exceeding the obtuse palet. 6. P. fluitans. 


Flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, acute, much shorter than the acuminate palet. 7. P. acutiflora. 


1. Panicularia obtusa ( Muhl.) Kuntze. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, stout, rigid: 
leaf-sheaths strongly striate, the lower overlapping ; blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, 
usually stiff, erect or ascending, rough above: panicle 7-20 cm. long, contracted, dense, 
the branches erect : spikelets 3-7-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 3 mm. long. 

In swamps, New Brunswick to New York, Delaware, Maryland and North Carolina. Summer. 

2. Panicularia elongata ( Torr.) Kuntze. Stems 6-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades lax, 1.5-3 
dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, long-acuminate, rough above: panicle elongated, contracted, 
usually nodding at the summit, 1.5-3 dm. long, the branches erect or appressed : spikelets 
3-4-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse or acutish. 


In wet woods and swamps, Newfoundland to Quebec, Minnesota, Kentucky and North Carolina. 
Summer and fall. 


3. Panicularia nervàta (Willd.) Kuntze. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths usually 
rough ; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, rough above: panicle 7-20 cm. long, often 


POACEAE 155 


purple, the branches spreading, ascending, or often drooping : spikelets 3-7-flowered, 2-3 
mm. long, the flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or rounded. 

In wet places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 

4. Panicularia Americana (Torr.) MacM. Stems 9-15 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths loose, 
sometimes rough ; blades 2-3 dm. long or more, 6-16 mm. wide, rough above : panicle 2-4 
dm. long, the lower branches 1-2 dm. long: spikelets 4-7-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, the 
flowering scales about 2 mm. long. 

In wet soil, New Brunswick to Alaska, Tennessee, Colorado and Nevada. Summer. 

5. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. Pale green. Stems 3-9 dm. long, assur- 
gent: leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough above: panicle 4-18 cm. long, its 
branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 4-8-flowered, 5-7 mm. long, the flowering scales 
2.5-3 mm. long, truncate and denticulate at the apex. 

In shallow water, New Brunswick to Ontario, Virginia, Tennessee and Indiana. Summer. 

6. Panicularia flüitans (L.) Kuntze. Stems 1-1.5 m. long, flattened, usually stout, 
often rooting from the lower nodes: leaf-sheaths loose, usually overlapping ; blades 1-3 
dm. long or more, 4-12 mm. wide, rough, often floating: panicle 2-4.5 dm. long, its 
branches finally ascending : spikelets 7-13-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long, the flowering scales 
4-5 mm. long, thick, oblong, rounded or truncate at the erose apex, hispidulous. 

In wet places or in water, Newfoundland to British Columbia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Iowa 
and California. Summer and fall. 

7. Panicularia acutiflóra (Torr.) Kuntze. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, flattened, erect from 
a decumbent base: leaf-sheaths loose, smooth ; blades 7-15 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, 
rough above: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, its branches erect or appressed: spikelets 5-12- 
flowered, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, smooth. 

In wet places, Maine to southern New York, Ohio and Tennessee. Summer. 


113. FESTUCA L. 

Usually perennial, rarely annual, tufted grasses, with flat or convolute sometimes seta- 
ceous leaf-blades and contracted often spike-like or open panicles which are sometimes 
nearly racemose. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones stami- 
nate, the rachilla articulated between the flowers. Scales 4-several, membranous, the 2 
lower empty, unequal, acute, keeled, the flowering scales rounded on the back, at least 
below, acute or rarely obtuse, usually more or less awned, occasionally awnless, the remain- 
ing scales if any, empty ; palet a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3: 
Styles very short, distinct, terminal or nearly so. Stigmas plumose. FESCUE GRASS. 


Annuals: stamens 1 or 2. 
First empty scale less than 14 as long as the second, usually very small. 1. F. Myuros. 
First empty scale more than 'z as long as the second. 
Flowering scales not hirsute. 
Spikelets 3-4-flowered ; flowering scales glabrous or nearly so, appressed to the ; 
rachilla. : 2. F. parviflora. 
Spikelets 6-13-flowered ; flowering scales usually strongly hispidulous, decid- 
edly diverging from the rachilla. 3. F. octoflora. 
Flowering scales appressed-hirsute. 4. F. sciurea. 
Perennials : stamens 3. 

Leaf-blades very narrow, 2 mm. wide or less, involute or folded. ; 
Plants without rootstocks : flowering scales awnless. 5. F. capillata. 
Plants with long rootstocks: flowering scales short-awned. 6E d. 

Leaf-blades 3 mm. wide or more, flat. : 

Panicle open, its branches at maturity ascending or spreading : spikelets usually 
less than 6-flowered. 


Panicle-branches elongated, spikelet-bearing toward the end. _ 7. F. nutans. 
Panicle-branches not elongated, spikelet-bearing from the middle or below it. 
Flowering scales obtuse, 4-5 mm. long. 8. F. obtusa. 


Flowering scales acute, 6-7 mm. long. : 9. - 1 
Panicle contracted, its branches erect or appressed : spikelets often 10-flowered. 10. F. elatior. 


1l. Festuca Myüros L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades 5-13 cm. long, sub- 
ulate, involute, erect : panicle usually one-sided, 1-3 dm. long, spike-like, its branches ap- 
pressed : spikelets 3-6-flowered, the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 4-6 mm. long, 
narrow, acuminate into an awn much longer than itself. 

* In waste places and fields, New Hampshire to New Jersey and Florida. Naturalized from Europe: 
ummer. 

2. Festuca parviflora Ell. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, slender: leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, 
about 1 mm. wide: panicle very slender, 1-2 dm. long, its branches appressed : spikelets 
3-4-flowered, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, exclusive of the awn which is of equal 
length or somewhat longer. 

In dry soil, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


156 POACEAE 


3. Festuca octofldra Walt. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, erect, slender, rigid: leaf-blades 
4-8 cm. long, involute, bristle-form : panicle or raceme often one-sided, 2.5-15 em. long, con- 
tracted, its branches erect, or nearly so: spikelets 6-13-flowered, 6-10 mm. long, the flower- 
ing scales, exclusive of the awn, 3-5 mm. long, usually very rough, acuminate into an awn 
nearly as long as itself or shorter, or sometimes awnless. [F. tenella Willd. ] 


á In dry sandy usually sterile soil, Quebec to British Columbia, Florida, Texas and California. 
ummer, 


4. Festuca scitrea Nutt. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, slender: leaf-blades 5 cm. long or 
less, less than 1 mm. wide: panicle slender, 4-15 cm. long, its branches erect or appressed : 
spikelets 3-5-flowered, the flowering scales about 3 mm. long, exclusive of the awn which 
is 2-3 times as long as the scale. 

In dry soil, Florida to the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 

5. Festuca capillàta Lam. Stems densely tufted, erect, 1.5-4 dm. tall, slender, 
glaucous: leaf-sheaths confined to the base of the stem ; blades filiform, the basal ones from 
3-3 as long as the stems, the stem-blades 2.5-4 cm. long: panicle contracted, 1-5 em. long, 
its branches erect : spikelets 4—5-flowered, 4-5 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2.5 
mm. long, acute. 

In fields and along roadsides, Maine, New York and Mississippi. Introduced from Europe. Summer. 

6. Festuca rübra L. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, erect : basal leaf-blades involute-filiform, 
7-15 em. long, those on the stem shorter, erect, flat, or involute in drying, minutely 
pubescent above : panicle 5-13 em. long, sometimes reddish : spikelets 3-10-flowered, 8-12 
mm. long, the flowering scales about 6 mm. long, bearing an awn less than its own length. 


In meadows and fields, Labrador to Alaska, and in the mountains to Virginia, Tennessee and 
Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 


7. Festuca nütans Willd. Stems 6-9 dm. tall, slender : leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 
4-6 mm. wide, flat, rough above: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, the lower branches 6-13 em. 
long: spikelets lanceolate, 3-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 3-4 mm. long. 

In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Summer. 

8. Festuca obtüsa Spreng. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 
mm. wide, rough above: panicle 7-18 cm. long, the lower branches 4-9 em. long : spike- 
lets S ina obovate when mature, 3-6-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 4-5 
mm. long. 


- In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania and Illinois to Kansas, Georgia, Mississippi and Texas. 
summer. 


9. Festuca Texana Vasey. Stems 4-8 dm. tall: leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, 3-5 mm. 
wide: panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches stiff and widely spreading, the lower ones usually 
in pairs : spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowering scales glabrous, acute, sometimes short-awned. 

In shady places, Oklahoma and Texas. Spring. 

10. Festuca elatior L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. 
wide, rough above: panicle 1-4 dm. long, often nodding at the top, simple to very com- 
pound : spikelets 5-10-flowered, 9-12 mm. long, the flowering scales acute or short-pointed, 
5-6 mm. long, indistinctly 5-nerved. 

In waste places and fields, Nova Scotia to Ontario, North Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas. Natural- 
ized from Europe. Summer. 


114. BROMUS L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with usually closed leaf-sheaths, flat blades and contracted 
or open sometimes almost racemose panicles, the branches often nodding. Spikelets usually 
large, often drooping, few-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones imperfect. 
Scales few-many, membranous, the 2 lower empty, persistent, narrow, unequal, acute or 
the second sometimes short-awned ; flowering scales longer and often broader, rounded 
on the back, at least below, usually awned, rarely awnless, the straight or rarely recurved 
awn dorsal and inserted just below the 2-toothed or shortly 2-cleft apex ; palet shorter than 
the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Ovary crowned by a villous appendage, at 
the base of which arise the very short but distinct styles. Stigmas plumose. BROME GRASS. 
CHESS, CHEAT. 


A. Lower empty scale I-nerved, the upper 3-nerved. : 
Annuals: stems usually less than 6 dm. tall: awn longer than the flowering scale. 
Spikelets numerous, several on each panicle-branch: flowering scales 8-12 mm. 


long, appressed-hirsute. ; 1. B. tectorum. 
Spikelets few, 1 or sometimes 2 on each panicle-branch: flowering scales 12-16 
mm. long, sparingly hispidulous. 2. B. sterilis. 


Perennials: stems usually exceeding 6 dm. in height: awn shorter than the flower- 
ingscale or wanting. 


POACEAE 157 


Flowering scales awnless, or merely awn-pointed. 3. B. inermis. 
Flowering scales with distinct awns. 
Flowering scales glabrous, or pubescent on the margins. 4. B. ciliatus. 
Flowering scales densely pubescent all over the back. 5. B. purgans. 


B. Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the upper 5-9-nerved. 
Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below. 


Leaf-sheaths glabrous: nerves of the turgid fruiting scales obscure. 6. B. secalinus. 
Leaf-sheaths softly and densely pubescent with reflexed hairs: nerves of the 
flowering scales prominent. 7. B. racemosus, 
Flowering scales compressed, keeled. 8. B. unioloides. 


1. Bromus tectórum L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect : leaf-sheaths, at least the lower 
ones, softly pubescent ; blades 2.5-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, softly pubescent : panicle 
5-15 cm. long, the branches slender and drooping : spikelets numerous, 5-8-flowered, on 
capillary recurved pedicels, the flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, acuminate, usually rough 
or hirsute, the awn 1-1.5 mm. long. 

In fields and waste places, Massachusetts to Indiana, Colorado, Washington, Virginia and Missis- 
sippi. Naturalized from Europe. Spring and summer. 

2. Bromus stérilis L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths sometimes pubescent ; blades 
7-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, commonly pubescent: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, its branches 
usually widely spreading, stiff: spikelets few, 5-10-flowered, spreading or pendulous, the 
flowering scales 7-nerved, hispidulous on the nerves, the awn 1.5-2.5 em. long. 

In waste places and on ballast. Locally naturalized from Europe. Summer. 


3. Bromus inérmis Leyss. Stems tufted, 8-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; 
blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, glabrous: panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, oblong, its 
branches ascending : spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide, oblong, erect, the flower- 
ing scales 10-12 mm. long. À 

In fields and waste places, escaping from cultivation, especially in the West. Summer. 


4. Bromus ciliàtus L. Stems 7-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths retrorsely short-pilose or 
almost glabrous ; blades lax, 2.5-4 dm. long and about 1 cm. wide, sparsely pubescent, or 
sometimes nearly glabrous: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, the lower branches drooping: spikelets 
5-9-flowered, 15-22 mm. long, the flowering scales 10-12 mm. long, pubescent on each 
side for about $ the length, the awn straight, slender, 3-5 mm. long. 

In woods, Newfoundland to New York, Minnesota and Manitoba.—The variety B. ciliatus laevi- 
glùmis Scribn. differs mainly in having the flowering scales glabrous, or with a few hairs at the base. 
Ontario, Maine and North Carolina. Summer. 

5. Bromus pürgans L. Stems 7-15 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths usually coarsely retrorsely 
pubescent ; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, glabrous, or pubescent on the nerves 
above: panicle lax, nodding, 1.5~3 dm. long: spikelets 7~11-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long, the 
dius d scales 10-12 mm. long, pubescent all over the back, the awn straight, 4-6 mm. 

ong. 

In woods, Canada and New England to Wyoming, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


6. Bromus secálinus L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths commonly glabrous; blades 
5-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, sometimes hairy: panicle 5-10 cm. long, its branches as- 
cending or drooping: spikelets turgid when in fruit, 6-10-flowered, the flowering scales 
6-8 mm. long, rough toward the apex, awnless, or bearing a straight awn 8 mm. long or 
less between the obtuse short teeth. 

n In fields and waste places almost throughout temperate North America. Naturalized from Europe 
ummer. 

7. Bromus racemósus L. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, commonly puberulent just below the 
panicle: leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, rather densely pubescent ; blades 7-14 cm. 
long, pubescent, or sometimes glabrous above: panicle usually simple, sometimes com- 
pound: spikelets 1.5-2 em. long, generally nodding in fruit, acute, 5-9-flowered, the 
flowering scales elliptic, 6-8 mm. long, smooth or rough, the awn 5-8 mm. long, arising 
just below the apex. 

In waste places, Cape Breton Island and Maine to Pennsylvania and Delaware.—The variety B. 
racemosus commutatus (Schred.) Hook. has the spikelets 2-2.5 em. long, and somewhat broader flowering 
Scales and the panicle larger. In similar situations and generally distributed throughout the East as 
far south as Tennessee. Summer. 

8. Bromus unioloides (Willd.) H.B.K. Annual. Stems 5-10 dm. tall: leaf- 
sheaths commonly pubescent, or sometimes glabrous ; blades rough, sometimes sparingly 
pubescent : panicle usually long and narrow, 1.5-5 dm. long: spikelets 2-3.5 cm. long, 
7-11-flowered, the flowering scales thick, firm, 12-16 mm. long, each commonly with a 
short stout awn. 

In waste places, Alabama to Texas and California. Also in Mexico.—The variety B. unioloides 
Haenkeanus (Presl.) Shear, differs in its smaller size, and almost simple panicle with smaller spikelets. 
In similar situations, Florida to Texas and California. Spring and summer. 


158 POACEAE 


115. LOLIUM L. 


Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal simple usually elongated 
spikes. Spikelets with the edge (backs of the scales) to the rachis, scattered, erect, alter- 
nate, sessile and solitary in the rachis excavations, compressed, several-many-flowered, the 
flowers perfect or the upper ones imperfect, the rachilla articulated between the flowers. 
Scales rigid, rounded on the back, obtuse to acuminate, awned or awnless, the nerves con- 
nivent above or confluent into the awn, the lower scale of the lateral spikelets and the 2 
lower scales of the terminal spikelet empty, narrow, longer than the remaining scales, thin 
flowering scales short, imbricated ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. 
Styles distinct, very short. Stigmas plumose. DARNEL. RYE GRASS. 

Empty scale shorter than the spikelet. 


Flowering scales awnless. 1. L. perenne. 
Flowering scales awned. ; 2. L. Italicum. 
Empty scale equalling or extending beyond the flowering scales. 3. L. temulentum. 


1. Lolium perénne L. Stems 1.5-8 dm. tall: leaf-blades 5-13 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide: spike 7-20 cm. long: spikelets 5-10-flowered, 8-12 mm. long, the empty scale 
strongly nerved, the flowering scales 4-6 mm. long, acuminate, awnless. 


In waste places and cultivated ground, almost throughout the northern United States. Natural- 
ized from Europe. Summer. 


2. Lolium Itálicum A. Br. Stems 6-10 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades 
1-2 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide: spikes 2-3 dm. long: spikelets 20-30, 1.5-2 cm. long, the 
flowering scales bearing an awn equalling or a little shorter than the body. 

In fields and waste places, sparingly introduced. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. 

3. Lolium temuléntum L. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 
mm. wide, rough above: spike 1-3 dm. long: spikelets 4-8-flowered, 1-2 cm. long, the 
empty scale strongly nerved, the flowering scales awned or awnless. 

In waste places and cultivated ground, New Brunswick to Michigan, Georgia and Kansas. Summer 


116. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. 


Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and terminal usually 
rigid 2-4-sided spikes. Spikelets compressed, with the side (edge of the scales) toward 
the continuous or rarely articulated, rachis, sessile, alternate, single in the rachis excava- 
tions, appressed or oblique to the rachis, several-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the 
upper ones imperfect, the rachilla articulated between the flowers. Scales several-many, 
the 2 lower empty, the flowering ones broader, rigid, rounded on the back, obtuse to 
acuminate, awned or awnless, the nerves connivent at the apex or confluent into the awn, 
the remaining scales if any empty ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled, the keels usually 
ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. WHEAT GRASS. 
Spikelets much compressed, lanceolate to ovate, ascending, 1. A. occidentale. 

. Spikelets nearly terete, linear, erect. 2. A. repens. 

1. Agropyron occidentale Scribn. Pale green, glaucous. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, 
from a slender creeping rootstock : leaf-blades erect, 5-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough 
above, smooth beneath, becoming involute when dry: spike strict, 1-2 dm. long :spikelets 
crowded, diverging from the rachis, 1.25-2.5 cm. long, 6-12-flowered, the empty scales 
acuminate, awn-pointed, hispidulous on the keel, the flowering scales 10-12 mm.. long, 
acute, sometimes awn-pointed, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 

On prairies and high plains, Manitoba and Minnesota to Oregon, Missouri and Texas. Summer. 

2. Agropyron répens (L.) Beauv. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, from a long rootstock : 
leaf-blades 7-30 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, smooth beneath, hirsute above’: spike 5-20 cm. 
long, strict : spikelets 3-7-flowered, the empty scales strongly 5—7-nerved, usually acute or 
awn-pointed, sometimes obtuse, the flowering scales glabrous, acute or short-awned. 


In fields and waste places, almost throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe. Summer 
and fall. CovcH GRASS. QUITCH GRASS. 


117. HORDEUM L. 

Annual, rarely perennial, grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal cylindric usually 
dense spikes which are often concealed by the long awns. Spikelets in alternate 3's 
(rarely in 2's) at each node of the articulated rachis, sessile or short-pedicelled, the lateral 
often much reduced, 1-flowered, the flower perfect, or in the lateral spikelets often imper- 


POACEAE 159 


fect or wanting, the rachilla extending beyond the flowers as a long slender bristle or 
sometimes bearing a narrow terminal scale. Scales 3 or 4, the 2 lower empty, awn-like, 
subulate, lanceolate, or narrowly linear, rigid, persistent, the empty scales at each rachis- 
node forming an apparent involucre and falling with the readily deciduous rachis joints, 
the flowering scales lanceolate, rounded on the back, the nerves confluent into a straight or 
divergent awn, or in the lateral spikelets awnless and sometimes much reduced ; palet 
shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. BARLEY. 
Each cluster of spikelets with all the empty scales bristle-like. 1. H. nodosum. 
Each cluster with four of the empty scales dilated above the base. 2. H. pusillum. 
1. Hordeum nodósum L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent : 
leaf-blades 4-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, rough: spike 2.5-9 em. long: spikelets us- 
ually in 3’s, the flowering scale of the central spikelet 6-8 mm. long, exclusive of the awn 
which is 6-12 mm. long, the corresponding scale in the lateral spikelets much smaller and 
short-stalked. [H. pratense Huds. ] 


In meadows and waste places, Indiana to Minnesota, British Columbia, Alaska, Georgia, Texas 
and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 


2. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base : 
leaf-blades 1-8 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, erect, rough above : spike 2.5-8 cm. long: spike- 
lets usually in 3’s, the scales awned, the empty ones rough, the flowering ones smooth, 
that of the central spikelet 6-8 mm. long, short-awned, the corresponding scale in the 
lateral spikelets smaller and very short-stalked. 


In dry soil, Ontario to British Columbia, Nebraska, Arkansas, Texas and California ; also sparingly 
introduced into the southeastern United States. Summer. 


118. SITÀNION Raf. 

Erect perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades and a terminal dense cylin- 
drie spike which is covered with long spreading awns. Spikelets many, sessile, alternate, 
at each joint of the articulated rachis, 1—5-flowered. Scales 3-7, the 2 lower empty, rarely 
entire, usually 2-many-cleft, the divisions linear and long-awned, the awns spreading, the 
flowering scales broader, acute, entire and long-awned, or 2-toothed and the teeth sometimes 
short-awned ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, dis- 
tinct. 

1. Sitanion longifdlium J. G. Smith. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, stout, glaucous : leaf- 
blades of the innovations 1.5-3 dm. long, involute, often as long as the stems, those on the 
stem 1-2 dm. long, 1-4 mm. wide : spike 1-1.5 dm. long, rather loosely flowered, its base 
inclosed in the upper sheath : spikelets 2, or sometimes 3, at each node, the empty scales 
subulate-setaceous, divaricate, 6-8 cm. long; flowering scales 8-11 mm. long, rough, 
each tipped with a stout rough awn 5-6.5 em. long. 

In dry soil, Nebraska to Wyoming, Texas and Nevada. Summer. 


119. ELYMUS L. 

Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat or convolute often rigid leaf-blades and a 
terminal cylindric dense spike which is sometimes interrupted and usually covered with 
long awns. Spikelets numerous, sessile, crowded, usually in alternate pairs, sometimes in 
3’s or more, at each node of the continuous rachis, 2-several-flowered (rarely 1-flowered ). 
Scales 4-several (rarely 3), the 2 lower empty, rigid, awn-like, subulate, or linear, persis- 
tent, awn-pointed or awned, those at each node forming an apparent involucre, the flower- 
ing seales shorter, oblong to lanceolate, rounded on the back, obtuse or acute, usually 
awned, rarely awnless, the remaining scales if any smaller and empty ; palet shorter than 
the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. LYME 
Grass.  Wirp RYE. 


Empty scales narrowly awl-shaped : spike slender. 1. E. striatus. 
Empty scales linear-lanceolate to linear: spike stout. ey 
Flowering scales glabrous. 2. E. Virginicus. 


Flowering scales appressed-pubescent, usually densely so. 
Empty scales linear, thick, firm, each bearing generally an awn much nu i ; 
shorter than the body, 3. E. hirsutiglumis. 
Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, rather thin, each bearing commonly an 
awn equalling or exceeding the body. z 
Spike rather loosely fiowered, nodding at the summit, usually long- 
exserted. 


4. E. Canadensis. 
Spike densely flowered, compact, strict, usually included at the base. 9: E; 


robustus. 


160 POACEAE 


1. Blymus striatus Willd. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous or hirsute ; 
blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, pubescent above: spike 6-12 cm. long, often nod- 
ding, slender : spikelets 1-3-flowered, the empty scales 2-2.5 em. long, including the slen- 
der rough awn, 1-3-nerved, the nerves, and often the whole scale, rough, hispid or hirsute, 
the flowering scales about 6 mm. long, hispid or hispidulous, each bearing a slender awn 
1.5-3 cm. long. 

In woods and on banks, Maine and Ontario to Tennessee, Nebraska and Kansas. Summer. 

2. Elymus Virgínicus L. Stems 6-9 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths sometimes pubescent, 
the uppermost usually inflated and enclosing the base of the spike: blades 1-3.5 dm. long, 
4-16 mm. wide, rough: spike 5-18 cm. long, broad, stout, upright ; spikelets 2-3-flowered, 
the empty scales very thick and rigid, lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, including the short 
awn, 5-7-nerved, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, each bearing a rough awn 4-18 mm. 
long, or rarely awnless. 

In moist soil, especially along streams, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and 
Texas. Summer. 

3. Elymus hirsutiglümis Scribn. & Sm. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect: leaf-sheaths 
longer than the internodes, the uppermost often inflated and enclosing the base of the spike ; 
blades 2-3 dm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, very rough on both surfaces: spike 6-15 cm. long, 
stout, the rachis pubescent: spikelets crowded in pairs, 2-5-flowered, the empty scales 
linear, 10-12 mm. long, thick, 3-5-nerved, the nerves hirsute, each acuminate into an awn 
as long as or shorter than the body of the scale, the flowering scales lanceolate, 8-10 mm. 
long, each acuminate into a rough awn 12-16 mm. long. 

On river banks, Maine to North Carolina, Illinois and Nebraska, Summer. 

4. Elymus Canadénsis L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long or more, 
4-20 mm. wide, rough, sometimes glaucous: spike 1-3 dm. long, nodding, its peduncle 
usually much exserted: spikelets 3—5-flowered, the empty scales awl-shaped, rigid, 3-5- 
nerved, 16-32 mm. long, including the slender rough long awn, the flowering scales 8-14 
mm. long, nearly glabrous to hirsute and each bearing a slender rough awn 2-5 cm. long. 


On river banks, Nova Seotia and New Brunswick to Alberta, Georgia, Texas and New Mexico. 
Summer. 


5. Elymus robüstus Scribn. & Sm. Stems 9-12 dm. tall, erect, stout: leaf-blades 
firm, rough on both surfaces, 1-4 dm. long, 8-20 mm. wide: spike usually partially in- 
cluded at the base, stout, strict, 1-2.5 dm. long, compact: spikelets numerous, crowded, in 
2' s-4's, 3-4-flowered, the empty scales 10-12 mm. long, each bearing an awn about twice as 
long, the flowering scales lanceolate, 10-12 mm. long, from sparsely to densely appressed- 
pubescent, each bearing an awn 3-4.5 em. long. 

On river banks, Illinois to Arkansas, Montana and Kansas. Summer. 


120. HYSTRIX Moench. 

Usually tall grasses, with simple stems, flat leaf-blades and terminal spikes. Spikelets 
numerous, at length spreading, 2-several-flowered, usually in pairs, rarely in 3’s, sessile, 
the clusters alternate on opposite sides of the continuous rachis, the rachilla articulated 
below the flowering scales. Scales 2-several, the 21ower empty, subulate, wanting in all 
but the lowest spikelets, the flowering scales lanceolate, rigid, convolute, rounded on the 
back, the nerves confluent into the long awn ; palet somewhat shorter than the scale, 2- 
keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, ad- 
herent to the palet when dry. : 

1. Hystrix Hystrix (L.) Millsp. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 
6-12 mm. wide, rough above : spike 7-18 cm. long: spikelets at length widely spreading, 
8-12 mm. long, exclusive of the awn, readily deciduous, the empty scales present only some- 
times in the lowest spikelets, the flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, each acuminate into an 
awn about 2.5 em. long. [Asprella Hystrix (L.) Willd.] 

In rocky woods, New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota, Georgia, Illinois and Nebraska. Sum- 
mer. BOTTLE-BRUSH. 


121. ARUNDINARIA Michx. 


Tall shrubs, or rarely trees, with simple or branched stems, flat short-petioled leaf- 
blades which are articulated to the sheath, and racemose or paniculate inflorescence. 
Spikelets large, compressed, 2-many-flowered. Scales 3-many, the 2 lower empty, unequal, 
the first smaller or sometimes wanting, the flowering scales longer, membranous, many- 
nerved, at the apex obtuse, acuminate or with a short awn or mucronate ; palet scarcely 


CYPERACEAE 161 


shorter than the scale, prominently 2-keeled.  Lodicules 3. Stamens 3. Styles 2 or 3, 
somewhat united at the base. Stigmas long, loosely plumose. 


Spikelets borne on radical shoots of the year: stems 4 m. tall or less. 1. A. tecta. 
Spikelets borne on the old stems which are 5 m. tall or more. 2. A. macrosperma , 


1. Arundinaria técta (Walt.) Muhl. Stems 1-4 m. tall, erect, shrubby, branching 
at the summit : leaf-sheaths smooth or rough, ciliate on the margin ; ligule bristly ; blades 
lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, 8-24 mm. wide, flat, more or less pubescent beneath, glabrous 
above: inflorescence borne on short leafless stems : spikelets 7-10-flowered, 2.5-4 cm. long, 
on pedicels 2.5 cm. long or less, the first scale sometimes wanting, the flowering scales 1-2 
em. long, acute or acuminate, glabrous or pubescent. 


In swamps and moist soil, Maryland to Indiana, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring and sum- 
mer. This and the following species flower only at intervals of several or many years. REED. 


2. Arundinaria macrospérma Michx. Stems woody, 5-9 m. tall, finally branched 
above : leaf-sheaths ciliate on the margin ; blades lanceolate, 3 dm. long or less, the larger 
2-3 em. wide, those on the ultimate divisions smaller and crowded at the summit of the 
branches: spikelets 3.5-6 cm. long, on slender more or less leafy branches, the flowering 
scales glabrous and pubescent, acuminate. 


Along river banks and swamps, forming ‘‘ cane brakes," Virginia to Florida and Louisiana, and 
along the Mississippi River and its tributaries as far north as Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri. Spring 
and summer, CANE. CANE REED. 


FAMILY 2. CYPERACEAE J. Sr. Hit.! SEDGE FAMILY. 


Grass-like or rush-like caulescent or scapose herbs, many species perennial 
by long rootstocks. Stems or scapes (culms) slender, solid or rarely hollow, tri- 
angular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Leaves 3-ranked, with closed 
sheaths: blades narrow. Flowers perfect or imperfect, arranged in spikelets, 
one (rarely 2) in the axil of each scale (glume, bract), the spikelets solitary or 
clustered, 1-many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricated, persistent 
or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed of bristles, or scale-like parts, 
rarely calyx-like, or entirely wanting. Androecium of 1-3 stamens, or rarely 
more. Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 2-3 
united carpels. Ovary l-celled. Styles or stigmas 2-3, the former often more or 
less united. Ovule anatropous, erect. Fruit a lenticular, plano-convex, or 
3-angled achene. Endosperm mealy. Embryo minute. 


Flowers of the spikelets, or at least one of them, perfect. 
Scales of the spikelets enclosing a bractlet or a pair of bractlets. 


Bractlets 2, convolute around the ovary. 1. LIPOCARPHA. 
Bractlet solitary, minute, posterior. 2. HEMICARPHA. 
Seales of the spikelets not enclosing bractlets. : 
Spikelets perfect or mainly so, rarely of 2 scales and 1 flower, or if polyga- 
mous, plants with‘leaves not densely imbricated on the stems (Kyllinga). 
Seales of the spikelets 2-ranked. 
Perianth present, the members bristle-like. 3. DULICHIUM. 
Perianth wanting. 
Spikelets with 2-several perfect flowers : scales several-many. 4. CYPERUS. 
Spikelets with 1 perfect flower: scales 2-4. 5. KYLLINGA. 


Seales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around. 
Base of the style not at all or only slightly thickened, deciduous. 
Perianth-parts conspicuously elongated. 6. ERIOPHORUM. 
Perianth-parts not conspicuously elongated. 


Seales pubescent: perianth of bristles and dilated scales. 7. FUIRENA. 
Seales glabrous: perianth of bristles only or none. 8. SCIRPUS. 
Base of the style manifestly swollen, persistent as a tubercle on the 
achene, or deciduous. 
Perianth present. 
Spikelets in compound umbels, 1-flowered. 9. WEBSTERIA. 
Spikelets solitary, several-many-flowered. 10. ELEOCHARIS. 
Perianth wanting. 
Achene not surmounted by a tubercle. 11. FIMBRISTYLIS. 


Achene surmounted by a tubercle. i : : 
Spikelets in umbels or cymes, without an imbricated involucre. 
Spikelets in a terminal umbel: base of the style persistent. 12. STENOPHYLLUS. 
Spikelets in terminal and axillary compound cymes: most 


of the style persistent. : : 13. PSILOCARYA. 
Spikelets in heads subtended by an imbricated involucre. 14. DICHROMENA. 
Spikelets polygamous, or rarely of 4 scales and only 1 flower. 
Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked. 15. ABILDGAARDIA. 
Scales of the spikelets of spirally imbricated scales. 
Perianth present. 16. SCHOENUS. 


! Prepared with the assistance of Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton. 
11 


162 CYPERACEAE 


Perianth wanting. 
Stigmas 3: style deciduous. 


Inflorescence paniculate : 17. CLADIUM. 
Inflorescence capitate : 18. REMIREA. 
Stigmas 2: style persistent. 19. RYNCHOSPORA. 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 
Achenes not enclosed in a utricle (perigynium): 20. SCLERIA. 
Achenes enclosed in a utricle (perigynium): 21. CAREX. 


1. LIPOCARPHA R. Br. 

Low annual slender herbs, with tufted scapes, and terete many-flowered spikelets in a 
terminal head, subtended by an involucre of 1-several bracts. Scales firm, spirally imbri- 
cated, all fertile or several of the lower ones empty, at length deciduous, each enclosing 2 
bractlets which are convolute around the ovary. Flowers perfect. Perianth wanting. 
Stamens 1-2. Style deciduous, its base not swollen. Stigmas 2-3. Achene plano-convex 
or 3-angled. 

1. Lipocarpha maculata (Michx.) Torr. Glabrous. Scape grooved, compressed, 
smooth, longer than the narrowly linear somewhat channeled leaf-blades, 7-25 em. tall: 
bracts of the involucre 2-4: spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, in 
a terminal capitate cluster: scales rhombic or lanceolate, acute, curved, the sides nearly 
white, or flecked with reddish brown spots : exterior bractlet convolute'around the achene, 
nerved, hyaline : stamen 1: achene oblong, yellowish, contracted at the base. 

In wet or moist soil, eastern Virginia to Florida. Also adventive farther north. Summer and fall. 


: 2. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. 

Low tufted mostly annual caulescent herbs, with erect or spreading, almost filiform 
stems and leaves, and terete small terminal capitate or solitary spikelets subtended by an in- 
volucre of 1-3 bracts. Scales spirally imbricated, deciduous, each subtending perfect 
flowers and a single posterior bractlet. Perianth wanting. Stamens1-3. Style deciduous, 
not swollen at the base. Stigmas 2. Achene oblong, turgid or lenticular. 

1. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Britton. Annual, glabrous. Stems compressed, 
grooved, 2-10 cm. long, mostly longer than the setaceous smooth leaf-blades : spikelets 
ovoid, many-flowered, obtuse, about 2 mm. long: involucral bracts usually much exceed- 
ing the spikelets : scales of the spikelets brown, obovate, each with a short blunt spreading 
or recurved tip : stamen 1 : achene obovoid-oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, little compressed, 
light brown. 


In moist, sandy soil, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, Iowa and Nebraska, Florida, Texas and Mex- 
ico. Summer and fall.—A variety ranging from Kansas to Texas, H. micrantha aristuldta Coville, has 
pale euneate-obovate scales each tapering into a squarrose awn about as long as the body. 


3. DULÍCHIUM L. C. Rich. 


Tall perennial herbs, with terete hollow, conspicuously jointed stems, leafy to the top, 
the lower leaves reduced to sheaths. Spikes axillary, peduncled, simple or compound. 
Spikelets 2 ranked, flat, linear, falling away from the axis at maturity (?), many-flowered. 
Seales 2-ranked, carinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the joint below. Flowers perfect. 
Perianth of 6-9 retrorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style persistent as a beak on the 
summit of the achenes. Stigmas 2. Achenes linear-oblong. 


1. Dulichium arundinàceum (L.) Britton. Stems stout, 3-10 dm. tall, erect: 
leaves numerous : blades flat, 2-8 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, spreading or ascending, the 
lower sheaths bladeless, brown toward their summits: peduncles 4-25 mm. long: spike- 
lets narrowly linear, spreading, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 6-12-flowered ; scale 
lanceolate, acuminate, strongly several-nerved, appressed, brownish : bristles rigid, longer 
than the achene : style long-exserted, persistent. [D. spathaceum (L.) Pers.] 

In wet or muddy places, Nova ‘Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota and Nebraska, Florida and Texas: 
Summer and fall. 


4. CYPERUS L. 

Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves basal: blades narrow. Scapes, in our 
species simple, triangular, and with one or more bracts at the summit forming an invo- 
lucre to the simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays of the umbel 
sheathed at the base, usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes commonly 
sessile. Spikelets flat or nearly terete, the scales falling away from the rachis as they ma- 


CYPERACEAE . 163 


ture or persistent and the spikelets falling away from the axis of the head or spike with 
the scales attached. Scales concave, conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing 
or the lower ones empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style de- 


ciduous from the summit of the achene. Stigmas 2-3.  Achene destitute of a tubercle. 


Style-branches or stigmas 2: achene lenticular. 
Achene laterally compressed. 
Superficial cells of the achene oblong. 
Superficial cells of the achene quadrate. 
Achenes oblong, linear or narrowly obovoid : plants relatively low. 
Seales of the spikelets blunt. 
Spikelets several in each umbel. > 
Scales eTO dull: style-branches or stigmas much ex- 
serted. 


1. C. flavescens. 


2. C. diandrus. 


Scales subcoriaceous, shining : style-branches or stigmas included 


or scarcely exserted. 
Spikelets 8-20 mm. long, dark green to brown. 
_ Spikelets 5-8 mm. long, yellowish green or straw-colored. 
Spikelet solitary, appearing lateral. 
Scales of the spikelets acute or mucronate. 
Seales merely acute. 
Achene narrowly obovoid. 
Achene linear to linear-oblong. 
Scales ovate: umbel subeapitate. 
Seales oblong-lanceolate: umbel-rays usually developed. 
Scales 2-2.5 mm. long, chestnut-brown, shining. 
Scales 1.5 mm. long, gray-brown or straw-colored, dull. 
Scales sharply mucronate. 
Achenes broadly obovoid to orbicular: plants relatively tall. 
Achenes obovoid, nearly as long as the scales. 
Achenes obovoid-orbicular, much shorter than the scales. 
Achene dorsally compressed. 
Spikelets few, appearing lateral: one involucral bract long and erect. 
Spikelets numerous, capitate: involucral bracts several and spreading. 
Stvle-branches or stigmas 3: achene trigonous. 
A. Seales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened spikelets. 
a. Wings of the rachis, if any, permanently attached to it. 
Scales tipped with recurved awns: low annuals. 
Achene 1 mm. long, narrowly obovoid : scales light brown. 
Achene 0.5 mm. long, broadly obovoid: scales chestnut-brown. 
Scales obtuse, acute or acuminate, not awn-tipped. 
Wings of the rachis none, or very narrow. 
Scales of the spikelets appressed, closely contiguous. 
Stamens 3 or 1: scales ovate, oblong or lanceolate. 
Stamens 3: spikelets linear to linear-oblong. 
Leaves not viscid. 
Scales acuminate: plants annual. 
Scales obtuse or mucronate: plants perennial. 
Seales obtuse: achene obovoid. 
Seales mucronate: achene oblong. 
Leaves viscid. 
Stamen 1: spikelets ovate to lanceolate. 
Scale-tips recurved. 
Annual; achene broadly oblong. 
Perennial: achene narrowly oblong or elliptic. 
Seale-tips straight or very nearly so: plants perennial. 
Spikelets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate. 
Achene linear-oblong, stipitate. 
Achene ovoid, not stipitate. 
Spikelets ovate, elongating in fruit. 


Leaves, at least at the base, strongly transverse-veined 


between the nerves. 
Leaf-blades 6-12 mm. wide: spikelets 6-14 mm. 


long. 
Leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide: spikelets 4-6 mm. long. 
Leaves not transversely veined between the nerves. 
Spikelets yellow, blunt. 
Spikelets red or reddish brown, acute. 
Stamens 2: scales nearly orbicular or obovate, mucronulate. 
Seales of the spikelets not appressed, distant. 
Spikelets linear-filiform, spicate. i 
Spikelets merely linear or oblong-linear, densely capitate. 
Wings of the rachis distinct. 
Scapes not transversely septate, 3-angled. 
Leaves reduced to pointed sheaths. 
Leaves with elongated linear blades. 
Scales mucronate. 
Scales not mucronate. 
Spikelets 3-4 mm. wide. 
Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. wide. 3 
Scales mon y or partially purple-brown : achenelinear 
oblong. 
Scales tightly appressed throughout. 
Scales with free tips. : 
Seales straw-colored : achene obovoid. 
Scapes transversely septate, terete. 


8. C. rivularis. 
4. C. helvus. 
5. C. bipartitus. 


6. C. Nuttallii. 
7. C. microdontus. 
8. C. Gatesii. 


'9. C. polystachyus. 
10. C. pumilus. 


ie) 


11. C. flavicomus. 
12. C. Hochstetteri. 


13. C. laevigatus. 
14. C. Careyi. 


15. C. inflexus. 
16. C. squarrosus. 


17. C. compressus. 


18. €. Buckleyi. 
19. C. Bushit. 
20. C. elegans. 


21. C. acuminatus. 
. C. cyrtolepis. 


22 
23. C. Drummond. 
24. C. ochraceus. 


25. C. virens. 
26. C. pseudovegetus. 


27. C. Surinamensis. 
28. C. reflexus. 

29. C. Iria. 

30. C. distans. 

31. C. cephalanthus. 
82. C. Haspan. 

83. C. dentatus. 


31. C. multiradiatus. 


85. C. rotundus. 
36. C. Hallüi. 

37. C. esculentus. 
38. C. articulatus. 


164 CYPERACEAE 


b. Wings of the rachis separating from it as interior scales: annuals. 
Spikes loose, or if dense not narrowly cylindric : spikelets 6-25 mm. long. 


Spikelets crowded : scales loose. 39. C. erythrorhizos. 
Spikelets not crowded: scales closely appressed. 40. C. digitalus. 
Spikes very dense, cylindric: spikelets 3-5 mm. long. 41. C. Halei. 


B. Rachis of the spikelets deciduous. 
Rachis breaking up into 1-fruited joints: spikelets nearly terete. 
Spikes solitary : scapes filiform: plants perennial. 42. C. Floridanus. 
Spikes umbellate or capitate-congested: scapes stout to slender: 
plants annual. 
Scales of the spikelets distant: achene linear-oblong. 43. C. Engelmannii. 
Scales of the spikelets manifestly imbricated : achene obovoid. 
Spikelets relatively loosely spicate. : 
Spikes dull brown: scales thin, not tightly appressed. 44. C. speciosus. 
Spikes yellowish or grayish brown : scales firm, appressed. 45. C. ferax. 
Spikelets densely congested into 1-4 heads. 
Inflorescence umbellate: spikes disposed at the ends of the 2-4 


rays of theumbel. | : 46. C. Eggersii. 
Inflorescence capitate: spikes collected into a terminal con- 
gested cluster. 47. C. oxycarioides. 


Rachis deciduous above the lower pairof scales: plants perennial by hard 
corm-like tubers. 
Achene narrowly linear-oblong, 212-4 times as long as thick. 
Spikelets distinctly flattened, several-many-flowered. 


Spikelets in dense globular heads. 48. C. Martindalet. 
Spikelets loosely spicate or relatively so. 
Spikelets chestnut-brown. 49. C. setigerus. 
Spikelets yellow to yellow-brown. 
Seales appressed. 50. C. strigosus. 
Seales loose, somewhat spreading. 51. C. stenolepis. 
Spikelets nearly terete to a little flattened, 1-few-flowered. 
Spikelets loosely spicate. 
Spikelets 1-2 cm. long: achene about 3 mm. long. 52. C. refractus. 
Spikelets less than 1 em. long: achene 1.5 mm. long. 53. C. dissitiflorus. 
Spikelets capitate or capitate-spicate. 
Spikelets all reflexed : scapes almost always rough. 94. C. retrofractus. 
Spikelets spreading or only the lower ones reflexed : scapes 
smooth. 
Spikes or heads dense, cylindrie to globose. 
Spikes globose. 55. C. ovularis. 


Spikes cylindric to oval or obovoid. 
Spikelets 3-7 mm. long: spikes obovoid or cylindric. 
Spikes obovoid: lower spikelets reflexed. 56. C. retrorsus. 
Spikes cylindric. 
Spikes 0.5-2 em. long, simple. 


Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 1-2-flowered. 57. C. cylindricus. 
Spikelets 5-7 mm. long. 3-4-flowered. 58. C. Plankii. 
Spikes 1.5-3.5 cm. long, usually compound. 59. C. cylindrostachys. 
Spikelets 8-10 mm. long: spikes oval. 60. C. Lancastriensis. 
Spikelets loosely spicate or capitate. 
Spikelets 8-12 mm. long, subulate. 61. C. uniflorus. 
Spikelets 3-5 mm. long, not subulate. 62. C. subuniflorus. 


Achene oblong to obovoid, not more than twice as long as thick. 
Spikelets with 1-4 achenes. 
Rachis wingless or narrowly winged. 
Umbelsimpleor head solitary : leaf-bladesrelatively narrow. 
Spikelets loosely spicate. 
Spikelets densely spicate or capitate. 


B 


. C. tetragonus. 


Heads ovoid to cylindric. 64. C. flavus. 
Heads globose to subglobose. 
Heads dark brown: scales mucronulate. 65. C. fuligineus. 
Heads green or greenish brown: scales not mu- 
eronulate. 
Achene 2 mm. long : scales about 2 mm. long. 66. C. filiculmis. 
Achene 1 mm. long: scales less than 2 mm. 
long. 67. C. Blodgettii. 
Umbel compound : leaf-blades relatively broad. 68. C. ligularis. 
Rachis-wings broad, membranous. 
Scales firm, not appressed. 69. C. Grayi. 
Scales thin, closely appressed. 70. C. echinatus. 
Spikelets with 5-10 achenes. 
Heads sessile, or on rays less than 2 cm. long. "1. C. brunneus. 
Heads terminating rays 2-7 em. long. 72. C. Ottonis. 


1. Cyperus flavéscens L. Annual, yellowish green. Leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide, 
smooth, the longer usually exceeding the inflorescence: scapes very slender, tufted, 7-30 
cm. tall: spikelets in 3's-6's, linear, subacute, yellow, many-flowered, flat, 8-18 mm. long, 
3-4 mm. broad ; the clusters terminal and sessile, or on 1-4 short rays: scales ovate, ob- 
tuse, 1-nerved, appressed, twice as long as the achene: stigmas 2: achenes orbicular-obo- 
void, black, obtuse, shining, the superficial cells oblong. 

In marshy soil, Maine to Michigan, Florida and Mexico. Alsoin the Old World. Summer and fall. 

2. Cyperus diándrus Torr. Annual, deep green. Leaf-blades about 2 mm. wide: 
scapes tufted, slender, 5-40 cm. tall: bracts of the involucre usually 3: spikelets 8-18 
mm. long, linear-oblong, acute, flat, many-flowered ; the clusters sessile and terminal or at 


CYPERACEAE 165 


the ends of 1-3 rays : scales ovate, green, brown, or with brown margins, obtuse, 1-nerved, 
appressed, membranous, dull: stigmas or style-branches 2, much exserted : achenes len- 
ticular, oblong, gray, not shining, } as long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate and 
about as long as wide, as in the eleven following species. 

In marshy places, New Brunswick to Minnesota, South Carolina and Kansas. Summer and fall. 

3. Cyperus rivulàris Kunth. Similar tothe next preceding species. Scapes slender, 
tufted : umbel usually simple: spikelets linear or linear-oblong, acutish, 8-20 mm. long : 
scales dark green or brown, or with brown margins, appressed, firm, rather coriaceous, 
shining, obtuse: stigmas or style-branches 2, scarcely exserted: achenes oblong or oblong- 
obovoid, lenticular, somewhat pointed, dull. 

In wet soil, especially along streams and ponds, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Nebraska, North 
Carolina and Missouri. Summer and fall. 

4. Cyperus hélvus Liebm. Annual. Leaves generally 2 or 4; blades 1-3 mm. 
wide, smooth : scapes tufted, 1-7 dm. tall, as long as the leaves or longer: bracts of the 
involucre narrower than the leaf-blades, surpassing the umbel, the longer ones 5-20 cm. 
long : umbel capitate, or 2-4 rays becoming 1-3 cm. long: spikelets few, linear to linear- 
lanceolate, 5-8 mm. long, acutish: scales straw-colored or yellowish green, ovate, obtuse, 2 
mm. long, deciduous at maturity, 2-keeled on the back: styles 2, well united: achenes 
lenticular, oval or oval-obovoid, 1 mm. long, brown, dull, barely 3 as long as the scale. 

In ditehes and moist grounds, Louisiana and Texas; also through the tropies to eastern South 
America and in the West Indies. Spring to fall. 

5. Cyperus bipartitus Torr. Annual. Leaves usually 2 at the base of the the scape ; 
blades setaceous or filiform : scapes 5-15 cm. tall: bracts of the involucre solitary or 2, but 
only one well developed and erect: spikelet ovate-oblong, 5-7 mm. long, rather obtuse, 
about 14-flowered : scales ovate, obtuse, somewhat coriaceous, closely imbricated : styles 2, 
nearly distinct : achenes lenticular, obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, obtuse. 

In sandy soil, near New Orleans, Louisiana. Summer. 

6. Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy. Annual. Scapes slender, tufted, equalling or longer 
than the leaves: bracts of the involucre 3-5, spreading, the larger often 12 em. long: um- 
bel 3-7-rayed: spikelets rather loosely clustered, linear, very acute, flat, spreading, 1-3 
em. long, 2-3 mm. wide: scales yellowish brown except the green keel, oblong, acute : 
stigmas 2, somewhat exserted: achenes lenticular, narrowly obovoid, obtuse or truncate, 
dull, light brown, 4 to 3 as long as the scale. 

In salt marshes, or drifting sand, coast of Maine to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

7. Cyperus microdóntus Torr. Annual. Leaf-blades about 2 mm. wide: scapes 
very slender, tufted, sometimes 0.5-1 dm. high: bracts of the involucre much elongated : 
umbel commonly simple, sessile, subcapitate : spikelets linear, acute, 6-18 mm. long, less 
than 2 mm. wide, yellowish brown: scales ovate, barely 2 mm. long, acute, thin becoming 
rather lax: stigmas 2, much exserted: achenes lenticular, linear-oblong, short-pointed, 
light brown, 3 as long as the scale. 

In wet soil, on or near the eoast, Virginia aud North Carolina. Summer and fall. 

8. Cyperus Gatésii Torr. Annual, bright green. Leaves often 3-6; blades 1-4 mm. 
wide, or sometimes narrower or even filiform, not firm: scapes slender, tufted, 1-4 dm. 
tall, often surpassing the leaves: bracts of the involucre 3-5, surpassing the umbel, the 
longer ones usually 10-20 cm. long: umbel with 3-8 rays 1-5 em. long, or rarely nearly 
capitate: spikelets few, linear or linear-lanceolate, 6-15 mm. long, acute : scales light chest- 
nut-brown, oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, shining, striate, deciduous at maturity: 
achenes oblong, fully 1 mm. long, grayish, abruptly apiculate, fully 3 as long as the scale. 

In springy places and low grounds, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

9. Cyperus polystáchyus Rottb. Annual, pale green. Leaves usually 4-8 ; blades 
narrowly linear, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth like the scape : scapes tufted, slender, 1-9 dm. 
tall, generally surpassing the leaves: bracts of the involucre 3-5, much longer than the 
umbel, nearly equal in length, or one or two sometimes 1-2 dm. long: umbel capitate or 
some of the rays becoming 1-3 cm. long: spikelets numerous, linear-lanceolate, 6-20 mm. 
long, acute, 15-25-flowered: scales 1.5 mm. long, gray-brown or straw-colored, acute, dull, 
deciduous at maturity : achenes lenticular, oblong, 1.2 mm. long, dull, about twice as long 
as thick, grayish. 

In ditches and low grounds, Florida to Louisiana, and in tropical America. Spring to fall. 

10. Cyperus pümilus L. Annual, pale green. Leaves often 3-4; blades gradually 
narrowed to the apex : scapes densely tufted, slender, 1-3 dm. tall, or sometimes shorter, 
mostly as long as the leaves or longer: bracts of the involucre usually 3 or 4, 1 or 2 of 
them much longer than the others, the longest one often 10 cm. in length : umbel much 
shorter than the involucre, with 3-9 rays, 1-6 cm. long and a sessile cluster of spikes, or 
sometimes all spikes sessile: spikelets linear, 4-8 mm. long, relatively few in a spike, 15- 


166 CYPERACEAE 


25-flowered : scales silvery green, 1.5 mm. long, 3-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth 
longest and acuminate, thus forming a sharp mucro, with broad scarious margins: achenes 
about 0.5 mm. long, obovoid, truncate at the top, barely } as long as the scale. 

In sandy soil, Florida and Alabama. Common in the tropics. Summer. 

11. Cyperus flavicomus Michx. Annual. Leaves 4-6 mm. wide: scapes 3-10 dm. 
tall: bracts of the involucre 3-8, the longer ones much exceeding the inflorescence : um- 
bels few-several-rayed, often compound ; primary rays 1-6 cm. long: spikelets numerous, 
usually densely clustered, linear, acute, 8-20 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat, many-flowered, 
spreading : scales oblong, obtuse, thin, dull yellowish brown : stigmas 2, little exserted : 
achenes obovoid, lenticular, black, mucronate, not shining, nearly as long as the scales and 
often persistent on the rachis after these have fallen away. 

In wet or moist sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

12. Cyperus Hochstétteri Nees. Annual, bright green. Leaves mostly 2 or 3; 
blades 2-4 mm. wide, smooth like the scape: scapes tufted, relatively stout, 1.5-6 dm. 
tall, mostly overtopping the leaves: bracts of the involucre 3-5, all, or only the longer ones 
surpassing the umbel, longer ones 10-20 em. long: umbel with 2-5 rays, 1-10 cm. long 
and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre: spikelets linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-4 
em. long, 12-54-flowered : scales broadly ovate, deep chestnut color, 2 mm. long, rather 
blunt: achenes lenticular, obliquely obovoid-orbicular, 1.5 mm. long, about à as long as 
the scale, apiculate, deep brown. 

In low grounds, Louisiana, Texas and New Mexico. Also in the tropics. Spring to fall. 

13. Cyperus laevigàtus L. Perennial, light green, resembling species of Scirpus. 
Leaves reduced to several colored scales at the base of the scape, the upper ones sometimes 
prolonged into short blades: scapes tufted from horizontal rootstocks, 0.5-4 dm. tall, 
smooth: spikelets few, usually 3-6 in a head at the top of the scape, subtended by the 
single conspicuous erect involucral bract, oblong-ovate to linear, 6-15 mm. long, rather 
obtuse, mostly 16-30-flowered : scales deltoid-ovate, blunt, nearly 2 mm. long, deep chest- 
nut-brown and lustrous or merely variegated with chestnut, deciduous at maturity : achenes 
1.5 mm. to nearly 2 mm. long, elliptic or obovoid-elliptic, minutely pointed. 

In sandy soil, South Carolina and California. Also cireumtropical. Spring to fall. 


14. Cyperus Careyi Britton. Annual, pale green. Leaves several; blades 1-1.5 
mm. wide, keeled: scapes tufted, slender, less than 1 dm. tall, surpassed by some of the 
leaves, densely leafy at the base : bracts of the involucre usually 3, surpassing the umbel, 
2-8 cm. long: umbel capitate, about 1 cm. broad, sessile: spikelets crowded, numerous, 
oblong or ovate-oblong, 3~4 mm. long: scales silvery or whitish, about 2 mm. long, broadly 
ovate, abruptly pointed, delicately ribbed : stigmas 2: achene lenticular, oblong. 

In sand, middle Florida. Summer. 


15. Cyperus infléxus Muhl. Annual, fragrant in drying. Leaf-blades 2 mm. wide 
or less : scapes slender or almost filiform, tufted, about equalled by the leaves: bracts of 
the involucre 2-3, exceeding the umbel: umbel sessile, capitate, or 1-3-rayed : spikelets 
linear-oblong, 6-10-flowered, 4-6 mm. long: scales light brown, lanceolate, rather firm, 
strongly several-nerved, each tapering into a long, recurved awn: stigmas 3: achene 3- 
angled, narrowly obovoid, 1 mm. long, obtuse, mucronulate, brown, dull. 

In wet, sandy soil, Vermont to the Northwest Territory, Oregon, Florida, Texas, California and 
Mexico. Summer. 

16. Cyperus squarrósus L. Annual, bright green, licorice-scented. Leaves few; 
blades mostly 1 mm. wide or narrower, curved, revolute: scapes tufted, 2-15 cm. tall, 
slender, overtopped by some of the leaves: bracts of the involucre usually 3 or 4, surpass- 
ing the umbel, rarely 10 cm. long: umbel of 2-5 rays with one or more spikes sessile in 
the involucre, or sometimes all the spikes collected in a head : spikelets linear, 5-10 mm. 
long, few in a spike, many-flowered: scales light chestnut-colored, nearly 2 mm. long, the 
recurved spreading awn-like tip nearly as long as the body: achenes 3-angled, broadly obo- 
void, 0.5 mm. long, brown, minutely apiculate. 

SA HS vd Bom Georgia and Florida to Texas and California. Alsoin the West Indies and tropics 

__ 17. Cyperus compréssus L. Annual. Leaves light green; blades about 2 mm. 
wide: scapes slender, erect or reclining, smooth, 7-25 cm. long: bracts of the involucre 
2-3, the longer exceeding the spikelets: umbel capitate or with 2—3 short rays: spikelets 
narrowly lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, very flat, many-flowered : scales 
light green with a yellow band on each side, ovate, acuminate, firm, keeled, several-nerved : 
er im 3: achene sharply 3-angled, obovoid, obtuse, dull brown, about 3 as long as the 
scale. 


In fields, Maryland to Florida, Missouri and Texas. Also in tropical America and the Old World. 
Summer and fall. 


CYPERACEAE 167 


18. Cyperus Buckleyi Britton. Perennial, bright green. Leaves several at the 
base of the scape ; blades 2-7 mm. wide, curling in age: scapes sometimes tufted, 3-15 dm. 
tall, overtopping the leaves, often conspicuously elongated : bracts of the involucre usually 
3-5, 10-20 cm. long or the smaller ones shorter : umbel of 3-8 rays varying from 1-12 cm. 
in length and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre: spikelets linear, 8-12 mm. long, 
rather lax : scales light or dark chestnut, rhombic-ovate, 3 mm. long, obtuse, with several 
prominent ribs, not crowded, spreading and deciduous in age: achenes 3-angled, obovoid, 
2 mm. long, brown. 

In river valleys, the Indian Territory and Texas to adjacent Mexico. Summer and fall. 

19. Cyperus Büshii Britton. Perennial by tuber-like corms. Leaves shorter than 
the scape, 4 mm. wide or less, smooth, not viscid: scapes slender, smooth, 3-6 dm. tall: 
bracts of the involucre 3-5, the longer much exceeding the umbel : umbel simple, 1—5-rayed, 
the rays mostly short, or spikes congested into a single cluster : spikelets loosely capitate, 
linear, compressed, acute, 8-16 mm. long, 11-15-flowered : scales firm, shining, oblong, 
mucronate, strongly about 11-nerved: stigmas 3: achene oblong, about 2 mm. long, nearly 
twice as long as thick, 3-angled, pale brown, apiculate, 4 as long as the scale. 

In sandy soil, Minnesota and Wisconsin to Nebraska and the Indian Territory. Summer. 

20. Cyperus élegans L. Perennial, pale green. Leaves several at the base of the 
scape, viscid; blades mostly 2-4 mm. broad, involute above the loose, striate sheaths: 
scapes tufted, 2-7 dm. tall, sometimes equalled by the leaves or overtopped by them: 
bracts of the involucre 3-5, very unequal, some 5 cm. long, others often 30 em. long: 
umbel simple or compound, usually of 3-6 rays, 1-8 cm. long, with one or more spikes ses- 
sile in the involucre : spikelets linear-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, crowded : scales light tan- 
colored, rhombic-ovate, 3 mm. long, ascending, scabrous on the back, with more or less 
spreading short awn-like tips : achenes 3-angled, obovoid, fully 1.5 mm. long including the 
curved subulate beak. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Texas and New Mexico. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 


21. Cyperus acuminàtus Torr. & Hook. Annual. Leaves light green; blades 
usually less than 2 mm. wide : scapes very slender, tufted, 7-40 cm. tall: bracts of the in- 
volucre much elongated : umbel 1-4-rayed, simple, rays short : spikelets flat, ovate-oblong, 
obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, many-flowered, densely capitate : scales oblong, pale green, 3-nerved, 
coarsely cellular, conduplicate, each with a short sharp more or less recurved tip: stigmas 
3: achenes sharply 3-angled, gray, broadly oblong, narrowed at each end, little over 0.5 
mm. long, about à as long as the scales. 

In moist soil, Illinois to Iowa, Oregon, Louisiana, Texas and California. Summer and fall. 


22. Cyperus cyrtólepis Torr. & Hook. Perennial, bright green. Leaves mostly 
overtopped by the scape; blades 3-4 mm. long, more or less revolute : scapes usually tufted, 
slender, 1-5 dm. long, smooth : bracts of the involucre 3-5, the longer ones surpassing the 
umbel, spreading : umbel capitate, or of 3-6 rays and some spikes sessile in the involucre, 
often compound : spikelets oblong or ovate-oblong, 5-7 mm. long, gray or yellowish, 16— 
24-flowered : scales ovate, barely 2 mm. long, acute, scarious-margined, with short re- 
curved spreading tips: achenes 3-angled, elliptic or narrowly oblong, about 1 mm. long, 
acute or slightly pinched at both ends, rather lustrous. 

In swampy grounds, Arkansas to Arizona and Texas. Spring to fall. 

23. Cyperus Drummóndii Torr. & Hook. Perennial. Leaves much shorter than 
the scape ; blades 4-6 mm. wide: scapes 8-12 dm. tall, its angles very sharp, or almost 
winged, scabrous: bracts of the involucre usually 2, surpassing the umbel: umbel capitate 
or congested, or with several more or less elongated rays, of many (40-50) spikelets: spike- 
lets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 20-30-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, yellowish : scales lan- 
OA very closely imbricated, acute: achenes 3-angled, linear-oblong, above the slender 
stipe. 

On plains or prairies, Texas. Summer. 

24. Cyperus ochraceus Vahl. Perennial, bright or yellowish green. Leaves over- 
topped by the scape ; blades mostly 2-6 mm. long, smooth : scapes solitary or tufted, rela- 
tively slender, 2-12 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucres mostly 3-5, the longer ones 
much surpassing the umbel, spreading: umbel mostly compound, of 5-10 rays of various 
lengths, rarely over 15 cm. long, and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets 
linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 5-12 mm. long, 25-35-flowered : scales ovate, 2 mm. long, 
rather blunt : achenes ovoid, slightly pinched at both ends, not stipitate. 

In sandy soil, Alabama to Texas. Also in the West Indies and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

25. Cyperus vírens Michx. Perennial, pale green. Leaves elongated ; blades 6-12 
mm. wide, striate : scapes stout, often tufted, 5-15 dm. tall, overtopping the leaves, smooth, 
naked above: bracts of the involucre 3-7, variable in length, the longer surpassing the 


168 CYPERACEAE 


umbel, sometimes becoming 6 dm. long: umbel mostly compound, of 3-12 rays varying 
from 1-20 em. in length, with 1 or more spikes sessile in the involucre: spikelets numer- 
ous, ovate, 6-14 mm. long, acutish, many-flowered : scales oblong-ovate, fully 2 mm. long, 
red-brown, pinched at the ends. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida, and California, and in Mexieo and Central America. 
Spring to fall. 

26. Cyperus pseudovégetus Steud.  Perennial by thickened tuber-like joints of 
the rootstocks.  Leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide, smooth, nodulose, the midvein prominent: 
scapes rather stout, 3-13 dm. high, often equalled by the leaves: bracts of the involucre 
4-6, spreading : umbel several-rayed, compound : spikelets ovate, flat, many-flowered, light 
green, densely capitate, 4-6 mm. long : scales keeled, conduplicate, 1-nerved, curved, acute: 
stigmas 3 : achene linear, 3-angled, slightly stalked. [C. calcaratus Nees. ] 

In marshes, Delaware to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


27. Cyperus Surinaménsis Rottb. Perennial, pale green. Leaves overtopped by 
the scape ; blades mostly 1.5-4 mm. wide, usually rough along the margins: scapes slen- 
der, solitary or tufted, 2-12 dm. tall, naked and rough above: bracts of the involucre 
usually 3-5, one or all longer than the rays of the umbel, rough-margined : umbels mostly 
compound, of generally 8-12 rays of various lengths, several spikes sessile or clustered in 
the involucre: spikelets oblong or linear-oblong, 5-12 mm. long, yellow, blunt, 40-50- 
flowered, sometimes densely clustered: scales ovate, nearly 1.5 mm. long, deciduous in 
age: achenes 3-angled, oblong, about 0.8 mm. long, brown, pinched at both ends. 

In sandy swamps, Florida to Texas, and throughout tropical America. Spring to fall. 


28. Cyperus refléxus Vahl. Perennial, bright green. Leaves overtopped by the 
scape ; blades 1-4 mm. broad, smooth: scapes often tufted, slender, 1-7 dm. tall, smooth : 
bracts of the involucre 3-5, one or more surpassing the umbel, often compound, of 2-5- 
rays and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre or capitate: spikelets ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, red or reddish brown, 20-25-flowered ; scales ovate, about 1.5 
mm. long, acute, imbricated : achenes 3-angled, elliptic, barely 1 mm. long, pinched at 
the base, short-beaked. 

In sandy soil, Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 


29. Cyperus Iria L. Annual, bright green. Leaves mostly overtopped by the 
scape ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, revolute, striate: scapes erect, sometimes tufted, 2-5 dm. 
tall, smooth: bracts of the involucre usually 5, the longer ones surpassing the umbel, 
curved : umbel of 5-9 rays of various lengths, compound : spikelets narrowly oblong, 5-10 
mm. long, yellowish or brownish, numerous, 12-26-flowered, rather lax: scales obovate or 
nearly orbicular, fully 1 mm. long, thin, mucronulate, deciduous at maturity: achenes 
sharply 3-angled, oblong-obovoid, about 1 mm. long, reddish, minutely apiculate, slightly 
surpassing the scales. 

Inswamps mostly near the coast and rice fields, North Carolina to Floridaand Texas. Naturalized 
from the tropics. Spring to fall. 

30. Cyperus distans L. Perennial, bright green. Leaves often overtopping the 
scape; blades 5-12 mm. wide, striate: scapes 3-15 dm. tall, erect, smooth, not jointed : 
bracts of the involucre 5, the longer ones surpassing the umbel, ascending, spreading : 
umbels compound, of several slender rays and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : 
spikelets numerous, very slender, linear-filiform, 1-2.5 cm. long, chestnut-colored, spicate 
and rather loosely disposed : scales oblong, fully 2 mm. long, blunt, sharply keeled : achenes 
3-angled, narrowly oblong-obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, abruptly pointed. : 

. In swampy grounds or wet woods, North Carolina and Georgia. Widely distributed in the tropics. 
Spring to fall. 

S1 Cyperus cephalánthus Torr. & Hook. Perennial, bright green. Leaves over- 
topped by the scape ; blades mostly 5-8 mm. wide, rough on the margins and the nerves 
beneath: scapes erect, 6-15 dm. tall, rough on the angles near the top: bracts of the in- 
voluere often 4 or 5, several much elongated and surpassing the umbel, drooping in age: 
umbel of 4-7 rays and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets linear or oblong- 
linear, numerous and densely capitate, 6-10 mm. long, light chestnut-colored, scales oval- 
elliptie, 3 mm. long, acute, with several sharp ribs along the back, loosely imbricated, 
deciduous: achenes 3-angled, elliptic or obovoid-elliptic, barely 1.5 mm. long, rather ab- 
ruptly pointed. 

In low grounds, Louisiana and Texas. Spring to fall. 

32. Cyperus Háspan L. Perennial by short rootstocks. Leaves reduced to mem- 
branous acuminate sheaths: scapes weak, tufted, 3-10 dm. high: bracts of the involucre 
about 2, usually less than 2 mm. wide : umbel simple or compound, the longer rays 2-5 
em. long: spikelets few, capitate, linear, acute, many-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, about 1 
mm. wide: scales oblong or oblong-lanceolate, reddish brown, acute, mucronulate, keeled, 


CYPERACEAE 169 


3-nerved : rachis winged: stigmas 3: achene 3-angled, broadly obovoid, 0.5-0.7 mm. 
long, obtase, nearly white, much shorter than the scale. 

In swamps and sandy bogs, Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Also in tropical 
America and in the warmer parts of Europe, Asia and Australia. Summer and fall. 

33. Cyperus dentatus Torr. Perennial by scaly rootstocks which sometimes bear 
small tubers. Leaves keeled; blades 2-4 mm. wide: scapes rather stiff, 2-5 dm. tall: 
bracts of the involucre 3-4, 1 or 2 usually exceeding the inflorescence: umbel somewhat 
compound ; longer rays 2.5-7.5 cm. long : spikelets linear, very flat, many-flowered, mostly 
blunt, 10-20 mm. long, nearly 4 mm. wide: scaleslight reddish brown, ovate-lanceolate, 
thin, keeled, 5-7-nerved, mucronate, separating from the rachis when mature, their tips 
spreading, causing the spikelet to appear toothed : stigmas 3, exserted : achene 3-angled, ob- 
ovoid, about 0.8 mm. long, obtuse, mucronate, light brown, much shorter than the scale. 
Scales of the spikelets often modified into tufts of small leaf-like bracts. 

In sandy swamps and on river shores, Maine to northern New York, South Carolina and West Vir- 
ginia. Summer and fall. 

34. Cyperus multiradiàtus (Torr.) Mohr. Perennial, yellowish green. Leaves 
overtopped by the scape ; blades firm, 2-5 mm. broad, smooth : scapes solitary, 2-4 dm. tall, 
smooth : bracts of the involucre 3-5, one or more of them surpassing the umbel, ascending : 
umbel of 5-10 rays, all of different lengths: spikelets linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. 
long, 3-4 mm. wide, yellow, 30-70-flowered, numerous: scales ovate, fully 2 mm. long, 
merely acute, scarious margined, minutely hooded at the apex, closely imbricated, faintly 
"-nerved, pesistent: achenes 3-angled, broadly ovoid, 0.8 mm. long, lustrous, brown. 
[ C. dentatus B ? multiradiatus Torr. ©. LeContei Torr. ] 

In sand, Florida to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

35. Cyperus rotundus L. Perennial by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks. Leaf-blades 
3-6 mm. wide: scapes rather stout, 1-5 dm. high, usually longer than the leaves: bracts 
of the involuere 3-5: umbel 3-8-rayed, the longer rays 5-11 cm. long: spikelets linear, 
clustered, few in each cluster, acute, 8-20 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide: scales dark purple- 
brown or with green margins and center, ovate, acute, appressed, about 3-nerved on the 
keel : stigmas 3, exserted : achene 3-angled, linear-oblong, about 1 mm. long, about 3 as long 
as the scale. 

In fields, Virginia to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Also in tropical America, and widely distrib- 
uted in the Old World. Summer and fall. 

36. Cyperus Hállii Britton. Perennial by scaly rootstocks. Leaves with blades 
about 4-6 mm. wide: scapes rather stout, 6-9 dm. tall, about equalled by the leaves: in- 
volucral bracts 3-6, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence : umbel compound, its 
longer rays 7-10 cm. long, the raylets sometimes 2.5 cm. long: spikelets numerous, loosely 
clustered, linear, 7-15-flowered, 10-16 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide: involucels setaceous: 
scales ovate, acute, strongly 7-9-nerved, dark reddish brown or with lighter margins, their 
tips not appressed: stigmas 3, much exserted: achene linear-oblong, 1.5 mm. long, 3- 
angled, about 3 as long as the scale. 

On plains and prairies, Kansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. Summer and fall. 

37. Cyperus esculéntus L. Perennial by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks. Leaves 
light green ; blades 4-8 mm. wide, the midvein prominent : scapes usually stout, 3-8 dm. 
tall, commonly shorter than the leaves: bracts of the involucre 3-6, the longer much ex- 
ceeding the inflorecence : umbel 4-10-rayed, often compound: spikelets numerous in loose 
spikes, straw-color or yellowish brown, flat, spreading, 1-2.5 em. long, about 3 mm. wide, 
many-flowered: scales ovate-oblong, rather acute, 3-5-nerved: rachis narrowly winged : 
stigmas 3: achene obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, obtuse, 3-angled. 

In moist fields, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Also on the Pacific 
coast from California to Alaska, in tropical America, and widely distributed in the Old World. Some- 
times a troublesome weed. Summer and fall.—A form with very slender spikelets about 2 mm. wide or 
narrower, is C. esculentus angustispicátus Britton ; it ranges from Massachusetts and Missouri to South 
Carolina, CHUFA. 

38. Cyperus articulàtus L. Perennial, pale green. Leaves reduced to a few 
scales at the base of the scape or sometimes with a few well developed blades: scapes erect, 
8-20 dm. tall, transversely septate, terete, smooth : bracts of the involucre mostly 3, ovate 
or linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the umbel, erect or nearly so: umbel of 4-10 
slender, curved rays, compound: spikelets slender, narrowly linear, 2-5 cm. long, or 
sometimes shorter, deep straw-colored, not crowded, 30-50-flowered : scales elliptic or 
ovate, fully 3 mm. long, acutish or rather blunt, faintly ribbed, closely imbricated : achenes 
3-angled, oblong or cuneate-oblong, fully 1 mm. long, somewhat lustrous, pinched at the 
apex. 

In sandy swamps, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Throughout the tropies. Spring to fall. 

39. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual. Leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide, rough- 
margined : scapes tufted, stout or slender, 7-50 em. tall: bracts of the involucre 3-7, some 


170 CYPERACEAE 


of them 3-5 times as long as the inflorescence : umbel mostly compound : spikelets linear, 
rather acute, 6-25 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, compressed, many-flowered, crowded 
in oblong, nearly or quite sessile spikes : scales bright chestnut-brown, oblong-lanceolate, 
mucronulate, loose : stigmas 3 : achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, about 1 mm. long, pointed 
at both ends, pale, 3 as long as the scale. 

In wet soil. southern Ontario to Massachusetts, Nebraska, Kansas, Florida, Texas and California. 
Summer and fall. 

40. Cyperus digitatus Roxb. Annual, yellowish green. Leaves sometimes over- 
topping the scape ; blades 4-15 mm. wide, sometimes with rough margins and nerved be- 
neath : scapes commonly solitary, 3-12 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre 
6-10, the longer ones surpassing the umbel : umbel compound, of 5-8 more or less elon- 
gated rays, and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre: spikes about 1 cm. thick : 
spikelets laxly disposed, linear-subulate, 6-10 mm. long, chestnut-colored, 10-15-flowered, 
numerous : scales broadly oblong, about 2 mm. long, closely appressed, abruptly pointed 

“or cuspidate, with pale hyaline margins: achenes 3-angled, fully 1 mm. long, elliptic or 
oblong, pale brown. [C. erythrorhizos var. erectus Britton. ] 

In low grounds or swamps, Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


41. Cyperus Hàlei Torr. Annual. Leaf-blades 6-8 mm. wide, very rough-mar- 
gined : scapes stout, 6-10 dm. tall, about equalled by the leaves: bracts of the involucre 
5-8, much elongated : umbel compound, several-rayed : spikes cylindric, sessile or very 
nearly so, exceedingly dense, 1-2.5 cm. long: spikelets very numerous, linear, 3-5 mm. 
long, 1 mm. wide, spreading : scales brown, keeled, indistinctly 5-nerved, oblong, mucronu- 
late: stigmas 3: achene 3-angled, about 1 mm. long. 

In swamps, south Missouri to Tennessee, Louisiana and Florida. Summer and fall. 


42. Cyperus Floridànus Britton. Perennial, bright green. Leaves mostly reduced 
to a few basal scales and several filiform blades : scapes tufted, erect or reclining, 1-7 dm. 
long, filiform or wiry: bracts of the involucre 2, one about as long as the inflorescence, the 
other longer: umbel capitate, sessile: spikelets linear-subulate, 6-10 mm. long, crowded, 
chestnut brown : scales broadly oblong, fully 2 mm. long, blunt, closely imbricated, ribbed 
on the back, very firm: achenes 3-angled, oblong or nearly so, about 1.5 mm. long, dark 
brown, dull. 

In sand, southern Florida and the West Indies. Spring to fall. 


43. Cyperus Engelmannii Steud. Annual. Leaves elongated; blades 4-6 mm. 
wide, flaccid, roughish on the margins: scapes slender, 15-75 cm. tall: bracts of the in- 
volucre 4-6, the longer exceeding the umbel: umbel often compound, the spikelets often 
densely crowded, very commonly linear, subterete, 1-2.5 cm. long, 5-15-flowered : rachis 
narrowly winged: scales greenish brown, oblong, obtuse, thin, faintly 3-5-nerved on the 
back, distant, the successive ones on each side of the spikelet separated by a space of about 
j ini length : stigmas 3: achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, # as long as the scale, about 2 
mm. long. 


TT B wet soil, Massachusetts to southern Ontario, Wisconsin, New Jersey and Missouri. Summer 

44. Cyperus speciósus Vahl. Annual. Leaf-blades rough-margined, 3-5 mm. wide, 
the midvein prominent: scapes usually tufted, 10-40 cm. tall, reddish toward the base: 
bracts of the involucre much exceeding the umbel: umbel 3-7-rayed, the primary rays 
2-15 cm. long: involucels narrow : spikes dull brown : spikelets subterete, very narrowly 
linear, 8-25 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, 10-30-flowered, falling away from the axis 
at maturity : scales dull brown, thin, not tightly appressed, ovate, obtuse, faintly 3-5- 
nerved on the back : rachis-wings broad, clasping the achene, persistent: stigmas 3, 
Hi ges exserted : achene obovoid, barely 1.5 mm. long, pale, 3-angled, about 3 as long as 

e scale. 


„In marshes, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Ohio, Minnesota, Florida, Texas and Cali- 
fornia. Summer and fall.—A variety with reddish spreading or slightly recurved scales, is C. speciosus 
Jerruginéscens (Boeck].) Britton ; its range is from Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. Another variety 
with about the same range, C. speciosus pàrvus (Boeckl.) Britton, has scapes 2-7 cm, high, a very simple 
umbel and generally a single cluster of short spikelets. 

,.45. Cyperus férax Vahl. Annual, closely related to the next preceding species, but 
with smooth-margined, shorter and broader leaf-blades : bracts of the involucre sometimes 
but little exceeding the inflorescence : urabel often compact, the rays mostly short : spikes 
yellowish or grayish brown : spikelets linear, subterete, 10-20-flowered, 16-25 mm. long, 
about 2 mm. thick : scales ovate-oblong, appressed, imbricated, obtuse, rather firm, green 
and 7-9-nerved on the back, yellowish on the sides: stigmas 3: rachis broadly winged : 
achene 3-angled, narrowly obovoid, obtuse, about 1-1.5 mm. long. 


In wet soil, Missouri to California, and widely distributed in tropical America. Summer and fall. 


CYPERACEAE 171 


46. Cyperus Eggérsii Boeckl. Annual, pale or bright green. Leaves commonly 
overtopping the scape, rough-margined: scapes 3-9 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the 
involucre mostly 5, somewhat broader than the leaf-blades, much surpassing the umbel : 
umbel of 2-4 rays 1-3 cm. long, compound : spikes several to many : spikelets greenish 
brown, 4-7 mm. long, very brittle: scales blunt, less than 2 mm. long : achenes oblong, 
fully 1 mm. long, abruptly pointed at the apex, pinched at the base, straight, brown. 

Inlow grounds, southern Texas. Alsoin tropical America. Spring to fall. 

47. Cyperus oxycarioides Britton. Annual, bright green. Leaves mostly over- 
topped by the scapes ; blades 3-8 mm. wide, roughish on the margins: scapes 5-12 dm. 
tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre usually 5, several much longer than the 
umbel, spreading: umbel capitate, the spikes congested into a dense terminal cluster : spike- 
lets linear-subulate, numerous, light green-brown, 6-10 mm. long, brittle, 8-12-flowered, 
densely crowded: scales oval-oblong, about 2 mm. long, blunt, delicately ribbed, closely 
imbricated : achenes 3-angled, oblong-obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, pale brown, slightly curved. 

In sandy swamps, southern Texas and Central America. Spring to fall. 

48. Cyperus Martindalei Britton. Perenial, bright green. Leaves overtopped by 
the scape ; blades filiform by the revolute margins, smooth : scapes tufted, erect, 2-7 dm. 
tall, 3-angled, smooth: bracts of the involucre 3-5, slender like the leaf-blades, several 
much elongated: umbel capitate, or with 1-3 slender rays: spikes globular, 1-2 cm. in 
diameter: spikelets linear or linear-subulate, 6-10 mm. long, yellowish green, densely 
crowdedg; scales broadly oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, prominently ribbed, often becoming 
eroded at the apex, spreading at maturity : achenes 3-angled, oblong, 2 mm. long or nearly 
so, brown, dull. 

In sand, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

49. Cyperus setigerus Torr. & Hook. Perennial, bright green. Leaves over- 
topped by the scape ; blades 4-10 mm. wide, rough at least on the margins: scapes erect, 
6-12 dm. tall, smooth: bracts of the involucre 3-5, with scabrous margins, the longer ones 
much surpassing the umbels, spreading : umbels of usually 6-9 slender smooth or scabrous 
rays, and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre: spikelets linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, 
chestnut-brown, rather numerous: scales lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acute, rather closely 
imbricated, ribbed on the back : achenes 3-angled, oblong-prismatic, 1.5 mm. long, pinched 
at the apex. 

In low grounds, Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 

50. Cyperus strigdsus L. Perennial by basal tuber-like corms. Leaves rough-mar- 
gined, 4-6 mm. wide : scapes rather.stout, 3-9 dm. tall: the longer bracts of the involucre 
much exceeding the umbel : umbel several-rayed, some of the primary rays often 10-15 cm. 
long, their sheaths terminating in two bristles : involucels setaceous : heads oblong or ovoid : 
spikelets flat, linear, 8-19 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 7-15-flowered : scales straw- 
colored, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, strongly several-nerved, appressed : stigmas 3 : achenes 
linear-oblong, 3-angled, about 2 mm. long, acute, about 3 as long as the scale. 

In moist meadows, swamps or along streams, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida and 
Texas. Summer and fall.—Several varieties have been described: C. strigosus robüstior Kunth, has à 
compound umbel and large spikelets 16-25 mm. long with 10-25 flowers; it occurs with the type; C. 
strigosus capitàtus Boeckl., has the umbel simple or nearly simple, and the spikelets 8-14 mm. long, 
densely erowded in subglobose heads ; its range is like that of the type; C. strigosus compósitus Britton, 
has a compound umbel and spikelets 8-13 mm. long, with only 4 or 5 flowers; it ranges from New York 
to Iowa and Alabama. C. strigosus grácilis Britton, is very slender, with leaves overtopped by the scape, 
umbel of 1-3 short rays, bearing few linear spreading spikelets; it is confined to Arkansas and Texas ; 
and C. strigosus elongátus (Torr.) Britton, has much elongated rays bearing single capitate clusters, North 
Carolina and Texas. 

51. Cyperus stenólepis Torr. Perennial, bright green. Leaves overtopped by the 
scapes ; blades 8-16 mm. wide, very rough on the margins, pale beneath : scapes erect, 5-12 
dm. tall, smooth, 3-angled : bracts of the involucre 3-6, the longer ones much surpassing 
the umbel, spreading : umbel simple or compound, of 6-9 rays of various lengths and one or 
more spikes sessile in the involucre: spikelets numerous, linear, 15-20 mm. long, bright 
straw-colored, 5-12-flowered : scales linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, prominently 
ribbed and deciduous at maturity, loose and somewhat spreading : achenes 3-angled, ob- 
long-prismatie, about 2 mm. long, brown, abruptly pointed at the apex, pinched at the 

ase. 

In swamps or low grounds, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

52. Cyperus refráctus Engelm. Perennial by tuber-like corms. Leaf-blades 5-8 
mm. wide, rough-margined, elongated : scapes stout, smooth, 3-9 dm. tall: umbel 6-13- 
rayed, usually compound, the longer rays sometimes 20 cm. long, their sheaths terminating 
in lor2 short teeth : involucels setaceous : raylets filiform : spikelets very narrowly linear, 
loosely spicate, acute, 1-2 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, 3-6-flowered, the upper spreading, the 
lower reflexed : scales yellowish green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, closely appressed, 9-11- 


172 CYPERACEAE 


nerved, thin: stigmas 3, much exserted : achenes narrowly linear, about 3 mm. long, ob- 
tuse, apiculate, about 5 times as long as thick, and 3 as long as the scale. 
In dry fields or woods, New Jersey to North Carolina and Missouri. Summer and fall. 


53. Cyperus dissitifldrus Torr. Perennial, bright green. Leaves somewhat overtop: 
ping the scape, smooth or nearly so: scapes sometimes sparingly tufted, very slender, 
3-angled, smooth: bracts of the involucre mostly 4-6, the longer ones surpassing the 
umbel: umbel;of 3-5 slender rays and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre: 
spikelets linear-subulate, slender, 5-8 mm. long, spreading, 5—7-flowered, chestnut-colored, 
acute, not crowded, flattened: scales ovate to oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute, closely im- 
bricated : achenes 3-angled, oblong-prismatic or slightly broadened upward, 1.5 mm. long, 
abruptly pointed. 


In sand, Florida to Texas. Spring to fall. 


54. Cyperus retrofráctus (L.) Torr. Perennial by tuber-like corms. Leaf-blades 
3-5 mm. wide: scapes usually rough-puberulent, at least above, mostly longer than the 
puberulent leaves: bracts of the involucre 4-7, the longer not greatly exceeding the umbel, 
sometimes shorter: umbel simple: rays 5-15 cm. long, their sheaths 2-toothed : heads 
oblong or obovoid: spikelets linear-subulate, 6-12 mm. long, about 1 mm. thick, 1-2- 
flowered, all soon strongly reflexed: flowering scales lanceolate, acute, the upper one 
subulate, all strongly several-nerved: stigmas 3: achenes linear, 1.5-2 mm. long, 3- 
angled, obtuse, apiculate, 3 as long as the scale. 

In sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, Kentucky, Arkansas and Texas. Summer and fall. 


55. Cyperus ovularis ( Michx.) Torr. Perennial by hard tuber-like corms. Leaves 
smooth ; blades 4-6 mm. wide: scape usually strict, smooth, 2-8 dm. tall, longer than the 
leaves : longer bracts of the involucre much exceeding the umbel : umbel simple, few-rayed; 
sheath of the rays truncate or slightly toothed : spikes globose, 8-14 mm. in diameter, very 
dense, the spikelets radiating in all directions : spikelets 4-7 mm. long, usually 3-flowered : 
scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, green, strongly several-nerved : stigmas 
3: achenes linear-oblong, 3-angled, about 1.5 mm. long, 1-3 times as long as thick. 

In dry fields and on hills, southern New York to Florida, Illinois, Kansas and Texas.—C. ovularis 
sphaéricus Boeckl., differs in its usually smaller heads, the spikelets more subulate, reddish brown. 
Arkansas to Texas. Summer and fall. 

56. Cyperus retrórsus Chapm.  Perennial, pale green. Leaves overtopped by the 
scape; blades 3-5 mm. wide, sometimes with rough margins and nerves beneath : scapes 
erect, 4-7 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre 7-10, mostly surpassing the umbel : 
umbel simple, of usually 8 slender rays: spikes narrowly obovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long: spike- 
lets densely crowded, subulate, 3 mm. long, the lower ones becoming reflexed : scales ob- 
long or nearly so, 2.5-3 mm. long, ribbed, closely appressed : achenes 3-angled, oblong- 
prismatic, nearly 2 mm. long, light brown. [C. retroversus Chapm.] 

On the sandy shore of Caximbas Bay, Florida. Spring to winter. 

57. Cyperus cylíndricus (Ell.) Britton. Perennial by hard corms. Leaf-blades 
2-3 mm. wide : scapes smooth, usually tufted, 1-5 dm. tall, longer than the leaves: longer 
bracts of the involucre much exceeding the umbel : umbel simple, the rays short, or the 
longer 2-7 cm. long, the sheaths 2-toothed: spikes very dense, cylindric, 5-15 mm. long, 
4-8 mm. in diameter, simple : spikelets 3-4 mm. long, flattish, 1-2-flowered, spreading or 
the lower reflexed : scales green, oblong : rachis winged : stigmas 3: achenes linear-oblong 
about 1.5 mm. long, 3-angled, granular, apiculate, slightly more than 4 as long as the scale 

In sandy soil and on the sea shore, southern New York to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


58. Cyperus Plankii Britton. Similar to C. cylindricus in habit, but stouter. Leaf- 
blades mostly 2.5-4 mm. wide, smooth : scapes solitary or sparingly tufted, 3-10 dm. tall, 
smooth, often surpassing the leaves : bracts of the involucre broader than the leaf-blades, 
sometimes 6-7 mm. broad, the longer ones surpassing the umbel : umbel simple, of 4-10 
rays, the larger 5-15 cm. long, mostly ascending: spikes very dense, cylindric, 15-20 mm. 
long, 10-15 mm. in diameter, green : spikelets 5-7 mm. long, 3-4 flowered : scales ribbed : 
rachis winged : stigmas 3: aghenes linear-oblong, 1.5 mm. long, 3-angled, coarsely granu- 
lar, apiculate. i 

On plains and prairies, Oklahoma, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring to fall. 


59. Cyperus cylindrostachys Boeckl. Perennial, pale green. Leaves overtopped 
by the scape ; blades 4-8 mm. wide, smooth : scapes often sparingly tufted, 3-15 dm. tall, 
3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre 5-8, the longer ones much surpassing the umbel : 
umbel simple or compound, of 6-12 slender rays and one or more spikes sessile in the in- 
volucre : spikes cylindric, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, mostly less than 1 cm. thick, usually com- 
pound : spikelets subulate, 4-5 mm. long, grayish brown or tinged with yellow, numerous, 
densely crowded, spreading or recurved : scales oblong or nearly so, 2.5-3 mm. long, blunt, 


CYPERACEAE 173 


finely ribbed, closely imbricated : achenes 3-angled, oblong-prismatic, nearly 2 mm. long, 
abruptly pointed. 

In sand, Florida to Texas. Spring to fall. 

60. Cyperus Lancastriénsis Porter. Perennial by ovoid or oblong corms.  Leaf- 
blades 4-6 mm. wide: scapes slender, smooth, mostly longer than the leaves, 3-8 dm. tall : 
bracts of the involucre 4-7, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence : umbel simple, 
5-9-rayed, the longer rays 5-10 cm. long, their sheaths nearly truncate: spikes oval, ob- 
tuse, 1-2.5 cm. long: spikelets densely clustered, 8-10 mm. long, linear, nearly terete, 
2—4-flowered, the lower reflexed, the middle ones spreading, all separating from the axis at 
maturity : scales green, strongly several-nerved, the flowering ones lanceolate, subacute : 
stigmas 3: achenes linear, obtuse, 2.5-3 mm. long, apiculate, 2-3 times as long as thick, 4 
as long as the scale. 

In dry fields, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Virginia and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


61. Cyperus uniflórus Torr. & Hook. Perennial, bright green. Leaves overtopped 
by the scape; blades 2-4 mm. wide, smooth: scapes often tufted, slender, 1-7 dm. tall, 
smooth : bracts of the involucre 4-7, the longer ones surpassing the umbel : umbel simple, 
of 3-6 slender rays and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre: spikes oval or ovoid, 
1.5-2 em. long: spikelets spreading in all directions, usually curved, subulate, 8-12 mm. 
long, gray-green, attenuate, never densely crowded : scales various, narrow, lower merely 
acute, upper more or less awn-tipped, closely imbricated: achenes 3-angled, oblong or 
slightly broadest above the middle, 2.5 mm. long, brown. 

In sandy swamps or low grounds, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Texas, New Mexico and 
Mexico. Spring to fall. 7 

62. Cyperus subuniflòrus Britton. Similar to the next preceding species in habit, 
but more slender and smaller throughout. Umbels with fewer rays: spikes globular or 
ovoid-globose, 6-10 mm. long: spikelets more or less spreading, 3-5 mm. long, without 
conspicuous subulate tips, little if at all curved : achenes 3-angled, oblong, about 2 mm. 
long, abruptly pointed. 


In dry soil, the Indian Territory, Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


63. Cyperus tetrágonus Ell. Perennial, bright green. Leaves mostly overtopped 
by the scape ; blades 4-10 mm. broad, smooth or nearly so: scape often solitary, erect, 3-8 
dm. tall, smooth: bracts of the involucre 8-10, the longer ones surpassing the umbel, as- 
cending, spreading : umbel mostly compound, of 6-12 slender erect or ascending rays and 
one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets linear-oblong, plump, 4-6 mm. long, 
acute, chestnut-colored, 4-6-flowered, spreading or the lower reflexed : scales oblong, fully 
3 mm. long, 9-11-nerved, closely imbricated : achenes oblong or elliptic, 3-angled, 2 mm. 
long, chestnut-colored, dull. 

In sandy soil, near the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


64. Cyperus flàvus (Vahl) Nees. Perennial, bright green. Leaves overtopped by 
the scape ; blades 2-6 mm. wide, smooth: scapes often tufted, 1-6 dm. tall, smooth : bracts 
of the involucre mostly 4—6, the longer ones surpassing the umbel: umbel capitate, of 3-6 
sessile cylindric spikes, 1-2 cm. long, or occasionally with 2-3 short rays: spikelets 
densely crowded, 3-5 mm. long, spreading, chestnut-colored: scales ovate to oblong, 2-2.5 
mm. long, finely ribbed, often eroded at the apex, closely imbricated : achenes 3-angled, 
broadly elliptic to obovoid-elliptic, about 2 mm. long, brown, dull. 

In sand, Texas and tropical America. Spring to fall. 


65. Cyperus fuliginéus Chapm. Perennial, deep green. Leaves overtopped by the 
scape ; sheaths blackish ; blades revolute, about as slender as the scape, smooth : scapes 
tufted, filiform, 1-4 dm. tall, smooth: bracts of the involucre 2, one much shorter than 
the other: spikelets crowded in a head about 1 cm. in diameter, linear-oblong, 4-7 mm. 
long, dark brown, 8-12-flowered, often apparently lateral: scales oval or ovate, barely 2 
mm. long, mucronulate, several-ribbed : achenes 3-angled, oblong-obovoid, barely 1.5 mm. 
long, dark brown, dull. 

Insand, Key West, Florida. Spring to winter. 

.. 66. Cyperus filicálmis Vahl. Perennial by hard oblong corms. Leaf-blades 2-4 mm. 
wide, keeled : scape smooth, slender, or almost filiform, ascending or reclined, 1.5-4.5 dm. 
long, usually longer than the rough-margined leaves: spikelets densely clustered in 1-7 
globose heads, linear, acute, 5-11-flowered, subterete or compressed, 5-12 mm. long, 2 mm. 
wide or less: scales ovate, acute or obtuse, pale green, strongly 7-11-nerved, appressed : 
stigmas 3 : achenes oblong or obovoid, fully 2 mm. long, 3-angled, obtuse, apiculate, dull 
gray, 3 as long as the scale, about twice as long as thick. 


In dry fields and on hills, New Hampshire to Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida, Kansas, 
Texas and northern Mexico. Spring and summer. 


174 CYPERACEAE 


67. Cyperus Blodgéttii Torr. Perennial, bright green. Leaves overtopped by the 
scapes ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, smooth : scapes tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts 
of the involucre 3 or sometimes 2 very small additional ones present, the longer ones sur- 
passing the umbel: umbel capitate or with one to three short rays: spikes 10-15 mm. in 
diameter: spikelets 20-40, oblong or linear-oblong, 6-8 mm. long, densely crowded, 1-10- 
flowered: scales oval to ovate, less than 2 mm. long, mostly 9-nerved, rather obtuse : 
achenes 3-angled, oblong, about 1 mm. long, brown, dull. 

In sand, Key West, Florida. Spring to winter. 

68. Cyperus ligularis L. Perennial, glaucous. Leaves sometimes overtopping the 
scape ; sheath colored at the base ; blades 6-20 mm. broad, serrulate, somewhat revolute : 
scapes erect, 5-12 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth: bracts of the involucre 3-6, several much 
elongated : umbel compound, of 6-many short rays, often rather dense, or the rays rarely 
elongated : spikes cylindric or oblong, 1-2 cm. long: spikelets 4-6 mm. long, gray to 
brown, densely crowded, spreading ; scales oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, blunt, closely imbricated 
delicately ribbed : achenes 3-angled, elliptic or slightly broadest above the middle, 1.5 mm. 
long, dark brown, dull. 

In sand or swamps, Florida. Also in the tropics of both hemispheres. Spring to winter. 

69. Cyperus Grayi Torr. Perennial by thick, hard oblong or ovoid corms. Leaves 
shorter than the scape, bright green ; blades 2 mm. wide or less : scapes tufted, ascending 
or reclined, stiff, smooth, very slender, 15-50 cm. long: bracts of the involucre 4-8: 
umbel 4-10-rayed, simple, the longer rays 7-10 em. long: sheaths of the rays truncate or 
nearly so : spikelets 5-10 mm. long, loosely capitate, compressed, linear, rigid, spreading : 
scales green, ovate, obtuse or subacute, strongly 13-15-nerved, rather widely spreading 
when old: joints of the rachis broadly winged: stigmas 3: achene oblong or oblong- 
obovoid, barely 2 mm. long, obtuse, apiculate. 

In sands of the sea shore and in pine lands, New Hampshire to Florida. Summer and fall. 

70. Cyperus echinàtus ( Ell.) Wood. Perennial by tuber-like corms. Leaves pale 
green ; blades 3-4 mm. wide: scape slender, smooth, erect, mostly longer than the leaves : 
bracts of the involucre 5-10, the longer usually much exceeding the umbel : umbel 6-13- 
rayed : rays filiform, their sheaths short, mucronate : spikelets 4-8 mm. long, linear, flat, 
capitate in globose heads : scales thin, pale green, appressed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 9-13- 
nerved, with narrow scarious margins: joints of the rachis broadly winged : stigmas 3 : 
achene oblong-obovoid, 2 mm. long, about twice as long as thick. 

In dry or sandy soil, North Carolina to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer. 

71. Cyperus brünneus Sw. Perennial, bright green. Leaves overtopped by the 
scape ; blades 2-7 mm. wide, smooth, sometimes involute : scapes erect, usually solitary, 
3-7 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre often 4-5, all of them or the longer 
ones surpassing the umbel, spreading : umbel compound, capitate, or 3-5 of the rays 
becoming 1-5 em. long: spikelets lingar or linear-lanceolate, 10-15 mm. long, chestnut- 
colored, densely crowded : scales oval or ovate-oval, nearly 3 mm. long, often apiculate, 
conspicuously ribbed : achenes 3-angled, elliptic-obovoid, fully 1.5 mm. long, dark-brown, 
granular. 

In sand, Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 

72. Cyperus Ottonis Boeckl. Perennial, bright green. Leaves mostly overtopping 
the scape ; blades 4-12 mm. wide, with rough margins: scapes 3-12 dm. tall, 3-angled, 
smooth : bracts of the involucre usually 5 or 6, several conspicuously elongated : umbel 
compound, of 4-8 rays and 1 or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets linear, 
1-1.5 cm. long, chestnut-colored, numerous, often crowded, 10-16-flowered: scales oblong 
or nearly so, fully 3 mm. long, acute, many-ribbed on the back, rather loosely imbricated : 
achenes 3-angled, oblong-obovoid, fully 1.5 mm. long, dark brown, dull. 

In wet sand, Florida and the West Indies. Spring to fall. 


5. KYLLINGA Rottb. 

Annual or perennial sedges, with slender triangular scapes bearing 2 or more bracts at 
the summit which form an involucre to the strictly sessile simple or compound, dense head 
of spikelets. Spikelets numerous, compressed, each with 1 perfect flower, falling away 
from the axis of the head at maturity, consisting of only 3 or 4 scales, the 1 or 2 lower 
ones small and empty, the middle one fertile, the upper empty or staminate. Scales 2- 
ranked, keeled. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style deciduous from the summit of the 
achene. Stigmas 2-3. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. 


Upper scales of the spikelets with scabrous or ciliate keels. 
Involucre with all the bracts spreading: upper scales of the spikelet scabrous. 1. K. pumila. 
Involucre with one bract erect: upper scales of the spikelet serrulate-ciliate, 2. K. brevifolia. 
Upper scales of the spikelet with smooth keels. 3. K. odorata. 


CYPERACEAE 175 


1. Kyllinga pümila Michx. Annual. Leaves light green ; blades roughish on the 
margins, usually less than 2 mm. wide: scapes densely tufted, filiform, erect or reclined, 
3-40 cm. long, mostly longer than the leaves: bracts of the involucre 3-5, elongated, 
spreading or reflexed : head oblong or ovoid-oblong, 6-7 mm. long, simple or commonly 
with 1 or 2 smaller ones at the base: spikelets about 3 mm. long, flat, 1-flowered, the 2 
empty lower scales more or less persistent on the rachis after the fall of the rest of the 
spikelet : scales ovate, acuminate or acute, thin, about 7-nerved: stigmas 2: achene len- 
ticular, obtuse. 

In moist or wet soil, Virginia to Illinois, Missouri, Florida, Texas and Mexico, Summer and fall. 


2. Kyllinga brevifólia L. Perennial, pale green. Leaves mostly shorter than the 
scape; blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, smooth: scapes very slender or filiform, 1-3 dm. tall, 
smooth : bracts of the involucre 3, one erect, the others spreading: spikes solitary, globose 
or ovoid, 5-10 mm. long, greenish, commonly inclined : spikelets oblong-ovoid, 2-3 mm. 
long, acuminate : scales various, the 2 outer minute, the third and fourth ovate, with re- 
curved tips and serrulate-ciliate keels: achenes lenticular, orbicular-obovoid, about 1 
mm. long. 

.In low grounds or springy places, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Also in tropical America. 
Spring to fall. 

3. Kyllinga odorata Vahl. Annual or biennial, pale green. Leaves mostly shorter 
than the scape; blades usually 2-4 mm. broad, smooth: scapes tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, 
smooth : bracts of the involucre 4-5, becoming reflexed: spikes whitish, 1-3, ovoid to 
cylindrie, 8-15 mm. long: spikelets 3 mm. long, oblong-ovoid, 1-flowered or imperfectly 
2-flowered : scales various, the two lower ones barely 4 as long as the ovate smooth third 
and fourth scale, the fifth enclosed in the fourth scale, larger than the first and second : 
achenes lenticular, obovoid, fully 1 mm. long. 


In wet soil and along roadsides, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Summer and fall. Through- 
out tropical America. Spring to fall. 


6. ERIOPHORUM L. 


Bog herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stems erect, triangular or nearly terete. Leaves 
with linear blades, or 1 or 2 of the upper ones reduced to bladeless sheaths. Spikelets ter- 
minal, solitary, capitate or in umbels, subtended by an involucre or 1-several bracts, or 
naked. Scales spirally imbricated, usually all fertile. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 or 
numerous filiform smooth soft bristles, which are white or brown, straight or crisped, and 
exserted much beyond the scales at maturity. Stamens 1-3. Style deciduous. Stigmas 3. 
Achene 3-angled, oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid. COTTON-GRASS. 

Spikelets umbellate : achenes obovoid, obtuse. 1. E. polystachyon. 
Spikelets capitate: achenes linear-oblong, acute. 2. E. Virginicum. 

1. Eriophorum polystáchyon L. Stems stiff, smooth, obtusely triangular above, 
4-9 dm. tall, all the sheaths blade-bearing : leaf-blades flat, 3-8 mm. wide, each tapering 
to a channeled rigid tip : bracts of the involucre 2-4, the longer ones commonly equalling 
or exceeding the inflorescence: spikelets 3-12, drooping, in a terminal umbel; rays fili- 
form, smooth or rough: scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, purple-green or 
brown: perianth bristles numerous, bright white, about 2.5 cm. long, 4-5 times as long as 
the scale : achene obovoid, obtuse, light brown. 

3 In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, to New Jersey, the mountains of Georgia, and Nebraska, Also 
in Europe and Asia. Summer. HARE'S-TAIL. 

2. Eriophorum Virginicum L. Stems stiff, obtusely triangular above, smooth, 4-11 
dm. tall, rather leafy: leaf-blades narrowly linear, flat, 2-5 mm. wide, channeled toward 
the apex: bracts of the involucre 2-4, spreading or deflexed, 5-15 em. long: spikelets 
several or numerous in a dense terminal capitate cluster, erect or the outer spreading: 
scales ovate, acute, brown with a green center, about 5-nerved : perianth bristles numerous, 
dingy brown, about 3 times as long as the scale: achene linear-oblong, acute, apiculate, 
light brown. 

In bogs, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Florida and Nebraska. Summer and fall. 


7. FUIRENA Rottb. 
Perennial herbs, with triangular stems and many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal 
and axillary clusters, or rarely solitary. Scales spirally imbricated, awned, the 1 or 2 
lower commonly empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 3 ovate, oblong or cordate-ovate, 
stalked, often awned sepals, usually alternating with as many downwardly barbed bristles. 


176 CYPERACEAE 


Stamens3. Style not swollenat the base, deciduous. Stigmas3.  Achene stalked or nearly 
sessile, sharply 3-angled, acute or mucronate, smooth. 
Leaves reduced to sheaths without blades, except sometimes near the top of the stem. 

Stems 2-6 dm. long: upper sheaths with barely any blades: achenes fully 1 mm. long. 


1. F. scirpoidea. 
Stems 8-13 dm. long: upper sheaths with narrow blades: achenes barely 1 mm. long. 


2. F. longa. 
Leaves with well-developed blades. 
Awn at the apex of the sepal, or wanting. 3. F. squarrosa. 
Awn arising from the back of the sepal below its apex. 4. F. simplex. 


1. Fuirena scirpoidea Michx.  Rootstocks elongated : stems widely tufted, slender, 
2-6 dm. tall, simple: leaves reduced to several sheaths 1-2 cm. long, with oblique mar- 
gins : bracts of the involucre 2-6 mm. long, appressed to the spike, acute or cuspidate : 
spikelets sessile, solitary or 2 or 3 together, oblong or ovoid-oblong, 5-12 mm. long, sessile: 
scales broadened upward, abruptly pointed, each with an erect awn, several-ribbed : sepals 
3; blades oblong to oval-oblong, about as long asthe stalks: perianth bristles hispid, longer 
than the stalks of the sepals : achenes 3-angled, oval-rhombic, constricted at both ends, fully 
1 mm. long. 

In low sandy places, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

2. Fuirena lónga Chapm.  HRootstocks slender: stems loosely tufted, very slender, 
8-15 dm. long, declining or reclining : leaves various, reduced to acute or acuminate sheaths 
2.5-3 cm. long on the lower part of the stem, near the top of the stem with very narrow 
blades as long as the sheaths or slightly longer: bracts of the involucre 8-16 mm. long, 
acuminate : spikelets oblong-ovoid, 2-4 together, 10-15 mm. long: scales pubescent, with 
awns about as long as the obovate body : sepals with ovate or suborbicular blades : perianth 
bristles slightly hispid : achenes 3-angled, obovoid or oval, barely 1 mm. long. 

In low pine lands, western Florida. Summer and fall. 

3. Fuirena squarrósa Michx. Rootstock short, sometimes tuber-bearing: stems 
tufted, glabrous or nearly so, 5-50 cm. tall: leaf-blades flat, nearly or quite glabrous ; the 
lower sheaths sometimes pubescent: spikelets sessile, solitary or 2-10 together in capitate 
clusters, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, about 5 mm. in diameter: scales ovate or 
oblong, brown, pubescent, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, each tipped with a stout, spreading or 
recurved awn nearly as long as the body : sepals 3; blades oblong, long-stalked, usually 
narrowed at both ends, the awn downwardly barbed or sometimes smooth : perianth-bris- 
tles mostly longer than the achene. 

In wet meadows and marshes, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. 
Also in Michigan and Nebraska Summer and fall.—A variety, F. squarrosa hispida (Ell.) Chapm. with 
retrorsely barbed bristles reaching to the middle of the achene or its tip, rhomboidal or deltoid-ovate, 
truncate or cordate scales, each tapering into a short thick unbarbed awn or tip, ranges from New 
York to Florida and Texas. Another variety, F. squarrosa breviséta Coville, with smooth perianth-bristles 
not exceeding the stipe of the achene; oval or suborbicular scales rounded at the apex and with a 
minute apiculation, ranges from North Carolina to Florida and Texas. 

4. Fuirena simplex Vahl. Similar to the preceding species in habit. Stems 1-5 dm- 
tall, glabrous: leaf-blades flat, glabrous or ciliate: scales numerous, each tipped with a 
spreading or reflexed awn : sepals3 ; blades ovate-oblong, obtuse and usually notched at the 
apex, the awn smooth or downwardly barbed : perianth-bristles retrorsely hispid, equalling 
or exceeding the sessile or short-stalked achene. 

In moist soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall.—A form from the valley of the 


lower Rio Grande, Texas, larger throughout and with spikelets 2 cm. long is F. simplex macrostdchya 
(Britton) Coville. 


8. SCIRPUS L. 


Annual or perennial very small or very large caulescent or scapose herbs, the leaves 
sometimes reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capi- 
tate, spicate or umbellate, subtended by an involucre of 1-several bracts, or the involucre 
wanting in some species. Scales spirally imbricated, the 1-3 lower sometimes empty. 
Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6 slender or rigid, barbed, pubescent or smooth bristles, 
or rarely none. Stamens 2-3. Style not swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the 
achene, or its base persistent as asubulate tip. Stigmas 2-3. Achene triangular, lenticular 
or plano-convex. BuLRUsH. CLUB-RUSH. 


Involucre of a single bract, or wanting. 
Spikelets solitary, or rarely 2 in No. 5, terminal. 
Involucre wanting. 1. S. nanus. 
Involuere present, of a single bract. 
Perianth-bristles present: scales not keeled. 
Seapes terete: upper sheath with a subulate blade: perianth-bristles 
l 2. S. caespitosus- 


CYPERACEAE | 177 


Scapes triangular: upper sheath with a linear blade: perianth-bristles 
upwardly barbed. 
Perianth-bristles wanting: scales keeled. 
ERURG EM nores more than 1, usually several or numerous, often apparently 
ateral. 
Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral. 
Scapes not sharply 3-angled : plants annual. 


. Clintonti. 
S. carinatus. 


co 
tn 


Achene strongly transverse-rugose : ls aac aa wanting. 5. S. Hallit. 
Achene smooth or very slightly roughened : perianth-bristles 4-6. 6. S. debilis. 
Seapes sharply 3-angled: plants perennial by rootstocks. 
Spikelets acute: scales awned: involucral bract much surpassing the 
inflorescence. 7. S. Americanus. 
Spikelets obtuse: scales mucronate: involucral bract only slightly sur- 
3 passing the inflorescence. 8. S. Olneyi. 
Spikelets several or numerous, in umbels or umbel-like clusters. 
Scapes sharply 3-angled : leaves with blades about as long as the scape. 9. S. cylindricus. 
Scapes terete: leaves reduced to mere sheaths. 
Perianth-bristles downwardly barbed : achene.gray, abruptly mucronate. 10. S. lacustris. 
Perianth-bristles short-plumose below: achene nearly white, nar- 
rowed above. 11. S. Californicus. 
Involucre of 20r more bracts with flat blades. 
Spikelets not in dense globular heads. 

Spikelets few to several, capitate to umbellate, relatively large. i 
Spikelets in simple clusters: achenes obovoid-oblong, pale brown. 12. S. campestris. 
Spikelets in often compound clusters: achenes orbicular-obovoid, dark 

brown. 18. S. robustus. 
Spikelets very numerous, in compound umbels or umbelled heads, relatively 
small. 
i we aa downwardly barbed, or wanting: spikelets in umbelled 
eads. 
Perianth-bristles present. 
Perianth-bristles equalling or slightly exceeding the achene: leaf- 
blades 6-16 mm. wide. 
Spikelets 3-8 in each head : scales obtuse : perianth-bristles barbed : 
throughout. 14. S. sylvaticus. 
Spikelets 8-20 in each head: scales acute: perianth-bristles not 
barbed below. 15. S. atrovirens. 
Perianth-bristles twice as long as the achene: leaf-blades 4-6 mm. 
wide. 16. S. polyphyllus. 
Perianth-bristles wanting. 17. S. Georgianus. 
Perianth-bristles smooth or slightly pubescent : umbel mostly decompound. 
Perianth-bristles shorter than the scales or scarcely exceeding them. 
Perianth-bristles about as long as the achene: scales rather acute. 
Inflorescence merely terminal: spikelets 1 mm. thick: achenes ae 
not papillose. 18. S. divaricatus. 
Inflorescence terminal and lateral: spikelets 2-3 mm. thick ee 
achenes papillose. 19. S. fontinalis. 


Perianth-bristles much longer than the achene: scales mucronate. 20. S. lineatus. 
Períanth-bristles much exserted|beyond the scales at maturity 


Spikelets sessile, in small heads. 21. S. cyperinus. 
4 Spikelets, at least some of them, distinctly uncled. 22. S. Ertophorum. 
Spikelets very numerous in one or several dense globular heads. 23. S. Cubensis. 


1. Scirpus nànus Spreng. Annual. Roots fibrous: scapes filiform, flattened, 
grooved, tufted, erect or ascending, 2-5 cm. high, each bearing a scarious bladeless sheath 
near the base: spikelets solitary, terminal, ovoid-oblong, rather acute, 3-8-flowered, 2-3 
mm. long, not subtended by a bract : scales ovate or lanceolate, pale green, the lower ob- 
tuse, the upper subacute: perianth-bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, longer than the 
achene : stigmas 3: achenes oblong, 1 mm. long, 3-angled, pale, pointed at each end. 

: In muddy places in salt marshes, Cape Breton Island to Florida and Texas and about salt springs 
in New York and Michigan. Also on the Pacific coast of North America and on the coasts of Europe. 
Summer and fall. 

2. Scirpus caespitdsus L. Perennial. Scapes smooth, terete, densely tufted, light 
green, erect or ascending, almost filiform, wiry, 10-40 em. long : basal sheaths numerous, 
membranous, imbricated, acuminate, the upper one bearing a short very narrow blade : 
spikelet solitary, terminal, few-flowered, ovoid-oblong, about 4 mm. long, subtended by a 
subulate involucral bract of about its own length : scales yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse or 
subacute, deciduous: perianth-bristles 6, smooth, longer than the achene: stigmas 3: 
achenes oblong, 1.5 mm. long, 3-angled, smooth, brown, acute. 

cun pop and on moist rocks, Greenland to Alaska, south to the mountains of New England, the 
Adirondacks, western New York, Illinois, Minnesota and British Columbia, in the Rocky Mountains to 
Colorado, and on the higher summits of the southern Alleghenies. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

3. Scirpus Clintonii A. Gray. Perennial. Scapes tufted, triangular, very slender, 
erect, 10-40 cm. tall, roughish on the angles: lower sheaths imbricated, one or more of 
-them bearing short subulate blades, the upper one bearing a flat, narrowly linear blade 
shorter than the stem : spikelet solitary, terminal, ovoid, few-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, sub- 
tended by a subulate involucral bract: scales ovate, pale brown, acute : perianth-bristles 
3-6, filiform, upwardly barbed, as long as the achene or longer : stigmas 3: achenes oblong, 

1.5 to nearly 2 mm. long, sharply 3-angled, brown, smooth, obtuse. 
In dry fields and thickets, New Brunswick to Michigan and North Carolina. Local. Summer. 
12 


178 CYPERACEAE 


4. Scirpus carinatus (H. & A.) A. Gray. Annual, bright green. Scapes tufted, 
0.5—2 dm. tall, bristle-like, smooth: leaves solitary at the base of each scape, bristle-like : 
bracts of the involucre 1-3 cm. long, erect: spikelets solitary, ovoid, about 4 mm. long, 
apparently lateral, 6-8-flowered : scales ovate to reniform, acuminate, loosely imbricated, 
keeled, rather persistent : stigmas 3 : achenes 3-angled, oval, 1.5 mm. long, brown, gran- 
ular. [Isolepis carinata H. & A.] 

In low grounds, Tennessee to the Indian Territory, California, Alabama and Texas. Spring. 


5. Scirpus Hallii A. Gray. Annual. Scapes very slender, smooth, tufted, obtusely 
triangular, erect, striate, 1-3 dm. tall: lower sheaths oblique, and acuminate or mucronate, 
the upper one commonly bearing a filiform blade 1-6 cm. long : spikelets capitate in clusters 
of 1-7, oblong-cylindric, obtuse, many-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick, ap- 
pearing lateral by the extension of the solitary involucral bract: scales ovate-lanceolate, 
light greenish brown, acuminate, keeled, cuspidate : perianth-bristles wanting: achenes 
obovoid-orbicular or slightly broader than high, black, plano-convex, mucronulate, trans- 
versely wrinkled, about 1 mm. in diameter. 

In wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida, Illinois, Colorado, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 


6. Scirpus débilis Pursh. Annual, smooth : scapes slender, terete or nearly so, tufted, 
1.5-5 dm. high : sheaths obliquely truncate, the upper ones rarely bearing a short subulate 
blade: spikelets capitate, in clusters of 1-12, ovoid-oblong, subacute, many-flowered, ap- 
pearing lateral, the involucral bracts narrowly linear, 3-10 cm. long, erect or divergent : 
scales light yellowish brown with a green midvein, broadly ovate, obtuse, or acute: peri- 
anth-bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, about as long as the achene : stigmas 2 or rarely 3: 
:achenes plano-convex, broadly obovoid or orbicular, 1.5-2 mm. long, smooth or slightly 
roughened, dark brown, shining, obtuse, mucronulate. 

In wet soil, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia, Alabama and Nebraska. Summer. 


7. Scirpus Americànus Pers. Perennial by long rootstocks. Scapes sharply trian- 
gular, erect, stiff, 3-11 dm. tall: leaves 1-3; blades linear, keeled, shorter than the scape : 
spikelets oblong-ovoid, acute, 8-12 mm. long, capitate in clusters of 2-7, appearing as 
if lateral : involucral bract slender, 3-10 cm. long: scales broadly ovate, brown, often 
emarginate or sharply 2-cleft at the apex, the midvein extended into a subulate awn some- 
times 2 mm. long, the margins scarious : perianth-bristles 2-6, downwardly barbed, shorter 
than or equalling the achene : achenes obovoid, plano-convex, about 2.5 mm. long, smooth, 
dark-brown, mucronate. 

In fresh water and brackish swamps, nearly throughout North America. Summer. 


8. Scirpus Olneyi A. Gray. Similar to the next preceding species. Scapes stout, 
sharply 3-angled, with concave sides, 0.5-2 m. tall: leaves 1-3, 2-13 cm. long, or repre- 
sented by mere sheaths: spikelets capitate in dense clusters of 5-12, oblong or ovoid-ob- 
long, obtuse, 5-8 mm. long, the involucral bract short, stout, erect, 1-3 cm. long: scales 
oval or orbicular, dark brown with a green midvein, emarginate or mucronulate, glabrous : 

erianth-bristles usually 6, slightly shorter than or equalling the achene, downwardly 
yarbed : stigmas 2: achenes obovoid, about 2.5 mm. long, plano-convex, brown, mucro- 
nate. 

In salt marshes, Massachusetts to Florida, Texas, Mexico and California, extending along the 
Pacific coast to Oregon. Alsoin Arkansas. Summer and fall. 

9. Scirpus cylíndricus (Torr.) Britton. Perennial by stout rootstocks. Scapes 
stout, 3-angled above, 1-2 m. high, the linear nodulose keeled dark green leaves nearly or 
quite as long : involucral bract 1-2.5 dm. long, erect: spikelets in an apparently lateral 
umbel, drooping, oblong-cylindric, acutish, 1-2 cm. long, primary rays of the umbel sub- 
tended by 1 or more subulate-linear bracts : scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pale-brown, 
acute, mucronulate : perianth-bristles 6, stout, rigid, about as long as the achene, serrate : 
stigmas 3 : achenes obovoid, 3 mm. long, excluding the beak, 3-angled, light brown, smooth, 
abruptly subulate-pointed. 

In ponds and swamps, Maryland to Florida and Lousiana. Summer and fall. 


10. Scirpus lacustris L. Perennial by rootstocks. Scapes stout, terete, smooth, 
erect, 1-3 m. tall, sometimes 2 cm. in diameter, sheathed below: involucral bract soli- 
tary, erect, shorter than the umbel : umbel compound, appearing lateral, its primary rays 
3-10 em. long: bracts linear-lanceolate: spikelets becoming oblong-cylindric, in mostly 
capitate clusters of 2-5, sessile or some of them peduncled, 5-16 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in 
diameter : scales ovate or oblong, each with a strong midvein which is sometimes excur- 
rent: perianth-bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, equalling or longer than the achene : 
stigmas 2: achenes plano-convex, obovoid, 2-2.5 mm. long, gray, abruptly mucronate, dull. 


In ponds and swamps, nearly throughout North America. Also in the Old World. Summer and 
fall. CAT-TAIL FLAG. 


CYPERACEAE 179 


11. Scirpus Califórnicus (C. A. Meyer) Britton. Perennial, similar to the next 
preceding species. Leaves reduced to basal sheaths: involucral bracts short, stoutly subu- 
late: umbel compound : spikelets 6-10 mm. long, acute, peduncled or some of them sessile : 
scales brown, ovate, awn-pointed : perianth-bristles shorter than or equalling the achene, 
short-plumose below : stigmas 2: achene obovoid, 2 mm. long, plano-convex, nearly white, 
narrowed above into a short tip, contracted at the base. 

In swamps, Florida to Louisiana, northern Mexico and California, and widely distributed in 
tropical America. Summer. 

12. Scirpus campéstris Britton. Perennial. Stems smooth, sharply triangular, 3-5 
dm.tall. Leaves usually pale green ; blades smooth, 2-4 mm. wide: bracts of the involucre 
2 or 3, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence : spikelets 3-10, in a dense terminal 
simple head, oblong-cylindric, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick: scales ovate, pale brown, 2- 
toothed at the apex, the midvein excurrent into an ascending or spreading awn : perianth- 
bristles 1-3, much shorter than the achene, or none : stigmas 2: achenes lenticular, obovoid 
or oblong-ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long, mucronulate, yellow-brown, their surface strongly cellu- 
lar-reticulated. 

On wet prairies and plains, Manitoba and Minnesota to the Indian Territory, Nevada and Mexico. 
Spring and summer. 

13. Scirpus robüstus Pursh. Perennial by rootstocks. Stem stout, stiff, 3-angled, 
with flat sides, smooth, 5-14 dm. tall: leaves dark green ; blades smooth, 5-10 mm. wide: 
involucral bracts 2-4, elongated, similar to the leaf-blades: spikelets ovoid-oblong, stout, 
1.5-2.5 em. long, 8-10 mm. in diameter, 6-20 together in a dense terminal cluster: scales 
ovate, brown, puberulent, thin, the midvein excurrent into an, at length, reflexed awn 3-5 
mm. long: perianth-bristles 1-6, fragile, shorter than the achene, or none: stigmas 3: 
achenes 3-3.5 mm. long, compressed, flat on the face, convex or with a low ridge on the 
back, obovoid-orbicular, dark brown. 

In salt marshes, Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas. Summer,and fall. 


14. Scirpus sylváticus L. Perennial by long rootstocks. Stems triangular, stout, 
smooth, 1-2 m. tall, often overtopped by the upper leaves: leaf-blades 1-1.6 cm. wide, 
rough on the margins: bracts of the involucre 5-8, the larger often 3 dm. long or more : 
umbel terminal, very large, sometimes 2 dm. broad, about 3 times CODD the spikelets 
ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 3-5 mm. long, in capitate clusters at the ends of the raylets : bract- 
lets of the involucels small, linear or lanceolate: scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, brown with 
a green center: perianth-bristles 6, downwardly barbed, slightly exceeding the achene: 
stigmas 3: achenes oblong, fully 1 mm. long, 3-angled, obtuse, nearly white, mucronulate. 

In swamps, New Hampshire to North Carolina and Georgia. Alsoin Europe. Summer and fall. 


15. Scirpus atróvirens Muhl. Perennial by rootstocks. Stems triangular, rather 
slender, leafy, 5-12 dm. high: leaf-blades elongated, nodulose, dark green, 6-12 mm. 
wide, one or two of them usually exceeding the inflorescence : spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 
densely capitate at the ends of the rays or raylets : involucels short : scales greenish brown, 
oblong, acute, the midvein excurrent : perianth-bristles usually 6, downwardly barbed above, 
naked below, about as long as the achene: stigmas 3: achenes oblong-obovoid, 1 mm. 
long, 3-angled, pale brown, dull. 

In swamps, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Georgia and Louisiana. Summer. 


16. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. Perennial by rootstocks. Stems slender, sharply tri- 
angular, 3-11 dm. tall, very leafy : leaves 3-ranked ; blades 4-6 mm. wide, rough-margined : 
bracts of the involucre 3-6, the longer commonly somewhat exceeding the inflorescence : 
spikelets ovoid, about 3 mm. long, capitate at the ends of the raylets : scales ovate, bright 
brown, mostly obtuse, mucronulate: perianth-bristles 6, downwardly barbed above the 
middle, twice as long as the achene: stigmas 3 : achenes obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, 3- 
angled, with a broad face and narrower sides, short-pointed, dull. 

In eri wet woods and meadows, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. 
Summer and fall. 

17. Scirpus Georgiànus Harper. Perennial by rootstocks. Stems terete or nearly 
so, 4-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades smooth, about 2 dm. long, and 1 cm. wide, or the upper ones 
smaller: bracts of the involucre mostly 3, the largest surpassing the inflorescence : umbel 
thrice compound : spikelets green, about 3 mm. long, 10-15-flowered, 5-10 in heads : scales 
orbicular-ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, the toothed awns spreading at the tips, the midrib 
green, with a whitish keel : perianth-bristles wanting: achenes broadly oblong, about 0.8 
mm. long, short-beaked. 

In alluvial soil, middle Georgia. Spring and summer. 


18. Scirpus divaricàtus Ell. Stems obtusely triangular, rather slender, 6-11 dm. 
tall: leaf-blades 4-8 mm. wide, rough-margined: umbel decompound, the primary rays 


180 CYPERACEAE 


very slender, sometimes 1.5 dm. long, spreading or drooping : spikelets mostly solitary at 
the ends of the raylets, 6-12 mm. long, 1 mm. thick : scales ovate, greenish brown: peri- 
anth-bristles 6, flexuous, shorter than the scales: stigmas 3: achenes 3-angled, not papil- 
illose, nearly white, not shining. 

In swamps, Virginia and Kentucky to Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


19. Scirpus fontinàlis Harper. Related to S. divaricatus and S. lineatus; differing 
from both of these species by its curved stem and lateral umbels, from the former by its 
thicker spikelets and papillose achenes and from the latter by its merely acute scales and 
shorter perianth-bristles. 

On margins of pools, Leslie, Georgia. Summer. 

20. Scirpus lineatus Michx. Perennial by stout rootstocks. Stems triangular, 3-10 
dm. high : leaf-blades 4-8 mm. wide, flat, rough-margined : umbels decompound, the rays 
very slender, becoming pendulous: spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of the raylets, 6-10 
mm. long, about 2 mm. thick: scales ovate or oblong, reddish brown and each with a green 
midvein : perianth-bristles 6, weak, smooth, entangled, much longer than the achene: stig- 
mas 3: achenes oblong or oblong-obovoid, 1 mm. long, pale brown, 3-angled, short-beaked. 

In swamps and wet meadows, New Hampshire to Ontario, Oregon, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 

21. Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Perennial. Stems smooth, stiff, 6-20 dm. tall: 
leaves elongated ; blades 3-6 mm. wide, rough-margined : bracts of the involucre 3-6, the 
longer much exceeding the inflorescence: umbel terminal, compound, the rays at length 
somewhat drooping : spikelets ovoid-oblong, 3-5 mm. long, in capitate clusters of 3-15 at 
the ends of the raylets : scales ovate or lanceolate: perianth-bristles 6, entangled, smooth, 
much longer than the achene, much exserted beyond the scales, and grayish brown at 
maturity : stigmas 3: achenes 3-angled, barely 1 mm. long, beaked, nearly white. 

In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, Virginia and Tennessee. Summer and fall. 

22. Scirpus Erióphorum Michx. Similar to the next preceding species in habit. 
Involucre more ferruginous at the base: umbel with laxer branches, the rays elongated 
and drooping at the ends: spikelets ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 3.5-6 mm. mostly 4.5 mm. 
long, more deeply colored, at least some of them distinctly peduncled. 

In low grounds or swamps, New York to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

23. Scirpus Cubénsis Poepp. & Kunth.  Perennial, glabrous. Scapes sometimes 
tufted, 2-7 dm. tall, sharply 3-angled: leaves basal; blades 3-5 mm. wide: bracts of the 
involucre mostly 3-5, spreading : spikelets crowded into 1 or several very dense subglobose 
heads, about 12-flowered, 3-5 mm. long: scales firm, 13-nerved, each with a short spread- 
ing tip, commonly ciliate along the keel: perianth-bristles wanting : stigmas 2: achenes 
elliptic or slightly broadest below the middle, 2-2.5 mm. long, tapering into a slender beak. 


In swamps, Alabama and Louisiana. Also in the West Indies, eastern South America and Africa. 
Summer and fall. 


9. WEBSTERIA S. Hart Wright. 


Perennial caulescent aquatic herbs, with repeatedly branching stems. Leaves clustered, 
capillary. Umbel decompound. Bracts of the involucres similar to the leaves. Spikelets 
1-flowered, peduncled : scales 2 to each spikelet, the lower one sterile. Flowers perfect. 
Perianth of 6-10 commonly barbed nearly white bristles. Stamens 3. Style slender, de- 
ciduous above the base: stigmas 2. Achene lenticular, minutely pitted in lines. 

1. Websteria submérsa (Sauv.) Britton. Submersed, glabrous. Stems 3-12 dm. 
long, with internodes 8-25 cm. long, sheathed, the branches topped by decompound umbels : 
spikelets 8-12 mm. long: scales acuminate, the lower one 3-nerved within, empty, the 
upper 1-nerved, with reddish brown margins : perianth-bristles tortuous : achenes lenticu- 
lar, obovoid or oval, about 1.5 mm. long, each tipped with the base of the style. [Scirpus 
submersus Sauv. Websteria limnophila S. Hart Wright. ] 


In lakes and ponds, peninsular Florida. Alsoin Cuba. Spring to winter. 


10. ELEÓCHARIS R. Br. 


Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves reduced to sheaths, or the lowest very 
rarely blade-bearing. Scapes simple, triangular, quadrangular, terete, flattened or grooved. 
Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended by an involucre 
or rarely by 2 small bracts. Scales concave, spirally imbricated. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, 
usually retrorsely barbed, wanting in some species. Stamens 2-3. Stigmas 2 and achene 
lenticular or biconvex, or when 3, the achene 3-angled, but sometimes with very obtuse 


CYPERACEAE 


angles and appearing turgid. Base of the style presistent on the summit 


forming a tubercle. 


Spikelet scarcely 


SPIKE RUSH. 
or not at all thicker than the scape: scales mostly leathery. 


Bristles 6, as long as the achene or shorter: scapes relatively stout. 


Scapes tere 


te, at least above: achenes not cancellate. 


Achenes transversely ridged : scapes nodose-septate. 
Achenes copiously pitted : scapes continuous. 
Scapes sharply 4-angled: achenes cancellate. 
Bristles 7, longer than the achene: scapes relatively slender. 
Spikelet 6-8-flowered: achenes about 2 mm. long, deeply pitted : scapes 3- 


angled. 
Spikelet 12-20-flowered: achenes about 1 mm. long, faintly pitted: scapes 


terete. 


Spikelet manifestly thicker than the scape: scales mostly membranous. 
Style-branches or stigmas 2: achene lenticular or biconvex. 
Upper sheath scarious, hyaline: plants perennial by slender rootstocks. 


Achenes 


Seales pale green or rarely white: perianth-bristles longer than the 


about 0.5 mm. long. 


achene. 
Scales brown: perianth-bristles shorter than the achene. 


Achenes 


about 1 mm. long. 


Scapes 2-10 em. long: perianth-bristles longer than the achene. 
Seapes 10-35 em. long: perianth-bristles as long as the achene. 
Upper sheath truncate, oblique or toothed, not scarious. 
Annuals with fibrous roots. 
Scapes capillary: spikelets with 1-4 achenes. 
Seapes slender: spikelets with several to many achenes. 


Ac 


Ac 


henes black. 
eee 2-4, pale: achenes 0.5 mm. long: scapes 2-9 cm. 


tall. 
pas op tA oat 5-8, brown: achenes 1 mm, long: scapes 5-25 
em. tall. 
henes pale brown to white. 
Scapes filiform : achene white. 
Seapes slender: achenes pale brown. 
Scales of the spikelets obtuse. 
Perianth-bristles longer than the achene: spikelets ovoid. 
Perianth-bristles not longer than the achene, often short or 
wanting: spikelets cylindric. 
Scales of the spikelets acute. 


Perennials with horizontal rootstocks. 


Scape 


s nodose-septate. 


Scapes continuous. 
Scales pale green or straw-colored : scape relatively stout. 
Scales brown or dark green: scapes slender or filiform. 


Achenes 1.5 mm. long: tubercle conic. 
Achenes 1 mm. long or less: tubercle depressed. 


Style-branches or stigmas 3: achene 3-angledior turgid. 
Achene cancellate. 
Achene longitudinally ribbed. 
Achene not longitudinally ribbed. 
Scapes filiform: spikelets with 1-4 achenes. 
Scapes slender: spikelets with many achenes. 
Spikelets linear-oblong, often proliferous. 


Spi 


kelets ovoid to conic-ovoid, not proliferous. 


Tubercle conic, smaller than the achene. 
Tubercle cap-like, as large as the achene or larger. 
Achene smooth. papillose. or irregularly ridged-reticulated. 
Seapes capillary or filiform. 
Spikelets terete or nearly so, 6-2- flowered. 
Spikelets oblong, 3-6 mm. long. 
Spikelets ovoid, 2-3 mm. long. 
Spikelets flattened. 2-6-flowered, often proliferous. 
Achene obovoid : tubercle deltoid or Dd rris 


Achene oblong: tubercle abruptly subu 
slender or stout. 


Sea 


ate-tipped. 


bercle plainly distinguishable from the achene. 
Spikelets ovoid to oblong: achene not constricted at the neck. 


Achenes smooth. 
Tubercle flat, covering the top of the black achene. 
Tubercle ovoid-conic, acute, contracted at the base. 


Achenes papillose or irregularly ridged-reticulated. 


Achenes with the 3 angles ribbed. 
Achenes obtusely 3-angled. 
Scapes slender to nearly filiform : scales obtuse. 
Bristles 2-4, shorter than the achene: achene strongly 
pillose to reticulated. 
Bristles 6, the longer as long as the achene: achene 
faintly reticulated. 
Sea flattened : scales acute. 


pes 
Spikelets linear-cylindric : achene constricted at the neck. 
Tubercle long-conic, scarcely distinguishable from the achene. 


1. Eleocharis interstíncta (Vahl) R. & S. Perennial by stout rootstocks. 


eur 


eom 


30. 
31. 


32. 


33. 


34. 
35. 


181 


of the achene, 


. E. interstincta. 


E. cellulosa. 
E. mutata. 


E. Robbinsii. 


. E. elongata. 


. E. ochreata. 
. E. praticola. 


. E. olivacea. 
. E. maculosa. 


E. capillacea. 


. E. atropurpurea. 
. E. capitata. 
. E. bicolor. 


. E. obtusa. 


E. Engelmannii. 


. E. lanceolata. 
. E. nodulosa. 
. E. macrostachya. 


. E. glaucescens. 


E. Ravenelii. 


. E. acicularis. 
. E. Chaetaria. 
. E. vivipara. 


. E. tortilis. 
. E. tuberculosa. 


. E. Torreyana. 
. E. microcarpa. 


h x gron ifera. 


aldwinii. 


E. melanocarpa. 
E. albida. 


E. tricostata. 


E. tenuis. 


E. arenicola. 
E. acuminata. 


36. E. cylindrica. 


37. E. 


. rostellata. 


Scapes 


terete, hollow, nodose-septate, 4-9 dm. tall, the sterile ones sharp-pointed : sheaths mem- 


182 CYPERACEAE 


branous, the lower sometimes bearing short blades : spikelet terete, cylindric, many-flowered, 
rather acute, 2.5-4 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, not thicker than the scape : scales ovate, 
orbicular or obovate, obtuse or the upper ones acute, narrowly scarious-margined, faintly 
many-nerved, persistent : perianth-bristles 6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, as long as the body of 
the achene, or shorter : stigmas 3, exserted : achenes obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, brown, shining, 
with minute transverse ridges, convex on one side, very obtusely angled on the other, 2 or 
3 times as long as the conic acute black broad-based tubercle. [. equisetoides ( Ell.) Torr. ] 
AS In water, Massachusetts to Michigan, Floridaand Mexico. Also in the West Indies. Summer and 
all. 

2. Bleocharis cellulósa Torr. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks. Scapes obscurely 
3-angled and invested by discolored sheaths at the base, terete above, 3-7 dm. tall, con- 
tinuous : spikelet cylindric, 1.5-3 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick: scales broadly obovate, with 
white hyaline margins, appressed, rounded at the apex, minutely nerved : perianth-bristles 
6, slightly unequal, nearly smooth : stigmas 3 : achenes broadly obovoid, copiously pitted, 
1.5-2 mm. long excluding the tubercle, about as long as the bristles ; tubercle finally del- 
toid, about 4 as broad as the widest part of the achene. 

In marshes near the coast, Florida to Texas. Also in the West Indies. Summer and fall. 


3. Eleocharis mutàta (L.) R. & S. Perennial by stout rootstocks. Scapes sharply 
4-angled, stout, not nodose, 6-12 dm. tall: sheaths purplish brown or green, sometimes 
bearing short blades: spikelet terete, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, many- 
flowered, about as thick as the scape: scales broadly ovate or obovate, obtuse or the upper 
rather acute, scarious-margined, faintly many-nerved, persistent : perianth-bristles about 6, 
rigid, retrorsely barbed, about as long as the achenes : stigmas 3: achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. 
long, biconvex or slightly angled on the back, minutely cancellate, about twice as long as 
the conic acute tubercle which is truncate or contracted at the base. 

In ponds, streams and swamps, southern Ontario to New Jersey, Michigan, Alabama, Missouri, 
Texas and Guatemala. Also in the West Indies and South America. Summer and fal). 

4. Eleocharis Robbínsii Oakes. Perennial by slender rootstocks. Scapes slender, 
3-angled, 1-6 dm. long, sometimes producing numerous filiform flaccid, sterile branches 
from the base : sheaths appressed, obliquely-truncate ; spikelet subulate, few-flowered, not 
thicker than the scape, 1-2 cm. long, 2 mm. in diameter: scales lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, strongly concave, faintly several-nerved, persistently clasping the rachis, nar- 
rowly scarious-margined : stigmas 3: perianth-bristles 7, equalling the achene and tubercle, 
retrorsely barbed : achenes obovoid, 2 mm. long, light brown, deeply pitted, biconvex or 
obtusely angled on the back, twice as long as the conic-subulate flattened tubercle, which 
has a raised ring around the base. 

In shallow water, New Brunswick to Michigan and Florida. Summer and fall. 


5. Eleocharis elongata Chapm. Perennial from very slender rootstocks. Scapes 
slender, tufted, chiefly submerged, 3-10 dm. long, terete, accompanied by phyllode-like 
filiform sterile ones, tender: spikelet cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick, 12-20- 
flowered, acute: scales relatively distant, oblong-ovate, obtuse, prominently ribbed, with 
a green back and brown margins: perianth-bristles 7, plumose: achenes obovoid, faintly 
pitted, biconvex or slightly 3-angled, about 1 mm. long; tubercle minute. 

In still water, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


6. Eleocharis ochreata (Nees) Steud. Perennial by slender rootstocks. Scapes 
very slender, or filiform, pale-green, 3-angled, 0.5-2.5 dm. tall: upper sheath with a white, 
hyaline, scarious limb: spikelet subacute, 2-3 times as thick as the scape, about 4 mm. 
long, 2-3 mm. in diameter, several-flowered : scales pale green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse 
or the upper acute, hyaline, each with a faint midvein : perianth-bristles about 6, slender, 
retrorsely barbed, somewhat longer than the achene: stigmas 2: achenes 0.7-1 mm. long, 
lenticular, obovoid, smooth, brown, 2-4 times as long as the conic acute tubercle. 

In wet soil, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 


7. Eleocharis pratícola Britton. Annual, relatively small. Scapes slender, 
tufted, 6 cm. tall or less: spikelet ovoid or oblong-ovoid, about 2 mm. long: scales 
brown, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, lax in age : perianth-bristles 5-7, retrorsely barbed, 
shorter than the achene: stigmas 2: achenes obovoid, about 0.5 mm. long, dark brown, 
shining, the tubercle very small. 

In low places, Osceola County, Florida. Spring. 


8. Bleocharis olivàcea Torr. Perennial by running rootstocks, often tufted and 
matted. Scapes very slender, bright green, erect or reclining, flattened, 2-10 cm. long: 
upper sheath with a white hyaline limb: spikelet ovoid, much thicker than the scape, 
several-many-flowered, about 4 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter : scales ovate, acute, reddish 
brown, each with a green midvein and narrow scarious margins: perianth-bristles 6-8, 


CYPERACEAE 183 


slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle : stigmas 2 : achenes obovoid, 
like those of E. ochreata, but twice as large, 3-4 times the length of the conic acute tubercle. 

In wet soil, Maine to southern Ontario, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. Summer and fall. 

9. Eleocharis maculósa (Vahl) R. Br. Perennial by slender rootstocks. Scapes 
tufted, 1-3.5 dm. long, slender : spikelet ovoid, 5-12 mm. long, rather blunt, dense, purple- 
brown : scales ovate or oblong-ovate, scarious-margined, rather persistent : perianth-bristles 
7-8, retrorsely scabrous, brown or rusty, as long as the achene : stigmas 2: achenes obovoid, 
about 1 mm. long, chestnut-brown, shining, the tubercle abruptly pointed, pale. 

In wet ground, Texas. Alsoin Central and South America. Spring to fall. 

10. Eleocharis capillàcea Kunth. Annual, diminutive. Scapes tufted, capillary, 
2-5 cm. long, sligntly 4-angled : spikelet linear-cylindric, 2-3 mm. long, with 1-4 achenes, 
deep brown or reddish : scales few, nearly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the 2 lower mostly 
including the spikelet: perianth-bristles 4-6, about as long as the achene, retrorsely sca- 
brous : stigmas 2: achenes lenticular, about 0.5 mm. long, exclusive of the slender conic 
tubercle, brown. 

About pine-land ponds and in wet sand, North Carolina to Florida. Also in Central and South 
America. Spring to fall. 

11. Eleocharis atropurpürea (Retz) Kunth. Annual with fibrous roots. Scapes 
tufted, very slender, 2-9 cm. high : upper sheath 1-toothed : spikelet ovoid, many-flowered, 
subacute, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter, or less: scales minute, ovate-oblong, persist- 
ent, purple-brown except the midvein and very narrow scarious margins : perianth-bristles 
2-4, fragile, pale, minutely downwardly hispid, about as long as the achene : stigmas 2: 
achenes jet black, shining, 0.5 mm. long, smooth, lenticular ; tubercle conic, minute, de- 
pressed but rather acute, constricted at the base. 

In moist soil. Iowa, Nebraska and eastern Colorado to Central America, east to Florida; widely 
distributed in tropical America. Summer and fall. 

12. Eleocharis capitàta (L.) R. Br. Annual with fibrous roots. Scapes densely 
tufted, nearly terete, almost filiform, 0.5-2.5 dm. tall: upper sheath 1-toothed : spikelet 
ovoid, obtuse, much thicker than the scape, 3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, many-flowered : 
scales broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, brown except the greenish midvein, narrowly scarious- 
margined, persistent : perianth-bristles 5-8, slender, downwardly hispid, as long as the 
achene : stigmas 2: achenes obovoid, jet black, smooth, shining, 1 mm. long; tubercle de- 
pressed, apiculate, constricted at the base, very much shorter than the achene. 

In moist soil, Maryland to Indiana, Florida and Texas. Also in the tropics. Summer and fall. 

13. Eleocharis bicolor Chapm. Annual, pale green. Scapes tufted, filiform, 0.3-2 
dm. long, sometimes procumbent, 4-angled : spikelet ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, rather blunt, 
8-12-flowered : scales ovate, obtuse, thin, loosely imbricated, with whitish margins and 
keel: perianth-bristles 3, fugacious : achenes lenticular, obovoid, 0.5 mm. long, papillose, 
about twice as long as the bristles ; tubercle broadly conic, about 3 as long as the body of 
the achene. 

In sandy soil, near the coast, Florida. Summer. 

14. Eleocharis obtüsa Schult. Annual with fibrous roots. Scapes tufted, relatively 
stout, rather deep green, nearly terete, mostly erect, 0.5-5 dm. tall: upper sheath 1- 
toothed : spikelet ovoid or oblong-ovoid, obtuse, many-flowered, 3-13 mm. long, 3-5 mm. 
in diameter : scales thin, obovate, oblong-obovate or oblong-orbicular, obtuse, brown, each 
with a broad green midvein and scarious margins : perianth-bristles 6-8, deciduous, usually 
longer than the achene: stigmas 2: achenes pale brown, shining, lenticular, obovoid-ob- 
long, smooth, 1 mm. long or more; tubercle deltoid, acute, compressed, scarcely con- 
stricted at the base, about } as long as the achene. 

.. In wet soil, New Brunswick to Ontario, British Columbia, Florida, Texas and Oregon.—A form 
with more slender generally decumbent or spreading scapes, smaller fewer-flowered spikelets with 
more spreading scales and a smaller achene, is E. obtusa jejüna Fernald. Summer and fall. 

15. Bleocharis Engelmánnii Steud. Annual, quite similar to the next preceding 
species, but scapes commonly taller, sometimes 5 dm. high. Uppersheath obliquely truncate 
or 1-toothed : spikelet cylindric, obtuse or rather acute, 4-16 mm. long, 2-3 mm. in diameter, 
many -flowered : scales pale brown with a green midvein and narrow scarious margins, ovate, 
obtuse, deciduous: perianth-bristles about 6, not longer than the achene or very short or 
wanting : stigmas 2 : achenes obovoid or cuneate-obovoid, fully 1 mm, long, brown, smooth, 
lenticular ; tubercle broad, low, covering the top of the achene, less than 1 its length. 

In wet soil, Massachusetts to Virginia, Indiana, Arkansas, Texas and California.—The form with- 
out perianth-bristles, or mere rudiments, and generally stouter scapes, is E. Engelmannii detónsa A. Gray. 
Summer and fall. 

16. Eleocharis lanceolata Fernald. Annual, bright green. Scapes tufted, slender 
or nearly filiform, 1-2.5 dm. tall: spikelet lanceolate in outline, 5-9 cm. long, about 2 or 
3 mm. thick, rather acute : scales pale, hyaline except green ribs, acute, rather appressed : 


184 CYPERACEAE 


perianth-bristles overtopping the body of the achene: achenes broadly obovoid, fully 1 mm. 
long ; tubercle about $ as high as the body of the achene. 

In moist soil, Arkansas to Texas. Summer and fall. 

17. Bleocharis nodulósa (Roth) Schult. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks. Scapes 
closely tufted, relatively stout, 3-10 dm. tall, copiously nodose-septate, invested at the base 
by more or less discolored sheaths, constricted below the summit: spikelet conic-cylindric, 
acute, 1-2 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick : scales closely imbricated, oblong-lanceolate, often con- 
stricted below the apex, 3-4 mm. long, scarious-margined : perianth-bristles very variable 
in length: achenes obovoid, pinched at the base, about 1 mm. long, plump ; tubercle 
deltoid, about 4 the width of the body of the achene. 

In swamps, Florida to Louisiana and Arizona. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 

18. Eleocharis macrostachya Britton. Perennial by relatively short rootstocks, 
pale green or straw-colored. Scapes tufted, 2.5-12 dm. long, stout: spikelet narrowly 
cylindric or linear-lanceolate in outline, 1-2.5 em. long, many-flowered, acute: scales ob- 
long-ovate to lanceolate, often rather acute, pale green or straw-colored with darker ribs : 
perianth-bristles 5-6, as long as the achene or somewhat shorter, retrorsely barbed, or 
sometimes very short: stigmas 2: achenes lenticular, obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, ex- 
cluding the small cap-like tubercle, lemon-yellow. 

In low grounds, Arkansas to Nevada, Louisiana, Texas and Arizona. Spring to fall. 

19. Bleocharis glaucéscens ( Willd.) Schult. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks. 
Scapes tufted, slender, 1-9 dm. long, bright or deep green : spikelet oblong or oblong-lan- 
ceolate, 0.5-1.5 em. long, acute or rather obtuse: scales brown or dark green, blunt or 
acute in age: perianth-bristles usually 4, about as long as the achene or shorter or nearly 
wanting: stigmas 2: achenes lenticular, obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, excluding the nar- 
row conic tubercle, brown. 

In swamps or meadows, Ontario to Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

20. Eleocharis Ravenélii Britton. Perennial, bright green. Scapes tufted, 3-5 
dm. long, slender: spikelet lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline, 8-11 mm. long, 
acute: scales oblong to oblong-lanceolate, rather blunt, scarious-margined, brown on either 
side of the prominent midrib: perianth-bristles 4-5, somewhat shorter than the achene: 
stigmas 2: achenes biconvex, plump, 1 mm. long or less, narrowly obovoid, somewhat con- 
stricted at the top, smooth or nearly so ; tubercle depressed. 

In sandy soil, southern Texas. Spring. 

21. Eleocharis acicularis ( L.) R. & S. Perennial by filiform stolons or rootstocks. 
Scapes tufted, finely filiform or setaceous, obscurely 4-angled and grooved, weak, erect or 
reclining, 5-20 em. long: sheaths truncate: spikelet compressed, narrowly ovate or linear- 
oblong, acute, broader than the scape, 3-10-flowered, 3-10 mm. long, 1 mm. wide: scales 
oblong, obtuse, or the upper subacute, thin, pale green, usually with a narrow brown band 
on each side of the midvein, deciduous, many of them commonly sterile : perianth-bristles 
3-4, fragile, fugacious, shorter than the achene: stigmas 3: achenes obovoid-oblong, 0.5 
mm. long, pale, obscurely 3-angled with a rib on each angle and 6-9 lower intermediate 
ribs connected by fine ridges; tubercle conic, acute, } as long as the acbene. 


In wet soil, throughout North America, except the extreme north. Also in Europe and Asia. 
Summer and fall.—A variety, E. acicularis radicans Sone Britton, is distinguished by its relatively 
stout scapes and thicker spikelets. Texas, California and Central America. 


22. Eleocharis Chaetaria R. & S. Perennial or annual. Scapes tufted, 2-20 cm. 
long, curved, filiform or wire-like, smooth, barely constricted at the summit, with a green 
sheath at the base: spikelet erect, oblong or ovoid-oblong, 2-3 mm. long, 1-4-flowered, 
flattened : scales in 2 or 3 rows, thin, barely discolored : perianth-bristles 6, about as long 
as the achene, sometimes much reduced : stigmas 3: achenes 3-angled, obovoid, barely 1 
mm. Jong ; tubercle pyramidal, shorter than the body of the achene. 

In sandy soil or low grounds, southern Alabama. Alsoin the West Indies and most tropical and 
warm-temperate regions. Spring to fall. 

23. Eleocharis vivipara Kunth. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, pale green. 
Scapes very numerous, tufted, very slender, 1-3 dm. long, not rigid, sometimes spreading, 
barely constricted at the summit: spikelet linear-oblong, 4-7 mm. long, acutish, often 
sparingly proliferous : scales oblong or ovate-oblong, blunt, scarious-margined, closely im- 
bricated, somewhat discolored : perianth-bristles 6, barbed, unequal in length : achenes ob- 
ovoid, nearly white, 3-angled, plump, about 1 mm. long, finely cancellate ; tubercle deltoid, 
or depressed, shorter than the body of the achene. 

In low grounds and on shores, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

21. Eleocharis tórtilis (Link) Schult. Annual. Scapes tufted, filiform, sharply 3- 
angled, pale green, erect or reclining, twisting when old, 3-4 dm. long : sheaths obliquely 
truncate, 1-toothed : spikelet ovoid or oblong, rather acute, several-flowered, 4-6 mul 
about 2 mm. thick, much thicker than the scape: scales firm, pale, ovate, mostly obtuse : 


CYPERACEAE. 185 


perianth-bristles 4-6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, about equalling the achene and tubercle: 
stigmas 3 : achenes obovoid, nearly 1.5 mm. long, obscurely 3-angled, strongly reticulated ; 
tubercle cap-like or conic, truncate at the base, 1-3 as long as the achene. 

In wet soil, near the coast, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

25. Eleocharis tuberculòsa (Michx.) R. & S. Annual. Scapes tufted, slightly 
compressed, very slender, rather stiff, striate, bright green, 2-5 dm. tall: upper sheath 
obliquely truncate or 1-toothed : spikelet ovoid to conic-ovoid, many-flowered, 6-12 mm. 
long, nearly 4 mm. in diameter: scales broadly ovate, obtuse, pale greenish brown with 
darker midveins, broadly scarious-margined, firm, tardily deciduous: perianth-bristles 6, 
rigid, downwardly or rarely upwardly barbed, about as long as the achene and tubercle : 
stigmas 3: achenes obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, pale, 3-angled, strongly reticulated ; tubercle 
cap-like or conic, as large as the achene or larger. 

^ in war soil, mostly near the coast, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Florida and Texas. Summer 
an all. 

26. Eleocharis Torreyana Boeckl. Annual. Scapes filiform, densely tufted, some- 
what 4-sided, erect or reclining, sometimes proliferous by developing secondary scapes in 
the axils of the spikelet, sometimes rooting at the summit, 2-20 cm. long: upper sheath 
obliquely truncate: spikelet oblong, subacute, terete or nearly so, many-flowered, 3-6 
mm. long: scales ovate, acute, brownish red with green midveins and lighter margins, 
early deciduous except the lowest, which is commonly larger than the others, persistent 
and bract-like: perianth-bristles 3-6, slender, shorter than the achene or equalling it: 
stigmas 3: achenes white, 3-angled, obovoid, smooth, 0.7-0.8 mm. long, constricted at the 
base; tubercle conic-pyramidal, minute. 

In wet sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Also in 
Cuba. Spring and summer. 

27. Eleocharis microcárpa Torr. Annual, bright green. Scapes tufted, finely fili- 
form, or capillary, 5-20 cm. tall, smooth, barely constricted at the summit, spikelet ob- 
long, 2-3 mm. long, few-flowered, acute: scales oblong to ovate, blunt or rather acute, 
pale or with brownish patches on either side of the midrib: perianth-bristles 3-5, very 
slender, about # as long as the achene: stigmas 3: achenes grayish white, 3-angled, ob- 
ovoid, 0.5-0.7 mm. long, smooth or nearly so; tubercle minute, pointed. 

In wet soil, Florida to Louisiana. Alsoin Cuba. Spring to fall. 

28. Eleocharis prolifera Torr. Annual, sometimes aquatic, bright green. Scapes 
numerous, tufted, filiform, diffuse, or floating, flattened, 1-6 dm. long, or rarely shorter: 
spikes conic, 4-8 mm. Jong, rarely fruiting, acute, proliferous or rooting: scales oblong 
or oval, whitish, obtuse, thin: perianth-bristles barbed, stout, variable in length : achenes 
3-angled, obovoid, nearly 1 mm. long, surpassing the bristles ; tubercle deltoid, or depressed. 

In and about ponds and ditches, North Carolina to Florida and Lousiana. Spring to fall. 

_. 29. Eleocharis Baldwinii (Torr.) Chapm. Perennial by slender rootstocks. Scapes 
filiform, tufted, diffusely spreading, 0.5-2 dm. long, grooved : spikelet oblong, 4-6 mm. 
long, flattened, 3-5-flowered, commonly rooting and proliferous: scales 2-ranked, 4-6, 
lanceolate, blunt or acutish, delicately nerved: perianth-bristles 4-6, unequal: achenes 
3-angled, oblong, 1 mm. long, as long as the longer bristles; tubercle 3-angled, abruptly 
subulate-tipped, about 4 as long as the body of the achene. 

In sandy swamps, Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 

SO. Eleocharis melanocárpa Torr. Perennial by short rootstocks. Scapes flat- 
tened, striate, tufted, slender, erect, 2-5 dm. tall: upper sheath truncate, 1-toothed : spike- 
let oblong or cylindric-oblong, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, many-flow- 
ered, thicker than the scape: scales ovate, obtuse, brown, with lighter midveins and 
Scarious margins: perianth-bristles 3 or 4, fragile, downwardly hispid, equalling or longer 
than the achene, fugacious or perhaps sometimes wanting ; stigmas 3: achenes 3-angled, 
obpyramidal, fully 1 mm. long, black, smooth ; tubercle depressed, covering the summit 
of the achene, light brown, pointed in the middle. 

In wet sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Florida, near the coast. Also in the 
West Indies. Summer and fall. 

31. Eleocharis Albida Torr. Annual. Roots fibrous: scapes very slender, tufted, 
nearly terete, striate, erect, 1-2 dm. tall : upper sheath very oblique and toothed on one 
side: spikelet ovoid-globose or oblong, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, many- 
flowered, thicker than the scape : scales pale green or nearly white, rather firm, ovate, 
obtuse, deciduous : perianth-bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, persistent, as long as 
the achene: stigmas 3: achenes broadly obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, nearly black when 
ripe, 3-angled, smooth ; tubercle ovoid-conic, contracted or truncate at the base, about + 
as long as the achene. 


,, In wet soil, Maryland to Florida, Texas and Mexico, near the coast. Spring and summer.—E. al- 
bida Berlandi?ri (Clarke) Britton, a variety native of southeastern Texas, is stouter, has longer spikelets 
and the tubercle is more beak-like. 


186 CYPERACEAE 


32. Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Perennial by short rootstocks. Scapes very slender, 
erect, compressed, striate, 3-6 dm. tall: upper sheath obliquely truncate, toothed on one 
side: spikelet oblong, becoming oblong-cylindric, obtuse, many-flowered, 10-18 mm. long, 
2-3 mm. in diameter : scales ovate, thin, deciduous, obtuse, brown with green midveins and 
scarious margins: perianth-bristles none: stigmas 3: achenes obovoid, 0.8-1 mm. long, 
3-angled, brown, dull, papillose, with the three angles strongly ribbed ; tubercle conic, 
acute, light brown, constricted at the base, minute, very much shorter than the achene. 

In wet soil, southern New York to Florida. Summer and fall. 


33. Eleocharis ténuis (Willd.) Schult. Perennial by rootstocks. Scapes tufted, 
filiform, mostly erect, 4-angled with concave sides, 2-4 dm. tall: upper sheath obliquely 
truncate, toothed an one side: spikelet narrowly oblong, mostly acute, many-flowered, 
thicker than the scape, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter: involucral bract 1: 
scales thin, obovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, the midvein greenish, the margins scarious : 
perianth-bristles 2-4, shorter than the achene, fugacious or wanting: stigmas 3: achenes 
obovoid, about 1 mm. long, obtusely 3-angled, yellow to brown, irregularly ridged-reticu- 
lated or papillose, more or less persistent on the rachis of the spikelet after the scales have 
fallen ; tubercle conic, short, acute. 

In wet soil, Cape Breton Island to Ontario, Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


34. Eleocharis arenícola Torr. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks. Scapes very 
slender, tufted, 1.5—4-5 dm. tall, grooved, mostly erect: spikelets oblong to ovoid-oblong, 
4-12 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. thick, many-flowered : scales oblong or ovate, thin, blunt, 
each with a brown apex and whitish margins: perianth-bristles 6, persistent, the longer as 
long as the achene: achenes 3-angled, about 1 mm. long, oblong-obovoid or obovoid, faintly 
reticulated ; tubercle thick, deltoid. 

On sandy shores and in swamps, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


35. Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Perennial by stout rootstocks, similar to 
the next preceding species but stouter. Scapes flattened, striate, slender but rather stiff, 
tufted, 2-5 dm. tall: upper sheath truncate, sometimes slightly 1-toothed : spikelet ovoid 
or oblong, obtuse, thicker than the scape, many-flowered, 6-12 mm. long: scales oblong or 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, purple-brown with greenish midveins and hyaline white margins, 
deciduous: perianth-bristles 1—5, shorter than or equalling the achene, fugacious, or want- 
ing: stigmas 3, exserted: achenes obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, obtusely 3-angled, light vel- 
lowish brown, papillose, much longer than the depressed conic acute tubercle, persistent 
on the rachis as in £F. tenuis. 

In wet soil, Anticosti to Manitoba, Georgia, Louisiana and Nebraska. Summer. 


36. Eleocharis cylindrica Buckl. Perennial by slender rootstocks. Scapes very 
slender, tufted: spikelets linear-cylindric, or slightly flattened, 1-2 cm. long, about 3 mm. 
thick, acutish, many-flowered : scales various, the lower ovate and blunt, the upper ovate 
or oblong-lanceolate and acute, with whitish hyaline margins: perianth-bristles wanting : 
achenes obovoid, fully 0.5 mm. long, yellowish, constricted at the ends but especially under 
the acute tubercle. 

In sandy soil, Texas. Summer and fall. 

37. Eleocharis rostellàta Torr. Perennial by a short caudex. Scapes slender, wiry, 
the fertile ones erect or ascending, the sterile reclining aud rooting at the summit, grooved, 
3-15 dm. long: upper sheath truncate: spikelet oblong, narrowed at both ends, thicker 
than the scape, 10-20-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter : scales ovate, 
obtuse or the upper acute, green with somewhat darker midveins: perianth-bristles 4-8, 
retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle: stigmas 3: achenes oblong-ob- 
ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, obtusely 3-angled, their surface finely reticulated ; tubercle conic- 
subulate, about 4 as long as the achene or shorter, capping its summit, partly or entirely 
falling away at maturity. 


In marshes and wet meadows, New Hampshire to Vermont and western New York, British Colum- 
bia, Florida, Texas, Mexico and California. Also in Cuba. Summer and fall. 


11. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. 


Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Spikelets umbellate or capitate, terete, several to 
many-flowered, subtended by a 1-many-leaved involucre, their scales spirally imbricated 
all around, mostly deciduous, allfertile. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style pubescent 
or glabrous, its base usually much enlarged, but falling away from the summit of the 
achene at maturity. Stigmas 2-3. Achenes lenticular, biconvex, or 3-angled, reticulated, 
cancellate, or longitudinally ribbed or striate. The plants flower mainly in summer and fall. 


CYPERACEAE 187 


Style-branches or stigmas 2: achenes lenticular. 
Spikelets peduncled, forming umbels, or solitary and sessile. 
Perennial: leaf-blades strongly involute. 
Bracts of the involucre shorter than the spikelets. 1. F. schoenoides. 
Bracts of the involucre or some of them longer than the spikelets, 
Base of the style swollen. 


Seales coriaceous, shining. 2. F. spadicea. 
Seales.thinner, dull. 3. F. castanea. 
Base of the style not swollen. 4. F. Drummond. 
Annual: leaf-blades flat or nearly so. 5. F. laxa. 
Spikelets several, sessile, forming a terminal head. 
Scales acuminate: achenes obovoid. 6. F. Vahlii. 
4s 


- Scales subulate-tipped : achenes oblong-cylindric. F. perpusilla. 
Style-branches or stigmas 3: achenes 3-angled. 
Spikelets narrow, or if relatively thick, in simple'umbels. 


Umbel mostly simple: spikelets ovoid or oval, blunt: achenes distinctly 


reticulated. 8. F. Frankii. 
Umbel mostly compound : spikelets linear-oblong, acute: achenes smooth or 
indistinctly reticulated. 9. F. autumnalis. 
Spikelets globular or about as thick as long, in decompound umbels. 10. F. miliacea. 


1. Fimbristylis schoenoides Vahl. Perennial, glabrous. Leaves erect or nearly 
so : blades attenuate from the slightly dilated bsaes, involute : scapes more or less densely 
tufted, 1-4 dm. tall, mostly overtopping the leaves, smooth : bracts of the involucre shorter 
than the spikelets, inconspicuous : spikelets solitary, or 2 or 3 together forming an umbel, 
and the earliest one sessile, ovoid or conic-ovoid, 5-12 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, pale 
brown : scales rather blunt, firm : stigmas 2: achenes lenticular, broadly obovoid, barely 
1.6 mm. long, lustrous, whitish, not pointed. 

In low grounds, Florida. Also in tropical Asia. 

2. Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl. Perennial by a thickened base, glabrous. 
Leaves few: blades about 2 mm. wide when unrolled, their sheaths dark brown : scapes 
stiff, slender, 3-angled, wiry, tall, usually longer than the strongly involute, rigid leaves : 
bracts of the involucre 3-6, erect : umbel several-rayed, the rays nearly erect, 5-15 cm. 
long : central spikelets of the umbels and umbellets sessile, the others pedicelled : spikelets 
ovoid or ovoid-cylindric, acute, 5-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter: scales oval, 
obovate, or orbicular, obtuse or subacute, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, dark brown with 
green midribs: stigmas 2: achenes lenticular, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, brown. 

xm marshes and shallow water, Virginia to Florida, near the coast. Widely distributed in tropical 
1Cca. 

3. Fimbristylis castànea (Michx.) Vahl. Perennial byathick base. Leaves few ; 
blades involute, less than 2 mm. wide, their sheaths green and more or less pubescent : 
scapes slender, 3-angled, 2-5 dm. tall, usually exceeding the leaves: bracts of the invo- 
lucre 2-4, short : umbel simple or compound, the rays 1-5 em. long: the central spike- 
lets sessile: spikelets oblong, 6-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. in diameter: scales thin, brown 
with lighter midveins, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, dull, puberulent, obtuse or 
mucronate: stigmas 2: achenes obovoid or oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, biconvex, pale 
brown, that of the prairie plant is shorter and less tapering to the base. 

On salt meadows, southern New York to Florida and Louisiana. Alsoin wet soil in the interior 
from Ontario, Michigan and Illinois to Kansas and Texas, and in tropical America.—A variety with 
copiously pubescent leaves and scapes, is F. castanea pubérula (Michx.) Britton. It ranges from Georgia 
and Florida to Texas. 

4. Fimbristylis Drummóndii (Torr. & Hook.) Britton. Perennial, glabrous. 
Leaves rather stiff; blades attenuate from the slightly dilated base, convex beneath, 
scarcely 2 mm. wide : scapes erect, somewhat tufted, about 9 dm. tall, twice as long as the 
leaves, smooth, deeply channeled on one side: bracts of the involucre 2-3, shorter than 
the inflorescence : umbel compound, with 4-6 curved rays 2-5 cm. long: spikelets oblong- 
ovate, about 12 mm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, pale brown, acute: scales mucronulate, rigid, 
slightly keeled near the apex : style not thickened at the base : stigmas 2: achenes lenticular, 
obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, apiculate at the apex. [Isolepis Drummondii Torr. & Hook. ] 

In low grounds, Texas. 

5. Fimbristylis láxa Vahl. Annual, glabrous or sparingly ciliate. Leaves pale 
green; blades flat, about 1 mm. wide: scapes slender, flattened, striate, densely tufted, 
erect or ascending, 5-40 cm. long, usually longer than the leaves: bracts of the involucre 
3-5: umbel simple or slightly compound, the central spikelets sessile : spikelets ovoid or 
ovoid-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter: scales ovate, thin, pale greenish 
brown, subacute or mucronulate : stigmas 2: achenes biconvex, obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, 
brown, longitudinally ribbed, the ribs tubercled and connected by very fine cross lines. 

In moist soil, southern Pennsylvania to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 

6. Fimbristylis Vahlii (Lam.) Link. Annual. Leaves setaceous or almost filiform, 
rough : scapes very slender, densely tufted, compressed, striate, 2-10 cm. high, longer than 
or equalling the leaves: bracts of the involucre 3-5, erect, much exceeding the simple 


188 CYPERACEAE 


capitate cluster of 3-8 spikelets: spikelets oblong-cylindric, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, about 
1 mm. thick, many-flowered : scales lanceolate, pale greenish brown, acuminate : stigmas 2 : 
achenes obovoid, about 0.5 mm. long, biconvex, yellowish white, cancellate. 

In moist soil, Msssouri to Texas, North Carolina and Florida. 

7. Fimbristylis perpusilla Harper. Annual. Leaves few, basal, filiform, rather 
shorter than the scapes : scapes in small prostrate radiating tufts, 1-3 cm. long: bracts of 
the involucre few, mostly less than 1 cm. long: spikelets globular, 1-2 mm. in diameter, 
sessile or nearly so during anthesis : scales green or yellowish, each tapering into a loosely 
spreading awn: stamen 1: stigmas 2: achene oblong-cylindric, about 0.5 mm. long. 

In pine-land ponds, near Leslie, Georgia. Fall. 7 

8. Fimbristylis Fránkii Steud. Annual, lower than the next following species, the 
leaves often shorter. Umbel mostly simple, the spikelets, or most of them, capitate and 
sessile, ovoid or oval, blunt, the heads sometimes appearing almost sessile at the base: 
achenes 0.5 mm. long, distinctly reticulated. 

In mud or wet sand, New Hampshire to Missouri, Tennessee and Louisiana. 

9. Fimbristylis autumnàlis (L.) R. & S. Annual. Leaves glabrous ; blades nar- 
rowly linear, flat, 1-2 mm. wide: scapes very slender, densely tufted, flat, 7-40 cm. long, 
usually much exceeding the leaves: bracts of the involucre 2-3, usually all shorter than 
the umbel: umbel compound or decompound, the primary rays 4-10 mm. long, the secon- 
dary filiform : spikelets linear-oblong, acute, 6-40 mm. long, 1 mm. thick or less: scales 
ovate-lanceolate, subacute, strongly mucronate, greenish brown, the midvein prominent : 
stigmas 3: achenes obovoid, about 0.5 mm. long, nearly white, 3-angled with a ridge on 
each angle, smooth or indistinctly reticulated, sometimes roughened. 


In moist soil, Maine to Michigan, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Also in tropical America. 
Summer and fall. 


10. Fimbristylis miliàcea Vahl. Annual (always?), glabrous. Leaves rather tender ; 
blades ensiform, long-attenuate: scapes weak, often loosely tufted, 1.5-6 dm. tall, mostly 
overtopping the leaves, smooth: bracts of the involucre shorter than the inflorescence : 
umbel erect, decompound, its peduncles often filiform : spikelets several or numerous, ovoid 
or globular, 2-3 mm. long, blunt, pale brown : scales blunt, with broad midnerves : stig- 
mas 3 : achenes 3-angled, obovoid, less than 1 mm. long, minutely roughened, pale. 

In bogs and ditches, Florida. Widely distributed in the tropics. Spring to fall. 


12. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. 

Mostly annual herbs, with slender erect scapes. Leaves basal: blades narrowly linear 
or filiform, the sheaths ciliate or pubescent. Spikelets umbellate, capitate or solitary, sub- 
tended by an involucre of 1-several bracts, their scales spirally imbricated, mostly decidu- 
ous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style glabrous, its base much 
swollen and persistent as a tubercle of the achene as in Eleocharis. Stigmas 2-3. Achene 
3-angled, turgid or lenticular. 


Spikelets in open umbels or sometimes solitary. 
Leaf-blades serrulate-ciliate : umbel not contracted: spikelets 5-8-flowered. 
Umbel simple: scales of the spikelets obtuse: achene transversely wrinkled. 1. S. capillaris. 
Umbel compound: scales of the spikelets acute: achene minutely papillose. 2. S. ciliatifolius. 
Leaf-blades smooth and glabrous: umbel contracted : spikelets 10-15-flowered. 3. S. coarctatus. 
Spikelets clustered in terminal heads. 
Bracts of the involucre with entire bases. 


Scales mucronate: involucral bracts few, short. 4. S. Floridanus. 
Scales subulate-tipped : bracts very long, much exceeding the heads. 5. S. Stenophyllus. 
Bracts of the involucre with fimbriate bases. 6. S. Warei. 


1. Stenophyllus capillàris (L.) Britton. Leaves roughish, much shorter than the 
scape, their sheaths more or less pubescent with long hairs: scapes filiform, densely tufted, 
erect, grooved, smooth, 5-25 cm. tall: involucral bracts 1-3, setaceous : spikelets narrowly 
oblong, somewhat 4-sided, 5-8 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, several in a terminal um- 
bel, or in depauperate forms solitary: scales oblong, obtuse or emarginate, puberulent, 
dark brown with green keels: stigmas 3: achenes yellow-brown, narrowed at the base, very 
obtuse or truncate at the summit, nearly 1 mm. long, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle 
minute, depressed. [TJsolepis capillaris (L.) R. & S.] 


; In dry or moist soil, throughout North America, except theextreme north. Also in'tropical Amer- 
ica. Summer and fall. 


2. Stenophyllus ciliatifólius (Ell.) C. Mohr. Leaves erect ; blades bristle-like or 
linear-filiform, channeled, serrulate-ciliate : scapes tufted, very slender, 10-30 cm. tall, 
often slightly scabrous near the top: bracts of the involucre 2-3, similar to the leaves but 
shorter, one about as long as the umbel, the others very short : spikelets numerous in a ter- 
minal compound umbel, linear-oblong, 2-4 mm. long, acute, 6-12-flowered : scales broad, 
brown-margined, keeled, abruptly pointed, often ciliate toward the apex : achenes 3-angled, 


CYPERACEAE 189 


obovoid, less than 1 mm. long, bluish, minutely papillose. [Jsolepis ciliatifolia (Ell. ) 
Torr]. 

In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 

3. Stenophyllus coarctàtus (Ell.) Britton. Leaves few ; blades bristle-like, glabrous 
or nearly so; sheaths bearded at the mouth: scapes tufted, filiform, about 30 cm. long, 
arching, smooth: bracts of the involucre several, only one as long as the umbel or slightly 
longer: spikelets several, linear-oblong, about 6 mm. long, sessile or short-peduncled, 10- 
15-flowered : scales ovate, acutish, with reddish margins, ciliate near the apex : achenes 
unequally 3-angled, the inner face broadest, about 1 mm. long, minutely papillose ; tubercle 
a minute black tip. [Isolepis coarctata ( Ell.) Torr.] 

In dry sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 

4. Stenophyllus Floridanus Britton. Leaves much surpassed by the scapes ; blades 
filiform, erect, 4 as long as the scapes or shorter; sheaths ciliate: scapes tufted, filiform, 
10-20 cm. tall: spikelets linear or nearly so, 4-8 mm. long, about 1 mm. thick, acute, rich 
brown, 4-10 sessile in dense terminal heads: scales ovate-lanceolate, about 1 mm. long, 
keeled, each prolonged into a minute slightly spreading tip: achenes 3-angled, broadly 
obovoid, pale. 

In high pine lands, southern Georgia and Florida. Summer. WATER-GRASS. 


5. Stenophyllus Stenophyllus (Ell.) Britton. Leaves numerous, overtopped by 
the scape; blades filiform or bristle-like, erect, bristly-ciliate : scapes densely tufted, 5-20 
em. tall, scabrous at least above: bracts of the involucre several, 3 or 4 much longer than 
the rest, ciliate like the leaf-blades, the dilated bases never fimbriate : spikelets 4-8, sessile 
in dense terminal heads, about 5-7 mm. long, 6-10-flowered : scales variable in length, 
loosely imbricated, hispid on the 3-nerved keel, produced into a cuspidate tip : achenes 3- 
angled, obovoid, about 1 mm. long, bluish white, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle minute, 
persistent. [Isolepis stenophylla ( Ell.) Torr. ] 
In dry sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


6. Stenophyllus Warei (Torr.) Britton. Leaves shorter than the scape; blades 
bristle-like, channeled ; sheaths pectinately fringed at the mouth. Scapes densely tufted, 
20-40 cm. tall, filiform, slightly flattened, smooth and glabrous: bracts of the involucre 
3-4, about twice as long as the head, rigid, the broadly dilated bases fimbriate: spikelets 
8-15 in a compact head, ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, 10-15-flowered: scales broad, mucronate, 
ciliate-pubescent without : achenes 3-angled, obovoid, white, obscurely wrinkled ; tubercle 
minute, dark-colored. [Isolepis Warei Torr. ] 

In dry sand, Florida. Spring to fall. 


13. PSILOCARYA Torr. 


Annual herbs, with fibrous roots, slender stems and ovoid or oblong, many-flowered 
terete spikelets in terminal and axillary, mostly compound umbels, the rays and raylets 
bracted at the base. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated, all fertile, deciduous. 
Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1 or 2. Style enlarged at the base. Stigmas 2. 
Achene lenticular or biconvex, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent 
base of the style (tubercle), or nearly the whole style persistent as a beak. 

Scales of the spikelets acute or acuminate : tubercle less than 14 as long as the punt Ene 
Scales of the spikelets blunt: tubercle over 14 as long as the achene. 2. P. torso. 

1. Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Wood. Stems tufted, slightly angled, 7-40 cm. tall: 
leaves sometimes overtopping the stem, sheathing at the base; blades narrowly linear, 
about 2 mm. wide, smooth, the midvein prominent: umbels mostly loose : spikelets ovoid, 
4-6 mm. long, rather less than 2 mm. in diameter: scales brown, broadly ovate, thin, 1- 
nerved, obtuse, acute or apiculate: achenes lenticular, nearly orbicular, nearly 1.5 mm. 
long, light brown, strongly transversely wrinkled ; tubercle shorter than the achene-body, 
subacute, 2-lobed at the base. 

In wet soil, near the coast, Long Island and Delaware to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


2. Psilocarya corymbifórmis Benth. Stems solitary or sparingly tufted, 2-7 dm. 
tall, topped like the branches by a corymb : leaves several, mostly overtopped by the stems ; 
blades more or less involute above the sheath, 2-6 cm. broad, attenuate: spikelets in lax 
corymbs, oblong-ovoid, 6-10 mm. long, fully 2 mm. thick: scales brownish, narrowly 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, thinner than in the preceding, blunt: achenes lenticular, sub- 
orbicular, 0.5 mm. long, including the slightly decurrent tubercle, this nearly as long as 
the body of the achene. 

In low pine lands, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Alsoin the West Indies. Spring to fall. 


190 CYPERACEAE 


14. DICHROMENA Michx. 

Leafy-stemmed sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets crowded in a terminal 
head involucrate by several bracts, which are often white at the base. Spikelets compressed, 
several-many-flowered. Scales spirally imbricated all around, several of them with imper- 
fect flowers, or empty. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Style subulate. Stigmas 2, very 
slender. Achene lenticular, transversely rugose, crowned with the broad persistent base 
of the style (tubercle). The plants bloom from spring to fall. WHITE-TOP. 


Involucre of 2 bracts: achenes barely 1 mm. long. * 1. D. nivea. 
Involuere of 4-10 bracts: achenes over 1 mm. long. 
Bracts of the involucre 4-6, linear: tubercle truncate on top of the achene. 


Leaves filiform above the dilated base: achenes dark ; tubercle low, blunt. 2. D. Floridensis. 
Leaves linear above the dilated base: achenes pale; tubercle long, acute. 3. D. colorata. 
Bracts of the involucre 7-10, lanceolate: tubercle decurrent on the sides of the 
achene. 4. D. latifolia. 


1. Dichromena nivea Boeckl. Stems tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, very slender nearly terete, 
smooth : leaves mostly shorter than the stems ; blades very narrowly linear or linear-fili- 
form: bracts of the involucre 2, very unequal, slender beyond the white dilated bases: 
head less than 1 cm. in diameter, pearly white, erect: spikelets ovate, 3-4 mm. long, 
crowded : scales smooth, notched at the apex, closely imbricated : achenes lenticular, 
plump, obovoid, barely 1 mm. long, short-beaked, with prominently wrinkled sides. 

In wet soil and low grounds, Arkansas and Texas. 

2. Dichromena Floridénsis Britton. Stems copiously tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, smooth, 
slender: leaves numerous ; blades involute-filiform, smooth : bracts of the involucre 4-6, 
slenderly attenuate : headsabout 1 cm. in diameter : spikelets oblong : scales pale : achenes 
obovoid, slightly over 1 mm. long, dark brown, finely wrinkled, the tubercle nearly trun- 
cate on the top of the achene-body. 

In low pine lands, southern Florida. 

3. Dichromena coloràta (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Stem slender, rather sharply tri- 
angular, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaf-blades narrowly linear, much shorter than the stem : bracts 
of the involucre 4-6, reflexed when mature, yellowish white at the base : head globose, 
1-2 cm. in diameter: spikelets narrowly oblong, acute: scales membranous, lanceolate, 
nearly white, 1-nerved, subacute: achenes obovoid, a little over 1 mm. long, excluding 
the tubercle, pale brown, compressed, nearly truncate at the summit, there covered by the 
tubercle which is not decurrent on its edges. [Ð. leucocephala Michx. } 

In moist sandy soil, pine lands, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 

4. Dichromena latifólia Baldw. Similar to the next preceding species but the stem 
stouter, obtusely triangular or nearly terete. Leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
tapering gradually to a long acuminate apex from a broad base, 3-8 mm. wide, sometimes 
overtopping the stem, but the lowest much shorter: bracts of the involucre 7-10, strongly 
reflexed when old : head globose, 1-2 cm. in diameter : spikelets oblong, subacute : scales 
ovate-lanceolate, nearly white, rather obtuse: achenes nearly orbicular in outline, a little 
over 1 mm. long, excluding the tubercle, pale brown, faintly wrinkled transversely and 
longitudinally so as to appear reticulated ; the tubercle decurrent on its margins. 

In wet pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Texas. 


15. ABILDGAARDIA Vahl. 

Perennial, or sometimes annual, acaulescent herbs. Leaves basal: blades narrow, 
commonly involute: scapes tufted, jointless, simple. Involucre of a single small bract. 
Spikelets solitary or several in terminal umbels or clusters, several to many-flowered : 
scales imbricated in 2 rows, or in 3 rows by the twisting of the rachis, keeled, decurrent, 
deciduous. Perianth wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style pubescent, with a swollen base, de- 
ciduous. Stigmas 3. Achenes 3-angled, broadest above the middle, warty, pale. 

1. Abildgaardia monostáchya (L.) Vahl. Perennial, glabrous. Leaves firm, 
shorter than the scape ; blades nearly filiform above the discolored bases, slightly involute, 
sharp-pointed : scapes tufted, very slender or filiform, 1-4 dm. tall, erect, smooth : bracts 
of the involucre much shorter than the spikelets, inconspicuous : spikelet solitary or some- 
times 2 together, flattened, ovoid or conic, 1-1.5 cm. long, pale: scales in 2 rows, acute or 
mucronulate, with broad white margins: stigmas 3: achenes slightly pear-shaped, 2-2.5 
mm. long, constricted near the base, copiously warty, yellowish white, often apiculate. 

In sandy or rocky soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the tropics. Spring to fall. 


16. SCHOENUS L. 
Perennial rush-like herbs, with tufted rigid scapes. Leaves basal; sheath dark-col- 


CYPERACEAE 191 


ored ; blades resembling the scapes, half-terete. Spikes in a terminal cluster, 1-8-flowered, 
subtended by an involucre of 1-2 bracts. Spikelets crowded, often dark-colored : scales 
imbricated in 2 rows, the lower ones empty, the upper flower-bearing. Perianth of 3-6 
scabrous or plumose hiistles. Stamens 3. Style barely enlarged at the base, almost wholly 
deciduous. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled, without a tubercle. [Chaetospora R. Br.] 

1. Schoenus nigricans L. Foliage glabrous. Leaves basal ; sheaths dark brown or 
almost black at the base ; blades overtopped by the scape, erect, rigid, pungent : scapes 
tufted, 2-6 dm. tall: bracts of the involucre 2, the lower one surpassing the infloreseence : 
head about 1 em. long, dark chestnut-colored : spikelets flattened, 6-8-flowered, narrowed 
upward : scales ovate or lanceolate-ovate, firm, keeled : perianth-bristles 6, unequal, some- 
what plumose: achenes oval, white and polished, about 2 mm. long, surpassed by the 
bristles. | [ Chaetospora nigricans (L.) Kunth.] 

In damp sandy soil, Florida to Texas and California. Also in the Old World. 


17. CLADIUM P. Br. 

Perennial leafy herbs, similar to the Runchosporae in habit. Spikelets oblong or fusi- 
form, few-flowered, variously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the lower empty, 
the middle ones mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper usually fertile. Perianth 
none. Stamens 2, or sometimes 3. Style deciduous from the summit of the achene. Stig- 
mas 2-3. Achene ovoid to globose, smooth or longitudinally striate : tubercle none. 
Leaf-blades about 2 mm. wide: umbels small: achene truncate at the base. 1. C. mariscoides. 
Leaf-blades 6-20 mm. wide: umbels large, panicled : achene narrowed to the base. 2. C. effusum. 

1. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, slender, rather stiff, 
obscurely 3-angled, smooth : leaves about 2 mm. wide, concave, with long compressed tips, 
nearly smooth : umbels 2 or 3, compound, small: spikelets oblong, narrowed at both ends, 
acute, 5 mm. long, capitate on the raylets : scales chestnut-brown, ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute ; upper scale subtending a perfect flower with 2 stamens and a filiform style and 
3 stigmas, the next lower one with 2 stamens and an abortive ovary : achene ovoid, acute, 
finely longitudinally striate, about 2 mm. long. 

In marshes, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Kentucky. Ponp RusH. Twic RUSH. 

2. Cladium effüsum (Sw.) Torr. Stems stout, 1.5-3 m. high, obtusely 3-angled : 
leaves very long, glabrous, 6-20 mm. wide, the margins spinulose-serrulate : umbels sev- 
eral or numerous, decompound, forming a large panicle: spikelets mostly 2-5 together at 
the ends of the raylets, narrowly ovoid, acute, 4-5 mm. long ; uppermost scale subtending 


a perfect flower : stamens 2: achene ovoid, abruptly sharp-pointed, wrinkled, narrowed to 
the base, 2 mm. long. 


In water, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies. SAW-GRASS. 


18. REMIREA Aubl. 


Perennial sometimes caulescent herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Stems more or less 
tufted, relatively low. Leaves imbricated : blades narrow, rigid. Involucre with numerous 
bracts, the outer spreading. Flowers perfect. Spikelets numerous, crowded into a single 
terminal head, sessile, 1-flowered. Scales about 4, imbricated, the lower oneempty. Sta- 
mens 3. Perianth wanting. Style barely enlarged below, the base continuous with the 
ovary. Stigmas 3. Achenes 3-angled, tightly enclosed in the inner scales. TUFT-GRASS. 

1. Remirea marítima Aubl. Foliage glabrous, bright green. Stems erect, 0.5-3 
dm. tall, densely leafy, simple: leaves numerous; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-10 
cm. long, attenuate, slightly involute, smooth: bracts of the involucre resembling the 
leaves : spike 1-1.5 cm. long, ovoid, sometimes compound: spikelets 3-5 mm. long: 
achenes narrowly oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, often curved, apiculate, rather granular. 

On sandy beaches, peninsular Florida. Also widely distributed in the tropies. Spring to fall. 


19. RYNCHOSPORA Vall. 

Caulescent herbs, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with 3-angled or terete stems, nar- 
row, flat, or involute leaf-blades, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously clustered spikelets. 
Scales thin, 1-nerved, imbricated all around, usually mucronate by the excurrent midvein, 
the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect, the lower perfect. Perianth of 1-24 (mostly 
6) upwardly or downwardly barbed or scabrous bristles, or wanting in some species. 
Stamens commonly 3. Stigmas 2, rarely wholly united. Achene lenticular or swollen, 
not 3-angled, smooth, cancellate or transversely wrinkled, capped with the persistent base 
of the style (tubercle), or in some species by the whole style. Brak Rusu. 


192 CYPERACEAE 


Style long, its branches much shorter than the united lower part. 
Spikelets in 14 dense globose heads. . 
Achene truncate, tipped by a subulate tubercle, ciliate. 
Achene obovoid, tipped by a conic tubercle, not ciliate. 
Spikelets in panicled clusters : achene capped by a stout tubercle. 
Mature spikelets about 1 em. long: tubercle slightly longer than the achene. 
Mature spikelets much over 1 cm. long: tubercle several times longer than 
the achene. 
Style short, its branches as long as the united part or longer. 
Perianth-bristles none or very short. 
Achene transversely wrinkled. 
Achene smooth or reticulated. 
Achene reticulated, 0.5-0.7 mm. long: spikelets loosely corymbose. 
Achene smooth, 1.5-2 mm. long: spikelets corymbose-capitate. 
Stem-leaves with blades 0.7 mm. wide or Jess: spikelets 3-4 mm. long. 
Stem-leaves with blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide: spikelets 4-6 mm. long. 
Perianth-bristles present and usually well developed. 
Bristles plumose: achene wrinkled. 
Spikelets solitary or 2-4 together. 6-8 mm. long. 
Spikelets numerous, clustered, 2.5-4 mm. long. 
Perianth-bristles plumose nearly or quite to the top. 
Stems slender, 1.5-3.5 dm. tall: spikelets small. 
Stems stout, 3-6 dm tall: spikelets large. 
Perianth-bristles plumose below the middle or only near the base. 
Bristles not plumose. 
Bristles retrorsely barbed. 
Scales ra green or white: perianth-bristles 9-24. 
Scales brown: perianth-bristles 6. 
Spikelets few to numerous in rather loose, often panicled clusters. 
Spikelets numerous, in 2-4 dense globose heads. 
Spikelets 5-6 mm. long: achene 2.5 mm. long. 
Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long: achene 1.5 mm. long. 
Bristles upwardly barbed. 
Achene smooth or cancellate, not transversely wrinkled. 
Achene smooth. 
Tubercle of the achene ciliate to serrulate. 
Leaf-blades fiat. 
Leaf-blades channeled, involute, filiform or nearly so. 
Achene linear-oblong : perianth-bristles much overtopping 
the tubercle. 
Achene obovoid: perianth-bristles not longer than the 
achene and tubercle, or scarcely so. 
Achene 1 mm. long or less, light brown. 
Achene 1.5-2 mm. long, dark brown. 
Tubercle of the achene smooth or merely granular. 
Perianth-bristles as long as the achene or longer. 
Leaf-blades 0.5-2 mm. wide. 
Perianth-bristles about as long as the achene. 
Perianth-bristles much longer than the achene. 
Leaf-blades 2-7 mm. wide. 
Perianth-bristles much shorter than the achene, sometimes 
very short. 
Leaf-blades 0.5-3 mm. wide: spikelets 2-5 mm. long. 
Leaf-blades narrowly linear: spikelets 2-3 mm. Sone. 
Leaf-blades bristle-like, filiform : spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 
Leaf-blades 4-10 mm. wide: spikelets 6-8 mm. long. 
Achene cancellate. 
Leaf-blades broadly linear, blunt or merely acute: achene 1.5 
mm. long. 
Leaf-blades parowy linear, attenuate. 
Achenes 2.5 mm. long, equalling or shorter than the bristles. 
Achenes 1.5 mm. long, much longer than the bristles. 
Achene transversely wrinkled. 
Perianth-bristles shorter than the achene. 
Leaf-blades and stems filiform : spikelets filiform-pedicelled. 
Leaf-blades not filiform, flat or involute: spikelets sessile or 
short-pedicelled. 
Leaf-blades involute. 
Achene flat, 1.5 mm. long, continuous with the tubercle. 
Achene strongly biconvex, 2 mm. long, constricted under 
the tubercle. 
Leaf-blades flat. 
Achene biconvex, not constricted under the tubercle. 
Achene 1mm. long : tubercle depressed, wider than high. 
armed mm. long: tubercle conic, about as high as 
wide. 
Achene compressed, constricted under the tubercle. 
Perianth-bristles as long as the achene or longer. 
A. Spikelets ovoid to globular, 2-4 mm. long. 
a. Achene not stipitate. 
* Tubercle setose. 
+ Spikelets 1-3-flowered. 
Perianth-bristles not longer than the achene and 
tubercle. 
Perianth-bristles longer than the achene and tubercle. 
Achene broadly or orbicular-obovoid. 
Achene narrowly obovoid. 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 


EA 


oo 


22. 


R. Tracyi. 
R. solitaria. 


R. Indianolensis. 


R. corniculata. 


. pusilla. 
. divergens. 


. Chagmanii. 


R 
R 
R 
R. pallida. 


E: 


. oligantha. 


. R. plumosa. 


R. intermedia. 
R. semiplumosa. 


. alba. 


R 
. R. glomerata. 
R 


. axillaris. 


. R. microcephala. 


. R. fuscoides. 
. R. Curtissii. 


. R. filifolia. 
. R. leptorhyncha. 


. R. distans. 


R. gracilenta. 


23. R. Baldwinii. 


R. fascicularis. 
R. brachychaeta. 


. R. dodecandra. 


27. R. ciliata. 


32. 


33. 


R. Grai. 
R. Plankii. 


R. rariflora. 


. R. Torreyana. 


R. Earlei. 


R. perplexa. 


. R. cymosa. 
. R. compressa. 


. R. patula. 


. R. caduca. 
. R. mixta. 


CYPERACEAE 193 


++ Spikelets 5-10-flowered. 39. R. prolifera. 
** Tubercle not setose. 
Tubercle conic or triangular, acute, 144-4 as long as the 
achene. 
Achene about 2 mm. long. 40. R. punctata. 
Achene 1-1.25 mm. long. 
Perianth-bristles not longer than the achene or but 
little longer. 


e 


Spikelets clustered : tubercle bluntish. 41. R. microcarpa. 
Spikelets filiform-pedicelled: tubercle sharp- 
inted. 42. R. decurrens. 
Perianth-bristles as long as the achene and tuber- 
cle or longer. 43. R. schoenoides. 
Tubercle depressed, rounded, less than 14 as long as the 
achene. 44. R. miliacea. 


b. Achene constricted at the base into a stipe : tubercle setose. 45. R. stipitata. 
B. Spikelets fusiform to lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long. 


Leaf-blades filiform : achene obovoid : tubercle smooth. 46. R. stenophylla. 
Leaf-blades not filiform: achene linear-oblong or oblanceo- 
late: tubercle setose. 47. R. inexpansa. 


1. Rynchospora Tràcyi Britton. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 5-12 dm. 
tall, nearly terete: leaves elongated ; blades channeled, 4-8 mm. wide, straight, erect or 
ascending: spikelets densely aggregated into 1-6 globose heads 1-2 cm. in diameter, lan- 
ceolate in outline, 5-6 mm. long, acuminate, pale: scales often 9, the fourth one fer- 
tile: perianth-bristles 6, very slender: achenes flat, obovoid or cuneate-obovoid, 2.5 
mm. long excluding the tubercle, minutely wrinkled, ciliate, surpassed by the bristles : 
tubercle subulate, fully twice as long as the achene. — [ Ceratoschoenus capitatus Chapm., not 
È. capitata R. & S.] 


In pine-land ponds, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Spring to fall. 


2. Rynchospora solitària R. M. Harper. Perennial or perhaps annual, light green. 
Stems solitary, 6-8 dm. tall, flattened: leaves few; blades about 2 mm. wide, the lower 
ones about J as long as the stem ; upper stem-leaves 1 or 2: spikelets narrowly lanceolate, 
5-6 mm. long, 1-flowered, aggregated into a single dense terminal head 12-15 mm. in 
diameter: bracts filiform, slightly exceeding the inflorescence: perianth-bristles 6, fragile, 
equalling the achene, upwardly barbed: achenes obovoid, plump, 1.5 mm. long, faintly 
pitted, not ciliate, capped by a triangular tubercle of about 3 its length. 


In moist pine lands, southern Georgia. Summer and fall. 


3. Rynchospora Indianolénsis Small. Perennial, bright green. Stems 3-angled, 
5-12 dm. tall: leaves sheathing the base of the stem ; blades 4-8 mm. broad, with smooth 
margins: spikelets rather numerous, about 1 cm. long, aggregated into several dense 
panicled clusters 2-3 cm. broad: scales oval, broadly acuminate, deciduous : perianth- 
bristles surpassing the achene, persistent: achenes flattened and with impressed sides, about 
4 mm. long, each capped by a tubercle nearly 5 mm. long. 


On damp prairies, Indianola, Texas. Spring. 


4. Rynchospora corniculàta (Lam.) A. Gray. Perennial. Stems smooth, 1-2 mm. 
tall: leaf-blades flat, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, rough-margined : umbels some- 
times 2-5 dm. broad: spikelets spindle-shaped, much over 1 em. long when mature, 
clustered at the ends of the rays and raylets: primary rays sometimes 15 cm. long: scales 
lanceolate, thin, acute, light brown: perianth-bristles about 6, rigid, upwardly scabrous : 
style subulate from a broad base 2-4 times longer than the achene, upwardly scabrous, 
1-2.5 em. long, much exserted beyond the scales when mature : achenes obovoid, flat, 4 mm. 
long, dark brown, smooth. 

. In swamps, Delaware to Florida, Ohio, Missouri and Texas. Summer and fall.—A variety with 
perianth-bristles about twice as long as the achene and congested inflorescence is R. corniculata macro- 
stáchya (Torr.) Britton ; it extends north as far as Massachusetts. 

5. Rynchospora pusílla M. A. Curtis. Perennial, bright green. Stems densely 
tufted, 0.5-3 dm. tall, filiform : leaves resembling the stems but more slender and curved : 
spikelets in 1-3 separate clusters, elliptic-ovoid, about 2 mm. long, often 3-flowered : scales 
broadly ovate to suborbicular: perianth-bristles wanting: achenes whitish, flat, lenticular, 
oblong-obovoid or cuneate-obovoid, about 1 mm. long, transversely wrinkled, not pinched 
at the base, each with an almost free tubercle. 


About pine-land swamps, Florida to Texas. Alsointhe West Indies. Spring and summer. 

6. Rynchospora divérgens M. A. Curtis. Perennial, bright green. Stems densely 
tufted, filiform or wiry, 1-4 dm. tall : leaves resembling the stems but more slender, curved : 
spikelets elliptic to ovoid-elliptic, 3-3.5 mm. long, acute, in loose or rarely somewhat con- 
tracted corymbs: scales broadly elliptic or broadly ovate: perianth-bristles wanting : 


13 


194 CYPERACEAE 


achenes plump-lenticular, orbicular-obovoid, pale, 0.5-0.8 mm. long, reticulated, pinched 
at the base, each with a depressed sessile tubercle. 

In moist pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Also in the Bahamas and the West Indies. Spring 
and summer. 

7. Rynchospora Chapmánii M. A. Curtis. Perennial, pale green. Stems densely 
tufted, 2-6 dm. tall, filiform: leaves resembling the stem but more slender : spikelets ag- 
gregated into a solitary terminal cluster 1-1.5 em. broad, spindle-shaped, 3-4 mm. long, 
whitish, 1-flowered : scales 5, acuminate or awn-tipped, the upper one fertile: perianth- 
bristles wanting: achenes lenticular, oval, barely 1.5 mm. long, smooth and shining, each 
with a depressed-deltoid tubercle i-i as long as the achene. 

In low pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


8. Rynchospora pallida M. A. Curtis. Rootstocks slender: stems triangular, 5-6 
dm. tall: leaves various, the lower reduced to scales; blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, nearly 
smooth : spikelets numerous, spindle-shaped, 4-6 mm. long, aggregated in a compound 
terminal head, or occasionally also in a cluster from the upper axil: bracts with subulate 
blades: scales pale greenish brown, lanceolate, acuminate: perianth-bristles minute and 
early deciduous, or wanting : stigmas 2 : achenes lenticular, obovoid-oblong, smooth, brown, 
shining, 2 mm. long, or nearly so, each with a minute depressed tubercle. 

In pine-land bogs, New Jersey to North Carolina. Summer and fall. 


9. Rynchospora oligántha A. Gray.  HRootstocks short: stems almost thread-like, 
leafy toward the base, 1.5-4 dm. tall: leaves few; blades filiform: spikelets solitary or 
2-4 together, terminal, narrowly oblong, acute, 6-8 mm. long, subtended by 1 or 2 filiform 
bracts: scales ovate, pale brown, acute, cuspidate: perianth-bristles usually 6, densely 
plumose below the middle: stigmas 2: achenes obovoid, 2 mm. long or nearly so, obtuse, 
pale brown, dull, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle with a flat depressed border and a 
flattened conic acute projection. 

In wet sandy soil, Delaware to Florida and Texas. Summer. 


10. Rynchospora plumósa Ell. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 1.5-3.5 
dm. tall, slender and wiry : leaves few ; blades filiform, curving in age: spikelets oblong- 
ovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, in 3 or 4 lax clusters at the top of the stem: scales broadly ovate 
or oval : perianth-bristles 6, plumose nearly or quite to the top : achenes orbicular-obovoid, 
nearly 2 mm. long, including the depressed conic glabrous tubercle, strongly wrinkled. 
In dry pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


11. Rynchospora intermédia (Chapm.) Britton. Perennial, bright green. Stems 
tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, stout: leaves numerous at the base of the stem; blades 1-2 mm. 
broad, more or less involute, with roughish margins: spikelets 3-4 mm. long, in 4-6 
clusters, forming a more or less interrupted terminal spike-like inflorescence : perianth- 
bristles plumose nearly or quite to the top: achenes obovoid, transversely wrinkled, more 
or less grooved, fully 2 mm. long; tubercle depressed, conic, pubescent. [R. plumosa var. 
intermedia Chapm. ] 

In pine lands, Florida. Spring to fall. 


12. Rynchospora semiplumósa A. Gray. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 
2.5-7 dm. tall, rather rigid: leaves rather numerous at the base of the stem; blades 
1.5-2.5 mm. wide, often with roughish margins : spikelets crowded into a solitary terminal 
head, or with an additional cluster farther down the stem : perianth-bristles plumose below 
the middle or only near the base : achenes globose-obovoid, wrinkled, 1.5 mm. long ; tuber- 
cle broadly conic, glabrous. 

In pine lands, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana and Texas. Spring to fall. 


13. Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. Pale green. Rootstocks short: stems slender 
or filiform, glabrous, 1.5-5 dm. tall : leaves bristle-like or slender, 0.5-1 mm. wide, shorter 
than the stem : spikelets in 1—4 dense corymbose clusters, narrowly oblong, acute at both 
ends, 4-6 mm. long : scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white or pale green, acute: perianth- 
bristles 9-15, downwardly barbed, slender, about as long as the achene and tubercle: 
achenes obovoid-oblong, fully 1.5 mm. long, smooth, pale brown, lenticular ; tubercle lan- 
ceolate, flat, $ as long as the achene. 

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, Florida, Kentucky, Minnesota and Oregon. Also in northern 
Europe and Asia. Summer.—A variety ranging from Georgia and Florida to Texas, with stouter stems, 
15-24 bristles and clusters of spikelets sometimes 3 em. broad, is R. alba mácra Clarke. 

14. Rynchospora glomeràta (L.) Vahl. Deep green. Rootstocks slender: stems 
smooth, 3-10 dm. high: leaves shorter than the stem ; blades flat. 2-4 mm. wide, rough- 
margined: spikelets in 3-7 corymbose-capitate axillary clusters, oblong, narrowed at both 
ends, 3-4 mm. long: scales lanceolate, dark brown: perianth-bristles 6, downwardly 


CYPERACEAE 195 


barbed: achenes obovoid, above the slender base, lenticular, about 1.5 mm. long, smooth, 
dark brown ; tubercle subulate, about as long as the achene. 

In moist soil, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall.—A relatively 
stout variety, with stems 1-1.5 mm. tall, wider leaf-blades, numerous spikelets in compound clusters 
and achenes 2 mm. long, is R. glomerata paniculàta (A. Gray) Chapm.; it ranges from Maryland to 
Florida and Louisiana. A relatively slender form, with stems only 6-9 dm. tall, and few distant simple 
peduncled clusters is R, glomerata leptocárpa Chapm.; it ranges from South Carolina to Florida and 
Alabama. A third variety, R. glomerata discütiens Clarke, has smooth bristles or these barbed only near 
the apex, and a known range from New Jersey to North Carolina. 

15. Rynchospora axillàris (Lam.) Britton. Perennial. Stemsstout, 5-10 dm. tall : 
leaf-blades nearly flat, keeled, 2-3 mm. wide: spikelets spindle-shaped, 5-6 mm. long, 
numerous, in several short-peduncled axillary and terminal dense globose heads some- 
times 2 cm. in diameter: scales dark brown, ovate-oblong, acute: perianth-bristles 6, 
downwardly barbed: achenes broadly obovoid above the contracted base, 2.5 mm. long, 
brown, smooth, lenticular ; tubercle subulate, about as long as the achene. 

In swamps, Long Island to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


16. Rynchospora microcéphala Britton. Perennial, deep green. Stems tufted, 
slender, 3-14 dm. tall, smooth : leaves overtopped by the stem ; blades linear-filiform, in- 
volute, smooth : spikelets numerous, 3-3.5 mm. long, crowded into 2-4 short-peduncled 
compact globose heads about 1 em. in diameter or smaller: scales acuminate, smooth, 
chestnut-colored : perianth-bristles 6, downwardly barbed: achenes lenticular, obovoid, 
1.5 mm. long, smooth, margined; tubercle shorter than the achene, subulate-lanceolate. 
[R. axillaris var. microcephala Britton. ] 

In swamps or low grounds, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


17. Rynchospora fuscoides Boeckl. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 1.5-7 
dm. tall, slender: leaves several, chiefly at the base of the stem; blades flat, smooth : 
spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, in small often geminate terminal clusters and on robust plants 
with an additional one lower down the stem : perianth-bristles 6, barbed upward : achenes 
lenticular, smooth, about 2 mm. long excluding the subulate conic ciliate tubercle, mostly 
surpassed by the bristles. 

In low pine lands, Florida to Texas. Alsoin Cuba. Spring to fall. 

18. Rynchospora Curtissii Britton. Stems filiform, glabrous, 1-2 dm. tall: leaves 
few ; blades filiform, less than 0.5 mm. wide, much shorter than the stem: spikelets few 
or solitary, in 1-3 loose clusters, oblong, acute at both ends, 4-6 mm. long: scales ovate- 
oblong, chestnut-brown, keeled, mucronate: perianth-bristles 6, slender, downwardly 
barbed, much overtopping the achene: achenes linear-oblong, nearly 1.5 mm. long, light 
brown, smooth, lenticular ; tubercle compressed, lanceolate, ciliate, dark brown, fully 3 as 
long as the achene. 

In bogs, Milton, Florida. Summer. 


19. Rynchospora filifdlia Torr. Perennial, bright green. Stem tufted, 1.5-6 dm. 
tall, nearly terete, filiform or very slender: leaves numerous at the base of the stem ; blades 
filiform or bristle-like: spikelets aggregated into 2-4 capitate clusters, lanceolate in out- 
line, 3-3.5 mm. long: perianth-bristles barbed upward, rather rigid, not longer than the 
achene and tubercle or scarcely so: achenes lenticular, obovoid, margined, smooth and 
shining, light brown, less than 1 mm. long ; tubercle flat, ciliate, triangular. 

About pine-land ponds, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


20. Rynchospora leptorhyncha C. Wright. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 
slender, 3-6 dm. tall: leaves erect; blades involute, filiform or linear-filiform, curved, 
smooth : spikelets lanceolate in outline, about 5 mm. long, acute, several together in 2 or 
3 rather loose capitate clusters: perianth-bristles 6, not longer than the achene and tubercle 
or scarcely so: achenes orbicular-obovoid or obovoid-oval, 1.5-2 mm. long, smooth, each 
capped by a lanceolate ciliate dark brown tubercle. 

In grassy pine woods, Florida and Cuba. Spring to fall. 

21. Rynchospora dístans (Michx.) Vahl. Perennial, pale green. Stems tufted, 
slender, 3-7 dm. tall: leaves several at the base of the stem ; blades filiform or nearly so 
by the involute margins : spikelets ovoid, about 3 mm. long, several together in terminal 
and axillary clusters : perianth-bristles mostly 6, usually upwardly barbed, about as long 
as the achene : achenes oval or oblong-oval, 1.5-2 mm. long, excluding the broad conie 
smooth tubercle. 

In pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. 

22. Rynchospora gracilénta A. Gray. Stems slender or filiform, smooth, 3-5 dm. 
tall: leaf-blades flat or becoming involute in drying, rather less than 2 mm. wide, shorter 
than the stem : spikelets narrowly ovoid, acute, 4 mm. long, few, in 1-4 loose clusters, the 
lower clusters filiform stalked: scales ovate, brown: perianth-bristles 6, upwardly 


196 CYPERACEAE 


barbed, much longer than the achene: achenes broadly oval or nearly orbicular, 1.5 mm. 
to nearly 2 mm. long, dark brown, lenticular, dull, smooth ; tubercle narrowly subulate, 
flat, widened at the base, pale, smooth, about as long as the achene. 

In pine-land swamps, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Summer. 

23. Rynchospora Baldwinii A. Gray. Perennial, bright green. Stems somewhat 
tufted, stout, 6-12 dm. tall, sharply 3-angled : leaves several or numerous at the base of 
the stem, commonly over 1 dm. long; blades 2-7 mm. wide, attenuate, smooth or nearly 
so, more or less glaucous: spikelets ovoid or elliptic-ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, chestnut-col- 
ored, aggregated into 1-3 loosely capitate clusters: perianth-bristles 12-14, upwardly 
barbed, fully as long as the achene: achenes oval or orbicular-oval, minutely granular, 
fully 2 mm. long, excluding the triangular-conie smooth tubercle. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 

24. Rynchospora fascicularis (Michx.) Vahl. Perennial, light green. Stems 
sparingly tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, obscurely 3-angled : leaves several at the base of the stem ; 
blades 1.5-3 mm. broad from a dilated base, or rarely slightly wider, more or less invo- 
lute: spikelets about 2-3 mm. long, acuminate, lanceolate in outline, aggregated in 2-5 
remote sometimes compound clusters: perianth-bristles much shorter than the achene, up- 
wardly barbed : achenes lenticular, oval or orbicular-oval, 2 mm. long excluding the tri- 
angular smooth much flattened tubercle. 

In low pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

25. Rynchospora brachychaéta Sauv. Perennial, pale green. Stems tufted, very 
slender or nearly filiform, spreading or procumbent, 2-4 dm. long: leaves several at the 
base of the stem ; blades involute, thus bristle-like or filiform : spikelets ovoid, about 4-5 
mm. long, usually few together in a small terminal cluster: perianth-bristles 3-6, upwardly 
barbed, much shorter than the achene: achenes lenticular, suborbicular, fully 2 mm. long 
including the triangular tubercle, granular, dark brown, twice or thrice as long as the 
bristles. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Alsoin Cuba. Spring to fall 


26. Rynchospora dodecandra Baldw. Perennial, yellowish green. Stems some- 
what tufted, 5-12 dm. tall, 3-angled: leaves crowded at the base of the stem ; blades 4-10 
mm. wide, rather rigid, smooth : spikelets ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, several in 4-6 rather open 
corymbs : perianth-bristles 6-10, upwardly barbed, shorter than the achene: achenes len- 
ticular, orbicular-obovoid or oval, smooth, 3-4 mm. long excluding the depressed nipple- 
like tubercle which is surrounded by a collar-like base, the body barely twice as long as the 
bristles. [2. megalocarpa A. Gray. ] 

In dry sand, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring to fall. 

27. Rynchospora ciliata (Michx.) Vahl. Perennial, light green. Stems not densely 
tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, bluntly 3-angled, smooth: leaves often numerous at the base of the 
stem, mostly less than 1 dm. long; blades broadly linear, 5-8 mm. wide, ciliate, glaucous, 
blunt or merely acute: spikelets narrowly ovoid or lanceolate in outline, 5-6 mm. long, 
usually aggregated into a solitary terminal capitate cluster: perianth-bristles 6, 4 as long 
as the achene : achenes lenticular, cancellate, oval or orbicular-oval, 1.5 mm. long ; tuber- 
cle rather depressed, conic. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring to fall. 

28. Rynchospora Grayi Kunth. Perennial, light green. Stems often solitary, 
3-7 dm. tall, relatively slender : leaves several or numerous at the base of the stem ; blades 
narrowly linear, 1.5-3 mm. long, smooth, attenuate: spikelets ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, light 
chestnut-colored, aggregated into usually 2-4 capitate clusters: perianth-bristles 6, as long 
as the achene and tubercle: achenes lenticular, plump, cancellate, obovoid, or broadly ob- 
long, 2-5 mm. long, dark brown; tubercle depressed-conic, overtopped by the bristles. 

In dry pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

29. Rynchospora Plankii Britton. Perennial, bright green. Stems more or less 
tufted, 1.5-4 dm. tall, slender: leaves mainly basal; blades narrowly linear, attenuate, 
1.5-4 mm. wide, smooth, flat or nearly so: spikelets ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, chestnut-colored, 
acute or acuminate, aggregated into 1 or few clusters: perianth-bristles 6, much shorter 
than the achene, often about } as long: achenes obovoid or orbicular-obovoid, about 1.5 
D long, cancellate, brown, each surmounted by a depressed tubercle with a collar-like 

ase. 

On plains and prairies, Arkansas and Texas. Spring and summer. 

30. Rynchospora rariflora Ell. Perennial, bright green. Stems densely tufted, 
2-5 dm. long, sometimes reclining, filiform, smooth: leaves involute-filiform or bristle- 
like, smooth : spikelets elliptic or ovoid, few in 2 or 3 lax filiform-peduncled corymbs: 
perianth-bristles 6, fragile, shorter than the achene : achenes lenticular, obovoid or broadly 


CYPERACEAE 197 


elliptic, fully 1.5 mm. long, strongly transversely wrinkled, about twice as long as the 
bristles ; tubercle low-conic. 

In grassy pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

31. Ryachospora Torreyana A. Gray. Stems terete or obscurely 3-angled, smooth, 
slender, 4-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades involute, the lower 3-4 mm. wide at the base, elongated, 
the upper bristle-like, distant : spikelets ovoid, 3 mm. long, peduncled, numerous in 1-4 
loose distant clusters: scales brown, ovate, mucronate : perianth-bristles 6, upwardly barbed : 
achenes flat, oblong-obovate, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle flat, conic, 1-3 as long as the 
achene and continuous with it. 

In wet pine lands, New Jersey to South Carolina. Summer. 

32. Rynchospora Barlei Britton. Perennial, light green. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, 
smooth : leaves mainly at the base of the stem ; blades narrowly linear, 1.5-3 mm. broad, 
smooth : spikelets ovoid, 3.5-4 mm. long, acute, 2-6 in several cymose clusters on rela- 
tively stout peduncles : scales red, acute or apienlate : perianth-bristles 6, shorter than the 
achene: achenes strongly biconvex, broadly obovoid, 2 mm. long, transversely wrinkled, 
reddish brown, constricted under the much depressed or nearly flat tubercle. 

In pine woods, Marshallville, Georgia. Summer. 

33. Rynchospora perpléxa Britton. Perennial, deep green. Stems slender, 5-11 
dm. tall, often tufted : leaves mostly at the base of the stem ; blades narrowly linear, flat, 
1-2.5 mm. wide, usually much elongated, smooth : spikelets ovoid or orbicular-ovoid, about 
2 mm. long, in a terminal and 1 or several axillary lax or rarely slightly congested corymbs 
on very slender peduncles: scales brown, blunt or merely acute: perianth-bristles 6, 
shorter than the achene : achenes biconvex, not constricted under the tubercle, about 1 mm. 
long ; tubercle depressed, wider than high. 

In swamps and hammocks, North Carolina to Florida. Summer. 

34. Rynchospora cymoósa Ell. Light green. Stems tufted, 3-angled, smooth, 3-8 dm. 
tall: leaf-blades flat, narrowly linear, grass-like, 3-4 mm. wide or the basal ones broader : 
bracts setaceous: spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 3 mm. long, sessile or nearly so, capitate 
in 2’s-7’s on the ultimate branches of the axillary and terminal clusters: scales dark 
brown, broadly ovate: perianth-bristles 6, upwardly barbed, shorter than the achene: 
achenes broadly obovoid or oblong-obovoid, lenticular, 1.5 mm. long, transversely wrinkled ; 
tubercle conie, about as high as wide, 1-3 as long as the achene. 

_ In moist soil, New Jersey to Kentucky, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Alsoin Cuba. Summer.—A 
variety with stems 1.5-3.5 dm. tall, corymbs of few ovoid-globose dark brown spikelets and more deeply 
wrinkled achenes 1 mm. long, is R. cymosa globulàris Chapm.; it ranges from Florida to Louisiana. 

35. Rynchospora compréssa Carey. Perennial, pale green. Stems tufted, 6-12 dm. 
tall, 3-angled : leaves several at the base of the stem ; blades rather rigid, 3-5 mm. broad, 
smooth or nearly so: spikelets ovoid, 2-2.5 mm. long, numerous, in 3-5 peduncled 
corymbs: perianth-bristles 6, shorter than the achene: achenes lenticular, flat, 2 mm. 
long, coarsely transversely wrinkled, rhombic-obovoid, topped by a low conic tubercle with 
a collar-like base, about twice as long as the bristles, contracted under the tubercle. 

About pine-land ponds, Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 

36. Rynchospora patula A. Gray. Perennial, bright green. Stems somewhat 
tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, smooth, quite slender: leaves mainly on the lower part of the stem ; 
blades narrowly linear, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth: spikelets ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1-3- 
flowered, acute, many in terminal and axillary slender-peduncled compound corymbs : 
scales brown, deciduous : perianth-bristles not longer than the achene and tubercle : achenes 
lenticular, obovoid or orbicular-obovoid, barely 1.5 mm. long, transversely wrinkled ; tu- 
bercle setose, surpassing the perianth-bristles. 

In sandy pine woods and swamps, North Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. 

"37. Rynchospora cadüca Ell. Perennial, bright green. Stems often loosely tufted, 
8-15 dm. tall, sharply 3-angled: leaves elongated ; blades 4-10 mm. wide, attenuate, 
rough-margined : spikelets ovoid, about 4 mm. long, numerous in 4-6 compound corymbs : 
perianth-bristles 6, longer than the achene and tubercle: achenes lenticular, orbicular- 
obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, finely transversely wrinkled, surpassed by the slender bris- 
tles ; tubercle setose, conic. 

In swamps and on shaded banks, North Carolina to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

38. Rynchospora mixta Britton. Perennial, pale or light green. Stems loosely 
tufted, 3-angled: leaves mostly at the base of the stem ; blades 3-7 mm. wide, slightly 
rough on the margins: spikelets 1-3-flowered, lanceolate in outline, 3.5-4 mm. long, 
acute, in slender-peduncled lax corymbs : scales few, erect : perianth-bristles 6, longer than 
the achene and tubercle : achenes lenticular, narrowly obovoid, less than 1.5 mm. long, 
transversely wrinkled, about 4 as long as the slender bristles ; tubercle depressed-conic, setose. 

In river swamps and low pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 


198 CYPERACEAE 


39. Rynchospora prolifera Small. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, slender, 
4-10 dm. tall, weak, smooth: leaf-blades elongated, 2-5 mm. wide, pale green: spike- 
lets numerous, in open corymbs, on filiform peduncles, flat, oblong-ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, 
acute, 5-10-flowered: scales very thin, spreading, early deciduous: perianth-bristles 6, 
fully as long as the achene and tubercle: achenes lenticular, obovoid to suborbicular, 
slightly transversely wrinkled, reddish brown, fully 1-1.5 mm. long, persistent on the 
finally naked rachis ; tubercle conic, setose. 

In pine woods and sandy places, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. x 


40. Rynchospora punctàta Ell. Perennial, pale green. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, 
3-angled, slender: leaves several at the base of the stem; blades 2-4 mm. wide, slightly 
channeled, rough-margined: spikelets in several small clusters near the top of the stem, 
3-4 mm. long, acute: perianth-bristles 6, longer than the achene and tubercle : achenes 
lenticular, obovoid, barely 2 mm. long, prominently transversely wrinkled, surpassed by 
the bristles; tubercle triangular, smooth. 

In pine lands, South Carolina and Georgia. Spring to fall. 

41. Rynchospora microcárpa Baldw. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 
5-10 dm. tall, smooth : leaves mostly at the base of the stem ; blades channeled, 1.5-4 mm. 
wide, attenuate: spikelets ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, numerous in 4-6 compound corymbs : 
perianth-bristles 5 or 6, not longer than the achene or but little longer: achenes lenticular, 
broadly or orbicular-obovoid, barely 1 mm. long, strongly transversely wrinkled, about as 
long as the bristles or surpassing them ; tubercle bluntish, rather depressed. 

On pond margins in pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Also in the Bahamas. 
Spring to fall. 

42. Rynchospora decürrens Chapm. Perennial, pale green. Stems often loosely 
tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, arehing above: leaves mostly numerous at the base of the stem ; 
blades conspicuously elongated, lax, 2-4 mm. broad, glaucescent, smooth : spikelets ovoid, 
2-2.5 mm. long, filiform-peduncled, in 5-6 remote spreading or drooping lax corymbs: 
perianth-bristles 6 : achenes lenticular, narrowly obovoid or cuneate-obovoid, about 1 mm. 
long, transversely wrinkled, as long as the bristles or longer, each with the triangular 
sharp-pointed tubercle decurrent some distance on its sides. 

On muddy banks, western Florida. Summer. 

43. Rynchospora schoenoides (Ell.) Britton. Perennial, bright green. Stems 
loosely tufted, 3-angled, 6-12 dm. tall: leaves elongated, sometimes numerous at the base of 
thestem; blades smooth, or roughish on the margins: spikelets ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, 
numerous, in 3-5 compound more or less lax corymbs: perianth-bristles 6, as long as the 
achene and tubercle or longer: achenes lenticular, oval, strongly transversely wrinkled, 
fully 1 mm. long ; tubercle smooth. 

About pine-land pools, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


44. Rynchospora miliacea (Lam.) A. Gray. Perennial, light green. Stems loosely 
tufted, 3-angled, 6-15 dm. tall: leaves often numerous at the base of the stem; blades 
elongated, 3-8 mm. long, smooth : spikelets numerous, ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, peduncled, 
in 6-8 open spreading corymbs : scales deciduous : perianth-bristles 6 : achenes 2-4 in each 
spikelet, lenticular, obovoid or oval, fully 1 mm. or rarely nearly 1.5 mm. long, pale, trans- 
versely wrinkled, about as long as the bristles, persistent; tubercle smooth, depressed- 
conic. 

In bogs and miry localities, Florida to Louisiana, and in the West Indies. Spring to fall. 


45. Rynchospora stipitàta Chapm. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. 
tall, arching above, 3-angled : leaves numerous at the base of the stem ; blades conspic- 
uously elongated, 4-10 mm. wide, smooth : spikelets 7-8 mm. long, narrowly ovoid, 
numerous, in 4-5 compound drooping corymbs: perianth-bristles 6, upwardly barbed : 
achenes lenticular, 1-3 in a spikelet, orbicular-obovoid, stalked, the body about 1.5 mm. 
long, finely transversely wrinkled, less than 3 as long as the bristles ; tubercle depressed, 
setose. 

In river swamps, Florida. Spring to fall. 

46. Rynchospora stenophylla Chapm. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 2-4 
dm. tall, wiry-filiform : leaves resembling the stems but more slender, smooth : spikelets 
lanceolate in outline, 4-5 mm. long, acute, relatively few, (5-7), in 1-3 lax, erect 
corymbs: perianth-bristles 6: achenes lenticular, obovoid or obovoid-oblong, trans- 
versely wrinkled, 1.5 mm. long excluding the conic smooth tubercle whose summit the 
perianth-bristles barely equal. 

In grassy pine lands, Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall, 


47. Rynchospora inexpánsa (Michx.) Vahl. Rootstocks slender. Stems slender, 
3-angled, 5-9 dm. tall: leaves smooth; blades 2 mm. wide or less, flat, the lower elon- 


CYPERACEAE 199 


gated, the upper more slender, remote: spikelets fusiform, acute at both ends, about 6 
mm. long, numerous in 1-4 narrow finally drooping panicles: scales brown, lanceolate, 
acuminate: perianth-bristles 6, upwardly hispid, very slender, about twice as long as the 
achene: achenes linear-oblong or oblanceolate, 2 mm. long, transversely wrinkled ; tuber- 
cle flat, triangular-subulate, 3 as long as the achene-body, setose. 

In moist soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


.20. SCLERIA Berg. 


Mostly perennial caulescent herbs. Spikelets small, clustered in terminal, or terminal 
and axillary fascicles, or sometimes interruptedly glomerate-spicate. Flowers monoecious. 
Fertile spikelets 1-flowered. Staminate spikelets many-flowered. Scales imbricated, the 
1-3 lower and sometimes also the upper ones of the pistillate spikelets empty. Perianth 
none. Stamens 1-3. Style slender or sometimes swollen at the base, deciduous. Stigmas 
3. Ovary supported by a disk (hypogynium), or this wanting. Achenes globose or 
ovoid, obtuse, crustaceous or bony, white in our species. Nut Rusu. 


Inflorescence of 1 or several terminal or lateral clusters. 
Inflorescence a single terminal cluster : hypogynium wanting. : 
Achenes 2-3 mm. long, obtuse, with 2 pits in each side of the 3-angled base. 1, S. gracilis. 
Achenes 4 mm. long, acute, without pits. 2. S. Bald winii. 
Inflorescence of terminal and axillary clusters. 
Achene smooth. 

Hypogynium present, 2-angled: leaf-blades 3-9 mm. wide. 
Hypogynium covered with a rough white crust. 
Hypogynium supporting 8 or 9 tubercles. 

Hypogynium wanting: leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide. 

Achene reticulated, ridged or papillose. 

Achene reticulated or irregularly ridged. 

Hypogynium 3-lobed, appressed to the base of the achene. 


S. triglomerata. 
S. oligantha. 
S. lithosperma. 


cu 
N 


Clusters of spikelets sessile or nearly so: achene not hairy. 6. S. reticularis. 
Lower clusters of spikelets filiform-peduncled : achene hairy. 
Achene regularly reticulated 7. S. trichopoda. 
Achene irregularly rugose-reticulated to nearly smooth. 
Clusters of spikelets drooping. 8. S. Torreyana. 
Clusters of spikelets rigid, mostly erect. 9. S. hemitaphra. 
Hypogyniums supporting 6 tubercles arranged in pairs. 10. S. Curtissii. 


Achene papillose. ; 
wig ldem supporting 3 entire emarginate or 2-lobed tubercles. 
a 


nt pubescent: bracts very ciliate: achene 3 mm. long. 11. S. ciliata. 
Plant glabrous throughout : achene 2 mm. long. 12. S. glabra. 
Hypogynium supporting 6 distinct tubercles. 13. S. pauciftora. 
Inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spicate. 
Achene with short transverse ridges or somewhat reticulated : plant annual. 14. S. verticillata. 
Achene smooth : plant perennial. 15. S. hirtella. 


l. Scleria grácilis Ell. Perennial. Stems tufted, very slender or sometimes filiform, 
2-4 dm. tall, smooth : leaves few, shorter than the stem ; blades involute, filiform, smooth, 
simulating the stem : spikelets in a single terminal cluster : scales glabrous : achenes ovoid, 
2-3 mm. long, obtuse, shining or dull, distinctly ribbed lengthwise, with 2 pits on each 
side of the triangular base: hypogynium wanting. 

In low pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Alsoin Cuba. Summer. 


2. Scleria Baldwínii Steud. Perennial. Stems relatively stout, 3-10 dm. tall, 
smooth, at least below, often rough above: leaves few ; blades linear, 2-5 mm. broad, or 
sometimes narrower, smooth or somewhat scabrous : spikelets in a single terminal cluster : 
scales glabrous: achenes ovoid, about 4 mm. long, smooth and even, dull, apiculate,. ob- 
scurely triangular, without pits at the triangular base; hypogynium wanting. 

In pine-land swamps. Florida to Texas.—A form with longitudinally ribbed achenes, growing 
from Georgia and Florida to Texas, is S. Baldwinii costáta Britton. Summer. 

3. Scleria triglomeràta Michx. Perennial. Stems 3-angled, 4-10 dm. tall: leaves 
few, but often conspicuous ; blades flat, glabrous or nearly so, 3-9 mm. wide, the upper at- 
tenuate, rarely exceeding the stem : flower clusters terminal, and usually also 1 or 2 smaller 
ones from the axils : achenes ovoid or ovoid-globose, above the hypogynium, obtuse, bony, 
obscurely 3-angled, smooth, bright white, shining, about 2 mm. high ; hypogynium low, 
obtusely triangular, papillose-crustaceous. 


ud dn meadows, thickets and dry sand, Vermont to Wisconsin, Florida, Texas and,Kansas. Summer 
il. 


4. Scleria oligántha Michx. Perennial. Stems slender, erect, sharply 3-angled, 
nearly smooth, 4-9 dm. tall : leaves sometimes numerous in the tufts; blades smooth or 
slightly rough at the apex, 4-6 mm. wide, the lower short, acute, the upper elongated : 
clusters terminal, usua ly also 1 or 2 axillary and filiform-stalked : bracts slightly ciliate 


200 CYPERACEAE 


or glabrous : achenes ovoid above the hypogynium, obtuse but sometimes pointed, bright 
white, smooth, shining ; hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangular border supporting 8 or 
9 small tubercles under the achene-body. 

In moist soil, near the eoast, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Summer. 

5. Scleria lithospérma (L.) Sw. Perennial. Stems slender, 3-6 dm. long, smooth: 
leaves quite numerous ; blades narrowly linear, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, with scabrous-ciliate 
margins and keel; sheaths ciliate at the throat: spikelets in 2-4 distant interrupted 
spikes, the lower with leaf-like bracts, the upper with bristle-like bracts: scales lanceo- 
late, acuminate, rough at the apex: achenes jobovoid or oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, 
smooth and glossy, without pores; hypogynium wanting. [S. fihformis Sw.) 

In low pine lands, southern peninsular Florida. Also in nearly all tropical regions. 

6. Scleria reticulàris Michx. Perennial. Stems slender, erect, 3-6 dm. tall : leaves 
few ; blades narrowly linear, glabrous or nearly so, 2-3 mm. wide, not overtopping the 
stem : spikelets in a terminal cluster and 1-3 remote axillary sessile or nearly sessile clus- 
ters: bracts glabrous: achenes globose, dull white when mature, reticulated, 1 mm. in 
diameter, glabrous ; hypogynium 3-lobed, its lobes appressed to the base of the achene. 

In moist meadows, Massachusetts to Missouri and Florida. Alsoin Cuba. Summer and fall. 


7. Scleria trichópoda C. Wright. Perennial. Stems tufted, often spreading, 2-7 
mm. long, smooth : leaves often quite numerous in the tufts ; blades linear, 2-4.5 mm. wide, 
usually with cartilaginous marginal ribs, rather abruptly pointed: clusters of spikelets 1— 
3 cm. long, the axillary ones filiform-peduncled : bracts glabrous: stigmas 3 : achenes glo- 
bose or slightly depressed above the 3-lobed appressed hypogynium, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, 
regularly reticulated, somewhat pubescent. 

In low grounds and pine lands, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in the 
West Indies. Spring to fall. 

8. Scleria Torreyana Walp. Perennial. Stems weak, spreading or diffuse, nearly or 
quite smooth, 3-6 dm. long, relatively stout : leaves often few ; blades linear, nearly flat, 
glabrous, 3-8 mm. wide, not exceeding the stem : spikelets in a loose terminal cluster, and 
1-3 filiform-stalked drooping axillary ones : bracts glabrous: achenes globose above the 3- 
lobed appressed hypogynium, somewhat pointed, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, irregularly ru- 
gose-reticulated with low ridges, the ridges pubescent, and connected by shorter ones. 

In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Summer. 


9. Scleria hemitáphra Steud. Perennial. Stems slender, 1.5-8 dm. long, more or 
less tufted, glabrous or nearly so: leaves shorter than the stem ; blades flat, 1-4 mm. broad, 
attenuate : clusters of spikelets 2-4 em. long or rarely smaller, rigid, or mostly erect, the 
bracts and scales conspicuous : stigmas 3: achenes globular above the 3-lobed appressed 
hypogynium, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, irregularly rugose-reticulated, abruptly pointed, 
minutely pubescent. 

In wet places or sandy swamps, Florida to Mississippi. Also in the West Indies, Mexico and Cen- 
tral America. Summer and fall. 

10. Scleria Curtissii Britton. Perennial. Stems relatively slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. 
long, weak, glabrous or nearly so, loosely tufted on stout roostocks: leaves quite numer- 
ous in the tufts ; blades very narrowly linear, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth, attenuate, often not 
much thicker than the stem: clusters of spikelets few-flowered, the axillary ones, when 
present, slender-peduncled : scales scarious-margined : bracts ciliate: stigmas 3: achenes 
globular or slightly depressed above the hypogynium, reticulated, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, 
glabrous, shining, abruptly pointed ; hypogynium supporting 6 tubercles arranged in pairs. 

In pine lands, near Jacksonville, Florida. Summer and fall. 

11. Scleria ciliata Michx. Perennial. Stems slender or relatively stout, 3-6 dm. 
tall, pubescent especially on the angles above: leaves few or sometimes numerous at the 
base of the stem; blades narrowly linear, very variable in width, sometimes pubescent, 
often glabrous; sheaths pubescent : spikelets generally in clusters with conspicuously cil- 
iate bracts : achenes subglobose or globose-ovoid, 3 mm. long, acute, roughened by unequal 
projections or short ridges, those near the base longer and deflected ; hypogynium a narrow 
obtusely 3-angled border supporting 3 entire or 2-lobed tubercles. [S. Elliottii Chapm. ] 

In pine lands, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies. Spring and 
summer. 

12. Scleria glabra (Chapm.) Britton. Perennial. Stems, like the rest of the foliage, 
glabrous, relatively slender, 2.5-9 dm. long, loosely tufted from horizontal rootstocks : 
leaves few ; blades often about as thick as the stem, sometimes 2-3 mm. wide : clusters of 
spikelets small and few-flowered : bracts and scales glabrous: stigmas 3: achenes globular, 
or globose-ovoid above the hypogynium, about 2 mm. long, papillose : hypogynium sup- 
porting 3 entire or 2-lobed tubercles. [S. pauciflora var. glabra Chapm.] 

In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Also in the West Indies. Spring to fall, 


CYPERACEAE 201 


13. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Perennial, pubescent. Stems slender, erect, usually 
tufted, 2-5 dm. tall: leaves commonly numerous in the tufts ; blades narrowly linear, less 
than 2 mm. wide, the upper elongated and often overtopping the stem, their sheaths often 
densely puberulent and pubescent: spikelets in a small terminal cluster and in 1 or 2 
axillary ones: achenes globular, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, papillose, the lower: papillae 
elongated and reflexed : hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangular border supporting 6 dis- 
tinct tubercles. 

In dry soil, New Hampshire to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Alsoin Cuba. Summer and fall. 

14. Scleria verticillàta Muhl. Annual. Stems very slender or filiform, smooth or 
nearly so, erect, 1-5 dm. tall: leaves numerous in the tufts; blades very narrowly linear, 
0.5-1 mm. wide, erect, weak, shorter than the stem : spikelets in several separated clusters : 
bracts bristle-like : scales glabrous: achenes globose, fully 1 mm. in diameter, with short 
transverse ridges or somewhat reticulated : hypogynium none. Plant, especially the roots, 
fragrant in drying. 

In moist meadows, eastern Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, Florida, Texas and Mexico. 
Also in the West Indies. Summer and fall. 

15. Scleria hirtélla Sw. Perennial. Stems slender, 1-6 dm. long, smooth or nearly 
so : leaves extending well up on the stem ; blades linear, mostly 2-4 mm. wide, like the 
sheaths, pubescent : spikelets in 4-8 sessile sometimes nodding clusters : scales various ; 
those of staminate flowers pointless ; those of pistillate flowers broader, cuspidate, glabrous: 
achenes sulglobose, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter, pointed, smooth, slightly pinched at the tri- 
angular base, each side of which is furnished with 5-7 minute pores: hypogynium want- 
ing. 

In low pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Also in tropical America. Summer. 


21. CAREX L. 


Grass-like herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stems or scapes mostly 3-angled and 
tufted. Leaves 3-ranked. Bracts elongated or very short, subtending the spikes, or want- 
ing. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of small bracts (scales). Spikes 
either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, or bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers 
(androgynous). Perianth wanting. Staminate flowers of 3 stamens: filaments filiform. 
Pistillate lowers of a single pistil with a style and 2 or3 stigmas, borne on a very short 
axis in the axil of a sac-like bractlet or second bract called the perigynium (utricle), which 
completely encloses the achene. Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. SEDGE. 

A. Staminate flowers numerous, in one or more terminal spikes, which are sometimes pistillate at the 
base or summit, or the spike solitary and the staminate flowers terminal or basal, rarely dioecious : 
stigmas mostly 3 and the achene 3-angled or swollen (stigmas 2 and the achene lenticular or com- 
pressed in nos. 29-30). EUCAREX. 

* Perigynia mostly long-beaked, 3-20 mm. long, often inflated, the beak usually as long as the body 
= longer (short-beaked in no. 20): pistillate spikes mostly large, globose, ovoid, oblong or cylin- 
ric. 

Perigynia membranous or papery. 


Perigynia ovoid, conic, each with a narrowed base, or subulate, tapering into the beak. 
Teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, short or none, not stiff nor awned. 


Teeth of the perigynium-beak lanceolate or subulate. I. LUPULINAE. 
Teeth of the perigynium-beak short or almost wanting. IIl. VESICARIAE. 
Teeth of the perigynium-beak stiff, setaceous or awned. III. PSEUDOCYPERINAE. 
Perigynia obovoid, very‘abruptly contracted into the beak : 
. Spikes exceedingly dense IV. SQUARROSAE. 
Perigynia firm, hard or leathery. V. PALUDOSAE. 


** Perigynia short-beaked or beakless, little or not at all inflated, 1-5 mm. long, the beak commonly 
not more than ¥ as long as the body (long-beaked in no. 27): spikes small and oblong or glo- 
bose; or elongated, linear or narrowly cylindric. 

t Spikes 2 or more, the staminate one always uppermost, sometimes partly pistillate. 
2 Pistillate spike or spikes many-flowered, mostly 2.5 em. long or more (or shorter in nos. 28, 37, 
39, 40, 44, 51-54), linear, narrowly cylindric or oblong. 
Perigynium with astraight short beak (long-beaked in no. 27 ; nearly beakless in no. 21), firm 
or leathery in texture : pistillate spikes erect: stigmas 3. 
Uppermost spike staminate from the base to about the 
middle. VI. SHORTIANAE. 
Uppermost spike entirely staminate, or oecasionally 
pistillate at the base. 
Perigynia papillose; beak very short, nearly or 


quite entire. : VII. ANOMALAE. 
Perigynia pubescent (sometimes glabrous in no. kcu 
24); beak sharply 2-toothed VIII. HIRTAE. 


Perigynium beakless or very short-beaked (see no. 21), and with orifice nearly or quite entire, 
thin in texture, not inflated, closely investing the achene: pistillate spikes erect or 
drooping, often brown or pare : stigmas often 2. 

Pistillate spikes erect or somewhat spreading. 
Terminal spike staminate below: stigmas 3. IX. ATRATAE. 
Terminal spike staminate throughout : stigmas 2. X. RIGIDAE. 


CYPERACEAE 


Pistillate spikes drooping, mostly on slender peduncles (erect in no. 35). 
Pistillate spikes 0.6-7.5 em. long: stigmas 3 (2 in no. 30). 


Pistillate spikes linear: scales shorter than the perigynia. 
XI. PRASINAE. 


. PENDULINAE. 


Pistillate spikes globose, oblong or cylindric: 
scales as long as the perigynia, or longer. 
Pistillate spikes 2.5-10 cm. long: scales 1-8 times 
as long as the perigynia. 

Perigynium tapering toa distinct beak (nearly or quite 
beakless in nos. 37-41), membranous in texture (firm 
in no. 50), inflated or loosely investing the achene ; 
pene spikes mostly drooping, often narrowly 

inear. 
Terminal spike staminate below, pistillate above: 
beak of the perigynium short or none. 
Spikes all erect or nearly so. 
Pistillate spikes drooping or spreading (erect or 
i little spreading in no. 42). 
Terminal spike entirely staminate, or sometimes pis- 
tillate at the base. - 
Leaves pubescent. 
Leaves glabrous. 
Perigynia manifestly beaked, nerved or nerve- 
less: pistillate spikes drooping. 
Perigynia beakless or minutely beaked, finely 
many-striate: spikes erect or nearly so. 


22 Pistillate spikes small, few-many-flowered, mostly 6-25 
mm. long (sometimes longer in no.60). (See also nos. 
28, 37, 89, 40, 44, 51-54.) 

Perigynia glabrous. 
Pistillate spikes many-flowered, 6-25 mm. long, usu- 
ally dense. 
Pistillate spikes few-several-flowered, often loose. 
Scales of the spike normal, neither elongated nor 
Jeaf-like. 
Leaf-blades 2-36 mm. wide: bracts leaf-like, usu- 
ally large. 
Perigynia finely many-striate. 
Perigynia with few or many, mostly strong, 
nerves. 
Leaf-blades and stems mostly capillary: bracts 
mere bladeless sheaths. 
_ Scales of the spikes elongated, leaf-like. 
Perigynia pubescent. 
Perigynia mostly rounded. 
Perigynia conspicuously 3-angled. 


tt Spikes solitary, sometimes dioecious. 
Leaf-blades 2-5 em. wide, leathery. 
Leaf-blades 0.5-6 mm. wide, not leathery. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers on different scapes. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike. 
Scales of the spikes elongated, leaf-like. 
Scales of the spikes short, normal. 
Perigynia obtuse : swamp species. 
Perigynia beaked: prairie species. 


XVII. 
AVIE 


XIX. 


XXV. 
XXVI. 
XXVII. 


XXVIII. 
XXIX. 


CRYPTOCARPAE. 


. VIRESCENTES. 
. GRACILLIMAE. 


. FLEXILES. 


DEBILES. 
GRISEAE. 


GRANULARES. 


OLIGOCARPA E. 


. LAXIFLORAE. 


DIGITATAE. 
PHYLLOSTACHYAE, 


. MONTANAE. 


TRIQUETRA E. 


PHYSOCEPHALAE. 
SCIRPINAE. 
PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 


LEPTOCEPHALAE. 
FILIFOLIAE. 


B. Staminate flowers few, at the summits or bases of the always sessile spikes, or sometimes forming 
whole spikes, or variously intermixed with the pistillate: stigmas always 2: achene lenticular, 


compressed, ellipsoid or plano-convex. VIGNEA. 
Staminate flowers at the summit of the spike. 
Spikes yellowish or brown at maturity, in compound or pan- 
icled clusters. 
bap Sore strongly several-nerved, especially on the outer 
ace. 
Perigymia nerveless or faintly nerved. 
Spikes green or greenish when mature, aggregated or sepa- 
rated, in simple clusters. 

Staminate flowers at the bases of the spikes, variously inter- 
mingled with the pistillate in the spikes, or occasionally 
forming whole spikes. 

Perigynia wingless, the inner face flat. 
Perigynia with narrow or broad marginal wings, the inner 
face concave. 


I. LUPULINAE. 


A. Pistillate spikes ovoid or globose, relatively few-flowered. 
Perigynia subulate, reflexed when mature. 
<a conie or ovoid, not reflexed. 
Plants yellow or yellowish: perigynia little inflated. 
Plants green: perigynia well inflated. 
Perigynia 6-8 mm. long. 
Perigynia 12-20 mm. long. 


XXX. 
XXXI. 


XXXII. 


XXXIII. 
XXXIV. 


VULPINAE. 
MULTIFLORAE. 


MUHLENBERGIANAE. 


ELONGATAE. 
OVALES. 


1. C. Collinsii. 
2. C. folliculata. 
3. C. Elliottii. 


CYPERACEAE 


Leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide: spikes loosely flowered. 
Leaf-blades 6-10 mm. wide: spikes dense. 
B. Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric, densely many-flowered. 
Pistillate spikes oblong: achenes longer than thick. 
Perigynia strongly several-nerved, shining: leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide. 
Perigynia many-nerved, dull: leaf-blades 4-10 mm. wide. 
Pistillate spikes cylindric: achenes not longer than thick. 


II. VESICARIAE. 


Scales acute, acuminate or smooth-awned, or the lower slightly roughened. 
Spikes few-several-flowered: perigynia little inflated, gradually beaked. 
Spikes many-flowered : perigynia much inflated, abruptly beaked. 

Scales tapering into rough awns. 

See oe about 12 mm, thick: perigynium tapering into a 
beak. 
Spikes narrowly cylindric, 6-8 mm. thick: perigynium abruptly nar- 
rowed into a beak. 
III. PSEUDOCYPERINAE. 


Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 1-3 em. long: perigynia ascending. 
Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 3-7 em. long: perigynia reflexed. 


IV. SQUARROSAE. 


Scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigynia. 
Scales lanceolate, 14 as long as the perigynia. 
Spikes 1-3, subglobose or oval, staminate below: achenes linear-oblong. 
Spikes a oblong-cylindric, usually staminate at both ends: achenes 
ovoid. 


V. PALUDOSAE. 


Leaves bright green, not glaucous: teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, 
conspicuous. ; 
Leaves pale green, glaucous: teeth of the perigynium-beak short. 


VI. SHORTIANAE. 
A single species in our range. 


VIT. ANOMALAE. 


Perigynía ovoid, longer than the scales. 
Perigynia short-obovate, about equalling the serrate-awned scales. 


VIII. HIRTAE. 


Staminate Spike or spikes sessile or nearly so. 
Staminate e or spikes distinctly stalked. 
Leaves glabrous: native species. 
Leaf-blades flat, or their margins slightly revolute. 
Seales only 12 as long as the perigynia: coast species. 
Reales as long as the perigynia or only slightly shorter: Alleghenian 
species. 
Leaf-blades strongly revolute, 2 mm. wide or narrower. 
Leaves, at least their sheaths, pubescent: naturalized species. 


: IX. ATRATAE. 
A single species in our range. 


! i X. RIGIDAE. 
A single species in our range. 
XI. PRASINAE. 


Perigynia twisted toward the top: scales purple-brown. 
Perigynia straight: scales green. 


: ; XII. PENDULINAE. 
A single species in our range. 


XIII. CRYPTOCARPAE. 


Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved, much shorter than the scales. 
Perigynia obovoid, obtuse. 
Perigynia oblong or elliptic, acute. . 3 
Perigynia strongly several-nerved, about equalling the scales in length. 
Spikes erect. 
Spikes drooping, filiform-stalked. 


PAD XIV. VIRESCENTES. 
Perigynia densely pubescent. : 
Pistilate spikes oblong-cylindrie, 8-20 mm. long: perigynia oval or 
. ,,ovoid, few-nerved. pel 
Pistillate ee narrowly cylindric, 12-36 mm. long: perigynia oblong, 
: strongly many-nerved. 
Perigynia glabrous or nearly so, at least when mature. 
Spikes 5-7 mm. thick: perigynia imbricated, flattened: top of the 
,, àchene not bent. 
Spikes 3-4 mm. thick: perigynia not imbricated, swollen: top of the 
achene bent or tipped with a bent style. 


4. C. intumescens. 


9. C. Asa-Grayi. 


6. C. Louisianica. 


7. C. lupulina. 
8. C. grandis. 


9. C. turgescens. 
10. C. bullata. 


11. C. lurida. 
12. C. Baileyi. 
13. C. hystricina. 
14. C. comosa. 
15. C. Frankii. 


16. C. squarrosa. 


17. C. typhinoides. 


18. C. trichocarpa. 


19. C. riparia. 


20. C. Shortiana. 


21. C. scabrata. 
22. C. Joorit. 


28. C. vestita. 


24. C. Walteriana. 


25. C. lanuginosa. 
26. C. filiformis. 
27. C. hirta. 


28. C. fusca. 
29. C. stricta. 


30. C. torta. 
31. C. prasina. 


32. C. littoralis. 


33. C. erinita. 
34. C. gynandra. 


35. C. macrokolea. 
36. C. verrucosa. 


37. C. virescens. 


88. C. costellata. 


39. C. triceps. 


40. C. Caroliniana. 


203 


204 CYPERACEAE 


XV. GRACILLIMAE. 


Perigynia 2-4 mm. long, slightly swollen: spikes linear or linear-cylindric. 
Plants glabrous: perigynia obtuse. 
Plants with pubescent sheaths: perigynia pointed at both ends. 
Perigynia 2 mm. long: spikes erect or somewhat spreading. 
Perigynia 4 mm. long: spikes drooping, at least when mature. 
Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, manifestly swollen: spikes oblong or oblong- 
cylindric. 


XVI. FLEXILES. 
A single species in our range. 


XVII. DEBILES. 


Perigynia membranous, few-nerved : pistillate spikes slender. 
Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide: scales as long as the perigynia or nearly so. 
Leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide: scales about 14 as long as the perigynia. 

Perigynia glabrous, or merely puberulent, beaked. 
Perigynia 6 mm. long, the beak short. 
Perigynia 8-10 mm. long, the beak subulate. 
Perigynia pubescent, pointed, scarcely beaked. 
Perigynia leathery, strongly many-nerved : spikes stouter. 


XVIII. GRISEAE. 
Leaves slightly or not at all glaucous. 
Perigynia little longer or shorter than the scales. 
Pistillate spikes dense, usually many-flowered : leaf-blades 4-6 mm. 
wide, soft, spreading. 
Pistillate spikes loosely several-flowered: leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, 
mostly erect, rigid. 
Perigynia twice or thrice longer than the scales. 
Leaves, or the whole plant, very glaucous. 


XIX. GRANULARES. 
Bracts coe dame mostly overtopping the spikes: perigynia strongly many- 
nerved. 
Bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes: perigynia finely few-nerved. 
Leaf-blades 4-5 mm. wide: pistillate spikes long-peduncled. 
Leaf-blades 24 mm. wide: pistillate spikes short-peduncled. 


XX. OLIGOCARPA E. 


Perigynia narrowed at both ends, beakless. 
Perigynia with short entire beaks. 


XXI. LAXIFLORAE. 


Plants not at all glaucous, or very slightly so. 
Beak of the perigynium slender, straight. 
Beak of the perigynium bent, short or wanting. 
Leaf-blades mostly narrow, 2-12 mm. wide. 
Seales, at least the upper ones, obtuse. 
nes G ee amata : spikes loosely flowered: stems and scapes 
slender. 
Bracts short: spikes densely flowered : stems and scapes stout. 
Seales acute, cuspidate, acuminate or awned. 
Perigynia obtusely 3-angled. 
Perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, the beak short, blunt, bent. 
Perigynia elliptic to oblong, 3-5 mm. long, the beak sharp. 
Perigynia narrowly oblong, 4-5 mm. long, the beak oblique. 
. Perigynia elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, the beak nearly straight. 
Perigynia sharply 3-angled. 
Spikes drooping orspreading: leaf-blades 24 mm. wide : peri- 
_ £ynia about as broad as long. 
Spikes erect or nearly so: leaf-blades 4-12 mm. wide: peri- 
gynia about twice as long as broad. 
Leaf-blades 12-36 mm. broad. 
Plants distinctly glaucous. 
Pistillate spikes drooping from hair-like peduncles. 
Pistillate spikes erect. 


1 XXII. DIGITATAE. 
A single species in our range. 


XXIII. MONTANAE. 
Plants not stoloniferous. 


Plants stoloniferous, the stolons sometimes short. 
Scapes, or some of them, longer than the leaves. 
Plant ane green : staminate spike very prominent: perigynia broadly 
oval. 
Plant light green : staminate spike shorter: perigynia oblong. 
Seapes, or most of them, much shorter than the leaves. 
saga da a green, with purple margins, or these never pale: perigynia 
oblong. 
Scales green, or sparingly dark-blotched. 
Scales black or with broad black-purple margins. 
Scales green with lighter scarious margins: perigynia oval. 


41. 


42. 
43. 


44. 


45. 


C. gracillima. 


C. aestivalis. 
C. oxylepis. 


C. Davisii. 


C. Cherokeensis. 


. C. juncea. 


AC tenus: 
. C. debilis. 
. C. venusta. 
. C. oblita. 


. C. grisea. 
. C. amphibola. 


. C. flaccosperma. 
. €. glaucodea. 


. C. granularis. 


. €. microdonta. 
- C Craawe: 


. C. conoidea. 
. C. oligocarpa. 


. C. polymorpha. 


. C. tetanica. 
. C. Meadii. 


. C. laxiflora. 


C. styloflexa. 
C. striatula. 


. C. digitalis. 


C. Austro- Caroliniana. 


. C. plantaginea. 


. C. laxiculmis. 
. C. ptychocarpa. 


. C. Baltzellii. 


. C. pedicellata. 


. C. Pennsylvanica. 
. C. varía. 


. C. Floridana. 
. €. nigro-marginata. 


Perigynia barely 4 mm. long, each with a long 2-toothed beak. 
Perigynia 5-6 mm. long, each with a short entire or nearly entire 


beak. 


Leaf-blades scabrous: perigynia ovoid, somewhat longer than the scales. 
Leaf-blades pubescent: perigynia oblong or elliptic, about twice as long as 


the scales. 


A single species 


XXV. PHYSOCEPHALAE. 


in our range. 


A single species in our range. 


XXVII. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 


CYPERACEAE 


XXIV. TRIQUETRAE. 


XXVI. SCIRPINAE. 


Body of the perigynium oblong; beak flattened. 
Body of the perigynium globose; beak subulate. 


XXVIII. LEPTOCEPHALAE. 


A single species in our range. 


A single species 


Spikes crowded into an oblong panicle: beak of the perigynium as long as 


in our range. 


the body to twice as long. 


Spikes in a large branching panicle: beak of the perigynium 2-3 times as 


long as the body. 


XXIX. FILIFOLIAE. 


XXX. VULPINAE. 


XXXI. MULTIFLORAE. 


Spikes very numerous in branched decompound clusters, small. 
Spikes several or many in narrow simple or slightly compound clusters. 


Seales acuminate, cuspidate or awned. 
Perigynia 3-5 mm. long. 
Perigynia 2-3 mm. long. 


Leaves as long as the stem or longer: perigynia dull yellow to 


brown. 


Perigynia ovate, nerveless or faintly 1-3-nerved, 1.5 mm. long. 
Perigynia nearly orbicular, delicately nerved, fully 2 mm. long. 
Leaves shorter than the stem: perigynia bright yellow. 


Seales blunt, scarious-tipped. 


reflexed. 


XXXII. MUHLENBERGIANAE. 
Spikes separated or the upper approximate: perigynia mostly radiating or 


Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide. 


Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long. 


Perigynia stellately radiating or ascending. 


Perigynia radiately spreading, mostly over 3 mm. long, gradually 


Perigynia ascending, mostly less than 3 mm. long, each abruptly 


narrowed to the apex. 


narrowed into a beak. 


Perigynia reflexed, at least when mature. 
Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long. 
Leaf-blades 5-9 mm. wide. 


Spikes allaggregated or the lower separated: perigynia spreading or as- 


cending. 


Perigynia 2 mm. long or shorter, nerveless or faintly few-nerved. 


Leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide: perigynia ovate. 
Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide: perigynia orbicular-ovate. 
Perigynia 3 mm. long, strongly nerved or nerveless. 
Braets very short. 
Bracts foliaceous, much exceeding the spikes. 


XXXIII. ELONGATAE. 


Perigynia radiately spreading or reflexed when mature, 
Perigynium distinctly nerved on both faces; beak rough. 


Perigynium lanceolate: beak more than 14 as long as the body. 
Perigynium ovate: beak about 34 as long as the body, abrupt. 
Perigynium faintly nerved only on the outer face; beak smoothish. 


Perigynia appressed or ascending, at least not radiating. 
Perigynia oval to ovate-oval, about 2 mm. long. 
Perigynia linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long. 


A. Perigynia much longer than broad. 


Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 times as long as wide. 


Spikes green-brown, blunt. 
Spikes bright brown, pointed. 


Perigynia ovate, or if narrower not more than twice as long as wide. 


XXXIV. OVALES. 


a. Perigynia spreading or ascending. 


Spikes longer than thick, narrowed at the base: perigynia ascend- 


ing, slightly longer than the scales. 


Spikes as thick as long or shorter, rounded at the base: perigynia T 


spreading, much longer than the scales. 


205 


. C. umbellata. 


78. C. planostachys. 


. €. Chapmanii. 


80. C. dasycarpa. 


[os] 
-1 


89. 


> O Frasert. 


. C. picta. 


C. Willdenovii. 


. C. Jamesi, 


. C. leptalea. 


. C. filifolia. 


. C. stipata. 
88. 


C. Crus- Corvi. 


C. decomposita. 


. €. gravida. 


. C. vulpinoidea. 

. € triangularis. 
. C. zanthocarpa. 
. €. Sartwellüi. 


D C. TORE. 


C. radiata. 

C. retroflexa. 

C. Texensis. 

C. sparganioides. 


C. cephalophora. 


. C. Leavenworthii. 


. C. Muhlenbergii. 


C. Arkansana. 


C. sterilis. 


. C. Atlantica. 


C. interior. 


. €. brunnescens. 
. C. bromoides. 


. C. tribuloides. 
. C. scoparia. 


C. straminea. 


2. C. mirabilis. 


206 CYPERACEAE 


b. Perigynia erect or appressed. 113. C. tenera. 
B. Perigynia about as broad as long or broader than long. 
Spikes green-brown. 
Perigynia spreading or ascending, 3-3.5 mm. broad: achenes sessile. 114. C. festucacea. 


Perigynia erect, 4-5 mm. broad: achenes stipitate. 115. C. alata. 
Spikes silvery green, whitish, yellowish or rusty. 
Spikes 15-20 mm. long: perigynia 8-10 mm. long. 116. C. Brittoniana. 


Spikes 6-12 mm. long: perigynia 3-6 mm. long. 
Perigynium-wing firm: achene sessile. 
Mature spikes loose: perigynium long-beaked, the body broader 


than long. 117. C. reniformis. 
Mature spikes dense : perigynium short-beaked, the body longer 
than broad. 118. C. albolutescens. 
Perigynium-wing membranous : achene stipitate. 119. C. Bicknellü. 


1. Carex Collínsii Nutt. Green. Stems and scapes slender, erect or reclining, 
1.5-5 dm. long: leaf-blades narrow, the broader about 5 mm. wide: staminate spike 
stalked: pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, 2-8-flowered : bracts similar to the leaves: stigmas 
3: perigynia light green, scarcely inflated, subulate, 1-1.4 cm. long, each tapering into an 
almost filiform beak, faintly many-nerved, strongly reflexed when mature, about 3 times 
as long as the lanceolate-acuminate persistent scale. [C. subulata Michx. ] 

In bogs, Rhode Island to eastern Pennsylvania and the mountians of Georgia. Summer. 


2. Carex folliculata L. Yellow or yellowish. Stems and scapes erect or reclining, 
4-10 dm. long: leaf-blades often 12 mm. wide: pistillate spikes 2-4, usually distant, all 
except the uppermost slender-stalked, the lower often nodding: bracts commonly over- 
topping the spikes: stigmas 3: perigynia ovoid, slightly inflated, green, rather promi- 
nently many-nerved, 12-16 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter near the base, each 
tapering from below the middle into a slender 2-toothed beak, longer than the awned 
scarious-margined persistent scale, the teeth nearly erect. 

In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Michigan, North Carolina and West Virginia. Prob- 
ably extends further south.—The smaller and more slender form, with larger and looser pistillate spikes, 


more slender scarcely inflated perigynia and shorter scales, is C. folliculata australis Bailey ; it ranges 
from South Carolina to Louisiana and Florida. Spring to fall. 


3. Carex Ellióttii Schw. & Torr. Green. Stems and scapes 3-9 dm. tall, slender : 
leaves overtopped by the scape ; blades narrowly linear, conspicuously elongated, 2.5-3.5 
mm. wide: staminate spike slender, 1.5-2 cm. long: pistillate spikes mostly 3, subglobose 
or slightly elongated, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, 8-16-flowered, approximate, or the lower one 
remote and longer-peduncled : stigmas 3: perigynia lanceolate in outline, 6-8 mm. long, 
spreading, few-nerved, abont twice as long as the scale, each tapering into a smooth 2-cleft 
beak with erect teeth. 

About boggy pine-land streams, North Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 


4. Carex intuméscens Rudge. Deep green. Stems and scapes slender, 4-9 dm. 
high: leaf-blades elongated, roughish, 3-6 mm. wide: bracts similar, overtopping the 
scape : staminate spike mostly long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-3, sessile or short-stalked, 
globose or ovoid : scales narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or aristate, about 4 as long as the 
perigynia: stigmas 3: perigynia 1-30, spreading or the upper erect, 12-20 mm. long, 
much inflated, about 6 mm. in diameter above the base, many-nerved, each tapering into a. 
subulate 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spreading. 


In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


5. Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey. Deep green. Stems and scapes stout, 5-9 dm. tall: leaf- 
blades elongated, dark green, 6-9 mm. wide: bracts similar to the upper leaves, usually 
much overtopping the scape : staminate spike mostly long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1 or 2, 
dense, about 2.5 cm. in diameter: scales ovate or lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, 
scarious, about 4 as long as the perigynia: stigmas 3: perigynia 10-30, ovoid, glabrous or 
pubescent, much inflated, many-nerved, about 8 mm. in diameter, each tapering to a sharp 
2-toothed beak. [C. Grayi Carey. ] 


In swamps and wet meadows, Vermont to Michigan, Georgia and Missouri. Summer and fall. 


6. Carex Louisiánica Bailey. Stems and scapes slender, smooth or nearly so, 2-5 
dm. tall: leaves roughish ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, the upper overtopping the spikes : stam- 
inate spike long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong, about 2.5 em. long, 1.5-2 cm. 
thick, erect, the lower slender-stalked, the upper nearly sessile: scales oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate, about > as long as the perigynia: stigmas 3: perigynia ovoid, much inflated, 
smooth, strongly several-nerved, shining, 10-12 mm. long, about 5 mm. in diameter at the 
rounded base, each tapering into a long 2-toothed beak, the small teeth slightly spreading. 
(€. Halei Carey. ] 


In swamps, Missouri to Texas and Florida. Summer. 


CYPERACEAE 207 


7. Carex lupulina Muhl. Stems and scapes stout, 3-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades elon- 
gated, nodulose, 5-12 mm. wide, the upper ones, and the similar bracts much overtopping 
the scape: staminate spikes solitary or rarely several: pistillate spikes 2-5, densely many- 
flowered, oblong, 2.5 cm. long, often 3-6 cm. in diameter: scales acuminate or aristate, 4 
as long as the perigynia : stigmas 3: perigynia often short-stalked, much inflated, many- 
nerved, 12-15 mm. long, about 3 mm. in diameter above the base, each tapering from 
below the middle into a subulate 2-toothed beak. 

In swamps and ditches, Hudson Bay to western Ontario, Iowa, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


8. Carex grandis Bailey. Stems and scapes slender, 5-9 dm. high: leaves rather 
dark green; blades elongated, 8-12 mm. wide: bracts similar to the leaves, much over- 
topping the scape: staminate spike sometimes bearing perigynia at its base: pistillate 
spikes 3-5, all stalked or theupper sessile, cylindric, 2-7.5 cm. long: stigmas 3: perigynia 
much swollen at the base, about 4 mm. in diameter, 10-12 mm. long, many-nerved, spread- 
ing at maturity, 3-4 times as long as the scarious lanceolate acuminate or aristate scale, 
each abruptly contracted into a subulate 2-toothed beak 2-3 times as long as the inflated 
portion. [C. gigantea Dewey. ] 

In swamps, Delaware to Kentucky and Missouri, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 

9. Carex turgéscens Torr. Stems and scapes 5-12 dm. tall, smooth : leaves overtopped 
by the scape ; blades narrowly linear, 2-4 mm. wide: staminate spike 2.5-4 em. long: pis- 
tillate spikes mostly 2, ovoid or cylindric-ovoid, 1.5-2 em. long, 8-12-flowered, approxi- 
mate or when 3, the lower one remote: stigmas 3: perigynia lanceolate in outline, 8-11 
mm. long, little inflated, strongly many-nerved, erect, spreading, about twice as long as the 
scales, each gradually tapering into a 2-cleft beak with erect teeth. 

In and about pine-land swamps, North Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 


10. Carex bullàta Schk. Stems and scapes slender, 3-6 dm. high, roughish : leaves 
and bracts very narrow and elongated ; blades rarely more than 4 mm. wide, rough-mar- 
gined : staminate spikes mostly 2, long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-3, light green, oblong 
or oblong-cylindric, many-flowered, 2-4 cm. long, 9-12 mm. in diameter: stigmas 3: peri- 
gynia much inflated, ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, each abruptly contracted into a subulate 
rough 2-toothed beak, shining, strongly nerved, 2-3 times longer than the scale. 

In swamps, New Hampshire to North Carolina. Summer. 


11. Carex lürida Wahl. Stem and scapes slender, 3-10 dm. tall: leaves elongated, 
rough ; blades rarely more than 4 mm. wide: staminate spike short-stalked : pistillate 
spikes 1-4, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, the upper sessile, the lower peduncled: perigynia in- 
flated, ovoid, each tapering into a long subulate beak, ascending or the lower spreading, 8 
mm. long, thin, yellowish green, rather conspicuously nerved, longer than the rough-awned 
scale. [C. tentaculata Muhl.] 

In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to Minnesota. Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Summer. 
—The form with brown pistillate spikes 1-2.5 cm. long, all sessile or very nearly so, clustered at the sum- 
mit, rather more loosely flowered, ranging from northern New York to Carolina and Tennessee, is Carex 
lurida fláccida Bailey. 

12. Carex Baileyi Britton. Stems and scapes erect or reclining, slender, minutely 
scrabous above, 2-5 dm. long: leaves roughish ; blades elongated, 3-4 mm. wide: staminate 
spike short-peduncled : pistillate spikes 1-3, narrowly cylindric, very dense erect or as- 
cending, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter: perigynia inflated, ovoid, 5-6 mm. 
long, ascending, each abruptly contracted into a subulate 2-toothed beak, prominently 
several-nerved. 

In bogs, Vermont to Virginia and Tennessee. Summer. 


.. 13. Carex hystricina Muhl. Stems and scapes 3-5. dm. tall: leaf-blades 3-5 mm. 
wide: staminate spike slender-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-4, oblong-cylindric, dense, 1-3 
cm. long, about 9 mm. in diameter, the lower slender-stalked and drooping: stigmas 3 : 
perigynia ascending, somewhat inflated, ovoid-conic, 5-6 mm. long, strongly many-nerved, 
each tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak, equalling or the upper longer than the nar- 
row rough scales. 
iine swamps and low meadows, Nova Seotia to the Northwest Territory, Georgia and Nebraska. 

er. 

14. Carex comósa Boott. Stems and scapes commonly stout, 3-12 dm. tall: leaf- 
blades sometimes 12 mm. wide: staminate spikes sometimes pistillate at the summit : pis- 
tillate spikes 2-6, all spreading or drooping, 3-7 cm. long, bristly, about 12 mm. in diameter: 
scales mostly shorter than the perigynia, very rough : stigmas 3: perigynia more slender, 
little inflated, strongly reflexed when mature, each tapering into a slender prominently 2- 
toothed beak, the teeth subulate and recurved-spreading. 


Inswamps, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Washington, Georgia, Louisiana and California. Spring to fall. 


208 CYPERACEAE 


15. Carex Fránkii Kunth. Stems and scapes stout, smooth, leafy, 3-7 dm. tall: 
leaves roughish ; blades elongated, 5-8 mm. wide: staminate spike stalked: pistillate 
spikes 3-6, exceedingly dense, cylindric, erect, 1-4 dm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the 
upper nearly or quite sessile, the lower slender-stalked : scales linear-subulate, longer than 
the perigynia: stigmas 3: perigynia green, slightly inflated, about 2 mm. in diameter, 
few-nerved, obovoid, with a depressed summit from which arises the subulate 2-toothed 
beak. [C. stenolepis Torr. ] 

In swamps and wet meadows, eastern Pennsylvania to Georgia, Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. 
Summer and fall. 

16. Carex squarròsa L. Stems and scapes slender, rough above on the angles, 6-9 
dm. tall: leaf-blades elongated, rarely more than 4 mm. wide, rough-margined : spikes 
1-3, erect, stalked, oblong or globose, exceedingly dense, rarely over 2.5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. 
in diameter, the upper one club-shaped, staminate at the base or sometimes for 3 its length 
or more: stigmas 3: perigynia yellowish green, becoming tawny, the lower reflexed, 
somewhat inflated but firm, obovoid, 2-3 mm. in diameter, few-nerved, each abruptly nar- 
rowed into a subulate minutely 2-toothed beak, twice as long as the lanceolate-acuminate 
or awn-tipped scale : achenes linear-oblong, each tapering into the stout style. 

In swamps and bogs, Connecticut to Michigan, Nebraska, Georgia, {Louisiana and Arkansas. 
Summer and fall. 

17. Carex typhinoides Schwein. Similar to the next preceding species, but darker 
green. Leaf-blades often 8-10 mm. wide: spikes 2-6, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, 8-14 mm. 
in diameter, often staminate at both ends, the terminal one commonly tapering to a conic 
summit: basal staminate flowers much less numerous: scales oblong-lanceolate, obtusish : 
stigmas 3: perigynia dull straw-color, ascending or the lower spreading or reflexed, in- 
flated, each abruptly contracted into the slender 2-toothed beak, which is often upwardly 
bent : achenes ovoid-elliptic, sharply 3-angled, each tipped with the subulate style. 

In swamps, Quebec to Iowa, Virginia, Louisiana and Missouri. Summer. 


18. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Stems and scapes usually stout and tall, smooth below, 
very rough above : leaf-blades elongated, rough-margined, 4-6 mm. wide : staminate spikes 
2-6, long-stalked : pistillate spikes cylindric, densely flowered except at the base, 2-10 cm. 
long, 1-1.6 cm. in diameter, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the lower slender- 
stalked : scales hyaline, acute or acuminate: stigmas 3: perigynia ovoid-conic, pubescent 
or glabrous, many-ribbed, 8-10 mm. long, each tapering into a stout conspicuously 2- 
toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spreading. 

In marshes and wet meadows, Quebec to Michigan, Iowa, Georgia and Kansas. Summer. 


19. Carex riparia Curtis. Stems and scapes smooth, or roughish above, 5-10 dm. tall : 
leaf-blades elongated, 6-12 mm. wide, about equalling the scape: staminate spikes 1-5: 
pistillate spikes 2-5, cylindric, 3-10 cm. long, about 8 mm, in diameter, the upper erect, 
sessile or nearly so, the lower stalked: scales lanceolate or oblanceolate, long-aristate or 
acute, the lower longer, the upper equalling or shorter than the perigynia: perigynia 
narrowly ovoid, firm, scarcely inflated, ascending, each tapering into a short 2-toothed 
beak, the teeth divergent. 

In swamps, Newfoundland to James’ Bay and Manitoba, Florida, Louisiana, Texas and Idaho. 
Also in Europe. Spring and summer. 

20. Carex Shortiana Dewey. Stems and scapes slender, rough above, 3-10 dm. tall, 
usually overtopped by the upper leaves : leaves roughish ; blades elongated, 4-5 mm. wide : 
bracts short, narrow, rarely much exceeding the spikes: spikes 3-7, linear-cylindric, 
densely many-flowered, 1-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, erect, the lower stalked : stig- 
mas 3: perigynia dark brown, compressed, 2-edged, orbicular or obovoid, nerveless, each 
abruptly minutely beaked, equalling or shorter than its scale, which is hyaline, scarious- 
margined, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, persistent, the orifice of the perigynium entire or 
very nearly so. 

In moist meadows and thickets, Pennsylvania to Virginia, Iowa, Tennessee and the Indian Terri- 
tory. Spring and summer. 

21. Carex scabrata Schwein. Stems and scapes rough above, 3-10 dm. tall: 
leaves rough ; blades much elongated, 5-7 mm. wide: bracts similar but narrower : stam- 
inate spike short-stalked : pistillate spikes 3-6, erect, the upper short-stalked, the lower 
sometimes spreading or drooping, all linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 2-5 cm. long, 
5-8 mm. in diameter: scales lanceolate, acute or short-awned, prominently 1-nerved, 
shorter than the perigynia: perigynia greenish’ brown, ovoid, somewhat inflated, strongly 
several-nerved, papillose, each tipped by a short minutely 2-toothed or entire beak. 


In moist woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, South Carolina and Tennessee. Spring 
and summer. 


CYPERACEAE 209 


22. Carex Jodrii Bailey. Stems and scapes about 6 dm. tall, scabrous, sharply 
angled: leaves surpassing the stem ; blades narrowly linear, slightly keeled, with rough 
margins : bracts mostly setaceous, without sheaths, the lower 1 or 2 surpassing the sub- 
tended spikes: staminate spike terminal: pistillate spikes remote from the staminate, 
often 5 or 6, dense, cylindric, 2.5-5 cm. long, erect or slightly spreading, slender-pe- 
duncled: scales hyaline, the serrate awns about as long as the perigynia: perigynia dark- 
colored, short-obovoid, nearly terete, granular, strongly many-nerved, each abruptly con- 
tracted into a beak about 4 as long as the body. i 

In the Comite swamp, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Summer. 


23. Carex vestita Willd. Stems and scapes strict and slender, 4-8 dm. tall, rough 
above: leaves not overtopping the scape; blades 3-5 mm. wide: bracts similar, but nar- 
rower, short, rough-ciliate: staminate spike usually solitary, almost sessile: pistillate 
spikes 1-5, oblong, 1-2 em. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, erect, commonly staminate at the 
summit, sessile, or the lower ones short-stalked: perigynia ovoid, densely pubescent, less 
than 2 mm. in diameter, prominently few-ribbed, each tapering gradually into a short conic 
Ud whitish beak, slightly shorter than or equalling the ovate, acute, membranous 
scales. 

In sandy woods, New Hampshire to}Pennsylvania and Georgia. Summer. 


24. Carex Walteriana Bailey. Stems and scapes slender, strict, usually rough 
above, 3-8 dm. tall: leaves not overtopping the scape; blades narrow, elongated, 2-4 
mm. wide, nodulose : lowest bract similar, the upper smaller, often almost filiform : stam- 
inate spikes 2-5, long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1 or 2, when 2 the lower one remote from 
the upper, sessile or short-stalked, oblong-cylindrie, erect, 2-4 cm. long, about 8 mm. in 
diameter, rather loosely many-flowered : scales ovate, acute, short-aristate or obtuse, mem- 
branous, 3 the length of the perigynia: perigynia ovoid, purple-brown, many-nerved, 
slightly inflated, glabrous or pubescent, 3 mm. in diameter, each tapering into a short 
2-toothed beak. [C. striata Michx.] 

In pine-land bogs, southern New Jersey to Florida. Spring and summer. 


25. Carex lanugindsa Michx. Stems and scapes slender, but usually rather stouter 
than those of C. filiformis, sharp-angled and rough above. Leaves and the lower bracts 
elongated ; blades not involute, 2-4 mm. wide, sometimes overtopping the scapes: stam- 
inate spikes 1-3, long-stalked, sometimes pistillate at the base: pistillate spikes 1-3, 
usually distant, sessile or the lower slender-stalked, cylindric, 5-6 mm. in diameter: 
scales acuminate or aristate. 

In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, North Caro- 
lina (according to Torrey), Kansas, New Mexico and California. Summer. 

26. Carex filifórmis L. Stems and scapes very slender, erect or reclining, smooth, 
obtusely angled, 5-9 dm. long. Leaf-blades very narrow, involute, about 2 mm. wide, 
rough margined, not overtopping the scape : lower bracts similar to the leaves, upper bracts 
filiform : flowers occasionally dioecious: staminate spikes 1-3, commonly 2, stalked : pistil- 
late spikes 1-3, cylindric, 1.5-2 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, erect, sessile, or the 
lower distant and short-peduncled : scales ovate, membranous, acute or short-awned, shorter 
than or equalling the perigynia: perigynia green, ascending, oval, densely pubescent, 
faintly nerved, about 2 mm. in diameter, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. 

In wet meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to British Columbia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
South Carolina (according to Torrey) and Iowa. Alsoin Europe. Summer. 

27. Carex hírta L. Stems and scapes rather slender, nearly smooth, 1.5-4 dm. tall : 
leaf-blades flat, pubescent, but mostly less densely so than the sheaths, 3-5 mm. wide, the 
basal ones much elongated, the upper, and the similar bracts, shorter : staminate spikes 2 or 
3, stalked : pistillate spikes 2 or 3, remote, erect, oblong-cylindric, 2-3 cm. long, about 6 
mm. in diameter : scales lanceolate, aristate, 3-nerved, shorter than the perigynia: peri- 
gynia ovoid-oblong, green, densely pubescent, 2 mm. in diameter, 4 mm. long, few-ribbed, 
each tapering into a prominently 2-toothed beak, the teeth often as long as the beak. 

In fields and waste places, Massachusetts to eastern New York, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. 
Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Summer and fall. 

28. Carex fásca All. Stems and scapes slender, stiff, cies pus rough above, 
3-9 dm. tall: leaves rough; blades erect, 2-4 mm. wide: spikes 2-4, oblong or cylindric, 
erect, all?sessile and close together, or the lowest sometimes distant and short-stalked, 
8-37 mm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the terminal one staminate at the base or rarely 
throughout: scales ovate, awn-tipped, black or dark brown with a green midvein, longer 
than the perigynia : perigynia elliptic or obovate, flat, ascending, 2 mm. long, light green, 
faintly few-nerved, beakless, the apex minutely 2-toothed. [C. Burbaumii Wahl.] 


In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Kentucky, Utah and California. Also in 
TR Peien and summer. 


210 CYPERACEAE 


29. Carex stricta Lam. Leaves rarely overtopping the scape; blades very rough- 
margined, 2-4 mm. wide: sheaths becoming fibrillose : scapes slender, stiff, usually in 
dense clumps, sharply 3-angled, rough above, 3-11 dm. tall: lower bract similar to the 
leaves: staminate spikes solitary or sometimes 2, stalked: pistillate spikes 2-5, linear-cyl- 
indric, often staminate at the top, densely flowered, or loose at the base, 2-5 cm. long, 
about 4 mm. thick, sessile or the lower stalked: scales brown purple with green margins 
and midvein, oblong or lanceolate, appressed : stigmas 2: perigynia ovate, elliptic, acute, 
faintly few-nerved, 2 mm. long or less, minutely beaked, the orifice entire or nearly so. 

In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, Nebraska, Georgia and Texas.—A form with 6-8 more 
densely flowered Hips mostly obtuse, if not staminate at the apex and the lowest one at least sub- 
tended by a leaf-like bract, is C. stricta Emóryi (Dewey) Bailey. Texas. Summer and fall. 

30. Carex tórta Boott. Leaf-blades about 4 mm. wide ; sheaths not fibrillose : scapes 
slender, smooth or slightly scabrous above, 4-10 dm. long: lower bract commonly folia- 
ceous : staminate spikes 1-3, stalked: pistillate spikes 3-5, all but the upper spreading 
or drooping, linear, 2-7.5 cm. long, about 4 mm. in diameter, often loosely flowered 
toward the base: scales ovate, purple-brown and each with a green midvein, shorter and 
mostly narrower than the perigynia: stigmas 2: perigynia oblong or narrowly ovate, 
green, nerveless, narrowed and more or less twisted above, 2-3 mm. long. 

In marshes and wet thickets, Maine and Vermont to North Carolina and Missouri. Summer. 


31. Carex prasina Wahl. Leaves light green; blades flaccid, roughish, 3-5 mm. 
wide: scapes slender, smooth or nearly so, reclining, 3-angled, 3-7 dm. long: lower bract 
similar to the leaves, commonly overtopping the spikes: staminate spike short-stalked, 
often pistillate at the summit : pistillate spikes 2 or 3, linear-cylindric, drooping, the lower 
filiform-stalked, 2-6 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, rather loosely many-flowered : scales 
ovate, acute, acuminate, or short-awned, pale green, shorter than the perigynia : stigmas 
3: perigynia light green, lanceolate, obscurely nerved, each tapering into a slender, mi- 
nutely 2-toothed beak. [C. miliacea Muhl.] 

In meadows and moist thickets. Maine to Ontario, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and in the 
Alleghenies to Georgia. Spring and summer. 

32. Carex littoralis Schwein. Leaves somewhat glaucous: blades 3-4 mm. wide, 
smooth, the lower sheaths fibrillose: scapes smooth, 2-5 dm. tall, bracts not sheathing, the 
lower usually short and narrow : staminate spikes 1-3, usually rather long-stalked : pistil- 
late spikes 2-4, drooping or the upper ascending, slender-stalked, linear-cylindric, 1-5 cm. 
long, 6 mm. in diameter, mostly staminate at the summit : scales brown-purple with lighter 
margins, obtuse, equalling or shorter than the perigynia : stigmas 3: perigynia oblong, 
green, faintly few-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, each tipped with a minute entire beak. [C. Bar- 
rattii Schwein. ] 

In pine-land swamps, Long Island and New Jersey to eastern Pennsylvania and North Carolina 
Spring and summer. 

33. Carex crinita Lam. Stems and scapes 3-angled, 5-13 dm. tall : leaves not glau- 
cous ; blades rough-margined, 6-10 mm. wide, the lowest very short and sheathing : stam- 
inate spikes 1 or 2, stalked: pistillate spikes 3-5, narrowly cylindric, 2-11 cm. long, 6-8 
mm. in diameter, stalked, drooping: scales green, subulate, ciliate-scabrous, spreading, 
2-6 times as long as the perigynia: stigmas 2: perigynia obovoid, obtuse, about 2 mm. 
long and nearly as thick, nerveless, each abruptly tipped by a short entire beak. 

In swamps and wet woods, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Florida and Texas. Summer. 


34. Carex gynandra Schwein. Similar to the next preceding species in habit. 
Leaves glabrous or the sheaths often finely pubescent, not glaucous; blades 6-12 mm. 
wide : pistillate spikes 2-10 cm. long, narrowly cylindric: scales subulate, rough, ascend- 
ing, 2-4 times as long as the peur perigynia oblong or elliptic, faintly few-nerved or 
nerveless, compressed, slightly inflated, 3-4 mm. long, and about 3 as broad, each tapering 
to an acute entire orifice. 

In swamps, Nova Scotia to New York, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


35. Carex macrokólea Steud. Stems and scapes stout, 5-11 dm. tall. Leaves 
glaucous; blades rough, 3-6 mm. wide, tapering to very long narrow tips: lower bracts 
similar to the leaves : staminate spikes 1 or 2, short-stalked: pistillate spikes 2-8, cylin- 
dric, 2-5 cm. long, erect, sessile or the lower stalked : scales oblong, rough-awned, as long 
as the pengruis or longer: perigynia dark brown, 3-angled, 3 mm. long, several-nerved, 
each abruptly contracted into a short sharp beak. 

In swamps, Missouri to Florida and Texas. Summer. 

36. Carex verrucósa Muhl. Stems and scapes slender, 1 m. tall or less: leaves 


glaucous; blades smooth or very nearly so, 2-6 mm. wide, long-attenuate: staminate 
spike 1, stalked : pistillate spikes 1-6, cylindric, 3-5 cm. long, filiform-stalked and nod- 


CYPERACEAE 211 


ding, or the upper erect: perigynia 3-angled, somewhat swollen, abruptly sharp-beaked, 3-4 
mm. long, about as long as the ovate awned scales. 


In wet soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida, Missouri and Mississippi. Summer. 


37. Carex viréscens Muhl. Stems and scapes slender, rough above, 1.5-5 dm. tall : 
. leaves light green, pubescent, especially the sheaths; blades narrowly linear-elongated : 
spikes 2-5, short-stalked, erect or nearly so, 8-20 mm. long, about 3 mm. in diameter, the 
terminal one staminate below: scales oblong-ovate, cuspidate, slightly shorter than the 
perigynia: perigynia 3-sided, rather less than 2 mm. long, green, beakless, the orifice 
entire. 

In dry woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Michigan, North Carolina and Missouri. Summer. 


38. Carex costellàta Britton. Similar to the next preceding species, but taller and 
more spreading. Leaves pubescent ; blades broader: spikes 2-5, rather loose, 3 mm. in 
diameter, the terminal one staminate below, the lower one commonly filiform-stalked : 
scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia: perigynia narrowed at each end, 2 mm. long, 
rather more than 1 mm. thick. [C. costata Schwein., not Presl.] 


In woods, Maine and Ontario to North Carolina. Summer. 


39. Carex triceps Michx. Stems and scapes rough above, 1.5-9 dm. long: leaves 
bright or light green, pubescent ; blades 2-4 mm. wide: spikes 2-5, dense, erect, sessile or 
very nearly so, 6-20 mm. long, usually clustered, the terminal one staminate at the base : 
scales ovate, or lànceolate-acuminate : perigynia oval or obovoid, flattened, not inflated, 
green or greenish brown, few-nerved, usually pubescent when young, when mature 1-2 
mm. long, the orifice minutely notched or entire: achene elliptic-obovoid, its summit 
not bent. 

In woods, fields and swamps, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Michigan, Florida and Texas. 
Spring and summer. 

40. Carex Caroliniàna Schwein. Stems and scapes slender, rough above, 3-6 dm. 
tall: leaves rather dark green, glabrous except the sheaths ; blades 2-3 mm. wide: spikes 
2-4, oblong, dense, sessile or nearly so, 8-12 mm. long, clustered, the upper one staminate 
at the base: scale brown, ovate, mucronate: perigynia subglobose or obovoid, swollen, 
about 1 mm. in diameter, nerveless or faintly nerved, brown, beakless : achenes pyriform, 
bent at the summit or tipped with the bent styles.  [ C. Smithii Porter. | 

In meadows, New Jersey and Pennsylvanía to North Carolina and Arkansas. Spring and summer. 


41. Carex gracillima Schwein. Stems and scapes roughish above, 3-10 dm. long: 
leaves dark green, glabrous; blades 3-6 mm. wide, shorter than the scape: lower bract 
foliaceous: spikes 3-5, 2-6 cm. long, about 4 mm. thick or sometimes much smaller, fili- 
form-stalked and drooping, the upper one partly or wholly staminate : scales ovate-oblong, 
pale, as long as the perigynia: perigynia ovoid-oblong, obtuse, few-nerved, glabrous, 
2 mm. long. 

.. In moist woods and meadows, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, North Carolina, Ohio and Mississippi. 
Spring and summer. 

42. Carex aestivàlis M. A. Curtis. Stems and scapes slender or filiform, 2-5 dm. 
tall: leaf-blades flat, elongated, 2-3 mm. wide, sheaths usually pubescent: spikes 3-5, nar- 
rowly linear, erect or somewhat spreading, 2-5 cm. long, about 3 mm. thick, the terminal 
staminate at the base or also at the summit : scales ovate-oblong, the lower euspidate or 
short-awned : perigynia oblong, 3-sided, few-nerved, 2 mm. long, beakless, the orifice entire. 


In mountain woods, Massachusetts and New York to Georgia. Summer. 


43. Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Stems and scapes slender, smooth, 2-6 dm. tall : 
leaves pubescent, especially the sheaths ; blades 3-6 mm. wide : spikes 4 or 5, linear-cylin- 
dric, 2-5 em. long, about 4 mm. in diameter, filiform-stalked, the terminal one staminate 
at the base or sometimes wholly staminate: scales ovate-lanceolate, short-awned, shorter 
than the perigynia: perigynia oblong, 3-angled, pointed at both ends, less than 2 mm. 
thick, several-nerved, the orifice entire. 

In low grounds, Missouri to Tennessee, South Carolina, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


44. Carex Davisii Schwein & Torr. Similar to the next preceding species, stouter. 
Leaves pubescent ; blades 3-6 mm. wide: lower bract foliaceous : spikes clustered, or the 
lower one distant, 6 mm. in diameter, at length spreading or drooping, the terminal one 
Staminate at the base: scales lanceolate or oval, long-awned, equalling or longer than the 
perigynia: perigynia much swollen, strongly several-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, each with a 
short but conspicuously 2-toothed beak. 


In moist thickets and meadows, Massachusetts to New York, Minnesota, Georgia, Kentucky, Kan- 
Sas and the Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 


212 CYPERACEAE 


45. Carex Cherokeénsis Schwein. Stems and scapes 3-8 dm. tall, slender: leaves 
light green, overtopped by the scape; blades elongated, 2-5 mm. wide, rough toward the 
apex: staminate spikes 5-15, cylindric, often 2 or 3 together, all nodding from filiform 
peduncles: perigynia oblong-ovoid, numerous, 4-5 mm. long, whitish green, slightly 3- 
angled, each with a curved membranous orifice, surpassing the ovate or oblong acute 
whitish scale. 

On river banks and about swamps, Georgia and Florida to Arkansas and Texas. Spring and summer. 

46. Carex juncea Willd. Stems and scapes densely tufted, slender, 2-4 dm. tall: 
leaves deep green, as long as the scape or overtopped by it; blades very narrowly linear, 
1-1.5 mm. wide, smooth : staminate spike slender, 1-2 cm. long, peduncled : pistillate spikes 
1-3, linear, 1-3 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, the lower one longer peduncled than the others : 
scales ovate or lanceolate, about as long as the perigynia or shorter: perigynia spindle- 
shaped, about 5 mm. long, 3-angled, each with a rough apex and an entire orifice. 

On exposed mountain summits at very high altitudes, North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer. 


47. Carex ténuis Rudge. Stems and scapes rough above, 1-9 dm. long. Leaves 
bright green ; blades 3-5 mm. wide: lower bracts similar to the leaves: staminate spike 
short-stalked : pistillate spikes 2-5, linear, 3 mm. thick, filiform-stalked and spreading or 
drooping: scales ovate or oblong, j as long as the perigynia: perigynia spindle-shaped, 
glabrous or puberulent, faintly few-nerved, obtusely 3-angled, 6 mm. long, less than 2 mm. 
thick, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. 

In woods, Newfoundland to Michigan, North Carolina and Kentucky. Spring and summer. 


48. Carex débilis Michx. Stems and scapes 3-8 dm. tall, smooth: leaves deep- 
green, overtopped by the scape: blades 3-6 mm. wide, rough: staminate spike inconspic- 
uous, 1-4 cm. long, slender: pistillate spikes 3-5, linear, remote or approximate near the 
top of the scape, arching or drooping, 2-5 cm. long, not compact : scales about 3 as long as 
the perigynia: perigynia spindle-shaped, 8-10 mm. long, glabrous, 3-angled, pinched at 
the base, few-ribbed, each acuminate to a subulate 2-cleft beak, appressed to the rachis. 

In pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Louisjana. Summer. 


49. Carex venüsta Dewey. Stems and scapes slender, 6-12 dm. tall, smooth: leaves 
light green, overtopped by the scape ; blades 3-8 mm. wide, scabrous: staminate spike 
slender, 2-5 cm. long: pistillate spikes 3-5, linear, arching or drooping, 2.5-5 cm. long, 
the upper often approximate, the lower remote: scales about as long as the perigynia : 
perigynia spindle-shaped, mostly 5-6 mm. long, acute at both ends, appressed to the rachis, 
closely pubescent, prominently few-ribbed. 

In low pine woods, North Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 


50. Carex oblita Steud. Stems and scapes sharply 3-angled, smooth or nearly so, 
3-9 mm. long : leaves glabrous, shorter than the stem ; blades 4-5 mm. wide: lower bract 
similar to the leaves: staminate spike solitary, filiform-stalked : pistillate spikes 3-5, 2-6 
em. long, about 5 mm. thick, loosely flowered, slender-stalked, the lower distant, droop- 
ing: scales obtuse, about 4 the length of the perigynia: perigynia 3-angled, glabrous, 6 
mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. 

In bogs, central New York to New Jersey, North Carolina and Mississippi. Summer. 


51. Carex grisea Wahl. Stems and scapes smooth or nearly so, 3-6 dm. long : leaves 
light green, sometimes slightly glaucous: bracts similar to the leaves, much overtopping 
the spikes: staminate spike sessile: pistillate spikes 3-5, oblong, 8-25 mm. long, about 4 
mm. thick, the lower slender-stalked and distant: scales cuspidate or awned: perigynia 5 
mm. long, 2 mm. thick, beakless. 

TELS. woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, North Carolina and Kansas. Spring and 
er. 

52. Carex amphibola Steud. Stems and scapes slender, 3-5 dm. long: leaves bright 
green; blades 2-4 mm. wide: bracts similar to the leaves, erect, not over 2 mm. wide, 
overtopping the spikes: staminate spike short: pistillate 2-4, 1—2.5 cm. long, less than 4 
mm. thick, loosely several-flowered, the lower on filiform stalks : scales awned, spreading : 
perigynia oblong or obovoid, firm, pointed, beakless, 3-angled, 4 mm. long, about 2 mm. 
thick. [C. grisea var. angustifolia Boott. ] 

In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Iowa, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


53. Carex flaccospérma Dewey. Similar to Carex grisea and C. glaucodea in habit, 
slightly glaucous. Stems and scapes 3-6 dm. tall: leaves delicate ; blades thin, the basal 
ones 6-12 mm. wide: bracts leafy: staminate spike sessile or nearly so: pistillate spikes 
2-4, oblong, erect, the lower slender-stalked : scales broadly ovate, green, 4—4 as long as 
the perigynia: perigynia oblong, 3-angled, 5 mm. long. 


x In low grounds or on shaded hillsides, southern Missouri to Texas, North Carolina and Florida 
Summer. 


CYPERACEAE 213 


54. Carex glaucódea Tuckerm. Similar in habit to Carer grisea, but pale and very 
glaucous. Stems and scapes 1.5-5 dm. long: leaf-blades 4-8 mm. wide: bracts foliaceous : 
staminate spike sessile: pistillate spikes 3-5, erect, densely flowered, the lower slender- 
stalked: perigynia oblong, 3-4 mm. long, beakless, nearly twice as long as the scales. 

In open fields and meadows, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Virginia and Arkansas. 
Spring and summer. 

55. Carex granularis Muhl. Stems and scapes slender, smooth or nearly so, 1.5-6 
dm. long: leavesslightly glaucous ; blades 3-6 mm. wide, the basal shorter than the scape : 
bracts similar to the leaves: staminate spike sessile or short-stalked : pistillate spikes 3-5, 
erect or slightly spreading, 1-3 cm. long, 4 mm. thick, many-flowered, stalked or the 
upper sessile : scales ovate, acute or cuspidate: perigynia ovoid, strongly many-nerved, 
2-3 mm. long, each with a short, bent or nearly straight beak. 

In moist meadows, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


56. Carex microdónta Torr. Stems and scapes 1.5-5 dm. tall, smooth: leaves 
overtopped by the scapes ; blades linear, 4-5 mm. wide, smooth: staminate spikes 1-3, 1-4 
em. long: pistillate spikes 2-3, cylindric or oblong-cylindric, 1-3 em. long, 4-5 mm. 
thick, long-peduncled, erect or arching, remote, the lower one usually near the base of the 
scape: scales hyaline, as long as the perigynia or shorter: perigynia ovoid or oval, about 
3 mm. long, yellowish green, abruptly pointed, finely few-ribbed. 

On wet prairies, Mississippi and the Indian Territory to Texas. Spring and summer. 


57. Carex Cràwei Dewey. Stems and scapes stiff, 7-40 cm. tall : leaves ratherstiff ; 
blades 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the scape : bracts similar to the leaves : staminate spikes 
1-3, long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-4, cylindric, short-peduncled, erect, 1-2.5 cm. long, 
4-6 mm. thick, the lowest often borne near the base: scales obovate or oval, acute or cus- 
pidate, shorter than the perigynia: perigynia ovoid, usually resinous-dotted, 2-3 mm. 
long, each tapering into a short entire beak. 

In meadows and on banks, Quebec to Manitoba, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Nebraska. Spring 
and summer. 

58. Carex conoidea Schk. Stems and scapes rather stiff, 2-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades 
2-3 mm. wide: .lower bracts similar to the leaves: staminate spike long-stalked : pistillate 
Spikes 1-3, distant, erect, oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, 5 mm. thick, the lower slender-stalked : 
scales broadly ovate, each contracted into a rough awn, the lower longer than the peri- 
gynia, the upper shorter than or equalling them: perigynia oblong, obtusely 3-angled, 
acute, beakless, 2-3 mm. long, about 1 mm. thick, the orifice entire. 

In meadows, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Rhode Island, New Jersey, the mountains of North Carolina 
(according to Chapman), Ohio and Iowa. Spring. 

59. Carex oligocárpa Schk. Stems and scapes very slender or almost filiform, 
roughish, 2-5 dm. long: leaf-blades about 2 mm. wide, soft: bracts similar to the leaves : 
staminate spike long-stalked or nearly sessile: pistillate spikes 2-4, erect or nearly so, 
distant, loosely few-flowered, 8-16 mm. long, less than 4 mm. thick, the lower filiform- 
stalked : scales ovate, each with a rough spreading awn: perigynia oblong, pale, 2-2.5 
mm. long, each narrowed into a short entire beak. 

In dry woods and thiekets, Vermont and Ontario to Michigan, Iowa, New Jersey, North Carolina, 
the Indian Territory and Kansas. Spring and summer. 

60. Carex polymórpha Muhl. Rather dark green. Stems and scapes stiff, 2-6 dm. 
tall: leaf-blades 3-4 mm. wide, nearly erect : bracts usually little longer than the pistillate 
Spike: staminate spikes 1 or 2, long-stalked : pistillate spikes commonly solitary, erect, 
short-stalked or sessile, 2-4 cm. long, 8 mm. thick: scales red-brown, somewhat shorter 
than the perigynia: perigynia ovoid-oblong, obscurely 3-angled, fully 4 mm. long and 2 
mm. in diameter, the beak more than 4 as long as the body, the orifice oblique. 

In swamps or wet meadows, Maine to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Summer. 


61. Carex tetánica Schk. Light green and glabrous. Stems and scapes slender, 
rough above, 2-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide: bracts narrow, elongated : staminate 
Spike stalked : pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect, distant, 2.5 cm. long or less, or the lower fili- 
form-stalked and drooping : scales ovate-oblong : perigynia oblong, many-nerved, about 3 
mm. long, the summit of each curved outward and tapering to an entire orifice, beakless. 


In meadows and wet woods, Maine to Manitoba, North Carolina and Louisiana. Summer. 


62. Carex Meàdii Dewey. Similar to the next preceding species. Stems and scapes 
stouter, very rough above, 3-4 dm. tall: bracts short, not overtopping the spikes: stami- 
nate spike long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong-cylindric, dense, 1-2.5 em. long, 
about 6 mm. in diameter, erect, stalked or the upper one sessile: the lowest spike is 
sometimes borne on a very long stalk arising from theaxil of one of the basal leaves : scales 


214 CYPERACEAE 


ovate, green with purple-brown margins: perigynia broadly oblong, many-nerved, 3 mm. 
long, each tipped with a minute slightly bent beak. 

In swamps and wet meadows, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, Georgia, Michigan, Assiniboia, 
Nebraska and the Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 

63. Carex laxifldra Lam. Leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide, soft : scapes slender, roughish 
above, 1.5-6 dm. long: staminate spike usually stalked: pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, 
linear-cylindric, 3-4 mm. thick, all slender-stalked and spreading or drooping or the upper 
one erect and sessile: scales ovate with broad white scarious margins, acute, cuspidate or 
awned: perigynia obovoid, more or less oblique, 2.5-3 mm. long, strongly many-nerved, 
each tapering into a short outwardly bent entire beak. 

In meadows and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Alabama and the Indian 
Territory.--_A form with cylindric mostly densely-flowered pistillate spikes, the upper one sessile or 
nearly so, erect and contiguous to the usually sessile staminate spike is C. laxiflora blánda (Dewey) 
Boott; its range is about the same as that of the type. Another form with glaucous or pale green foli- 
age, basal leaves 5-10 mm. wide, staminate spike usually stalked, loosely-flowered scattered pistillate 
spikes often 2.5 cm. long or longer, and rather narrower perigynia is C. laxiflora patulifolia (Dewey) 
Carey ; it ranges from Nova Scotia and Wisconsin to Tennessee and Alabama. Spring and summer. 

64. Carex stylofléxa Buckl. Leaf-blades 3-6 mm. (wide, shorter than the scape: 
scapes slender, smooth, 2-5 dm. long: bracts short: staminate spike usually long-stalked : 
pistillate spikes 1—4, distant, loosely-flowered, less than 16 mm. long, the lower drooping 
on filiform stalks: scales ovate or ovate-lancelate, acute, cuspidate or short-awned, shorter 
than the perigynia: perigynia narrowly oblong, 3-angled, many-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, 2 
mm. thick, the slender beak oblique. 

In woods and thiekets, New York to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 


65. Carex striatula Michx. Resembling C. laxiflora in habit, but usually stouter. 
Leaves numerous in the tufts ; blades linear, 5-12 mm. wide, or slightly narrower on the 
upper part of the stem: scapes copiously tufted, 2-5 dm. tall: bracts resembling the leaves 
but shorter: staminate spike mostly short-peduncled, sometimes raised high above the 
nearest pistillate spike: pistillate spikes mostly 2-4, loosely several-many-flowered, gen- 
erally 1.5-3.5 cm. long, the individual flowers often distinctly separated : scales very thin, 
abruptly pointed, somewhat shorter than the perigynia: perigynia elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, 
the short beak nearly straight. i 


In woods, meadows and thickets, Ontario to Florida, Ohio and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 


66. Carex digitalis Willd. Leaves bright green ; blades 2-4 mm. wide : scapes slen- 
der or almost filiform, usually reclining, 1-4.5 dm. long : staminate spike stalked : pistillate 
spikes 2-4, linear, loosely alternately flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long, the lower filiform-stalked, 
spreading or drooping : scales acute, acuminate or short-awned: perigynia oblong, sharply 
EAD many-nerved, 2 mm. long, more than 1 mm. thick, the short beak slightly ob- 

ique. 

In woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


67. Carex Aüstro-Caroliniàna Bailey. Leaves bright green, overtopped by the 
scape ; blades 3-6 mm. wide, with rough margins and nerves beneath: scapes tufted, very 
slender, 1.5-5 dm. long, smooth, staminate spike 1-1.5 cm. long, slender-peduncled : 
pistillate spikes 3-4, loosely 3-6-flowered, on arching hair-like peduncles, the lower one often 
near the base of the scape : scales shorter than the perigynia, mucronate, dark green : peri- 
gynia ovoid or oval, 3-3.5 mm. long, 3-angled, each with a very short oblique tip, del- 
icately ribbed, sparingly scabrous. [C. Caroliniana Buckl. ] 

On cliffs or rocky slopes, in the mountains, South Carolina and Tennessee. Spring. 


68. Carex plantaginea Lam. Leaves rather dark green; blades 1-2.5 cm. wide, 
persistent through the winter: scapes 1.5-5 dm. long: bracts short, usually with purplish 
clasping sheaths: staminate spike long-stalked, purple: pistillate spikes 3 or 4, slender- 
stalked, 2.5 cm. long or less : scales ovate, cuspidate : perigynia oblong, outwardly curved, 
many-nerved, 3 mm. long. 

In woods, New Brunswick and Ontario to Manitoba, North Carolina (according to Chapman) and 
Wisconsin. Spring and summer. 

69. Carex laxicülmis Schwein. Leaves blue-green and glaucous; blades elongated, 
6-10 mm. wide : scapes filiform, ascending or diffuse, 1.5-6 dm. long : bracts usually short : 
staminate spike long-stalked : pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, 6-12 mm. long, about 4 mm. 
thick, drooping from long hair-like stalks or the upper short-stalked : perigynia ovoid-ob- 
long, 3-angled, many-nerved, about 2 mm. long, scarcely beaked, longer than the ovate 
green cuspidate or short-awned scales. 

In woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Rhode Island and North Carolina. Spring. 


__ TO. Carex ptychocarpa Steud. Leaves pale green and glaucous ; blades 4-8 mm. 
wide: scapes very slender, smooth, 5-15 cm. tall : bracts foliaceous : staminate spike small, 


CYPERACEAE 215 


sessile: pistillate spikes 2 or 3, the lower one often slender-stalked and nearly basal, all 
erect, 8-16 mm. long: scales ovate, obtuse, about 3 as longas the perigynia: perigynia 
oblong, pale, 3-angled, many-nerved, 2 mm. long, pointed at both ends, minutely straight- 
beaked, the orifice entire. 

In moist woods and thickets, Massachusetts and New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


71. Carex Baltzéllii Chapm. Leaves glaucous, overtopping the scape ; blades 4-10 
mm. wide, very scabrous above: scapes 5-20 cm. tall, smooth : staminate spike 1.5-3.5 cm. 
long, rigid, often with few pistillate flowers at the base: pistillate spikes 3-6, narrowly 
cylindric, 1-4 em. long, 4-5 mm. thick, rather loosely several-many-flowered, all except 
the upper 1 or 2, on long arching or recurved basal or nearly basal peduncles: scales 
obovate, about as long as the perigynia, mucronate, reddish brown: perigynia narrowly 
oblong-obovoid, about 4 mm. long, abruptly short-pointed, pubescent. 

In dry pine woods, middle Florida. Spring. 


72. Carex pedicellata (Dewey) Britton. Plants not stoloniferous. Leaves light 
green, shorter than the scapes ; blades 2-4 mm. wide: scapes slender, roughish above, 1.5-5 
dm. long: lower bract 0.6-5 cm. long: staminate spike short-stalked, 8-25 mm. long : 
pistillate spikes 2-4, short-oblong, few-flowered : scales green, ovate, acute: perigynia oval 
or oblong, rather less than 2 mm. long, pale, pubescent, each with a subulate 2-toothed 
beak } the length of the body. 


In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia, Ohio and Nebraska. Spring and summer. 


73. Carex Pennsylvánica Lam. Plants stoloniferous. Leaves dark or dull green ; 
blades 1-3 mm. wide or rarely narrower, the old sheaths persistent and fibrillose : scapes 
slender, 1.5-4 dm. tall: lower bract rarely over 1 cm. long : staminate spike sessile or very 
short-stalked, 1-2.5 em. long: pistillate spikes 1-3, short-oblong, few-flowered, sessile : 
scales ovate, purplish, acute or cuspidate: perigynia oval, about 2 mm. long, pubescent, 
l-ribbed on each side, each with a 2-toothed beak about $ the length of the body. 

In dry soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba and the Northwest Territory, to North Carolina, Georgia, 
Tennessee and Kansas. Spring. 

74. Carex vatia Muhl. Plants stoloniferous. Leaf-blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, nearly 
always shorter than the scape: scapes filiform, erect or somewhat spreading, 1.5-5 dm. 
long: lower bract scale-like or subulate, rarely 2 cm. long: staminate spike 4-8 mm. long, 
sessile, usually rather prominent : pistillate spikes 2-4, 4-6 mm. long: scales ovate, green 
or purplish brown, acute: perigynia oblong, pubescent, about 2 mm. long, narrowed at the 
base, each with a subulate minutely 2-toothed beak commonly 3 the length of the body. 

In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Manitoba, Georgia and Texas. Spring and summer. 


75. Carex Floridàna Schwein. Plantsstoloniferous. Leaves bright green, overtopping 
the inflorescence ; blades 2-5 mm. wide, rough-margined : scapes tufted, often very short : 
staminate spike 0.5-1 cm. long, inconspicuous, not much surpassing the 1 or 2 accompany- 
ing sessile pistillate spikes, these less than 1 cm. long, terminating filiform peduncles 1-2 
dm. long: scales green or sparingly dark blotched: perigynia plano-convex, 3-3.5 mm. 
long, glabrous, each with a stipe-like base and a curved subulate beak. 


In light dry soil, Florida to Texas. Spring. 


76. Carex nigro-marginàta Schwein. Plants stoloniferous. Leaves bright green, 
much longer than the scapes ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, rather stiff: scapes filiform, 5-20 cm. 
long: bracts short and subulate or wanting : staminate spike sessile, 4-6 mm. long : pistil- 
late spikes 1-3, sessile, about 6 mm. long: scales acute or cuspidate, black or with broad 
black-purple margins, rather longer than the perigynia: perigynia oblong, narrowed at 
the base into short stipes, pubescent or nearly glabrous, 2-3 mm. long, each with a cylindric- 
subulate 2-toothed beak 4 or 1 as long as the body. 

In dry soil, New York to North Carolina. Spring and summer. 


77. Carex umbellàta Schk. Plants stoloniferous. Leaves light green, usually 
much exceeding the scapes ; blades 1-3 mm. wide, the old sheaths fibrillose: scapes tufted 
and matted, filiform, 5-15 cm. long: staminate spike commonly conspicuous : pistillate 
-spikes 1-3, filiform-stalked from the basal sheaths or 1 or 2 of them sessile or very nearly 
so at the base of the staminate spike, ovoid-oblong, 4-8 mm. long: scales acuminate or 
short-awned, about as long as the perigynia: perigynia oval, pubescent, 3-angled, the body 
rather less than 2 mm. long, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak of nearly its length. 

. In dry soil, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, New Jersey, the Indian Territory and Oregon. 
Spring and summer. 

78. Carex planostáchys Kunze. Leaves bright green, approximate, overtopping 
the inflorescence ; blades stiff, 0.5-3 dm. long, involute, scabrous: scapes tufted, very 
short: staminate spike solitary at the base of the uppermost pistillate spike, inconspicu- 


216 CYPERACEAE 


ous, sessile or nearly so: pistillate spikes 1 or 2, loosely few-flowered at the summit of fili- 
form mostly basal peduncles, 1-1.5 em. long: perigynia 3-angled, narrowly ovoid, 5-6 mm. 
long, acute, glabrous or minutely tomentulose, many-nerved, each with a terete entire or 
nearly entire beak. 

In dry soil, Texas and Mexico. Spring and fall. 


79. Carex Chapmánii Sartw. Leaves bright green, glabrous, overtopped by the 
scape ; blades firm, channeled, 2-5 mm. wide, roughish : scapes tufted, rigid, 2-7 dm. tall, 
glabrous : staminate spike 1-3 em. long, erect: pistillate spikes 2-3, approximate at the top 
of the scape, oblong, 1-1.5 em. long, less than 1 em. thick, sessile: scales more than å as 
long as the perigynia: perigynia 3-angled, narrowly ovoid, 4.5-5 mm. long, many-ribbed, 
short-beaked, sparingly pubescent. [C. tenax Chapm. ] 

On dry sand ridges, South Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 


— 80. Carex dasycárpa Muhl. Leaves pubescent, overtopped by the scape, blades 
1.5-5 mm. broad, rough-margined: scapes tufted, 1.5-4 dm. tall, slender, glabrous or 
nearly so: staminate spike solitary, 1-2 cm. long, short-peduncled : pistillate spikes 2-3, 
oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, few-flowered, sessile, approximate: scales abruptly 
pointed, about 3 as long as the perigynia: perigynia 3-angled, elliptic, about 5 mm. long, 
woolly, searcely beaked, several-ribbed. 

In sandy woods, South Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 


81. Carex Fraseri Andr. Monoecious. Leaves glabrous, pale green; blades 2-4 
dm. long, flat, firm, spreading, finely many-nerved, and with their margins usually finely 
crumpled in drying, accompanied by clasping basal sheaths: scapes smooth, slender, re- 
clining, 2.5-5 dm. long: spike solitary, bractless, terminal, androgynous, 1-2.5 cm. long, 
the pistillate portion dense, about 1.2 cm. in diameter in fruit : scales ovate, obtuse, much 
shorter than the perigynia : perigynia ovoid, pale green, faintly many-nerved, fully 4 mm. 
long, each with a short nearly truncate beak. Our largest-leaved species. 

In rieh mountain woods, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee and North Carolina. Spring and 
summer. 

82. Carex picta Steud. Dioecious. Leaves glabrous, light green ; blades 3-6 mm. 
wide: scape slender, smooth, 1.5-3 dm. long: spike usually solitary, densely many-flow- 
ered, the staminate about 2.5 cm. long, the pistillate narrowed at the base, 2-6 cm. long, 
subtended by a short purple sheath: scales purple, shining, obovate, acute or cuspidate, 
longer and wider than the perigynia: perigynia strongly many-nerved, pubescent at least 
toward the obtuse summit, about 3 mm. long. [C. Boottiana Benth. ] 

In woods, Indiana to Alabama and Louisiana. Summer. 


83. Carex Willdenóvii Schk. Monoecious. Leaves glabrous and pale green, often 
3 dm. long, much overtopping the spikes; blades 2-3 mm. wide, the lowest reduced to 
sheaths: scapes 2-10 em. high: spikes 1-5, androgynous, staminate above, pistillate be- 
low, or sometimes completely staminate, about 1.2 cm. long, appearing nearly basal, one 
of them or more on long filiform stalks: scales lanceolate, acute, acuminate or awned, 
finely several-nerved, the lower 1 or 2 commonly bract-like: body of the perigynium ob- 
long, smooth, 2-3 mm. long, narrowed into a 2-edged rough beak of about its own length. 

. In dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ohio, Michigan, Manitoba, Florida, Kentucky and Texas. 
Spring and summer. 

84. Carex Jamésii Schwein. Similar to the next preceding species, but the leaf- 
blades rather narrower, soft, spreading or ascending: spikes androgynous, the terminal 
staminate portion slender, the pistillate flowers only 1-4 and slightly separated : lower 
scales bract-like, foliaceous, the upper shorter and sometimes not exceeding the perigynia : 
body of the perigynium subglobose, 2 mm. in diameter, abruptly tipped by a subulate rough 
beak of more than its own length. 

In dry woods and thiekets, southern Ontario and New York to Indiana, Iowa, District of Colum- 
bia, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. Spring. 

85. Carex leptalea Wahl. Leaves light green and glabrous ; blades not over 0.5 
mm. wide : scapes filiform, smooth, 1.5-4.5 dm. long : spike solitary, terminal, androgynous, 
linear, 4-14 mm. long: stigmas 2 or 3: perigynia few, linear-oblong, about 3 mm. long, 
light green, many-nerved, obtuse and beakless: scales membranous, the lowest sometimes 
attenuated into a subulate awn nearly as long as the spike.  [ C. polytrichoides Muhl. ] 

In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado and 
Oregon. Summer. 

86. Carex filifolia Nutt. Leaves pale green, glabrous, as long as the scape or 
shorter ; blades filiform, rather stiff, about 0.5 mm. wide, the sheaths persistent and ulti- 
mately fibrillose : scapes densely tufted, slender but stiff, 8-35 cm. tall : spike solitary, erect, 
6-30 mm. long, staminate above; the pistillate portion about 4 mm. in diameter : scales 


CYPERACEAE 217 


very broad, concave, with wide scarious margins, obtuse or cuspidate, about as longas the 
perigynia, but much broader: perigynia oval or obovoid-oval, 2 mm. long, 3-angled, few- 
nerved or nearly nerveless, scabrous, or somewhat pubescent near the apex, each abruptly 
tipped by a short cylindric beak. i 

In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, Texas and California. Syring and summer. 


87. Carex stipata Muhl. Leaves bright green; blades flat, 4-8 mm. wide: scapes 
smooth, sharply 3-angled, 2-10 dm. tall: bracts bristle-form or wanting : spikes numerous, 
yellowish brown, in a terminal oblong cluster 3-10 cm. long, the staminate flowers few, 
always terminal: scales ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the perigynia: peri- 
gynia lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, each tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak 1-2 
times as long as the body. 

In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario, British Columbia, Florida, Tennessee, 
Missouri, New Mexico and California. Spring and summer. 

88. Carex Crüs-Córvi Shuttlw. Leaves pale green and glaucous ; blades flat, 5-12 
mm. wide, rough-margined : scapes 3-angled, rough above, 5-11 dm. tall, longer than the 
leaves : spikes yellowish brown, very numerous in a large compound branching panicle, 
1-3 dm. long : scales ovate or lanceolate, thin, much shorter than the perigynia: perigynia 
elongated-lanceolate, about 8 mm. long, each with a short hard base and a subulate rough 
2-toothed beak. 

In swamps, District of Columbia to Indiana, Minnesota, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Spring 
and summer. 

89. Carex decompósita Muhl. Leaves dark green, longer than the scape ; blades 
4-8 mm. wide, rough : scapes smooth, obtusely angled, or terete below, 4-9 dm. tall: 
spikes yellowish brown, very numerous in a decompound cluster, 5-13 cm. long, the lower 
branches 2-5 cm. long: bracts subulate, ciliate, or wanting: scales ovate, about a 
the perigynia : perigynia short-obovate, less than 2 mm. long, hard, each abruptly tippe 
with a short slightly 2-toothed beak. 

In swamps, New York to Ohio, Michigan, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


90. Carex gravida Bailey. Leaves light green ; blades flat, 3-6 mm. wide: scapes 
4-9 dm. tall, 3-angled, rough above: bracts usually very short: spikes several, in a dense 
heavy head 2-3.5 em. long, pale, subglobose : scales acute, cuspidate or short-awned, about 
as long as the perigynia: perigynia flat, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 3-4 mm. long, 
rounded at the base, each narrowed into a 2-toothed beak about 4 as long as the body, 
several-nerved. on the outer face or nerveless. 

On plains and prairies, Illinois to South Dakota and the Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 


91. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Leaves often exceeding the scape ; blades 2-5 mm. 
wide: scapes stiff, 3-angled, rough above, 3-12 dm. tall: bracts bristle-like : spikes ovoid- 
oblong, 4-8 mm. long, very numerous in a cluster, 3-13 cm. long: scales lanceolate, 
acuminate or awned, about as long as the perigynia, but narrower: perigynia ovate, about 
1.5 mm. long, greenish brown, flat, several-nerved on the outer face, nerveless or faintly 
pre Mec on the inner, each tipped with a lanceolate 2-toothed beak about 3 as long as 
the body. 


In swamps and meadows, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 


92. Carex triangularis Boeckl. Leaves bright green, overtopped by the scape ; blades 
2-6 mm. wide, somewhat scabrous, attenuate: scapes tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, stiff: spikes 
ovoid or globose, 5-8 mm. long, dense, approximate, forming a compound spike 3-5 cm. 
long, with short filiform bracts, fawn-brown at maturity : scales as long as the perigynia or 
shorter: perigynia nearly orbicular, conspicuously spreading, fully 2 mm. long, short- 
pointed, delicately nerved. 

On low prairies, the Indian Territory to Mississippi and Texas. Spring and early summer. 


93. Carex xanthocárpa Bicknell. Leaves bright green; blades 3-6 mm. wide: 
scapes rather stout, rough above, 3-14 dm. tall, much longer than the leaves : head usually 
dense : spikes numerous, ovoid, short : bracts mostly short and inconspicuous : scales aeu- 
minate, short-awned : perigynia bright yellow, plano-convex, ovate-elliptie, 2.5-3 mm. 
long, each with a narrowed or cuneate base, and a short minutely 2-toothed beak, nerve- 
less, or obscurely few-nerved on the outer face. 

In fields, Massachusetts to North; Carolina and Iowa. Summer. 


..94. Carex Sartwéllii Dewey. Leaves light green; blades 2-4 mm. wide: scapes 
stiff, rough above, 3-angled, 3-9 dm. tall: bracts setaceous, usually small: spikes ovoid or 
oblong, 4-8 mm. long, usually densely aggregated in a narrow cluster : scales ovate, pale 
brown, about equalling the perigynia : perigynia lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, strongly 
several-nerved on both faces, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. 


. In swamps, Ontario to British Columbia, New York, Illinois, Michigan, Arkansas and Utah. 
Spring and summer. À 


218 CYPERACEAE 


95. Carex rosea Schk. Leaves soft; blades flat, 2 mm. wide or less, shorter than 
the stem : scapes slender or filiform, rough above, 3-7 dm. long : lower bract 1-6 cm. long : 
spikes 4-8, subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 5-15-flowered : scales ovate-oblong, white, } 
as long as the perigynia : perigynia ovate-lanceolate, flattish, bright green, radiately spread- 
ing, nerveless, shining, mostly over 3 mm. long, each gradually narrowed into a stout 2- 
toothed beak, about } the length of the body. 

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Ontario, Manitoba, North Carolina, Missouri and 
Nebraska. Spring and summer. 

96. Carex radiàta (Dewey) Small. Leaves numerous, sometimes equalling the scape 
in length ; blades about 1 mm. wide or less, weak : scapes filiform, numerous, more or less 
diffusely spreading : spikes scattered, 2-6-flowered : perigynia mostly less than 3 mm. long, 
ascending, the broadly oblong-ovoid or obovoid body abruptly narrowed into the beak. 
[ C. rosea var. radiata Dewey. ] 

In woods, Ontario to Maine, Georgia and Tennessee. Summer. 


97. Carex retrofléxa Muhl. Leaves mostly shorter than the scape ; blades about 1 
mm. in width: scapes very slender, 2-5 dm. tall: lower bract bristle-form : spikes 4-8, 
subglobose, 4-9-flowered, the upper all close together: staminate flowers terminal or rarely 
variously intermixed with the pistillate: scales ovate, about } as long as the perigynia: 
perigynia oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, radiating or reflexed at maturity, about 
3 mm. long, smooth, compressed, but not as flat as those of the preceding species, somewhat 
corky-thickened at the base, each tapering upwardly into a 2-toothed beak about 4 the 
length of the body. 


In woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Ontario, Arkansas, Floridaand Texas. Spring and summer. 


98. Carex Texénsis (Torr.) Bailey. Similar tothe next preceding species. Leaves 
soft; blades about 1 mm. wide, shorter than the scape: scapes very slender : lower bract 
commonly filiform: spikes 4-7, 4-10-flowered, all close together in a narrow head, or 
the lower separated : scales lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate, less than 3 as long as 
the perigynia: perigynia narrowly lanceolate, green, nerveless, smooth, radiating or 
widely spreading, 3-4 mm. long, the tapering beak about 4 as long as the body. 

In moist soil and thickets, southern Illinois (according to Bailey) to Alabama and Texas. Spring. 

99. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Leaf-blades flat, 5-9 mm. wide, the lower very 
short: sheaths white or pale: scapes rough, 3-angled, 5-9 dm. tall: spikes 6-12, oblong or 
subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, the upper aggregated, the 2-4 lower ones commonly 
separated : scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, about 4 as long as the perigynia: perigynia 
flat, ovate, 3 mm. long, spreading or radiating, pale, narrowly wing-margined, usually few- 
nerved on the outer face, the rough 2-toothed beak 1—3 the length of the body. 

In woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Ontario, Michigan, Virginia, Kentucky and the Indian 
Territory. Summer. 

100. Carex cephalóphora Muhl. Leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide: scapes slender, rough 
above, 2.5-6 dm. tall: bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form : spikes few, subglobose, 
clustered in a short-oblong head 8-16 mm. long: scales ovate, rough-cuspidate or awned, 
equalling or a little shorter than the perigynia: perigynia broadly ovate, 2 mm. long or 
less, pale, nerveless or very faintly few-nerved, each tipped with a 2-toothed beak about + 
the length of the body. 

In dry fields and on hills, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, Florida, Missouri and Texas. Spring 
and summer. 

101. Carex Leavenwórthii Dewey. Similar to the next preceding species but 
smaller. Leaves mostly shorter than the scape ; blades narrower, 1-3 mm. wide: scapes 
almost filiform, roughish, 1.5-4 dm. tall: bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form or want- 
ing: spikes 4—7, densely crowded : scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, shorter and narrower 
than the perigynia: perigynia orbicular-ovate, rather less than 2 mm. long and about as 
wide, each tipped with a very short 2-toothed beak. 

In meadows, Iowa to Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 


102. Carex Muhlenbérgii Schk. Leaves usually shorter than the scape ; blades 2-4 
mm. wide, somewhat involute in drying: scapes slender, erect, 3-angled, rough, at least 
above, 3-6 dm. tall: bracts bristle-form, very short : spikes 4-10, ovoid or subglobose, close 
together in an oblong head : scales ovate-lanceolate, rough-cuspidate or short-awned, nar- 
rower and mostly longer than the perigynia: perigynia broadly ovate-oval, 3 mm. long, 
strongly nerved,on both faces, ascending, each with a short 2-toothed beak. 

In dry fields and on hills, Maine and New Hampshire to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. 
—A form with broader and longer leaf-blades, and nearly or quite nerveless perigynia is C. Muhlenbergtt 
Xalapénsis (Kunth) Britton; it ranges from New York and Missouri to Texas and Mexico. Another 
form with globular spikes collected into denser heads, broader bracts and much broader and less prom- 


inently nerved perigynia, is C. Muhlenbergii austrinus Small [C. Muhlenbergii australis Olney] ; Arkansas, 
the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 


CYPERACEAE 219 


103. Carex Arkansana Bailey. Leaves approximate; blades narrowly linear, 
rather elongated, but usually shorter than the scape, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide: scapes tufted, 
1.5-6 dm. tall, smooth: bracts leaf-like, much longer than the inflorescence, the lower 
ones often 15 em. long, dilated at the base : spikes dense, 3-5, approximate or contiguous : 
scales about as long as the perigynia, awn-tipped: perigynia broadly ovate or triangular- 
ovate, 4 mm. long, spreading, barely if at all nerved, each with a thick spongy base. 

In bottoms, Arkansas to the Indian Territory. Spring. 

104. Carex stérilis Willd. Leaves shorter than the scape; blades 1-2 mm. wide : 
scapes slender, 2-4.5 dm. tall, rough, at least above: spikes 3-5, subglobose or short- 
oblong, about 5 mm. thick : staminate flowers usually numerous at the bottom of the upper 
spike, or whole spikes occasionally staminate, or plants rarely quite dioecious: scales ovate, 
shorter than the perigynia: perigynia pale, lanceolate, compressed, spreading or reflexed 
when old, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, several-nerved on both faces, each tapering into a 
sharp-edged 2-toothed rough beak more than 3 as long as the body.  [ C. stellulata var. 
sterilis Chapm. ] 

In moist soil and wet woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida, Louisiana, Colorado and 
California. Variable.—A variety stouter in habit, sometimes 5 dm. tall, with 4-8 very bristly pistillate 
spikes, more numerous flowers and rather larger perigynia is C. sterilis cephalántha Bailey; its range is 
similar to that of the type. Spring and summer. 

105. Carex Atlántica Dailey. Similar to large forms of the next preceding species, 
but stouter. Leaves stiff; blades 2-3 mm. wide, flat, or in drying somewhat involute : 
scapes rough above, 3-7 dm. tall : spikes 4-7, subglobose or short-cylindric, nearly 6 mm. in 
diameter : scales shorter than the perigynia : perigynia broadly ovate, flat, sharp-margined, 
2-3 mm. long, strongly several-nerved on the outer face, few-nerved on the inner, spread- 
ing or reflexed at maturity, each abruptly tipped with a stout rough 2-toothed beak about 
$ as long as the body.  [ C. stellulata var. conferta Chapm. ] 

In swamps, Newfoundland to Florida. Summer. 

106. Carex intérior Bailey. Similar to C. sterilis in habit. Leaves shorter than the 
scape ; blades about 1 mm. wide: scapes slender, wiry, 2-6 dm. tall: spikes 2-4, nearly 
globular, 4 mm. in diameter : scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia: perigynia ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm. long or less, faintly few-nerved on the outer face, nearly nerveless 
on the inner, thickened, spreading or reflexed when old, each tapering into a nearly smooth 
2-toothed beak 4 to 4 as long as the body. ; 


In wet soil, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Kansas. Spring and summer. 


107. Carex brunnéscens (Pers. ) Poir. Leaves shorter than the scapes; blades 2 
mm. wide or less : scapes stiff, roughish above, 2-4.5 dm. tall: spikes 4-8, subglobose or 
short-oblong, few-flowered, rarely over 5 mm. long: scales ovate, membranous, brownish : 
perigynia brown, oval or ovate-oval, about 2 mm. long, each with a manifest beak about } 
as long as the body. — ( C. canescens var. alpicola Wahl. ] 

In wet places, mostly at high altitudes, Labrador to British Columbia, New York and on the south- 
ern Alleghenies and Rocky Mountains. Also in Europe.—A variety with nearly filiform weak and 
often spreading scapes, 7-8-flowered spikes and spreading long-beaked perigynia, is C. brunnescens 
gracilior Britton; it is more common at lower altitudes. Summer. 

108. Carex bromoides Schk. Leaves soft; blades 2 mm. wide or less, flat : scapes 
slender, roughish above, 2-6 dm. long: bracts subulate or bristle-form, the lowest com- 
monly elongated : spikes 3-7, narrowly oblong-cylindrie, 8-16 mm. long, erect or ascend- 
ing, mostly close together, the staminate flowers either basal, basal and terminal, or form- 
ing whole spikes, the plants occasionally quite dioecious : scales oblong-lanceolate, green, 
acute or acuminate, shorter than the perigynia: perigynia linear-lanceolate, pale, strongly 
several-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, the” inner face flat, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak at 
least 4 as long as the body. 

In bogs and swamps, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Michigan, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 

109. Carex tribuloides Wahl. Stems and scapes 2-9 dm. tall, the latter roughish 
above : leaf-blades flat, 2-6 mm. wide: lower bract bristle-form : spikes 6-20, oblong or top- 
shaped, blunt, 6-12 mm. long: scales lanceolate, whitish, acute, about 3 as long as the 
perigynia: perigynia lanceolate, greenish brown, flat, 4-5 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, 
several-nerved on both faces, each with a sharply 2-toothed rough wing-margined beak. 

In meadows, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Arizona, Summer and fall. 

110. Carex scoparia Schk. Stems and scapes slender, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall, the latter 
roughish above: leaf-blades less than 3 mm. wide: spikes 3-10, oblong, narrowed at both 
ends, bright brown, 6-16 mm. long, usually aggregated into an ovoid head : scales thin, 
brown, acuminate or cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia lanceolate, 4-6 mm. 
long, rather less than 2 mm. wide, narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved on both faces, 
each tapering into a ciliate 2-toothed beak. 

In moist soil, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Colorado. Summer. 


220 CYPERACEAE 


111. Carex straminea Willd. Stems and scapes slender, 3-7.5 dm. tall, the latter 
roughish above, the top commonly nodding : leaves shorter than the scape ; blades 2 mm. 
wide or less, long-pointed : bracts short or the lower bristle-form and exceeding its spike : 
spikes 3-8, longer than thick, narrowed at the base, slightly obovoid, 4-5 mm. thick, yel- 
lowish brown or greenish: scales lanceolate, acute, about equalling the perigynia, but nar- 
rower : perigynia ascending, ovate, brown, about 3 mm. long, strongly several-nerved on 
the outer face, fewer nerved on the inner, wing-margined, the tapering rough 2-toothed 
beak shorter than the body. 

In dry fields, New Brunswick to Manitoba, North Carolina and the Indian Territory. Summer. 


112. Carex mirabilis Dewey. Larger than the next preceding species. Stems and 
scapes slender, 5-13 dm. long : leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide: spikes larger, as thick as long 
or thicker, 6-8 mm. in diameter, rather greener, rounded at the base: perigynia spread- 
ing, ovate-lanceolate, much longer than the scales, narrowly margined, the beak about as 
long as the body. 

In dry soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Georgia and the Indian Territory. Summer. 


113. Carex ténera Dewey. Stems and scapes 2-6 dm. tall, slender, the latter erect, 
or the summit nodding, roughish above: leaves shorter than the scape ; blades usually less 
than 2 mm. wide, tapering to a very long tip: spikes 4-6, oval, obtuse, greenish brown, 
8-10 mm. long, commonly much contracted at the base: scales lanceolate, about as long as 
the perigynia, but much narrower: perigynia ovate to ovate-lanceolate, strongly several- 
Als on both faces, wing-margined, the tapering rough beak more than 3 as long as the 

ody. 

In wet soil, common along brackish marshes, Maine and Ontario to Virginia and Louisiana. Spring. 

114. Carex festucacea Willd. Stems and scapes 3-12 dm. tall, the latter nearly or 
quite smooth: leaves erect; blades 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the scape: spikes 3-8, 
green-brown, oblong or nearly globular, clustered, 4-8 mm. in diameter: scales acute or 
rather obtuse: perigynia orbicular or very broadly ovate, broadly wing-margined, about 3 
deed n diameter, several-nerved on both faces, the roughish beak about 4 the length of 
the body. 


In dry or moist soil, New Brunswick to Assiniboia, Florida and Kansas. Spring and summer. 


115. Carex alàta Torr. Stems and scapes 3-10 dm. tall, the latter roughish above: 
leaves shorter than the scape; blades 2-4 mm. wide: spikes oblong or oblong-conic, green- 
brown, 10-16 mm. long, 8-10 mm. thick, usually little separated, bractless, or the lower 
one subtended by a short bract : scales lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely over 0.5 mm. wide: 
perigynia orbicular or obovate-orbicular, very broadly winged, 4-5 mm. in diameter, 
faintly few-nerved or almost nerveless, the short beak not more than } as long as the body : 
achenes distinctly stipitate. 

In moist soil, New Hampshire to Pennsylvania and Florida, mostly near the coast. Spring. 


116. Carex Brittoniana Bailey. Glabrous. Stems tufted, together with the scapes 
4-6 dm. tall, rather stiff: leaves overtopped by the scape; blades smooth or nearly so, 3-6 
mm. wide: spikes 3-5, contiguous at the top of the scape, sessile, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, 
rusty or whitish-rusty, subtended by linear-filiform bracts: scales acute, shorter than the 
perigynia: perigynia numerous, crowded, 8-10 mm. long, broadly winged, each contracted 
into a long toothed beak, the body rather broader than long. 


On damp prairies, Texas. Spring and summer. 


117. Carex renifórmis (Bailey) Small. Stems and scapes slender, 3-7 dm. tall, 
rough above: leaves several ; blades 1.5-3 mm. wide, smooth or slightly rough-margined, 
overtopped by the scape : spikes 4-6, usually 5, approximate, longer than thick, 6-10 mm. 
long, not dense at maturity, silvery green : bracts slender or filiform, usually longer than 
the spikes, the lower ones sometimes 2.5 cm. long: scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, much 
shorter than the perigynia, acute: perigynia ascending, 3-4 mm. long, the body, at least, 
broader than long, normally reniform or nearly so by the broad wing, the beak shorter 
than the body : achenes sessile. [C. straminea var. reniformis Bailey.] 

In alluvialsoil, Mississippi and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


118. Carex albolutéscens Schwein. Stems and scapes 3-5 dm. tall, stout: leaves 
shorter than the scape ; blades 2-4 mm. wide : bracts filiform or wanting: spikes 3-8, ob- 
long, usually narrowed at both ends, silvery green when young, becoming brownish, 8-12 
mm. long, clustered : scales lanceolate, acuminate: perigynia broadly ovate, not twice 2s 
long as wide, broadly winged, strongly nerved on both faces, about 4 mm. long, the 
roughish beak about 4 as long as the body: achenes sessile. 


In wet soil, abundant along salt meadows, New Brunswick to Pennsylvania, Florida and Ala- 
bama. Spring and summer. 


ARECACEAE 221 


119. Carex Bicknéllii Britton. Stems and scapes 5-10 dm. high, the latter rough. 
above, much surpassing the leaves: leaves mostly nearly basal; blades 3-5 mm. wide: 
bracts usually very short: spikes 3-7, ovoid, subglobose, or somewhat obovoid, 8-12 mm. 
long, silvery green or becoming yellowish: perigynia very broadly ovate, thin, several- 
nerved on the outer face, 4-6 mm. long, the broad membranous wing 1 mm. wide, the 
rough 2-toothed beak 1-3 as long as the body : achenes stipitate. 


In dry soil, New York to Minnesota, the Indian Territory and Kansas. Summer. 


Order 6. ARECALES. 

Shrubs or trees, with erect or horizontal stems (caudices), growing by a single 
terminal bud. Leaves at the end of the stem: petioles with imbricated bases : 
blades plaited in the bud, fan-shaped or pinnate. Flowers perfect or polyga- 
mous, disposed on more or less compound axillary spadices. Perianth in 2 series, 
persistent. Calyx of 3 united or nearly distinct sepals. Corolla of 3 partially 
united or distinct petals. Androecium of mostly 6, or sometimes 9-12 stamens. 
Filaments dilated at the base and partially united. Anthers introrse. Gynoe- 
cium of 3 more or less united or distinct carpels. Ovules solitary in each carpel, 
erect, orthotropous or anatropous. Fruit usually a drupe, developed from 1 car- 
pel, or sometimes a berry. Seeds often hollow. Endosperm horny or cartila- 
ginous, rarely channelled, with the embryo near its surface. 


FAMILY 1. AREGACEAE Reichenb. PALM FAMILY. 


Characters of the order. [Palmae. ] 


Leaf-blades fan-shaped. 
Calyx and corolla united into a 6-lobed or truncate cup, or obsolete. 


Endosperm even : drupe with white flesh. 1, THRINAX. 
Endosperm channeled : drupe with black flesh. 2. COCCOTHRINAX. 
Calyx and corolla distinct and manifestly in 2 series. 
Style or stigma basal on the drupe. 9. SABAL. 
Style or stigma terminating the drupe. 
Lobes of the corolla, or petals, valvate: flowers perfect: carpels free: 
stigmas sessile. 4. SERENOA. 
Lobes of the corolla, or petals, imbricated: flowers mostly polygamo- 
dioecious: carpels free only at the base: style slender. 5. RHAPIDOPHYLLUM. 
Leaf-blades pinnate. 
Drupe with style or stigmas nearly basal: stamens exserted : endosperm not 
enclosing a milky juice. 
Drupe violet-blue: branches of the spadix erect or ascending. 6. ROYSTONEA. 
Drupe orange-searlet : branches of the spadix spreading. 7. PSEUDOPHOENIX. 
Drupe with style or stigmas terminal: stamens included: endosperm hollow, 
enclosing a milky juice. 8. Cocos." 


1. THRINAX L. 


Unarmed trees, with solitary or tufted, often elongated stems. Leaf-blades orbicular 
or sometimes truncate at the base, many-cleft, the segments 2-cleft: rachis short or want- 
ing: ligule free, erect, concave: petioles with smooth edges. Spadix elongated, clothed 
with tube-like sheaths, paniculately branched. Flowers perfect. Calyx and corolla united 
into a lobed or truncate cup, not accrescent. Stamens mostly 6: filaments united at the 
base. Ovary 1-celled: style columnar: stigma concave or flat. Drupe globose, with a 
thin white flesh. Seed free, erect. Endosperm horny, even. Embryo lateral. The 
plants flower in the spring, and mature their fruit about six months later. 


Flowers slender-pedicelled: sepals and petals united into an obscurely lobed or 
truncate cup: filaments subulate : stigma oblique. 1. T. Floridana. 
Flowers on short disk-like pedicels: sepals and petals partially united, acute: fila- 
ments nearly triangular: stigma not oblique. B 
Trunk without a basal enlargement: spadix 3-6 dm. long: drupe 3-4 mm. in 


diameter. 2. T. microcarpa. 
Trunk with a basal enlargement: spadix nearly 2 m. long: drupe 5-6 mm. in j 
diameter. 3. T. Keyensis. 


. i. Thrinax Floridàna Sarg. A slender tree, with a slightly tapering trunk becom- 
ing about 9 m. tall, usually less than 15 .cm in diameter and partially clothed with the 
persistent leaf-bases. Leaves ample ; blades rather longer than broad, about 9-13 dm. in 


222 ARECACEAE 


diameter, yellowish green and lustrous above, silvery white beneath, the segments numer- 
ous ; ligules orange, about 18 mm. long, long-pointed ; petioles 12-14 dm. long, 18 mm. 
broad at the apex to 5-7 cm. broad at the base: spadix about 1 m. long ; branches ivory- 
white becoming yellow-green or orange in age: pedicels about 3 mm. long, slender: 
flowers pungent-aromatic : perianth ivory-white: drupes spheroidal, 6-9 mm. in diameter : 
seeds chestnut-brown, lustrous, the basal cavity extending nearly to the apex. 

On sandy shores and coral ridges, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. 

2. Thrinax microcárpa Sarg. A tree sometimes 10 m. tall, with a maximum trunk 
diameter of about 2.5 dm. Leaves ample; blades suborbicular, 1 m. broad, or smaller, 
pale green above, silvery white beneath, more or less tomentose when young, the segments 
longer than the body ; ligules suborbicular, 2-2.5 cm. broad, concave ; petioles 10-15 mm. 
broad near the apex: spadix relatively slender, 3-6 dm. long ; branches curved upward 
above the middle: perianth white, jointed to a disk-like pedicel, about 3 mm. long, with 
6 low broad lobes: filaments triangular, exserted : drupessubglobose, 3-4 mm. in diameter, 
white: seeds depressed. 

In dry coral soil, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. 

3. Thrinax Keyénsis Sarg. A tree with a trunk about 8 m. tall and 2.5-3 dm. in 
diameter raised on a base of matted roots sometimes about 1 m. high. Leaves ample ; 
blades rather longer than broad, about 1 m. in diameter, lustrous and yellowish green 
above, bluish green and more or less densely pubescent with silvery white hairs beneath, 
the segments numerous, longer than the body ; ligules acute, about 2.5 em. long ; petioles 
stout, about as long as the blades, 2.5 cm. broad at the apex, about 10 cm. broad near the 
base: spadix nearly 2 m. long, incurved ; branches orange : pedicels very short, disk-like : 
flowers faintly aromatic: perianth ivory-white: drupes subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, 
the flesh thin: seeds chestnut-brown, the basal cavity extending only to the middle. 

In sandy soil, Florida Keys. 


2. COCCOTHRINAX Sarg. 

Shrubs or trees, with very short or elongated stems and unarmed foliage. Leaves ap- 
proximate: blades plaited, suborbicular, or truncate at the base, pale or silvery white be- 
neath, rather thin, more or less deeply parted: ligule free, concave: petioles flattened. 
Spadices shorter than the petioles, paniculately branched. Spathes papery, 2-cleft. 
Flowers perfect, slender-pedicelled. Perianth cup-like, obscurely 6-lobed, deciduous. 
Stamens 9: filaments subulate, nearly distinct. Ovary 1-celled: stigma funnelform. 
Ovule solitary, anatropous. Drupe subglobose, raised on the thickened receptacle. Seed 
erect, depressed. Endosperm channeled. Embryo lateral. The plants flower chiefly in 
_the spring. 


Plants stemless or nearly so: leaf-blades 2-3 dm. broad: drupes 7-9 mm. in diameter. 1. C. Garberi. 
Plants with upright trunks 4-8 m. tall: leaf-blades 4-6 dm. broad: drupes 12-18 mm. in 
diameter. 2. C. jucunda. 


1. Coccothrinax Gárberi (Chapm.) Sarg. A shrub with a very short stem or none. 
Leaves erect or spreading ; blades suborbicular, rather broader than long, 2-3 dm. in 
diameter, yellowish green and lustrous above, pale or whitish beneath, the segments many 
times longer than the body ; ligules rounded, 5-8 mm. long ; petioles as long as the blades 
or shorter: spadix erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. long, with slender branches: pedicels 1-3 
mm. long: perianth whitish : drupes subglobose, 7-9 mm. in diameter, deep purple: seeds 
brownish. [ Thrinax Garberi Chapm. ] 

On dry coral ridges along Biscayne Bay, Florida. : 

2. Coccothrinax juctinda Sarg. An unarmed tree reaching a height of 4-8 m. and 
a maximum trunk diameter of about 15 cm. Leaves numerous; blades rather longer than 
broad, 4-6 dm. broad, thinnish, yellow-green and lustrous above, silvery white beneath, 
the segments longer than the body ; ligules orange, crescent-shaped, 16-20 mm. broad ; 
petioles slender, early drooping, rather longer than the blades: spadix about as long as 
the leaf-blades: peduncles flattened : spathes brittle, reddish brown : pedicels rigid, spread- 
ing, about 3 mm. long: perianth white : drupe subglobose, 12-18 mm. in diameter, violet 
or nearly black at maturity, lustrous, edible: seeds tawny brown. [Thrinax argentea 
Chapm., not R. & S.] 


On dry coral ridges, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. 


3. SABAL Adans. 


Unarmed plants with subterranean, creeping or erect stems. Leaves ample : blades fan- 
shaped, cordate or narrowed at the base, many-cleft, the segments 2-cleft at the apex, often 


ARECACEAE 223 


filamentose: ligule partially united to the rachis: petioles concave above, sharp-edged. 
Spadix decompound, commonly drooping. Flowers perfect. Perianth white or green, 
glabrous, sessile, not accrescent. Calyx cup-shaped. Sepals 3, unequal. Petals 3, nearly 
distinct, imbricated. Stamens 6: filaments subulate or lanceolate, their dilated bases 
united and adnate to the corolla. Ovary 3-celled : style 3-angled : stigma truncate. 
Drupe usually developed from 1 carpel, with a membranous epicarp and a fleshy pericarp. 
Seed solitary, spheroidal, erect with a dark brown, shining testa. Endosperm horny. 
The plants flower chiefly during the spring and summer. 


Shrubs with subterranean or creeping stems. 
Spadices 1-2 m. long, erect or ascending at maturity : corolla-lobes about 2 mm. long: 


drupes less than 10 mm. in diameter. 1. S. glabra. 
Spadices 5-8 dm. long, prostrate at maturity: eorolla-lobes 3-3.5 mm. long: drupes 
over 10 mm. in diameter. 2. S. megacarpa. 
Trees with elongated upright trunks. 
Spadices less than 1 m. long: bracts deciduous : drupes 5-8 mm. in diameter. 3. S. Palmetto. 
Spadices over 1.5 m. long: bracts persistent : drupes 10-13 mm. in diameter. 4. S. Mexicana. 


1. Sabal glabra ( Mill.) Sarg. A low shrub, with a subterranean stem several dm. 
long. Leaves clustered, 8-16 dm. tall ; blades suborbicular, 4-10 dm. in diameter, glau- 
cous or pale green, the segments shallowly cleft at the apex, fully as long as the body of the 
leaf or shorter ; ligule 1-2 cm. long ; petioles shorter than the blades : spadices erect or as- 
cending, 1-2 m. long, the ultimate branches slender, many-flowered : perianth whitish : 
calyx about 1 mm. high : sepals acute or acutish : petals over twice as long as the calyx, 
oblong, concave: drupes subglobose, about 8 mm. in diameter, black. [S. Adansonit 
Guerns. ] 

In low grounds along or near streams, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. DWARF PALMETTO. 
BLUE-STEM. 

2. Sabal megacárpa (Chapm.) Small. A lowshrub, with creeping elongated contorted 
stems. Leaves several, 8-14 dm. tall; blades suborbicular, 4-8 dm. in diameter, the seg- 
ments longer than the body, deeply cleft at the apex, filamentose ; petioles longer than the 
blades, sharp-edged : spadices 5-8 dm. long, early erect or ascending, but prostrate at 
maturity, branching above : perianth yellowish white : calyx about 1.5 mm. long: sepals 
broad : petals elliptic, 3-3.5 mm. long, obtuse, 5-nerved, concave: stamens about as long 
as the petals: drupes subglobose, 15-20 mm. in diameter. [S. Etonia Swingle. ] 

In the scrub or coral sand, peninsular Florida | SCRUB PALMETTO. 

3. Sabal Palmétto ( Walt.) R. & S. A tree ranging from 5 to 20 m. in height, with 
a maximum trunk diameter of about 6 dm. Leaves widely spreading or drooping ; blades 
often slightly broader than long, 1.5-2.5 m. in diameter, deep green and lustrous, the seg- 
ments cleft, filamentose ; ligule about 10 em. long; petioles stout, about as long as the 
blades: spadices 6-8 dm. long, more or less drooping; branches recurved, the ultimate 
divisions slender : flowers in the axils of acute deciduous bracts : sepals triangular, shorter 
than the perianth-tube: petals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, about as long as the subulate 
filaments : drupes subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter. 

On or near the coast, North Carolinato Florida. PALMETTO. CABBAGE PALMETTO. CABBAGE TREE. 

4. Sabal Mexicana Mart. A tree often 8-16 m. tall, with a maximum trunk diam- 
eter of about 8 dm. Leaves ample; blades 1.5-2 m. in diameter, lustrous, yellowish 
green, the segments often parted, filamentose ; ligules about 15 cm. long; petioles stout, 
as long as the blades or longer: spadices 2-2.5 m. long, spreading or drooping ; branches 
spreading, the ultimate divisions stout: flowers in the axils of scarious persistent bracts : 
sepals about as long as the perianth-tube, obtuse : petals oblong-lanceolate, acutish, about as 
long as the lanceolate filaments: drupes subglobose, 10-13 mm. in diameter, or 2-3-lobed. 

In sandy soil, along the Rio Grande, Texas and northern Mexico. 


4. SERENOA Hook. 


Armed trees, or low plants, with creeping or horizontal stems. Leaves clustered : 
blades fan-shaped, suborbicular, many-cleft, the segments narrow, 2-cleft at the apex, 
without a rachis: ligule short: petioles armed on the edges with rigid spine-like teeth. 
Spadix elongated, zigzag, pubescent. Flowers perfect, sessile, not accrescent, each sub- 
tended by a bract and 2 bractlets. Sepals partially united. Petals valvate, 2-keeled 
within. Stamens 6: filaments filiform, adnate to the corolla below. Carpels 3, free at the 
base, 3-angled, each narrowed into a slender style with a minute stigma. Drupe ovoid or 
globose, with a thin fleshy pericarp which is slightly fibrous within. Seed erect, solitary, 


224 ARECACEAE 


slightly flattened on the ventral side. Endosperm solid. The plants flower chiefly in the 
spring and early summer. 

Shrub with creeping or horizontal stems: perianth 4-6 mm. long: drupe ovoid-obiong. 1. S. serrulata. 
Tree with a tall upright trunk : perianth about 1 mm. long: drupe globose. 2. S. arborescens. 

1. Serenoa serrulàta (Michx.) Hook. A shrub, with horizontal or creeping stems 
1-2.5 m. long. Leaves erect or ascending ; blades suborbicular, 3-7 dm. broad, rather 
stiff, light green, the segments cleft ; petioles usually longer than the blades, armed with 
sharp spiny teeth : spadix erect or spreading, much shorter than the leaves, paniculately 
branched ; branches tomentose : flowers fragrant, usually numerous: perianth ivory-white, 
sessile: calyx cup-shaped, about 1 mm. high, shallowly lobed: petals about 3 mm. long, 
oblong : drupe ovoid-oblong, 15-18 mm. long, black: seeds subglobose. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina and Arkansas to Florida and Texas. SAw PALMETTO. 

2. Serenoa arboréscens Sarg. A tree, with one or several erect ascending or de- 
cumbent trunks 8-12 m. tall and 6-10 cm. thick. Leaves spreading in all directions ; 
blades half-orbicular, 5-6 dm. broad, yellowish green above, blue-green beneath, truncate 
at the base, the segments linear-lanceolote ; ligule thin, short-pointed, with a red-brown 
deciduous margin ; petioles slender, rather shorter than the blades, armed with stout flat- 
tened orange teeth : spadix drooping, 1 m. long ora little longer, its rachis flattened, panicu- 
lately branched ; branches hoary-tomentose : flowers solitary or 2-3 in a cluster, sessile : 
perianth little over 1 mm. long : sepals chestnut-brown, oblong, sometimes lacerate : petals 
yellowish green, nearly distinct, oblong-ovate, acute : filaments almost triangular : drupes 
globose, usually 8-9 mm. in diameter, black, lustrous : seeds solitary, somewhat flattened 
at the base. 

About margins of swamps, along the Chockoloskee River, southern peninsular Florida. 


5. RHAPIDOPHYLLUM H. Wendl. & Drude. 


Low armed shrubs or trees, with erect or creeping stems. Leaves ample : blades 
suborbicular, deeply and unequally cleft, silvery beneath, the segments entire or 2-cleft at 
the apex, without marginal filaments : rachis wanting : ligule very short, rounded : peti- 
oles 3-angled, woolly beneath, the edges denticulate. Spadix short, erect, flattened, the 
short branches densely flowered. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious.  Perianth 
yellow, not accrescent. Sepals broad gibbous at the base. Petals 3, broad, imbricated. 
Stamens 6.  Carpels usually 3, distinct : stigmas nearly sessile, recurved. Drupes solitary, 
rarely 3-lobed, with a fibrous pericarp. Seed spheroidal, erect. Endospern horny, some- 
what channeled. Embryo dorsal. 


1. Rhapidophylum Hystrix (Fraser) H. Wendl. A shrub with a proliferous 
erect or creeping stem 6-9 dm. long. Leaves about 1 m. long, somewhat glaucous ; blades 
suborbicular, 5-7 dm. in diameter, the segments numerous, 2-4-toothed, scurfy beneath ; 
petioles triangular, rough-edged : sheaths of fibers interwoven in the stout spines : spadices 
15-30 cm. long, short-peduncled : spathes often 4, woolly : perianth with ovate petals : 
drupe ovoid or oval-ovoid, 18-25 mm. long, red. 

In shaded pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Spring or early summer. BLUE PALMETTO. 
NEEDLE PALM. 


6. ROYSTONEA O. F. Cook. 


Tall unarmed trees, with erect, cylindric or spindle-shaped stems. Leaves with pin- 
nate blades, the segments narrow, 2-cleft at the apex: rachis chaffy below: petioles 
dilated at the base: spadix pendulous, with slender drooping branches, shorter than the 
leaves. Flowers rather monoecious. Perianth white, sessile, the staminate often longer 
than the pistillate: sepals imbricated, unequal; petals valvate: stamens 6, 9 or 12, ex- 
serted : ovary rudimentary. Pistillate flowers with broader and more strongly imbricated 
sepals, broader petals, 6 scale-like staminodia and a 3-celled ovary. Drupe ovoid or ob- 
ovoid, curved, with a fleshy-fibrous pericarp and a thin endocarp. Seed solitary, with a 
thin crustaceous testa. Endosperm horny, even. Embryo basal. 

1. Roystonea régia (H.B.K.) O. F. Cook. A stately tree 20-30 m. tall, with a 
trunk often 5-6 dm. in diameter, tapering from the middle to both ends and arising from 
an enlarged base. Leaves 3-4 m. long : blades pinnate, the segments numerous, approxi- 
mate, 7-9 dm. long at the base of the blades, shorter above, acuminate, arising obliquely 
from the upper side of the rachis; petioles terete above, concave at the base: spadix 5-6 


ARACEAE 225 


dm. long: peduncles 2-2.5 em. thick, nearly terete; branches, except those bearing 
flowers, flattened above: perianth white; staminate 6-7 mm. long, the sepals and petals 
oblong or ovate-oblong, acute or acutish ; pistillate perianth barely 3 as long as the staminate, 
the sepals and petals triangular or ovate-triangular, slightly pinched below the apex: drupe 
oval-oblong or globose-oval, or sometimes slightly narrowed at the base, 12-14 mm. long, 
violet-blue. [Oreodora regia H. B. K. ] 


In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys, also in the West Indies and Central 
America. It flowers mainly in winter. ROYAL PALM. 


7. PSBUDOPHOENIX H. Wendl. 


Unarmed trees, with enlarged bases and narrowly spindle-shaped trunks. Leaves 
arching, with pinnate blades, the segments numerous, narrow, longest and broadest about 
the middle of the blade, ascending: rachis concave above near the base, with gland-like 
excrescences along the sides: petioles relatively short, the margins thin, entire. Spadix 
much shorter than the leaves, pendulous, branched, glabrous, barely zigzag. Flowers 
monoecious: staminate not yet seen: pistillate with a 3-lobed cup-like calyx, 3 acute 
petals and 6 staminodia with imperfect anthers. Drupe subglobose or sometimes 2-3-lobed, 
bright-colored, with a thin mesocarp. Seed free, erect, slightly depressed. Endosperm 
uniform. Embryo basal. 

1. Pseudophoenix Sargéntii H. Wendl. An unarmed tree, ranging from 6 to 8 m. 
tall, with a maximum trunk diameter of about 3 dm. Leaves 1.5-2 m. long; blades pin- 
nate, the segments narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-4.5 dm. long at the middle of 
the blade, decreasing in size toward each end ; petioles strongly concave or nearly involute, 
15-20 em. long: spadix slightly shorter than the leaves, becoming 6-7.5 dm. broad, yel- 


lowish green, the branches rather widely spreading, slightly flattened, the ultimate divi- 


sions rigid : pistillate flowers numerous : petals ovate or oblong-ovate, pinched under the 
acute or obtuse apex : drupe subglobose or 2-3-lobed, 12-20 mm. broad, orange-scarlet, on 
pedicels 4-6 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Elliott's and Long Keys, Florida. 


8. CÓCOS L. 

Unarmed trees, with erect usually elongated stems. Leaves often ample: blades pin- 

nate, the segments entire, toothed or cleft at the apex, 1-nerved, the rachis acute above, 
concave beneath. Spadix at length drooping. Flowers monoecious, white or yellowish : 
staminate with lanceolate or triangular valvate sepals, oblique valvate petals, 6 included 
stamens and a rudimentary ovary, or this wanting: pistillate flowers often larger than 
the staminate, accrescent, with thick imbricated sepals, included imbricated petals, an an- 
nular disk and a 3-celled ovary, in which 2 cavities are often imperfect. Drupe terete or 
3-angled, with a thick fibrous pericarp and a bony endocarp. Seed with a brown or red- 
dish testa. Endosperm often hollow. 
. l. Cocos nucifera L. A stately tree often 12-30 m. tall, with a trunk diameter vary- 
ing from 2-6 dm. Leaves ample; blades pinnate, 3-5 m. long, short-petioled, the seg- 
ments numerous, 5-7 dm. long, commonly 4-5 cm. broad: spadix 1-2 m. long, the 
branches firm, 3-4 dm. long : perianth of staminate flowers fully 1 cm. long : petals about 
twice as long as broad : pistillate perianth about 2.5 cm. high, somewhat broader : drupe 
oval, or slightly broadest above or below the middle, obtusely 3-angled, 2-3 dm. long, with 
a thick husk: stone with a wall 3-5 mm. thick : endosperm hollow, enclosing a milky 
juice. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Introduced. Also in all tropics. Coco PALM. Coco-NUT PALM. 


Order 7. ARALES. 

Perennial, frequently bog or aquatic herbs, or rarely trees ; in LEMNACEAE 
reduced to very small or minute floating thalloid plants. Leaves mainly basal : 
blades sword-like or expanded. Inflorescence a spadix, the complete or incom- 
plete flowers wholly or partially covering the axis, sometimes subtended by or 
enclosed in a spathe, or in LEMNACEAE, with one or few flowers in propagative 
pouches,on the margin of the plant-body. Perianth not readily separable into 
calyx and corolla, sometimes wanting. Fruit a berry or a utricle. 

15 


226 ARACEAE 


Plants normal, with the flowers in a spadix, this sometimes subtended by or partly 
enclosd in a spathe. AM. 1. ARACEAE. 
Plants reduced to small floating thalloid structures, with one or few flowers. Fam. 2. LEMNACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. ARACEAE Neck. ARUM FAMILY. 


Fleshy, mostly acaulescent herbs, with short or elongated rootstocks. Leaves 
basal: blades simple, sometimes divided. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioe- 
cious, borne in a dense thick spadix, the staminate above the pistillate. Spadix 
subtended by or enclosed in a spathe. Perianth of 4-6 scale-like members, or 
wanting. Androecium often of 4-10 stamens. Filaments very short. Anthers 
2-4-celled, with thick truncate connectives : sacs opening by dorsal slits or pores. 
Gynoecium of a single carpel or several united earpels. Ovary 1-several-celled. 
Stigma terminal, minute. Ovules 1-several in each cavity. Fruit a berry or 
utricle. Seeds with a smooth or sculptured testa. 


Flowers monoecious or dioecious: perianth wanting. 
Spadix free: pistillate flowers numerous. 
Leaf-blades 3-many-divided : axis of the spadix naked above. 
Leaf-blades palmately divided : spathe involute below, hooded above: spadix 
included, terete or obscurely angled. 1. ARISAEMA. 
Leaf-blades pedately divided : spathe convolute throughout: spadix exserted, 


more or less flattened or 2-edged. : 2. MURICAUDA. 

Leaf-blades simple: axis of the spadix completely covered with flowers. 3. PELTANDRA. 

Spadix adnate to the spathe: pistillate flower solitary. 4, PISTIA. 
Flowers perfect : perianth of several scale-like members. 

Spadix surrounded by a spathe. 5. SPATHYEMA. 
Spadix naked, merely subtended by a spathe. 

Spadix terminating the club-shaped scape. 6. ORONTIUM. 

Spadix borne somewhat laterally on the leaf-like scape. 7. ACORUS. 


1. ARISAEMA Mart. 

Seapose fleshy herbs, with acrid corms. Leaves basal, 1-3, erect: blades palmately 
3-5-divided. Scapes erect, shorter than the leaves. Spadix free, bearing flowers on the 
lower part of its markedly differentiated fertile portion, the sterile portion club-shaped, 
included. Spathe cornucopia-like, convolute below, dilated above. Flowers destitute of a 
perianth, dioecious or monoecious : staminate of 4 nearly sessile 2-4-celled anthers, each 
opening by confluent slitsat theapex.  Pistillate flowers several, each with a 1-celled ovary. 
Stigmas peltate-capitate. Ovules 1-several, orthotropous. Fruits subglobose, red, in 
conspicuous heads. Endosperm copious. JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. INDIAN TURNIP. 
Leaf-segments 3: spathe acuminate or acute. 

Sterile part of the spadix 1-2 mm. thick: fruits 4-5 mm. in diameter. 1. A. pusillum. 
Sterile part of the spadix 4-6 mm. thick: fruits 8-12 mm. in diameter. 
Dilated portion of the spathe mainly purple and brown, less than twice as 
long as broad, acute or short-acuminate. 2. A. triphyllum. 

Dilated portion of the spathe green, over twice as long as broad, long-acuminate. 3. A. acuminatum. 
Leaf-segments 5 (the lateral ones sometimes more or less united): spathe abruptly 

short-pointed. 4. A. quinatum. 

1. Arisaema pusíllum (Peck) Nash. Corm small, subglobose or spheroidal: leaves 
usually 2, or 1 on staminate plants, 2-4 dm. tall; petioles 5-18 cm. long, or 7-10 cm. in 
the case of the second leaf; segments 3, thinnish, ovate to oblong or elliptic, acuminate, 
5-12 cm. long, green on both sides : scapes shorter than the petioles : spathe with the convo- 
lute portion 3-5 em. long, white without, red-brown within, the dilated part 5-6 cm. long, 
acuminate, green without, dark red-brown within, or almost black: spadix slender, 1-2 
mm. thick ; staminate 4-5 cm. long; pistillate 5-6 cm. long : anthers purple: fruits red, 
1-5 mm. in diameter. 

In open swamps and deep woods, New York to Kentucky and Georgia. Late spring and summer. 


2. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Corm globose or spheroidal, sometimes 10 
em. in diameter: leaves usually 2, sometimes solitary, 2-16 dm. tall; segments 3, ovate 
to elliptic or the:middle one obovate, sessile, 8-30 em. long, acute or acuminate, erose, the 
lateral ones sometimes lobed at the base: scape erect, shorter than the petioles, simple: 
spathe with the lower portion white, the dilated portion often striped with purple, or 
brown and green, acuminaté: spadix stout, 4-6 mm. thick; staminate 4-9 cm. long; 
pistillate 5-10 em. long: fruits bright red, 10-12 mm. in diameter. 
sd In swamps or on shaded hillsides, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida and Louisiana. 

pring. 

3. Arisaema acuminàtum Small. Similar to A. triphyllum in habit, but much more 
slender and delicate. Leaves 3-5 dm. tall; segments lanceolate to elliptic or ovate-lanceo- 


ARACEAE 227 


late, acuminate, 7-12 cm. long, erose-ciliolate, bright green: spathe green throughout, 
the dilated portion deeper green than the convolute part, over twice as long as broad, 
long-acuminate. 

In low rich woods, eastern and peninsular Florida. Spring. 

4. Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott. Corms often 3-7 cm. in diameter: leaves 
2, or often solitary, quite large; segments 5, erose, otherwise entire, the lateral ones 
sometimes partially united, or rarely only 3, oval to elliptic, apiculate, glaucous beneath ; 
lateral nerves uniting and forming 2-3 marginal nerves: scapes about 3 as long as the 
petioles: spathe 6-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate: spadix 3-4 mm. thick: fruits 6-7 
mm. in diameter, red, crowded in a globose or oblong head. [A. polymorphum (Buckl.) 
Chapm. ] 

D In woods and rich soil, North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. 
pring. 
2. MURICAUDA Small. 

Acaulescent herbs, with corms. Leaves basal, erect: blades several, pedately divided, 
the segments variable in size. Scape erect, overtopped by the leaves. Spadix more or 
less flattened or 2-edged, bearing flowers all over its slightly differentiated fertile portion, 
the sterile portion slender or filiform, long-exserted beyond the top of the spathe. 
Spathe convolute throughout, narrowed above. Flowers monoecious or dioecious : perianth 
wanting. Ovary turbinate. Ovules 6-8, bottle-shaped. Fruits in dense bright-colored 
heads. Endosperm present. 

1. Muricauda Dracóntium (L.) Small. Foliage deep green. Leaves usually soli- 
tary, 3-10 dm. tall; blades pedately divided, the segments 5-17, oblong, oblanceolate or 
cuneate, 1-3 dm. long, abruptly pointed or acuminate, entire, or the lateral ones lobed: 
spathe white or greenish, 3-10 em. long: spadix prolonged into a slender whip-like long- 
exserted tip, 5-20 cm. long, that of staminate plants, with the flowering part about 
as long as the tubular part of the'spathe; that of monoecious plants with the pistillate 
part near base of spadix : fruits bright red, 6-8 mm. in diameter. [Arisaema Dracontium 
(L.) Schott. ] 


In moist woods, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring. GREEN DRAGON. DRAGON 
OT. 


3. PELTANDRA Raf. 

Swamp-inhabiting herbs. Leaves basal: blades shorter than the petioles, entire, 
sagittate or hastate. Scapes shorter than the leaves, at length recurved. Spathe green or 
petal-like, wholly convolute or expanding above, often undulate or crisped. Spadix 
covered by the monoecious flowers. Perianth wanting. Flowers inconspicuous : staminate 
uppermost, at first shield-like scales, in whose edges are imbedded 6-10 anthers, these open- 
ing by apical pores and finally nearly free: pistillate flowers merely 1-celled carpels sur- 
rounded by 4-5 scale-like staminodia. Ovules 1 or few, amphitropous. Fruits green or 
crimson, in heads surrounded by the leathery base of the spathe. Seeds 1-3, surrounded 
by a tenacious jelly. Endosperm wanting. ARROW-ARUM. 

Spathes convolute throughout, narrow, green : fruits green. 1. P. Virginica. 
Spathes dilated and spreading above, mainly white: fruits crimson. 2. P. sagittaefolia. 
. l. Peltandra Virgínica(L.) Kunth. Foliage dark green. Leaves erect or ascend- 
ing, 2-3 dm. tall, often numerous ; blades sagittate or hastate-sagittate, ovate or oblong- 
ovate in outline, 1-3 dm. long, acute or acuminate, undulate, the lateral nerves spreading : 
scapes about as long as the petioles, recurving and often immersing the fruit at maturity : 
spathe green, 8-20 cm. long, enveloping the spadix, elongated, pale and crisped along the 
edges: spadix tapering, shorter than the spathe, 1 pistillate, 1 staminate : fruits slightly 
angled, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, green. Staminate part of spadix and upper part of spathe 
decaying at maturity. 

saa n c or shallow pools, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and 

2. Peltandra sagittaefdlia (Michx.) Morong. Foliage deep green. Leaves basal, 
3-5 dm. tall, few ; blades sagittate, 1.5-2 dm. long, acute or acuminate, thinnish, the basal 
lobes about 4 as long as the middle lobe, obtuse: scapes sometimes as long as the leaves: 
spathes white, or green merely at the base, 4-10 cm. long, dilated above : spadix over å as 
long as the spathe, 4 pistillate, 3 staminate: fruits irregularly globose, about 1 cm. in 
diameter, crimson.  [ Peltandra alba Raf. ] 

In bogs or springy places, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


228 ARACEAE 


4. PISTIA L. 

Free-floating herbs, with fibrous roots. Stems jointed. Leaves clustered at the nodes : 
blades broadened upward, simple, entire. Spathes axillary, sessile or nearly so, tubular 
below, spreading above. Spadix adnate to the spathe. Flowers few, monoecious : pistil- 
late solitary on lower part of spadix : staminate above, subtended by a cup-like involucre. 
Perianth wanting. Anthers 3-8-celled : sacs opening transversely. Ovary 1-celled. 
Ovules several, ascending, orthotropous. 

1. Pistia Stratidtes L. Foliage nearly glabrous. Roots furnished with numerous 
hair-like rootlets : stems elongating : leaves clustered ; blades cuneate or obovate-cuneate, 
4-13 cm. long, rounded or notched at the apex, prominently nerved beneath : spathes 
white, or partially so, about 1.5 em. long, short-peduncled, villous, the lower part convo- 
lute, the upper part flat, ovate : spadix adnate to the spathe : pistil solitary. 

In still water, Florida to Texas. Also throughout the tropics. WATER LETTUCE. 


5. SPATHYEMA Raf. 


Swamp-inhabiting stinking herbs. Leaves basal: blades ample, cordate, leathery. 
Scapes erect, partly underground, very thick. Spathe shell-like, leathery, often varie- 
gated, slightly twisted at the apex. Spadix oblong or globose, completely enclosed in the 
spathe, short-stalked. Flowers perfect, covering the spadix. Perianth of 4 hooded mem- 
bers. Stamens 4: anthers 2-celled ; sacs opening lengthwise, extrorse. Ovary sunken in the 
spadix, l-celled: style pyramidal, 4-sided: stigma minute. Ovule solitary, anatropous, 
suspended. Fruits immersed in the spadix, adnate to the accrescent fleshy perianth. 
Seed solitary, irregular. Endosperm wanting. [Symplocarpus Salisb. ] 

1. Spathyema foétida (L.) Raf. Foliage glabrous. Herbage garlic-scented : leaf- 
blades ample, 2-9 dm. long, oblong to ovate, obtuse, undulate, thick, truncate or subcor- 
date at the base: petioles stout, shorter than the blades: scapes erect, mostly subterranean : 
spathe preceding the leaves, 8-15 cm. long, ovoid, with a more or less curved beak, green- 
ish or yellowish, mottled with purple: spadix subglobose, 2-2.5 em. becoming 10-15 cm. 
in diameter at maturity : fruits spheroidal or globose, green: seeds subglobose, 9-15 mm. 
thick. [Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt.] 

In swamps or low grounds, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. Winter or early 
spring. SKUNK CABBAGE. MIDAS’ EARS. 


6. ORONTIUM L. 


Aquatic or swamp-inhabiting herbs, with deeply buried rootstocks. Leaves basal : 
blades flat. Scapes terete below, enlarged under the spadix. Spathe enclosing the spadix 
when young, persisting as a sheath-like bract at its base or deciduous. Spadix golden 
yellow, terminal, naked. Flowers perfect, covering the spadix.  Perianth of 4-6 (6 be- 
low, 4 above), scale-like imbricated sepals. Filaments broader than the anthers, abruptly 
contracted above. Anther-sacs 2, spreading, opening by oblique valves. Ovary 1-celled, 
depressed, sunken in the spadix-axis. Ovule solitary, half-anatropous.  Utricle green. 
Seed solitary. Endosperm wanting. 

1. Orontium aquàticum L. Rootstock thick, uneven : leaf-blades thickish, oblong 
or elliptie, 1-3 dm. long, acute or apiculate, entire, gradually or abruptly narrowed 
at the base, sometimes lustrous, often inequilateral, petioled : scapes solitary or clustered, 
terete, or flattened below the spadix, 2-6 dm. long, or elongating and reclining at maturity : 
spathe bract-like, 4-10 cm. long, 2-keeled on the back, early falling away : spadix yellow, 
tapering upward, 2-6 cm. long: utricles spheroidal. about 1 em. thick, few developing. 

In swamps and shallow ponds, central Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. GOLDEN- 
CLUB. Boc TORCHES. 


7. ACORUS L. 


Swamp-inhabiting herbs, with elongated aromatic pungent rootstocks. Leaves basal: 
blades linear, sheathing each other and the base of the scape. Scapes erect, 3-angled, 
keeled on the back, channeled on the front, rather leaf-like. Spathe sword-like, ap- 
parently a prolongation of the scape. Spadix conic-cylindric, laterally attached, naked. 
Flowers perfect, crowded on the surface of the spadix-axis. Perianth of 6 concave 
membranous members. Filaments flattened. Anthers reniform or sagittate : sacs 2, con- 


LEMNACEAE 229 


fluent at maturity. Ovary 3-4-celled, oblong. Ovules 2-8, anatropous. Fruits gelatinous, 
2-3-celled. Seeds several. Endosperm copious. CALAMUS. SWEET FLAG. 

1. Acorus Calamus L. Rootstocks horizontal, pungent-aromatic: leaves several 
5-20 dm. tall; blades linear, attenuate, sharp-edged, bright green : scape quite similar to 
the leaves, often narrower: spathe similar to the leaves, extending 2-8 dm. beyond the 
spadix, attenuate, erect: spadix elongated-conic, 3-8 cm. long, yellowish, ascending or 
spreading, densely flowered : fruits 4-5 mm. long, lustrous. 

In marshes and springy places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Floridaand Texas. Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 2. LEMNACEAE Dumort. DUCKWEED FAMILY. 


Perennial floating herbs, consisting chiefly of very small, often minute, fleshy 
structures, representing modified stems, sometimes with 1 or several roots. 
Vegetative reproduction is accomplished by lateral branching. Propagative 
pouches 1 or 2 in each body. Flowers monoecious, one or two staminate and 
one pistillate, arising from a point in a propagative pouch. Staminate flowers 
consist of1lstamen.  Anthers 1-2-celled : sacs opening length wise or transversely. 
Pollen of minutely barbellate spherical grains.  Pistillate flowers consist of 1 car- 
pel, stigmatic at the apex. Ovules one or several. Fruit a utricle. 

Plant-body much elongated or subglobose, not disk-like, rootless: propagative pouch solitary. 
Plant-body very thick or subglobose. 1. WOLFFIA. 
Plant-body thin, tongue-like or saber-form. 2, WOLFFIELLA. 

Plant-body disk-like, with 1 root or several roots: propagative pouches 2. 

Plant-body inconspicuously nerved : root solitary, without a fibro-vascular bundle. 3. LEMNA. 
Plant-body conspicuously nerved : roots several, each with a fibro-vascular bundle. 4. SPIRODELA. 
1. WOLFFIA Horkel. 

Plant-body much thickened or subglobose, with the stipe attached beneath the propa- 
gative pouch near the margin. Propagative pouch funnelform, opening near the base of 
the plant-body. Spadix of 1 staminate and 1 pistillate flower bursting through the upper 
surface of the plant-body. Anther l-celled. Ovule 1, orthotropous. Utricle smooth. 


Plant-body smooth, somewhat flattened above, gibbous beneath, brown-punctate. 1. W. punctata. 
Plant-body ellipsoidal or globose, with 2-3 papules on dorsal surface, not punctate. 2. W. Columbiana. 


1. Wolffia punctata Griseb. Plants solitary ; body boat-like, elliptic to ovoid-ob- 
long, 0.58-0.82 mm. long, flat, or nearly so above, gradually rising at the apex, whole 
surface punctate with brown cells: tissue various; lower portion of the plant-body com- 
posed of larger cells than the upper. [ W. Brasiliensis fof Am. Auth., not of Wedd. ] 

In still or stagnant water, Ontario to Michigan, Illinois and Tennessee. Summer. 

2. Wolffia Columbiana Karst. Plants solitary ; body globose to ellipsoidal, 0.48- 
1 mm. long, the upper surface convex, with a row of inconspicuous papillae only a small 
portion emersed, this with 1-10 stomata, not punctate: tissue of uniform large cells. 

In lakes and pools, Massachusetts to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


2. WOLFFIBLLA Hegelmaier. 

Plant-body thin, tongue-shaped or saber-form, with the stipe attached on the margin of 
the propagative pouch. Roots wanting. Propagative pouch solitary, triangular, opening 
by a slit in the basal margin of the plant-body. Inflorescence and fruit unknown. 

1. Wolffiella Floridàna (J. D. Smith) C. H. Thompson. Plants minute, solitary or 
usually several generations cohering, thus forming dense mats ; body elongated, attenuate 


from the base to the slender apex, 5.5-8.5 mm. long, hollow except near the apex. 
In still or stagnant water, Missouri to North Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


3. LEMNA L. 
Plant-body disk-like, with 1-5 inconspicuous nerves, the stipe attached to the basal mar- 
gin. Roots solitary, each with a blunt or pointed root-sheath. Propagative pouches 2, 
triangular, opening by slits in either margin of the basal part of the thallus. Spadix of 
1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers, arising’ from the propagative pouches. Anthers 2- 
celled : sacs opening transversely. Ovary with 1 orthotropous and amphitropous ovule or 
2-6 anatropous ovules. Utricle somewhat flattened, often ribbed. DUCKWEED. 


Plant-bodies long-stipitate, forming large submerged masses. 1. L. trisulca.. 
Plant-bodies sessile, or short-stipitate, floating, more or less detached. 
Plant-body symmetrical or nearly so. k 
Plant-body oblong-obovate : utricle lenticular. 2. L. minor. 


230 LEMNACEAE 


Plant-body elliptic or oblong: utricle elongated. 8. L. minima. 
Plant-body unsymmetrical. 
Plant-body thick, obliquely obovate, papillose on the median line. 4. L. perpusilla. 
Plant-body thin, oblong, smooth 
Plant-body manifestly 3-nerved: root-sheath with lateral appendages. 5. L. trinervis. 
Plant-body obscurely 1-nerved : root-sheath without appendages. 6. L. cyclostasa. 


l. Lemna trisülca L. Plants prolific, often forming dense colonies of several gen- 
erations. Root-sheath acute: plant-bodies both submerged and aérial, oblong to oblong- 
lanceolate, often faleate, 5-10 mm. long, acute, smooth, attenuate at the base or hastate 
when young: aérial plants smaller than the submerged and short-stalked, cavernous ; sub- 
merged plants with twisted stipes: seeds prominently 12-15-ribbed. 

Mostly in springs and flowing water, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, North Carolina, Alabama, 
New Mexico and California. Alsoin the eastern hemisphere. Summer. 

2. Lemna minor L. Plants solitary or few in colonies, prolific. Root-sheath short, 
obtuse: plant-bodies thickish, elliptic, obovate or suborbicular, 2-4 mm. long, obscurely 
mostly 3-nerved, hollow, commonly keeled on the back and papillose on the midrib; 
apical papillae prominent : spathes cleft, finally ruptured: seeds uneven, 12-15-ribbed. 

In ponds, lakes and stagnant water, Ontario to Vancouver Island, Florida and California. Summer. 

3. Lemna mínima Philippi. Plants solitary or 2, or sometimes 4, in colonies Root- 
sheath short, curved: plant-body oblong or elliptic, 1.5-3.9 mm. long, rounded at the 
apex, sometimes slightly oblique, nearly nerveless, convex above, narrowly margined, 
cavernous in the central portion : seeds oblong, acute, 1.5 mm. long, commonly 16-ribbed. 

Instill water, Wyoming to Georgia. Florida and California. Summer. 

4. Lemna perpusílla Torr. Plants solitary or more commonly 2-6 in colonies. 
Root-sheath acute, 0.8-2 mm. long: plant-body thick, obovate, usually obliquely so, un- 
symmetrical, 2-3.5 mm. long, obtuse, hollow, contracted at the base, 3-nerved, often papil- 
lose along the midrib and with a larger apical papilla: utricle ovoid or oblong, tipped 
with the eccentric style : seeds oblique in the utricle 12-16-ribbed. 

In ponds and streams, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Nebraska and Florida. Spring to fall. 

5. Lemna trinérvis (Austin) Small. Plants solitary or in colonies of 2 or3 or 
rarely more. Root-sheath with lateral appendages : plant-body thin, oblong or nearly so, 
slightly unsymmetrical, little convex above, flat beneath, strongly 3-nerved, abruptly nar- 
rowed to the blunt apex, smooth : utricle tipped with the terminal style: seeds erect or 
nearly so in the utricle. [L. perpusi/la var. trinervis Austin. ] 

In still water, New Jersey to Missouri, Louisiana and the Indian Territory. Spring to fall. 

6. Lemna cyclostasa (Ell) Chev. Plants solitary or usually 2-8 in colonies. 
Root-sheath rather elongated, without appendages: plant-body oblong or nearly so, 2.3- 
4.5 mm. long, obtuse, hollow in the middle, often somewhat falcate, unsymmetrical at the 
‘base, obscurely 1-nerved : utricle tipped with the style: seeds 12-29-ribbed. 

In ponds and rivers, Massachusetts to California, Florida, Mexico and South America. Summer. 


4. SPIRODELA Schleid. 


Plant-body disk-like, conspicuously several-nerved, with the stipe peltately attached 
back of and under the basal margin. Roots several slender, each with a sheath. Propa- 
gative pouches 2, triangular, opening by slits in either margin of the basal portion of the 
plant-body. Spathe sacdike. Spadix of 1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers arising from 
a propagative pouche. Anthers 2-celled : sacs opening lengthwise. Ovary with 1 am- 
phitropous ovule or with 2 anatropous ovules. Utricle lenticular, with winged margins. 

1. Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. Plants solitary or 2-5 in colonies, mostly 
sterile and perennial. Roots 4-16 ; sheaths 1.3-1.5 mm. long, acute : plant-body obovate 
or suborbicular, 2.5-8 mm. long, 5-15-nerved : spathe sac-like, opening at the upper end : 
pollen-grains globose to ellipsoidal, 0.18-0.23 mm. in diameter, spinulose : utricle slightly 
winged : seeds somewhat flattened, smooth. [Lemna polyrrhiza L.] 


In ponds or pools, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida, Texas and California. Also in tropi- 
cal America and the Old World. DUCKWEED. 


Order8. XYRIDALES. 
Terrestrial, commonly bog-inhabiting herbs, or epiphytes (BROMELIACEAE). 
Leaves often basal: blades prevailingly narrow. Inflorescence usually not a 


spadix, but often with a spathe-like bract or a spathe. Flowers mostly com- 
plete. Corolla regular or nearly so (except in some genera of COMMELINACEAE, 


XYRIDACEAE 231 


PONTEDERIACEAE and BROMELIACEAE). Gynoecium compound, superior or 
rarely inferior. Fruit a capsule or utricle, or baccate. Seed with mealy endo- 
sperm. 


Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentae: inflorescence without a spathe. 
Caulescent moss-like herbs: flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts: sepals alike: styles wholly united. 
Fam. 1. MAYACACEAE. 
Acaulescent rush-like herbs: flowers in terminal densespikes: sepals of 
2 forms, or 1 sepal wanting : styles partially united. Fam. 2. XYRIDACEAE. 
Ovary 2-3-celled, if incompletely so or if nearly 1-celled then the flowers 
in a spathe. 
Flowers minute, monoecious or dioecious, in dense heads each seated in 
an imbricated involucre. Fam. 3. ERIOCAULACEAE. 
Flowers conspicuous or relatively so, perfect. 
Terrestrial or aquatic plants: foliage not scurfy : stigmas united. 
Calyx and corolla free, of very different members: stamens free. Fam. 4. COMMELINACEAE. 
Calyx and corolla of quite similar members and partially united : 
stamens partially adnate to the perianth. Fam. 5. PONTEDERIACEAE. 
Epiphytes (our species), with seurfy foliage: stigmas 3. Fam. 6. BROMELIACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. MAYACACEAE Walp. Mayaca FAMILY. 


Perennial caulescent moss-like marsh herbs. Leaves numerous : blades nar- 
row, pellucid, flaccid, 1-nerved, entire below the notched apex. Flowers per- 
fect, borne on axillary pedicels. Perianth regular, persistent. Sepals narrowed 
upward. Petals 3, white or purple, broadened upward. Androecium of 3 hy- 
pogynous stamens. Filaments filiform. Gynoecium 3-carpellary. Ovary 1-celled 
with 3 parietal placentae. Style filiform. Ovules orthrotopous. Capsule 3- 
celled : valves 3, with the placentae at the middle. Seeds rounded. Testa fur- 
rowed and pitted. Embryo at the top of the mealy endosperm. 


1. MAYACA Aubl. 

Characters of the family. The plants flower mainly from spring to fall. 

Pedicels much longer than the leaves: capsule globular or ovoid. 1. M. Aubletii. 
Pedicels shorter than the leaves: capsule oblong. 2. M. fluviatilis. 
. 4.1. Mayaca Aublétii Michx. Stems tufted or matted, 2-20 cm. long: leaves approx- 
imate or densely crowded ; blades narrowly lanceolate or almost linear, 3-5 mm. long, 
sharply notched at the apex : pedicels 8-20 mm. long, surpassing the leaves : sepals about 
4 mm. long at maturity: capsules globular or ovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long. [M. Michaurü 
Schott & Endl. ] 

In springy places or on the margins of pools or streams, Virginia to Florida and Texas. 

2. Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl. Larger than M. Aubletii, the stems often 40 cm. long : 
leaves very numerous, approximate; blades narrowly linear-lanceolate to linear-filiform, 
4-12 mm. long, very flaccid: pedicels 2-5 mm. long, shorter than the leaves: sepals 3-4 
mm. long: capsules oblong, 4-5 mm. long. 

In ponds, pools and streams, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Also in tropical America. 


FAMILY 2. XYRIDACEAE Lindi. YELLOW-EYED Grass FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves basal, mostly 2-ranked, sword- 
like. Scapes simple, terete or variously angled, or winged. Flowers perfect, 
subtended by crustaceous closely imbricated bracts, forming a compact terminal 
spike. Sepals 3, the two lateral firm, keeled and often appendaged, persistent, 
the third deciduous (or wanting). Corolla white or yellow, regular or nearly so. 
Petals 3, fugacious: blades spreading. Androecium of 3 stamens. Filaments 
usually alternating with 3 staminodia. Gynoecium 3-carpellary. Ovary 1-celled, 
sometimes incompletely 3-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Ovules numerous, 
orthotropous. Style unappendaged at the base (or appendaged). Stigmas 3. 
Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds numerous. 2 


1. XTYRIB L: 
Characters of the family, omitting those in parentheses. YELLOW-EYED GRASS. 
A. Annual or biennial plants: leaves mainly shorter than the sheath of the scape., 


Keel of the lateral sepals smooth or erose-scabrous. 1. X. brevifolia. | 
Keel of the lateral sepals ciliate-fringed. 2. X. flabelliformis. 


232 XYRIDACEAE 


B. Perennial plants : leaves mainly longer than the sheath of the scape. 
Sterile filaments bearded : leaf-blades flat. 
Lateral sepals included. 
Keel or wing of the lateral sepals ciliolate. 
Lateral sepals winged, the wing partially ciliolate, not bearded. 


Sepal-wing narrow, narrower than the sepal-body. 3. X. ambigua. 
Sepal-wing broad, broader than the sepal-body. 4. X. stricta. 
Lateral sepals keeled, the keel mainly ciliolate its entire length, 
bearded at the apex. 5. X. flexuosa. 


Keel or wing of the lateral sepals incised, erose-toothed or lacerate. 
Keel or wing erose-toothed or incised. 
Lateralsepals erested from below the middle or from the base to 
the apex. 6. X. neglecta. 
Lateral sepals crested from above the middle to the apex. 
Scape and leaves not scabro-puberulent. 
Spikes ovoid, oval or globular, 5-15 mm. long at maturity; 
bracts in relatively few series. 
Bracts loosely imbricated in few series, deciduous. 
Bracts closely imbricated in several series, persistent. 
Spikes oblong to conic-oblong, 16-23 mm. long at maturity ; 
bracts numerous and in many series. 
Scape and leaves scabro-puberulent all over. 10. 
Keel or wing lacerate. 
Lateral sepals crested from about the middle, or below it, to the 
aper the crest erect or nearly so. 
Spikes ovoid, 11-15 mm. long ; bracts rounded at the apex. 
Spike acute: lateral sepals with the wing narrow or obsolete 


X. Caroliniana. 
X. communis. 


.. elata. 
X. scabrifolia. 


uuo ot 
ba 


near the base: leaves and scape smooth. 11. X. difformis. 
Spike obtuse: lateral sepals with the wing broad to the base, 
leaves and scape rough-margined. 12. X. serotina. 
Spikes oblong or cylindric, 15-30 mm. long; bracts very broad 
and broadly truncate or nearly truncate at the apex. 13. X. platylepis. 
Lateral sepals crested from the base to the apex, the crest spreading 
or partially recurved. 14. X. iridifolia. 


Lateral sepals partially exserted. 
Plants not bulbous at the base, the leaf-bases not greatly dilated. 
Leaves numerous ; blades mostly 1-2 mm. wide at maturity. 15. X. Elliottii. 
Leaves few; blades mostly 5-10 mm. wide at maturity. 
Crest of the lateral sepals of very short erect segments: upper part 


of the scape smooth. 16. X. Smalliana. 
Crest of the lateral sepals of very long spreading segments: upper 
part of the scape rough. l7. X. fimbriata. 
Plants markedly bulbous at the base, the leaf-bases greatly dilated and 
persistent. 
Corolla yellow : upper part of the scape, and the spike green. 18. X. arenicola. 
Corolla white: upper part of the scape, and the spike glaucous or glau- 
. cescent, 19. X. pallescens. 
Sterile filaments glabrous: leaves terete, filiform. 20. X. Baldwiniana. 


1. Xyris brevifdlia Michx. Annual or biennial. Leaves narrowly linear, 2-8 cm. 
long, clustered : scapes solitary or tufted, 8-30 cm. tall, nearly terete, more or less spirally 
twisted : spikes subglobose, 4-6 mm. long; bracts eroded : lateral sepals 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 
the keel smooth or erose-scabrous : petals yellow ; blades obovate, rounded at the apex. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 

_ 2. Xyris flabelliformis Chapm. Annual or biennial. Leaves linear or narrowly 
linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, spreading in a fan-shaped manner, often curved : scapes 
very slender, 8-30 cm. tall, spirally twisted, nearly terete below, slightly flattened above : 
spikes ovoid or oblong, 4-8 mm. long, usually acute ; bracts entire: lateral sepals 4-5 mm. 
long, the keel ciliate-fringed : corolla yellow. 

In low pine lands, near the coast, Florida and Alabama to Mississippi. Spring. 

3. Xyris ambígua Beyr. Perennial. Leaves linear, 1-4 dm. long, tapering from a 
rather broad base, commonly roughish on the edges : scapes usually solitary, 4-10 dm. tall, 
finely ridged, 2-edged above, the edges often rough : spikes ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 1.5-2.5 
em. long, often acute, compact ; lateral sepals included, 5-8.5 mm. long; wing ciliolate : 
corolla yellow. 

In swamps or open pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

4. Xyris stricta Chapm. Perennial. Leaves linear or slightly tapering upward, 1-4 
dm. long, quite narrow, smooth-edged, often discolored in drying: scapes often solitary, 
4-10 dm. tall, 2-edged and margined above, the margins rough: spikes narrowly oblong 
or cylindric, 2-3.5 cm. long, compact: lateral sepals 5.5-7 mm. long, included ; wing 
ciliolate the middle to the top: corolla yellow. 

In ponds in pine lands, Florida to Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

5. Xyris flexuósa Muhl. Perennial. Leaves narrowly linear, 5-30 cm. long, acute, 
straight or spirally twisted : scapes 2-6 dm. tall, more or less spirally twisted, nearly terete 
below, 2-edged above, smooth: spikes oval or subglobose, 5-10 mm. long: lateral sepals 
margined, 4-5 mm. long; keel ciliolate and bearded at the apex : corolla yellow. 

In swamps or wet soil, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 


XYRIDACEAE 233 


6. Xyris neglécta Small. Perennial, slender. Leaves, few, linear, 3-10 cm. long, 
acute, straight or slightly curved, rather erect : scapes solitary or commonly 2-4 together, 
1-4 dm. tall, spirally twisted, 10-ridged, the ridges in pairs, 2 on either side of a line con- 
necting the 2 more prominent ridges: spikes ovoid, 4-9 mm. long; bracts 3-5 mm. long: 
lateral sepals 3-4 mm. long ; wing with erose-serrate crest from near the base to the apex : 
corolla bright yellow, 3 mm. broad: petals irregularly arose. 

In moist pine lands, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


7. Xyris Caroliniàna Walt. Perennial. [Leaves linear, attenuate, smooth, the 
longer fully 3 as long as the scapes: scapes erect, slender, 1-6 dm. tall, flattened and 2- 
edged above, the edges smooth: spikes oval or ovoid, 5-9 mm. long, obtuse ; bracts loosely 
imbricated in few series and splitting in age: lateral sepals 4-5 mm. long ; wing narrower 
than the sepal-body, incised-toothed or eroded beyond the middle: corolla yellow. 

In swamps and shallow ponds, Vermont to Massachusetts, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


8. Xyris communis Kunth. Perennial. Leaves linear, gradually attenuate, shorter 
than the scapes : scapes solitary or few together, 2-7 dm. tall, 2-edged above: spikes oval 
or globular, 8-15 mm. long; bracts closely imbricated in few series: lateral sepals 3-4 
mm. long, included ; wing narrower than the sepal-body, erose- or incised-toothed above 
the middle: corolla yellow. 

In bogs and swamps, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. Also in tropical America. 


9. Xyris elàta Chapm. Perennial. Leaves few, linear, 2-6 dm. long: scapes soli- 
tary or several together, 3-12 dm. tall, 2-edged above : spikes oblong or conic-oblong, 16- 
25 mm. long ; bracts numerous, closely imbricated in many series : lateral sepals 4-5 mm. 
long, included ; wing narrow, toothed above the middle: corolla yellow. 

In swamps near the coast, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


10. Xyris scabrifólia Harper. Perennial. Leaves few, narrowly and elongated-linear, 
scabro-puberulent, 3-4 dm. long: scapes surpassing the leaves, and puberulent like them : 
spikes 1-1.5 cm. long; bracts rather numerous, closely imbricated : lateral sepals about 5 
mm. long ; wing narrow, toothed above the middle. 

In bogs, western Georgia. Summer. 

11. Xyris diffórmis Chapm. Perennial. Leaves few, linear, 1-5 dm. long, smooth : 
scapes 2-5 dm. tall, mostly clustered, twisted, sharply 2-edged above, smooth : spikes ovoid, 
12-18 mm. long, acute, the bracts rounded: lateral sepals 4.5-6 mm. long ; wing narrow 
or obsolete near the base of the sepal, with a crest of fringe extending 3-3 the length of the 
sepal from the tip: corolla yellow. 

In swamps, Florida, Georgia and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


12. Xyris serótina Chapm. Similar to X. difformis in habit. Leaves and scape 
rough-margined : spikes ovoid, 12-18 mm. long, obtuse; bracts rounded: lateral sepals 
4.5-5 mm. long ; wing broad to the base of the sepal, with a fringed crest mainly above 
the middle: corolla yellow. 

In pine-land swamps, western Florida. Summer and fall. 


13. Xyris platylepis Chapm. Perennial. Leaves linear, 2-6 dm. long : scapes erect, 
solitary or sometimes few together, 5-9 dm. tall, 2-ridged above, sometimes slightly rough- 
ened on the margins: spikes oblong or cylindric, 1.5-3 cm. long; bracts very broad and 
broadly truncate or nearly so at the apex: lateral sepals 4.5-6 mm. long; wing with a 
lacerate, crest above the middle : corolla yellow. 

In low or swampy pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

14. Xyris iridifdlia Chapm. Perennial. Leaves linear, 5-8 dm. long, relatively 
broad: scapes 6-10 dm. tall, stout, nearly terete or 1-edged below, flattened and 2-edged 
above, the edges broad: spikes oblong or cylindric, 1.5-3.5 em. long; bracts rounded: 
e sepals 5-6 mm. long; wing narrow, incised-fimbriate its whole length; corolla 
yellow. 

In shallow ponds, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Summer and fall. 

15. Xyris Ellióttii Chapm. Perennial, lustrous. Leaves numerous, narrowly linear, 
rass-like, 3-10 em. long or longer, acute, often twisted: scapes solitary or clustered, 2-5 
m. tall, twisted, 2-edged throughout, or only l-edged below, roughish on the edges; 

spikes oval or ellipsoidal; bracts with thin eroded edges: lateral sepals 4-6.5 mm. long, 
exserted ; wing incised-lacerate abovethe middle ornearly entire below the terminal tuft or 
beard: corolla yellow. 

In damp pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 

16. Xyris Smalliàna Nash. Perennial, lustrous. Leaves linear, 3.5-7 dm. long, 
the lower half often purplish, striate: scapes 7-10 dm. tall, about twice as tall as the 
leaves, flattened, unequally 2-edged below the spikes, smooth : spikes ovoid or at maturity 


234 ERIOCAULACEAE 


ellipsoidal, 1.5-2.5 em. long: lateral sepals conspicuously exserted, 5-8 mm. long; wing 
crested with short erect segments from about the middle: corolla yellow. 

In shallow water, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 

17. Xyris fimbriata Ell. Perennial, not lustrous. Leaves linear, 3-5 dm. long, 
smooth: scapes erect, solitary or tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, roughish, and 2-edged above: 
spikes ovoid to oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: lateral sepals exserted, 7-9 mm. long, relatively 
broad ; wing crested with long spreading segments from about the middle to the apex: 
corolla yellow. 

In swamps or boggy places, New Jersey to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

18. Xyris arenicola Small. Perennial by bulb-like bases. Leaves linear, with dark 
dilated base, 1-4 dm. long, usually spirally twisted: scapes often tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, 
somewhat flattened above, spirally twisted or spiral: spikes cylindric or conic-oblong, 1.5— 
3 em. long, often acute : lateral sepals exserted, 8-12 mm. long ; fringe of the wing firm: 
corolla yellow.  [ X. torta Kunth, not J. E. Smith.] 

In wet or dry sand, New Jersey and Arkansas, to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

19. Xyris palléscens (C. Mohr) Small. Perennial by bulb-like bases. Leaves few 
in a set accompanied by the persistent purple or brown bases of previous years, narrowly 
linear, 2-4 dm. long, spirally twisted : scapes solitary or few together, 3-6 dm. tall, spirally 
twisted, 2-edged above : spikes oblong or conic-oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long : lateral sepals 6.5-9 
mm. long, very delicate, narrow ; fringe of the wing delicate: corolla white. 

In low pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 

20. Xyris Baldwiniàna H. & S. Perennial. Leaves numerous, filiform, terete, 
0.5-2 dm. long, becoming twisted : scapes slender, 2-4 dm. tall, 1-angled or nearly terete, 
smooth : spikes ovoid or subglobose, 4-6 mm. long, turbinate at the base: lateral sepals 
exserted, 4—6 mm. long, the upper half of the keel-wing serrate: sterile filaments glabrous. 

In grassy or swampy pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


FAMILY 3. ERIOCAULACEAE Lindl. PiPEWORT FAMILY. 


Perennial and perhaps rarely annual, mostly acaulescent bog or aquatic herbs. 
Leaves clustered, often very densely so. Scapes simple, subtended by sheathing 
braets. Flowers monoecious (androgynous), or rarely dioecious, densely crowded 
in a terminal involucrate head ; each flower is subtended by a minute bractlet. 
Perianth in 2 series (the inner rarely obsolete). Staminate flowers with 2-3 
sepals, and 2-3 petals : stamens as many as the sepals or twice as many. Pistil- 
late flowers with 2-3 sepals and petals: ovary 2—3-celled : styles 2-3. Ovules 
solitary in each cavity, orthotropous. Fruit a loculicidally 2-3-valved capsule. 
Seeds pendulous, each with a minute embryo at the apex of the mealy endo- 
sperm. 


Stamens 2 or 3, as many as the sepals: petals glandless. 


Petals of the pistillate flowers obsolete. 1, LACHNOCAULON. 
Petals of the pistillate flowers resembling the sepals and united at the middle. 2. SYNGONANTHUS. 
Stamens 4-6, twice as many as the sepals: petals each bearing a prominent gland. 3. ERIOCAULON. 


1. LACHNOCAULON Kunth. 


Scapose herbs. Leaves basal: blades narrow, usually crowded. Scapes usually tufted, 
ridged. Flowers androgynous. Staminate flowers: sepals 3; petals obsolete; stamens 3; 
filaments united below, coalescent with a rudimentary corolla or pistil, this with 3 lobes 
at the top; anthers 1-celled. Pistillate flowers: sepals 3; petals obsolete ; styles united 
below, the usually 3 divisions 2-cleft. Capsule delicate, 2-3-celled. Harry PrPEWwORT. 


Seapes glabrous. 
Gynoecium 3-carpellary : stigmas 3: bracts of the involucre obtuse. 
Heads dark brown or black, scarcely, if at all, pubescent: sepals obscurely pubescent near the 
apex. 1. L. Engleri. 
Heads white or gray, woolly: sepals copiously ciliate. 
Heads gray, globular at maturity: sepals about 1 mm. long: anther as 
long as the filament. 


: 2. L. Floridanum. 
Heads white, spheroidal at maturity : sepals about 1.5 mm. long: anther 


. Shorter than the filament. 8. L. glabrum. 
Gynoecium 2-carpellary : stigmas 2: bracts of the involucre acute. 4. L. digynum. 
Seapes pubescent. 
Seeds smooth. 5. L. Beyrichianum. 


Seeds cancellate. 
Bractlets and sepals of the pistillate flowers not ciliate. 6. L. eciliatum. 
Bractlets and sepals of the pistillate flowers ciliate. 

Heads gray or brown-gray, 4 mm. thick or less: seeds oval or ovoid, 0.5 
mm. long. 7. L. minor. 
Heads white, 5 mm. thick or more: seeds oblong, 0.8 mm. long. 8. L. anceps. 


ERIOCAULACEAE 235 


1. Lachnocaulon Engleri Ruhl. Leaf-blades 1-3 em. long, linear-attenuate glab- 
rous, firm : scapes 5-30 em. tall, 3-5-ridged, twisted, glabrous: heads cylindric at maturity, 
3-6 mm. long, dark brown or black : receptacle with slender-clavate hairs : bractlets obovate, 
minutely pubescent near the apex : sepals obovate, obtuse, minutely pubescent at the apex : 
ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3: seeds 0.5 mm. long. 

In damp sandy and springy places, Florida. Spring to fall. 

2. Lachnocaulon Floridànum Small. Leaf-blades 2-4.5 cm. long, linear, less 
attenuate than those of L. glabrum, sparingly ciliate, manifestly cellular at the base : scapes 
3-11 em. tall, twisted, glabrous: heads globose, 3-3.5 mm. long at maturity, dark gray: 
bractlets spatulate or obovate-spatulate, ciliate: sepals similar to the bractlets, ciliate : ovary 
3-celled : seeds 0.5 mm. long. 

In low sandy places, peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. 

3. Lachnocaulon glábrum Kórn. Leaves spreading and ascending ; blades linear- 
attenuate, 4-5 cm. long, glabrous : scape 15-30 cm. tall, mostly 3-ridged, twisted, glabrous : 
heads white, spheroidal at maturity, 3-4 mm. thick : bractlets and sepals ciliate : ovary 3- 
celled : stigmas 3. 

In damp or wet sandy places, Florida. Spring to fall. 

4. Lachnocaulon digynum Kórn. Leaf-blades 8-15 mm. long, linear, glabrous: 
scapes 6-15 em. tall, glabrous: heads globular, about 2 mm. in diameter, gray: bractlets 
spatulate, each with a nerve-like keel: sepals spatulate to obovate, obtuse, ciliate : ovary 
2-celled. 

In sandy soil, Alabama. Spring to fall. 

5. Lachnocaulon Beyrichiànum Sporleder. Leaf-blades 1.5-5 em. long, very nar- 
rowly linear or linear-filiform, attenuate, sparingly ciliate or nearly glabrous: scapes 3-14 
cm. tall, sparingly hairy, very slender, more or less spiral: heads globular, becoming some- 
what elongated, about 3 mm. thick: bractlets spatulate, ciliate: sepals obovate to nearly 
spatulate, ciliate: ovary 3-celled : seeds 0.5 mm. long, smooth. 

On sandy shores and in springy places, eastern and southern Georgia. Spring to fall. 

6. Lachnocaulon eciliàtum Small. Leaf-blades 1-4.5 cm. long, linear-attenuate, 
sparingly ciliate : scapes slender, 3-9 cm. tall, pubescent : heads globular, 3-3.5 mm. thick, 
gray : bractletsspatulate, not ciliate: sepals spatulate to oblanceolate, eciliate, those of the 
pistillate flowers wholly glabrous, those of the staminate minutely pubescent at the apex : 
seeds ovoid, cancellate. 

On sandy shores, northwestern Florida. Spring to fall. 

7. Lachnocaulon minus (Chapm.) Small. Leaf-blades 1-4 cm. long, linear-atten- 
uate, sparingly ciliate : scapes slender, 0.5-3 dm. tall, pubescent : heads globular to cylin- 
dric, 3-4 mm. thick, gray or brown-gray : bractlets and sepals ciliate with relatively short 
hairs : seeds oval or ovoid, 0.5 mm. long, cancellate. [L. Michauzii var. minor, Chapm. ] 

In moist soil or often pond-margins, North Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. 

_ 8. Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Morong. Leaf-blades 2-6 cm. long, narrowly 
linear-attenuate, sparingly pubescent or glabrate: scapes 0.5 dm. tall, very slender, pubes- 
cent: heads spheroidal, 5 mm. thick or more, white: bractlets and sepals ciliate with rela- 
tively long hairs : seeds oblong, 0.8 mm. long. 

In low or moist pine lands, Virginia to Florida. Spring to fall. 


2. SYNGONANTHUS Ruhl. 


Scapose herbs, with spongy tissues. Leaves basal, narrow, crowded. Scapes often 
tufted, each subtended by a sheathing bract at the base. Heads with an imbricated in- 
volucre of 3-4 series of bracts. Flowers androgynous. Staminate flowers with 2 or 3 
distinct sepals and petals: stamens 2-3: filaments distinct; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate 
flowers with 2 or 3 distinct sepals and 2 or 3 petals united at the middle: style-branches 
2-3, entire or each 2-cleft. Capsule 2-3-celled. 

1. Syngonanthus flavidulus (Michx.) Ruhl. Leaf-blades filiform-linear or linear- 
subulate, 2-7 em. long, attenuate to a slender tip, floccose near the base, glabrate above: 
Scapes 1-3 dm. tall, 5-angled, pubescent, very slender, or nearly filiform: heads 4-6 mm. 
thick : bracts of the involucre ovate-oval, obtuse, straw-colored, shining: perianth about 
2.5 mm. long, pale. [ Paepalanthus flavidulus ( Michx.) Kunth.] 


In low pine lands, Virginia to Florida. Spring and summer. 


3. ERIOCAULON L. 


Herbs with spongy tissues. Leaves basal, attenuate, often with conspicuous cross- 
nerves. Scapes simple, ridged, each subtended by a sheathing bract. Heads of various 


236 COMMELINACEAE 


colors, woolly. Staminate flowers: sepals 2-3; petals 2 or 3, each furnished with a gland 
above the middle; stamens usually 4-6; filaments distinct ; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate 
flowers: sepals as in the staminate flowers: petals much reduced and narrow: stamens 
wanting: styles 2-3. Capsule thin-walled. PIPEWoRT. 


Sheath at the base of the scape surpassing the leaves, except in the case of submerged plants. 
Petals linear: filaments ciliate. 1. EK. lineare. 
Petals broader : filaments glabrous. 
Receptacle silky-pubescent. 2. E. Texense. 
Receptacle glabrous. 
Heads about 3 mm. in diameter: sepals of the staminate flowers merely 
glandular at the apex. 3. E. Kórnickianum. 
Heads 6-15 mm. in diameter : sepals ciliate. 
Bractlets acute: scapes 4-7-ridged : heads gray, less than 8 mm. thick 


at maturity. 4. E. septangulare. 
Bractlets obtuse: scapes 10-12-ridged: heads white, over 10 mm. in 
diameter. 5. E. compressum. 
Sheath at the base of the scape surpassed by the leaves, or some of them. 
Heads 10-16 mm. thick: bractlets, sepals and petals ciliate: bractlets acute. 6. E. decangulare. 


Heads 3-5 mm. thick: bractlets, sepals and petals glabrous: bractlets obtuse. 7. E. Ravenelii. 


1. Eriocaulon lineàre Small. Leaves spreading ; blades 2-5 cm. long, alternate, 
curved, sparingly pubescent or almost glabrous: scapes deep green, very slender, 1-3 dm. 
tall, 3-5-ridged : sheath surpassing the leaves: heads somewhat depressed, 5-6 mm. broad : 
bracts of the involucre rhombic, acute, pubescent near the tip: bractlets fimbriate-ciliate 
at the apex : sepals mainly spatulate: petals, at least those of the staminate flowers, linear, 
ciliate all around : filaments ciliate. 

In wet woods, eastern Georgia. Spring and summer. 

2. Eriocaulon Texénse Kórn. Leaves spreading ;. blades very narrowly linear- 
attenuate, 2-7 cm. long, thin, glabrous, more or less involute: scapes straw-colored, very 
slender, 1-4 dm. tall, 5-6-ridged ; sheath surpassing the leaves: heads globular, 4-5.5 
mm. broad: bracts of the involucre obovate, acute, glabrous: receptacle silky : bractlets 
oblong-cuneate to obovate, pubescent without and fimbriate-ciliate at the apex: sepals 
broadened upward, fimbriate at the apex: petals ovate or oval ciliate-fimbriate : filaments 
glabrous. 

In wet soil, or moist pine lands, Florida and Texas, Summer. 

3. Eriocaulon Kornickianum Von Heurck & Muell. Arg. Leaves spreading: 
blades 1.5-2.5 cm. long, pellucid : scapes 10-15 cm. tall, very slender, 2-3-ridged : sheath 
surpassing the leaves: heads about 3 mm. in diameter: bracts of the involucre recurved 
at maturity : receptacle glabrous: sepals, at least those of the staminate flowers, glabrous 
but black glandular at the apex : petals pilose-ciliate above. 

In low grounds, eastern Texas. Summer. 

4. Eriocaulon septangulàre With. Leaves spreading; blades 2-6 cm. long, or 
longer in submerged plants, permanently pellucid : scapes 3-40 dm. tall, 4-7-ridged : 
sheath surpassing the leaves : heads spheroidal, less than 8 mm. thick : petals of thestam- 
inate flowers ovate or oval, ciliate all around : seeds oblong. 

^ In still water, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Also in Europe. Summer and 


5. Eriocaulon compréssum Lam. Leaves ascending-spreading ; blades 2-12 cm. 
long, longitudinally striate and not pellucid at maturity, acute : scapes 2-10 dm. tall, 10- 
12-ridged : sheath surpassing the leaves: heads spheroidal, over 10 mm. thick : petals of 
the staminate flowers ciliate-fimbriate at the apex as above the middle: seeds oval. 

In still water or swampy places, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

6. Eriocaulon decangulàre L. Leaves erect or ascending ; blades 10-50 cm. long, 
not pellucid but rather firm, finely many-striate, obtuse: scapes stout, 3-10 dm. tall, 10-14- 
ridged : sheath surpassed by the leaves: heads globular, 10-16 mm. thick: bracts of the 
involucre acute : bractlets, sepals and petals ciliate or pubescent on the back. 

In swamps and low grounds, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

7. Eriocaulon Ravenélii Chapm. Leaves various, the smaller spreading, the larger 
ascending or erect ; blades 2-13 cm. long, pellucid, attenuate-acute : scapes very slender, 
4-30 cm. tall, 5-6-ridged : sheath surpassed by the leaves: heads spheroidal, 3-5 mm. 
thick: bracts of the involucre obtuse: bractlets, sepals and petals glabrous. 

In wet soil, South Carolina to Florida. Summer and winter. 


FAMILY 4. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 


Annual or mostly perennial succulent herbs, with fibrous or tuberous-thick- 
ened roots and erect or creeping stems. Leaves alternate, often with sheathing 


COMMELINACEAE 237 


bases. Flowers perfect, solitary or several in variously suppressed cymes, aris- 
ing from a spathe or involucre of often leaf-like bracts. Perianth in 2 series. 
Calyx of 3 distinct mostly persistent herbaceous sepals. Corolla often showy, 
regular or irregular, of 3 early withering or fugacious petals. Androecium of 
5-6 hypogynous stamens, all of these perfect, or 2-3 sterile. Filaments slender. 
Anther-sacs mostly opening lengthwise. Gynoecium of 2-3 united carpels. 
Ovary superior, 2-3-celled. Styles united. Stigma sometimes obscurely 2-3- 
lobed. Ovules solitary or several in each cavity, orthotropous. Fruit a loculici- 
dally 2-3-valved capsule. Seeds sometimes suppressed in one cavity. Embryo 
pulley-shaped in the copious endosperm opposite the hilum. 


Petals alike in shape: perfect stamens 6 or rarely 5. 
Cymes elongated, scorpioid. 1. TINANTIA. 
Cymes or cymules umbel-like or clustered. 
Cymes or cymules subtended by small or minute bracts very unlike the 


leaves. 
Inflorescence simple: filaments pubescent. 2. CUTHBERTIA. 
Inflorescence dichotomously compound: filaments glabrous. 3. TRADESCANTELLA. 
Cymes subtended by an involucre of 1-3 bracts similar to the leaves. 
Petals broad at the base and distinct : filaments free. 4. TRADESCANTIA. 
Petals with claws and coherent into a tube: filaments adnate to the e 
petals. 5. TRELEASEA. 

Petals unequal in size and shape: perfect stamens 3 or rarely 2. 6. COMMELINA. 


1. TINANTIA Scheidw. 


Perennial herbs, with upright stems. Leaves alternate: blades flat, often quite 
ample. Peduncles terminal or sometimes in the upperaxils. Involucre of leaf-like bracts. 
Cymes elongated, scorpioid. Sepals 3, nearly equal. Petals 3, nearly equal, showy. 
Stamens 6, all fertile: filaments filiform, pubescent. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. 
Seeds in one row: testa rough or rugose. 

l. Tinantia anómala (Torr. ) Clarke. Stems weak, solitary or tufted, 2-7 dm. tall, 
glabrous: leaf-blades linear-spatulate below and narrowed into slender petioles, lan- 
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate above, 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, glaucescent beneath, 
cordate, clasping at the base: pedicels 2-5 mm. long: sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
10-12 mm. long, acute: petals deep blue, obovate-elliptic, or obovate, longer than the 
sepals: filaments pubescent above: capsule oblong-oval, 6 mm. long. 

In rich soil and woods, Texas. Spring and summer. 


2. CUTHBERTIA Small. 


Perennial herbs, with mostly tufted stems. Leaves alternate : blades very narrow and 
elongated. Cymes umbel-like, solitary at the ends of long peduncles, and subtended by 
very small bracts wholly unlike the leaves. Sepals 3. Petals 3, reddish, pink or rose- 
purple, distinct. Stamens 6: filaments pubescent. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seed 
with a rough testa. 

Leaf-blades mostly 1-3 mm. broad: corollas 1-2 em. broad : capsules subglobose. 1. C. graminea. 
Leaf-blades mostly 5-8 mm. broad: corollas 2-2.5 em. broad : capsules obovoid. 2. C. rosea. 

1. Cuthbertia gramínea Small. Stems erect, 0.5-2 dm. tall, densely tufted, 
sometimes 100 or more together, commonly simple, barely zigzag. Leaves quite numer- 
ous; blades narrowly linear or linear-filiform, 1-1.5 dm. long, or shorter above, mostly 
1-3 mm. broad, acute, mostly erect; sheaths ciliate: peduncles sometimes peda Coa the 
leaves : cymes 3-15-flowered, simple: pedicels slightly thickened at the apex, becoming 
about 10 mm. long: sepals oblong-ovate or ovate, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous: corollas pink 
or rose-colored, 1-2 em. broad: capsules subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter. 

Onsand hills or in sandy woods, Maryland and Missouri to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer 

2. Cuthbertia rosea ( Vent.) Small. Stems erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. tall, sparingly 
tufted, or solitary, zigzag. Leaves relatively few ; blades linear, 1-3 dm. long, or shorter 
above, mostly 5-8 mm. broad, acute, spreading at maturity; sheaths ciliate: peduncles 
5-18 em. long: cymes 3-10-flowered : pedicels 15 mm. long, abruptly thickened at the 
apex: sepals ovate, becoming 4-5 mm. long, glabrous: corollas 2-2.5 cm. broad, rose- 
purple : capsules obovoid, about 3 mm. long. [Tradescantia rosea V ent. ] 

In sandy oak woods or pine lands, North Carolina to Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 


3. TRADESCANTELLA Small. 


Perennial herbs, with spreading or creeping stems. Leaves alternate: blades rel- 
atively short and broad. Cymes dichotomous, the cymules subtended by very small 


238 COMMELINACEAE 


bracts wholly unlike the leaves. Sepals 3. Petals 3, white or colored, distinct. Stamens 
6: filaments glabrous. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seed with a rough testa. 


1. Tradescantella Floridana (S. Wats.) Small. Stems creeping, slender, more or 
less matted, flaccid, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, 
thinnish, acute, ciliolate; sheaths funnelform, minutely roughened, fringed with long 
white cilia: cymes solitary or 2 together, terminal, their peduncles 0.5-1.5 cm. long, sub- 
tended by ovate or ovate-lanceolate bracts: pedicels filiform, 2-6 mm. long, villous or 
somewhat glandular: sepals ovate, about 2-3 mm. long, acutish, purple, pubescent, cilio- 
late: petals white: filaments glabrous: anther-sacs contiguous: capsules oval, nearly 2 
mm. long, glabrous. [Tradescantia Floridana S. Wats. ] 

In damp shady places, peninsular Florida. Thoughout the year. 


4. TRADESCANTIA L. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, sometimes with a mucila ginous sap. Leaves alternate : 
blades often elongated, usually narrow. Cymes umbel-like, terminal, subtended by an 
involucre of 1-3 (mostly 2), bracts similar to the leaves. Sepals 3, distinct, nearly equal. 
Petals 3, showy, sessile, delicate. Stamens 6, all fertile, those opposite the petals some- 
times shorter than the others: filaments filiform. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved, dry. 
Seeds 3-6, more or less sculptured. SPIDERWORT. 


Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 12-50 times longer than broad, more or less 
involutely folded. 
Stems abbreviated, 1 em. to rarely 8 cm. long: bracts imostly longer than the 
leaves. 1. T. brevicaulis. 
Stems elongated, 10-100 em. long: bracts mostly shorter than the leaves. 
Sheaths not imbricated at the base of the stem. 
Stems glabrous, at least below the upper internodes: pubescence, when 
present on other parts, villous and silvery, or velvety. 
Plants bright green: pedicels pilose or villous: sepals pilose or villous, 
becoming membranous. 
Pedicels and ote pilose with gland-tipped hairs. 
Bracts usually much broader than the leaves near the sac-like 


bases. 2. T. bracteata. 
Bracts usually narrower than the leaves, the base not conspicu- 
ously sac-like. 3. T. occidentalis. 
Pedicels and sepals villous with simple hairs. 4. T. Virginiana. 


Plants glaucous: pedicels glabrous or velvety : sepals often with a tuft 
of hairs at the apex, leathery. 
Bracts of the involucre much longer than the cyme. 


Pedicels glabrous: bases of the involucral bracts not sac-like. 5. T. reitera: 
Pedicels pubescent : bases of the involucral bracts conspicuously 
sac-like, 6. T. gigantea. 
Braets of the involucre shorter than the cyme. 7. T. incarnata. 
Stems hirsute with brownish or whitish hairs. 8. T. hirsuticaulis. 


Sheaths imbricated for 5-20 em. at the base of the stem. ` 
Plants densely glandular: sepals linear-laneeolate or lanceolate-oblong, 


8-10 mm. long. 
Stems 1-3 dm. tall: leaf-blades 0.8-2 dm. long: Texas species. 9. T. humilis. 
Stems 4-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long: Florida species. 10. T. longifolia. 
Plant glabrous, exeept the villous sheaths at the base of the stem : sepals 
ovate or oblong, 7 mm. long. ll. T. foliosa. 
Leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 2-10 times longer than 


broad, flat. 
Stems glabrous. or pubescent with very short hairs. 
Leaí-blades 2-3 times longer than broad, 1-7 em. long. 
Sepals pubescent chiefly toward the base: native Texan species. 12. T. micrantha. 
Sepals pubescent chiefly toward the apex : introduced species. 18. T. fluminensis. 
Leaf-blades 5-10 times longer than broad, 10-25 em. long. 
Slender: stems strict: cymes solitary and terminal or on corymbose 


branches: Alleghenian species. 14. T. montana. 
Stout: stems zigzag: cymes terminal and sessile in the upper axils: eam- 
estrian species. : 15. T. pilosa. 
Stems clothed with long villous hairs. 16. T. comata. 


1. Tradescantia brevicaülis Raf. Stems usually clustered, erect, almost wanting, 
or 1-8 em. tall, simple: leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear, 1.5-3 dm. long, flattish, 
acute or sometimes rather obtuse; sheaths*1-2.5 cm. long, villous, mostly imbricated : 
bracts 2, nearly equal, longer than the leaves: pedicels stoutish, 3.5-5.5 em. long, villous: 
cymes 5-15-flowered: sepals ovate or oblong-ovate, 10-11 mm. long, obtuse: corolla 
mostly purplish blue, about 2 cm. broad: petals suborbicular, obtuse, delicately veined : 
mature capsule not seen. 

On hillsides and in woods, Illinois to Missouri and Tennessee. Spring. 

2. Tradescantia bracteata Small. Stems rather stocky, often clustered, erect or 
ascending, 1-2 dm. tall or rarely somewhat taller, sometimes sparingly branched : leaf- 
blades broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, involutely folded, curved ; 


COMMELINACEAE 239 


sheaths 1-2 cm. long, conspicuously ribbed: bracts 2, somewhat unequal, lanceolate, 
saccate at the base and broader than the leaves, sometimes sparingly ciliate near the base: 
sepals elliptic, slightly hooded, glandular-pilose like the pedicels: corolla deep blue or 
often red : petals orbicular-ovate, about 1.5 cm. long: mature capsule not seen. 

In valleys and along streams, Minnesota and South Dakota to Texas. Spring and summer. 

3. Tradescantia occidentalis Britton. Stems rarely solitary, slender, 3-8 dm. tall, 
often branched: leaf-blades linear, usually 2-3 dm. long, involutely folded, curved ; 
sheaths 1-4 cm. long, conspicuously ribbed, rarely with a few cilia: bracts 2, linear, 
slightly unequal: pedicels rather slender, 1-2 cm. long: sepals oblong or elliptic, appar- 
ently lanceolate from the involute edges, 8-10 mm. long, glandular-pilose: petals blue or 
reddish, rather small, about 1 cm. long, orbicular-obovate: capsules obovoid or oblong, 
5-6 mm. long, glabrous except the puberulent apex: seeds oblong, nearly 3 mm. long, 
pitted and ridged. 

On sand hills or in stony grounds, Iowa to Texas and the Rocky Mountains. Summer. 

4. Tradescantia Virginiana L. Stems usually clustered, stout or stoutish, erect, 2 
dm. or mostly 3-4 dm. tall, nearly straight, simple: leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 
1 or usually 2-7 dm. long, acuminate, more or less curved, nearly flat or involutely folded ; 
sheaths 1-3 em. long, sometimes slightly ciliate: bracts 2, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
nearly equal or very unequal, usually much smaller than the leaves: pedicels 2.5-5 cm. 
long: sepals large, elliptic, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 12-18 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, 
villous with long non-glandular hairs, about twice as long as broad, becoming membran- 
ous: corolla dark blue or purplish or rarely white, about 3-4 em. broad: petals sub- 
orbicular, 1.4-2 cm. in diameter: capsules 5-7 mm. long, glabrous: seeds oblong, about 
3 mm. long. 

On hillsides and along streams, New York to Illinois, North Carolina and Arkansas. Spring. 

5. Tradescantia refléxa Raf. Stems often solitary, 4-9 dm. tall, nearly straight, 
commonly branched, glaucous or sometimes purplish: leaf-blades nearly linear, 2-5 dm. 
long, straight, or somewhat curved, long-attenuate, glaucous; sheaths large, 1-3 em. long, 
glabrous or rarely slightly villous: bracts 2, unequal, finally reflexed : cymes usually dense 
at maturity: pedicels slender, 2-2.5 em. long, crowded: sepals oblong or elliptic, ap- 
parently lanceolate from the involute edges, 8-10 mm. long, hooded, mostly with a tuft of 
hairs at the apex, sometimes glabrate, 3-4 times as long as broad, leathery: corolla blue, 
2-3 cm. broad: petals suborbicular: capsules ovoid or oblong, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous, 
constricted above the middle: seeds oblong, 3 mm. long, with irregular transverse ridges. 

In sandy or clay soil, in the Gulf States and from South Carolina to the Indian Territory and 
Texas; ascends the Mississippi Valley to Minnesota. Spring and summer. 

6. Tradescantia gigantéa Rose. Stems tufted, erect, 6-10.5 dm. tall, stout, some- 
what branched, glabrous and glaucous below: leaf-blades linear-oblong, 3 dm. long or 
shorter, glaucous, ciliate; sheaths glabrous: bracts of the involucre 2-3, narrowly linear 
beyond the sac-like bases, like the upper joint of the stem densely hairy with almost 
velvety pubescence: cymes with 50 or more flowers: pedicels 3-4 cm. long, softly pubescent 
but not glandular: sepals oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, about 10 mm. long, acute, 
pubescent like the pedicels: corolla blue, pink or white. 

On plains or prairies, Texas. Spring. 

7. Tradescantia incarnata Small. Stems stout, 3-7 dm. tall, sometimes branched 
above: leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate to almost linear, mostly 2-5 dm. long, undulate ; 
large sheaths ciliate with glandless hairs: bracts 2, 1-2.5 cm. long, shorter than the umbel : 
pedicels glabrous : sepals oblong to ovate, 6-8 mm. long, one, at least, bearded at the apex : 
corolla bright red, about 2.5 cm. broad : petals ovate, often acutish : capsules 5-6 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Mississippi. Spring. 

8. Tradescantia hirsuticaülis Small. Stems, like all the foliage, hirsute throughout 
with long brownish or whitish hairs, or partially glabrous above, several together, erect or 
nearly so, 3-4 dm. tall, leafy throughout, simple or nearly simple: leaf-blades narrowly 
linear, 2-3 dm. long, more or less curved, involutely folded, less densely pubescent than 
the stem ; sheaths rather pale, 1-2.5 cm. long, conspicuously ribbed : bracts 2, linear, very 
unequal, somewhat smaller than the stem-leaves : pedicels slender, 2-2.5 cm. long: sepals 
variable in the same flower, ovate or lanceolate, 9-15 mm. long, rather villous and some- 
what glandular: corolla 2.5-3 cm. broad: petals suborbicular, pink-purple or bright blue, 
broader than long and undulate : mature capsules not seen. 

In sandy places, Georgia, Alabama and Florida. Spring and early summer. 

9. Tradescantia hümilis Rose. Stems, like the rest of the foliage, scabrous-pubescent, 
finally branched at the base ; branches spreading, 3 dm. long or shorter : leaf-blades broadly 
linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, deep green ; sheaths imbricated at the 
base of the stem: cymes several-flowered : bracts of the involucre 2 or rarely 1, quite sim- 


240 COMMELINACEAE 


ilar to the leaves : pedicels 1-2 cm. long, glandular-pubescent : sepals lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glandular-pubescent and with tufts of simple hairs near the 
apex : petals pale blue or pink, obtuse : capsules 5-6 mm. long, pubescent. 

On plains and prairies, Texas. Spring and summer. 

10. Tradescantia longifolia Small. Stems, like the rest of the foliage, glandular, 
usually solitary, erect or assurgent, 4-5 dm. tall, strict, sometimes sparingly branched above : 
leaf-blades brown-green, linear or nearly so, chiefly basal or confined to the lower part of the 
stem, 2-4 dm. long, even the lower ones surpassing or almost equalling the stem in length, 
gradually narrowed from near the base, flat, densely glandular like the stem ; sheaths 2-2.5 
em. long, ciliate with long hairs, imbricated below: bracts 2, small, leaf-like or rarely 
almost wanting: pedicels stoutish, 1.5-2 em. long : sepals linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 
1 em. long, obtuse: corolla deep blue, 2.5-3 em. broad: capsules oblong, 8-9 mm. long, 
glandular: seeds oblong or ovoid, more or less flattened, gray, conspicuously marked with 
irregular transverse ridges. 

In sandy pine lands, Florida. Spring and summer. 

11. Tradescantia folidsa Small. Stems often solitary, 4-7 dm. tall, simple or 
nearly so, very leafy near the base, glabrous or glabrate: leaf-blades narrowly linear, 2-6 
dm. long, nearly equalling or surpassing the stem, long-attenuate, crowded at the base ; 
sheaths large, often densely long-villous, imbricated and sheathing the stem for 1-2 dm., 
prominently ribbed : bracts 3, unequal: pedicels slender, 1-1.5 cm. long: cymes dense at 
maturity : sepals ovate or oblong, about 7 mm. long, obtuse, two strongly hooded and with 
a tuft of hairs near the apex, one scarcely hooded and nearly glabrous at the apex : corolla 
blue, about 2 em. broad : capsules oblong, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous: seeds irregular, 2-2.5 
mm. long, not much longer than broad. 

In clay soil, chiefly in hammocks, eastern and peninsular Florida. Spring. 

12. Tradescantia micrantha Torr. Stems slender, sometimes creeping, 1-2 dm. 
long, spreading, leafy to the top: leaves few ; blades thickish, ovate to lanceolate, 1-3 em. 
long, acute, keeled beneath, often slightly reflexed, somewhat scabrous on the margins ; 
sheaths 1-3 mm. long, villous at the mouth: bracts 2, or rarely solitary, leaf-like: cyme 
terminal, about 6-flowered : pedicels 12-16 mm. long, glabrous: buds acute : sepals nearly 
equal, greenish, 6 mm. long, pubescent along the keel chiefly toward the base: petals bright 
pink, slightly longer than the sepals, orbicular or broadly ovate: filaments pubescent 
below: anther-sacs separated by a broad connective. 

In rich soil, southern Texas. Spring to fall. 


13. Tradescantia fluminénsis Vell. Stems*more or less diffusely branched at the 
base, the branches spreading, or decumbent and creeping, 2-9 dm. long, often branched : 
leaves rather numerous; blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-6 cm. long, acute or slightly 
acuminate, ciliolate, rounded or subcordate at the base ; sheaths 4-6 mm. Jong, ciliate with 
villous hairs: cymes sessile, few-flowered: bracts 2, unequal, similar to the leaves but 
smaller: pedicels slender, 5-15 mm. long, oblong-ovate, apparently narrower, minutely 
pubescent without and chiefly toward the apex : corolla white. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida. Naturalized from South America. Spring to fall. 

14. Tradescantia montana Shuttl. Stems usually solitary, slender, 3-7 dm. tall, 
straight or nearly so, rarely sparingly branched above: leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, usually minutely pubescent, or rarely glabrate, acuminate, 
flat ; sheaths 1-2 em. long, ciliate: bracts 2, lanceolate, one of which is at least one-half 
smaller than the other : pedicels slender, 1-1.2 cm. long : sepals ovate or oblong, sometimes 
apparently lanceolate from the involute edges, 5-6 mm. long, pilose or villous, obtuse, 
hooded, often minutely glandular: corolla blue, 2-2.5 cm. broad: petals suborbicular or 
orbicular-ovate : capsules oblong or oval, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous, or pilose especially above 
the middle: seeds oval-oblong, 3 mm. long, irregularly tuberculate and coarsely granular. 

On sandy hillsides in the Allegheny Mountains from Virginia to North Carolina, Georgia and 
Alabama. Spring and summer. 

15. Tradescantia pilósa J. G. C. Lehm. Stems stout, 4-8 dm. tall, flexuous, often 
puberulent, leafy to the top, usually sparingly branched: leaf-blades lanceolate or some- 
times rather narrowly lanceolate, 1-2.5 em. long, ciliate, inconspicuously ribbed : involucre 
of 2-3 bracts similar to the leaves, one about twice as long as the others : pedicels normally 
slender, 1.5-2 em. long, villous-pilose, or often glabrate : cymes usually crowded at ma- 
turity : sepals ovate or oblong, about 7 mm. long, apparently lanceolate from their involute 
edges, two strongly hooded, mostly villous-pilose: corolla pale blue or deep blue, large, 
2.5-3 em. broad: petals ovate-orbicular, obtuse : capsules globose-oblong, 5 mm. long, con- 
stricted at the middle, pilose at the summit : seeds oblong or ovoid, 2-3 mm. long. 


In thiekets and on shaded hillsides, Ohio to Missouri, West Virginia, Alabama and Tennessee- 
Spring and summer. 


COMMELINACEAE 241 


16. Tradescantia comata Small. Stems erect or ascending, 3-5 dm. tall, rarely 
sparingly branched, very villous: leaf-blades lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 dm. 
long, acute or short-acuminate, ciliate, villous on both surfaces or glabrate above, somewhat 
narrowed near the base; sheaths villous like the stem, 1-3 em. long: bracts 1-2, like the 
leaves but smaller: pedicels usually densely villous: sepals oblong or elliptic-oblong, 7-9 
mm. long, villous, acute or acutish: corolla blue, 1.5-2 em. broad: capsules oblong, 4-5 
mm. long, glabrous: seeds oblong, 3 mm. long, tuberculate-ridged. 

In the upper districts and mountains of Georgia. Summer. 


5. TRELEASBA Rose. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with tuberous-thickened roots. Leaves alternate: blades 
relatively broad and short. Cymes umbel-like, sessile in an involucre of bracts resembling 
the leaves. Sepals 3, concave. Petals 3, the claws cohering and forming a slender tube. 
Stamens 6, all perfect, nearly equal: filaments pubescent, partially adnate to the petals. 
Capsule stalked. Seeds 2 in each cavity. 

1. Treleasea brevifólia ( Torr.) Rose. Stems often branched at the base, the branches 
prostrate or decumbent, 2-4 dm. long, leafy to the ends: leaves approximate ; blades thick, 
oblong to ovate, 3-7.5 cm. long, acute, glabrous except the scabrous-ciliate margins, glau- 
cous; sheaths 1 em. long or shorter, ciliate: bracts 2, similar to the leaves but smaller: 
cymes many-flowered : pedicels villous: sepals oblong, somewhat villous: corolla white, or 
pink: petals about 1 cm. long, obovate beyond the claw : filaments pubescent, surpassing 
the petals: ovary villous at the top. 

In rich soil, southern Texas and northern Mexieo. Spring and summer. 


6. COMMELINA L. 


Annual or usually perennial herbs, with mostly spreading stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades thickish, entire, sheathing at the base. Involucre often peduncled, spathe-like, 
folded. Flowers irregular, few together in cymes. Sepals 3, unequal, the larger often 
partly united. Petals 3, commonly blue, 2 much larger than the third, showy. Stamens 
3 or rarely 2: filaments filiform, glabrous, one usually incurved and with a larger anther 
than the rest. Sterile stamens 2-3, smaller than the fertile. Capsules 2-3-celled, hidden in 
the spathes. Seeds if 2, one above the other. Dav-rLowER.  DEw-FLOWER. 


Spathes not united at the base. 
Spathes acuminate : capsules 3-celled, 5-seeded. 1. C. nudiflora. 
Spathes acute : capsules 2-celled, 4-seeded. 2. C. communis. 
Spathes with the bases united. 
All three cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules.' 


Spathes 1 em. long or shorter. 3. C. Nashii. 
Spathes 2-3 em. long. : 
Sheaths at least the lower ones glabrous or nearly so: pubescence if present 
not hirsute. 
Internodes or a portion below the sheaths pubescent or scabrous: root- 
stocks and roots abbreviated, the latter slender fusiform. 4. C. Swingleana. 
Internodes at least the lower ones smooth and glabrous: rootstocks and 
roots elongated, the latter cord-like. : 
Spathes pubescent, mainly at the base: sheaths neither pale nor ke 
loose and inflated. 5. C. angustifolia. 
Spathes pubescent throughout : sheaths pale, loose and inflated. 6. C. crispa. 
Sheaths usually more or less densely hirsute throughout. 
Spathes pubescent with short hairs and with long hairs near the base or 
along the back. 
Spathes 2-3 cm. long, acuminate, mainly longer than broad. d RUE 
Capsules 2-valved, the dorsal cavity indehiscent. 7. C. Virginica. 
Capsule 3-valved, all the cavities dehiscent. 8. C. erecta. 
Spathes 1-1.5 cm. long, merely acute, mainly as broad as long. 9. C. saxicola. 
Spathes glabrous at least without long hairs near the base. 10. C. elegans. 
Ventral cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules, dorsal cavity with 1 ovule. 11. C. hirtella. 


. l. Commelina nudifldra L. Stems usually branched at the base ; branches spread- 
ing or decumbent and creeping, 3-10 dm. long, more or less diffuse : leaf-blades lanceolate 
or oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acute, rounded at the base ; sheaths sometimes ciliate 
or erose : peduncles 1-1.5 cm. long, usually with a line of hairs on the inner side : spathes 
2—4 cm. long, often thrice as long as broad, acuminate, not united at the base: capsules 3- 
celled, 7-8 mm. long, apiculate : seeds commonly 5 in each capsule, 3 mm. long, granular. 

In moist and waste ground, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida, Texas, and through tropical America 
to Paraguay. Spring to fall. 

2. Commelina commùnis L. Stems erect, or diffusely branched from the base ; 
branches decumbent and creeping, 3-10 dm. long: leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lance- 


16 


242 COMMELINACEAE 


olate, 4-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, acute or rounded at the base ; sheaths 
whitish, with green nerves, usually erose-ciliate : peduncles 1-3 cm. long: spathes 2-4 em. 
long, acute, about twice as long as broad, not united at the base : capsules 2-celled, 6-7 mm. 
long, apiculate : seeds 4 in each capsule, 3-3.5 mm. long, tuberculate and pitted. 

In waste places, New York to Pennsylvania, Georgia and Kentucky. Summer. 

3. Commelina Náshii Small. Stems from cord-like spreading roots, erect or 
branched at the base; branches ascending or spreading, 2-4 dm. long, slender, glabrous 
except parts of the upper internodes: leaf-blades linear or nearly so, 4-8 cm. long, 
acuminate, somewhat crisped, glabrous above the base; sheaths 1 cm. long or shorter, 
ribbed, ciliate: spathes 1 cm. long or shorter, acute, closed at the truncate base, curved on 
the dorsal side, sharp-pointed : capsule about 4 mm. long, prominently striate: seeds 2.5-3 
mm. long, smooth and glabrous. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

4. Commelina Swingleàna Nash. Stems erect or ascending from a cluster of de- 
scending, narrowly fusiform roots, 1-4 dm. long, simple or branched at the base and some- 
times above, internodes or parts below the nodes pubescent or scabrous: leaf-blades linear 
to narrowly linear-lanceolate, 11-12 em. long, attenuate, glabrous or ciliate near the base ; 
sheaths somewhat inflated, 8-12 mm. long: peduncles 5-8 mm. long: spathes about 2 cm. 
long, acuminate, somewhat faleate, closed at the base : corolla showy : larger petals deep 
blue, the blades reniform, about 12 mm. long, 17 mm. broad, the claws 3-4 mm. long: 
capsules subglobose, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous: seeds 3 in each capsule, 3-3.5 mm. long, 
smooth, dark brown. 

In pine lands, Florida. Spring to fall. 

5. Commelina angustifolia Michx. Stems erect or diffusely branched at the base, 
from cord-like roots, 2-8 dm. long, internodes, at least the lower ones, glabrous : leaf-blades 
linear or nearly so, sometimes narrowly linear, 3-12 cm. long, attenuate, glabrous beyond 
the ciliate bases ; sheaths 1-2 em. long, green or purplish, ribbed : spathes 2-2.5 cm. long, 
acute or acuminate, pubescent mainly nearthe base : capsules 3-4 mm. long, about as broad : 
seeds about 3 mm. long, puberulent, otherwise smooth. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 

6. Commelina crispa Wooton. Stems finely villous, or glabrate below, branched 
at the base; main branches ascending or spreading, 2-9 dm. long, usually branched : 
leaf-blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3-8 em. long, acuminate, crisped, slightly con- 
tracted at the base ; sheaths thin, pale, 12-15 mm. long, ciliate with a few bristle-like hairs: 
spathes 2-2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, pubescent throughout, united at the base : sepals 
orbicular-elliptic : petals various, upper 2 bright blue, with slender claws 3-4 mm. long, 
and broadly reniform blades 1-1.5 cm. broad, delicately veined ; third petal white, lance- 
olate, 2-3 mm. long: capsules 4-5 mm. long, 2-celled, 2 cavities dehiscent, the third inde- 
hiscent : seeds smooth. 

In sandy and rocky soil, Nebraska to Texas and New Mexico. Summer and fall. 

7. Commelina Virginica L. Stems branched ; branches spreading or decumbent, 2-9 
dm. long, pubescent, sometimes zigzag : leaf-blades lanceolate, often narrowly so, 3-10 cm. 
long, mostly acuminate, often quite narrow at the base ; sheaths pale, 1.5-2 em. long, often 
fringed at the top: peduncles 5-10 mm. long: spathes 2-3 cm. long, acuminate, mainly 
longer than broad: closed at the base: capsules 4-5 mm. long, glabrous, 2-valved, the 
dorsal cavity indehiscent : seeds 3-3.5 mm. long. 

In moist or dry sandy soil, New York to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Summer to fall. 

8. Commelina erécta L. Stems simple and erect or diffusely branched at the base, 
1-8 dm. long, pubescent at least near the nodes : leaf-blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-12 
em. long, acute or attenuate, more or less pubescent, sometimes hirsute ; sheaths somewhat 
hirsute and ciliate: peduncles 5-12 mm. long: spathes 2-2.5 cm. long, short-acuminate, 
nerved, closed at the base : capsules 3-valved, all cavities dehiscent, 3-4 mm. long, about as ' 
broad : seeds 3 in each capsule, 3 mm. long, puberulent. 

In rocky soil or banks, Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas and tropical America. Summer and 


9. Commelina saxicola Small. Stems often branched at the base: branches spread- 
ing or decumbent, 2-8 dm. long, simple or again branched, pubescent below the nodes: 
leaves remote ; blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acute, more or less 
pubescent, pale beneath : sheaths 1-15 em. long, pubescent, with a collar-like ciliate dilation 
at the top: pedicels 5-8 mm. long, minutely pubescent : spathes about 1.5 cm. long, nearly 
or quite as broad, finely pubescent, merely acute, nearly straight on the back : petals bright 
blue; blades 2 cm. broad, about 1.5 em. high, crisped, notched: capsules 4-5 mm. long: 
seeds 3 mm. in diameter. 

On rocks, especially granite, North Carolina and Georgia. Summer. 


PONTEDERIACEAE 243 


10. Commelina élegans H.B.K. Stems erect or branching at the base ; branches de- 
cumbent, rooting at the nodes, 2-8 dm. long, with short or elongated puberulent internodes : 
leaf-blades lanceolate to elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, 
some often rounded at the base ; sheaths 1-1.5 cm. long, naked or sparingly ciliate on the 
spreading margin : spathes short-peduncled, glabrous, at least without long hairs at the base, 
1.5-2 em. long, acute: petals blue or white: capsules obovoid, 4 mm. long, reticulated 
especially on the dorsal lobe : seeds 3, smooth. 

In sand, peninsular Florida and tropical America. Spring and fall. 

11. Commelina hirtélla Vahl. Stems erect, ascending or reclining, 2-12 dm. tall, 
somewhat pubescent, more or less branched: leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
10-20 em. long, acuminate, often roughish, narrowed into short petiole-like bases ; sheaths 
1-2.5 em. long, fringed with brown hairs : peduncles very short : spathes usually clustered, 
triangular or triangular-ovate, 2-2.5 cm. long, acute, united at the base, strongly nerved 
and cross-nerved : capsules 7-8 mm. long, smooth and shining: seeds 5 in each capsule, 
4—6 mm. long, granular-puberulent. 

In swamps and alluvial soil, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


FAMILY 5. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. 


Bog or aquatic herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, often clustered, 
sometimes mainly basal: blades ribbon-like or much dilated. Flowers perfect, 
more or less irregular, solitary or in spikes subtended by leaf-like spathes. Peri- 
anth corolla-like: members 6, partially united. Androecium of 3-6 stamens 
partially adnate to the perianth. Filaments filiform, or dilated at the base, or 
thickened about the middle. Gynoecium a compound pistil. Ovary 3-celled 
with axile placentae, or 1-celled by suppression. Stigma entire or minutely 
toothed. Ovules solitary or numerous, anatropous. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded 
utricle, or a many-seeded capsule. Endosperm mealy, copious, surrounding the 
central embryo. 


Stamens 8, or rarely 1-4. 1. HETERANTHERA. 
Stamens 6. 
Ovary 1-celled (by suppression): ovule and seed solitary : fruit indehiscent. 2. PONTEDERIA. 
Ovary 3-celled : ovules and seeds numerous: fruit 3-valved. 3. PIAROPUS. 


1. HETERANTHERA R. & P. 

Herbs, with creeping or floating stems. Leaves alternate: blades broadened, or 
grass-like, often petioled, sometimes reduced to phyllodes. Spathes bract-like, 1-several- 
flowered. Perianth white, blue or yellow: members equal or nearly so, narrow, or 
dilated. Stamens 3, or rarely 1-4: filaments often unequal: anthers erect, introrse. 
Ovary 3-celled, sometimes incompletely so: style filiform. Ovules numerous, in 2 
rows on each placenta. Capsule somewhat elongated, enclosed in the withered perianth. 
Seeds numerous, ribbed. [Schollera Schreb. ] 


Leaves not differentiated into blade and petiole, linear: perianth yellow. 1. H. dubia. 

Leaves differentiated into petiole and blade: perianth white or blue. i 
Leaf-blades longer than broad : spathes 1-flowered. 2, H.limosa. . 
Leaf-blades broader than long: spathes 2-5-flowered. 3. H. reniformis. 


1. Heteranthera dübia (Jacq.) MacM. Stems floating or creeping, 2-9 dm. long, 
branched : leaves linear, more or less elongated, flat, acute, sheathing at the base: spadix 
1-2-flowered : perianth light yellow, delicate ; tube about 1 mm. thick ; lobes linear, 8-12 
mm. long: filaments dilated below: anthers linear-sagittate: seeds oblong or oval-ob- 
long, 1.5 mm. long, delicately ribbed. [H. graminea (Michx.) Vahl.] 

In still water, Ontario to Oregon, Florida and Mexico. Summer and fall. WATER STAR-GRASS. 


2. Heteranthera limósa (Sw.) Willd. Stems 1-5 dm. long, branched, succulent : 
leaves often numerous ; petioles terete or nearly so, 3-20 cm. long ; blades ovate to oblong- 
ovate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse, entire, rounded or subcordate at the base: phyllodessometimes 
present: spathe 1-flowered : perianth white or blue; tube slender, 1.5-2 cm. long; lobes 
linear, shorter than the tube: seeds delicately ribbed. 

_ In shallow water or muddy places, Virginia to Missouri, Florida, Louisiana and tropical America. 
Spring to fall. Mup PLANTAIN. 

3. Heteranthera renifórmis R. & P. Stems creeping in the mud, 0.5-4 dm. long, 
or more elongated : leaves few ; petioles 0.5-2 dm. long; blades reniform to orbicular- 
reniform, 3-6 cm. broad, entire, more or less deeply cordate: spathe 2-5-flowered : 


244 BROMELIACEAE 


perianth white or pale blue ; tube straight or slightly curved, 7-8 mm. long ; lobes shorter 
than the tube: anthers various, the 2 upper oval, the lower linear or nearly so and on 
a larger filament. 

In shallow water or muddy places, Connecticut to Kansas, Louisiana, Texas and South America. 
Spring to fall. MUD PLANTAIN. 


2. PONTEDERIA L. 


Herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Stems simple, nearly naked. Leaves few : blades 
leathery, many-nerved. Spike subtended by a bract-like spathe, many-flowered. Flowers 
ephemeral. Perianth corolla-like, blue or white, 2-lipped ; upper lip with 3 rather broad 
lobes ; lower lip with 3 narrow lobes. Stamens 6, very unequally adnate to the perianth- 
tube: filaments filiform: anthers introrse, nearly versatile. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of the 
cavities empty: style filiform, sometimes elongated. Utricle 1-celled, surrounded by the 
accrescent base of the perianth. Seed solitary. 

1. Pontederia cordàta L. Foliage mostly glabrous. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, simple, 
or branching at the base: leaves erect; petioles elongated, sheathing at the base, those of 
the stem much shorter than those of the basal leaves; blades ovate to lanceolate, 10-20 em. 
long, obtuse, entire, cordate or somewhat sagittate at the base: spike minutely glandular: 
perianth bright blue or white, 10-15 mm. long; tube curved; lobes oblong to linear, 
shorter than the tube, the middle one with two yellow spots near the base within : stamens 
and style colored like the perianth : seeds oblong-ovoid, 3 mm. long. 

On borders of streams, ponds and in swamps, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring - 
tofal. PICKEREL-WEED. WAMPEE. 


3. PIAROPUS Raf. 


Herbs, with floating rootstocks copiously root-bearing at the nodes. Leaves clustered 
at the nodes, more or less emersed : petioles slender or inflated: blades commonly widely 
dilated. Flowers sessile, solitary, or in terminal spikes or racemes on scaly. peduncles. 
Perianth showy : members 6, in 2 series, united into a tube below, the limb oblique. Stamens 
6, irregularly adnate to the perianth, 3 included, 3 exserted : filaments sometimes flattened 
at the base. Ovary 3-celled : stigma terminal. Ovules numerous. Capsule included in 
the withering-persistent perianth, loculicidal. Seeds many-ribbed. [Kichornia Kunth.] 


1. Piaropus crássipes (Mart.) Britton. Floating or rooting in the mud. Foliage 
glabrous below: leaves erect, or ascending ; petioles elongated, wholly or partly inflated or 
sometimes gradually tapering from the base ; blades 3-8 cm. in diameter, ovate to orbicu- 
lar or nearly reniform, leathery : scapes 1-4 dm. tall, simple: spadix glandular-pubescent : 
perianth showy, bluish purple ; tube curved, about 1.5-2 cm. long; lobes suborbicular or 
obovate, longer than the tube, the upper one with a yellow center. 


In slow streams and lakes, Florida, introduced and often troublesome, and tropical America. 
WATER HYACINTH. WAMPEE. 


FAMILY 6. BROMELIACEAE J. St. Hil. PINE-APPLE FAMILY. 


Epiphytie or rarely terrestrial rigid or pendent caulescent herbs, with scurfy 
foliage, or sometimes glabrous. Leaves various, sometimes mainly basal, filiform 
or with dilated blades, elongated, entire, or coarsely spiny-toothed. Flowers 
perfect, regular, solitary or usually in spikes, commonly subtended by conspic- 
uous bracts. Perianth white or green, or of deeper colors. Sepals 3, distinct or 
partially united. Petals 8, often narrowed into claws, distinct or partially united. 
Androecium of 3-6 stamens. Anthersintrorse. Gynoecium a superior or inferior 
3-celled pistil. Styles united. Stigmas 3 or 3-lobed. Ovules numerous in each 
cavity, anatropous. Fruita berry or a3-valved capsule. Seeds stalked. Embryo 
minute at the base of the mealy endosperm. 

Style filiform: stalk of the seed erect: seed erect, pointed. 
Stems string-like, pendent: flowers solitary : inflorescence axillary : stamens 3-6. 1. DENDROPOGON. 
Stems rigid, not pendent: flowers in spikes: inflorescence terminal: stamens 6. 2. TILLANDSIA. 


Style wanting or nearly so: stalk of seed incurved: seed ascending, tipped by a 
blunt coma. 3. CATOPSIS. 


1. DENDROPOGON Raf. 


Delicate, chiefly epiphytes, with silvery-scurfy foliage. Stems string-like, branching, 
pendent, elongated. Leaves scattered, without distinction of blade and petiole, linear- 


BROMELIACEAE 245 


filiform above the slightly dilated base. Flowers perfect, axillary, normally solitary. Sepals 
3, imbricated. Petals surpassing the sepals, yellow or greenish. Stamens 6 or rarely 3, 
included : filaments filiform. Style slender. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule prismatic, finally 
septicidally 3-valved. 

1. Dendropogon usneoides (L.) Raf. Scurfy with silvery-gray scales. Stems 
string-like, spiral-zigzag, hanging in festoons 1-6 m. long, from the branches of trees: 
leaves scattered, slender, linear-filiform, 2.5-8 cm. long, pubescent like the stem: flowers 
fragrant, especially at night: peduncles shorter than the leaves: sepals green, oblong or 
oblong-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, acute: petals linear-spatulate, about twice as long as the 
sepals, their spreading tips yellowish green: capsules linear, 15-30 mm. long.  [ Tilland- 
sia usneoides L. ] 


On trees, mostly near the coast, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Central America. LONG Moss, SPAN- 
ISH Moss. FLORIDA Moss. 


2. TILLANDSIA L. 


Rigid epiphytes, or rarely terrestrial herbs. Stems firm, often scape-like. Leaves 
mainly basal, commonly crowded, mostly dilated or saccate at the base, tapering to the 
apex, entire or variously toothed. Flowers perfect in terminal simple or branched spikes. 
Sepals 3, firm, distinct. Petals 3, deciduous, with erect claws and narrow blades. Stamens 
6: filaments free. Style filiform. Stigmas spreading. Ovules ascending. Capsule oblong 
or narrowly prismatic, septicidally 3-valved. Seeds nearly erect from an erect stalk, 
which separates into delicate hairs, acute. Our species are all epiphytic. AIR PLANT. 


Flowering stems scape-like, filiform or nearly so, with 1 or 2 inconspicuous sheathing scales. 
Foliage clothed with a fuzzy scurf. 1. T. recurvata. 
Foliage clothed with peltate scales. 2. T. Wilsonii. 

Flowering stems conspieuously leafy, their leaves smaller than the basal ones. 

Basal leaves about as long as the stems or surpassing them. 
Leaf-blades less than 2 em. broad at the base. 
Leaves of the stems scurfy. 
Leaf-blades abruptly contracted at the base, the dilated part very short. 3. T. tenuifolia. 
ee | rider contracted, the basal dilated part 14 or % as long 
as the leaf. 
Leaves of the stems glabrous. 
Leaf-blades more than 2 em. broad at the base. 
Leaves dilated at the base but not bladder-like, ereet or ascending, nearly 


. T. juncea. 
. T. festucoides. 


Ue 


straight. 
Bracts ribbed : leaf-blades tender, flat or nearly so. 6. T. Valenzuelana. 
Bracts not ribbed: leaf-blades rigid, involute. 7. T. fasciculata. 
Leaves bs bladder-like dilations at the base, diffusely spreading and 
twisted. 
Dilated leaf-bases over 3.5 cm. broad, not conspicuously ciliate: inflo- 
rescence usually compound. 8. T. Balbisiana. 
Dilated leaf-bases less than 3.5 em. broad, conspicuously ciliate: inflo- 
rescence usually simple. 9. T. Baileyi. 


Basal leaves shorter than the stems. 
Braets and flowers erect or appressed to the rachis. 
Leaves of the stem with long spreading or recurved tips. 


Stems rarely 2 dm. tall: inflorescence simple. 10. T. circinata. 
Stems 4 dm. tall or taller: inflorescence branched, 11. T. polystachya. 
Leaves of the stem merely clasping scales. 12. T. utriculata. 
Bracts and flowers more or less strongly spreading. 13. T. aloifolia. 


1. Tilandsia recurvàta L. Rather slender. Foliage fuzzy-scurfy: stems tufted, 
5-15 em. long, more or less branched, scape-like, with 1 or 2 inconspicuous long-sheathing 
scales : leaves 2-ranked, numerous ; blades setaceous-filiform from short dilated sheathing 
bases, these 3-4 mm. broad : flowers usually 2 together : bracts lanceolate, 10-15 mm. long : 
sepals lanceolate, 7-9 mm. long, acute: petals violet-blue, 12-14 mm. long, each with a nar- 
row claw and somewhat broader blade : capsules cylindric-prismatie, 2-2.5 cm. long, more 
than twice as long as the bracts. 

In swamps, Florida to Texas and Mexico, and in tropical America. 

2. Tillandsia Wilsónii S. Wats. Dwarf. Foliage hoary with closely set small pel- 
tate brown-centered scales: stems slender, solitary, recurved, 2.5-10 em. long, with 2 bract- 
like leaves: basal leaves numerous, nearly terete, 2.5-10 cm. long, attenuate from the clasp- 
ing base, curved : flowers and fruit unknown. 

On branches of Juniperus, Hernando County, Florida. 

3. Tillandsia tenuifólia L. Rather slender, scurfy, sometimes reddish. Stems 
tufted, sometimes recurving, 2-3 dm. long, simple: leaves numerous, erect or ascending ; 
blades about as long as the stem or longer, abruptly contracted at the base, thence linear- 
subulate, the dilated base 8-12 mm. long: spikes 4-7 cm. long, continuous : bracts oblong or 
oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2 em. long, abruptly pointed : sepals leathery, lanceolate, 10-12 mm. 


246 BROMELIACEAE 


long, keeled: petals blue, 2.5-2.7 cm. long, acutish : capsules cylindric-prismatic, 18-20 
mm. long. [17* setacea Sw. T. Bartramii EM. | 
In swamps and about rivers, Georgia and Florida. Also in tropical America. 


4. Tillandsia jáncea Le Conte. Stoutish. Foliage scurfy, green: stems 2-3 dm. 
long, clustered, usually simple : leaves numerous, more or less spreading or recurved ; blades 
as long as the stems or overtopping them, gradually contracted from a dilated somewhat 
saceate base, which is often 1-3 as long as the leaf: spikes 3-10 cm. long, continuous: 
bracts broadly oblong or ovate-oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long, acute: sepals lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. 
long, acute: petals violet-blue, barely twice as long as the sepals: capsules cylindric-pris- 
matic, 3-3.5 cm. long. 

In river swamps, Florida. 


5. Tillandsia festucoides Brongn. Partially scurfy. Stems tufted, 3-4 dm. tall, 
slender, simple or branched above: leaves numerous, more or less spreading ; blades nar- 
rowly linear from a gradually contracted base, often fully as long as the stem, rather rigid, 
those of the stem not scurfy : spikes dense, 2-3.5 cm. long: bracts contiguous, leathery, 
acute or slightly acuminate: sepals leathery, lanceolate, 15-18 mm. long, glabrous: petals 
lilac, fully twice as long as the sepals: capsules prismatic-fusiform, 2-2.5 cm. long, acute. 

In and about river swamps, Florida, and in the West Indies. 


6. Tillandsia Valenzuelàna A. Rich. Scurfy. Stems 2.5-5 dm. tall, usually 
branching above : leaves numerous, 2-3 dm. long; blades rather tender, flat or nearly so, 
lanceolate-subulate above the dilated but not saccate bases; those of the stems abruptly 
contracted about 1 or 2 cm. above their bases and usually twisted : spikes many-flowered, 
narrow : bracts closely imbricated, ribbed : sepals narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, about 10 
or 11 mm. long, glabrous: petals about 2.7 cm. long, often pale blue: capsules narrowly 
prismatic, about 3 cm. long, about thrice as long as the sepals. [T. Houzeavii Morr. ] 

About river banks, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


7. Tillandsia fasciculata Sw. Scurfy. Stems 2-5 dm. long, solitary or tufted, usu- 
ally branched above, stout, rarely slightly surpassing the lower leaves : leaves mainly basal, 
crowded, rigid ; blades erect or somewhat spreading, involute, attenuate from dilated some- 
what saccate bases, these often 4-5 cm. broad ; stem-leaves sheathing by the broad bases, 
each contracted into a slender tip: bracts imbricated, in 2 ranks, broadly oblong or ovate- 
oblong, 2-3 cm. long, acute, or acuminate at the base of the spike, becoming lustrous, 
keeled: sepals parchment-like, lanceolate, 2.5-2.8 em. long, mucronulate: petals blue: 
capsules 2.5-3 em. long. 

In swamps or low situations, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


8. Tillandsia Balbisiana Schult. Gray-scurfy. Stems solitary or tufted, 2-8 dm. 
tall, simple or branched above, sheathed throughout : leaves numerous ; blades, especially 
those of the basal leaves, fully as long as the stem, with large bladder-like dilations at 
the base, thence rather abruptly narrowed and more or less diffusely spreading and twisted : 
spikes continuous, compact and usually compound : bracts firm, 1.5-2 cm. long, acute, often 
abruptly pointed : sepals linear-lanceolate, 15-17 mm. long, acute : petals violet-blue, much . 
longer than the sepals, often 4-5 em. long: capsules cylindric-prismatie, about 4 cm. long. 

In and about swamps, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 


9. Tillandsia Baileyi Rose. Densely scurfy. Stems widely tufted, 1-3 dm. long, 
simple: leaves mainly basal; blades elongated, strongly involute, those of basal leaves, 
often as long as the stem or nearly so, curved and twisted, the bases dilated and bladder- 
like at maturity, conspicuously ciliate ; stem-leaves with sheathing bases: spikes simple, 
3-10 cm. long: bracts imbricated, acute, 2-ranked, about 2 cm. long: sepals becoming 1.5 
em. long, acute: petals purple, about 3 cm. long ; blades oblong-spatulate: capsules nar- 
rowly oblong, 2-2.5 em. long. 

On trees, Cameron County, Texas. 

10. Tillandsia circinàta Schlecht. Scurfy. Stems 1-2 dm. long, simple, usually 
curved, often tufted: leaves mostly basal and crowded ; blades shorter than the stem, 
curved, attenuate from much dilated saccate bases 1.5-3 cm. broad; stem-leaves with long 
spreading or recurved tips: bracts broadly oblong or lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. long, continuous, 
erect or appressed : sepals somewhat membranous, linear-lanceolate, 20-22 mm. long, acute 
or acuminate: petals violet-blue, about 3-3.5 cm. long: capsules cylindric-prismatic, 
5-6 cm. long, twice or thrice as long as the bracts. 

In swamps, Florida. Also in tropical America. 

11. Tillandsia polystachya L.  Glabrate. Stems stout, 2.5-4 dm. tall, simple or 
branched above: leaves numerous, shorter than the stem ; blades linear or linear-filiform, 
and often recurving above the dilated somewhat saccate bases: spikes continuous, erect, 


BROMELIACEAE 247 


5-40 cm. long: bracts ovate-oblong, boat-like, erect or appressed: sepals leathery, elliptic 
or linear-elliptic, 14-15 mm. long: petals nearly twice as long as the sepals, blue : capsules 
cylindric-prismatic, about 4 em. long, acute.  [ T. angustifolia Sw. ] 

In river swamps and hammocks, Florida. Also in tropical America. 

12. Tillandsia utriculata L. Deep green beneath the scurfy coating. Stems 3-10 
dm. long, simple or usually branched, curved: leaves numerous, mainly basal; blades 
shorter than the stem, nearly flat, attenuate from the dilated saccate imbricated bases ; 
these 2-10 cm. broad ; stem-leaves wholly clasping, without spreading tips: rachis of the 
inflorescence zigzag: bracts oblong or ovate-oblong, 1.5-3 cm. long: sepals deep green, 
oblong or elliptic-obovate, 15-20 mm. long: petals erect, ivory-white or slightly cream- 
colored : capsules twice or thrice as long as the bracts. [T. flexuosa Sw. ] 

In hammocks, swamps or about the margins of ponds, Florida. Also in tropical America. 

13. Tillandsia aloifólia Hook.  Pale-scurfy. Stems 3-8 dm. tall., slender, glabrous: 
usually branched above: leaves numerous, densely clustered at the base of the stem ; blades 
rather gradually contracted into spreading or recurved tips: stem-leaves sheathing, much 
reduced, without spreading tips: spikes interrupted, rather few-flowered, the branches as- 
cending or spreading : bracts and flowers more or less spreading, not at all appressed : sepals 
parchment-like, narrowly elliptie, 2-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, prominently nerved: petals 
white, pink or purple: capsules cylindric, 5 cm. long, acute. 

Near the coast, commonly in hammocks, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


3. CATOPSIS Griseb 


Epiphytic caulescent herbs, with glabrate or scurfy foliage. Leaves mainly basal: 
blades tapering, entire, much reduced on the stem. Spikes straight or zigzag. Sepals 3, 
erect, imbricated. Petals 3, rarely twice as long as the sepals, distinct, or slightly coherent. 
Stamens 6, included: filaments narrow. Style wanting or nearly so: stigmas 3. Ovules 
numerous in each cavity. Capsule septicidal. Seeds ascending, on incurved stalks, each 
tipped by a blunt often several times folded tuft of hairs. 

1. Catopsis Berteroniana (Schult.) Mez. Perennial, light green. Stems 3-9 dm. 
long, simple or corymbosely branched above: leaves many, mainly crowded at the base of 
the stem, pale green, 1-4 dm. long; blades lanceolate or ovate at the base, attenuate, much 
shorter than the stem: bracts remote, ovate or oval, 4-8 mm. long, obtuse: sepals oval or 
suborbicular, longer than the bractlets: petals white, oblong or ovate-oblong, about as 
long as the sepals or shorter, persistent: stamens shorter than the petals: capsules ovoid, 
6-10 mm. long, exserted, abruptly pointed. [C. nutans Chapm., not Griseb. ] 

On trees, peninsular Florida, and in tropical America. 


Order 9. LILIALES. 


Relatively fleshy, or grass-like or sedge-like herbs, rarely vines or trees. 
Leaves various, mostly with flat blades, sometimes scale-like or terete. Flowers 
perfect, polygamous or dioecious, complete, regular, or in a few cases irregular. 
Perianth of 3 or 6 members, these more or less readily distinguishable into calyx 
and corolla, sometimes partially united. Gynoecium of 3 or rarely 2 united 
carpels. Ovary superior or nearly so. Fruit various, commonly a capsule or a 
berry, sometimes berry-like. Endosperm flesh or horny. 


Styles present, distinct or united: stigmas terminal. 
Styles distinct : capsule septicidal and rarely also loculicidal. Fam. 1. MELANTHACEAE. 
Styles united, often very short or obsolete during anthesis: capsule 
primarily loculicidal. 
Sepals and petals beet i 
Sepals and petals not chaffy. 
Herbs with bulbs, corms or rootstocks. 
Plants with bulbs or corms. 
Flowers in umbels, at first included in and later subtended 


Fam. 2. JUNCACEAE. 


by a scarious involucre. ` am. 3. ALLIACEAE. 
Flowers solitary or racemose, without an involucre. Fam. 4. LILIACEAE. 
Plants with elongated rootstocks. Fam. 5. CONVALLARIACEAE. 
Shrubby plants with woody caudices, or trees. Fam. 6. DRACAENACEAE. 
Styles wanting : stigmas introrse, sometimes elongated. 
Flowers perfect. x 
Gynoecium 3-carpellary : fruit a berry. Fam. 7. TRILLIACEAE. 
Gynoecium 2-carpellary : fruit a capsule. Fam. 8. ROXBURGHIACEAE. 
Flowers dioecious. Fam. 9. SMILACACEAE. 


248 MELANTHACEAE 


FAMILY 1. MELANTHACEAE R. Br. BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 


Perennial caulescent or scapose herbs, with elongated or bulb-like rootstocks. 
Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal: blades various, often much elongated. 
Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, regular, in terminal spikes, racemes 
or panicles, or solitary. Perianth mostly inconspicuous : sepals and petals each 
3, distinct or nearly so. Androecium of 6 stamens, or rarely of 9-12. Filaments 
often adnate to the base of the sepals and petals. Anthers 2-celled and oblong 
or ovoid, or confluently 1-celled and cordate or reniform, usually versatile, ex- 
trorse, or rarely introrsely dehiscent. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 
3-celled, superior or rarely slightly inferior. Styles 3, distinct. Ovules few or 
many in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a septicidally 3-valved 
capsule or rarely also loculicidal. Seeds commonly appendaged. Embryo 
minute, in copious endosperm. 

Anthers oblong or ovoid, 2-celled. 


Anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. : 
Braets short: flowers subtended by 3 connate bractlets: stamens 6: anthers erect. 


Flowers in centripetal racemes : seeds unappendaged. 1. TOFIELDIA. 
Flowers in centrifugal panicles: seeds appendaged. 2. TRIANTHA. 
Bracts spathe-like: bractlets wanting: stamens 9-12: anthers versatile. 3. PLEEA. 
Anther-sacs extrorsely dehiscent. 
Flowers perfect: capsule with 6 seeds: leaf-blades elongated, very slender. 4. XEROPHYLLUM. 
Flowers dioecious : capsule with many seeds: leaf-blades flattened. 5. CHAMAELIRIUM. 
Anthers cordate or reniform, sometimes becoming peltate, confluently 1-celled. 
Sepals and petals glandless. 
Inflorescence racemose or spicate: flowers perfect. 
Flowers in spikes or long spike-like racemes: styles short and stout. 6. SCHOENOCAULON. 
Flowers in broad racemes: styles long and slender. 
Filaments nearly as long as the sepals and petals: capsules broader 
than long. with widely spreading styles. 7. CHROSPERMA. 


Filaments surpassing the sepals and petals: capsules much longer 
than broad, with erect styles. 8. TRACYANTHUS. 
Inflorescence paniculate: flowers polygamous. 
Ovary wholly superior: hypanthium scarcely developed: sepals and 


petals obtuse. 9. VERATRUM. 
Ovary inferior at the base: hypanthium manifestly developed: sepals 
and petals acuminate. 10. STENANTHIUM. 


Sepals and petals with glands at or near the base. 
Sepals and petals with a single gland each. 
Flowers polygamous: rootstocks fibrous-coated. 11. OCEANOROS. 
Flowers perfect: rootstocks membranous-coated. 12. TOXICOSCORDION. 
Sepals and petals with two glands each. 
Sepals and petals barely clawed : flowers perfect: seeds wingless: plants 


glabrous. : 13. ZYGADENUS. 
Sepals and petals long-clawed: flowers polygamous: seeds winged: plants 
pubescent. 14. MELANTHIUM. 


1. TOFIBLDIA Huds. 

Perennial herbs, with glabrous foliage. Stems rigid, often scape-like. Leaves basal 
or mainly so: blades narrow, ratherfew. Flowers perfect, in erect terminal simple, centrip- 
etal recemes. Sepals and petals white or green, nearly equal, narrow, glandless, persist- 
ent. Stamens 6, hypogynous, at least the outer series: filaments filiform, sometimes 
slightly flattened. Ovules numerous ineach cavity. Capsule 3-celled, 3-beaked, dehiscent 
to the base. Seeds unappendaged. 

1. Tofieldia glabra Nutt. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades linear, 5-40 cm. 
long or shorter above: racemes cylindric, 2-10 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick : pedicels solitary, 
ascending, 2-4 mm. long: sepals and petals white, oblong or ovate-oblong, 2-3 mm. long, 
acute: capsules 3-3.5 mm. long. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina and South Carolina. Fall. 


2. TRIANTHA Nutt. 


Perennial herbs, with pubescent foliage. Stems nearly naked. Leaves mainly basal : 
blades narrow, flat. Flowers perfect, in erect narrow centrifugal panicles. Sepals and 
petals white or greenish, nearly equal, glandless, persistent. Stamens 6, mainly hypogy- 
nous: filaments slender. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, dehiscent 
to the base or near it. Seeds with tail-like appendages at each end. 


Sepals and petals membranous: capsules,oblong, 6-7 mm. long. 1. T. glutinosa. 
Sepals and petals rigid at maturity : capsules ovoid, 3-4 mm. long. 2. T. racemosa. 


MELANTHACEAE 249 


1. Triantha glutindsa (Michx.) Baker. Foliage viscid-pubescent. Stems erect, 1.5- 
5 dm. tall: leaf-blades linear, 5-20 cm. long, or shorter above, acute: panicles cylindric, 
2-4 cm. long, soon somewhat interrupted : pedicels ascending, 3-10 mm. long, often 3 or 
4 together : sepals and petals whitish, oblong or spatulate-oblong, 2.5-4 mm. long, obtuse, 
membranous: capsules oblong, 6-7 mm. long, about twice as long as the perianth. 

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, Maine, and in the Alleghenies to North Carolina, to Ohio, Wyo- 
ming and Oregon. Spring. 

2. Triantha racemósa (Walt.) Small. Pubescent like the preceding. Stems 3- 
9 dm. tall, simple: leaf-blades narrowly linear, 1-5 dm. long, firm, acuminate : panicles 
2-10 em. long, soon interrupted: pedicels ascending, 1-4 mm. long, often 3 together : 
sepals and. petals whitish, narrowly oblong or oblong-spatulate, fully 3-4 mm. long, firm: 
capsules oval, shorter than the perianth. — [ Tofieldia pubens ( Michx.) Ait. f.] 

In swamps and low ground, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


3. PLEEA Michx. 


Rigid herbs, with slender rootstocks. Stems upright. Leaves mainly basal: blades 
narrow, sword-like, striate. Flowers perfect, in simple racemes. Bractsspathe-like, clasp- 
ing. Perianth white within: sepals and petals 6, rigid, spreading, distinct, persistent. 
Stamens 9-12, shorter than the perianth : filaments slender : anthers introrse, versatile ; 
sacs distinct at the base. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, short. Ovules numerous in each cavity. 
Capsule leathery, separating into 3 carpels. Seeds bristle-tipped. 

1. Pleea tenuifólia Michx. Plant rush-like. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, simple, rather rigid : 
leaf-blades erect or ascending, narrowly linear, 1-2.5 dm. long, firm, attenuate, those of the 
stem few, similar but smaller: raceme 3-9-flowered, interrupted : bracts appressed, rigid, 
1.5-2 em. long, acuminate, partially imbricated : perianth 2-2.5 cm. broad : sepals and 
petals linear or linear-lanceolate, firm, acuminate: capsules erect, 6-9 mm. long, as long 
as the perianth or nearly so. 

In pine-land swamps, South Carolina to Florida. Fall. 


4. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. 

Rigid herbs, with short woody rootstocks. Stems leafy, simple. Leaves numerous: 
blades sessile, slender, elongated, wire-like, spreading, rough-margined. Raceme simple, 
with ascending or erect pedicels. Flowers perfect. Perianth white or cream-colored: 
sepals and petals 5—7-nerved, glandless, persistent. Stamens 6, not surpassing the perianth : 
filaments subulate : anthers 2-celled ; sacs extrorsely dehiscing. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, 
distinct. Ovules 2-4 in each cavity. Capsule little elongated, if ‘at all, 3-celled, loculi- 
cidal and also septicidal. Seeds usually 6, unappendaged or nearly so. 

1. Xerophyllum asphodeloides (L.) Nutt. Rootstock large and very hard. Stems 
6-15 dm. tall, rigid: leaves very numerous, densely crowded at the base of the stem ; 
blades narrowly linear, rigid, 1-5 dm. long or much shorter above on thestem, long-atten- 
uate: racemes usually many-flowered, 5-15 cm. long, conic while in flower: pedicels 
slender, ascending or erect at maturity, 1.5-2 cm. long : perianth white : sepals and petals 
ovate or oblong-ovate, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse: capsules oval-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long. 


In pine lands, New Jersey to Florida and on mountain slopes and summits, North Carolina and 
Tennessee. Spring and summer. TURKEY-BEARD. 


5. CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. 


Glabrous fleshy caulescent herbs, with bitter aromatic rootstocks. Leaf-blades various : 
basal broadened upward, the cauline narrowed upward or linear above, all thickish. Flowers 
dioecious. Racemes elongated, slender, simple, spike-like. Perianth white: sepals and 
petals narrow, 1-nerved, nearly equal, distinct. Stamens 6, much reduced in pistillate 
flowers : filaments filiform: anthers 2-celled Ovary 3-celled. Ovules 6-12 in each cavity. 
Staminodia commonly 6 in the pistillate flowers. Capsule somewhat elongated, 3-sided, 
3-celled. Seeds 6-12 in each cavity, winged, broadly so at each end. BraziNG-STAR. 
DEvrr's Bır. 


Capsules oblong or ovoid-oblong, 7-10 mm. long. 1. C. luteum. 
Capsules obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 12-14 mm. long. 2. C. obovale. 

1. Chamaelirium lüteum (L.) A. Gray. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, those of staminate 
plants shorter than those of the pistillate, simple : leaves mainly basal ; blades spatulate or 
oblong-spatulate, 5-20 em. long, tapering into broad petioles ; stem-leaves usually oblanceo- 


250 MELANTHACEAE 


late to lanceolate or linear, few: racemes spike-like ; staminate usually continuous, 5-20 
cm. long, its tip nodding ; pistillate stiff, interrupted, longer than the staminate : pedicels 
1-5 mm. long: perianth (staminate) white: sepals and petals narrowly linear: capsules 
oblong-ovoid or oblong, 7-10 mm. long. 

In open woods, Massachusetts to Ontario, Michigan, Florida and Arkansas. Spring and summer. 

2. Chamaelirium obovale Small. Stems 6-11 dm. tall, leafy at the base and near 
the middle, somewhat zigzag : leaves various ; basal with spatulate blades ; cauline shorter, 
4-15 em. long, with oblanceolate to lanceolate or linear, acute or acuminate blades, erect or 
ascending : flowers manifestly larger than those of C. luteum : capsules obovoid or oblong- 
obovoid, 12-14 mm. long, on stout club-shaped pedicels fully as long as the capsules or 
slightly shorter. 

In open woods, New York to West Virginia and North Carolina. Spring. 


6. SCHOENOCAULON A. Gray. 


Scapose herbs, with fibrous-coated bulbs. Leaves basal: blades slender, elongated, 
channeled, firm. Scapes upright, simple. Flowers inconspicuous, in slender spikes or 
spike-like racemes. Bracts small. Perianth green, persistent : sepals and petals 6, narrow, 
nearly equal, distinct, glandless. Stamens 6, hypogynous, surpassing the perianth : fila- 
ments elongating : anthers reniform, becoming peltate. Ovary 3-celled : styles very short. 
Ovules 4-8 in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, septicidally separating into 3 carpels. Seeds 
often solitary in each cavity, slender, nearly terete. 

Compact portion of the spike 5 mm. thick : sepals oblong: capsules sessile. 1. S. dubium. 
Compact portion of the raceme 10 mm. thick: sepals linear: capsules pedicelled. 2. S. Drummondii. 

1l. Schoenocaulon dübium (Michx.) Small. Leaf-blades narrowly linear, 1-6 dm. 
long, involute : scapes slender, 3-9 dm. tall: spikes slender, interrupted, 10-30 cm. long : 
perianth greenish : sepals and petals oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, leathery, obtuse, glabrous: 
filaments filiform: capsules conic, 8-10 mm. long. [S. gracile A. Gray.] 

In dry pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 

2. Schoenocaulon Drummóndii A. Gray. Leaf-blades narrowly linear, 2-7 dm. 
long, curved, involute: scapes 3-9 mm. tall: racemes spike-like, 5-15 cm. long, be- 
coming interrupted : perianth green: sepals and petals narrowly linear, 2-3 mm. long, 
obtuse, inflexed at the apex : filaments clavate: capsules conic-ovoid, 10-12 mm. long. 

On prairies, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


7. CHROSPÉRMA Raf. 


Glabrous caulescent herbs, with bulb-like rootstocks. Leaves numerous at the base 
of the stem : blades elongated, spreading, those of the stem much shorter and fewer. 
Flowers perfect. Racemes thick, cylindric. Perianth white: sepals and petals broad, 
glandless. Stamens 6: filaments subulate, acute, shorter than the sepals and petals: an- 
thers 2-celled, broader than long. Ovary 3-celled, the carpels united to below the middle. 
Ovules few in each cavity. Capsule conspicuously 3-lobed, each carpel tipped with the 
spreading subulate style-base. Seeds 1-2 in each cavity, thick, reddish brown. 

1. Chrosperma muscaetóxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. Foliage somewhat glaucous. 
Stems 3-12 dm. tall, nearly leafless : leaf-blades linear, strap-like, 3-6 dm. long, spread- 
ing ; stem-leaves few, narrow ; racemes cylindric, 5-15 cm. long, 3-6 em. thick, continu- 
ous: pedicels spreading or ascending, 1-2 cm. long, slightly thickened upward : perianth 
white, 8-10 mm. broad : sepals suborbicular : petals slightly broadened above the middle : 


capsules broader than high, the carpels 4-6 mm. long, plump. [Amianthium muscaetoxicnm 
( Walt.) A. Gray.] 

In sandy woods, Long Island to Tennessee, Florida and Arkansas. Spring and summer. FLY- 
POISON. CROW-POISON. 


8. TRACYANTHUS Small. 


Glabrous caulescent herbs, with bulb-like rootstocks. Leaves alternate, mainly basal, 
few, the outer ones mere sheathing scales: blades very narrow and elongated, those of the 
stem successively shorter and scale-like below the inflorescence. Flowers perfect, in ter- 
minal simple racemes. Perianth white: sepals and petals broadened upward, glandless. 
Stamens 6 : filaments filiform, truncate, longer than the sepals and petals : anthers 2-celled. 


MELANTHACEAE 251 


Ovary 3-celled, the carpels united to above the middle. Ovules several in each cavity. 
Capsule fluted, long and narrow, each carpel with a slender erect tip. Seeds few, narrow. 

1. Tracyanthus angustifolius (Michx.) Small. Foliage glabrous. Stems 5-10 dm. 
tall, simple, racemose at the top: leaf-blades narrowly linear, 1-7 dm. long, or shorter 
above, flat: racemes oblong-cylindric, 5-10 em. long: pedicels slender, 1-2 cm. long: 
perianth white, sometimes turning purple: sepals and petals cuneate, or the oval or ovate 
sepals somewhat the broader, all 4-5 mm. long, obtuse: capsule narrowly conic, somewhat 
lustrous, 15-20 mm. long, the carpels with erect tips: seeds linear. [Amianthium angusti- 
folium (Michx.) A. Gray. — Zygadenus angustifolius ( Michx.) S. Wats. ] 


In low grounds, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. CROW-POISON. 


9. VERATRUM L. 


Coarse caulescent pubescent herbs, with stout poisonous rootstocks. Leaves mainly 
cauline, often ample: blades plaited, sessile, or with short clasping petiole-like bases. 
Flowers polygamous or monoecious, numerous. Perianth greenish, yellow or purple: 
sepals and petals 6, glandless or nearly so, adnate to the base of the ovary, clawless. Sta- 
mens 6, inserted at the bases of the perianth-members : filaments filiform : anther-sacs con- 
fluent. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, persistent. Ovules usually numerous. Capsule 3-lobed, 
septicidally 3-valved. Seeds several in each cavity, flat, broadly winged. 

Upper stem-leaves sessile or merely slightly clasping. 


Pedicels more than twice as long as the subtending bracts. 1. V. parviflorum. 
Pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts or barely twice as long. 
Braets shorter than the pedicels. 2. V. intermedium. 
Bracts longer than the pedicels or about as long. 3. V. Woodii. 
Upper stem-leaves with sheathing bases. 4. V. viride. 


1. Veratrum parviflorum Michx. Foliage thinly .pubescent. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, 
slender, often reddish purple: leaves mostly near the base of the stem; blades oblong, 
elliptic or oval or rarely broadest above the middle, 1-3 dm. long, acute, narrowed into 
petiole-like bases: stem-leaves reduced to linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate blades : 
panicles 3-7 dm. long, loosely flowered, the branches slender, usually spreading : pedicels 
fully twice as long as the subtending bracts: perianth greenish or yellowish green, 10-12 
mm. broad : sepals and petals elliptie or spatulate, aeute, narrowed to the base: capsules 
oblong-oval, 12-15 mm. long. [Melanthium parviflorum (Michx.) S. Wats.] 

In open woods, on mountain slopes, Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee. Summer. HELLEBORE. 

2. Veratrum intermédium Chapm. Foliage thinly pubescent. Stems 9-15 dm. tall: 
leaf-blades narrowly elliptic, 1-3 dm. long, acute, narrowed into sheathing petiole-like bases 
shorter than the blades : stem-leaves reduced to linear or linear-lanceolate blades: panicle 
ample, 5-8 dm. long, the branches ascending or curving upward : pedicels longer than the 
subtending bracts: perianth brown, 15-17 mm. broad: sepals and petals elliptic-spatulate 
or oblong-spatulate, pubescent without: ovary hairy: capsule 3-winged, fully 1 em. long. 

In rich hammocks, Florida. Summer. 

3. Veratrum Woddii Robbins. Foliage pubescent, especially above. Stems 6-15 
dm. tall : leaf-blades oblong-elliptic or oval, rarely slightly broadest above the middle, 1-3 
dm. long, narrowed into sheathing petiole-like bases as long as the blades or shorter ; stem- 
leaves reduced to linear blades : panicle ample, 3-9 dm. long, the branches ascending : pedicles 
about as long as the bracts or shorter : perianth purple, 12-15 mm. broad : sepals and petals 
spatulate or cuneate, obtuse, glabrous or nearly so: ovary pubescent when young : capsules 
oblong or oval, 12-15 mm. long. 

On dry hillsides and in woods, Indiana to Missouri and Arkansas. Summer. FALSE HELLEBORE. 

4. Veratrum víride Ait. Foliage pubescent. Stems 6-25 dm. tall, stout, more or less 
completely sheathed : leaf-blades broadly oval or on upper part of stem becoming elliptic or 
oblong, 1-3 dm. long, narrowed into sheathing bases : panicle ample, 2-6 dm. long, closely 
pubescent, many-flowered : pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts : perianth yellowish 
green, 2-2.5 cm. broad : sepals and petals oblong or oblong-elliptic, ciliate and serrulate : 
ovary glabrous : capsules 2-2.5 em. long, oblong or oblong-ovate. 


In swamps and deep woods, Quebec to Alaska, Georgia, Tennessee, Minnesota and British Colum- 
bia. Spring and summer. INDIAN POKE. AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE. 


10. STENANTHIUM Kunth. 
Glabrous caulescent herbs, with bulb-like rootstocks. Leaves mainly basal: blades 


linear, elongated, somewhat keeled, few on the stem. Flowers polygamous, the upper ones 
of the raceme fertile, numerous in terminal panicles. Perianth white or greenish : sepals 


252 MELANTHACEAE 


and petals narrow, acuminate, glandless, persistent. Stamens 6 : filaments shorter than the 
sepals and petals. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, spreading or recurving at maturity. Ovules 
few in each cavity. Capsule oblong or ovoid, erect or reflexed, the carpels tipped by the 
recurving styles. Seeds about 4 in each cavity, angled. 


Perianth usually white: capsules deflexed, about 8 mm. long. 1. S. gramineum. 
Perianth usually green: capsules erect, fully 10 mm. long. 2. S. robustum. 


1. Stenanthium gramíneum (Ker) Morong. Stems 8-15 dm. tall, terete, rather 
slender, simple to the inflorescence : leaf-blades linear, curved, 2-6 dm. long, shorter above, 
acute, mostly less than 10 mm. broad: branches of the panicles spreading or ascending : 
pedicels 1-3 mm. long: perianth white: sepals and petals lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, irreg- 
ularly spreading, acuminate : capsules conic, about 8 mm. long, deflexed. [Stenanthium an- 
gustifolium Kunth. ] 


In open woods, Virginia to Kentucky, Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 

2. Stenanthium robüstum S. Wats. Stems stout, 8-16 dm. tall, simple to the in- 
florescence: leaves rather numerous; blades linear, 2-7 dm. long, or shorter above, acute, 
lower ones usually over 10 mm. broad : panicle many-flowered, the branches mostly numer- 
ous : perianth green: sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, acuminate: cap- 
sules oblong-ovoid, fully 10 mm. long, erect. 


In swamps, Pennsylvania and Ohio to South Carolina and Tennessee. Summer and fall. 


11. OCEANOROS Small. 

Glabrous caulescent herbs, with fibrous-coated bulb-like rootstocks. Leaves alternate, 
mainly basal or on the lower part of the stem, the outer ones bladeless fibrous sheathing 
scales: blades narrow and elongated, successively shorter above. Flowers in terminal pan- 
icles, polygamous, the lower ones of each raceme fertile. Perianth cream-colored or deeper 
yellow : sepals and petals with a thick yellow gland, broadest about the middle or above 
it. Stamens 6: filaments filiform, shorter than the sepals and petals. Ovary 3-celled, the 
carpels united to the styles. Ovules several in each cavity. Capsule conic, erect, the 
carpels tipped by the erect or ascending styles. Seeds few in each cavity, winged at the 
apex. 

1. Oceanoros leimanthoides (A. Gray) Small. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, paniculate at 
the top : leaf-blades linear, flattish, 1-6 dm. long, finely ribbed at maturity : panicle pyra- 
midal, 1-3 dm. long, the branches ascending or spreading : pedicels much longer than the 
subtending bracts: perianth cream-colored or yellowish : sepals and petals oblong or ob- 
long-obovate, 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, the basal gland merging into the surrounding tissues : 


capsules conie, 8-9 mm. long, much surpassing the perianth. [Zygadenus leimanthoides (A. 
Gray) S. Wats.] 


In wet soil near the coast, New Jersey to Georgia, and in the mountains of Virginia, North 
Carolina and Tennessee, Summer. 

12. TOXICOSCÓRDION Rydb. 

Glabrous caulescent herbs, with bulb-like rootstocks. Leaves alternate, mainly basal : 
blades narrow, more or less conduplicate. Flowers perfect, in terminal racemes or pan- 
icles. Perianth white or yellowish: sepals and petals 3 each, often clawed, each bearing 
an obovate or half-orbicular gland at or near the base of the blade. Stamens 6: filaments 
commonly adnate to the base of the claws. Ovary 3-celled, wholly superior. Ovules nu- 
merous. Capsule 3-celled, 3-beaked, septicidal. Seeds numerous. 


Sepals and petals without claws; gland obovate: filaments free. 1. T. Nuttallii. 
Sepals and petals with claws ; gland half-orbicular: filaments slightly adnate to the base 
of the claws. 2. T. Texense. 


1. Toxicoscordion Nuttállii (A. Gray) Rydb. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, racemose or 
paniculate above: leaf-blades linear, 1-5 dm. long or shorter above, involute, more or less 
curved, the upper with sheaths: raceme or panicle narrow, 5-30 cm. long, open at 
maturity : pedicels slender, longer than the subtending bracts: perianth whitish yellow : 
sepals and petals ovate-oval, clawless, obtuse or notched at the apex, 6-8 mm. long, the 
glands obovate, merging into the surrounding tissues: capsules conic, 8-12 mm. long. 
[Zygadenus Nuttallii (A. Gray) S. Wats. ] 

On prairies, Kansas to Tennessee and Texas. Spring. 


2. Toxicoscordion Texénse Rydb. Stems 3-4 dm. tall : leaf-blades narrowly linear, 
1-3 dm. long, or the upper shorter, conduplicate and somewhat curved, the upper sheathless : 


MELANTHACEAE 253 


raceme many-flowered : perianth yellow : sepals and petals about 5 mm. long, subcordate, 
the sepals more broadly ovate than the petals, both with fleshy claws about 1 mm. long, the 
glands distinct, half-orbicular, the upper edge free. 

On plains or prairies, Texas. Spring. 


13. ZYGADENUS Michx. 


Showy caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage and horizontal rootstocks. Leaves mainly 
basal : blades linear, elongated, more or less involute. Flowers perfect. Perianth white : 
sepals and petals furnished with 2 glands above the claw, distinct. Stamens 6, about as 
long as the perianth: filaments free and distinct. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, shorter than the 
ovary. Capsule somewhat elongated, 3-celled, dehiscent to the base. Seeds few or several 
in each cavity, angled. 


1. Zygadenus glabérrimus Michx. Foliage glaucous. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, panic- 
ulate above: leaf-blades linear, 1-4 dm. long or shorter above, alternate, finely ribbed, at- 
tenuate, often approximate on the lower part of the stem : panicles 1-3 dm. long, the branches 
ascending : pedicels surpassing the bracts : perianth white : sepals and petals ovate to oblong 
or lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, with 2 glands near the base: filaments 
dilated at the base : capsules conic-ovoid, about 1 em. long, much shorter than the perianth. 

In swamps near the coast, Virginia to Florida. Summer. 


14. MELANTHIUM L. 


Coarse caulescent herbs, with thick rootstocks. Leaves mainly basal: blades narrow, 
more or less elongated. Flowers monoecious or polygamous.  Perianth white, cream- 
colored or greenish, or darker in age: sepals and petals various, clearly distinguishable 
into blade and claw, spreading, the blades with 2 conspicuous glands at the base. Stamens 
6 : filaments shorter than the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, longer than broad, sessile : styles 3. 
Ovules numerous. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, membranous. Seeds flat, winged. Buscn- 
FLOWER. 

Blades of the sepals and petals suborbicular, undulate or crisped: leaf-blades 

manifestly broadest above the middle. ; 1. M. latifolium. 

Blades of the sepals and petals oblong, entire: leaf-blades linear or nearly so. 
Panicle narrow, elongated, central axis much surpassing the branches: flowers 
numerous: blades almost twice as long as the claws of the sepals and petals. 2. M. Virginicum. 


Panicle about as broad as long, central axis not surpassing the branches ; flowers 
few: blades fully thrice as long as the claws of the sepals and petals. 3. M. dispersum. 


1. Melanthium latifóülium Desr. Foliage pubescent. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, leafy 
near the base ; leaf-blades elongated, slightly broadest above the middle, 1-3 dm. long, 
acute or acuminate, narrowed into petiole-like bases ; stem-leaves reduced to narrow ses- 
sile blades: panicles 2-6 dm. long, the branches ascending, middle axis continued beyond the 
branches : flowers fragrant: perianth whitish, 10-15 mm. broad: sepals and petals spreading ; 
blades suborbicular, more or less undulate or crisped, longer than the claws, each with 2 
glands at the base: capsules broadest above or below the middle, 12-15 mm. long.. 


In open woods and on hillsides, Connecticut to Pennsylvania and South Carolina. Summer. 


2. Melanthium Virginicum L. Foliage pubescent. Stems 7-15 dm. tall, leafy 
below the middle : leaf-blades linear, 1-4 dm. long or shorter above, attenuate, elongated : 
panicle narrow, 1-5 dm. long, many-flowered, the central axis much surpassing the ascending 
branches: pedicels as long as the perianth or longer: perianth greenish yellow, turning 
brown, 15-20 mm. broad : sepals and petals spreading ; blades oblong, entire, about twice 
as long as the claws, each with 2 dark basal glands: capsules broadest near the middle, 
10-15 mm. long. 


In swamps and meadows, Rhode Island to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


3. Melanthium dispérsum Small. Foliage glabrate below the inflorescence. Stems 
apparently 10-20 dm. tall, simple below the panicle, thence zigzag and scurfy-pubescent : 
leaf-blades narrowly linear, elongated, 3-8 dm. long, sheathing the stem for several cm. : 
panicles ample, open, the branches zigzag, widely ascending, corymbosely arranged, the 
upper ones equalling or overtopping the central axis: bracts 3-10 cm. long, obtuse : pedicels 
spreading, 8-12 mm. long, rigid : perianth 12-15 mm. broad : sepals and petals thickish ; 
blades oblong, obtuse, entire, several times longer than the claws, each with 2 dark glands 
at the base : capsules (barely mature) ovoid, 7-9 mm. long. 

In woods, Walton county, Florida. Summer. 


254 JUNCACEAE 


FaAMiLY 2. JUNCACEAE Vent. RusH FAMILY. 


Perennial or sometimes annual often tufted herbs, usually grass-like in 
habit. Inflorescence paniculate, corymbose or umbel-like, compound, or rarely 
reduced to a single flower. Flowers sometimes collected into dense heads. 
Perianth regular, inconspicuous: parts (sepals and petals) 6, chaffy, often quite 
similar. Androecium of 3 or 6, or rarely 4 or 5, stamens. Anthers adnate, 
2-celled : sacs introrse, opening by slits. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 
1-3-celled. Stigmas 3. Ovules 3-many, anatropous. Fruit a loculicidal cap- 
sule, but sometimes breaking up irregularly. Seeds 3-many, sometimes with 
caruncular or tail-like appendages. 


Leaf-sheaths open: capsules 1- or 3-celled with axile or parietal placentae: seeds many. 1. JUNCUS. 
Leaf-sheaths closed : capsules 1-celled with basal placentae: seeds 3. 2. JUNCOIDES. 


1. JUNCUS L.! 


Caulescent or scapose often swamp-inhabiting herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves 
terete or flattened : sheaths with free margins. Flowers in often apparently lateral pan- 
icles or corymbs or heads, either singly and with 2 bractlets ( prophylla) or when in heads 
each merely in the axil of a bract. Bracts usually entire. Stamens 6 or 3. Ovary 
1-celled or by the intrusion of the placentae 3-celled. Seeds often tailed, usually dis- 
tinctly reticulated or ribbed. RusH. 


Lowest bract of the inflorescence terete, not markedly channeled, erect, appearing like a continuation 
of the scape, the inflorescence thus api lateral. 
Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence. 
Stamens 3: sepals and petals about as long as the capsule: petals acute or 


acuminate: capsules of an obovoid type. 1. J. effusus. 
Stamens 6: sepals and petals about 14 as long as the capsule: petals obtuse: 
capsules of an ovoid type. 2. J. gymnocarpus. 


Flowers not bracteolate, inserted in heads on the branches of the inflorescence. 3. J. Roemerianus. 


Lowest bract of the inflorescence not appearing like a continuation of the scape 
ad if so, markedly channeled along the inner side), the inflorescence there- 
ore usually appearing terminal. 
A. Leaf-blades with their flat surfaces facing the stem, or terete and channeled, 
not provided with node-like septa. 
à. Flowers bibracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence, 
sometimes clustered, but never in true heads. 
* Leaf-blades flat, but sometimes involute in drying so as to appear terete. 
(See also J. dichotomus below ). 
Annual : inflorescence, exclusive of its bracts, more than 14 the height 
of the plant : anthers shorter than the filaments. 4. J. bufonius. 
Perennial: inflorescence, exclusive of its bracts, less than 14 the height : 
of the plant (except sometimes in J. Georgianus, and the anthers 
then longer than the filaments). 
Inflorescence 1-3-flowered : leaves with fimbriate auricles. 5. J. trifidus. 
Inflorescence several-many-flowered : leaves with entire auricles. 
Plants caulescent : sepals and petals obtuse. . J. Gerardi. 
Plants seapose: sepals and petals acute or acuminate. 
Auricles at the summit of the leaf-sheath membranous or scari- 
ous, whitish. 
Auricles membranous, scarcely scarious, rarely if at all 
prolonged beyond the point of insertion. 
Sepals and petals 2.5-4 mm. long: capsule about as long 
as the perianth. 
Flowers and fruit conspicuously secund: perianth 
2.5-3.5 mm. long: anthers longer than the fila- 
ments: bractshorter than the inflorescence: cap- 
sules oval. 7. J. secundus. 
Flowers scarcely or not at. all secund: perianth 3-4 
mm. long: anthers shorter than the filaments: 
bracts exceeding the inflorescence: capsules 


e 


ovoid-oblong or oblong. 8. J. interior. 
e apr rei 4-6 mm. long : capsules shorter than the 
perianth. 
Plants 4-7 dm. tall: anthers and style very short. 9. J. Arizonicus. 
Plants 1-4 dm. tall: anthers linear, longer than the 
filaments: style often 1-1.5 mm. long. 10. J. Georgianus. 
Auricles scarious, markedly prolonged beyond the point of 
insertion. ^ 
Capsules oblong, about equalling the perianth, 3-celled : 
sepals and petals erect or appressed. 11. J. brachyphyllus. 


Capsules ovoid or oval, 34 as long as the perianth or less, 
1-celled : sepals and petals more or less spreading. 12. J. tenuis. 
Auricles at the summit of the leaf-sheath cartilaginous, yellow à 
to yellow brown. 13. J. Dudleyi. 


! Prepared with the assistance of Mr. Frederick V. Coville. 


, 
JUNCACEAE 255 


** Leaf-blades terete, channeled along the upper side. 
Lowest bract less than 4 times the length of the inflorescence: capsule 


oblong or obovoid, with the ordinary dehiscence. 14. J. dichotomus. 
Lowest bract rarely less than 4 times the length of the inflorescence: 
capsule globose-ovoid, breaking up irregularly in age. 15. J. setaceus. 
b. Flowers not bibracteolate, in true heads on the branches of the infiores- 
cenee. f 


Stems floating, creeping or diffusely spreading: capsule of asubulate type. 16. J. repens. 
Stems erect or nearly so: capsule of an obovoid type. 


Perianth at least 44 longer than the capsule: anthers yellow. 17. J. filipendulus. 
ee equalling or barely exceeding the capsule: anthers reddish 
rown. 


Petals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, setiform-acuminate at theapex. 18. J. setosus. 
Petals obovate to oblong, broadly obtuse at the apex and sometimes 
slightly mucronate. 
Heads of the inflorescence commonly 5-15, usually 5-10-flowered : 
lants mostly less than 5 dm. tall. 19. J. marginatus. 
Heads of the inflorescence numerous, except in depauperate 
plants, usually 2-5-flowered : plants mostly over 5 dm. tall. 20. J. aristulatus. 
B. Leaf-blades either terete and not channeled, or flattened or compressed, with 
the flat surfaces not facing the stem. 
Leaf-blades terete, the pith perforated with slender tubes: clusters of the 
inflorescence reduced to a single flower each. 21. J. abortivus. 
Leaf-blades either terete, hollow, and provided with node-like septa, or flat- 
tened or compressed, or both: clusters of the inflorescence few-many- 
flowered. 
Capsule truly subulate. 
Stamens 6, one opposite each sepal and petal: rootstock slender, tuber- 
bearing at intervals. 
Stem stout : sepals longer than the petals : capsules barely exceeding 
the perianth, each with a beak 1-1.5 mm. long. 22. J. Torreyi. 
Stem slender: sepals shorter than the petals : capsules conspicuously 
exserted from the perianth, each with a beak 1.5-2 mm. long. 23. J. Texanus. 
Stamens 3, none opposite the petals: rootstock not tuber-bearing, usu- 
ally short and thickened throughout. 
Uppermost leaf-sheath with an almost obsolete blade, this seldom 
exceeding 1 or 2 em. in length. 24. J. megacephalus. 
SPP e leaf-sheath with a normal blade few to several cm. in 
ength. 
Stamens as long as the petals, the anthers exserted between them. 25. J. scirpoides. 
Stamens considerably shorter than the petals: anthers included. 
Leaf-blades flattened and usually with incomplete septa: cap- 
sules markedly beaked, the valves in dehiscence curved 
outward in the middle, but united above by the beak. 26. J. polycephalus. 
Leaf-blades slightly compressed, the septa complete : capsules 
beakless, the valves separating throughout in dehiscence. 27. J. validus. 
Capsule oblong to linear-lanceolate in outline, obtuse or acute at the apex, 
or sometimes mucronate, but not truly subulate. 
Capsules 12-27 as long as the perianth. 28. J. brachycarpus. 
Capsules equalling the perianth in length or exceeding it. 
Seeds 0.7-2.5 mm. long, the body tapering at either end into a white 
tail of varying length. 
Plant rigid throughout: stems 2-4 mm. in diameter: sepals and 
petals spinescent: capsules dark red, firm, exceeding the 
perianth by about V5 their length. 29. J. trigonocarpus. 
Plant with none of its parts unusually stiff or hard : stems less 
than 2 mm. in diameter, or the capsule not exserted from the 
perianth by more than 1 mm. 30. J. Canadensis. 
Seeds 0.35-0.55 mm. long, the body with a short, rather abrupt, pap- 
illa-like, usually dark-colored apiculation at either end. 
Capsules nearly twice the length of the perianth, the two together 
3.5-5 mm. long. . 31. J. diffusissimus. 
Capsules equalling or sometimes about 14 exceeding the perianth, 
the two together 2-3.5 mm. long. 
Perianth 2-2.5 mm. long. 
Larger basal leaf-blades with more than 40 septa: capsule 
green or straw-colored : peu usually over 5 dm. tall. 32. J. robustus. 
Larger basal leaf-blades with less than 40 septa: capsule 
dark brown above at maturity. 33. J. Elliottii. 
Perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long, or if less the capsule straw-colored 
at maturity and the whole plant less than 5 dm. tall. 
Sepals and petals 2.5-3.5 mm. long: capsules ovoid-lanceo- 
late in outline, broadly acute and mucronate, about as 
long as the perianth. : 34. J. acuminatus. 
Sepals and petals 2-2.5 mm. long : capsules linear-lanceolate 
in outline, obtuse and merely apiculate, about 14 ex- 
ceeding the perianth. 35. J. debilis. 


1. Juncus effisus L. Plants 5-12 dm. high, densely tufted. Leaves basal, reduced 
to filiform rudiments few mm. long : inflorescence 2-10 cm. high, occasionally congested ; 
its bract erect, appearing like a continuation of the scape, 5-25 cm. long: perianth 2-3 
mm. long: sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate : stamens 3; anthers shorter than the 
filaments : capsules obovoid or oblong-obovoid, about as long as the perianth, 3-celled, 
regularly dehiscent. 

In swamps and low grounds, nearly through the United States and southern British America. 
Also in Europe and Asia. Spring to fall. 


256 JUNCACEAE 


2. Juncus gymnocarpus Coville. Plants 3-8 dm. high. Scapes arising at intervals 
from a proliferous rootstock about 3 mm. thick: leaf-sheaths basal, bladeless: inflo- 
rescence appearing lateral, 15-30 mm. high, spreading, its bract 1-2.5 dm. long: flowers 
perfect : perianth rather less than 2 mm. long: sepals and petals nearly equal, ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate : sepals apiculate, with firmer bodies than the obtuse petals : stamens 6, 
nearly as long as the perianth ; anthers shorter than the filaments: capsules ovoid, 2-2.5 
mm. long, about twice as long as the perianth, prominently apiculate, shining, barely 
dehiscent. 

In swamps, eastern Pennsylvania and northern Florida. Spring and summer. 


3. Juncus Roemerianus Scheele. Plants 5-12 dm. high. Scapes arising from 
scaly horizontal rootstocks 5-10 mm. thick : leaf-sheaths basal, bearing erect blades re- 
sembling the stem and of about the same length : inflorescence appearing lateral, 6-15 cm. 
high, diffuse, its bract 10-25 em. long : flowers usually dioecious : heads 2-6-flowered: peri- 
anth 2-3.5 mm. long: sepals linear-oblong, acuminate: petals shorter and blunt pointed : 
stamens 6, or in pistillate plants reduced to staminodia : capsules brown, 3-celled, about as 
long as the perianth, narrowly obovoid, obtuse or truncate, mucronate: placenta thick 
and spongy, about 4 as broad as the valve. 

In brackish marshes, New Jersey to Floridaand Texas. Spring. 


4. Juncus bufonius L. Plants branching from the base, seldom over 20 cm. high. 
Stems in robust plants with 1-2 leaves: leaf-blades 0.2-1 mm. wide, in larger plants 
flat, in depauperate ones filiform-involute : inflorescence about J the height of the plant : 
flowers inserted singly on its branches: sepals and petals 4-7 mm. long, lanceolate, 
acuminate: stamens usually 6, seldom 4 as long as the perianth ; anthers shorter than 
the filaments : capsules 3-celled, about 3 as long as the perianth, narrowly oblong, obtuse, 
mucronate: seeds broadly oblong with straight apiculations, 0.35-0.5 mm. long, finely 
reticulated in 30-40 longitudinal rows, the areolae broader than long. 

About dried-up pools and on roadsides, throughout North America, except the extreme north. 
Also eosmopolitan. Spring and summer. 

5. Juncus trifidus L. Plants densely tufted, 1-3dm. high. Stemsclosely set on stout 
rootstocks, about 0.5 mm. thick : basal leaves reduced to almost bladeless sheaths, the 
uppermost with a rudimentary blade and fimbriate auricles; stem-leaf solitary, just below 
the inflorescence, with a narrower flat or involute blade: inflorescence a cluster of 1-3 
flowers, the lowest bract resembling the upper leaf, the succeeding one much smaller or 
obsolete: perianth dark brown, 2.5-3 mm. long : stamens 6; anthers about as long as the 
filaments : capsules leathery, about as long as the perianth, obovoid, with a mucronate- 
aristate top: seeds few, narrowly obovoid, irregularly angled, minutely striate. 

In sterile or stony soil, Greenland and Labrador, to the higher mountains of New England, New 
York and North Carolina. Alsoin northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 

6. Juncus Gerárdi Lois. Plants copiously tufted, 2-6 dm. high, from horizontal 
rootstocks. Stems not bulbous-thickened at the base: basal leaves with loosely clasping 
auriculate sheaths, the blades mostly 1-2 dm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, flat or involute 
in drying ; stem-leaves 1 or 2, similar to the basal, but with shorter blades : inflorescence 
panieulate, often overtopped by the lowest bract: panicle erect: perianth about 2 mm. 
long: sepals and petals oblong, obtuse, with green midribs and dark brown margins, or 
straw-colored in age: stamens 6, barely exceeded by the perianth ; anthers much longer 
than the filaments : capsules 1-3 longer than the perianth, obovoid, 3-celled, mucronate, 
dark brown, shining. 

On salt meadows, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Virginia, and Florida (according to Engelmann), and 
aboutthe Great Lakes. Also in Europe. Spring and summer. 

7. Juncus secüudus Beauv. Plants tufted, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves basal, usually 
less than J the height of the plant: inflorescence longer than its lowest bract, or only 
slightly exceeded by it, 3-8 em. high : flowers secund on the strongly ascending and usually 
somewhat incurved branches: perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long: sepals and petals lanceolate or 
broadly lanceolate, acute, equalling or barely exceeding the capsule and appressed to it 
for about $ their length : stamens 6, about 3 as long as the perianth ; anthers slightly 
longer than the filaments : capsule oval, 3-sided above the middle, with straight sides and. 
a truncate apex, completely 3-celled : seeds narrowly oblong to ovoid, obliquely tipped, 
0.28-0.37 mm. long. 

In dry or sandy soil, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania to North Carolina. Spring and summer. 

8. Juncus intérior Wiegand. Plants 5-10 dm. high, light green. Leaves basal, 
several ; blades about 4 the length of the scape, 1-1.25 mm. wide, sometimes involute : 
scapes grooved : inflorescence 3-10 cm. long, many-flowered, the branches ascending: 
flowers scattered, rather distant: perianth straw-colored, 3-4 mm. long: sepals and petals 


JUNCACEAE 257 


nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate, slenderly acute or acuminate, appressed or erect, the 
petals margined to the apex : stamens 6, 3 as long as the perianth ; anthers much shorter 
than the filaments : capsules oblong or rarely ovoid-oblong, about as long as the perianth, 
obtuse or barely apiculate: seeds oblong, 0.35-0.50 mm. long. 


In dry woods or on prairies, Illinois to Wyoming, Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas. Spring 
and early summer. 


9. Juncus Arizónicus Wiegand. Plants sparingly tufted, pale. Leaves basal; 
blades usually flat and 1 mm. broad: scapes 4-7 dm. tall, twice as high as the leaves, 
coarsely grooved: inflorescence straw-colored, many-flowered: bracts resembling the 
leaves, exceeding the inflorescence : perianth about 5 mm. long: sepals and petals lanceo- 
late-subulate, nearly equal, rigid, very acute: anthers about equalling the filaments : 
capsules ovoid-oblong, much shorter than the perianth : seeds irregularly curved, 0.3-0.37 
mm. long, the areolae in 12-14 transverse rows. 

In dry soil, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Spring to fall.—A variety, more slender in habit 
and with nearly filiform leaf-blades ; inflorescence 3-5 em. long; perianth about 4 mm. long; capsule 
more ovoid and nearly equalling the perianth, is J. Arizonicus curtiflorus Wiegand ; it occurs from east- 
ern Texas to Arizona. 

10. Juncus Georgiànus Coville. Plants densely tufted, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves 
basal ; sheaths minutely auriculate, commonly 2-4 em. long, or the innermost 8 em. long ; 
blades erect, striate on the back, 1 mm. in width or less, sometimes involute when dry : 
inflorescence 5-10 em. high: scapes barely exceeding 1 mm. in diameter: lowest invo- 
lueral bract not exceeding the panicle: flowers usually not more than 10, inserted singly 
on the branches of the panicle, prophyllate: perianth 4-6 mm. long: sepals and petals 
subulate-lanceolate : stamens 6, 3-2 the length of the perianth ; anthers 1.5-2 mm. long 
and several times longer than the filaments : capsules about } as long as the perianth, nar- 
rowly oblong-lanceolate in outline, obtuse or broadly acute, mucronate, 3-celled : seeds 
about 0.4-0.5 mm. long, oblong, reticulated, the areolae linear and arranged transversely 
on the seed in about 16 longitudinal rows. 

On granite, middle North Carolina and middle Georgia. Spring and summer, 


11. Juncus brachyphylius Wiegand. Plants stout, tufted, 4-5 dm. high. 
Leaves basal, }-4 the height of the scapes ; sheaths blade-bearing except the lowest one ; 
blades thickish, but flat, relatively broad, stiff and spreading: scapes stiff, slightly com- 
pressed, conspicuously grooved : inflorescence crowded, 2-6 em. long, straw colored, with 
ascending branches: bracts resembling the leaves, usually exceeding the inflorescence : 
perianth about 5 mm. long: sepals and petals slightly unequal, subulate, very acute, 
narrowly scarious near the base, or the petals scarious all around: anthers nearly equal- 
ling the filaments : capsules narrowly oblong, obtuse or retuse, about equalling the peri- 
anth: seeds oblong, 0.5-0.55 mm. long, strongly apiculate at both ends. 

In low grounds, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Idaho. Summer and fall. 


12. Juncus ténuis Willd. Plants closely tufted, 2-7 dm. high. Leaves basal; blades 
flat, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, sometimes involute in drying : inflorescence rarely reaching } the 
height of the plant: perianth 3.5-5 mm. long: sepalsand petals lanceolate, acuminate, 
more or less spreading : stamens 6, about 3 as long as the perianth ; anthers shorter than 
the filaments : capsules usually about } shorter than the perianth, ovoid to obovoid, ob- 
tuse, mucronate, 3-celled : seeds 0.4-0.55 mm. in length, narrowly oblong, with oblique 
apiculations, reticulated in about 16 longitudinal rows, the areolae 2-3 times broader 
than long. 

In dry or moist soil, throughout the United States and southern British America. Spring and sum- 
mer.—A variety, J. tenuis antheldtus Wiegand, with scapes 5-9 dm. tall, more numerous and looser leaf- 
sheaths, more diffuse inflorescence, a perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long or rarely longer, and a capsule not over 
34 the length of the perianth, occurs from Maine to Missouri, South Carolina and Texas. 

13. Juncus Dudleyi Wiegand. Plants 3-10 dm. high, palegreen. Leaves basal ; 
blades about 3 the length of the scapes or less, very narrowly linear but flat, frequently 
somewhat involute: scapes tufted, often relatively stout but wiry, striate-grooved : in- 
florescence 2-5 em. high, or rarely slightly larger, usually rather congested, considerably 
exceeded by its bract, few-flowered : perianth green or pale straw-colored, 4-5 mm. long : 
sepals and petals firm, nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate, acute, more or less spreading, 
Scarious-margined : stamens 4 as long as the perianth ; anthers slightly shorter than the 
filaments : capsules ovoid-oval, 2—i the length of the perianth, somewhat apiculate : seeds 
oblong, 0.37-0.45 mm. long, apiculate at each end. 

In damp soil and open places, Maine to Ontario, Saskatchewan, Washington, Pennsylvania, Ten- 
nessee and Mexico. Spring and summer. 

14. Juncus dichótomus Ell Plants tufted, usually stout and stiff, 2-9 dm. high, 
purplish tinged toward the base: leaves basal, terete, channeled along the upper side, 


17 


258 JUNCACEAE 


rarely flat: inflorescence and flowers as in J. tenuis but darker, sometimes smaller and 
frequently with more rigid parts : seeds oblong, obliquely apiculate, 0.36-0.45 mm. long, 
with about 13 longitudinal ribs, the smooth areolae about as long as broad. 

In dry or sandy soil, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Spring and 
summer.—When the leaves are expanded and flat this species can be separated from J. tenius by the 
purple base, darker flowers and the semi-cartilaginous auricles. 

15. Juncus setaceus Rostk. Plants in dense tufts. Uppermost sheath usually 
bearing a terete blade similar to the stem, but channeled: other sheaths with minute 
filiform blades less than 1 em. in length: scapes spreading and at length recurved, 4-10 
dm. long: involucral bract appearing like a continuation of the stem, 10-30 em. long: 
inflorescence appearing lateral, 5 cm. long or less: perianth 3-5 mm. long: sepals and 
petals lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, widely divergent in fruit: stamens 6 ; anthers usually 
longer than the filaments : capsules globose-ovoid, shining, mucronate, 1-celled, with in- 
truded placentae, breaking irregularly in age: seeds subglobose, 0.5-0.7 mm. long, retic- 
ulated in about 11 longitudinal rows, the areolae usually a little broader than long. 

In marshes, usually near the coast, Delaware to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


16. Juncus répens Michx. Plants stoloniferous. Stems tufted, compressed, com- 
monly 1-2 mm. in width, 5-20 cm. high, or prostrate, often creeping, and sometimes 
attaining a length of more than 5 dm.: leaves with compressed sheaths 2 cm. long or less, 
auriculate ; blades commonly 3-8 em. long and 1-2 mm. broad, filiform-acuminate at the 
apex: heads 1-8, 1 or more often occurring also at the lower nodes, 5-10-flowered : peri- 
anth 6-10 mm. long: sepals subulate-lanceolate, keeled and about 4 shorter than the 
otherwise similar petals: stamens 3, 3—4 the length of the perianth ; filaments several 
times longer than the yellow anthers: capsules subulate, but beakless, about as long as 
the sepals, 3-celled, the valves membranous and breaking away from the placental 
axis in dehiscence : seeds oblong, acute at both ends, 0.3-0.4 mm. long, finely reticulated 
in 25-40 longitudinal rows, the areolae much broader than long. 

In streams and swamps, Delaware to Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba and Lower California. 
Spring and summer. 

17. Juncus filipéndulus Buckl. Plants 1-3 dm. high. Rootstock branching; 
branches hardly longer than broad, congested: stems tufted, 1 mm. broad or Jess: basal 
leaves about 4 the Jength of the stem ; blades 1-2.5 mm. broad : inflorescence consisting 
of 1-5, commonly 2-3, heads each 4-7-flowered : perianth 4-6 mm. long: sepals and 
petals lanceolate, with hyaline margins and green midrib, acuminate into an aristate 
apex, the sepals slightly the shorter: stamens 3, about 3 as long as the perianth ; anthers 
yellow, much shorter than the filaments: capsules about à as long as the perianth, obo- 
void, retuse, mucronate, almost 3-celled : seeds 0.45-0.55 mm. long, oblong, acute at both 
ends, with 14-18 prominent longitudinal costae (and often as many intermediate, much 
less conspicuous ones), the intermediate areas smooth, with an occasional transverse line. 


In low grounds, Tennessee to Arkansas and southern Texas. Spring to fall. 


18. Juncus setósus (Coville) Small. Plants rather loosely tufted, 3-7 dm. high, 
bright green. Stems not much thickened at the base: leaves with auriculate sheaths, 
sometimes quite numerous ; blades 2-5 mm. wide, nearly similar to those of J. margina- 
tus: panicle 3-10 em. high, composed of 20-100 heads, or smaller in depauperate forms : 
perianth 3-3.5 mm. long: sepals lanceolate-acuminate : petals slightly larger than the 
sepals, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, setiform-acuminate: stamens 3, much shorter than 
the perianth ; anthers and filaments about equal in length, the former reddish-brown : 
capsules oblong, about as long as the perianth, blunt. [J. marginatus var. setosus Coville.] 


In woods and wet places, Nebraska to Louisiana, Arizona and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


19. Juncus marginatus Rostk. Plants tufted, mostly 1.5-5 dm. high, from branch- 
ing rootstocks. Stems somewhat bulbous at the base: leaves with auriculate sheaths ; 
biades 1-3 mm. broad, 2-4 conspicuous veins in addition to the midrib: panicle 10 cm. 
high or less, composed mostly of 5-10-flowered heads: perianth 2.5-3 mm. long: sepals 
ovate, acute : petals slightly longer, obovate, broadly obtuse, hyaline-margined : stamens 
3, nearly as long as the perianth ; anthers ovoid, reddish brown when dry, much shorter 
than the filaments : capsules equalling the perianth, obovoid, truncate or retuse. 

In meadows or grassy places, Maine to Ontario and Nebraska, south to Florida. -Summer. 


20. Juncus aristulàtus Michx. Plants solitary or sparingly tufted, 6-12 dm. high or 
sometimes lower. Stems markedly bulbous-thickened at the base : leaves similar to those 
described under J. marginatus, but sometimes 5 mm. broad : panicle 15 cm. high or less, 
composed of numerous, usually 20-100 relatively small 2-5-flowered heads: perianth 
about 2.5 mm. long: sepals acute or acuminate : petals oblong or obovate, obtuse, longer 


JUNCACEAE 259 


than the sepals : stamens as long as the perianth or longer ; anthers much shorter than the 
filaments : capsules obovoid, about 2-2.5 mm. long, truncate or depressed at the apex. 

In moist soil or meadows, New York to Michigan, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer. 
—A variety, J. aristulatus pinetorum Coville, has stems arising at intervals from thick woody tuber- 
bearing rootstocks and persistent leaves with short blades; it occurs in sandy pine woods from 
North Carolina to Florida. 

21. Juncus abortivus Chapm. Plants3-6dm. high, deep green. Stems slender, ris- 
ing at intervals from svout elongated horizontal rootstocks : leaves few ; blades terete, 
much shorter than the stems, the pith perforated with slender tubes, slightly nodose : 
panicle rather diffuse, the branches filiform : flowers scattered singly on the branches of 
the panicle : perianth 1.5-2 mm. long: sepals firm, lanceolate, acute: petals firm, lanceo- 
late, rather broader at the base than the sepals, blunt: capsule subulate, slightly surpass- 
ing the perianth. [J. pelocarpus var. crassicaudex Engelm.] 

On grassy pond-margins, Florida. Summer and fall. 


22. Juncus Torreyi Coville. Plants 2-10 dm. high, not tufted. Rootstock slen- 
der, about 2 mm. thick, tuberiform-thickened at intervals of a few centimeters, each 
tuber supporting a single stem: stems terete or slightly compressed, stout: leaf-blades 
terete, 1-2.5 mm. thick, abruptly divergent from the stem: inflorescence usually con- 
gested, only a few em. in length and consisting of from 1 to 6 heads, or occasionally 10 em. 
long and bearing 15-20 heads, exceeded by the involucral bract : heads 10-15 mm. in di- 
ameter : perianth 4-5 mm. Jong: sepals and petals subulate, the sepals longer than the 
petals: stamens about > as long as the perianth: capsule subulate, 1-celled, its beak 
1-1.5 mm. long, barely exceeding the perianth and holding the valves together through- 
out dehiscence : seeds 0.4-0.5 mm. Jong, oblong, acute at both ends, reticulated in about 
20 longitudinal rows, the areolae transversely plurilineolate. 

In low grounds, New York to the Pacific and Gulf coasts. Summer and fall. 


23. Juncus Texanus (Engelm.) Coville. Plants 2-6 dm. high. Rootstock slender, 
about 1 mm. thick, tuberiform-thickened at intervals of a few centimeters : stems single, 
one for each tuber, terete, slender: leaf-blades slender, divergent, seldom over 1 mm. 
thick : inflorescence 10 em. high or less, consisting of 2-15 heads, about equalled by its 
lowest bract: heads 10-40-flowered, 12-15 mm. thick: perianth 3.5-4.5 mm. long: 
sepals and petals subulate, the sepals shorter than the petals: stamens j-3 as long as the 
perianth : capsules subulate, 1-celled, valves united above in dehiscence, the beak 1.5-2 
mm. long: seeds broadly oblong or obovoid, acute at both ends, reticulated in about 20 
longitudinal rows, the areolae transversely plurilineolate. 

In low grounds, southern and eastern Texas. Spring to fall. 


24. Juncus megacéphalus M. A. Curtis. Plants 3-10 dm. high. Stems tufted, 
from branching rootstocks, stout, 2-3-leaved : leaves with auricled sheaths ; blades of 
the basal leaves 2 dm. long or less, those of the stem successively shorter, the uppermost 
rarely 2 em. in length : inflorescence 2.5 em. high or less, its lowest bract almost blade- 
less, the other scarious : panicle of 1-40 heads: heads spherical, 8-12 mm. in diameter : 
perianth 3-3.5 mm. long: sepals and petals subulate, the sepals longer than the petals : 
stamens 3, 3-2 the length of the petals ; anthers included, shorter that the filaments: 
capsule subulate, beaked, equalling the perianth, 3-sided, 1-ce!led : seeds oblong, 0.4-0.5 
mm. long, acute at either end, reticulated in 12-14 rows, the areolae smooth. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. 


25. Juncus scirpoides Lam. Plants 2-7 dm. high. Stems terete, clustered on short 
horizontal rootstocks, these 2-3 mm. thick, and with a yearly growth of 1-2 cm.: stem- 
leaves 1-3 ; blades terete, 2 mm. thick or less, usually less than 10 em. long, the septa 
perfect ; basal leaves similar, but with longer blades: inflorescence strict or slightly 
spreading, reaching 15 em. in length, or sometimes only 1 or 2 cm. long: heads 2-30, 
either simple, globose, 8-11 mm. in diameter in fruit, or compound, lobed, and of slightly 
greater diameter: perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long: sepals and petals subulate, the petals some- 
what the shorter : stamens equalling at least the petals ; anthers exserted between the 
petals: capsules subulate, 1-celled, the long beak exceeding the perianth and holding the 
valves united above in dehiscence: seeds oblong, acute at both ends, 0.4-0.5 mm. in 
length, reticulated in about 20 longitudinal rows, the areolae smooth and nearly isodia- 
metrical. : 

In sandy soil, New York to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 


26. Juncus polycéphalus Michx. Plants about 10 dm. high. Stem stout, com- 
pressed, 2-4-leaved : leaves 50 cm. long or less, the upper shorter; blades flattened, 3-8 
mm. broad, the septa incomplete: inflorescence 8-30 cm. high, its bracts with nearly ob- 
solete blades: heads globose, 7-10 mm. in diameter, 20-100-flowered: perianth 3-4 mm. 


260 JUNCACEAE 


long: sepals and petals subulate : stamens 3, j-$ as long as the perianth ; anthers shorter 
than the filaments: capsule subulate, 1-celled, slightly exceeding the perianth, the valves 
in dehiscence remaining united by the slender beak, abruptly divergent below, the mar- 
gins finally involute: seeds narrowly oblong, acute at either end, with nearly straight 
apiculations, 0.45-0.6 mm. long, reticulated in about 13 longitudinal rows, the areolae 
smooth. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer. 

27. Juncus válidus Coville. Plants 4-10 dm. high. Stems stout, compressed, 1-3- 
leaved : leaf-blades commonly 10-20 em. long, merely compressed, 2-4 mm. wide, gradu- 
ally acuminate above, the septa complete: inflorescence 8-35 cm. high, its branches stiff 
and spreading, its bracts with nearly obsolete blades: heads globose, 12-15 mm. in diameter 
in fruit: perianth 4-5 mm. long: sepals and petals subulate : stamens about 3 as long as 
the perianth ; anthers not exceeding the filaments : capsules subulate, often falcate, ex- 
ceeding the perianth, 1-celled, the valves separating throughout in dehiscence, flat, their 
apiees spreading : seeds broadly oval, broadly acute at both ends, 0.4-0.55 mm. in length, 
not more than twice as long as broad, reticulated in about 20 longitudinal rows, the are- 
olae smooth. 

In sandy soil, Missouri to Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 

28. Juncus brachycárpus Engelm. Plants 2-9 dm. high, loosely tufted from hori- 
zontal rootstocks, which have a yearly growth of 1-5 cm., a thickness of about 2.5 mm., and 
bear 1-6 stems. Stems terete : stem-leaves 1—4 ; blades terete, 2 mm. thick or less, seldom 
exceeding 15 em. in length, or the upper much shorter : inflorescence 10 em. in height, 
and with 20 heads, or reduced toa single one: perianth 3-3.5 mm. long : sepals and petals 
subulate, the petals about $ as long as the sepals : stamens about 4 as long as the perianth : 
capsules 3-2 as long as the perianth, oblong, acute, mucronate, 1-celled, dehiscent through 
the muero : seeds oblong, acute at both ends, 0.35-0.4 mm. long, reticulated in about 18 
longitudinal rows, the areolae smooth, nearly isodiametrical. 

In sandy soil or low grounds, southern Ontario and the Mississippi Valley. Also from Maryland 
to North Carolina. Summer. 

29. Juncus trigonocárpus Steud. Plants 6-12 dm. high, in tufts, from short con- 
gested rootstocks. Stems stout, 2.5-4 mm. or 5 mm. thick at the base, much narrower above, 
terete or nearly so, 3-4-leaved : leaf-blades nearly as thick as the stem, commonly 15-40 em. 
long, or the upper shorter : inflorescence commonly 8-20 em. high, the breadth about 3 the 
height, ordinarily much branched and with the clusters 2-4-flowered, sometimes less- 
branched and with the clusters 5-10-flowered : perianth 3-4 mm. long: sepals and petals 
3-5-nerved, lanceolate, narrowly acute, the sepals shorter than the petals: stamens 3, 
3-1 the length of the perianth ; anthers shorter than the filaments : capsules lanceolate in 
outline, tapering to a narrow acute apex, dark red, about twice as long as the perianth, 
1-celled above, the placentae toward the base intruded to the center : seeds tailed at either 
end, about 2 mm. long including the tails. [J. caudatus Chapm.] 

In low grounds and sandy bogs, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 

30. Juncus Canadénsis J. Gay. Plants 3-12 dm. high, stout. Stems 2-4-leaved, 
few in a tuft, from a branched rootstock : leaves various ; basal usually decayed at flower- 
ing time ; stem-leaves with large loose auriculate sheaths commonly 5-10 em. long, and 
a stout erect blade usually 10-25 em. long: panicle 7-25 em. in height, the branches mod- 
erately spreading : heads usually erowded, top-shaped to hemispherie or globose, 5-40- 
flowered : perianth 3-4 mm. long : sepals and petals narrowly lanceolate, acute, the petals 
longer than the sepals : stamens 3, 3-3 as long as the perianth ; anthers much shorter than 
the filaments : capsule lanceolate, acute, mucronate, 3-sided, 1-celled, reddish brown, ex- 
ceeding the perianth by 1 mm. or less: seeds 1 mm. to nearly 2 mm. long, tailed at either 
end, the body with a smooth shining coat, about 40-striate. 

In moist or wet soil, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Georgia and Louisiana. Summer and fall.—A 
form, J. Canadensis subcaudátus Engelm., has frequently weak and reclining slender stems 4-8 dm. long 
aad a heads and seeds with very short tails; it occurs from Rhode Island to Pennsylvania and 

31. Juncus diffusíssimus Buckl. Plants 3-6 dm. high. Rootstock short and in- 
conspicuous : stems usually few in a tuft, slender, terete or slightly compressed, 2—4- 
leaved : leaf-blades 10-20 em. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick : inflorescence diffusely branched, 
10-20 em. high, much exceeding its lowest bract, the branches slender and widely spread- 
ing : heads 3-12-flowered : perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long: sepals and petals subulate, equal : 
stamens 3-3 as long as the perianth : capsule linear-lanceolate, 4-5.5 mm. in length, 
almost twice as long as the perianth, obtuse or broadly acute, short-mucronate, 1-celled, 
the valves separating through the apex in dehiscence: seeds oblong to obovoid, 0.4-0.5 
mm. long, acute at the base, abruptly apiculate at the apex, reticulated in about 16 rows, 
the areolae transversely plurilineolate. 


In low grounds, Indiana and Kansas to Georgia and Texas. Spring and summer. 


^ 


JUNCACEAE 261 


32. Juncus robüstus (Engelm.) Coville. Plants 6-10 dm. high. Rootstock short, 
inconspicuous : stems few in a tuft, nearly terete, 2-3 mm. thick below, 1-2-leaved : 
leaf-blades erect, terete, conspicuously septate, 20-60 cm. long, 2-3.5 mm. thick, usually 
reaching the inflorescence: inflorescence 10-25 cm. high, with moderately spreading 
branches and many (300-500) heads, its largest bract with the blade obsolete or sometimes 4 
as long as the inflorescence : heads 2-10-flowered : perianth 2-3 em. long: sepals and petals 
nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate: stamens j-3 as long as the perianth: capsule 1-14 
times as long as the perianth, light brown or almost stramineous at maturity, narrowly to 
broadly oblong, obtuse but short apiculate, 3-angled when dry, 1-celled, the valves sepa- 
rate and involute after dehiscence: seeds as in J. acuminatus. 

In low grounds, Illinois to Kansas, Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 

33. Juncus Hllióttii Chapm. Plants 2-8 dm. high. Stems tufted, from branched 
congested rootstocks, 3-leaved, nearly terete : lower leaf-blades commonly 8-15 cm. long, 
or rarely reaching 25 em. high, or occasionally somewhat larger, with moderately spreading 
branches, and 5 or sometimes 50 heads, the blade of the lowest involucral bract usually ob- 
solete, or rarely 4 cm. long: heads 2-5-flowered : perianth 2-2.5 mm. long: sepals and 
petals equal, lanceolate and acute: stamens 3-1 as long as the perianth ; anthers shorter 
than the filaments : capsule oblong to narrowly oblong, chestnut-brown above and shin- 
ing, broadly acute, equalling the perianth, 1-celled, the valves spreading and often invo- 
lute when mature: seeds lanceolate-oblong, 0.35-0.45 in length, reticulated in about 
12-14 rows, the areolae linear-oblong, and smooth, or marked with a single longitudinal 
line. 

In bogs or ditches, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. A large form, J. Elliottii polydnthemus C. 
Mohr, has stems 6-8 dm. tall, flat long-acuminate leaves 25-35 cm. long, and panicles with very num- 
erous (100-200) 4-6-flowered heads; it occurs in southern Alabama. Summer and fall. 

34. Juncus acuminàtus Michx. Plants 2-8 dm. high. Rootstock short and in- 
conspicuous : stems few or several in a tuft, terete or slightly compressed, 1-3-leaved : 
blades of the lower leaves 10-18 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, the upper shorter : inflorescence 
c mmonly 5-15 em. high, and with 5-50 heads, rarely larger, or reduced to a single head, 
its branches usually spreading or sometimes strict : heads 3-20-flowered, commonly 5-12- 
flowered: perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long: sepals and petals lanceolate-subulate, nearly 
equal: stamens about 4 as long as the perianth : capsules ovoid-lanceolate, broadly acute, 
mucronate, 1-celled, equalling the perianth, light brown, the valves separating through 
the apex in dehiscence : seeds narrowly to broadly oblong, 0.4-0.55 mm. in length, acute 
at both ends, reticulated in about 16-20 longitudinal rows, the areolae transversely plu- 
rilineolate. 

In low grounds, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia, Texas and Mexico. Also on our north- 
western coast. Spring. 

35. Juncus débilis A. Gray. Plants 2-4 dm. high or sometimes with weak procum- 
bent stems, often densely tufted. Leaves with blades usually less than 3 the height of the 
plant, more or less involute in age or in drying: paniele with ascending or diffuse 
branches: heads mostly 2-6-flowered : perianth 2-2.5 mm. long : sepals and petals nar- 
rowly lanceolate, the petals broader at the base and less concave : stamens much over 3 as 
long as the perianth: capsules linear-lanceolate in outline, about 4 exceeding the 
perianth. 


. In wet places and sandy shores, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida, Mississippi and Arkansas. 
Spring and summer. 


2. JUNCOIDES Adans. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous or sparingly webby-pubescent foliage. 
Leaves with closed sheaths and grass-like blades. Inflorescence various, often congested. 
Flowers always subtended by bractlets, these usually lacerate or denticulate. Stamens 6 
(in our species). Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 3, basal. Capsule sessile, 1-celled. Seeds 3, 
reticulated, sometimes carunculate but not distinctly tailed. [Luzula DC.] Woonp-RUSH. 


Peduncles terminated by 1 or rarely 2 flowers: capsule of an ovoid type. 1. J. pilosum. 
Peduncles terminated by compact spikes: capsule of an obovoid type. : 
Sepals and petals 3-4 mm, long: capsule much surpassed by the perianth. 2. J. echinatum. 
Sepals and petals 2-2.5 mm. long: capsule surpassing the perianth or about equal- 
ling it in length. 3. J. bulbosum. 


1. Juncoides pildsum (L.) Kuntze. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, 2-4-leaved : leaf-blades 
flat, 3-8 mm. wide, webby, especially when young, blunt and almost gland-like at the 
tip: inflorescence umbel-like, subtended by a bract 10-25 mm. long: peduncles filiform, 
equal or nearly so, 1-flowered or rarely 2-flowered : perianth 2.5-3 mm. long: sepals and 
petals triangular-ovate, brown except the hyaline margins, about twice as long as the 


262 ALLIACEAE 


toothed bractlets: capsules usually about } longer than the perianth: seeds with a con- 
spicuous hooked caruncle at the top. [Luzula Carolinae S. Wats. ] 


In woods, New Brunswick to Alaska, Georgia, Tennessee, Michigan and Oregon. Also in Europe 
and Asia. Spring. 


2. Juncoides echinàtum Small. Base of the plants not bulblet-bearing. Foliage 
webby-pubescent: stems 2.5-5 dm. tall: inflorescence umbel-like, subtended by a leaf- 
like braet : peduncles conspicuously unequal, each terminated by an oblong or a cylindric 
spike: sepals and petals lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, greenish or pale brown, acuminate, 
soft and hyaline at the tip : capsules obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, manifestly longer than thick, 
much surpassed by the sepals and petals. [Luzula campestris Chapm. in part, not DC. } 

In woodlands, North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 

3. Juncoides bulbósum (Wood) Small. Base of the plants accompanied by bulb- 
lets. Foliage almost glabrous or somewhat webby on the leaf-margins and at the tops of 
the sheaths: stems 1-4 dm. tall, usually lower than those of J. echinatum : inflorescence 
umbel-like, the peduncles very unequal at maturity : sepalsand petals ovate-lanceolate or 
lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, brownish, acuminate, neither manifestly soft nor hyaline at 
the apex : capsules broadly obovoid, or globose-obovoid, often nearly as thick as long, sur- 
passing the sepals or sometimes about equalling them. 

In woods, thickets and open sandy places, Virginia to Kansas, Georgia and Texas. Spring. 


FAMILY 3. ALLIACEAE Batsch. ONION FAMILY. 


Perennial mainly scapose herbs, with bulbs or corms. Leaves basal or more 
rarely cauline: blades narrow. Flowers in terminal umbels, which are at first 
enveloped in and finally subtended by a scarious involucre. Perianth sometimes 
conspicuous. Sepals and petals 3 each, quite similar in shape, usually mem- 
branous, distinct or partially united. Androecium of 6 stamens. Filaments 
usually distinct. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 
superior, 3-celled. Styles united. Ovules 1-several in each cavity. Fruit a 
loculicidal capsule, 3-lobed, sometimes crested. 


Sepals and petals distinct or nearly so. ; 
Ovules or seeds 10r 2 in each cavity : plants with an onion-like odor. 


Ovules 2 in each cavity : scape or stem accompanied by leaves. 1. ALLIUM. 
Ovule 1 in each cavity : seape not accompanied by leaves. 2. VALIDALLIUM. 
Ovules or seeds several in each cavity : plants destitute of an onion-like odor. 3. NOTHOSCORDIUM. 
Sepals and petals united to about the middle. 4. ANDROSTEPHIUM. 


1. ÁLLIUM L. 

Characteristically odorous herbs, with solitary or clustered bulbs. Leaves basal or 
mainly so: blades narrow, sometimes hollow or keeled, several. Scapes or stems simple, 
often hollow. Flowers perfect, in terminal usually simple umbels subtended by 2-3 thin 
bracts. Perianths of various colors, often white, pink, green or purple, persistent : sepals 
and petals distinct or nearly so. Stamens 6, adnate to the bases of the sepals and petals : 
filaments filiform or dilated, sometimes toothed : anthers opening introrsely. Ovary sessile 
or nearly so, more or less completely 3-celled: style filiform, jointed: stigma somewhat 
depressed. Ovules2 in each cavity. Capsule membranous, loculicidal. Onron. GARLIC. 


Bulbs with membranous outer coats. 
Umbels horizontal or nodding during anthesis. 


Perianth campanulate, mostly white or pink : sepals acute. 1. A. cernuum. 
Perianth urn-shaped, mostly deep purple : sepals obtuse or notched. 2. A. Allegheniense. 
Umbels erect. 
Caulescent: naturalized species. 3. A. vineale. 
Scapose: Texano-Mexican species. 4. A. scaposum. 
Bulbs with fibrous outer coats. 
Sepals and petals obtuse or notched : flowers mostly replaced by bulblets. 
Umbels simple. 5. A. Canadense. 
Umbels 1-2-proliferous. 6. A. continuum. 
Sepals and petals acute or acuminate: flowers rarely replaced by bulblets. 
Ovary and valves of the capsule not crested. 
Pedicels 16-25 mm, long. : 
Sepals and petals 5-7 mm. long: bulbs mostly over 2 cm. long. 7. A. mutabile. — 
Sepals and petals 4-5 mm. long : bulbs mostly less than 1.5 em. long. 8. A. microscordion. 
Pedicels 8-12 mm. long. 
Bulbs usually solitary; tbe outer coats with loosely woven fibers: : 
sepals and petals 4-5 mm. long. 9. A. arenicola. 
Bulbs usually 2 together ; the outer coats with tightly woven fibers: " 
sepals and petals 6-7 mm. Jong. 10. A. Helleri. 


Ovary and valves of the capsule crested. 11. A. Cuthbertii. 


ALLIACEAE 263 


1. Allium cérnuum Roth. Bulbs membranous-coated : leaves basal; blades erect 
or spreading, narrowly linear, 1-3 dm. long, nearly flat: scapes 2-6 dm. tall, 2-edged : 
umbel nodding, subtended by 2 deciduous bracts, several-many-flowered : pedicels slender, 
1-2 or3 em. long: perianth deep pink or purplish, ovoid-globose : sepals and petals ovate or 
ovate-oblong, 5-6 mm. long: filaments nearly filiform, commonly surpassing the perianth : 
capsules 4-5 mm. long and a little broader. 

In rocky hillsides, New York to Minnesota, British Columbia, North Carolina and Tennessee. 
Summer. 

2. Allium Allegheniénse Small. Bulbs narrowly ovoid, 1-2.5 em. long, with mem- 
branous coats: leaves few, erect or ascending; blades narrowly linear, 2-3 dm. long, 2-4 
mm. broad: scapes 3-5 dm. tall, 2-edged at least at maturity, commonly overtopping the 
leaves: umbel 12-40-flowered, nodding: pedicels 1.5-2.6 cm. long, nearly filiform, becom- 
ing much thicker at maturity, pink or purple: perianth purple, often deeply so, mostly 
urn-shaped, 4-5 mm. high : sepals and petals oval or nearly so, the sepals obtuse or notched 
at the apex, manifestly shorter than the petals: capsules 4-5 mm. high, with 2 large proc- 
esses on each valve. 

On cliffs or in rocky goil, Virginia to North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. Summer and fall, 

3. Allium vineàle L. Bulbs with membranous outer coats: stems 3-9 dm. tall, 
leafy to about the middle: leaves mainly basal; blades linear, 1-4 dm. long, somewhat 
channeled, those of the stem 2-4, similar but shorter : umbel erect, subtended by 2 lanceo- 
late acuminate bracts: pedicels few or very numerous, slender, 1-3 cm. long, wholly or 
partly replaced by bulblets ; these furnished with filiform appendages: perianth green, 
pink or purple: sepals and petals ovate and lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acute or obtusish : 
filaments about as long as the perianth or shorter, flattened, the 3 interior each furnished 
with 2 appendages: capsules 3-lobed, not surpassing the perianth. 

In meadows and fields, Connecticut to Missouri and Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Spring 
and summer. WILD GARLIC. 

4. Allium scapósum Benth. Bulbs ovoid, 1.5-3 em. long; outer coats with rectilin- 
ear reticulations: leaves 2-4, slender: scapes solitary or few together, 1-3 dm. tall, as 
long as the leaves or usually overtopping them : spathe 2-valved : umbel loose, few-flowered, 
erect: pedicels 1-1.5 em. long: perianth white: sepals and petals lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, acuminate, 6-8 mm. long, usually with red midnerves : stamens not surpassing 
the perianth : capsules 5-6 mm. broad, the valves crestless. 

On gravelly hillsides or in grassy places, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Summer and fall. 

5. Allium Canadénse L. Bulbs with fibrous outer coats: leaves basal; blades nar- 
rowly linear, 1-5 dm. long, rounded on the back : scapes 2-6 dm. tall, finely ridged in age: 
umbel subtended by 2 or 3 ovate membranous bracts, most of the flowers replaced by bulb- 
lets: pedicels few, slender: perianth pink or white: sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse, 4-5 mm. long, or sometimes longer: filaments dilated atthe base, entire, about as 
long as the perianth. 

In meadows and fields, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Spring. MEADOW GARLIC. 

6. Allium contínuum Small. Bulbs with fibrous outer coats: leaves basal; blades 
narrowly linear, often shorter than the scape, early withering: scapes often tufted, 3-4 
dm. tall, topped by a head of ovoid or oblong-ovoid bulblets, subtended by an involucre of 
3 reflexed acuminate bracts ; bulblets sending out relatively stout scapes 1-2 dm. long: 
flowers few, accompanying the bulblets: pedicels slender, 1-3 cm. long: perianth pink, 
about 1 em. broad : sepals and petals lanceolate or almost linear, notched at the apex : fila- 
ments dilated below: capsules lobed, the valves not crested. 

In and near the Ocmulgee river-swamps, Georgia. Spring. 

7. Allium mutàbile Michx. Bulbs with conspicuously fibrous outer coats: leaves 
basal ; blades narrowly linear, 1-4 dm. long, channeled: scapes 2-5 dm. tall, usually sur- 
peus the leaves: umbels erect, subtended by 2-3 ovate to oblong long-acuminate 

racts: pedicels often numerous, 1-2.5 cm. long, slender: perianth white, pink or rose- 
colored: sepals and petals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-7 mm. 
long : filaments dilated at the base, shorter than the perianth : capsules surpassed by the 
perianth, the valves not crested. 

In fields and dry soil, Virginia to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Spring. WILD ONION. 

8. Allium microscórdion Small. Bulbs ovoid, 1-1.5 em. long, with fibrous outer 
coats: leaves basal; blades narrowly linear, 1-3.5 dm. long, becoming very slender : 
scapes solitary or tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, mostly larger than the leaves: umbels erect, 10-45- 
flowered : pedicels slender, 18-23 mm. long: perianth pink: sepals and petals oblong to 
oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acute but slightly hooded at the apex : filaments lanceo- 
late subulate at the tip, slightly coherent with the sepals and petals at the broad bases: 
capsules about 3 mm. broad, the valves not crested. 

On hillsides or in sandy soil, Alabama to Florida, Texas and Colorado. Spring. 


264 ALLIACEAE 


9. Allium arenícola Small. Bulbs nearly 1 cm. long, usually solitary, with fibrous 
outer coats, the fibers loosely woven: leaves basal; blades very narrowly linear, becoming 
almost filiform, about as long as the scape or shorter: scapes sometimes several together, 
1-3 dm. tall, more or less curved: umbels erect, 10-30-flowered : pedicels 5-10 mm. long, 
slender : perianth deep pink, not tubular: sepals and petals linear or narrowly linear-lan- 
ceolate, about 4-5 mm. long, acute or acuminate, very delicate : filaments dilated below : 
capsules lobed, the valves not crested. 

In sandy soil, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, Mississippi and Texas. Spring. 


10. Allium Hélleri Small. Bulbs ovoid, usually 2 together, with fibrous outer coats, 
but the fibers closely woven: Leaves basal; blades linear, 1-2 dm. long: scapes as long 
as the leaves or overtopping them, terete or nearly so: bracts 2-3, ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
late: umbel erect, few- or many-flowered : pedicels slender, 8-15 mm. long, erect or ascend- 
ing: perianth white or rose-colored, 6-7 mm. long, tubular: sepals and petals oblong- 
lanceolate to elliptic, rather blunt, relatively firm: filaments granular, barely dilated 
above the base : capsules 3-5 mm. broad, included, the valves crestless. 

On prairies, usually in dry soil, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Arizona. Spring. 


11. Allium Cuthbértii Small. Bulbs ovoid, with coarse-fibrous outer coats: leaves 
basal; blades narrowly linear, 1-3 dm. long, slightly channeled : scapes usually solitary, 
mostly longer than the leaves: umbel erect, often 10-30-flowered, subtended by 2-3 very 
delicate long-acuminate bracts: pedicels slender or filiform, 2-2.5 em. long: perianth 
white: sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, 6-9 mm. long, acuminate, delicately striate : 
filaments subulate above a dilated base which is somewhat coherent with the sepals and 
petals : capsules 4-5 mm. wide, the valves crested. 

In sand, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


2. VALIDALLIUM Small. 

Scapose herbs giving off a strong alliaceous odor, with clustered bulbs. Leaves basal, 
mostly 2-3: blades relatively broad, appearing before the scape, thickish. Scape simple. 
Flowers perfect, in a terminal umbel subtended by 2 bracts. Perianth white or pale, per- 
sistent: sepals and petals distinct or nearly so. Stamens 6: filaments slender : anthers open- 
ing introrsely. Ovary sessile, 3-celled : stigma depressed. Ovules solitary in each cavity. 
Capsule loculicidal, 3-lobed. 


1. Validallium tricóccum ( Ait.) Small. Bulbs clustered, with fleshy-membranous 
outer coats: leaves 2, basal, vernal, disappearing before the flowers appear; blades oblong 
to oblong-elliptic, 1-3 dm. long, acute, tapering into petiole-like bases : scapes 1-4 dm. tall, 
often curved, terete: umbel erect, subtended by 2 bracts: pedicels numerous, 1-1.5 cm. 
long, nearly straight: perianth white: sepals and petals oblong to oval, 6-7 mm. long, 
obtuse : filaments subulate-lanceolate, about as long as the perianth : capsules 3-lobed, about 
6 mm. broad : seeds globose, about 3 mm. in diameter, black, smooth and shining. [Allium 
tricoccum Ait. ] 


In moist woods and on hillsides, New Brunswick to Minnesota and Georgia. Summer. 


3. NOTHOSCORDIUM Kunth, 

Scapose herbs resembling Allivm, but without the characteristic odor. Bulbs mem- 
branous coated. Leaves basal: blades narrow. Scape topped by a simple few-rayed umbel, 
this subtended by 2 bracts. Flowers perfect. Perianth yellow, greenish or white, withering 
but persistent: sepals and petals 6, narrow, l-nerved, distinct or nearly so. Stamens 6, 
adnate to the base of the sepals and petals: filaments subulate or filiform : anthers narrow: 
opening introrsely. Ovary 3-celled : style filiform, jointed near the base: stigma capitate. 
Ovules several in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled or 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds black, 
angled, or flattened. 


1. Nothoscordium bivalve (L.) Britton. Bulbs 1-2 em. long: leaves basal ; blades 
narrowly linear, 1-4 dm. long: scapes 1-4 dm. tall, commonly overtopping the leaves: 
umbel erect, subtended by several membranous acute or acuminate bracts, 3-15-flowered : 
pedicels slender, 2-5 em. long, straight : perianth white, delicate : sepals and petals oblong- 
lanceolate or narrowly oblong, acute, 10-12 mm. long: filaments shorter than the perianth : 
capsules obovoid or rarely broader than high, 4-6 mm. long. [Allium striatum Jacq. ] 


In sandy soil, Virginia to Nebraska, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Spring. FALSE GARLIC. 


LILIACEAE -~ 265 


4. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr. 

Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated corms. Leaves basal: blades narrow, elon- 
gated. Scape simple, topped by a several-rayed umbel, this subtended by several bracts. 
Flowers perfect, few, short-pedicelled. Perianth blue: sepals and petals 6, about as long 
as the funnelform tube, united to about the middle. Stamens 6, adnate to the throat of the 
perianth-tube : filaments united to the middle or above it into a tube, this bearing tooth- 
like lobes between the free parts of the filaments : anthers narrow, introrse. Ovary 3-celled : 
style filiform: stigma 3-grooved. Ovules several in each cavity. Capsule 3-angled, 
membranous, loculicidal. Seeds few, black, thick. 

1. Androstephium coerüleum (Scheele) Greene. Bulbs ovoid, with thin outer 
coats: leaves basal; blades rather flat, linear, commonly overtopping the scape: scape 
solitary, 1-3 dm. tall, topped by a 2-6-rayed umbel: pedicels ascending, 1-3 cm. long, 
relatively stout: perianth lilac or violet, 2-3 cm. long: sepals and petals oblong or oblong- 
lanceolate, about as long as the tube, obtuse: anthers not surpassing the perianth : capsules 
over 1 em. long and broad: seeds flat, 4-6 mm. broad. [A. violaceum Torr. ] 

On prairies and in light soil, Kansas to the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring. 


FAMILY 4. LILIACEAE Adans. LILY FAMILY. 


Perennial, mainly caulescent herbs, with bulbs orcorms. Leaves alternate or 
whorled, basal or apparently basal: blades entire. Flowers solitary, or in ter- 
minal racemes, corymbs or panicles. Perianth commonly conspicuous or showy. 
Sepals and petals 3 each, quite similar, sometimes partially united. Androecium 
of 6 stamens. Filaments usually distinct. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 3 
united earpels. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Styles united. Ovules 2-many in 
each cavity. Fruita loculicidal capsule, globular or elongated, lobed or prismatic. 


Sepals and petals partially united. 1. HEMEROCALLIS. 
Sepals and petals distinet. 
Anthers not introrse. 


Anthers versatile. 2. LILIUM. 

Anthers erect. 3. ERYTHRONIUM. 
Anthers introrse. 

Ovules numerous in each cavity. 4. QUAMASIA. 

Ovules 2 in each cavity. 5. OXYTRIA. 


1. HEMEROCÁLLIS L. 

Acaulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage and clustered coated bulbs. Leaves basal : 

blades linear, elongated, ascending or spreading, sometimes slightly involutely folded. 
Scapes simple below the inflorescence. Flowers perfect, in terminal clusters. Perianth 
` mostly yellow or orange, funnelform ; lobes longer than the tube, recurving. Stamens ô, 
adnate to near the top of the perianth-tube : filaments shorter than the perianth : anthers 
narrow, opening introrsely. Ovary longer than broad, 3-celled : style declined : stigma 
small, capitate. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, 3-angled, longitu- 
dinally 3-valved. Endosperm fleshy. 
: 1. Hemerocallis filva L. Foliage glabrous, bright green. Leaves basal, often 
numerous ; blades linear, elongated, curved, acute: scapes 1-2 m. tall, overtopping the 
leaves, often mottled: flowers 5-15, short-pedicelled, opening for about one day : perianth 
showy, tawny orange, 10-15 cm. long; lobes spreading or recurved, the outer 3 flat, 
acutish, the inner 3 undulate, obtuse: stamens exserted, shorter than the style. 

In thiekets and meadows, New Brunswick and Ontario to North Carolina and Tennessee. Native 


of Europe and Asia. Summer. Day LiLv. 
2. LÍLIUM L. 

Caulescent herbs, with scaly bulbs. Leaves alternate or whorled : blades flat, entire, 
smooth, or with rough margins and nerves. Flowers perfect, erect or drooping. Peri- 
anth showy, variously colored, funnelform to campanulate: sepals and petals 3 each, dis- 
tinct, straight or recurved, each with a nectar-bearing groove at the base within. Stamens 
6, slightly adnate to the sepals and petals : filaments subulate or filiform, shorter than the 
perianth: anthers narrow, versatile, opening lengthwise. Ovary 3-celled : style often 
club-shaped : stigma 3-lobed. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule longer than 
broad, loculicidal. Seeds flat, horizontal, closely packed in 2 rows in each cavity. 


266 LILIACEAE 


Flower or flowers erect: sepals and petals narrowed into claws. 


Leaves erect or nearly so, all alternate: sepals and petals long-acuminate. 1. L. Catesbaci. 
Leaves spreading, some alternate: sepals and petals merely acute, or obtuse. 
Leaves mostly alternate: capsules cylindric, over 5 em. long. 2. L. umbellatum. 


oo 
e 


Leaves mostly whorled: capsules obovoid, less than 5 em. long. 
Flower or flowers horizontal or nodding: sepals and petals without claws. 
Leaf-blades finely roughened on the margins and nerves beneath: sepals and 
petals not recurved. 


. Philadelphicum. 


Sepals and petals erect, abruptly pointed: flowers horizontal. 4, L. Grayi. 

Sepals and petals spreading at the middle, acuminate: flowers nodding. 5. L. Canadense. 
Leaf-blades smooth: sepals and petals recurved. 

Foliage green : leaf-blades broadest below the middle. 6. L. superbum. 

Foliage glaucous: leaf-blades broadest above the middle. 7. L. Carolinianum. 


1. Lilium Catesbaéi Walt. Bulbs with narrow scales often prolonged into slender 
tips: stems 3-8 dm. tall, simple: leaves alternate, erect or nearly so; blades linear or 
narrowly linear-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, fleshy : flowers solitary, erect: perianth mainly 
scarlet : sepals and petals 8-12 cm. long ; blades lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, conspicu- 
ously acuminate, undulate, spotted with purple and yellow, longer than the involute claw : 
capsules oblong or obovoid-oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 

2. Lilium umbellàtum Pursh. Bulbs with stout scales: stems 3-8 dm. tall, sim- 
ple: leaves alternate or those under the inflorescence whorled ; blades linear, 3-8 cm. 
long, ascending or spreading, pale beneath: flowers erect, solitary or 3 in a terminal 
whorl: perianth red, orange or yellow: sepals and petals 5-8 cm. long ; blades elliptic to 
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or rather obtuse, narrowed into shorter claws: capsules 
cylindric, 7-10 em. long. 

In dry soil, Minnesota to North west Territory, Ohio, Arkansas and Colorado. Spring and summer. 

3. Lilium Philadélphicum L. Bulbs with stout scales : stems 3-9 dm. tall, simple, 
at least below the inflorescence : leaves in whorls of 3’s or 8's or alternate on the upper 
part of stem ; blades linear to narrowly elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both 
ends, rough-margined : flowers solitary, or rarely 4 in a whorl: perianth mainly reddish 
orange: sepals and petals 5-6 cm. long; blades oblong, elliptic or oval, spotted with pur- 
ple below the middle, longer than the claws, obtuse or abruptly pointed: capsules obo- 
void, 2-4 em. long. 

. , In open woods or rocky soil, Maine and Ontario to the mountains of North Carolina and West Vir- 
ginia. Summer. 

4. Lilium Grayi S. Wats. Bulbs with many thick scales: stem 5-10 dm. tall, sim- 
ple or topped by an umbel : leaves whorled in 3’s-8’s or scattered on the lower part of the 
stem ; blades lanceolate to oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, 
slightly roughened on the edges, sessile, minutely roughened on the nerves beneath : 
flowers solitary or 3 at top of the stem, horizontal or nearly so: perianth mostly red: 
sepals and petals oblong-spatulate, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, acute or abruptly pointed : capsules 
fig-shaped, 3-4 cm. long. 

On high mountain peaks, Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer. 

5. Lilium Canadénse L. Bulbs stout, with numerous thick scales : stems 6-15 dm. 
tall, more or less branched above, strict or slightly zigzag: leaves in whorls of 4's-10's or 
scattered at the base or the top of stem; blades linear to oblong or elliptic-oblong, 5-15 
cm. long, acute or acuminate, roughened on the margins and nerves beneath : flowers sol- 
itary or as many as 16: perianth red or yellowish, often variegated, usually spotted : sepals 
and petals broadest at or above the middle, 4.5-7.5 em. long: capsules oblong-prismatic, 
3-5 em. long. 

In meadows and swamps, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. Summer. 
WILD YELLOW LILY. 

6. Lilium supérbum L. Bulbs large, with thick scales : stems 9-25 dm. tall, strict, 
shining: leaves in whorls of 3's-8's or alternate on the upper part of the stem; blades 
elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or nearly linear, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, 
smooth, without conspicuously anastomosing veins, sessile or nearly so : pedicels spread- 
ing: flowers showy, 3-40: perianth orange, red or orange-yellow, nodding: sepals and 
petals linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 6-10 em. long, recurving from below the mid- 
ae at maturity, usually spotted with purple: capsules oblong or obovoid-oblong, 3-5 cm. 

ong. 

In swamps or meadows, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Tennessee. Summer. TuRK’s CAP LILY. 

7. Lilium Carolinianum Michx. Bulbs solitary or several together, with thick scales : 
foliage glabrous: stems 6-12 dm. tall, simple or topped by a 3-rayed umbel: leaves in 
whorls of 3's-8's or scattered at the base or top of the stem, or often all scattered ; blades 
obovate, elliptic-obovate or oblanceolate, 3-12 em. long, abruptly pointed or acuminate, 
gradually narrowed to the sessile base, 3-nerved : flowers nodding, fragrant: perianth 


LILIACEAE 267 


orange-red, 4-8 cm. long, very showy : sepals and petals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 8- 
10 cm. long, spotted with purple, strongly recurved from below the middle, the tips often 
converging on the base of the perianth, the midrib winged beneath: capsules obovoid. 

In open woods, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


3. ERYTHRONIUM L. 

Low herbs, with deeply buried membranous-coated corms, sometimes producing off- 
shoots. Stems chiefly underground, simple. Leaves 2 at the top of the stems and appearing 
basal: blades thickish, flat, spreading, sheathing at the base. Flowers perfect. Perianth 
often showy, nodding, solitary, or rarely several flowers together : sepals and petals narrow, 
each with a nectar-bearing groove at the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous: filaments shorter 
than the perianth : anthers narrow, erect. Ovary 3-celled: style filiform or thickened 
upward, 3-lobed or 3-cleft at the apex.  Ovules several or numerous in each cavity. 
Capsule slightly elongated, 3-celled, loculicidal. Seeds flattened. Doa’s-roorn VIOLET. 
New corms produced at the base of the old ones: sepals and petals erect or only slightly spreading: 

1. E. mesachoreum: 
New corms produced at the ends of offshoots: sepals and petals recurved. 
Perianth white, pink or purplish within: styles united to above the middle, 
topped by 3 spreading stigmas. 2. E. albidum. 
Perianth yellow within : styles wholly united : stigma terminal. 3. E. Americanum. 

1. Erythronium mesachóreum Knerr. Corms ovoid, 2-3 cm. long, with large mem- 
branous coats, not producing offshoots but the new bulb forming at the base of the old one 
or within its coats. Leaves 2; blades oblong to linear-oblong, 8-18 cm. long, deep green, 
not mottled, commonly involutely folded, narrowed into petiole-like bases: scapes 1-3 
dm. tall, simple: perianth nodding : sepals and petals linear to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-4 
em. long, white, sometimes tinted with lavender, erect, barely spreading, not recurved : 
stigmas recurved : capsules obovoid, 2-3 cm. long. 

On prairies, Iowa to Nebraska, and the Indian Territory. Winter and early spring. 

2. Erythronium álbidum Nutt. Corms ovoid, 1-2 cm. long. Leaves apparently 
basal; blades oblong to elliptic, 5-15 em. long, acute, mottled with light and dark green, 
or of only one shade of green, narrowed into petiole-like bases: scapes 1-3 dm. tall, 
overtopping the leaves, slender: perianth white, pink or purplish, nodding : sepals and 
petals linear or linear-lanceolate, 3-3.5 cm. long, recurved, destitute of auricles : stigmas 
3, linear, 2-3 mm. long: capsules oblong or oblong-obovoid, 1-2 cm. long. 

In thickets and on hillsides, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. Spring.—A form from 
ME TES ee with the sepals and petals suffused with rose-purple or red is known as E. albidum colord- 

3. Erythronium Americanum Ker. Corms ovoid, 1-2.5 em. long. Leaves ap- 
parently basal, usually 2; blades oblong to elliptic, 10-15 cm. long, acute, commonly 
mottled above, lustrous on both sides, entire, sheathing at the base: scapes 1-3 dm. 
tall, simple: peduncles more or less glaucous, simple: perianth-members various, 3-3.5 
em. long ; sepals linear-lanceolate, glaucous without, greenish yellow within ; petals linear- 
elliptic, pale yellow, the midvein green without, all spotted within below the middle: 
stigma terminal, slightly lobed: capsules broadly obovoid, or fig-shaped, 1-1.5 cm. long. 

In thickets and moist woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Arkansas. Spring: 


4. QUAMASIA Raf. 

Scapose herbs, with coated edible bulbs. Leaves basal: blades narrow, elongated. 
Scape solitary, simple. Raceme terminal, cylindric. Pedicels subtended by narrow 
bracts. Flowers perfect. Perianth white, blue or purple: sepals and petals 6, distinct, 
equal, 3-8-nerved. Stamens 6, adnate to the base of perianth-members: filaments fili- 
form: anthers narrow, versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled: style filiform: stigma 
3-lobed. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule about as broad as long, 3-angled, 
loculicidal. Seeds black, lustrous. [Camassia Lindl. ] 

1. Quamasia hyacinthina ( Raf.) Britton. Bulbs ovoid or subglobose, 2-3 cm. long : 
leaves basal; blades narrowly linear, acuminate, 2-5 dm. long, entire: scapes 3-6 dm. 
tall, overtopping the leaves, wholly naked or rarely with 1 or 2 reduced leaves: racemes 
8-20 cm. long or longer at maturity, showy: pedicels spreading, 1-1.5 cm. long: bracts 
slender, membranous: perianth blue or rarely white, about as long as the pedicel : sepals 
and petals oblong, sometimes narrowly so, obtuse, several-nerved : capsules 3-angled, 7-8 
mm. long, broader than high. [Camassia Fraseri Torr. ] 


In thickets and meadows, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. Spring. WILD HYA- 
CINTH, 


268 CONVALLARIACEAE 


5. OXYTRIA Raf. 


Scapose herbs, with bulb-like corms. Leaves basal, often numerous: blades narrow, 
elongated. Flowers perfect, regular, in terminal racemes or panicles. Pedicels solitary. 
Perianth white or yellow: sepals and petals 3 each, distinct, 3-nerved, withering-persis- 
tent. Stamens 6: filaments adnate to the base of the sepals and petals: anthers versatile, 
introrsely dehiscing. Ovary sessile or nearly so, 3-celled : style filiform: stigma 3-lobed. 
Ovules 2 in each cavity, anatropous. Capsule not elongated, 3-angled, leathery, loculic- 
idally 2-valved. Seeds few, sometimes angled. Embryo straight, as long as the fleshy en- 
dosperm. [Schoenolirion Durand. ] 

Perianth bright yellow: bracts obtuse. 

Perianth white or greenish white: bracts acute or acuminate. 
Racemes mostly simple: bracts acute: seeds 2 mm. long. 2. O. Texana. 
Racemes mostly panicled: bracts acuminate: seeds 4 mm. long. 3. O. albiflora. 

1. Oxytria crdcea (Michx.) Raf. Leaves basal, erect or ascending ; blades narrowly 
linear, 2-4 dm. long, attenuate : scapes often tufted, scarcely taller than the leaves, simple 
below the racemes, slender : racemes 3-10 cm. long, simple: pedicels ascending, 5-13 mm. 
long: bracts obtuse: perianth bright yellow, about 1 em. broad : sepals and petals oblong 
or oblong-oblanceolate, rather obtuse : capsules 3-lobed, 4-5 mm. broad : seeds black, 3 mm. 
long. (Schoenolirion croceum ( Michx.) A. Gray.] 

In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Spring. 


2. Oxytria Texàna (Scheele) Pollard. Leavesbasal; blades narrowly linear, 1-4 dm. 
long, attenuate : scapes erect, about as long as the longer leaves, simple below the inflores- 
cence: racemes 5-10 cm. long, mostly simple: pedicels ascending or spreading, 8-14 mm. 
long : perianth greenish white, about 1 em. broad: sepals and petals oblong, obtuse: cap- 
sules 3-lobed : seeds 2 mm. long. [Schoenolirion Texanum (Scheele) A. Gray. ] 

On prairies, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 


3. Oxytria albiflora (Raf.) Pollard. Leaves basal ; blades narrowly linear, 4-6 dm. 
long, gradually contracted from the base: scapes erect, somewhat longer than the leaves, 
paniculately branched above: pedicels ascending, 1-2.5 cm. long, ascending: perianth 
white, 10-12 mm. broad : sepals and petals broadly oblong or oval, obtuse, 5-nerved : cap- 
sules 3-lobed, 5-6 mm. broad: seeds 4 mm. long.  [Schoenolirion Elliottii Feay.] 

In low pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


1s O CROCE. 


Famity 5. CONVALLARIACEAE Link. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY. 


Perennial scapose or caulescent herbs, with rootstocks; never with bulbs or 
corms. Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal, sometimes reduced to scales. 
Flowers perfect, regular, in terminal umbel-like clusters, racemes, panicles, or 
solitary, or sometimes 1 or several in the axils. Perianth inferior: sepals and 
petals 2 or 3 each, distinct or partially united. Androecium of 6 hypogynous 
stamens. Filaments partly adnate to the perianth. Gynoecium of 2-3 united 
carpels. Ovary 2 or 3-celled, superior. Styles mostly united. Stigma 2 or 3- 
lobed. Ovules 2-several, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a fleshy berry, or 
rarely a tardily dehiscent capsule. Seeds few or numerous. Embryo surrounded 
by copious endosperm. 


Leaves reduced to scales: branchlets very numerous, filiform. 
Leaves normal: stems or scapes simple or sparingly branched. 
Sepals and petals distinct. 
Plants scapose : leaves basal. 


1. ASPARAGUS. 


2. CLINTONIA. 
Plants caulescent: leaves cauline. 
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 
Sepals and petals 3 each : stamens 6. 3. VAGNERA. 
Sepals and petals 2 each : stamens 4. 4. UNIFOLIUM. 
Flowers axillary or opposite the leaves, solitary, or few in the clusters. 
Fruit a berry : filaments mostly longer than the anthers. 
Flowers axillary: filaments slender: anthers acute. 5. STREPTOPUS. 
Flowers terminal : filaments dilated : anthers obtuse. 6. DISPORUM. 
Fruit a capsule: filaments mostly shorter than the anthers. 
Sepals and petals with 2 ridges on either side of a deep nectary: cap- 
sules obovoid or turbinate, 3-lobed. 7. UVULARIA. 
Sepals and petals without ridges or nectary : capsules elliptic or oval, 
3-winged. 8. OAKESIELLA. 
Sepals and petals partially united into a tube. 
Flowers axillary : perianth tubular: anthers sagittate. 9. SALOMONIA. 


Flowers in terminal racemes: perianth campanulate: anthers oblong. 10. CONVALLARIA. 


CONVALLARIACEAE 269 


1. ASPARAGUS L. 


Caulescent herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Stems first arising as simple scaly stalks 
(these often edible), finally branched. Leaves all reduced to scales. Branchlets filiform 
to linear or ovate, often clustered in the axils of the scale-like leaves. Flowers solitary in 
the axils, or sometimes in racemes or umbels. Perianth nodding: sepals and petals alike, 
distinct or slightly united at the base. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth: 
filaments usually filiform: anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled: stigmas 3. Ovules 2 in 
each cavity. Berry drooping, pulpy. Seeds few or solitary, often black. 

1. Asparagus officinalis L. Rootstocks much branched. Foliage glabrous, glau- 
cescent: stems at first stout, with broad scales, edible, becoming 4-20 dm. tall, widely 
branching, conspicuous on account of the numerous thread-like branchlets clustered in the 
axils of minute scales: flowers mostly solitary at the nodes, drooping from recurved pedi- 
cels: perianth greenish, 4-6 mm. long: sepals and petals linear, obtuse, erect, or with 
E tips: stamens shorter than the perianth: berries subglobose, red, 6-8 mm. in 

lameter. 


In waste places and salt marshes, New Brunswick to Georgia and Louisiana. Naturalized from 
Europe. Spring to fall. ASPARAGUS. 


2. CLINTONIA Raf. 


Seapose herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and pubescent foliage. Leaves normal, 
basal: blades flat, thickish, the petiole-like bases sheathing. Scape solitary, simple. 
Flowers in terminal umbels, or rarely solitary or racemose. Perianth erect or drooping : 
sepals and petals equal or nearly so, distinct, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted at the base 
of the perianth : filaments filiform: anther-sacs opening laterally, or nearly so. Ovary 
2 or 3-celled, sessile : stigma slightly 2- or 3-lobed. Ovules 2-several in each cavity. Berry 
not drooping. Seeds 2-many, rounded or angled. 

Perianth greenish yellow: sepals and petals over 1 em. long: flowers nodding: berries blue. 


1. C. borealis. 
Perianth white: sepals and petals less than 1 em. long: flowers erect: berries black. 2. C. umbellulata. 


1. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Foliage deep green. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic 
or oval, 1-3 dm. long, ovate or abruptly pointed, ciliate, sheathing at the base: scapes 
erect, surpassing the leaves, pubescent above: flowers sometimes in racemes: perianth 
greenish yellow, 1.5-2 em. long, nodding: sepals and petals linear or linear-lanceolate, 
1.5-2 em. long, pubescent without: berries oval or subglobose, 8-9 mm. in diameter, blue. 

In deep woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, North Carolina and Wisconsin. Spring. 

2. Clintonia umbellulàta (Michx.) Torr. Foliage bright green. Leaf-blades ob- 
long, oblong-spatulate or elliptic, 1-3 dm. long, acute or abruptly pointed, ciliate, sheath- 
ing at the base: scapes erect, as long as the leaves or 1.5 dm. longer, rarely bearing a 
leaf-like scale, pubescent, especially above: umbel 5-15-flowered : pedicels ascending or 
upeurved, 1-3 cm. long: perianth white, spotted with green or purple : sepals and petals 
elliptie to oval, about 5 mm. long: berries subglobose, 5-7 mm. in diameter, black. 

In woods and on hillsides, New York to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


3. VAGNERA Adans. 


Caulescent herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leaves cauline: blades thickish, several- 
nerved. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Perianth white or greenish white: 
sepals and petals 3-each, equal, distinct or nearly so. Stamens 6, often conspicuous : fila- 
ments filiform, or slightly flattened, inserted at the base of the perianth : anthers introrse. 
Ovary sessile, 3-celled : stigma 3-grooved or 3-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry 
subglobose, sometimes mottled. Seeds 1-2, with a thin testa. [ Smilacina Desf.] Wirp 
SPIKENARD. 


Sepals and petals broadly linear: filaments inflated, about as long as the perianth. 1. V. racemosa. 
Sepals and petals narrowly linear: filaments flat, twice as long as the perianth. 2. V. australis. 

1. Vagnera racemósa (L.) Morong. Stems erect or ascending, 3-9 dm. tall, more 
or less zigzag, slightly angled : leaf-blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, 5-20 cm. 
long, acute or acuminate, several-nerved, sessile: panicles 3-10 cm. long, not, very dense, 
the branches usually pubescent: perianth white, about 4 mm. broad, glabrous or nearly 
so : sepals and petals broadly linear: filaments about as long as the sepals and petals, in- 


270 CONV ALLARIACEAE 


flated: berries subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, red and spotted with purple, aromatic. 

In woods and on banks, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Missouri and Arizona. 
Spring and summer. 

2. Vagnera australis Rydb. Similar to V. racemosa in habit, but more slender. 
Leaf-blades relatively narrower, markedly acuminate, prominently 3-nerved, the other 
lateral nerves less prominent: panicles loosely flowered, the branches glabrous: perianth 
white, about 3 mm. broad: sepals and petals narrowly linear: filaments twice as long as 
the sepals and petals, flat. 

In woods or on hillsides, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


4. UNIFÓLIUM Adans. 


Caulescent herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves few: blades thickish, several- 
nerved. Flowers in terminal racemes. Perianth white: sepals and petals 4, distinct, 
spreading. Stamens 4, hypogynous: filaments filiform, or slightly flattened : anthers ver- 
satile, introrse. Ovary sessile or nearly so, 2-celled: stigmas 2. Ovules 2 in each cavity. 
Berry subglobose, pulpy. Seeds 1-2. Embryo shorter than the horny endosperm. 
[ Maianthemum Wigg. ] 

1. Unifolium Canadénse (Desf.) Greene. Foliage finely pubescent or glabrous. 
Stems erect, 5-15 em. tall, commonly zigzag: leaves 2 or commonly 3; blades ovate to 
lanceolate, 2-8 em. long, acute or somewhat acuminate, usually truncate or subcordate at 
the base, sessile or short-petioled : racemes 2-5 cm. long, not dense: pedicels 2-8 mm. 
long: perianth white, about 5 mm. broad: sepals and petals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
acute: berries subglobose, 4 mm. in diameter, pale, red-speckled. [Smilacina bifolia 
Chapm., not Ker. ] ` 


In damp woods and thickets, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, North Carolina and South 
Dakota. Spring and summer. TWọO-LEAVED SOLOMON’s SEAL. 


5. STRÉPTOPUS Michx. 


Caulescent herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaf-blades thinnish, sessile or clasp- 
ing. Flowers solitary, or 2 together, nodding from extra-axillary peduncles. Perianth 
greenish or purplish: sepals and petals 3 each, separate, with spreading or recurved tips, 
the petals keeled. Stamens 6, hypogynous : filaments flattened, very short : anthers sagit- 
tate, opening nearly laterally. Ovary 3-celled : stigma entire or 3-lobed. Ovules in two 
rows in each cavity. Berry red, oval or subglobose. Seeds numerous. 

Leaf-blades green, sessile: perianth rose or purple : anthers 2-pointed. J. S. roseus. — 
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath, clasping : perianth greenish white: anthers 1-pointed. 2. S. amplexifolius. 

1. Streptopus ròseus Michx. Foliage pubescent. Rootstocks stout, with numerous 
roots : stems 3-9 dm. tall, forking, somewhat pubescent above : leaf-blades oblong to oblong- 
ovate or ovate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate, ciliolate, many-nerved, sessile: peduncles 1-2.5 
cm. long, pubescent, usually 1-flowered: perianth rose or purple, 8-12 mm. long: sepals 
and petals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the tips more or less strongly recurved : anthers 
2-horned : stigmas 3: berries globose or oval-globose, 10-12 mm. long. 

In deep woods, Labrador and Alaska to the mountains of Georgia, Michigan and Oregon. Spring 
and summer. 

2. Streptopus amplexifdlius (L.) DC. Foliage glaucous.  Rootstoeks horizontal, 
with numerous roots : stems 3-12 dm. tall, forking, usually from below the middle, glabrous 
or nearly so: leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 
acuminate, thin, becoming green above, clasping, pale beneath : peduncles curved, 2-5 cm. 
long, 1-2-flowered : pedicels much shorter than the peduncles: perianth greenish white, 
10-12 mm. long: sepals and petals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, more or less recurved : 
anthers subulate-tipped : stigma entire, slightly dilated : berries oval, 10-15 mm. long. 

In woods, Labrador and Alaska, to the mountains of North Carolina, Ohio and New Mexico. 
Spring and summer. 

6. DISPORUM Salisb. 
Caulescent herbs, with elongated rootstocks and pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades thin- 
nish, sessile or clasping, somewhat inequilateral. Flowers solitary or in terminal simple 
. Clusters, drooping. Perianth whitish or greenish yellow: sepals and petals 3 each, nar- 
row, distinct, deciduous. Stamens 6, hypogynous: filaments filiform, or somewhat flat- 
tened: anthers narrow, extrorse, shorter than the filaments. Ovary 3-celled: stigma 


CONVALLARIACEAE 271 


entire or 3-cleft. Ovules 2 or several in each cavity. Berry thick, juicy, usually highly 
colored. [Prosartes D. Don. ] 

Sepals and petals yellowish, finely dotted with black. 1. D. maculatum. 
Sepals and petals greenish, not dotted with black. 2. D. lanuginosum. 

1. Disporum maculàtum (Buckl.) Britton. Foliage lanuginous, thinly so in some 
parts. Rootstocks slender: stems 2-6 dm. tall, forking above, scaly below: leaf-blades 
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 3-6 cm. long, ciliate, acute or acuminate, sessile: pedi- 
cels 5-10 mm. long: perianth yellowish, 1.5-2 cm. long, nodding: sepals and petals nar- 
rowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, dotted with black, delicate. 

In woods on the mountains, North Carolina to Georgia and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 

2. Disporum lanugindsum (Michx.) Nichols. Foliage tomentulose. Rootstock 
elongated : stems 3-9 dm. tall, widely forking, glabrous below: leaf-blades oblong, lance- 
olate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate, ciliolate, prominently 3-5- 
nerved at maturity, sessile: pedicels solitary or 2-3 together, 2-3 cm. long: perianth 
drooping, greenish yellow, 14-20 mm. long, glabrous: sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, 
each with more or less of a claw, acuminate: berries oval, 10-14 mm. long, red. 

In woods, Ontario and New York, to the mountains of Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


7. UVULARIA L. 

Slightly fleshy herbs, with short rootstocks and fibrous roots. Stems terete, forking, 
often with several scales at the base. Leaves mainly cauline: blades perfoliate, membra- 
nous, smooth-margined. Flowers terminal. Perianth drooping, conspicuous: sepals and 
petals 3 each, distinct, each furnished with a deep nectary at the base and 2 callous ridges 
along its sides. Stamens 6, included: filaments free: anthers elongated, erect. Ovary 
3-celled, 3-angled: styles united to about the middle: stigmas 3. Ovules several in each 
cavity. Capsule obovoid or turbinate, truncate or notched at the apex, 3-lobed. Seeds 
1-3 in each cavity, subglobose, about half covered with a thin pale aril. 


Sepals and petals papillose within. 1. U. perfoliata. 
Sepals and petals smooth within. 2. U. grandiflora. 

1. Uvularia perfoliata L. Foliage glaucescent. Stems 1-8 dm. tall, forking above: 
leaf-blades thinnish, oblong to oval or broadest above the middle, 3-15 em. long, green 
above, acute or abruptly pointed, perfoliate, rounded or subcordate: pedicels 5-25 mm. 
long, terminating the branches: perianth pale yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long: sepals and petals 
linear or slightly broadened upward, more or less densely granular-papillose within : 
anthers with acute connectives: capsules turbinate or obovate-turbinate, 1 em. long, trun- 
cate or lobed at the apex. 

In rich woods and thickets, Quebee and Ontario to Florida and Mississippi. Spring. 


2. Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith. Foliage usually puberulent when young. 
Stems 2-8 dm. tall, forking above: leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, perfoliate, 
5-15 em. long, more or less pubescent beneath or glabrate in age: pedicels 1-4 cm. long, 
terminating the branches: perianth lemon-yellow, 3-4 cm. long, drooping: sepals and 
petals linear-oblong or linear, acute or acuminate, smooth on both sides or nearly so: an- 
Pan Ys blunt connectives: capsules about 1 cm. long, truncate or rounded at the apex, 

-lobed. 


In rich woods and thickets, Quebec to Minnesota, Georgia and Tennessee. Spring. 


8. OAKESIÉLLA Small. 


Firm-fleshy herbs, with slender elongated rootstocks and angled stems. Leaf-blades 
sessile, leathery, with scabrous margins. Flowers 1 or 2, opposite to the leaves. Perianth 
drooping: sepals and petals 3 each, narrow, without ridges or nectaries within, nearly 
erect. Stamens included: filaments flattened: anthers elongated. Ovary 3-celled : styles 
partially united. Ovules several in each cavity. Capsule elliptic or oval, acutish at each 
end, slightly stalked, tardily dehiscent. Seeds subglobose, each with a swollen spongy 
raphe. [Oakesia S. Wats., not Tuckerm. ] 


Foliage puberulent. 1. 0. puberula. 
Foliage glabrous. 
Sepals and petals acuminate : anthers with acute connectives. 2. Q. Floridana. 


Sepals and petals obtuse : anthers with obtuse connectives. 3. U. sessilifolia. 


272 CONVALLARIACEAE 


1. Oakesiella pubérula (Michx.) Small. Foliage deep green. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, 
sparingly forked, minutely rough-pubescent, at least about the nodes: leaf-blades thickish, 
oblong to oval, 3-8 cm. long, acute or abruptly pointed at the apex, rough-margined, 
rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile: pedicels 1-2 cm. long: perianth light yellow, 
2-2.5 em. long: sepals and petals linear or nearly so: capsules oval or elliptic, 2.5 em. 
long, the angles acute. [Uvularia puberula Michx.] 

In woods on mountain slopes, Virginia and West Virginia, to middle Georgia. Spring. 

2. Oakesiella Floridana (Chapm.) Small. Foliage glabrous. Stems 1-2 dm. tall, 
simple or sparingly forked, slender: leaf-blades oblong, 3-8 cm. long, acute at both ends, 
green above, glaucous beneath, sessile: pedicels about 1 cm. long, very slender: perianth 
pale yellow, 1.5-2 em. long, nodding : sepals and petals linear or linear-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate: anthers with acute connectives: capsules not seen. [Uvularia Floridana Chapm. ] 

In low woods, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 

3. Oakesiella sessilifólia ( L.) Small. Foliage glabrous. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, sim- 
ple or forking above: leaf-blades elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, acute at both ends, sessile, pale 
beneath, rough-margined: perianth greenish yellow, 1.5-2 em. long: sepals and petals 
linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth, obtuse: anthers with obtuse connectives: capsules 
oval, about 2.5 em. long, stalked. [ Uvularia sessilifolia L. ] 

In woods and thiekets, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. Spring. 


9. SALOMONIA Heist. 


Caulescent herbs, with jointed rootstocks. Leaf-blades thickish, sessile. Flowers 
solitary or several together on axillary peduncles. Perianth drooping, greenish or pink, 
the lobes erect or nearly so, shorter than the tube. Stamens 6, included : filaments adnate 
to the perianth-tube for one-half their length or more: anthers sagittate, introrse. Ovary 
3-celled : stigma capitate or slightly 3-lobed. Ovules 2-6 in each cavity. Berry sub- 
globose, drooping, dark blue or nearly black. Seeds more or less flattened, with horny 
endosperm. [Polygonatum Adans.] Sorowow's SEAL. 

Leaf-blades pubescent beneath: filaments rough, adnate to the perianth for about 34 ie pee 
. S. biflora. 
Leaf-blades glabrous : filaments smooth, adnate to the perianth for about 1% its length. 
2. S. commutata. 

1 Salomonia bifldra (Walt.) Britton. Foliage glaucescent. Rootstocks hori- 
zontal: stems erect or arching, 2-9 dm. tall, simple: leaf-blades oval, elliptic, or oblong- 
lanceolate, 4-10 em. long, finely pubescent beneath, acutish to acuminate : peduncles 1-4- 
flowered, often 2-flowered: pedicels slender, longer than the peduncles or sometimes 
shorter: perianth whitish or greenish, 8-12 mm. long, drooping: filaments adnate to the 
perianth-tube for about ł its length, granular: berries subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. 


In woods and on banks, Néw Brunswick to Michigan, Florida and West Virginia. Spring and 
summer. 


2. Salomonia commutàta (R. & S.) Britton. ‘Foliage glabrous. Rootstocks 
horizontal: stems erect or arching, 3-25 dm. tall, often zigzag above: leaf-blades oblong, 
oblong-lanceolate to oval or oval-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or rather obtuse: peduncles 
recurving, 1-8-flowered : pedicels often shorter than the peduncles: perianth white or 
greenish, 10-20 mm. long, drooping: filaments smooth, adnate to the perianth for about 2 
its length: berries subglobose, 8-12 mm. in diameter. [Polygonatum giganteum Dietr. ] 


In woods and on banks, Ontario and Manitoba, to Georgia, Louisiana, New Mexico and Utah. 
Spring and summer. 


10. CONVALLARIA L. 

Low herbs, with elongated horizontal rootstocks. Leaves 2 or 3: blades thick, deep 
green, narrowed into sheathing bases. Flowers fragrant, nodding, in a one-sided raceme. 
Perianth white, globose-campanulate : lobes 6, recurved. Stamens 6, included : filaments 
short, adnate to the lower part of the perianth-tube : anthers short, introrse. Ovary 3- 
celled: style slender, 3-grooved: stigma capitate or slightly 3-lobed. Ovules several in 
each cavity. Berry subglobose, pulpy. Seeds several, rounded, with horny endosperm. 

1. Convallaria majalis L. Foliage glabrous. Leaves basal, 20r3, erect or spreading ; 
blades oblong to elliptic, 1-3 dm. long, usually acute, or often somewhat acuminate: scapes 
erect or slightly inclining, 1.5-4 dm. tall, shorter than the leaves, glabrous: racemes one- 
sided, 2-10 em. long : pedicels curved, 5-10 mm. long, more or less recurved : perianth 
white, campanulate, nodding, 5-7 mm. long, the lobes ovate or triangular-ovate, as long as 
the tube or shorter : berries globose, about 1 cm. in diameter or less, reddish. 

In mountain woods, Virginia and Tennessee to South Carolina. Spring. LiLy-oFr-THE-VALLEY. 


DRACAENACEAE 273 


FAMILY 6. DRACAENACEAE Link. Yucca FAMILY. 


Shrubby plants or trees, with woody caudices which are generally copiously 
leafy. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, firm or rigid, sometimes with marginal 
filaments, often finely toothed. Floweisin racemes or panicles terminating scapes 
or scape-like stems.  Perianth usually not colored. Sepals and petals 3 each, 
but little dissimilar. Androecium of 6 stamens. Filaments distinct, sometimes 
partially adnate to the perianth. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 3 united car- 
pels. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled. Styles united, sometimes very short or obso- 
lete during anthesis, but manifest in fruit. Ovules 2-severai, or many in each 
cavity. Fruit a primarily loculicidal capsule, or berry-like and indehiscent. 
Flowers perfect. L YUCOA- 
Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. 


Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in open panicles: ovary 3-celled : stamens included. 2. NoLina. 
Flowers dioecious, in dense panicles: ovary 1-celled : stamens exserted. 3. DASYLIRION. 


1. YUCCA L. 


Large scapose or caulescent plants, with short or elongated, sometimes horizontal, root- 
stocks. Leaves firm or rarely thinnish : blades rather narrow, rigidly pointed, commonly 
furnished with thread-like fibers along the edges, serrulate or entire. Flowers in terminal 
racemes or panicles. Perianth usually white, drooping, subglobose to campanulate : sepals 
and petals distinct or slightly united at the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous: filaments 
enlarged above, shorter than the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled or 1- 
celled : style columnar or tumid. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule dehiscent, or 
berry-like and indehiscent. Seeds flattened or turgid. 


Fruit an erect, dry dehiscent capsule. 
Leaf-blades with several marginal fibers. 
Style columnar, white. 
Leaves b ead of a lanceolate or spatulate type, marked with gray or brown near the mar- 
ginal fibers. 
Leaf-blades short-attenuate : capsule evenly narrowed to the apex, the carpels evenly convex. 
l. Y. filamentosa. 
Leaf-blades long-attenuate: capsule truncately narrowed to the apex, 
the carpels uneven or angulate. . Y. flaccida. 
Leaves with blades of a linear type, white-margined. 


Leaves pliable, grass-like, mostly recurved : sepals oblong or elliptic. 3. Y. tenuistyla. 
Leaves rigid, stiffly spreading: sepals oval or oval-ovate. 4. Y. constrictá. 
Style turgid, green. 
Flowers in racemes or almost sessile panicles. 
Leaves rigid, stiffly spreading. 5. Y. glauca. 
Leaves pliable, erect or laxly spreading. 6. Y. Arkansana. 
Flowers in long-stalked panicles. 7. Y. Louisianensis. 
Leaf-blades with markedly horny rough-serrulate yellow or brown margins. 8. Y. rupicola. 
Fruit à drooping pulpy indehiscent berry-like capsule, or erect in Y. recurvifolia. 
Seeds thin, bars pet margined : endosperm not ruminated. 
Leaves rigid, stiffly erect or spreading: capsule 6-ribbed : seeds lustrous. 9. Y. gloriosa. 
Leaves pliable, recurving: capsule 6-winged : seeds dull. 10. Y. recurvifolia. 
Seeds turgid, essentially marginless: endosperm ruminated. 
Ovary stalked: fruit with a purple pulp and coreless: leaves horny and den- ; 
ticulate on the border. 11. Y. aloifolia. 
ibis i sessile: fruit with a greenish or yellowish pulp and a papery core: 
eaves more or less filiferous, 12. Y. Treculeana. 


1. Yucca filamentósa L. Caudex short: leaves firm, 3-6 dm. long, stiffly erect or 
spreading, mostly over 2-5 em. wide, constricted above the base, abruptly acute or some- 
times rather attenuate, the marginal fibers relatively coarse and curly: flowering stalk 
1.5-4 m. tall: panicle-branches usually glabrous: perianth white or cream-colored : sepals 
and petals 4-5 cm. long: capsules 5-6 cm. long, the carpels even in ripening : seeds lus- 
trous, about 7 mm. long. 


In dry or sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 


2. Yucca flaccida Haw. Similar to Y. filamentosa in habit, but less rigid. Leaves elon- 
gated, 1-4 em. wide, long-attenuate, pliable, the outer ones recurved, all with long straight 
marginal fibers : panicle-branches pubescent : sepals and petals relatively broad : capsules 
6-7 cm. long, the carpels irregularly flattened in patches while ripening, constricted near 
the middle at maturity.: seeds dull, 8-10 mm. long. 


b Se dry or stony slopes, in and near the mountains, North Carolina to Alabama. Spring and 
er. 


18 


274 DRACAENACEAE 


3. Yucca tenuistyla Trelease. Caudex short: leaves pliable, mostly recurved and 
5 dm. long, 1-1.5 em. wide, long-attenuate, white-margined, with slender marginal fibers : 
flowering stem about 1 m. tall: panicle-branches glabrous or merely puberulent : sepals 
and petals relatively narrow : capsules 5-6 em. long: seeds 8-10 mm. long. 

In dry soil, northeastern Texas. Summer. 


4. Yucca constrícta Buckl. Caudex short, or several dm. long: leaves firm, spread- 
ing, 4—6 cm. long, about 1 cm. broad, attenuate, white-margined, with fine marginal fibers : 
flowering stem 1-1.5 m. tall: panicle rather broad : perianth globular, the sepals and 
petals relatively broad : capsules 4.5-5.5 em. long : seeds about 9 mm. long. 


On plains, south western Kansas, southward to the Rio Grande. Spring and summer. 


5. Yucca glaüca Nutt. Caudex short or somewhat elongate, prostrate and crawl- 
ing: leaves firm, commonly 1 m. long, 6-12 mm. wide, mostly ascending, white-mar- 
gined, sparingly filiferous: flowering stem 1-2 m. tall, simple or with an occasional 
branch near the caudex, flower-bearing nearly to the base: raceme glabrous: perianth 
greenish white: sepals and petals acute: capsules 6—7 cm. long, roughened : seeds lus- 
trous, 11-13 mm. long. 

On plains, South Dakota and Wyoming to Missouri, Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 


6. Yucca Arkansàna Trelease. Similar to Y. tenuistyla in habit, but leaves rather 
broader: flowering stem about 1 m. tall, simple or with a few branches near the caudex, 
flower-bearing nearly to the base: perianth greenish white : sepals and petals obtuse : cap- 
sules 5-6 cm. long, smooth : seeds dull, about 10 mm. long. 


On prairies, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to eastern Texas. Summer. 


7. Yucca Louisianénsis Trelease. Caudex short: leaves pliable, 5-7 cm. long, 1 
em. to rarely 4 em. wide, white-margined, sparingly filiferous: flowering stem 1-2 m. tall, 
the panicle mostly shorter than the unbranched portion: perianth white, campanulate : 
capsules 4-5 cm. long, irregularly angled while maturing like that of Y. flaccida: seeds 
‘6-10 mm. long. 


In dry soil, the Indian Territory to Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


8. Yucca rupicola Scheele. Caudex short: leaves usually firm or relatively so, 
3-5 dm. long, 2.5-3 em. wide, glaucous, often twisted, the serrulate margin early becom- 
ing brown: flowering stem 1-2 m. tall, the panicle usually shorter than the unbranched 
portion, glabrous: perianth white or greenish, globular: sepals and petals acute, 3.5-4 
cm. long : capsules about 6 cm. long, thin-walled: seeds dull, 7-9 mm. long. 

In dry soil, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 


9. Yucca gloriósa L. Caudex tall, usually simple: leaves numerous, nearly linear, 
from a constricted base, 3-5 dm. long, rigidly pointed, smooth throughout : panicles showy, 
conic, 5-10 dm. long: perianth white, 4-5 cm. long: sepals and petals lanceolate or ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute: capsules leathery, nodding, nearly oblong, constricted at or near 
the middle, indehiscent, 5-6 cm. long: seeds lustrous, 6-7 mm. long. 


On the coast, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. SPANISH BAYONET. 


10. Yucca recurvifólia Salisb. Caudex commonly 1-2 m. tall, branching: leaves 
numerous, recurving, smooth-margined or eventually so: panicle narrow, but little raised 
above the leaves: capsules erect, 5-7 cm. long, indehiscent, the 6 ribs winged : seeds dull, 
7-8 mm. long. 


In sand, coast of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. Spring and summer, 


11. Yucca aloifdlia L. Caudex 10-25 dm. tall, commonly branching: leaves nu- 
merous, spreading above, deflexed below and falling from the lower part of the caudex, 3-9 
dm. long, rigidly pointed, scabrous-margined, more or less constricted between the middle 
and the dilated base: panicle ample, showy, conic, 3-6 dm. long: perianth white, often 
tinged with purple, 4-6 cm. long: sepals and petals oblong to elliptic: capsules pulpy, ob- 
long, indehiscent, nodding, 7-9 cm. long. 


In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


12. Yucca Treculeàna Carr. Caudex 18-75 dm. high, usually branching above: 
leaves numerous, 7-13 dm. long, rigid, straight, entire: panicles showy, 6-12 dm. long, 
many-flowered : perianth cream-white : sepals and petals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-6.5 


em. long, acute or acuminate: capsules berry-like, nodding, indehiscent, 7-10 em. long, 
beaked. 


In sandy or dry soil, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


TRILLIACEAE 275 


2. NOLINA Michx. 


Coarse herbs, with woody caudices. Leaves crowded on the caudex : blades rigid, 
narrow, elongated, curved, entire or serrulate, keeled. Flowering stems often widely 
branching. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in open panicles. Perianth white, withering- 
persistent : sepals and petals distinct, I-nerved. Stamens 6, reduced to staminodia in the 
pistillate flowers : filaments thickish, shorter than the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, abortive 
in staminate flowers : style obsolete or very short during anthesis. Ovules 2 in each cavity, 
erect. Capsule dry, 3-winged, tardily and irregularly opening. Seeds often solitary, 
thick. 

Capsules fully as long as broad, not notched at the ends, or barely so at the apex. 1. N. Georgiana. 
Capsules manifestly broader than long, notched at the ends. 
Capsules 10 mm. broad: perianth about 10 mm. broad : Floridian species. 2. N. Brittoniana. 
Capsules 5 mm. broad: perianth 4-5 mm. broad : Texano-New Mexican species. 3. N. Lindheimeriana, 

1. Nolina Georgiàna Michx.  Flowering stem scape-like, 5-15 dm. tall: leaves 
numerous ; blades linear, rigid, 2-7 dm. long, widely spreading, those of the flowering 
stem much reduced, nearly erect: panicle more or less elongated, rather loosely flowered : 
perianth 4-5 mm. broad : sepals and petals oblong to oblong-lanceolate : capsules suborbic- 
ular or obovoid-orbicular, 6-8 mm. long, 3-winged, barely notched at the apex. 

In dry pine lands, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 

2. Nolina Brittoniàna Nash. Flowering stem 10-20 dm. tall: leaves 40-70, form- 
ing a dense mat about the base of the plant ; blades linear, strap-like, recurved and pros- 
trate, 1-2 m. long, scabrous-margined, attenuate to a slender apex: panicle oblong or ovoid 
in outline: perianth nearly 10 mm. broad : sepals and petals elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 
glandular at the apex : capsules broader than high, 10 mm. broad, on recurved pedicels, 
notched at the base and the apex. 

In dry pine lands, Florida. Spring. 

3. Nolina Lindheimeriàna (Scheele) S. Wats. Flowering stem 10-18 dm. tall, often 
proliferously branched : leaves numerous, narrowly linear, 3-9 dm. or 15 dm. long, thin- 
nish, serrulate, more or less strongly concave: perianth 4-5 mm. broad’: sepals and petals 
oblong-lanceolate, obtusish : capsules 5 mm. broad, much broader than long, notched at 
both ends. 

In stony places, Texas and New Mexico. Spring. 


3. DASYLIRION Zucc. 


Coarse herbs, with woody caudices. Leaves numerous, crowded on the caudex : blades 
narrow and elongated, rigid, spiny-margined. Flowering stems narrowly branched above. 
Flowers dioecious, in close narrow panicles. Perianth white, withering-persistent : sepals 
and petals distinct. Stamens 6, reduced to staminodia in pistillate flowers: filaments 
thickish, longer than the sepals and petals. Ovary l-celled : stigmas 3. Ovules 3, erect. 
Fruit dry-leathery, 3-winged, indehiscent or nearly so. Seed solitary. 

1. Dasylirion Texànum Scheele. Caudex 1-4 dm. long, densely leafy: flowerin 
stem 20-35 dm. tall: leaves spreading; blades linear, 5-12 cm. long, attenuate, arme 
with hooked spines and denticulate between them: panicle narrow, 5-9: dm. long, con- 
spicnously bracted : bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, often sur- 
passing the branches of the panicle during anthesis: perianth 2 mm. long ; sepals ovate, 
pe toothed ; petals narrower, more nearly entire: capsules oval or ellptic, 6-7 mm. 

ong. 
Pin stony soil or on prairies, Texas. Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 7. TRILLIÀCEAE Lindl. TRILLIUM FAMILY. 


Perennial caulescent or scapose herbs, with rootstocks, and rather fleshy tis- 
sues. Leaves in a whorl about the middle of the stem, or basal and wanting on 
the mature plant. Bracts in a whorl subtending the inflorescénce at the top of 
the peduncle or scape, usually leaf-like. Flowers perfect, solitary, or in terminal 
umbel-like clusters. Perianth of 3 distinct sepals and 3 petals. Androecium of 
6 short stamens. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 
3-celled. Stigmas 3. Ovules several in each cavity. Fruit a 3-celled, 3-lobed 
or 3-angled berry. 


276 TRILLIACEAE 


Flowers several in an umbel-like cluster: sepals and petals nearly alike: flowering stem with a whorl 


of leaves and a whorl of bracts. : i 1. MEDEOLA. 
Flower solitary : sepals and petals very different: flowering stem (scape) with only a 
whorl of leaf-like bracts. 2. TRILLIUM. 


1. MEDEOLA L. 


Caulescent herbs, with elongated brittle rootstocks and loosely woolly foliage. Leaves 
several in a whorl, flat, thinnish. Bracts few in a whorl, high above the leaves, subtend- 
ing the simple flower-cluster. Pedicels slender, more or less declined. Sepals and petals 
quite similar. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Stigmas recurved. Berries pulpy. 
The plants flower in the spring. 

1. Medeola Virgínica L. Foliage sparingly woolly. Rootstock horizontal, several 
em. long: stems 2-9 dm. tall, naked except for a whorl of leaves about the middle and a 
whorl of bracts at the top of the peduncle, simple: leaves 4-10; blades elliptic, spatulate or 
obovate, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, sessile : bracts similar to the leaves but fewer, smaller and 
rather broader in proportion to their length : pedicels 2-15 in the umbel, slender, 2-3 cm. 
long, declined in flower, erect or ascending at maturity: perianth greenish, 1.5-2 cm. 
broad: sepals and petals oblong to oval: berries subglobose or depressed, 8-15 mm. in 
diameter, dark purple. 

In woods and on banks, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Alabama. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT. 


2. TRÍLLIUM L. 

Scapose fleshy herbs, with short or elongated corm-like rootstocks. Scapes surmounted 
by a whorl of 3 netted-veined bracts. Flower solitary, sessile or pedicelled, the pedicels 
erect, recurved or declined. Sepals 3, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, early withering 
or deciduous, white, pink, purple, brown or yellow. Filaments mainly shorter than the 
narrow anthers. Berry ovoid or subglobose, 3-6-lobed or 3-6-angled. The plants flower in 
the spring and mature their fruit in the summer. WAKE-ROBIN. BinrH-ROOT. Bess- 
ROOT. 


Flower sessile. 
Petals neither narrowed into claws nor claw-like bases, of one color throughout. 
Petals broadly spatulate, one usually apiculate: anthers less than 10 mm. long. e 
1. T. discolor. 
Petals not broadly spatulate, not apiculate: anthers over 10 mm. long. 
Seape rough-pubescent near the top: bracts with pubescent veins be- 


neath. 
Scape erect: bracts raised above the ground: petals 2-3 cm. long: 
anther-sacs 15-18 mm. long; connective not much prolonged. 2. T. stamineum. 


Scape decumbent: bracts lying flat on the ground: petals 4-7 cm. 
tg anther-sacs 8-10 mm. long; connective much prolonged. 3 
Scape and bracts smooth and glabrous. 
Braets 4-8 cm. long, with blades of an oval or suborbicular type. 4 
Braets 10-20 cm. long, with blades of an ovate-lanceolate or ovate-or- 
bicular Hr 
Petals purple: anthers with purple connectives. 
Blades of the bracts typically twice as long as broad, and con- 


. T. decumbens. 


. T. sessile. 


spicuously mottled : filaments less than 2 mm. long. 5. T. Underwoodii. 
Blades of the bracts typically as broad as long, and not mottled : 
filaments over 2 mm. long. 6. T. Hugeri. 
Petals yellow : anthers with yellow or greenish connectives. 7. T. luteum. 
iege par ch into claws or claw-like bases which often differ in color from 
the es. 
Bracts not narrowed at the base: petals with linear or linear-oblong blades. 
Scapes rough-pubescent above. 
Bracts acuminate: petals thin, mainly purple or red. 8. T. viridescens. 
Bracts obtuse or merely acute: petals thick, green. 9. T. viride. 
Scapes smooth and glabrous. 
Bracts with ovate blades: anthers straight: filaments 3-1 as long as 
the anthers. 10. T. Ludovicianum. 
Braets with lanceolate or elliptic blades: anthers curved: filaments 
about as long as the anthers. 11. T. lanceolatum. 
Bracts narrowed into petiole-like bases: petals with ovate, elliptic or obo- 
vate blades. 12. T. recurvatum. 
Flower pedicelled. 


A. Bracts not narrowed into petiole-like bases. 

a. Pedicel erect or rarely declined, if declined usually several times longer 

than the sepals. 
Bracts with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate blades, 3-4 cm. long. 13. T. pusillum. 

Bracts with broadly rhombic or rhombic-ovate or oval blades, 6-16 cm. 

in diameter. 
* Petals ovate or lanceolate, slightly longer than the sepals. 
T Filaments stout, much shorter than the anthers. 


TRILLIACEAE 277 


Petals purple or purplish brown: stamens with purple filaments 


and connectives: ovary purple. 14. T. erectum. 
Petals whiteor pinkish: stamens with pink or reddish filaments 
and connectives: ovary pink or red. 15. T. album. 
++ Filaments slender, as long as the anthers or nearly so. 16. T. Vaseyi. 
** Petals oblanceolate or obovate-oblanceolate, much longer than the 
sepals. 17. T. grandiflorum. 


b. Pedicel recurved or declined, shorter or slightly longer than the sepals. 
Bracts rhombic or orbieular-i hombie: filaments as longas the anthers. 18. T. cernuum. 
Bracts oval or elliptic: filaments longer than the anthers. 19. T, stylosum. 
B. Bracts narrowed into petiole-like bases. 20. T. undulatum. 


1. Trillium discolor Wray. Scapes 1-2dm. tall, smooth: bracts 3; blades oval, 6-7 
cm. long, obtuse, or short-acuminate, 3-5-nerved, mottled, rounded at the base: flower ses- 
sile: sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2 cm. long, obtuse or acute, spreading: petals 
broadly spatulate, greenish, sessile, rounded, and one usually apiculate at the apex : 
stamens less than 3 as long as the petals, the filaments nearly wanting : berry not seen. 

In pine woods, North and South Carolina and Georgia. 


2. Trillium stamineum Harbison. Scapes sometimes clustered, 1-3 dm. tall, pubes- 
cent near the top: bracts 3; blades ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, 5-8 cm. long, acute 
or acuminate, mottled and usually somewhat pubescent on the veins beneath, sessile : 
flower sessile, fetid: sepals broadly lanceolate to elliptic, 2-3 cm. long, deeply purple- 
tinged, spreading or finally reflexed: petals lanceolate, dark purple, widely spreading and 
somewhat twisted, somewhat narrower than the sepals: stamens 3-3 as long as the petals : 
anthers stout, 15-18 mm. long, dark purple, straight : filaments very short, colored like 
the anthers: stigmas slender: berry ovoid, about 1 cm. in diameter, pale purple. 

In roeky woods, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. 


3. Trillium decümbens Harbison. Scapessolitary or sometimes clustered, 4-10 cm. 
long, rough-pubescent at the summit: bracts 3; blades ovate, broadly ovate or suborbicu- 
lar, 4-8 cm. long, 3-6 em. wide, acute or obtuse, rounded at the base, sessile, usually pu- 
bescent on the nerves beneath, mottled: flower sessile: sepals lanceolate, occasionally 
somewhat broadly so, 2-3 cm. long, acute, purplish at the base, green above: petals linear 
or linear-lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, acute, erect, purple: stamens 4—} as long as the petals: 
filaments very short, the connective much prolonged beyond the anther-sacs: stigmas 
short : berry ovoid, about 1 cm. in diameter, prominently and sharply angled, the angles 
in pairs. 

In rocky woods, northeastern Alabama. 

4. Trillium séssile L. Scapes solitary or clustered, 1-2 dm. tall, slender: bracts 3: 
blades oval or suborbicular, 4-8 cm. long, rounded at the base, sessile, not mottled : flower 
sessile: sepals lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, acute or acutish : petals narrowly elliptic, sessile, 
acutish, purple: stamens about 4 as long as the petals: filaments dilated at the base, 3-1 
shorter than the anthers : stigmas elongated : berry broadly ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long. 

In woods, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Florida and Mississippi. 


5. Trillium Underwoddii Small. Scapes solitary or clustered, 1-3 dm. tall, stout : 
bracts 3; blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 10-18 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, 
with a velvety luster, mottled with three shades of green, sessile: flower often musk- 
scented : sepals lanceolate, 4.5—5.5 em. long, green or purplish green: petals lanceolate, 
elliptic or oblanceolate, 5.5-8.5 cm. long, sessile, acute or obtuse, erect, purple : stamens 
3-4 as long as the petals: filaments less than 2 mm. long: anthers 1-1.5 cm. long, subses- 
sile: stigmas recurved : berry ovoid, 1.5-2 em. long. 

In woods and fields, North Carolina to Tennessee, Florida and Alabama. 


6. Trilium Hügeri Small. Scapes relatively stout, 1-2.5 dm. tall: bracts 3; blades 
suborbicular to broadly ovate, 10-14 cm. long, abruptly pointed, bright green, typically not 
mottled: flowers sessile, musk-scented : sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4-5.5 cm. long, 
green : petals oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, purple, somewhat longer than the sepals : fila- 
ments over 2 mm. long: anthers 1-2 cm. long: berry broadly ovoid. 

In rich woods, North Carolina and Tennessee to Florida. Spring. 


7. Trillium lüteum (Muhl. ) Harbison. Scapes 1.5-3 dm. tall, purplish at the base : 
bracts 3 ; blades orbicular to orbicular-ovate, 1-2 dm. long, acuminate or abruptly pointed, 
rarely slightly mottled, rounded or abruptly contracted at the base: flower sessile, lemon- 
scented: sepals lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so, 4-5 em. long, acute or acutish, green : 
petals lanceolate, to oblong-elliptic, 6-8 cm. long, acute or acutish, bright yellow or lemon- 
yellow: stamens about } as long as the petals: anthers 1.5-2 cm. long, nearly sessile : 
berry ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long. 

In woods and on hillsides, North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia. 


278 TRILLIACEAE 


8. Trillium viridéscens Nutt. Scapes 4-6 dm. tall, rather slender, more or less pu- 
bescent under the bracts: bracts 3; blades ovate, orbicular-ovate or elliptic, 1-1.5 dm. 
long, acuminate, often abruptly so, 5-nerved, sessile : flower sessile : sepals narrowly linear- 
lanceolate or almost linear, 4-5 em. long, acute, green : petals conspicuously narrow ; claws 
1.5-2 cm. long, purple or red ; blades narrowly linear-lanceolate or almost linear, fully 
twice as long as the claws: filaments 2.5-5 mm. long: anthers 12-15 mm. long. 

On hillsides and in rich copses, Kansas and Arkansas. 


9. Trillium viride Beck. Scapes solitary, or several together, 1-2 dm. tall, purple, 
rough-pubescent near the top, or glabrous at maturity : bracts 3; blades oblong to ovate 
or rarely suborbicular, 5-11 cm. long, acute or obtusish, 3-5-nerved, usually blotched, more 
or less pubescent on the nerves beneath, sometimes abruptly short-attenuate at the base: 
flower sessile: sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, bright green: petals 2-4.5 
cm. long, surpassing the sepals; blades linear or linear-elliptic, light green or purplish 
green ; claws colored like the blades : stamens about 3 as long as the petals: filaments flat- 
tened, 2-3 mm. long: anthers 1.5-2 cm. long: berry not seen. 

In woods and glades, Missouri to North Carolina, Alabama and Mississippi. 


10. Trillium Ludoviciànum Harbison. Scapes 0.8-2 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous : 
bracts 3; blades ovate, to broadly ovate, 5-8 cm. long, sometimes obtuse, mottled, sessile : 
flower sessile: sepals lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 2-3.5 cm. long, acute or obtuse, 
tinged with purple at the base, spreading or finally reflexed : petals with linear or linear- 
lanceolate blades, 3-6 cm. long, scarcely as broad as the sepals but longer, purple, or green- 
ish above a purple base, spreading: anthers straight or slightly recurved, 12-18 mm. 
long ; filaments about 4 mm. long: berry ovoid, about 1 cm. in diameter, pale purple. 

In low rich woods, Louisiana and Mississippi. 


11. Trillium lanceolàtum Boykin. Scapes 1-4 dm. tall, slender, purplish, smooth, 
sometimes curved : bracts 3 ; blades lanceolate or elliptic, 7-9 cm. long, acute or acutish, 
more or less constricted at the base, sessile: flower sessile: sepals linear or linear-lanceo- 
late, 2-2.5 cm. long, acute, green, spreading : petals clawed, 3-3.5 cm. long ; blades linear 
or linear-oblong, acute ; claws about twice as long as the blades : filaments about as long 
as the more or less incurved anthers : berry not seen. 

. In moist woodlands and river bottoms, Georgia to Alabama and Louisiana. 


12. Trillium recurvàtum Beck.  Scapes 1-4 dm. tall, smooth: bracts spreading ; 
blades ovate-lanceolate, oval or suborbicular, 5-9 cm. long, rounded or subcordate at the 
base or rarely attenuate, often mottled, the petiole-like bases much shorter than the 
blades: flower sessile, purple: sepals lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, acute, finally deflexed : 
petals clawed ; blades ovate, obovate or elliptic, usually acute, about twice longer than the 
claws: filaments about 4 or 4 as long as the more or less incurved anthers: berry not seen. 

In woods, Ohio to Minnesota, Mississippi and Arkansas. f 


13. Trillium pusillum Michx. Scapes slender, 1-2 dm. tall, smooth: bracts 3; 
blades oblong or lanceolate, 3—4 cm. long, obtuse, 3-nerved, sessile: pedicel erect, 1 cm. 
long: sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, about 1.5 cm. long, obtuse, spreading : petals 
linear-oblong or lanceolate, somewhat longer than the sepals, pink, acutish : filaments about 
3 as long as the anthers: berry less than 1 em. high. 

In pine lands, North Carolina and South Carolina. 


14. Trillium eréctum L. Scapes solitary or clustered, 3-6 dm. tall, smooth : bracts 
3; blades rhombic, often broader than long, 6-16 cm. in diameter, acuminate at the apex, 
more or less cuneate at the base, sessile : flower ill-scented : pedicel 3-10 cm. long, erect or 
declined : sepals oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3.5 cm. long, spreading : petals lanceo- 
late or ovate-lanceolate, surpassing the sepals, brown-purple: filaments stout, 3-4 mm. 
long: berry about 2 cm. long, purple or nearly black, 6-angled. 

In woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, North Carolina and the mountains of Georgia, Alabama and 
Missouri. BETH. 

15. Trillium álbum (Michx.) Small. Similar to 7: erectum in habit, but flowers 
smaller: petals white or pinkish, less inclined to be acuminate, or sometimes obtuse : fila- 
ments pink or reddish : anthers often 8-11 mm. long, with pale connectives colored like 
the filaments : ovary pink or red: berry about as large as that of the next preceding spe- 
cies but not as deeply colored. [T. rhomboideum var. album Michx.] 

In woods, North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. 


16. Trillium Vaseyi Harbison. Scapes erect, 3-6 dm. tall: bracts 3; blades oval 
to broadly rhombic, 10-20 cm. broad, sometimes broader than long, slightly acuminate : 
flower often with a rose-like fragrance: pedicel 4-8 cm. long, declined : sepals lanceo- 
late, 4-6 cm. long, acuminate, more or less involute above the middle: petals ovate or 


ROXBURGHIACEAE 279 


orbicular-ovate, 4—6 cm. long, crimson or purple-brown : filaments slender, 7-11 mm. long : 
anthers as long as the filaments or slightly longer. 

In woods or on open mountain slopes, North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. 

17. Trillium grandifldrum (Michx.) Salisb. Scapes 2-5 dm. tall, smooth : bracts 3 ; 
blades oval or rhombic-oval, 6-14 cm. long, acuminate, 5-nerved, more or less cuneate at 
the sessile sometimes constricted base : flower showy : pedicel 5-8 cm. long, erect or ascend- 
ing: sepals lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long, acute: petals oblanceolate, or obovate-oblanceolate, 
much longer than the sepals, white, pink or rarely green, ascending, crisped: berry sub- 
globose, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter, becoming black. 

In woods and on hillsides, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. 

18. Trillium cérnuum L. Scapes 2-6 dm. tall, smooth: bracts 3; blades rhombic, 
6-12 cm. long, sometimes broader than long, acuminate at the apex, more or less cuneately 
narrowed at the sessile or constricted base : pedicel 1-2.5 cm. long, retlexed : sepals oblong- 
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-2.5 em. long, curled back : petals white or pink, elliptic, 
oval or ovate, a little longer than the sepals, acute, revolute, white or pink: filaments 3 as 
long as the anthers: berry ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. high, drooping, red-purple. 

In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. 

19. Trillium stylósum Nutt.  Scapes 2-5 dm. tall, purple below, mottled above: 
bracts 3; blades elliptic or oval, 5-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate, rarely mottled, 5- 
nerved, constricted at the base: pedicel spreading or deflexed, 2-5 cm. long: sepals linear 
or linear-lanceolate or sometimes spatulate-oblong, 2-4 cm. long, more or less curled or 
reflexed : petals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, pink or rose-color, obtuse or 
abruptly pointed, crisped, recurved ; filaments longer than the bright yellow recurved 
anthers : berry globose-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long. 

In woods, North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia and Alabama. 

20. Trillium undulatum Willd. Scapes 2-5 dm. tall: bracts 3; blades ovate, 6-20 
em. long, acuminate, rounded above the petiole-like bases: pedicel erect, 2-6 em. long: 
sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 em. long, acute, spreading : petals oblong or 
oval, varying to obovate, much longer than the sepals, white striped with purple, especially 
at the base: filaments about as long as the anthers: berry broadly ovoid, 2 cm. long, 
bright red. 

In damp woods and bogs, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, Georgia and Missouri. 


FAMILY 8. ROXBURGHIACEAE Wallich. RoxBURGHIA FAMILY. 


Perennial herbs or shrubs, sometimes with twining stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades with palmately parallel nerves. Flowers perfect, in axillary racemes. 
Perianth regular, green or more highly colored. Sepals and petals distinct, or 
partially united. Androecium of 4 hypogynous stamens. Filaments stout, dis- 
tinct or united at the base. Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Gynoecium a single pistil 
of 2 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, free or adherent to the perianth below with 
a parietal placenta. Stigmas sessile. Ovules few or numerous, anatropous. 
Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Seeds erect on or pendulous from hairy or fibrillose 
funicles. Embryo slender or minute, in fleshy endosperm. 


1. CROOMIA Torr. 


Herbs, with slender creeping or horizontal rootstocks. Stems sheathed at the base. 
Leaves 4-6, near the top of the stem : blades 5-9-nerved. Flowers 1 or 2 on axillary pedun- 
cles. Perianth nodding, slender-pedicelled : sepals and petals 2 each, partially united, 
persistent. Stamens 4: filaments stout, nearly erect, unappendaged: anthers oblique. 
Ovary sessile: style wanting : stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 4-6, pendulous. Capsule finally 
2-valved, constricted near the apex. Seeds 2-4, or sometimes solitary. Embryo minute. 

1. Croomia paucifldra (Nutt.) Torr. Foliage glabrous. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, simple, 
naked below except for a few scales near the base, leafy above; leaves approximate ; 
blades oblong or oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, often somewhat 
crisped, cordate : petioles 3 as long as the blades or shorter : peduncles curved, as long as the 
petioles or longer : pedicels 2-10 mm. long, filiform: perianth greenish or tinged with 


280 SMILACACEAE 


purple within, with a slender stipe-like base: sepals and petals 3-5 mm. long, ovate, 
spreading or reflexed : capsule somewhat berry-like, ovoid, 3-6 mm. long. 
In woods, Georgia to Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


FamMILy 9. SMILACACEAE Vent. SMILAX FAMILY. 


Perennial vines, with herbaceous or woody, smooth or armed stems. Leaves 
alternate : blades several-nerved and netted-veined, commonly punctate or lineo- 
late, articulated to the petioles, sometimes persistent : petiole persistent, com- 
monly bearing a pair of elongated appendages. Flowers dioecious, in axillary 
peduncled umbels. Perianth regular, usually green, that of the staminate flower 
larger than that of the pistillate. Sepals and petals 3 each, with spreading 
tips. Androecium of 6 stamens. Filaments distinct, inserted at the base of the 
perianth, flattened. Anthers 2-celled, introrse, attached at the base. Gynoecium 
of 3 united carpels, with the cavities opposite the petals. Stigmas 3, sessile. 
Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, orthotropous or half-anatropous. Fruit a berry. 
Seeds 1-6, with horny endosperm. Embryo remote from the hilum. 


Stems herbaceous, annual, unarmed : ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity. 1. NEMEXIA. 
Stems woody, perennial, prickly: ovule solitary in each ovary-cavity. 2. SMILAX. 


1. NEMÉXIA Raf. 


Unarmed vines, with knotted or tuberous rootstocks and annual stems. Leaf-blades 
membranous, broad, sometimes hastate. Umbels on long and slender peduncles.  Pedicels 
inserted in small pits in a conic or globose receptacle. Stamens 6, more or less reduced in 
pistillate flowers. Ovary 3-celled, wanting in staminate flowers. Ovules 2 in each cavity. 
Berry blue-black, with 3 bands of stengthening tissue running through the pulp and con- 
nected at the base and the apex. Sminax. ‘The plants flower in the spring or rarely 
in early summer. 

Plants without tendrils: stem erect, relatively short, simple: leaves approximate at the top of the stem, 


Leaf-blades pubescent beneath, thin during anthesis: anthers shorter than the filaments. 
Sepals of the staminate flowers obovate or oblanceolate: leaf-blades acute or short-acuminate: 


berries not glaucous. 1. N. ecirrhata. 
Sepals of the staminate flowers oblong: leaf-blades broadly rounded and ob- 
tuse or abruptly pointed at the apex : berries glaucous 2. N. Hugeri. 
Leaf-blades wholly glabrous and glaucous beneath, thick during anthesis: an- 
thers longer than the filaments. 3. N. Biltmoreana. 


Plants furnished with tendrils: stems elongated, climbing. 
Leaf-blades pubescent beneath. 
Peduncles fully twice as long as the subtending bracts, which are wholly dif- 
ferent from the leaves. 4. N. diversifolia. 
Peduncles shorter than the subtending bracts or slightly longer: leaves and 
braets alike. 
Leaf-blades ovate or elliptic-ovate: peduncles stout: sepals and petals of 


the staminate flowers about 5 mm. long. 5. N. pulverulenta. 
Leaf-blades triangular-ovate: peduncles filiform: sepals and petals of the 
staminate flowers 2.5 mm. long. 6. N. tenuis. 


Leaf-blades glabrous beneath. 
Peduncles becoming much longer than the subtending bracts: leaf-blades 


prominently 7-9-nerved. 7. N. herbacea. 
Peduncles shorter than the subtending braets or slightly longer: leaf-blades i 
prominently 5-nerved. 8. N. tamnifolia. 


1. Nemexia ecirrhàta ( Engelm. ) Small. Stems 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate, 8-12 
cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, pubescent beneath, but not especially so on the ribs 
and the veins, prominently ribbed in age: sepals of the staminate flowers obovate or ob- 
lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long: berries globular, purple-black, 9-11 mm. in diameter. 

In woods, Minnesota to the Indian Territory, Illinois and Arkansas. 

2. Nemexia Hügeri Small. Stems 2-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades oblong-oval, 9-14 cm. 
long, broadly rounded and obtuse or abruptly pointed at the apex, pubescent beneath, es- 
pecially on the ribs and the veins, prominently ribbed in age: sepals of the staminate 
flowers oblong, 3-4 mm. long: berries globular, glaucous, 8-10 mm. in diameter. 


In woods, Tennessee to North Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. 


SMILACACEAE 281 


3. Nemexia Biltmoreana Small. Stems 2.5-6 dm. tall : leaf-blades ovate, 6-12 cm. 
long, wholly glabrous, and glaucous beneath, thick even during anthesis: sepals of the 
staminate flowers oblong or ovate-oblong, 2.5-4 mm. long, ciliolate at the apex. 

On hillsides and in woods, about Biltmore, North Carolina. 


4. Nemexia diversifólia Small. Stems 1-3 m. long, climbing : leaves numerous ; 
blades ovate or oval-ovate, 3-5 cm. long, terminating in abrupt slightly twisted tips, dark 
green above, pale and minutely pubescent on the nerves and veins beneath, prominently 
3-nerved, truncate or subcordate at the base : blades of the bracts subtending the peduncles, 
lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat smaller than those of the leaves: tendrils filiform, devel- 
oped at the majority of the leaves: peduncles stout, twice or thrice as long as the bracts : 
pedicels (pistillate) 20-25, 8-10 mm. long, slightly thickened upward: berries subglobose, 
about 5 mm. in diameter. [Smilax diversifolia Small. ] 

In river swamps, middle Georgia. 


5. Nemexia pulverulénta (Michx.) Small. Stems elongated, climbing, often stout, 
leaves numerous ; blades ample, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 8-15 cm. long, short-acuminate, 
usually 9-nerved, cordate at the base: peduncles as long asthe petioles or longer : pedicels 
9-12 mm. long: perianth greenish : sepals and petals about 5 mm. long, acutish, those of 
the staminate flowers oblong-ovate: filaments about twice as long as the anthers or shorter : 
berries subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. [Smilax pulverulenta Micbx.] 

In alluvial soil, Ontario to Wisconsin, North Carolina and Missouri. 


6. Nemexia ténuis Small. Stems elongated, commonly simple, slender, glabrous: 
leaves rather few; blades thin, triangular-ovate, 5-9 cm. long, acuminate, coarsely erose- 
denticulate, 5-nerved, with an inconspicuous sprinkling of minute hairs beneath, truncate 
at the base; tendrils few, sometimes developed from the sheaths of the upper leaves, fili- 
form: peduncles as long as the subtending bracts or longer, nearly filiform : pedicels 
(staminate) 15-25, 6-8 mm. long : sepals and petals greenish, oblong or linear-oblong, 2.5 
mm. long: filaments barely twice as long as the anthers. [Smilax tenuis Small.] 

In sandy woods, Louisiana. 

7. Nemexia herbàcea (L.) Small. Stems elongated, climbing, glabrous: leaves 
numerous; blades ovate, triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate, essentially alike throughout 
the plant, 4-8 em. long, short-acuminate, 7-9-nerved, rounded or truncate at the base: 
bracts subtending the peduncles like the leaves: peduncles much surpassing the subtending 
bracts at maturity : flowers carrion-scented : sepals and petals greenish, oblong or broadened 
upward, acutish: filaments twice or thrice as long as the anthers: berries subglobose, 
bluish black, 6-8 mm. in diameter. 

In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Louisiana. CARRION-FLOWER. 

8. Nemexia tamnifólia (Michx.) Small. Stemserect or reclining, terete or obtusely 
angled, commonly simple : leaf-blades thickish, 5-7-nerved, ovate-hastate or linear-lanceo- 
late, 5-12 cm. long, more or less constricted at or about the middle, green on both sides, 
truncate or cordate at the base, the basal lobes rounded ; peduncles solitary or 3 from the 
same axil, shorter than the subtending bracts or surpassing them at maturity : umbels 10- 
30-flowered : pedicels 4-6 mm. long: sepals and petals greenish, those of the staminate 
flowers slightly pubescent, those of the pistillate often glabrous, oblong, 2 mm. long, rather 
obtuse : berries subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, black, 1-3-seeded. 

In thickets and marshy grounds, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to South Carolina and Tennessee. 


2. SMILAX L. 


Prickle-armed vines, with elongated often tuberous rootstocks and perennial stems. 
Leaf-blades leathery, entire or lobed : petioles present, furnished with coiling appendages. 
Umbels on short, often stout peduncles. Pedicels usually accompanied by bractlets. Stamens 
6, reduced in the pistillate flowers. Ovary 3-celled, wanting or abortive in staminate 
flowers, 2 of the cavities sometimes suppressed. Ovule 1 in each cavity. Berry red, blue or 
black, with 3 bands of strengthening tissue connected at the base and the top. CATBRIER. 
GREENBRIER. HORSEBRIER. SMILAX. 

A. Peduncles of pistillate plants much longer than the subtending petioles. 


Leaf-blades glaucous beneath. i 
Blades of the leaves, or bracts subtending the peduncles, little longer than broad : berries about 


8 mm. in diameter. 2 1. S. glauca. 
Blades of the leaves, or bracts subtending the peduncles, twice or thrice as : o 
long as broad : berries about 10 mm. in diameter. 2. S. cinnamomifolia. 
Leaf-blades green on both sides. YES 
Leaf-blades broader than long. 3. S. renifolia. 


Leaf-blades longer than broad. 


282 SMILACACEAE 


Ped uncles of pistillate p fully twice or four times as long as the 
petioles during anthesis. 
Peduncles fully twice as long as the petioles in fruit: spines on 
lower part of stem numerous, bristle-like. 
Peduncles 3-4 times as long as the petioles in fruit: spines few, stout 
and rigid or almost wanting. 
Peduncles of pistillate plants barely twice as long as the petioles. 
B. Peduncles of pistillate plants shorter than the petioles or barely surpassing them. 
Leaf-blades entire or merely erose. E 
Leaf-blades neither auricled nor dilated at the base. 
Foliage glabrous. 
Braets subtending the peduncles with blades rounded or cordate at 
the base. 
Branches and lower leaf-surfaces not glaucous. 


[o 
n 


. hispida. 


S. Pseudo- China. 
. S. Bona-nox. 


[M 


Berries black or bluish black. 7. S. rotundifolia. 
Berries red. 8. S. Walteri. 
Branches and lower leaf-surfaces glaucous. 9. S. Smallii. 
Bracts subtending the peduncles with blades acute, acuminate, 
or euneate at the base. 
Berries red : leaf-blades mostly 5-7-nerved. 
Leaf-blades with lustrous upper surface: berries 4-6 mm. in 
diameter. 10. S. lanceolata. 
Leaf-blades with dull upper surface: berries 6-10 mm. in diam- 
eter 11. S. Morongii. 


Berries black : leaf-blades mostly 3-nerved. ; 
Leaf-blades over twice as long as broad: berries 4-6 mm. long. 12. S. laurifolia. 
Leaf-blades never twice as long as broad: berries 6-8 mm. long. 13. S. lata. 


Foliage pubescent. 14. S. pumila. 
Leaf-blades more or less strongly auricled at the base. 15. S. Beyrichii.. 
Leaf-blades spiny-toothed. 16. S. Havanensis. 


1. Smilax glaüca Walt. Stems terete, high-climbing, armed with straight or 
slightly curved spines, the branches angled, commonly unarmed : leaf-blades broadly ovate, 
3-15 em. long, abruptly pointed or cuspidate, entire, glaucous beneath, 5-7-nerved, rounded 

- or cordate at the base ; petioles 6-12 mm. long: peduncles 1-3 cm. long: pedicels 6-12, 
4-8 mm. long: sepals and petals greenish, linear-oblong or slightly broadened upward, 4 
mm. long: anthers mostly shorter than the filaments: berries subglobose, mostly 6-8 mm. 
in diameter, bluish black, lustrous under the glaucous coating. 

In sandy soil, Massachusetts to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Spring and early summer. 


2. Smilax cinnamomifólia Small. Stems high-climbing, sometimes 10-15 m. long, 
sparingly armed with slender spines: leaf-blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, those on 
vigorous shoots ample, normally 7-10 em. long, acute or apiculate, entire, glaucous beneath, 
cuneate to truncate at the base: stipular sheath about J as long as the petiole, usually with 
tendrils: peduncles much longer than the petioles, slender, sometimes 4-5 cm. long at 
maturity: pedicels 5-10, 6-12 mm. long: sepals and petals greenish, linear-oblong or 
slightly broadened upward, 4 mm. long: anthers mostly longer than the filaments : berries 
subglobose, about 10 mm. in diameter, bluish black, lustrous under the glaucous coating. 

In woods and rich soil, Alabama and western Florida to Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 


3. Smilax renifdlia Small. Stems elongated, climbing high over shrubs and trees, 
more or less distinctly angled : leaves numerous ; blades reniform or deltoid-reniform, 3-7 
cm. long, resembling those of Cercis, rounded and mucronate at the apex, entire, mostly 
broader than long, subcordate at the base ; petioles 5-10 mm. long : stipular sheath fully $ 
as long as the petiole, usually furnished with tendrils : peduncles of pistillate plants 10-20 
mm. long, flattened, much longer than the petioles: pedicels 16-25, 2-3 mm. long : sepals 
and petals 2 mm. long, acutish: berries black, subglobose. 

Along streams, southern Texas. Spring. 


4. Smilax hispida Muhl. Stems terete, 1-5 m. long, usually thickly armed, especi- 
ally below, with slender, straight unequal bristle-like spines ; branches more or less angled, 
sometimes unarmed : leaves numerous; stipular sheath with broad, denticulate margins, 
1-3 the length of the petiole; blades thinnish, broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5-15 cm. 
long, abruptly pointed or cuspidate at the apex, 7-9-nerved, lineolate, usually erose-denticu- 
late on the margins and nerves beneath, green on both sides, obtuse or subcordate at the 
base or cuneate to the petioles: peduncles 2-5 cm. long, flattened : pedicels 10-26, slender, 
4-8 mm. long: receptacle barely 2 mm. in diameter: sepals and petals greenish yellow, 
those of the staminate flowers 4 mm. long: berries globose, about 6 mm. in diameter, often 
5 or 6 together, bluish black. 

In thickets, in low or high rocky soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Nebraska, North Carolina, Louisiana 
and Texas. Springand summer. HAGBRIER. 

5. Smilax Pseüdo-China L. Stems terete, often with few stout spines below; 
branches angled, sparingly armed, if at all: leaves various; stipular sheath 3-3 the length 
of the petiole ; blades firm or leathery at maturity, persistent, ovate or suborbicular, so me- 


SMILACACEAE 283 


times 2-lobed at the base, acute or cuspidate at the apex, green on both sides, lineolate, 
commonly bristly-toothed on the margins and nerves beneath, 7-9-nerved, or in the case of 
broad leaves 11-nerved, obtuse or cordate at the base : peduncles 2.5-8 cm. long, flattened : 
pedicels 12-40, 6-8 mm. long: receptacle irregular, 2-4 mm. in diameter: sepals and petals 
dark green, various, those of staminate flowers about 5 mm. long, those of pistillate flowers 
much shorter: berries globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, often 8-16 together, black, 1-3- 
seeded. 
In dry soil, Maryland to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. BAMBOO. CHINA-BRIER. 


6. Smilax Bóna-nóx L. Stems high-climbing ; branches angled, often square, like 
the stem, armed with stout or slender spines, or naked : leaves various ; stipular sheath 
4-3 as long as the petiole, with usually denticulate margins ; blades often persistent, mostly 
leathery, broadly ovate to hastate or fiddle-shaped, 3-12 cm. long, acute or cuspidate at the 
apex, pellucid-punctate and lineolate, 5-9-nerved, smooth or erose-spiny on the margins 
and nerves beneath, obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base: peduncles slender, 1.5-3 cm. 
long, flattened : pedicels 15-45, 4-8 mm. long: receptacle subglobose, 2-2.5 min. in diam- 
eter: sepals and petals deep green, various, those of staminate flowers 4-5 mm. long, about 
twice as long as those of pistillate flowers : berries subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 8-20 
together, black, 1-seeded. , 

In thickets, Massachusetts to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. STRETCHBERRY. 


7. Smilax rotundifdlia L. Stems 2-6 m. long, like the more or less sharply angled 
branches, armed with sharp prickles: leaves various; blades ovate to suborbicular, 3-15 
em. long, mostly acute or cuspidate at the apex, entire or nearly so, more or less roughened 
on the nerves beneath, panded or cordate at the base, leathery in age, punctate: pedun- 
cles 6-12 mm. long, flattened : pedicels 6-25, 2-8 mm. long: sepals and petals greenish 
yellow, 3-4 mm. long or 5 mm. in pistillate flowers, oblong, acute, often pubescent at the 
ae sometimes ciliolate : berries subglobose, about 6 mm. in diameter, 1—3-seeded, bluish 

ack. 


In thickets and woods, Ontario to Minnesota, Floridaand Texas. Spring. Fruit ripening the first 
year.—A more slender state with dark green foliage, thinnish lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, conspicuously erose-denticulate, mainly 3-nerved, lustrous leaf-blades 6-10 cm. long, and subglo- 
bose berries 5-6 mm. in diameter, S. rotundifolia crenuldta Small & Heller, occurs in mountain woods, 
Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Spring and summer. 

8. Smilax Wálteri Pursh. Stems trailing or climbing over shrubs, angled, armed 
near the base ; branches usually unarmed, often square : leaves alternate: stipular sheath 
1-3 as long as the petiole, often with denticulate margins ; blades ovate to lanceolate, 5-12 
cm. long, cuspidate at the apex, smooth-margined, 5-7-nerved, sparingly lineolate, cor- 
date, rounded or abruptly pointed at the base : peduncles flattened, 4-10 mm. long: pedi- 
cels 6-15, 4-6 mm. long: receptacle depressed-globose, 3 mm. broad : bractlets acuminate : 
sepals and petals greenish, linear or linear-lanceolate, those of staminate flowers 6-8 mm. 
long, about twice as long as those of the pistillate flowers: berries globose, 6-8 mm. in 
diameter, coral-red, 2-3-seeded. 

In swamps and pine lands, New Jersey and Tennessee, to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


, 9. Smilax Smállii Morong. Stems prostrate, or high-climbing, 2-8 m. long, terete, 
striate, glaucous, usually, like the branches, unarmed, sometimes with few short spines be- 
low: leaves evergreen, uniform; petioles 4-10 mm. long, the stipular sheath about 3 as 
long, with membranous, smooth-edged margins ; blades light green, ovate to oblong-ovate, 
2.5-5 cm. long, abruptly narrowed into obtuse tips, lustrous above, glaucous beneath, 
sparsely lineolate, 5-nerved : peduncles barely surpassing the petioles, twisted, stout, pedi- 
cels 2-8 mm. long, very unequal : receptacle subglobose, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter : bractlets 
triangular: sepals and petals yellowish green, recurving, those of the staminate flowers 
narrowly lanceolate, about 4 mm: long: mature fruit not seen. 

On granite slopes or in sandy woods, Stone Mountain, Georgia. Summer. 


10. Smilax lanceolata L. Stems often 10 m. long, high-climbing, like the branches, 
terete, usually unarmed except near the base; branchlets slightly angled, spreading: 
leaves numerous, bright green ; petioles 2-4 mm. long, their sheaths about 3 as long, with 
entire or ciliolate margins ; blades thinnish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, 
acute or acuminate, lustrous above, lineolate, 5-7-nerved, smooth-margined, acute at the 
base, dull green beneath: peduncles 6-16 mm. long, stout-angled : pedicels 8-40, 4-14 
mm. long: Pr rags subglobose or conic, 2-4 mm. long: sepals and petals (staminate) 
light green, slightly broadened upward, about 4 mm. long, acute: filaments longer than 
oe i berries subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, often 4-10 together, dark red, mostly 

-seeded. 


In pine lands and d i ida and Texas. Spring and summer. 
Fruit ripening the firat META Virginia and Arkansas to Florida pring 


284 SMILACACEAE 


11. Smilax Moróngii Small. Stems high-climbing, terete, branched ; branches more 
or less angled, slightly zigzag: leaves numerous; petioles 4-8 mm. long, stout, their 
sheaths 1-4 their length, sometimes ciliolate; blades leathery, elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, 
abruptly acute or cuspidate at the apex, smooth-margined, often rounded at the base, 
minutely pellucid-punctate: peduncles 12-16 mm. long, stout, angled, becoming flattened : 
pedicels 6-8 mm. long: berries subglobose, 6-10 mm. in diameter, often 4-6, red, 3-seeded. 
[ S. megacarpa Morong, not A. DC.] 


In pine lands, Duval County, Florida. 


12. Smilax laurifólia L. Stems high-climbing, terete, armed with strong, straight 
spines; branches angled, unarmed : leaves evergreen, numerous: stipular sheath 4-3 as 
long as the petiole, smooth or ciliolate ; blades leathery, elliptic, oblong or oblong-lanceo- 
late or rarely linear, 5-15 cm. long, acute or cuspidate at the apex, somewhat lustrous 
above, 3-nerved, smooth margined, minutely pellucid-punctate, acute at the base: pedun- 
cles 4-20 mm. long, usually shorter than the petioles, angled: pedicels 6-30, often 4-6 
mm. long: receptacle subglobose, 2-4 mm. in diameter: sepals and petals oblong, those of 
staminate flowers 5-6 mm. long, those of pistillate flowers shorter: berries ovoid or globose- 
ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, often 8-12, commonly white during the first year, becoming black, 
mostly 1-seeded. 

In swamps and moist thickets, New Jersey to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. Fruit 
ripening the second year. 

13. Smilax lata Small. Stems branching, glabrous, often climbing to the tops of 
trees, commonly armed ; branches often unarmed ; branchlets zigzag: leaves numerous ; 
blades suborbicular to oblong, obovate to ovate, not twice as long as broad at maturity, 
cuspidate and sometimes retuse at the apex, not at all or barely auricled at the base, some- 
what reticulated, dull in age: peduncles as long as the petioles or slightly longer: pedi- 
cels 4-8 mm. long at maturity: sepals and petals greenish, various, those of staminate 
flowers 4-5 mm. long, those of pistillate flowers broader, 2-2.5 mm. long: berries subglo- 
bose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, black. 

In or near hammocks, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Spring. 


14. Smilax pümila Walt. Stemsterete, weak, trailing or reclining, 3-10 dm. long, 
unarmed, simple or sparingly branched, clothed with a soft, often fuzzy, pubescence : leaves 
quite numerous; stipular sheath 1— as long as the petiole and pubescent like it and 
the tendrils ; blades thinnish, ovate-oval or oblong, 5-10 cm. long, acute, or mucronate 
at the apex, often white-pubescent beneath, glabrous and lustrous or sparingly pubescent 
above, pellucid-punctate and sometimes lineolate, 3-5-nerved, cordate at the base ; pedun- 
cles 4-16 mm. long, pubescent : pedicels 6-30, about 2 mm. long: receptacle globose, 2-3 
mm. broad, hairy : sepals and petals yellowish green, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, those of 
staminate flowers 2-3 mm. long, those of pistillate flowers shorter, all delicate, recurved : 
berries ovoid, 5-8 mm. long, pointed, red, each with one yellow seed. 

Indry pine lands, South Carolina to Floridaand Louisiana. Fall. Fruit ripening the second year. 


15. Smilax Beyrichii Kunth. Stems trailing or climbing over trees, terete or ob- 
scurely angled below ; branches angled, often square, zigzag, armed like the stem with 
stout, scattered spines, or naked: leaves various, numerous; stipular sheath 3 as long as 
the petiole, with glabrous‘or ciliolate margins ; blades leathery, lustrous on both sides, 2-10 
em. long, ovate, oblong or fiddle-shaped, more or Jess strongly auricled or dilated at the 
base, prominently reticulated, abruptly pointed or mucronate, with a thick marginal nerve: 
peduncles stout, fully as long as the petioles or shorter: pedicels 7-40, 4-8 mm. long, at 
maturity straight: receptacle 2.5-3 mm. in diameter: flowers fragrant : sepals and petals 
yellowish green, various, those of the staminate flowers linear or nearly so, about 5 mm. 
long, those of pistillate flowers oval or oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long: berries subglobose, 3-6 
mm. in diameter, black, 1-3-seeded. [S. auriculata Walt.?] 
nai In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Springand summer. Fruit ripening the 

rst year. 

16. Smilax Havanénsis Jacq. Stems trailing or high-climbing, angled, usually 
armed with small stout hooked prickles, zigzag: leaves numerous: stipular sheath equal- 
ling the petiole, smooth-margined or ciliolate to bristly ; blades firm, orbicular-ovate to 
ovate-elliptic or oblong, 2.5-5 em. long, 3-7-nerved, mucronate and sometimes notched as 
well, spiny-toothed on the nerves beneath and the callous-nerved margins, narrowed, 
rounded or subcordate at the base, reticulated: peduncles stout, about as long as the 
petioles, angled: pedicels 4-30, 1-2 mm. long: receptacle depressed, 2-6 mm. broad: 
sepals and petals oblong, those of staminate flowers 1.5 mm. long, those of pistillate 1 
mm. long: berries subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter. 


In pine woods and on coral rock, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West 
Indies and Mexico. Spring. 


LEUCOJACEAE : 285 


Order 10. AMARYLLIDALES. 


Perennial herbs, or vines. Leaves various: blades very narrow to widely 
dilated. Flowers perfect or dioecious, complete, regular or irregular. Perianth 
of 6 parts, sometimes readily distinguishable into calyx and corolla, the mem- 
bers distinct or partially united. Androecium of 3-6 stamens. Gynoecium com- 
pound, the ovary wholly inferior or half-inferior. Fruit capsular or baccate. 
Endosperm horny or fleshy. j 


Stamens 6. 
Upright herbs: flowers perfect. Fam. 1. LEUCOJACEAE. 
Twining vines: flowers dioecious. Fam. 2. TAMACEAE. 
Stamens 3. 
Filaments opposite the sepals. Fam. 3. IXIACEAE. 
Filaments opposite the petals. Fam. 4. HAEMODORACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. LEUCOJACEAE Batsch. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 


Perennial herbaceous, often watery or fleshy herbs, with bulbs or corms, or 
sometimes with fibrous roots. Leaves basal: blades simple, usually narrow, 
parallel-nerved, sheathing at the base. Flowers perfect, regular or irregular, 
sometimes solitary. Perianth epigynous, coralloid, deciduous or withering and 
and persistent. Sepals and petals 3 each, united into a tube below. Androe- 
cium of 6 stamens inserted on an epigynous disk, or at the throat of the tube 
opposite the sepals and petals. Filaments sometimes dilated, and more or less 
united at the base or connected by a crown. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium a 
single compound pistil. Ovary inferior, 3-celled or very rarely nearly 1-celled, 
the cavities opposite the sepals. Styles united. Stigma entire or 3-lobed. 
Ovules numerous, anatropous, pendulous or rarely ascending. Fruit a 3-celled 
capsule or berry. Seeds globose, flattened or angled, with a thin crustaceous 
testa which is sometimes produced into a wing, or thick and fleshy, variable in 
color. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo axile, nearly straight. [Amaryllidaceae 
Lindl. ] 

Perennial from corms or elongated rootstocks. 
Ovary and capsule one-halt-inferior. 
Flowers in racemes or spikes: perianth granular; lobes relatively short, d Dab ta erect or 


somewhat spreading : stamens included. : ALETRIS. 
Flowers in dichotomous cymes: perianth woolly ; lobes relatively long and 


widely spreading: stamens exserted. . LOPHIOLA. 
Ovary and capsule wholly inferior. 
Inflorescence umbel-like : capsule circumscissile. 3. HYPOXIS. 


Inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate: capsules 3-valved. 
Plants with bulbs, dying down annually : leaf-blades neither spiny-toothed 
nor s pies 


Í ped. 4. MANFREDA. 
Plants with caudices, long-persistent : leaf-blades spiny-toothed and spine- 


: ipped. 5. AGAVE. 
Perennial from bulbs. 
Filaments distinct. 
Scapes 1-flowered. 
Perianth-tube very short or thesepals and petals distinct: anthers versatile. 6. ATAMOSCO. 
Perianth-tube elongated: anthers erect. 7. COOPERIA. 
» Scapes 2-6-flowered. 8. CRINUM. 
Filaments connected by a cup-like or funnelform crown. 9. HYMENOCALLIS. 


1. ÁLETRIS L. 

Caulescent herbs, with hard rootstocks and simple scape-like stems. Leaves mainly 
basal: blades flat, spreading, reduced to slender scales on the stem. — Raceme elongated, 
interrupted, terminal. Flowers perfect. Perianth white to yellow, campanulate, cylindric 
or obovoid, granular, 6-lobed. Stamens 6: filaments partially adnate to the perianth 
tube, short: anthers introrse, acute. Ovary 3-celled, half-inferior. Ovules anatropous, 
numerous in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, enclosed in the persistent perianth, loculicidal. 
Seeds numerous, ribbed. Endosperm fleshy. Cortic-Roor. STaR-GRASS. 


Perianth cylindric or campanulate: filaments adnate to near the base of the perianth-lobes. 
Perianth campanulate. 5-7 mm. long: lobes erect. 1. A. aurea. 
Perianth Aang or constricted above the middle, 7-10 mm. long: lobes spreading. 
Perianth yellow : capsule gradually narrowed into a beak 14 as long as the body. 2. A. lutea. 
_ Perianth white: capsule abruptly narrowed into a beak as long as the body. 3. A. farinosa. 
Perianth obovoid : filaments adnate to a little above the middle of the perianth. 4. A. obovata. 


286 M LEUCOJACEAE 


1. Aletris aürea Walt. Stems 3-8 dm. tall : basal leaves often yellow ; blades ob- 
long to elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate: raceme 10-40 cm. long: perianth 
campanulate, yellow, 5-7 mm. long; lobes triangular, broader than long, erect, thick- 
tipped : style very short: capsules ovoid, 5 mm. long, very short-beaked. 

In sandy pine woods, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

2. Aletris lutea Small. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 
or sometimes broadest above the middle, 4-12 cm. long, acuminate, entire, dilated at the 
base: raceme 4-20 em. long : perianth yellow, cylindric or contracted above the middle, 
8-9 mm. long ; lobes triangular, erect, spreading: style elongated : capsules conic-ovoid, 
each gradually narrowed into a beak about 3 as long as the body. 

In low pine lands, Florida to Louisiana. Spring and summer. 

3. Aletris farindsa L. Stems 3-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades green, narrowly oblong, 
elliptic or broadly linear and elongated, 5-30 cm. long, acute or acuminate, persistent : 
raceme 11-30 cm. long, or elongating in fruit: perianth white or light cream-colored, 
cylindric, sometimes constricted above the middle, 7-9 mm. long; lobes ovate, spreading : 
style elongated: capsules ovoid, each abruptly narrowed into a slender beak about as long 
as the body. 

In sandy soil, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. ALOE. 

4. Aletris obovata Nash. Stems 5-7 dm. tall, striately ridged : basal leaves crowded ; 
blades narrowly elliptic to obovate-oblanceolate, 6-8 cm. long, 9-11-nerved, the margins 
translucent : racemes slender, 2-4 dm. long: perianth white, obovoid, 5-6 mm. long; 
lobes ovate, converging : filaments adnate to a little above the middle of the perianth : 
style very short. 

In pine lands, Jacksonsville, Florida. Spring and summer. 


2. LOPHIOLA Ker. 


Caulescent herbs, with slender rootstocks and more or less pubescent foliage. Leaves 
mostly basal: blades narrow, entire. Flowers in terminal dichotomous cymes. Perianth yel- 
lowish, persistent, pubescent: sepals and petals 3 each, relatively long, nearly equal. 
Stamens 6 : filaments adnate to the base of the perianth : anthers not versatile. Ovary 
3-celled, half-inferior: style subulate, partly seperated at. maturity. Ovules numerous, in 
2 rows in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, loculicidally 5-valved at the apex. Seeds ribbed. 


1. Lophiola Americana (Pursh) Wood. Foliage glabrous below, woolly above. Stems 
5-8 dm. tall, terete, corymbose above : leaves equitant ; blades linear, much shorter than 
the stem, glabrous or nearly so, the upper reduced to narrow scales : cymes dichotomous: 
perianth yellow and glabrous within except a tuft of hairs near the base : sepals and petals 
linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acute, woolly without : capsules 2 mm. long, included in the 
perianth, about as long as the persistent style. [Lophiola aurea Ker.] 

In pine lands, New Jersey to Florida. Spring and summer. 


3. HYPOXIS L.! 


Acaulescent herbs, with corm-like rootstocks and usually pubescent foliage. Leaves 
basal: blades narrow, grass-like. Scapes solitary or tufted, terete or flattened. Flowers 
solitary. or in umbel-like clusters, Perianth often yellow within, withering-persistent : 
members 6, equal or nearly so. Stamens 6: filaments short, adnate to the base of the. 
perianth : anthers erect. Ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3. Ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each 
cavity. Capsule subglobose or elongated, circumscissile. Seeds laterally short-beaked. 
Srar-GRAss. STAR OF BETHLEHEM. 


Leaf-blades filiform or narrowly linear, less than 2 mm. broad. 
Leaves conspicuously sheathed at the base. 
Leaves only slightly sheathed at the base. 

Leaf-blades linear, more than 2 mm. broad. 


1. H. juncea. 
2. 
Leaves glabrous. 3. H. Curtissii. 
4. 
5. 


H. micrantha. 


Leaves more or less pubescent. / 
Plants densely clustered. H. andis. 
Plants usually solitary. H. hirsuta. 


! Contributed by Dr. J. N. Rose and Mr. C. L. Pollard. 


LEUCOJACEAE 287 


1. Hypoxis jüncea Smith. Leaf-blades linear-filiform, 1-3 dm. long, glabrous 
above, curved: scapes solitary or 2-3 together, wiry-filiform, 1-2-flowered, usually over- 
topped by the leaves, decumbent or procumbent at maturity: bracts subulate: perianth 
2-2.5 cm. broad : sepals and petals pubescent without, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceo- 
late, acute, yellow within : eapsules 4-6 mm. long, topped with the erect sepals and petals : 
seeds 0.8 mm. in diameter, granular. 

In pine lands, Georgia to Mississippi and Florida. Spring. 


2. Hypoxis micrántha Pollard. Corm globose, 5-8 mm. in diameter: plant about 
1 dm. high: leaf-blades very narrowly linear (1 mm. to nearly 2 mm. wide), channeled, 
birsute with copious slender spreading hairs, the base only slightly sheathing : scapes very 
short (3-7 cm.), 2-flowered: perianth when expanded about 6 mm. broad: sepals and 
petals, and anthers, similar to those of H. juncea, but relatively more narrow. 

In wet woods, Carteret County, North Carolina. Spring and summer. 


3. Hypoxis Curtíssii Rose. Corm small: leaf-blades glabrous, linear, much elon- 
gated, 3-5 dm. long, 10-20 mm. broad, weak and spreading: scapes rather short, 
2-flowered : pedicels slender, erect: bracts elongated: sepals and petals (in fruit) erect, 
narrow, 6-8 mm. long: capsules oblong, 6 mm. long, many-seeded. 

In sandy soil, northern Florida. Spring and summer. 


4. Hypoxis grándis Pollard. Plants clustered, 3-4 dm. high, a number growing 
from a single large corm : leaf-blades linear, with a maximum width of 7 mm., sparsely 
hirsute, prominently 3-5-nerved, their lower portions expanded into broad membranous 
sheaths : scapes rather stout, equalling or somewhat shorter than the leaves, 5-9-flowered : 
perianth 1-2 em. broad, densely hirsute without. 

In elay soil, southern AJabama. Spring and summer. 


5. Hypoxis hirsüta ( L.) Coville. Plants usually solitary : leaf-blades linear, 1-4 
dm. long, often slightly involute, attenuate, the midrib impressed above, forming a keel 
beneath : scapes solitary or several together, 0.3-5 dm. tall, simple below, usually umbel- 
lately branched above: pedicels 1-2.5 cm. long, subtended by linear-subulate bracts : 
perianth pubescent without: sepals and petals oblong or elliptic, 6-7 mm. long, yellow 
within, greenish without: capsules globose or obovoid, 4-5 mm. long: seeds oblong or 
subglobose, 1.5 mm. in diameter, black, minutely granular-papillose. [H. erecta L.] 

In dry or sandy soil, Maine to Ontario, Assiniboia, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


4. MANFREDA Salisb.! 


... Fleshy herbs, the plants arising annually from bulbs borne on more or less thickened 
rootstocks, and dying down annually. Leaves mainly basal: blades neither spiny-edged 
norspine-tipped. Flowers in narrow terminal spikes or racemes. Perianth rather incon- 
spicuous : sepals and petals partially united, the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 6 : filaments 
more or less adnate to the perianth-tube: anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled : style slender. 
Ovules in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled. Seeds flattened. FALSE ALOE. 


Filaments adnate to the base of the perianth-tube. 
Capsules longer than broad : leaves green. 1. M. Virginica. 
Capsules broader than long: leaves purple-blotched. 2. M. tigrina. 
Filaments adnate to near the top of the perianth-tube. 
Stamens much longer than the perianth-lobes: stigmatic lobes rounded: capsules 
much longer than broad. . 
Stamens about as long as the perianth-lobes: stigmatic lobes notched: capsules 
about as broad as long. 4. M. maculosa. 


8. M. variegata. 


1. Manfreda Virgínica (L.) Salisb. Basal leaves 6-15; blades lanceolete, oblong 
or oblong-spatulate, 1-3 dm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, herbaceous-tipped, obscurely and rather 
pak erm serrulate, not mottled : stem 8-18 dm. tall, simple: bracts as long asthe ovaries 
or shorter: raceme loosely flowered : perianth greenish or brownish yellow ; tube narrowly 
funnelform ; lobes linear-oblong, 10-12 mm. long: filaments narrowly clavate, adnate to 
the base of the perianth-tube : anthers 12 mm. long: capsules 15-20 mm. long, longer than 
broad : seeds 4-6 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Maryland to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


bl 2. Manfreda tigrina (Engelm.) Small. Basal leaves several ; blades lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 dm.-long, 5-7 cm. broad, acute or cuspidate, with herbaceous tips, 
mottled with green and purple: stem 10-25 dm. tall, simple: raceme several-flowered : 
BENE Vei V OD 


! Revised by Dr. J. N. Rose. 


288 LEUCOJACEAE 


perianth greenish or tinged with brown ; tube funnelform ; lobes larger than those of the 
preceding species : filaments adnate to the base of the perianth-tube : capsules depressed, 
16-18 mm. broad: seeds 8-10 mm. broad. [Agave Virginica var. tigrina Engelm. ] 

In sandy soil, near Bluffton, South Carolina. Also reported from Missouri. Spring. 

3. Manfreda variegàta (Jacobi) Rose. Basal leaves few ; blades mainly lanceolate, 
3-4 dm. long, green spotted with brown, finely toothed, the teeth obscure, curved upward : 
stem 9-15 dm. tall, loosely flowered : perianth greenish brown, glaucous, 3-3.8 cm. long ; 
lobes narrow, about as long as the tube, or somewhat longer: stamens about 5 cm. long, 
much exserted ; filaments adnate to a point about % or ł from the base of the perianth- 
tube: anthers 8 mm. long: capsules oblong, 15-22 mm. long, cuspidate. 

In dry soil, on prairies, lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring. HuaAco. 

4. Manfreda maculósa (Hook.) Rose. Basal leaves few ; blades narrowly lanceo- 
late, 1.5-3 dm. long, recurved, concave throughout, attenuate, glaucous, generally spotted 
with dark green or brown; margins more or less transparent and furnished with small 
unequal cartilaginous teeth : stem 9-12 dm. tall: spikes 2-3 dm. long, loosely flowered : 
perianth white to purplish green, 3-5 cm. long; lobes oblong, 10-18 mm. long, shorter 
than the tube: stamens slightly exserted ; filaments adnate up to the bases of the perianth- 
lobes : anthers 9-16 mm. long: capsules oval or globose-oval, 2-2.5 cm. long, slightly 
pointed. 

. In thickets or dry soil, southern Texas. Spring. 


5. AGAVE L. 


Fleshy or partially woody plants, occasionally very tall, with more or less elongated 
caudices. Leaves crowded on the caudex, persisting for several or many years: blades 
very thick, armed with spiny teeth, sometimes horny-margined, spine-tipped. Flowers suc- 
culent, paniculate. Perianth of various colors, withering-persistent : sepals and petals 
partly united : lobes equal or nearly so. Stamens 6: filaments more or less adnate to the 
perianth-tube, flattened or filiform: anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled: style slender. 
Ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, various in shape, thick- 
walled. Seeds numerous, black, flattened. The plants flower usually after a long period 
of growth, some only once, others occasionally. AMERICAN ALOE. CENTURY-PLANT. 
Leaves with repand edges, the teeth prominent. 1. A. Americana. 


Leaves not repand, the teeth wanting or minute. 
Caulescent: lobes of the perianth longer than the tube. 


Leaves entire or obsoletely toothed. 2. A. sisalana. 
Leaves with many minute teeth. 3. A. decipiens. 
Acaulescent: lobes of the perianth shorter than the tube. 4, A. neglecta. 


1. Agave Americana L. Foliage glabrous. Leaves basal; blades oblanceolate to 
spatulate, 10-20 dm. long, glaucous, more or less curved ; terminal spine 3.5-5 cm. long, 
brown ; marginal teeth deltoid-cuspidate, brown, unequal: scape erect, 8-12 m. tall, panic- 
ulate above: perianth yellowish, 75-90 mm. long, erect or ascending ; lobes yellowish, 
25-30 mm. long, much longer than the tube : filaments adnate to above the middle of the 
pn twice as long as the perianth-lobes : anthers 1-1.5 cm. long: capsules 5 cm. 

ong. 

In sandy or dry soil, Florida and Texas, naturalized from Central America. 

2. Agave sisalàna (Engelm.) Perrine. Foliage glabrous. Leaves mainly basal; 
blades 12-18 dm. long, broadest at the middle or above it, thence attenuate, keeled at the 
more or less narrowed base ; terminal spine reddish brown, terete, 1-2 cm. long, often 
twisted ; margins entire or sometimes with a few unequal teeth : scape erect, 45-90 dm. tall : 
panicle 20-45 dm. high, showy : perianth 55-65 mm. long, greenish ; lobes shorter than 
the tube, obtuse : filaments adnate $ the distance from base of the perianth-tube, the free 
portion 55-60 mm. long: anthers 2 cm. long: capsules about 5 cm. long. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies and Central America. 


3. Agave decípiens Baker. Foliage glabrous. Leaves mainly basal; blades spread- 
ing or recurved at maturity, 10-25 dm. long, constricted and thickened above the dilated 
base, broadest about the middle, thence tapering to the apex; terminal spine 1-1.5 cm. 
long, brown ; margins uneven, armed with small very close-set often recurved teeth : scape 
erect, 50-60 dm. tall: panicle 25-30 dm. high, loosely branched: perianth greenish yel- 
low, about 75 mm. long; lobes 16-17 mm. long, about twice as long as the funnelform 
tube : filaments adnate to the middle of the perianth-tube, 33-37 mm. long. 

In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys. 


LEUCOJACEAE ` 289 


4. Agave neglécta Small. Foliage glabrous. Leaves basal; blades glaucous, as- 
cending or spreading when young, becoming numerous, short and recurved at maturity, 
15-28 dm. long, thick at the base, broadest at the middle, thence tapering to the apex; 
terminal spine brown, with a short narrow channel; margins armed with minute close-set 
teeth : scape erect, 13 m. tall: panicle about 30 dm. high: perianth yellowish green, 55 
mm. long; lobes about 23 mm. long : filaments adnate to about the middle of the tube, ex- 
serted. 

In sand or sandy soil, peninsular Florida. 


6. ATAMÓSCO Adans. 


Acaulescent herbs, with coated bulbs and glabrous foliage. Leaves basal: blades 
narrowly linear, flat or channeled. Scape fleshy, 1-flowered. Perianth white, pink, 
purple or yellow : tube funnelform: lobes 6, equal, more or less spreading. ` Stamens 6, 
equal or nearly so : filaments adnate to the throat of the perianth-tube : anthers versatile. 
Ovary 3-celled : style filiform, 3-lobed at top, or stigma nearly capitate. Ovules numerous, 
in two rows in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, subglobose or depressed, more or less 3- 
lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds black or nearly so, usually flattened. [Zephyranthes 
Herb.] ATAMASCO LILY. STAGGER GRASS. AMARYLLIS. 


Perianth white, pink or purplish. 


Spathe entire, about 14 as long as the perianth. 1. A. Simpsonii. 
Spathe 2-cleft, barely f. as long as the perianth. 
Leaf-blades half-terete, with rounded margins. 2. A. Treatiae. 
Leaf-blades concave, with sharp margins. 3. A. Atamasco. 


Perianth yellow. 
Spathe surpassing the pedicel. 


Spathe about equalling the perianth : stigma 3-parted. A. longifolia. 


4. 
gem about equalling the top of the ovary : stigma 3-lobed. 5. A. pulchella. 
Spathe much shorter than the pedicel. 6. A. Texana. 


1. Atamosco Simpsdnii (Chapm.) Greene. Bulbs ovoid, 2.5-3 cm, in diameter, 
with brown coats: leaves basal, erect or nearly so; blades linear, 3-5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. 
broad, overtopping the scape, channeled, narrower above: scapes erect, solitary or 3 to- 
gether, stout, 2-2.5 dm. tall, flattened: spathe cylindric, 2-3 em. long, oblique at the en- 
tire opening: perianth pale pink, about 5-5.5 cm. long, about twice as long as the 
spathe ; lobes oblong-obovate, apiculate : capsules about 1 cm. high. 

In low pine lands, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 


2. Atamosco Treatiae (S. Wats.) Greene. Bulbs 1-1.5 em. in diameter: leaves 
basal; blades linear, 1-4 dm. long, less than 3 mm. wide, half-terete, not lustrous, 
with rounded margins: scapes erect, 1-3.5 dm. tall, terete: peduncle 6-18 mm. long: 
spathe membranous, surpassing the ovary : perianth white, turning pink, 6-8 cm. high ; lobes 
slightly broadened upward, much longer than the tube, apiculate: capsules depressed, 
about 1 cm. broad. 

In pine lands, Florida. Spring. 


3. Atamosco Atamásco (L.) Greene. Bulbs ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long. Leaves basal ; 
blades fleshy, linear, 1.5-4 em. long, lustrous, blunt, as long as the scape or longer : 
scapes erect, terete : spathe surpassing the ovary, 2-cleft: perianth white or light purple, 
5-8 em. high; lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, longer than the tube: stamens in- 
cluded : capsules broader than long, 1 em. high. 

In low grounds, Pennsylvania to Florida and Alabama. Spring. EASTER LILY. 


. 4. Atamosco longifdlia (Hemsl.) Small. Bulbs ovoid, 2-2.5 em. long, the neck 
3.5-5 em. long: leaves basal, erect or ascending ; blades linear, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 1-2 mm. 
wide, often nearly filiform: scape solitary, 7.5-15 cm. tall, terete: spathe nearly 
equalling the perianth : perianth yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long ; lobes oblong or broadened up- 
ward, acute or abruptly pointed : capsules subglobose or slightly depressed, about 1 cm. in 
diameter. [Zephyranthes longifolia Hemsl. } 


In dry soil, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 


5. Atamosco pulchélla (J. G. Smith) Greene. Bulbs subglobose, 1-2 cm. in diame- 
ter, with dark brown coats, the neck 3-4cm. long. Leaves basal, 3-4 ; blades linear, 1.5-2.5 
dm. long, 1-2 mm. broad : scape erect, slender, 1.5-2 dm. tall : flower solitary, erect, appear- 
ing with the leaves: spathe 2-2.5 cm. long, entire at the apex, tubular for 4 its length, 
slightly surpassing the"pedicel: perianth about 2 cm. long, light yellow ; lobes oblanceo- 
late, acute; tube 5 mm. long: stamens about 4 as long as the perianth-lobes inserted at the 
throat of thetube : style as long as the stamens. 

In sandy soil, Corpus Christi, Texas. Summer. 


19 


290 LEUCOJ ACEAE 


6. Atamosco Texàna (Herb.) Greene. Bulbs subglobose, about 2 cm. in diameter, 
neck 2.5-3.5 em. long: leaves basal, 3-4; blades narrowly linear, 5-10 em. long, usually 
3-4 together: scape very slender, 1-2 dm. tall, terete : spathe much surpassing the ovary, 
about 2.5 em. long: perianth yellow, somewhat coppery and striped with purple without, 
2 5 em. long; lobes cuneate, acute, about 6 mm. wide: capsules about 1 cm. broad, de- 
pressed. 

On prairies, Texas. Summer. 


7. COOPERIA Herb. 


Acaulescent herbs, with coated bulbs and glabrous foliage. Leaves basal: blades 
very narrow, grass-like. Scape erect, simple, 1-flowered, often shorter than the leaves. 
Perianth subtended by a bract-like spathe, salverform: tube elongated-cylindrie or 
slightly dilated at the top: lobes 6, spreading above. Stamens 6: filaments adnate to the 
throat of the perianth-tube : anthers narrow, erect, not versatile. Ovary 3-celled: style 
filiform ; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Ovules numerous in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule 
depressed, 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, black. PRAIRIE LILY. 


Neck of the bulb less than 4 em. long: perianth-tube over 7 em. long: ovary sessile. 1. C. Drummondii. 
Neck of the bulb over 5 em. long: perianth-tube less than 5em.long: ovary stalked. 2. C. pedunculata. 


1. Cooperia Drummóndii Herb. Bulbs subglobose, 2.5 cm. in diameter; neck 
short: leaves basal; blades narrowly linear, erect, 1-3 dm. long: scape 1.5-3 dm. long, 
fragile, terete : perianth whitish ; tube very slender, 7-13 cm. long ; lobes ovate, elliptic or 
oval, 1-2 em. long, acute: ovary sessile: capsule about 1 cm. in diameter. 

On prairies, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. 

2. Cooperia pedunculàta Herb. Bulbs subglobose, mostly 2.5-3 cm. in diameter ; 
neck 5-7.5 cm. long: leaves basal; blades narrowly linear, 1-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm. broad : 
scape 1-2 dm. long, simple: perianth whitish ; tube slender, 3.5-4 cm. long, slightly di- 
lated above ; lobes about as long as the tube, oval or broadest a little above or below the 
middle : ovary short-pedicelled : capsules about as large as those of the preceding species. 

On prairies, Texas. Spring. 


8. CRINUM L. 


Succulent acaulescent herbs, with large bulbs. Leaves basal, persistent : blades linear 
or slightly broadened upward, spreading or arching.  Scape erect, often solitary, top- 
ped by an umbel of 2-6 flowers. Spathe 2-valved, broad. Perianth white, showy: tube 
elongated: lobes narrowed upward. Stamens 6, exserted : filaments distinct, filiform, 
elongated: anthers linear, versatile. Ovary 3-celled : style slender, elongated: stigma 
entire. Capsule bursting and exposing the green corm-like seeds. 

1. Crinum Americànum L. Bulb 7.5-10 em. in diameter, with a short neck: 
leaves basal; blades linear, 6-12 dm. long, strap-like, arching, denticulate: scape erect, 
3-7 dm. tall, surmounted by 2-4 flowers: perianth showy ; lobes white, linear or linear- 
lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acute ; tube green, as long as the lobes or longer. 

In river swamps, Georgia to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 


9. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb.! 


Acaulescent fleshy herbs, with coated bulbs. Leaves basal: blades linear or nearly so, 
often strap-like. Scape terminated by a single flower or an umbel, with membranous bracts. 
Perianth showy : tube elongated, slender: lobes narrow, nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 
6 : filaments adnate to the perianth-tube, above which they are connected by a thin cup-like 
or saucer-shaped crown: anthers narrow, versatile. Ovary 3-celled : style filiform, ex- 
serted : stigma nearly entire. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. Capsule thick, rather fleshy. 
Seeds green and fleshy, 1 or 2 in each cavity. SPIDER LILY. 


Perianth-tube 13 em. long or more. 1. H. Caymanensis. 
Perianth-tube 10 em. long or less. 
A. Scapes terminated by several flowers: bulbs 3-10 cm. in diameter or more. 
Leaf-blades 4.5 em. broad or more. 2. H. Caribaea. 
Leaf-blades 3.5 em. broad or less. 


a. Leaves green ; blades 18-24 mm. broad. è 
Staminal crown 4.5 cm. broad or more : species Carolina-Fioridian. 3. H. rotatum. : 
Staminal crown less than 4.5 cm. broad : species Texan. 4. H. Galvestonensis. 


! Contributed by Dr. J. N. Rose. 


TAMACEAE 291 


b. Leaves glaucous ; blades 24-35 mm. broad. 5. H. occidentalis. 
B. Seapes terminated by a single flower: bulbs 1-2.5 cm. in diameter. 
Perianth-tube over 7 cm. long: staminal crown with free tips between 


the filaments. 6. H. Palmeri. 
Perianth-tube less than 5 cm. long : staminal crown truncate between the 
filaments. 7. H. humilis.. 


l. Hymenocallis Caymanénsis Herb. Bulb large, with a short neck : leaf-blades 
linear-oblong, 3-8 dm. long, 6-8 cm. broad, obtuse, tapering somewhat towards the base : 
flowers 6-12 together at the top of the scape: perianth-tube 13-15 cm. long ; lobes 10 cm. 
long: staminal crown funnel-shaped, 2.5 cm. long: ovules 2 in each cavity. 

In sand or sandy soil, Florida and the West Indies. 

2. Hymenocallis Caribaéa (L.) Herb. Bulb subglobose, 7-10 cm. in diameter: 
leaf-blades linear-oblong, about 4 dm. long, 4.5 cm. broad or more, scarcely tapering either 
way, acute : scape acutely angled : flowers 6-12 together, terminating the scape : perianth- 
tube 5-10 cm. long ; lobes 7-9 cm. long : ovules 2 in each cavity. 

In sand or sandy soil, Florida and the West Indies. 

3. Hymenocallis rotàtum (Ker.) Herb. Bulb ovoid, 4-5 cm. in diameter, with a 
prolonged neck and copious stolons : leaf-blades linear, 3-5 dm. long, less than 2.5 cm. 
broad, bright green : flowers 2-6 together, terminating the scape : perianth-tube 7.5-10 cm. 
long ; lobes linear, about as long as the tube: staminal crown about 2.5 cm. long, very 
rotate : ovules 2 in each cavity. 

In low places or sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida. 

4. Hymenocallis Galvestonénsis Baker. Bulb relatively large : leaf-blades linear, 
4-6 dm. long, 2-2.4 cm. broad : scape 3-4 dm. tall: flowers 4-6 together, terminating 
the scape: perianth-tube 4-9 cm. long ; lobes 6.5 cm. long. 

In damp places, eastern Texas. 

5. Hymenocallis occidentalis Kunth. Bulbs large: leaf-blades strap-shaped, 
glaucous, 3-5 dm. long, 2.4-3.5 em. broad: flowers 3-6, terminating the scape : perianth- 
ue 6-10 em. long ; lobes linear, about as long as the tube: staminal crown 25-32 mm. 

ong. 

In moist soil or shaded hillsides, South Carolina to Missouri, Georgia and Mississippi. 

6. Hymenocallis Pálmeri S. Wats. Bulb narrowly oblong, 8-24 mm. in diameter : 
leaf-blades linear, 5 dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. wide: scapes 1.5-2.6 dm. tall: flower 
solitary : perianth-tube 7.5-10 dm. long ; lobes nearly as long as the tube : staminal crown 
funnel-shaped, 3-4 cm. long, with acuminate tips between the filaments. 

In sand or sandy soil, Florida. 

7. Hymenocallis hümilis S. Wats. Bulb about 1.8 cm. in diameter: leaf-blades 
linear, 10-15 em. long, about 4 mm. wide: scape shorter than the leaves: flower solitary : 
perianth-tube about 3 cm. long, dilated at the top ; lobes linear, 5 cm. long: staminate 
crown broadly funnel-shaped, 16 mm. long, truncate between the filaments. 

In sand or sandy soil, Florida. 


FAMILY 2. TAMACBAE S. F. Gray. Yam FAMILY. 


Perennial herbaceous or somewhat woody vines, with tuberous or knotted 
rootstocks. Stems twining, unarmed. Leaves often opposite or whorled near 
the base of the stem, alternate above: blades simple, several-nerved and netted- 
veined, petioled. Flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, in axillary 
spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth calyx-like: sepals and petals 3 each, 
partially united. Androecium of 3-6 stamens at the base of the perianth- 
lobes. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 3-celled, inferior. Styles as 
many as cavities in the ovary. Stigmas small. Ovules 1-2 in each cavity. 
Fruit a 3-winged 3-valved capsule, or berry-like. Embryo small, in the fleshy 
or almost cartilaginous endosperm. [Dioscoreaceae Lindl. ] 


1. DIOSCOREA L. 
Herbaceous twining vines, with fleshy or woody rootstocks. Leaves alternate, at least 
above: blades often broadest below the middle and cordate : petioles enlarged at the base. 
Flowers mostly dioecious or monoecious, in spikes, recemes or panicles. Sepals and petals3 
each, partially united. Staminate flowers with 3-6 stamens at the base of the limb of the 
perianth and occasionally with a rudimentary ovary: sepals and petals deciduous. Pistil- 


292 IXIACEAE 


late flowers with a persistent perianth. Ovary inferior: styles3 : stigmas entire. Ovules 
2 or rarely one in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous or amphitropous. Capsule broadly 
3-winged, opening through the wings. Seeds flat, membranous-winged. 

1. Dioscorea villósa L. Rootstocks knotted, 1-3 cm. thick : stems twining, 1-5 m. 
long, more or less branched : leaves sometimes whorled below ; blades thinnish, ovate or 
oblong-ovate, 6-15 cm. long, acuminate, entire, bright green above, pale and somewhat 
pubescent beneath, cordate, usually 9-11-nerved ; petioles slender, as long as the blades or 
shorter: staminate flowers 3 mm. broad, whitish, in delicate panicles: sepals and petals 
ovate or oblong ; tube very short : pistillate flowers in simple racemes : hypanthium early 
elongated: capsules 1.5-2.5 em. long, broadly 3-winged, persistent, becoming lustrous and 
dry at maturity : seeds 1-2 in each cavity, broadly thin-winged. 


In thickets, Ontario to Rhode Island and Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer. YAM. WILD 
YAM-ROOT. 


FAMILY 3. IXIACEAE Ecklon. Iris FAMILY. 


Perennial, mostly caulescent herbs, with bulb-like or elongated rootstocks. 
Leaves equitant, 2-ranked, commonly elongated. Flowers perfect, regular or 
irregular, solitary or in clusters from spathe-like bracts. Perianth often highly 
colored: sepals and petals nearly equal or often very different, withering-per- 
sistent or fugacious, distinct, or united below. Androecium of 3 stamens, adnate 
to the perianth opposite the sepals. Filaments filiform, distinct or partially 
united. Anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 
inferior, 3-celled. Styles distinct, entire or parted, sometimes petal-like. Ovules 
numerous, anatropous, on central placentae. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved cap- 
sule. Seeds numerous in 1 or 2 rows in each cavity. Embryo straight in the 
fleshy or horny endosperm. [Iridaceae Lindl. | 


Styles alternate with the stamens. 


Styles 2-cleft or 2-parted. . NEMASTYLIS. 
Styles entire or stigmas merely emarginate. 
Rootstocks bulb-like. . CALYDOREA. 
Rootstocks not bulb-like, often elongated. 
Filaments distinct: seeds drupe-like. . GEMMINGIA. 


Filaments wholly or partially united : seeds dry. 
Styles opposite or arching over the stamens. 
Styles slender: filaments united into a tube. 
Styles petal-like : filaments distinct. 


1 NEMASTYLIS Nutt. 

Caulescent herbs, with coated bulb-like rootstocks. Stems terete. Leaves alternate : 
blades narrow, elongated, folded. Flowers solitary or several together from two herbaceous 
bracts, fugacious. Perianth usually showy: lobes 6, nearly equal. Stamens 3: filaments 
more or less united. Ovary 3-celled: styles alternate with the stamens, each parted into 
2 filiform segments: stigmas terminal. Ovules numerous. Capsule somewhat elongated, 
loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. 

Leaves or some of them overtopping the inflorescence: perianth-lobes broadest below the middle. 


1. N. acuta. 
Leaves not overtopping the inflorescence: perianth-lobes broadest above the middle. 2. N. coelestina. 


1. Nemastylis acuta (Bart.) Herb. Foliage bright green. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, 
simple or sparingly forked: leaf-blades linear, 1-3.5 dm. long, some at least overtopping 
the inflorescence: flowers 2-3 from a spathe: bracts unequal, the outer shorter: perianth 
light blue or purple, 4-5 cm. broad ; lobes slightly unequal, broadest below the middle: 
capsule turbinate or obovoid-turbinate, 10-15 mm. high. 

On prairies, Tennessee to Kansas, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 

2. Nemastylis coelestina (Bart.) Nutt. Foliage deep green. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, 
somewhat zigzag: leaf-blades linear, 1-4 dm. long, or more reduced above, none overtop- 
ping the inflorescence: flowers commonly solitary in the spathes: bracts lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, the outer shorter: perianth bright blue, about 4 em. broad ; lobes nearly 
Lae mot above the middle: capsule oblong-prismatic, 2-2.5 cm. long, obtusely 

-angled. 


On prairies or in pine woods, Georgia to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


. SISYRINCHIUM. 


. HERBERTIA. 
IRIS. 


an buoy N m 


2. CALYDÒREA Herb. 
Caulescent herbs, with coated bulb-like rootstocks. Leaves mainly basal: blades nar- 
row, sometimes nearly filiform. Flowers usually few from the terminal solitary spathe. 


IXIACEAE 293 


Perianth showy : lobes 6, equal or nearly so, distinct or slightly united at the base, some- 
what spreading. Stamens adnate to the base of the perianth : filaments distinct: anthers 
narrow. Ovary 3-celled: styles partially united, the free portions club-shaped or the 
stigmas notched at the apex. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule slightly elon- 
gated. Seeds several, even or angled. 

1. Calydorea Texàna (Herb.) Baker. Bulbs brown, flask-shaped. Foliage bright 
green : stems 1-3 dm. tall, simple or sparingly forked, barely strict, terete : leaves few, 
erect or nearly so; blades linear and grass-like ; basal often longer than the stem, but barely 
overtopping the inflorescence : those of the stem few and shorter: spathes cylindric, 3—5 
cm. long, the outer bract shorter than the inner, rather delicate : perianth bright blue, about 
5 em. broad ; lobes cuneate-obovate, 2.5 cm. long; style-branches shorter than the anthers. 

On prairies, Texas. Spring. 


3. GEMMINGIA Fabr. 


Caulescent herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves alternate: blades folded, sheath- 
ing the stems. Flowers in terminal, small bracted clusters, these disposed in corymbs. 
Perianth usually mottled : lobes 6, nearly equal, united to the top of the ovary, or slightly 
beyond it, withering but persistent. Stamens 3: filaments distinct, adnate to the bases of 
the perianth-lobes: anthers elongated. Ovary 3-celled : styles undivided, very slender, 
alternate with the stamens. Ovules numerous. Capsule fig-shaped, loculicidally 3-valved 
to the base : valves reflexed. Seeds exposed as a mass resembling a blackberry, persistent 
on a central axis. [Belamcandu Adans. ] 

1. Gemmingia Chinénsis (L.) Kuntze. Foliage bright green, sometimes glauces- 
cent. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, leafy below, nearly naked above: leaf-blades 1-5 dm. long, 
acute or acuminate, upper faces united above the middle: bracts similar to the leaves but 
much smaller, their faces not united : perianth pink to reddish, 3-5 cm. broad ; lobes oblong 
or elliptic, more gradually narrowed at the base than at the apex, persistent as a coil on top 
of the fruit: capsules oblong-turbinate, 2-2.5 cm. long : seeds black and shining, disposed 
in a mass resembling a blackberry. 


Along roadsides and on banks, New York to Missouri, Georgia and Alabama. Summer. BLACK- 
BERRY LILY. 


4. SISYRINCHIUM L. 


Perennial scapose usually tufted grass-like herbs, with distinct or obsolete rootstocks 
and fibrous roots. Leaves basal: blades linear: scapes 2-edged or 2-winged, when branched 
each node furnished with a bract resembling a leaf-blade: flowers in terminal clusters 
arising from spathes of mostly 2 bracts each. Perianth blue, white or yellow : lobes spread- 
ing. Stamens 3; filaments united to the top or nearly so: anthers clustered. Ovary 3- 
celled : style-branches filiform, alternate with the anthers, or styles mostly wholly united : 
ovules few to many in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule subglobose or depressed or 
longer than thick, globular or angled, readily opening near the apex. Seeds smooth or 
pitted. BLUE-EYED Grass. 


A. Scapes simple and terminated by the sessile or nearly sessile spathe or spathes, or rarely some in the 
tufts with 1 or 2 terminal peduncles. 
a. Tufts of plants normally with simple scapes only. 
Filaments distinct above: both bracts of the spathe foliaceous : plants 
. 3-8 em. tall. L 8. erue. 
Filaments completely united : inner bract of the spathe not foliaceous : 
plants 10-50 em. tall. 
*Spathe not subtended by an accessory outer bract : tufts of plants 
not densely fibrillose at the base. 
Spathe solitary or normally so. 
Outer bract of the spathe with its edges distinctly united at 
the base: bracts smooth. 
Capsules 4-6 mm. high: leaf-blades and scapes mostly 1.5- 


2.5 mm. wide. 2. S. angustifolium. 
Capsules 2-4 mm. high: leaf-blades and scapes mostly 0.5- 

1.5 mm. wide. 3. S. mucronatum. 

Outer bract of the spathe with completely free edges. : 

Bracts usually roughish : geri pale, 2-4 mm. high: 

pedicels scarcely exserted. : 4. S. campestre. 
Braets smooth: capsules dark, 4-6 mm. high: pedicels 

flexuously exserted. 5. S. sagittiferum. 


Contributed by Mr. E. P. Bicknell. 


294 IXIACEAE 


Spathes 2 together, or rarely 3. 
Plants smooth (rarely with the bracts obscurely roughened 
in nos. 6 and 8): leaf-blades mostly 1.5-3 mm. wide. 
Plants drying green: capsules pale, 2-3 mm. high. 
Plants drying dark: capsules dark, 4-6 mm. high. 
Plants more or less scabrous (sometimes smooth in no. 8), not 
drying dark: leaf-blades mostly 1-2 mm. wide. 
Spathes mostly green: outer bract of the second spathe 
slender-prolonged: perianth pale blue. 
Spathes mostly red-purple: outer bract of the second spathe 
as long as the inner: perianth deep violet-blue. 
** Spathe subtended by an accessory outer slender bract: tufts of 
plants densely fibrillose at the base. 

b. Tufts of plants with both simple and branched scapes, the latter being 

terminated by 1 or 2 peduncles. 
Scapes wiry, nearly terete: spathes green, mostly narrow and almost 
terete at the base. 
Scapes flattened, distinctly winged : spathes mostly purplish, flattened. 
Plants SE dark: leaf-blades rather thin: bracts of the spathe 
smooth. 
Plants not drying dark: leaf-blades rather stiff: bracts rough. 
B. Scapes branched or bearing 2 or more terminal peduncles. 
Tufts of plants densely fibrous at the base. 
Plants drying very dark. 
Leaves and scapes smooth. 
Bracteal leaf conspicuously elongated; leaf-blades 24 mm. 
wide, finely cross-rugulose. 
Bracteal leaf short and narrow: leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide, not 
rugulose. 
Leaves and scapes more or less roughened on the sides: interior 
scales much shorter than the bracts of the spathe. 
Plants pale and glaucous, or not very dark when dry. 
Scapes slender, often flexuous, ciliolate-serrulate: plants rather 
bright or deep green: peduncles very short or subfascicled. 
Scapes rather stiff or stout: plants pale or glaucous: peduncles slen- 
der, not fascicled. 
Scapes flattened and wing-margined or broadly winged. 
Leaf-blades and scapes mostly manifestly serrulate : peduncles 
usually 5-10 cm. long: staminal column 4-5 mm. high. 
Leaf-blades and scapes mostly smooth-edged: peduncles 2-5 
em. long: staminal column 2-4 mm. high. 
s subterete or narrowly margined. 
aves numerous ; blades elongated, becoming flexuous, 2-4 
mm. wide: plants flowering from February to March. 
` Leaves few; blades more slender and much narrower and 
shorter: plants smaller, flowering from June to August. 
Tufts of plants without fibers, or not densely fibrous at the base. 

a. Plants more or less stiffly erect or erect-ascending ; scapes not usually 
branched below the middle: peduncles usually shorter than the 
scape proper: species, except S. graminoides, not occurring west 
of the Mississippi River, as far as known. 

Plants drying very dark (except no. 26). 
Seapes and leaf-blades mostly 24 mm. wide or more: pedicels 
finally much spreading or recurved. 
Inflorescence not repeatedly dichotomous. 
Capsule thick-walled: bracts of the spathe closely striate- 
nerved, 2-2.5 em. long. 
Capsule thin-walled: braets of the spathe not closely stri- 
ate-nerved, the inner one 2 em. long or less. 
Perianth about 10 mm. long or more. 
Capsules 2.5-4 mm. high, on recurved pedicels : seeds 
few in each cavity. 
Capsules 3-6 mm. high, on spreading pedicels. 
Interior scales much shorter than the bracts of the 
spathe: seeds numerous. 
Interior scales often equalling the bracts of the 
spathe: seeds 2-3 in each cavity. 
Perianth 5-8 mm. long: capsules 1.5-3 mm. long: seeds 
2-3 in each cavity. 
Inflorescence more or less dichotomous from successive nodes : 
perianth about 5 mm. long, white or perhaps also blue. 
Seapes and leaf-blades mostly 1-2 mm. wide: pedicels erect or 
nearly so. 
Leaves and scapes mostly smooth-edged, the scapes becoming 
widely flexuous: peduncles very slender, 5-12 em. long. 
Leaves and scapes serrulate, erect: peduncles 3-7 cm. long. 
Plants pale or bright green, not drying very dark. i 
Roots thickened and clustered, becoming 1.5 mm. thick or more: 
Florida species, the plants becoming 50-80 em. tall. ; 
Leaves very long, equalling the tufts ; blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide: 
capsules thin-walled, subglobose, 5-6 mm. high. 
Leaves shorter than the scapes; blades becoming 3-4 mm. 
wide: capsules thick-walled, broadly oblong, 2.5-5 mm. 


Sea 


high. 
Roots less clustered, not thickened, usually slender and fibrous : 
plants mostly 15-50 em. tall. 


ceo» 


10. 


16. 


T7 
18. 


19. 
20. 


21. 


À 
n n ta tn 


26. 


29. 


BSE 
S: 


IS: 
. versicolor. 


Un 


albidum. 
sagittiferum. 


. scabrellum. 
. Asheanum. 


. capillare. 


. biforme. 


intermedium. 


. zerophyllum. 
. fuscatum. 


. incrustatum. 


rufipes. 


S. fibrosum. 


S. 


S. 


. Nashii. 


S. 


tortum. 


Floridanum. 


solstitiale. 


recurvatum, 


. graminoides. 


membranaceum. 
tenellum. 


dichotomum. 


. S. flagellum. 


S. Miamiense. 


S. 


AS 


longifolium. 


corymbosum. 


IXIACEAE 295 


Inflorescence scant, with 1 or sometimes 2 nodes, each bearing 1 or 2 peduncles. 
Plants mostly over 30 em. tall, when lower very delicate and slender. 
Leaves much shorter than the straight wing-flattened 


scapes: capsules 2-4 mm. long. 31. S. Atlanticum. 
Leaves equalling the flexuous subterete scapes : capsules 
4-6 mm. high. 32. S. flexile. 


Plants 15-30 em. tall, somewhat stiff or rigid. 
Perianth becoming 15 mm. long: staminal column 5 
mm. high: bracts of the spathe finely puncticulate- 
dotted. 33. S. violaceum. 
Perianth about 10 mm. long: staminal column 4 mm. 
high or less: bracts of the spathe not dotted. 84. 
Inflorescence more contracted and compound, mostly with 2-4 
nodes each bearing 2-4 peduncles. 
Seapes 1.5-8 mm. wide: perianth over 10 mm. long, the 
sepals and petals slenderly aristulate. 35. S. Tracyi. 
Scapes 1-1.5 mm. wide: perianth less than 10 mm. long, the 
sepals and petals short aristulate. 36. S. scoparium. 
b. Plants in finally depressed assurgent or weakly diffuse tufts. 
Perianth less than 6 mm. long: capsules oblong: plants branched 
and leafy-bracted from the base. 37. S. minus. 
Perianth over 8 mm. long: capsules subglobose. 
Leaf-blades 5-7 mm. wide: scape broadly thin-winged. 38. S. colubriferum. 
Leaf-blades 0.5-3 mm. wide: scape narrowly margined. 
Plants in depressed or ascending more or less rosulate tufts : 
scapes stiff, the outer ones geniculate below. 
Perianth reddish purple: capsules pale, about 3 mm. high: 
plants not discoloring when dry. 39. S. rosulatum. 
Perianth blue: capsules dark, becoming 6 mm. high : plants 
dark when dry. 40. S. Helleri. 
Plants in weakly diffuse finally spreading or reclining tufts. 
Leaf-blades extremely slender, 1 mm. wide or less: pedun- 
cles much shorter than the scapes: plants pale and : 
glaucescent. 41. S. implicatum. 
Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide: peduncles very slender, mostly 
as long as the scapes or nearly so: plants deep green, 
drying dark. 42. S. flaccidum. 
c. Plants erect: species trans-Mississippian, or essentially so. 
Sides of the leaf-blades and the scapes scabrellous : pedicels slend- 
erly flexuous. 43. S. pruinosum. 
Sides of the leaf-blades and the scapes smooth (except sometimes in 
no. 49): pedicels not widely flexuous. 
Plants tall and stiff, becoming 50 em. high: peduncles terminal, 
very long and slender: capsules 6-7 mm. high or more. 44. S. longipedunculatum. 
Plants lower, from 5 cm. to rarely over 30 cm. tall: terminal 
peduncles never elongated : capsules less than 5 mm. high. 
Plants very stiff and glaucous: scapes and leaf-blades 1.5-4 
mm. wide, their edges normally rough-serrulate. 45. S. ensigerum. 
Plants never very rigid and glaucous: scapes and leaf-blades 
not strongly serrulate when over 2 mm. wide. 
Braets of the spathe closely and delicately many-nerved : 
plants 5-30 em. tall. 
Leaf-blades mostly over 2 mm. wide: plants 15-30 cm. 


Un 


. NANUM. 


tall. 
Foliage glaucous to glaucesent: perianth light blue: 
pedicels exserted. 46. S. varians. 
Foliage green to glaucescent: perianth deep blue- 
purple: pedicels scarcely exserted. 47. S. amoenum. 
Pear more less than 2 mm. wide: plants 5-20 
em. tall. 


Plants bright or light green, becoming darkened 
when dry, the tufts mostly loose and apon: 
Scapes rigid, somewhat curved: perianth bright 
blue: ovary glabrous. 48. S. Brayi. 
Scapes straight, not rigid: perianth deep purple- 
blue or pale blue: ovary puberulent. 
Leaves shorter than the ee flowers dee 
purple-blue : staminal column 1⁄4 the length 
of the perianth or less. 49. S. furcatum. 
Leaves equalling the scapes: perianth le 
blue: staminal column 2 the length of the * 
perianth or more. 50. S. Langloisii. 
Plants pale and glaucescent, not becoming dark when 
dry, relatively small and closely tufted. 
Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide: perianth pale violet- 
blue: staminal column 4-6 mm. high: ovary E 
puberulent to glabrate. 51. S. Bushii. 
Leaf-blades about 0.5 mm. wide: perianth bright 
purplish blue: staminal column 3 mm. high: 
ovary glabrous. 52. S. Canbyi. 
Braets of the spathe thickened, strongly rather few-nerved, 
the spathes becoming somewhat thickened. 58. S. Teranum. 


296 IXIACEAE 


1. Sisyrinchium éxile Bicknell. Plants in diminutive tufts 3-8 cm. high. Foliage 
glaucescent : larger leaves equalling or surpassing the scapes ; blades 0.75-1.5 mm. wide, 
firm, weakly few-nerved: scapes 1.5-6.5 cm. tall, less than 1 mm. wide, narrowly mar- 
gined, the edges smooth: spathes sometimes larger than the scapes, the bracts foliaceous, 

„ very unequal, the outer one 2-2.8 cm. long: interior scales less than 3 the length of the 
inner bract: flowers few, on hair-like pedicels spreading or recurved from about midway 
in the spathe: perianth very small and delicate, about 5 mm. long, pale yellowish and 
bluish : sepals and petals short-aristulate : staminal column 1.5-2 mm. high, its base dilated 
and puberulent. 

On sandy sea shores, Galveston, Texas. Late winter and early spring. 


2. Sisyrinchium angustifdlium Mill. Plants tufted, 1-4 dm. tall or more, more or 
less glaucous. Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide, usually serrulate roughened : scapes twice longer 
than the leaves, about as wide, wing-margined : spathes mostly green, sometimes purplish, 
the outer bract 2-6 cm. long, clasping for 2-6 mm. at its base, much larger than the inner 
one: pedicels stiff and nearly erect: perianth violet-blue, 10-12 mm. long: staminal 
column 4-6 mm. high: capsules 4-6 mm. high, oblong-globose : seeds dark brown, 1-1.5 
mm. long, obovoid-oblong, with shallow pits, or nearly smooth. 


In moist or dry soil, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, New Jersey, North Carolina and Colorado. 
Spring and summer. 


3. Sisyrinchium mucronàtum Michx. Plants in close tufts, 1-4.5 dm. tall, dull 
green or glaucescent. Leaves numerous; blades from nearly filiform to 1.5 mm. wide : 
scapes twice as long as the leaves or sometimes equalled by them and of about the same 
width, merely margined or narrowly winged, smooth or denticulate-roughened : spathes 
bright red-purple or rarely green, the bracts thin, smooth, the outer one 2-6 cm. long, 
united-clasping for 1-4 mm. at the base, the inner emerging gradually from the outer one, 
1-1.5 em. long: pedicels slender, somewhat spreading : perianth deep purple-blue or some- 
times white, 6-14 mm. long : capsules 2-4 mm. high, pale, thin-walled : seeds black, about 1 
mm. long, subglobose, pitted. 

Es In meadows and grassy places, or sometimes in dry soil, Ontario and Michigan to North Carolina. 
pring. 

4. Sisyrinchium campéstre Bicknell. Plants closely tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, glaucescent 
or glaucous. Leaf-blades mostly 1-1.5 mm. wide, smooth-edged : scapes twice as long as 
the leaves or sometimes surpassed by them, 1-1.5 mm. wide, narrowly wing-margined, the 
sides often obscurely scabrous: spathes dull purple to green, the bracts commonly roughish 
all over or canescently scabrous-puberulent, or sometimes glabrous, the outer one 2.5-4.5 
mm. long, its edges free to the extreme base, the inner bract 1.2-2 cm. long, somewhat 
abruptly emerging from the outer one: pedicels nearly erect : perianth pale blue or white, 
8-14 mm. long: capsules pale, 2-4 mm. high: seeds 1-1.25 mm. long, obovoid-globose, 
faintly pitted. 

On plains, prairies and in meadows and open woods, Wisconsin to North Dakota, Louisiana and 
New Mexico. Spring.—A variety from Kansas and Oklahoma, S. campestre Kansdnum Bicknell, is 
stouter, has larger flowers, broader leaf-blades, more winged scapes and larger spathes, the slenderly 
prolonged outer bract being 2.5-6.5 cm. long. 

5. Sisyrinchium sagittíferum Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, fibril- 
lose at the base, drying dark. Roots clustered and becoming much thickened : leaf-blades 
rather thin, but firm, 0.5-3 mm. wide, striate-nerved, the edges smooth or serrulate : 
scapes about as long as the leaves, very slender, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, wing-margined, mostly 
denticulate-roughened : spathes erect, often 2 together, the outer bract slenderly attenuate, 
1.5-7 cm. long, its margins free to the base, the inner bract 1-1.7 em. long, rather broad 
below, mostly scarious and obtuse at the apex: pedicels hair-like, flexuously exserted : 
perianth violet or white, 8-10 mm. long: capsules dark, subglobose, 4-6 mm. high, on 
finally spreading or recurved pedicels. 

In dry woods, Louisiana and Texas. Early spring. 


6. Sisyrinchium álbidum Raf. Plants more or less tufted, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, green or 
glaucous. Leaf-blades mostly 1.5 mm. wide (0.5-3.5 mm. ), usually smooth-edged, some- 
times serrulate: scapes about twice as tall as the leaves, mostly 1.5 mm. wide, often very 
flat, the thin wings mostly serrulate or hispidulous on the margins: spathes 2 together, the 
primary bract 2.5-7 cm. long, much surpassing the others, foliaceous or slenderly atten- 
uate, the edges distinet to the base: perianth 8-12 mm. long, clear white or violet-blue : 
capsules pale, broadly subglobose, 2-3 mm. long, thick-walled : seeds 0.75-1 mm. in diam- 
eter, black, distinctly pitted. 

In dry or moist soil, or in meadows, Michigan and Missouri to North Carolina, Alabama and 
Louisiana. Spring. 

7. Sisyrinchium scabréllum Bicknell. Plants closely tufted, 2.5-4 dm. tall, slightly 
fibrillose at the base, dull pale green or glaucescent. Leaves stiffly erect, purple-tinged at 


IXIACEAE 207 


the base; blades 1-2 mm. wide, cuspidate-acute, usually scabrous or even canescently in- 
crustate with minute white setulose papillae, sometimes less so or quite smooth above: 
scapes slender, but stiff, about } longer than the leaves, 1-2 mm. wide, flattened, usually 
roughened like the leaves, at least below, the wing-margins with rough edges: spathes 2 
or rarely 3 together, mostly green, the bracts more or less roughened, the primary bract 
stiff and elongated, 3.5-11.5 cm. long, usually smooth or nearly so above, the inferior outer 
bract attenuate, often slenderly prolonged, 1.2-3.8 em. long, surpassing the inner bracts : 
pedicels loosely erect or flexuously much exserted: perianth pale blue, 8-12 mm. long. 
On hillsides or in woods, North Carolina. Spring. 


8. Sisyrinchium Asheanum Bicknell. Similar to S. scabrellum, but lower and more 
slender, with the leaves and bracts slightly if at all roughened. Leaf-blades 0.5-1.5 mm. 
wide, tapering to a hardened acute or obtuse tip : scapes 1.5-3 dm. tall, about 1 mm. wide : 
spathes mostly red-purple, the primary bract 2-6 cm. long, those of the spathes proper 1-1.6 
cm. long; first (outer) bract of the outer spathe mostly not longer than the inner one or 
even shorter: perianth rather smaller than that of the preceding species, deep violet-blue. 

In wet meadows, North Carolina. Spring. 


9. Sisyrinchium capillàre Bicknell. Plants extremely slender and delicate, 2-4.5 
dm. tall, in thin tufts, closely fibrillose at the base, glaucescent, drying a dull olive-green. 
Leaves almost filiform, 0.5 mm. wide or less, attenutate, often developing hardened tips, 
like the spathes often dull purple at the base: scapes 3-3 again higher than the leavés 
which they resemble, smooth, firm-margined : spathes mostly in pairs, sometimes solitary 
or 3 together, sessile and subtended by an elongated (2-8.5 cm.) slender, accessory bract : 
bracts of the spathe nearly equal, 10-13 mm. long, narrowly acute or aculeate : flowers on 
slenderly exserted finally spreading pedicels: perianth light violet-blue, 6-8 mm. long: 
capsules pale, subglobose, 2-3 mm. high: seeds 0.75 mm. in diameter, distinctly alveolate. 

In flat sandy woods, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 


10. Sisyrinchium bifórme Bicknell. Plants in scant tufts, 20-40 cm. high, pale 
green and glaucescent. Roots stout and simple: leaf-blades 1-1.5 mm. wide, very acute, 
prominently close-nerved, the edges smooth : scapes often twice the height of the leaves, 
and as stiff, narrow, simple or with 1-3 terminal peduncles, sinuous or straight, subterete, 
the smooth margins sometimes almost obsolete: peduncles 5-7 em. long, longer than the 
erect bracteal leaf: spathes narrow,often subterete at the base, 1.5-3 em. long, the bracts stiff, 
cuspidate-acute, the inner one mostly longer than the outer, flattened-navicular, with an 
incurved apex : interior scales crowded, nearly equalling the bracts: pedicels erect, slightly 
exserted : capsules dark brown, 5-7 mm. high, broadly oblong, many-seeded : seeds 1-1.25 
mm. in diameter, coarsely pitted. 

In dry soil, San Felipe, Texas. Spring. 

11. Sisyrinchium intermédium Bicknell. Plants tufted 1.5-3.5 dm. tall, dull 
green, turning dark in drying. Leaves erect; blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, attenuate, and 
cuspidate-acute, thin and grass-like, the edges serrulate to smooth : scapes mostly twice as 
long as the leaves, straight, frail, 1-2.5 mm. wide, the thin wings fine-serrulate: peduncles 
1-2, 3-7 em. long : spathes mostly purple, narrow, rather sharply 2-edged, the sides margined 
below by the ascending wings of the scape or peduncle, the bracts thin, glabrous, the outer one 
2-6 cm. long, on simple scapes prolonged beyond the inner 1-4 cm., the edges not united 
below ; inner bracts 1.5-2 em. long : perianth pale-blue, 8-14 mm. long: ovary glabrous: 
capsules dark, thin-walled, about 4 mm. high, on slender flexuously spreading serials 

In sandy soil, New Jersey to North Carolina. Late spring. 


12. Sisyrinchium versicolor Bicknell. Plants tufted, becoming 3.5 dm. tall, pale 
green or glaucous, not drying dark. Leaves rather stiff, rose-pink at the base; blades 
1.5-3 mm. wide, close-striate, the edges like those of the scape mostly serrulate-roughened : 
scapes 1-2.5 mm. wide, simple or frequently developing an erect bracteal leaf and 2 pedun- 
cles : spathes mostly purple-tinged, their bracts like the bracteal leaf roughened all over, 
with minute papillae, often prominently striate, the outer bract 2.5-5 em. long, much pro- 
longed beyond the inner or little surpassing it when the scape is branched, the margins 
not united below, the inner bract 17-20 mm. long: perianth pale blue, 10-12 mm. long : 
capsules pale, about 3 mm. in diameter, on delicate slenderly exserted pedicels. 

In sandy soil, District of Columbia to North Carolina and Georgia. Spring. 

13. Sisyrinchtum xerophyllum Greene. Plants tufted, coarsely brown-fibrose at 
the base, dull green, glaucescent, drying dark brown. Leaves stiff, becoming flexuous, 
often longer than the scapes; blades 2-4 mm. wide, closely striate, transversely rugulose or 
granulose between the nerves, the edges obscurely roughened to smooth : scapes 2-3 mm. 
wide, winged, above passing into the primary bract which subtends the lateral appearing 

cluster of 2-6 short-peduncled spathes: peduncles 2-6 cm. or even 10 cm. long, slightly 


298 IXIACEAE 


curved : spathes 14-19 mm. long, sometimes slightly purplish: bracts firm-herbaceous, 
conspicuously hyaline-margined, nearly equal, somewhat keeled, acuminate : interior scales 
exserted at maturity : flowers 8-12 together: perianth violet-blue, 12 mm. long or more : 
capsules 4-6 mm. high, on spreading or recurved pedicels : seeds rugulose, becoming fully 
1 mm. in diameter. 

In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Early spring. 


14. Sisyrinchium fuscatum Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, rather stiff, 15-50 cm. 
high, more or less fibrose at base, dull green and glaucescent, drying dark. Leaves firmly 
erect, becoming flexuous, long and slender; blades 0.5-2.5 mm. wide, close striate, the 
edges smooth or roughened : scapes straight and slender, longer than the leaves, 0.75-2 
mm. wide, narrowly winged: bracteal leaf narrow, erect, shorter than the peduncles: pe- 
duncles 2, approximate, subterete, short and erect, 2-6 cm. long: spathes narrow, 1.5-1.8 
em. long, the subequal bracts firmly herbaceous, striate, cuspidate-acuminate: interior 
scales much shorter than the bracts: flowers blue, on erect exserted pedicels : perianth 
about 10 mm. long, the narrow sepals and petals prominently veined : capsules 2.5-4 mm. 
high, broadly subglobose, drying dark. 


In sandy soil, western Florida to Mississippi. Spring. 


15. Sisyrinchium incrustatum Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, 2.5-5 dm. tall, 
coarsely fibrose at the base, dull green and glaucescent, drying dark. Leaveserect ; blades 
1.5-3.5 mm. wide, aculeate-tipped, rather thin but firm, striate, harshly rugulose-sca- 
brous to densely incrustate-roughened with pale papillae, the edges ciliolate-serrulate : 
scapes often sinuously curved, 1.5-3 mm. wide, roughened like the leaves; nodes 1-2, the 
lower one bearing an often much elongated bracteal leaf and 2-3 peduncles, the upper one 
terminating an outcurved prolongation of the scape 4-9 cm. long, with a shorter bracteal 
leaf and peduncle: spathes 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the nearly equal bracts acute to slenderly at- 
tenuate : interior scales shorter than the bracts: perianth violet-blue, about 8 mm. long: 
capsules subglobose, dark, 3-4 mm. in diameter, on slightly exserted nearly erect pedicels : 
seeds finely pitted, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter. 

In moist sandy soil or open grassy woods, North Carolina. Summer. 


16. Sisyrinchium rüfipes Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, often very slender, 1.5-3 
dm. tall, with rufous or brown fibers at the base, rather bright green and glaucescent, 
partly turning a dull brownish green. Leaves becoming flexuous ; blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, 
often granular-scabrous between the close nerves, the margins finely sharp-serrulate : scapes 
about as tall as the leaves, slender and often flexuous, about 1 mm. wide, narrowly mar- 
gined, the edges closely ciliolate-serrulate, bearing an erect slender bracteal leaf subtend- 
ing a cluster of 2-3 short-peduncled or merely stipitate spathes and sometimes also a short 
branch : spathes about 12 mm. long, the bracts somewhat divergent: flowers 2-5, on hair- 
like flexuous pedicels: perianth blue, about 8 mm. long: anthers relatively large: cap- 
sules about 3 mm. high. 

On sand hills, North Carolina to Georgia. Early spring. 


17. Sisyrinchium fibrdsum Bicknell. Plants loosely tufted, 2-3 dm. tall, fibrous- 
coated at the base, pale and glaucescent, often yellowish green. Leaves firm ; blades some- 
what striate-nerved, mostly 2-3 mm. wide, or some of them even 5 mm. wide, the edges 
usually serrulate : scapes longer than the leaves, 2-3 mm. wide, broadly winged, the edges 
mostly serrulate or even ciliolate; nodes 1-2, each furnished with a foliaceous bracteal leaf 
which subtends 2 or 3 more or less diverging peduncles: peduncles 4-8 em. long: spathes 
15-20 mm. long, the bracts nearly equal, varying from herbaceous attenuate to scarious-obtuse 
and mucronulate : interior scales about 4 the length of the bracts: flowers on delicate loosely 
erect slightly exserted pedicels: perianth pale violet-blue, 8-10 mm. long: staminal column 
4-5 mm. high: capsules pale and thick-walled, broadly ovoid, 3-4 mm. high: seeds rugu- 
lose, 1 mm. in diameter. [S. Carolinianum Bicknell, not Klatt. ] 

In woods or fields, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring. 


18. Sisyrinchium tértum Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, 1.5-3 dm. tall, pale and 
glaucous, coarsely fibrous at the base. Leaves erect, the longer ones nearly equalling the 
scapes; blades firm, 1.5-3 mm. wide, finally close-striate, faintly vermiculate-rugulose be- 
tween the nerves, the edges smooth or obscurely roughened : scapes usually one to four 
times spirally twisted, as wide as the leaf-blades, wing-flattened, usually with but one node: 
bracteal leaf short, broad-based, equalling the 2 peduncles or shorter: spathes 10-16 mm. 
long, usually abruptly broader and thicker than the peduncles, becoming 3 mm. wide, 
the bracts nearly equal, rather thin and membranous: interior scales shorter than the bracts : 
flowers on loosely erect finally exserted pedicels: perianth pale blue, 8-10 mm. long: 
staminal column short, 2-4 mm. high. 

In sandy soil, Florida and Mississippi. Early spring. 


IXIACEAE 299 


19. Sisyrinchium Floridanum Bicknell. Plants tufted, 2.5-5 dm. tall, densely fibril- 
lose at the base, dull green and glaucescent. Leaves numerous, often equalling the scapes, 
becoming flexuous, thickish ; blades usually 2-3 mm. wide, attenuate to the slender nearly 
terete apex, smooth-edged : scapes narrowly firm margined, 2-3 mm. wide, smooth-edged : 
bracteal leaf shorter than the 2 or 3 usually erect very slender peduncles one of which is 
sometimes topped by 3 shorter peduncles: spathes green or slightly purplish, 15-20 mm. 
long, the bracts nearly equal, mostly attenuate and acute : interior scales about equalling 
the bracts or slightly exserted : flowers on slender exserted pedicels: perianth pale blue, 
about 10 mm. long: capsules pale, subglobose, 3-4 mm. high. 

In sand, peninsular Florida. Late winter and early spring. 

20. Sisyrinchium Nashii Bicknell. Resembling ©. Floridanum, but much more 
slender and delicate, and smaller throughout, flowering in midsummer instead of late 
winter and early spring. Leaves few ; blades 0.5-2 mm. wide, less closely and strongly 
striate than in the next preceding species, and frequently denticulate, especially toward the 
scarcely terete apex: scapes few, about twice as tall as the leaves, mostly 1 mm. wide or 
less, like the leaves sometimes obscurely roughened with minute papillae, the very narrow 
margins usually: minutely denticulate: braeteal leaf almost setaceously slender, much 
shorter than the almost filiform peduncles: spathes narrow, 13-15 mm. long, the bracts 
mostly thinner and less sharply pointed than in S. Floridanum, the inner one frequently 
surpassing the outer and scarious obtuse at the apex: perianth smaller than that of S. 
Floridanwm : capsules 2-3 mm. in diameter, on slenderly exserted pedicels 17-22 mm. long : 
seeds finely rugulose-pitted. 

In dry sandy soil, low pine land, peninsular Florida. Summer. 

21. Sisyrinchium solstitiàle Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, chaffy and slightly 
fibrillose at the base, 2-4.6 dm. tall or taller, pale green or glaucescent, becoming brownish 
green when dry. Leaves erect; blades very straight, becoming 4 mm. wide, narrowed to 
the stiff acicular apex, striate-nerved and minutely rugulose, minutely serrulate, becoming 
smooth : scapes about twice as tall as the leaves, once or twice spirally twisted, becoming 
3 mm. wide, the firm wings hyaline-margined and obscurely serrulate, becoming smooth : 
inflorescence elongated, with 3 rather remote nodes each with a foliaceous bract and 2 
peduncles or the lower one with a slender branch: spathes dull green, 20-25 mm. long, 
the bracts stiff, nearly equal, the outer one narrowly acuminate : interior scales finally 
equalling the bracts : perianth blue, about 12 mm. long : flowers on slightly exserted pedicels. 

In high pine lands, peninsular Florida. Summer. 

22. Sisyrinchium recurvàtum Bicknell. Plants dull green, turning brownish when 
dry, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. Leaves about $ the height of the tufts ; blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, 
erect but rather thin, not closely nerved, the edges smooth or nearly so: scapes wing- 
margined, sometimes obscurely serrulate, the single node supporting a short erect bracteal 
leaf and 2-3 peduncles 5-11 cm. long: spathes 17-20 mm. long, the inner bract mostly 
longer than the very acute outer one and apiculate from a scarious-obtuse apex : interior 
scales equalling the bracts or nearly so : flowers blue-purple, about 10 mm. long : capsules 
on much exserted and recurved pedicels, subglobose or obovoid, dark brown, 2.5-4 mm. 
high : seeds 1 mm. in diameter or less, close-pitted. 

In sand, Longboat Key, Florida. Early spring. 

23. Sisyrinchtum graminoides Bicknell. Plants often not tufted, 1.5-6 dm. high, 
rather bright green, turning dark when dry. Leaves thin and grass-like, 3-1 the height 
of the scape ; blades 1.5-6 mm. wide, the edges like those of the scape minutely serrulate : 
scapes thin, wing-flattened, as broad as the leaf-blades, mostly forking into two peduncles 
5-20 em. long, subtended by a conspicuous bracteal leaf: spathes green, flat, the subequal or 
unequal bracts acute or acuminate, 15-20 mm. long, the interior scales much shorter : peri- 
anth blue, 10 mm. long : capsules thin-walled, subglobose, 3-6 mm. high, on slender spread- 
ing pedicels : seeds numerous, about 1 mm. in diameter, globose, pitted. 


BEST ays places and low meadows, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring and 


. 24. Sisyrinchium membranaceum Bicknell. Plants loosely erect or assurgent, in 
thin tufts, 20-25 cm. high, scarcely glaucescent, drying brownish green. Leaves half the 
height of the stem or more; blades 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, thin and membranous, promi- 
nently few-nerved, mostly serrulate-roughened, cuspidate-acute : scapes similar to the leaves, 
broadly thin-winged, mostly with 1 node bearing a short bracteal leaf 2-6 cm. long and 
two slender peduncles 4-10 em. long : bracts of the spathe subequal, cuspidate-acute, thin 
and delicately veined, mostly about 1.5 em. long : interior scales often equalling the bracts : 
perianth violet-blue : sepals and petals rather firm and membranous, 10-12 mm. long: 
ii pid ms subglobose, 3.5 mm. high, on slenderly exserted pedicels : seeds only 2-3 in 

i avity. 


In sand, Jackson County, Florida. Spring. 


300 IXIACEAE 


25. Sisyrinchium tenéllum Bicknell. Plants loosely tufted, 1.5-3 dm. tall, dull 
green, drying dark. Leaves usually openly erect ; blades soft, very thin, 1-3 mm. or even 
4 mm. wide, distinctly few-nerved, mostly smooth-edged : scapes as long as the leaves or 
longer, weakly erect, 1—3.5 mm. wide, mostly with broad thin wings, usually with a single 
node: bracteal leaf erect, usually long and narrow, mostly surpassing the 2 slender pedun- 
cles: peduncles 3-12 cm. long: spathes green, narrow, often deflected, the bracts membra- 
nous, weakly or obscurely few-nerved, slenderly attenuate and very acute, the outer one 
usually somewhat prolonged, 12-25 mm. long: interior scales 3 the length of the spathes 
or less: flowers 3-5: perianth violet-blue, 5-8 mm. long: capsules 1.5-3 mm. high, on 
capillary exserted pedicels : seeds 2-3 in each cavity, rough, 0.75 mm. in diameter. 

In moist soil, Georgia and Alabama. Late spring. 


26. Sisyrinchium dichétomum Bicknell. Plants yellowish green and glaucescent, 
not drying dark, in thin tufts 3-4 dm. high. Leaves half the height of the plant or more, 
blades 2-6 mm. wide, thin but firm, openly nerved, the edges serrulate to smooth : scapes 
broadly thin-winged, more or less dichotomously branched mostly above the middle, from 
2-4 successive nodes: bracteal leaves prominent: lower peduncles sometimes over 10 cm. 
long, the uppermost only 3-5 cm. long, often curved : spathes green, small and narrow, the 
inner bract 8-15 mm. long, the outer one mostly surpassing it, both thin and slender- 
tipped: perianth very small, white, about 5 mm. long: staminal column 2-3 mm. high : 
capsules pale, thin-walled, subglobose, about 3 mm. high, on slender flexuously exserted 
pedicels : seeds only 1-2 in each cavity, large, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, becoming smooth or 
nearly so. 

In woods, Rutherford County, North Carolina. Spring. 


27. Sisyrinchium flagéllum Bicknell. Plants very slender and flexuous, 1-3.2 dm. 
high, slightly glaucescent, drying dark. Leaves as long as the scapes or shorter ; blades 
narrow and flexuous, 0.5-3 mm. wide, few-striate, smooth-edged : scapes 0.75-1.5 mm. 
mm. wide, narrowly margined, smooth-edged, often flexuous and geniculate at the nodes: 
nodes 1-2, when two remote, supporting narrow bracteal leaves and 1-3 very slender 
peduncles 5-12 cm. long: spathes often deflected, 1.5-2 cm. long, the bracts subequal or 
the inner one longer, and often scarious-margined to the apex, the outer one narrowly 
acuminate: interior scales much shorter than the bracts: capsules on erect slightly ex- 
serted pedicels, subglobose, dark, about 4 mm. high : seeds globose, finely alveolate, about 
1 mm. in diameter. 

In sand, southern and western peninsular Florida. Alsoin Cuba. Late winter and early spring. 


28. Sisyrinchium Miamiénse Bicknell. Plants dull green and glaucescent, drying 
dark, 2 dm. tall or more. Leaves about $ the height of the plant; blades 1-1.5 mm. 
wide, striate-nerved, serrulate : scapes of the width of the leaves, wing-margined, den- 
ticulate-serrulate, bearing 2-3 erect peduncles at the top and sometimes an ascending 
branch lower down: peduncles 3-7 cm. long: spathes 1.3-1.5 em. long, the outer bracts 
stiflly acute, slightly longer than the scarious-obtuse inner one: perianth blue, medium- 
sized : capsules on exserted pedicels, dark, obovoid, 3-5 mm. high: seeds subglobose, 
1-1.25 mm. in diameter, faintly rugulose-pitted. 

In sand, eastern peninsular Florida. Early spring. 


29. Sisyrinchium longifdlium Bicknell. Plants tall and slender, in thin erect tufts 
5-8 dm. high, yellowish green and glaucescent. Roots thickened and clustered : leaves very 
long, about equalling the scapes, erect, becoming flexuous; blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, thick- 
ish, closely striate-nerved, mostly smooth-edged, attenuate to the subterete apex, 1.5-2.5 
mm. wide: scapes narrowly firm-margined, with 1 or 2 nodes high up, each supporting a 
short stiff bracteal leaf and a cluster of 3-5 slender, unequal peduncles 5-10 cm. long: 
spathes narrow, 18-22 mm. long, the bracts subequal, stiffly attenuate, very acute : interior 
scales crowded, sometimes exceeding the bracts: pedicels slightly exserted: perianth very 
(pe blue, 12 mm. long, or more: capsules light brown, thin-walled, subglobose, 5-6 mm. 
uigh, the valves developing lateral nerves. 

Insand, Manatee, Florida. Spring. 

30. Sisyrinchium corymbósum Bicknell. Plants 3-7.5 dm. tall, in scant tufts, pale 
dull green and glaucescent, the roots coarse and woody. Leaves stiff and thickish, 3—4 
dm. long ; blades striate-nerved, 1.5-3 mm. wide, mostly smooth-edged : scapes 1.5-4 mm. 
wide, firmly wing-margined, stiffly long-branched above into an erectly subcorymbose 
several times compound inflorescence or the inflorescence scant and little branched in weak 
plants : bracteal leaves often purplish, the upper ones reduced : branches and slender pe- 
duneles 7-14 em. long: spathes small, 12-15 mm. long, the subequal bracts thin and mem- 
branous, delicately close-nerved, acute or subulate : interior scales much shorter than the 
bracts : flowers numerous on exserted pedicels: perianth blue, 8-12 mm. long: capsules 


IXIACEAE 301 


broadly oblong, 2.5-5 mm. high, dark and thick-walled : seeds globose, 1 mm. in diameter, 
faintly pitted or almost smooth. 


In sand or sandy soil, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


31. Sisyrinchium Atlanticum Bicknell. Plants tufted, pale and glaucous, 2-6 dm. 
tall. Leaves commonly much shorter than the scapes, firm; blades like the scapes mostly 
1 mm. wide or less and smooth-edged : scapes wiry and narrowly firm-margined : nodes 1 
or 2 bearing narrow bracteal leaves and usually two slender peduncles : spathes often pur- 
plish, 10-16 mm. long, the subequal bracts thin, the outer one acute, the inner mostly 
scarious-obtuse, longer than the interior scales : perianth violet-blue, 8-10 mm. long: cap- 
sules oblong to subglobose, dark, thick-walled, 2-4 mm. high, on erect little exserted pedi- 
cels : seeds numerous, 0.5-1 mm. in diameter, finely wrinkled-pitted to nearly smooth. 

In salt marshes or in sandy soil, mostly near the coast, Maine to Florida. 


32. Sisyrinchium fléxile Dicknell. Plantstall and very slender, becoming 5 dm. tall or 
more, pale green but scarcely glaucous. Leaves long, the longer ones equalling the scapes, 
stiff, becoming flexuous ; blades about 1.5 mm. wide, closely few-striate, very smooth, the 
tips finally hardened: scapes flexuous, subterete and narrowly firm-margined : nodes 1 or 
2, bearing narrow bracteal leaves and nearly terete peduncles 3-7 cm. long, mostly in pairs: 
spathes 1.5 cm. long or more, narrow, subterete at the base, the stiff, subequal bracts closely 
striate, their tips acute or narrowly scarious-obtuse : capsules brown, rather thick-walled, 
broadly oblong, 4-6 mm. high on erect somewhat exserted pedicels: seeds numerous, 0.5-1 
mm. in diameter, alveolate. 

Along the coast, Mississippi. Spring. 


33. Sisyrinchium violàceum Bicknell. Plants light green, drying yellowish and 
brownish, the roots rather thick. Leaves erect or firmly ascending, mostly 4 the height of 
the scapes or less ; blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, strongly nerved: scapes 1.5-2.0 dm. high or 
finally 3.5 dm. high, 1-2 mm. wide, stiff, narrowly firm-margined, the edges smooth : 
peduncles terminal, 2-3, unequal, 4-8 cm. long, the bracteal leaf short and stiffly erect: 
spathes 1.5-3.0 cm. long, the bracts subequal, firmly nerved and finely puncticulate, acute 
or the inner one obtuse : flowers pale violet, rather large, on pedicels subequal with the 
bracts : perianth 1-1.5 em. long: staminal column 5 mm. high or more: capsules dark, 
thick-walled, ovoid-subglobose, 2-3 mm. high: seeds few, 1 mm. in diameter or more, ru- 
gulose-pitted. 

In woods, Walton County, Florida. Summer. 


34. Sisyrinchium nànum Bicknell. Plants low and stiff, 1.2 dm. tall or more, pale 
and glaucous, not fibrose at the base. Leaves sometimes equalling the scapes; blades 1-2 
mm. wide, close-striate: scapes stiff. with firm narrow margins, the edges smooth: 
peduncles one or more, short: spathes about 1.5 cm. long, the bracts closely striate, the 
outer bract acute, sometimes shorter than the scarious-obtuse inner one : flowers on slightly 
exserted pedicels : perianth bright violet-blue, about 10 mm. long : staminal column 4 mm. 
high or less. 

Along the coast, Mississippi. Late spring and early summer. 


35. Sisyrinchium Tràcyi Bicknell. Plantsslightly glaucescent, discoloring somewhat 
when dry, rather stout, stiff, 3.5-7 dm. high. Leaves j the height of the plant or more ; 
blades 1-3 mm. wide, close-striate: scapes rigid, often curved, narrowly firm-margined, 
like the leaves very smooth and as wide: inflorescence stiff and often contracted, from 2 
nodes, the lower one often bearing 1 or 2 short branches: peduncles mostly in clusters of 
3’s—4’s, slender, stiff, approximate, the upper 3-5 cm. long: lower bracteal leaf elongated : 
bracts of the spathe strongly close-striate, subequal, 15-22 mm. long, the outer one often 
abruptly short-acuminate, the inner mostly scarious-obtuse: flowers on scarcely exserted 
pedicels: perianth violet-blue, 10-12 mm. long, with long-aristulate sepals and petals: 
staminal column 5-6 cm. high. 

Insandy soil, southern Mississippi. Spring. 


. 36. Sisyrinchium scoparium Bicknell. Plants pale and glaucous, in close tufts 
1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves very slender, equalling the shorter scapes ; blades 1-1.75 mm. 
wide, the edges mostly smooth : scapes narrowly wing-margined: inflorescence sometimes 
scant but often appearing dense from the numerous clustered scapes, mostly arising from 2 
nodes each bearing a short bracteal leaf and 2-3 somewhat diverging usually short pedun- 
cles: spathes 1.2-1.8 cm. long, the subequal bracts striate-nerved, acuminate : perianth 
violet-blue, 8-10 mm. long: staminal column about 4 mm. high: capsules clustered on 
pedicels about equal with the bracts, dark, thick-walled, remaining slightly puberulent at 
maturity, 2-5 mm. high: seeds 1 mm. in diameter, finely pitted. 

On or near the coast, Mississippi. Spring. 


302 IXIACEAE 


37. Sisyrinchium minus Engelm & Gray. Plants ascending, in loose tufts, deep 
green, usually turning very dark when dry; blades thin, delicately nerved, 2-7 cm. long, 
1-4 mm. wide, the edges roughened : scapes 0.5-2.5 dm. long, branched and leafy from 
near the base, margined or narrowly winged, the nodes 2-6, the branches and peduncles 
more or less diverging or outcurved : peduncles 4-6 cm. long, the ultimate ones a diverging 
pair, or solitary : spathes flattened, the bracts very unequal, the larger outer one foliaceous, 
1.3-3.5 em. long: flowers on hair-like slightly exserted pedicels: perianth very small, 
5-6 mm. long, reddish purple or yellowish white: capsules light brown, corrugated, ob- 
long, 3-5 mm. high: seeds very small, 0.5-0.75 in diameter, strongly pitted. 

In damp soil or low prairies, central and eastern Texas to Louisiana. Spring. 


38. Sisyrinchium colubríferum Bicknell. Plants suberect or spreading, in firm, 
leafy tufts 2 dm. tall or more, dull green, turning brownish, mostly purplish at the nodes. 
Leat-blades broad and thin, 5-7 mm. wide, the edges mostly smooth : scapes numerous, 
branched from near the often outcurved base, the internodes and often compound branches 
more or less stiflly sinuous, broadly thin-winged, 2-5 mm. wide, the edges denticulate-ser- 
rulate: peduncles in clusters of 3-4, mostly curved, 5-10 cm. long: bracts of the spathe 
thin, closely many-nerved, acuminate, the outer one a little the longer: flowers on some- 
what exserted pedicels: perianth light violet-blue, about 10 mm. long: staminal column 
short, 4 mm. high : capsules on somewhat spreading pedicels, 4 mm. high or more ; the 
valves distinctly 3-nerved. 

In sandy soil, eastern Texas. Spring. 


39. Sisyrinchium rosulàtum Bicknell. Plants ascending or prostrate in small rosu- 
late tufts or larger plants becoming 2 dm. high, pale green, not drying dark: leaves 2-8 
cm. long; blades 1-2 mm. wide, the margins serrulate: scapes often branched from near 
the base and geniculate, the nodes 2 or more, each supporting mostly two peduncles : 
peduncles mostly long and slender, 2-10 cm. long, often more broadly margined than the 
scape: spathes relatively large, about 2 cm. long, the bracts foliaceous, equal or unequal : 
perianth reddish purple, rather small: capsules broadly globose, on capillary flexuously 
spreading pedicels, pale but purplish tinged, 2.5-3.5 mm. high the valves without lateral 
nerves: seeds numerous, very small, 0.5-0.75 mm. in diameter, finely alveolate. 

In sandy soil, Mobile, Alabama and Charleston, South Carolina. Spring. 


40. Sisyrinchium Hélleri Bicknell. Plants 0.8-2 dm. tall, spreading or suberect 
in stiff, loosely many-stemmed tufts, glaucescent, turning dark. Leaves about 4 the 
length of the scapes ; blades 1-2 mm. wide, thin, mostly smooth-edged : scapes 1-1.5 mm. 
wide, mostly geniculate at the 1 or 2 nodes, narrowly firm-margined, the edges smooth or 
denticulate : peduncles 2-4, more or less unequal and diverging, 3-9 cm. long, sometimes 
twice the length of the scapes, longer than the bracteal leaves: spathes 1.5-1.8 cm. long, 
the bracts closely fine-striate, acuminate, the inner one usually the longer : flowers on erect 
pedicels equalling or much surpassing the bracts: perianth deep blue, 10 mm. long or 
more: capsules on spreading or recurved pedicels, dark, subglobose or obovoid, 4-7 mm. 
high, the valves not 3-nerved: seeds rather large, 2-5 in each cavity. 

On the coast, southeastern Texas. Spring. 


41. Sisyrinchium implicàtum Bicknell. Plants densely tufted, the numerous slen- 
der scapes mostly curved or ascending in a loose entanglement, pale dull green and glau- 
cescent. Leaf-blades 0.5-1 mm. wide, few-nerved : scapes 15-20 cm. long, longer than 
the leaves, less than 1 mm. wide, firm but frail, narrowly margined, the edges smooth or 
denticulate, geniculate above at the single node which supports a pair of short capillary 
peduncles 2-4 cm. long, subequal with their slender bracteal leaf : spathes very small, 1.0- 
1.5 cm. long, the subequal bracts close-nerved, slenderly acute or se inner one scarious- 
obtuse and apiculate: flowers small on hair-like slightly exserted pedicels: perianth deli- 
cate, pale blue, about 8 mm. long: staminal column 4-5 mm. high. 

In wet bottoms, Calhoun County, Mississippi. Spring. 


42. Sisyrinchium fláccidum Bicknell. Plants forming many-scaped finally diffuse or 
spreading tufts, 1-2 dm. high, rather deep green, turning dark when dry. Leaves fre- 
quently as long as the scapes ; blades thin and lax, delicately nerved, 1-3 mm. wide, the 
edges smooth : bracteal leaves elongated: scapes weak, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, two-edged or 
narrowly thin-winged, the edges mostly smooth : nodes mostly 2: peduncles very straight 
and slender, 4-9 cm. long: spathes narrow, the thin bracts delicately many-nerved, nar- 
rowly acuminate or acute, 13-20 mm. long, the outer one often the longer: perianth deep 
purple-blue, 8-10 mm. long: ovary glabrous. 


On prairies, eastern Texas. Spring. 


43. Sisyrinchium pruinósum Bicknell. Plants glaucescent, not darkening when 
dry, 1.5-2.5 dm. high, the sides of the scapes, leaf-blades and bracts closely roughened all 


IXIACEAE 303 


over with minute whitish points. Leaves about } the height of the plant; blades 1-3.5 
mm. wide, rather thin, the edges smooth : scapes 1-2.5 mm. wide, sometimes rather broadly 
thin-winged ; nodes 1-2, the first one usually low on the scape: peduncles 2-3 together, 
straight and slender, 5-12 cm. long, surpassing the bracteal leaves, sometimes longer than 
the main scape: spathes narrow, the bracts slenderly sharp-attenuate, delicately many- 
nerved, the usually longer outer one 1.5-3 cm. long : flowers on hair-like, flexuously much 
exserted and recurved pedicels: perianth violet-blue, with a broad pale yellow center, 10 
mm. long or more : ovary glabrous. 
In woods and on prairies, Dallas, Texas. Spring. 


44. Sisyrinchium longipedunculàtum Bicknell. Plants pale green and glaucescent, 
about 5 dm. tall, the roots rather few and coarse. Leaves dry and stiff, over half the 
height of the plant; blades 2-4 mm. wide, firmly close-nerved, slenderly attenuate, the 
sharp edges close-serrulate: scapes few or solitary, 2.5 mm. wide, stiff, the wing-margins 
sharp-serrulate : bracteal leaf. much shorter than the 2 very long slender peduncles which 
are sometimes 1.8 dm. long: spathes about 2.6 cm. long, very narrow, almost subterete, 
the stiff, obscurely nerved nearly equal bracts cuspidate-acute : capsules pale brown, on 
nearly erect, slightly exserted pedicels, large, obovoid-oblong, becoming 7.5 mm. high: 
seeds 1.5-2 mm. in longer diameter, at length smooth and somewhat shining. 

In dry soil, Gaudaloupe Mountains, and probably further east, Texas. Spring. 


45. Sisyrinchium ensígerum Bicknell. Plants stiff and pale glaucous-green, dry- 
ing pale, 1-4 dm. high. Leaf-blades 1.5-4 mm. wide, often ensiform and outcurved, firmly 
close-nerved, the edges usually serrulate: scapes rigid, erect or outcurved, sometimes 
branched, 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, the firm wing-margins rough-serrulate: peduncles 2-4 to- 
gether, short or long, stout or slender: spathes mostly 2-2.5 cm. long, but sometimes much 
longer, the outer bract even 4.5 cm. long, broadly flattened or narrow, the stiff thickish 
bracts strongly nerved, mostly attenuate : flowers on pedicels equalling or longer than the 
bracts: perianth pale violet-blue, 1-1.5 cm. long: staminal column about 5 mm. high : 
ovary puberulent : capsules pale and rather thick-walled, 4.5-5 mm. high. 

On prairies, south-central to northwestern Texas. Spring. 


46. Sisyrinchium várians Bicknell. Plants erect or ascending, 1.5-3 dm. tall, light 
green and glaucescent, often discoloring somewhat when dry. Leaves rather thin and soft 
to firm ; blades 1.5-4 mm. wide, the nerves evident, the edges smooth: bracteal leaves 
often much elongated : scapes 1.5-3 mm. wide, narrowly winged, the edges smooth to den- 
ticulate ; nodes 1-3: peduncles 2-3 together: spathes mostly narrow, the somewhat un- 
equal bracts finely many-nerved, the longer outer one 2-3 cm. long or sometimes more, 
narrowly acute or more foliaceous and somewhat incurved : flowers on slightly exserted 
pedicels: perianth light-blue, 8-13 mm. long: staminal column 4-5 mm. high: ovary 
glabrous. 

On prairies, central and eastern Texas and the Indian Territory. Spring. 


. 7. Sisyrinchium amoénum Bicknell. Plants erect in many-scaped tufts, becom- 
ing 3 dm. tall, or more, yellowish green and glaucescent, brownish green when dry, the 
spathes mostly purplish. Leaves often equalling the scrapes, not rigid ; blades 1-3 mm. 
wide, fine-nerved, the edges smooth: scapes narrowly winged, 1-2 mm. wide, the edges 
mostly smooth, usually two-branched from about the middle, each branch bearing 2-4 
shorter peduncles: lower bracteal leaf elongated: peduncles mostly short and somewhat 
curved : spathes 15-18 mm. long, the bracts subequal, short-attenuate, finely close-nerved, 
the interior scales little shorter: flowers rather large: perianth deep purple-blue, about 12 
"us long on an erect pedicel equalling the bracts: staminal column 5 mm. high : ovary 
glabrous. 
On prairies, eastern Texas. Spring. 


48. Sisyrinchium Brayi Bicknell. Plants stiff, erectly ascending, about 1.5 dm. tall, 
much darkened when dry. Leaves nearly equalling the scape, firm ; blades often curved, 
1-2 mm. wide, smooth or minutely denticulate: scapes often outeurved below, 1-1.5 mm. 
wide, narrowly margined, the edges cartilaginous and denticulate ; nodes 1 or 2, the lower 
mostly below the middle: peduncles solitary or 2-4 together, stiff and slender, 3-8 cm. 
long : spathes narrowly oblong, about 1.5 cm. long, the subequal bracts firmly membra- 
nous and finely many-nerved, very acute, the interior scales but little shorter: flowers on 
erect pedicels subequal with the bracts: perianth bright-blue, about 10 mm. long: ovary 
glabrous: capsules apparently very small, the valves 3-nerved. 

On prairies, eastern Texas. Spring. 

49. Sisyrinchium furcàtum Bicknell. Plant forming close many-scaped tufts, 10-20 
cm. high, bright yellowish green, turning duller or brownish, the spathes and nodes usually 
purplish. Leaf-blades 0.5-2 mm. wide, closely striate-nerved, the edges mostly smooth, 


304 IXIACEAE 


the sides below, as well as the scapes and bracts, sometimes incrustate-roughened : scapes 0.5- 
1.5 mm. wide, narrowly thin-winged or margined : peduncles 2-3, slender, 4-6 cm. long : 
spathes mostly 1.5-2 cm. long, the bracts membranous and delicately nerved, acute or 
acuminate, equal, or the outer one longer: interior scales 3 the length of the bracts: 
flowers on erect mostly not exserted pedicels: perianth deep purple-blue, 10-12 mm. 
long: staminal column 4-5 mm. high, usually less than 3 the length of the perianth : ovary 
densely glandular puberulent or tomentulose. 
On prairies, Arkansas to Mississippi and Texas. Spring. 


50. Sisyrinchium Langloisii Greene. Plants ascending or erect, in loose tufts, 6— 
25 em. tall, dull green turning dark. Leaves often equalling the scapes ; blades from al- 
most capillary to over 1 mm. wide, firm, the edges smooth : scapes very slender, the 
narrow margins smooth to denticulate, the node often low down or nearly basal, bearing 2-3 
extremely slender peduncles 4-9 cm. long: spathes narrow, about 1.5 cm. long, the bracts 
rather stiff and firmly close-nerved, narrowly attenuate, equal, or the outer one sometimes 
longer: flowers on hair-like, slenderly exserted pedicels: perianth pale blue, less than 10 
mm. long: staminal column 4-5 mm. high, usually over j the length of the perianth : 
ovary sparsely puberulent. 

On prairies, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 


51. Sisyrinchium Büshii Bicknell. Plants erect, or at length spreading or depressed, 
in small tufts 6-15 cm. tall, pale and glaucescent. Leaves shorter than or equalling the 
scapes ; blades 1.5-2 mm. wide, firmly close-nerved, the edges smooth or denticulate : scapes 
sometimes geniculate at the first node, 1-2 mm. wide, the firm margins denticulate : nodes 
1-2, the first one often low down, bearing 2-4 peduncles: spathes 12-20 mm. long, the 
bracts equal or either one slightly the longer, closely nerved, acute or the inner obtuse, 
the interior scales scarcely shorter: flowers on well exserted often recurved pedicels: peri- 
anth pale violet-blue, 8-12 mm. long: ovary puberulent to glabrate. 

In dry soil, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring. 


52. Sisyrinchium Cánbyi Bicknell. Plants diminutive, 4-6 cm. tall, in tufts of 
several stiffly ascending scapes, dull glaucescent green. Leaf-blades mostly only 0.5 mm. 
wide, prominently nerved, the edges, as are those of scapes and peduncles, finely cartilagi- 
nous-denticulate : scapes very narrow, mostly branched about the middle into two slightly 
curved peduncles 1.5-2.5 em. long with a subequal bracteal leaf: spathes narrowly oblong, 
the acute or obtuse bracts close-nerved, 10-12 mm. long, the outer one often linear-atten- 
uate : interior scales nearly equalling the bracts : flowers on exserted pedicels : perianth 6-8 
mm. long, bright purplish blue: staminal column 3 mm. high: ovary glabrous. 

On prairies, eastern Texas. Early spring. 

53. Sisyrinchium Texànum Bicknell. Plants 1.2-2.5 dm. tall, dull green and 
glaucescent, mostly discolored when dry. Leaves usually equalling the scapes ; blades 1-2.5 
cm. wide, close-striate, the edges mostly smooth: scapes narrow-margined, smooth-edged 
or denticulate, 1-2 mm. wide ; node mostly one, supporting an erect bracteal leaf mostly 
longer than the 2-3 diverging peduncles: peduncles slender, 5-12 cm. long: spathes rather 
short and broad-based, becoming pale and somewhat turgid on the sides, the bracts stiff, 
strongly few-nerved, subequal or the attenuate or acute outer one longer: inner bract 
usually very obtuse and scarious at the apex,about 1.5 cm. long: interior scales nearly as long: 
flowers on erect, slightly exserted pedicels: perianth light violet-blue, 10-15 mm. long: 
ovary glabrate or nearly so : capsules dark, thick-walled, 3-5 mm. high, the valves usually 
apiculate and bearing submarginal nerves. 


On prairies, eastern Texas and Louisiana. Spring. 


5. HERBÉRTIA Sweet. 


Caulescent herbs, with coated bulb-like rootstocks. Leaves few : blades narrow, elon- 
gated, slightly folded. Flowers several in the solitary, terminal spathe. Perianth showy, 
long-pediceled : members 6, distinct ; sepals3, more or less spreading ; petals3, much smaller. 
Stamens 3: filaments united into a tube which is adnate to the perianth : anthers narrow, 
sessile on the tube. Ovary 3-celled : styles partially united, the distinct portions 2-cleft, 
opposite the anthers. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule exserted, slightly elon- 
gated, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds rather numerous, angled. 


Perianth blue: sepals obovate : petals oblanceolate. 1. H. Drummondiana. 
Perianth purple : sepals oblanceolate: petals obovate. 2. H. Watsonii. 


1. Herbertia Drummondiàna Herb. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, simple or forked : leaves 
mainly basal, erect, often 4; blades linear, about equalling the top of the stem: spathes. 


IXIACEAE : 305 


3-5 em. long: perianth blue, 4-5 em. broad, fugacious: sepals obovate, with white and 
violet-spotted claws: petals oblanceolate, acute: filament-tube 4 mm. long, blue: capsules 
oblong-cavate, 2-2.5 cm. long. 

On prairies, Texas. Spring. 

2. Herbertia Watsdnii Baker. Stems 1-2 dm. tall: leaves mainly basal, usually 
1-2; blades sheathing at the base: spathe about 3 cm. long: perianth purple, about 5 cm. 
broad: sepals oblanceolate, about 2.5 cm. long: petals obovate, 6 mm. long: filaments 
united nearly to the top, 6 mm. long. 

On damp prairies, Texas. Spring. 

6. IRIS L. 


Herbs, with creeping or horizontal, sometimes tuber-bearing rootstocks. Leaves equi- 
tant: blades sword-shaped. Flowers solitary or in terminal panicles. Perianth more or 
less highly colored, usually showy : tube narrow below : lobes various, the 3 outer dilated, 
spreading or recurved, the 3 inner smaller, often erect, sometimes nearly as large as the 
outer. Stamens 3: filaments adnate to the bases of the outer perianth-lobes : anthers nar- 
row. Ovary 3-celled : styles petal-like, arching over the stamens, adnate to the ovary at 
the base: stigmas under the usually two-lobed style-tips. Ovules numerous. Capsule 
somewhat elongated, 3-6-angled or 3-6-lobed. ^ Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cavity, verti- 
cally flattened. FLAG. BLUE FLAG. FLEUR-DE-LIS. 


Stems usually less than 1 dm. tall, covered by the leaves: outer and inner perianth-lobes nearly equal. 


Leaves linear : outer periant onos crestless : angles of capsule obtuse. T T verna. 
Leaves more or less broadened near the middle: outer perianth-lobes crested : 
angles of capsule acute. 2. I. cristata. 
Stems usually over 3 dm. tall, leafy : outer perianth-lobes larger than the inner. 


Perianth reddish brown or red. 3. I. fulva. 
Perianth blue or lilac variegated with white, green or yellow or rarely white. j 
Leaves less than 1 cm. broad. 
Flower usually solitary : blades of outer perianth-lobes suborbicular or 
ovate, blue variegated with yellow and purple. 
Flowers usually several: blades of outer perianth-lobes cuneate or obo- 
vate, blue variegated with white. 
Leaves more than 1 cm. broad. 


4. I. tripetala. 

5 
Seeds in 1 row in each cavity. 6. I. Caroliniana. 

7 

8 


. I. prismatica. 
Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. 


Flowers and capsules pedicelled. 
Flowers and capsules sessile or nearly so. 


. I. versicolor. 
. I. hexagona. 


1. Iris vérna L. Rootstocks creeping. Foliage bright green: leaves overtopping 
the flowers ; blades linear, in age elongating to 3-4 dm. and becoming grass-like, attenuate : 
perianth violet-blue or rarely white, violet-scented ; tube barely as long as the bracts ; lobes 
spatulate or cuneate-obovate, crestless, about as long as the slender tube : capsules prismatic, 
12-15 mm. long, 3-angled, the angles obtuse. 


_ In open woods and on dry slopes, Pennsylvania to southern Georgia, Kentucky and Alabama. 
Spring. VIOLET IRIS. 


2. Iris cristàta Ait. Rootstocks creeping, slender. Foliage bright green: leaves 
(longer ones) overtopping the flowers ; blades linear or usually broadest about the middle, 
more or less curved, acuminate : scapes somewhat flattened, bearing 1 or 3 flowers: peri- 
anth bright or pale blue ; tube surpassing the bracts ; lobes spreading, obovate or spatulate, 
the outer ones crested, longer than the inner, much shorter than the nearly filiform tube : 
capsules oblong-oval, 15-18 mm. long, 3-angled, the angles acute. 

On banks or hillsides in open woods, Maryland to Ohio, Missouri, Georgia and Tennessee. Spring. 
CRESTED IRIS. 

3. Iris falva Ker. Rootstocks stout. Foliage pale-green or glaucescent : stems erect, 
3-9 dm. tall, simple or branched, l-angled below: leaves rarely overtopping the stem ; 
blades narrowly-linear, sword-shaped: flowers solitary or 2 together: perianth reddish 
brown or red variegated with blue or green; tube surpassed by the bracts ; lobes crest- 
less, 3-5 em. long; blades oblong to ovate-oblong, glabrous: appendages of the stigmas 
toothed : capsules oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, obtusely 6-angled. [J. cuprea Pursh.] 

In swamps, Kentucky to Illinois, Missouri, Georgia and Texas. Spring. 


. 4. Iristripétala Walt. Rootstocks horizontal. Foliage glaucous: stems 3-7 dm. tall, 
simple or nearly so, rather slender : leaves shorter than the stem ; blades narrowly linear, 
less than 1 em. broad : flower usually solitary : perianth blue, variegated with yellow and 
purple ; tube about as long as the bracts ; lobes various, crestless, the inner cuneate, short, 
the outer showy ; blades ovate or suborbicular, 3-4 cm. long, narrowed into claws of nearly 


20 


306 i HAEMODORACEAE 


equal length : appendages of the stigmas slightly toothed : capsules oval, 3-3.5 cm. long, 
3-angled. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 

5. Iris prismática Pursh.  Rootstocks rather slender. Foliage bright green: stems 
slender, 3-9 dm. tall, often zigzag, simple: leaves not overtopping the stem; blades 
narrowly linear, grass-like, 2-3 on the stem, the rest basal, less than 1 cm. broad : flowers 
solitary or 2 together : perianth blue, variegated mainly with white; tube much surpass- 
ing the bracts ; lobes about 4 cm. long, crestless, spatulate, longer than the tube : append- 
ages of the stigmas toothed : capsule oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, acute at both ends, 3-angled, 
the angles acute : seeds in one row in each cavity. [J. Virginica Muhl., not L.] 


In swamps or low grounds, New Brunswick to Pennsylvania and Georgia. Spring. BLUE GLAD- 
IOLE. 


6. Iris Caroliniàna S. Wats. Rootstocks stout. Foliage bright green : stems 5-9 
dm. tall, simple or branched : leaves equalling or surpassing the stem ; blades linear, 
thinnish, somewhat glaucous beneath : perianth lilac, variegated with yellow, purple and 
brown ; tube 11-13 mm. long, broadened upward ; lobes various, the inner narrowly spatu- 
late, nearly erect, the outer broadly spatulate, much longer, spreading or recurved, 8-10 cm. 
long : appendages of the stigma toothed : capsules oblong, 3-5 cm. long, obtusely 3-angled : 
seeds in 1 row in each cavity. 

In swamps, Virginia to Florida. Spring. 

7. Iris versícolor L. Rootstocks stout. Foliage somewhat glaucous: stems 8-10 
dm. tall, simple or branched : leaves shorter than the stem, often numerous ; blades lin- 
ear, sword-shaped, acuminate, glaucous on both sides, thickish : perianth showy, blue or 
lilac, variagated with white, yellow or purple ; tube 10-15 mm. long, slightly dilated up- 
ward ; lobes various, the outer much longer than the inner, 7-9 cm. long ; blades spatulate 
to ovate, obtuse : appendages of the stigmas eroded : capsules oblong-prismatic, 3-4 cm. 
long, obtusely 3-angled : seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. 

In swamps or on river banks, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Florida and Arkansas. Spring to fall. 

8. Iris hexágona Walt. Rootstocks stout. Foliage not glaucous: stems 3-9 dm. tall, 
zigzag above, simple or sometimes branched : leaves sometimes as long as the stem : blades 
linear, sword-shaped, attenuate, thickish : flowers sessile or nearly so: perianth violet- 
blue, variegated with white, yellow and purple; tube usually shorter than the bracts ; 
lobes usually 8-9 cm. long, spatulate, or blades ovate : appendages of the stigmas eroded : 
capsules prismatic, sessile or nearly so, 2.5-3.5 cm. long: seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. 

In swamps, South Carolina to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring 


FAMILY 4. HAEMODORACEAE R. Br. BroopwoRT FAMILY. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, often mainly 
basal: blades narrow, somewhat elongated. Flowers perfect, in terminal spikes, 
cymes or panicles. Perianth usually pubescent: sepals and petals 3 each, more 
or less united, persistent. ^Androecium of 3 stamens opposite the petals. Fila- 
ments slender, distinct. Anthers often narrow. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. 
Ovary wholly or partially 3-celled or rarely 1-celled. Styles united. Stigma 
nearly entire or 3-ridged. Ovules few, half-anatropous. Fruit a loculicidally 
3-valved capsule. Seeds few or rarely many. Endosperm fleshy, surrounding 
the small embryo. : 

1. GYROTHECA Salisb. 


Herbs, with short rootstocks, these like the roots, highly colored. Stems simple to 
the inflorescence, glabrous below. Leaves mainly basal, equitant: blades narrow, elon- 
gated, not overtopping the stem. Flowers in terminal, cymose corymbs. Perianth yel- 
lowish, pubescent without: sepals 3, smaller than the petals. Stamens 3, surpassing the 
perianth : filaments filiform: anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled, inferior: styles slender, 
declined. Ovules few in each cavity, on fleshy placentae. Capsule subglobose, 3-celled, 
3-valved, enclosed in the persistent perianth. Seeds usually 6 in each cavity, peltate. 
[ Lachnanthes Ell. ] 

1. Gyrotheca tinctdria ( Walt.) Salisb. Rootstock red : stems 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous 
below, closely pubescent and corymbosely branched above: leaf-blades linear, somewhat 
shorter than the stem, attenuate, those on the stem gradually reduced : inflorescence woolly, 


MARANTACEAE 307 


round-topped: perianth 10-12 mm. long, woolly without, yellow and glabrous within: 
sepals linear, about as long as the hypanthium ; petals about } longer than the sepals, nar- 
rowly oblong, involute, obtuse: capsules subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter : seeds angled. 
[ Lachnanthes tinctoria ( Walt.) Ell. ] 


In swamps and wet pine lands, Massachusetts to Florida. Spring to fall. RED-ROOT. 


Order ll. SCITAMINALES. 


Large herbs, commonly perennial by rootstocks or tubers, or rarely annual. 
Leaves sometimes all basal, with ample blades. Flowers very irregular. Peri- 
anth often brightly colored. Gynoecium compound. Ovary inferior. Fruit a 
capsule or utriele. Endosperm present. 


Caulescent plants: fruit capsular, 3-celled : embryo straight. FAM. 1. CANNACEAE. 
Scapose plants: fruit utricular, 1-celled : embryo hooked. Fam. 2. MARANTACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. CANNACEAE Link. CANNA FAMILY. 


Perennial herbs, with erect stems. Leaves alternate : blades thick : petioles 
sheathing the stem. Flowers perfect, in terminal racemes or spike-like racemes. 
Perianth usually showy, double. Sepals 3, imbricated, erect. Petals 3, more or 
less united below into a tube and adnate to the corolloid androecium.  Fila- 
ments petal-like, the 3 exterior nearly equal, sterile, the 2 interior more or less 
united, but only one filament anther-bearing. Anther marginal. Gynoecium 
of 3 united carpels. Ovary 3-celled, inferior, with parietal placentae. Style 
petal-like. Stigma marginal. Ovules numerous. Fruit a 3-celled loculicidally 
3-valved capsule with a papillose or bristly coat. Seeds with a membranous or 
M fleshy testa. Embryo often central, sometimes flattened. Endosperm 

orny. 


1. CANNA L. 
Characters of the family. INDIAN-SHOT. 
Petals lanceolate, 3-3.5 em. long. 1. C. Indica. 
Petals obovate, 5-8 cm. long. 2. C. flaccida. 


1. Canna Indica L. Stems 8-16 dm. tall, commonly simple, slender: leaf-blades 
oblong, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-ovate, 2-4 dm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, entire, 
rounded at the base ; petioles sheathing : spikes few-flowered : sepals oblong, 3-4 cm. long, 
acute: petals pale green or yellowish green, lanceolate, 3-3.5 cm. long: filaments bright 
red : lip reddish yellow, spotted with red. 

On river banks, Mississippi and Texas. Naturalized from the tropics. Summer. 

2. Canna fláccida Roscoe. Stems 4-18 dm. tall, stout, commonly simple: leaf- 
blades leathery, narrowly elliptic to oblong-elliptie or sometimes broadest above or below 
the middle: spikes few-Howered : sepals 3, linear or oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, acute : petals 
yellow, obovate, 5-8 cm. long, rather large: capsule oblong, 4—6 cm. long, densely bristly : 
seeds subglobose, about 5 mm. in diameter, coarsely reticulated except a small portion. 

In swamps near the coast, South Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. 


p 


FAMILY 2. MARANTACEAE Lindl. ARROWROOT FAMILY. 


Tall scapose herbs, mostly perennial by short or elongated rootstocks. 
Leaves alternate, commonly ample: blades leathery, pinnately-nerved : petioles 
sheathing. Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, in terminal spikes, 
racemes or panicles, two commonly arising from a 2-valved, spathe-like organ 
of 2 bracts. Gynoecium of united carpels. Ovary 1-3-celled, inferior. Style 
slender, curved. Ovule 1 in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a 1-3-celled utricle 
or a utricle-like capsule. Seed solitary in each cavity, covered by the thin 
coat. Embryo central or nearly so. 


1. THALIA L. 
Acaulescent herbs, with tall scapes, simple below the inflorescence. Leaves basal : 
blades ample: petioles elongated, sheathing at the base. Flowers in terminal panicles, not 


308 BURMANNIACEAE 


showy. Perianth colored, double: sepals 3, equal, distinct: petals 3, distinct, somewhat 
coherent at the base. Staminodia partially united, one broader than the rest, crested : an- 
ther l-celled. Ovary mainly 1-celled, with 2 small additional cavities: style spiral, adnate 
to the stamen-tube at the base: stigma 2-lipped, with lower lip pendulous, appendaged on 
the back. Capsule utricle-like. Seed solitary, erect. Embryo hooked, in hard endosperm. 


Nodes of the inflorescence beardless. 1. T. dealbata. 
Nodes of the inflorescence bearded. 
Branches of the inflorescence erect or ascending : internodes 2-3 mm. long : outer 


bractlets 1-1.2 em. long. 2. T. barbata. 
Branches of the inflorescence spreading or drooping: internodes 5-8 mm long: 
outer bractlets 2-2.5 em. long. 8. T. divaricata. 


1. Thalia dealbàta Roscoe. Plant white-powdery above. Leaves basal; petioles 
elongated, sheathing at the base; blades oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 dm. long, 
acute or acuminate, entire, rounded at the base: scapes erect, 10-20 dm. tall, paniculately 
branched above, the branches surpassing the bracts; nodes not bearded ; internodes 1-2 
mm. long: bractlets ovate, the outer 2-15 mm. long, the inner smaller: perianth mainly 
purple, about 1.5 cm. long: capsules globose-oval, 1 cm. long. 

In swamps, South Carolina and Missouri to Florida and Texas. Summer. 

2. Thalia barbata Small. Plant white-powdery. Leaves 2-ranked ; petioles reed- 
like, 3-8 dm. long, sheathing below ; blades leathery, narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 
2-4 dm. long, acute or somewhat acuminate: scapes reed-like, 9-18 dm. tall, sparingly 
branched above, the branches erect or ascending, short ; nodes bearded ; internodes pow- 
dery, 2-3 mm. long: bractlets ovate, unequal, the outer 1-1.2 cm. long: perianth purple : 
capsules oblong-oval, about 1 cm. long. 

In ponds and swamps, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

3. Thalia divaricata Chapm. Plant green below the inflorescence. Leaves 2-ranked ; 
blades lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 2-6 dm. long, somewhat acuminate, with many 
lateral nerves, rounded or truncate at the base: petioles much longer than the blades: 
scapes erect, 9-30 dm. tall, widely branching above, the branches spreading or drooping, 
elongated: nodes of the rachis bearded ; internodes 5-8 mm. long, often pubescent: bract- 
lets lanceolate or oblong-ovate, the outer 2-2.5 cm. long, the inner smaller: perianth pur- 
ple: capsules oval-oblong, 8-10 mm. long. 

In ponds and low grounds, Florida. Fall. 


Order 12. ORCHIDALES. 


Terrestrial, aquatic or epiphytic herbs, sometimes with climbing stems. 
Leaves commonly of a fleshy texture, often reduced to scales. Flowers mostly 
perfect and complete, very irregular, or regular in BURMANNIACE®. Perianth 
often highly colored and showy, its parts in 8’s or 6’s. Gynoecium compound. 
Ovary inferior. Seeds numerous, minute. Endosperm wanting. 


Flowers regular: stamens and pistil distinct. FAM. 1. BURMANNIACEAE. 
Flowers irregular: stamens and pistil united into a column. Fam. 2. ORCHIDACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. BURMANNIACEAE Blume. BURMANNIA FAMILY. 


Slight or relatively small caulescent herbs, with fibrous roots. Leaves 
mainly basal, often few, mostly reduced to scales on the stems. Flowers regu- 
lar, perfect, solitary or in terminal racemes or clusters.  Perianth colored, of 3 
sepals and 3 petals, partially united. Stamens 3 or 6, included. Filaments usu- 
ally seated high on a tube. Anthers 2-celled: sacs opening transversely. Gynoe- 
cium of 3 united carpels. Ovary inferior, 1—3-celled, with three central or pa- 
rietal placentae. Styles united. Stigmas 3, sometimes almost wholly united 
into one. Ovules numerous on each placenta. Fruit a terete, or 3-angled or 
3-winged capsule. Seeds minute, somewhat elongated. 

Hypanthium 3-angled or 3-winged : ovary 3-celled : capsule 3-valved from the apex 

or irregularly rupturing. 1. BURMANNIA. 

Hypanthium terete: ovary 1-celled: capsule 3-valved from the base. 2. APTERIA. 
1. BURMANNIA L. 


Annual herbs, with firm erect very slender scape-like stems. Leaves mainly basal. 
early deciduous, grass-like or these wanting, those of the stem merely alternate scales, 


ORCHIDACEAE 309 


Flowers spreading or erect. Perianth colored: lobes unequal, the outer longer than the 
inner. Hypanthium strongly 3-angled or 3-winged. Stamens 3, opposite the inner peri- 
anth-lobes : filaments very short: anthers with connective prolonged beyond the sacs and 
2-cleft. Ovary 3-celled with 3 central 2-lobed placentae : stigma 3-lobed or capitate. Cap- 
sule 3-celled, crowned with the persistent perianth-lobes, opening by lateral ruptures or 3 
valves at the apex. 

Flowers 1-several, often 2, in a terminal raceme: hypanthium broadly 3-winged. 1. B. biflora. 
Flowers several in a terminal cluster: hypanthium 3-angled. 2. B. capitata. 

1. Burmannia bifldra L. Stems slender, 5-15 cm. tall, simple or sparingly branched : 
leaves reduced to scales, these 1-3 mm. long, scattered : flowers 1 or often 2 at the end of 
a branch, sometimes nearly sessile: perianth blue, 3-4 mm. long ; lobes various, the outer 
ovate or triangular, the inner much smaller, nearly linear, incurved : hypanthium broadly 
3-winged : capsules 4—5 mm. long, surrounded by the 3-winged hypanthium. 

In grassy swamps or on margins of ponds, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

2. Burmannia capitàta (Walt.) Mart. Stems nearly filiform, 5-20 cm. tall, sim- 
ple, sometimes almost naked: leaves reduced to scales, these subulate, 1-5 mm. long, 
acute, scattered : flowers several in a terminal cluster, crowded : perianth white or pale blue, 
3-4 mm. long ; outer lobes triangular or deltoid, the margins involute; inner lobes obso- 
lete : hypanthium 3-angled, wingless: anthers with 2-horned connective : stigmas 2-lobed, 
flattened, hollow: capsules oblong, 2-3 mm. long: seeds minute. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


2. APTERIA Nutt. 


Perennial herbs, with weak slender scape-like stems. Leaves reduced to scales on the 
stems. Flowers racemose, nodding. ‘Perianth colored, delicate: lobes unequal, the 
inner smaller than the outer. Stamens 3: filaments very short, flattened and dilated at the 
apex: anthers 2-celled, adhering to the stigmas. Hypanthium terete. Ovary inferior, 
1-celled, with 3, 2-winged parietal placentae : stigmas 3, capitate. Ovules numerous on 
each placenta. Capsule terete, 3-valved from the base, the valves clinging to the top of 
the persistent placentae. Seeds numerous, the loose testa reticulated. 

1. Apteria aphylla (Nutt.) Barnhart. Stems erect or decumbent, 5-20 cm. long, 
purple, simple or sparingly branched : leaves scale-like, 1-2 mm. long, scattered : pedicels 
slender, 5-15 mm. long, curved : perianth white or purple, nodding, 10-15 mm. long; 
lobes acute, shorter than the tube, the 3 inner smaller than the outer: stamens and style 
included : capsules oval or globose-obovoid, 5-8 mm. long: seeds about 0.3 mm. long. 
[Lobelia aphylla Nutt. A. setacea Nutt. ] 

In deep swampy woods, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


FAMILY 2. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. ORCHID FAMILY. 


Perennial herbs, commonly succulent, with tuberous or fibrous roots, corms, 
bulbs or elongated rootstocks. Stems or scapes usually simple, at least below 
the inflorescence. Leaves basal or cauline, various, often reduced to scales, 
mostly sheathing at the base. Flowers perfect, irregular, solitary or disposed in 
a simple or compound inflorescence. Perianth inconspicuous or showy, usually of 
2 series. Sepals 3, alike, or nearly so. Petals 3, of 2 kinds, the 2 lateral 
(“ petals”) similar, and the middle one (‘‘lip’’) usually very different from the 
other petals, often prolonged below into a spur, sometimes inferior by the torsion 
of the pedicel or ovary. Androecium irregular, of one or more stamens, adnate 
to the style, forming an asymmetrical column. Anther 1, or rarely 2 anthers, 
often 2-celled, containing 2-8 waxy or powdery pollinia ; these pollen-masses 
usually stalked, united by elastic threads and often attached at the base toa 
viscid gland. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, twisted. 
Style commonly terminating in a beak at the base of the anther, or between its 
sacs. Stigma a viscid surface facing the lip beneath the beak or between the 
anther-sacs. Ovules numerous, on 3 placentae, anatropous. Fruit a 3-valved 
capsule. Seeds numerous, very small, each with a loose reticulated testa. En- 
dosperm wanting. Embryo fleshy. 


310 


ORCHIDACEAE 


Anthers 2: lip a large inflated sac. 
Caulescent: leaves several: lip with a rounded opening: sterile stamen glabrous: stigma broadest 
1. CYPRIPEDIUM. 


at the base. 


Scapose: leaves 2, basal: lip with a fissure down the front: sterile stamen 

glandular-pubescent : stigma broadest at the apex, 

Anther solitary : lip various. 
Anther adnate to the column, erect, persistent. 


Lip ap 


umn: sacs separate. 
Glands of the stigma enclosed in a pouch. 
Glands of the stigma not enclosed in a pouch. 
Stigmas without appendages. 
Lip entire or merely notched at the apex. 
Stems normally leafy : anther-sacs parallel or nearly so. 
Valves of the anther dilated at the base, enclosing the 


glands. 


Lip with a tubular spur at the base: anther adnate to the apex of the col- 


Valves of the anther not dilated: glands surrounded by 


a thin membrane. 


Stems scape-like, with 1 or 2 basal leaves and several scale-like 
leaves above: anther-sacs divergent. 
Lip eut-toothed or fringed. 


Stigmas with 


appendages. 


Anther-bases with long slender appendages. 


Lip 3-parted : stigmas erect. 
Lip entire: stigmas drooping. 
Anther-bases without appendages 
urless, or if with a spur, this merely 
ack of the column; sacs approximate. 


Pollen masses 2. 


Lip flat, at least not saccate. 


Stems with alternate leaves, these often more or less reduced to 


'sac-like : anther adnate to the 


scales: lip neither cleft nor parted. 


Lip without a spur: stem-leaves partially or wholly reduced to 


scales. 


Lateral sepals and column not decurrent on the ovary: 

foliage bright green. 

Lip merely adherent to the column or free and not embrac- 
a 2-cleft : lip with callosities at the base. 

e column and embracing it: stigma en- 

inted : lip without callosities. 

Lateral sepals and column conspicuously decurrent on the 


L 


Lip sac-like. 


_ ing it: sti 
ip adnate to 
tire, 


E . ovary : foliage yellowish green. 
Lip with a sac-like spur: stem leaves not reduced to scales. 
Stems with two opposite leaves: lip 2-cleft or 2-parted. 


Pollen masses 4. 
Anther attached to the apex of the column like a lid, deciduous. 


Pollen in loose powdery masses. 


Erect herbs with terminal spikes or racemes, or a solitary flower. 
Seapose : leaves basal, sometimes mere scales. 


Leaves basal, sheathing the scape: bracts alternate: column 


winged at the apex. 


Leaves none or mere basal scales: bracts leaf-like, whorled at 


the top of the scape. 
Caulescent: leaves usually solitary or rarely several. 
Column ial Pa py or very short, wingless: pollen-masses 2 or 
2-parted. 
Flowers normally solitary, terminal : lip crested. 
Flowers axillary, forming few-many-flowered racemes: lip 
not crested. 


Colu 


mn elongated. 


Column very short. 
Column dilated above, petal-like: pollen-masses 4. 
Vines with axillary racemes. 


Pollen in waxy masses. 


Pollen-masses without either elastic connecting tissue or stalks. 


Stems furnished with normal leaves. 


Leaves sheathing the scape to near the middle: column minute, 


2-toot. 


hed at the apex. 


Leaves barely sheathing the scape: column elongated, incurved, 
margined above. : 
Stems furnished with clasping or sheathing scales. 


Rootstocks coral-like : 


proper leaf none. 


Rootstocks corm-like : lipspurless : proper leaf solitary, but absent 


du 
Pollen-masses wit 


anthesis. 


ip with a short spur adnate to the ovary : 


h elastic connecting tissue and stalks. 


Lip with a slender free spur: scapes naked or nearly so: pollen- 

masses 2 or 4. 
Terrestrial plants: pollen-masses 4. 
Epiphytic plants: pollen-masses 2. 

Lip spurless or the short ipe adnate to the ovary. 


Lip or its claw marked 


y adnate to the column. 


Lip or its claw not adnate to the column. 
A. Flower-stalk terminal. 


Pollen-masses 4: plant epiphytic, with large leaves near the 


base: inflorescence branched. 


2. FISSIPES. 


M2 o gos 


. GALEORCHIS. 


. PERULARIA. 
. COELOGLOSSUM. 


. LYSTAS. 
. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS. 


. HABENARIA. 
. HABENELLA. 
. GYMNADENIOPSIS. 


. GYROSTACHYS. 
. BEADLEA. 


. STENORHYNCHUS. 
. PHYSURUS. 

. LISTERA. 

. PERAMIUM. 

. PONTHIEVA. 


18. LIMODORUM. 


19. ISOTRIA. 


21. 


. POGONIA. 


TRIPHORA. 


. EPIPACTIS. 


23. ARETHUSA. 


24, 


VANILLA. 


25. ACHROANTHES. 


26. LEPTORCHIS. 


27. CORALLORHIZA. 


28. APLECTRUM. 


29. 
30. 


31. 


32. 


TIPULARIA. 
DENDROPHYLAX. 


EPIDENDRUM. 


POLYSTACHYA. 


ORCHIDACEAE 311 


Pollen-masses 8: plant terrestrial, the leaves all scale-like : 


inflorescence simple. 33. HEXALECTRIS. 
B. Flower-stalk lateral. E 
Column without a foot: lip sessile. 34. BLETIA. 


Column with a foot. 
Lip sessile, the base truncate or cuneate: foot of the col- 
umn dilated or abruptly narrowed at the base. 
Lip crestless, deeply three-lobed, the lateral lobes 
widely spreading: foot of the column concave 
and grooved, not dilated, the margins thick. 35. TRIORCHOS. 
Lip with a crest of nipple-like papillae, shallowly 
three-lobed : foot of the column flat, thin and 
dilated, the margins thin. 36. PLATYPUS. 
Lip contracted into a claw: foot of the column slender. 37. CYRTOPODIUM. 


1. CYPRIPEDIUM L. 

Caulescent often scented herbs, with very long fibrous roots and glandular-pubescent 
foliage. Leaves alternate: blades several-nerved, plaited. Flowers solitary or several, 
near the top of the stem, drooping. Perianth showy. Sepals 3, distinct, or 2 usually 
united under the lip, often twisted. Lateral petals 2, spreading. Lip conspicuous, hori- 
zontal, an inflated sac with a rounded orifice. Column declined, glabrous, bearing a ses- 
sile or stalked anther on each side and a petaloid sterile stamen above which covers the top 
of the style. Stamens appressed, the free tips directed forward, surpassing the anthers : 
sterile stamen longer than broad, glabrous. Pollen pulpy or granular, without glands or 
tails. Stigma terminal, broadest at the base. Capsule ribbed. The plants flower in the 
spring. LADIES SLIPPER. 


Lip longer than the sepals and lateral petals. 1. C reginae. 
Lip as long as the sepals and lateral petals or shorter. , 
Lip bright yellow, 1.5-3 cm. long: stigma acute. 2. C. parviflorum. 
Lip pale yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long: stigma obtuse. 3. C. hirsutum. 


1. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Foliage villous-hirsute. Stems erect or ascending, 
3-6 dm. tall, leafy to the top, usually stout: leaf-blades oval or elliptic, 8-20 cm. long, 
acute, with large sheathing Mee flowers solitary or 2-3 at the top of the stem: sepals 
white, oblong to oval: lateral petals white, lanceolate, barely as long as the sepals : lip 
inflated, 2.5-4 cm. long, with purple and white stripes, shorter than the sepals and petals : 
capsule oblong, 3-4 cm. long, excluding the stipe-like base. — [ C. spectabile Salisb. ] 

In swamps and woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota and Georgia. Moccasin FLOWER. 

2. Cypripedium parvifldrum Salisb. Foliage glandular-villous. Stems erect or as- 
cending, 3-6 dm. tall, often zigzag, commonly tufted : leaf-blades elliptic to oval, 8-15 cm. 
long, acute or acuminate, glabrate: bracts similar to the leaves but smaller: perianth yel- 
low, somewhat drooping: sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-3 cm. long : lateral 
petals longer and narrower than the sepals: lip inflated, bladder-like, 1 5-3 cm. long, 
light yellow, shorter than the sepals and petals: capsule 2-3 cm. long. 

In woods and on hillsides, Newfoundland to British Columbia, middle Georgia, Missouri and 
Washington, 

3. Cypripedium hirsütum Mill. Foliage glandular-pubescent or glabrate. Stems 
erect or ascending, 3-7 dm. tall, simple, tufted : leaf-blades oblong or elliptic, 8-15 cm. 
long, acute or acuminate, sheathing at the base: bract similar to the leaves: perianth yel- 
low, drooping or horizontal: sepals ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate : lateral petals linear 
or attenuate, longer than the sepals, twisted or curled: lip inflated, bladder-like, 3.5-5 
em. long, ue yellow, veined with purple: capsule elliptic, 3.5-4 mm. long. [Cypripedium 
pubescens Willd. ] 

In woods and on shaded banks, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, the mountains of Georgia, and 
Nebraska. GOLDEN SLIPPFR. 


2. FÍSSIPES Small. 

Acaulescent herbs, with fleshy-fibrous roots and glandular-pubescent foliage. Leaves 
2, basal: blades ample, plaited, spreading. Scape simple. Flower usually solitary at the 
top of the scape. Perianth irregular. Sepals greenish, narrowed upward. Lateral petals 
about as long as the sepals, linear, greenish. Lip drooping, showy, a large inflated sac 
with a closed fissure down its whole length in front. Column declined, glandular-pubes- 
cent, bearing a sessile anther on each side, and a rhomboidal glandular-pubescent sterile 
stamen above. Stamens spreading, the free tips at right angles to the column. Pollen 
granular, without glands or tails. Stigma broadest at the apex. Capsule ascending. 
pes acaülis (Ait.) Small. Foliage glandular-pubescent. Stem wanting : 


1l. Fissi 
leaf-blades sheathing the lower part of the scape, usually 2, oblong-elliptic or oval, 1-3 


312 ORCHIDACEAE 


dm. long, usually accompanied by ascale : scapes erect, 1-5 dm. tall, simple, bearing 1 or 
rarely 2 flowers at the top: bracts linear to lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long: sepals oblong to 
lanceolate, 3-4 cm. long, acute or rather obtuse: lateral petals narrower and longer than 
the sepals, acute: lip showy, obovoid, 4-6 mm. long, surpassing the other perianth-mem- 
bers, pink with darker venation, or white, upper part crested within with long white hairs : 
capsule oblong, 3.5-4 em. long, slightly curved. [Cypripedium acaule Ait. ] 

In sandy woods and sphagnous bogs, Newfoundland to Minnesota, North Carolina and Tennessee. 
Spring. MoccasIN FLOWER. PURPLE SLIPPER. 

3. GALEORCHIS Rydb. 


Acaulescent fleshy herbs, with short roostocks and several coarse fleshy roots. Leaves 2, 
basal, thick and succulent. Flowers in terminal spikes. Perianth showy, ringent. Sepals 
nearly equal, united above, converging. Lateral petals converging similar to the sepals 
and somewhat adnate to them. Lip united to the base of the column, with a short spur 
below. Column short, barely extending beyond the base of the lip. Anther 2-celled : 
sacs contiguous, slightly divergent.  Pollen-masses granulose, 1 in each sac produced into 
a slender tail, this attached to a small gland. Style terminating in a knob-like projection 
under the anther. Stigma hollow, between the anther-sacs. Glands enclosed in a pouch. 
Capsule slightly elongated, beakless. 

1. Galeorchis spectábilis (L.) Rydb. Roots thick, clustered : leaf-blades usually 2, 
preceded by 1 or 2 clasping scales, oblong-elliptic, elliptic or oval, sometimes slightly broad- 
est above ihe middle, obtuse, narrowed into sheathing petiole-like bases: scapes stout, 1-3 
dm. tall: spike 3-12-flowered : bracts oblong or lanceolate, commonly surpassing the per- 
ianth : perianth violet-purple or white: spur obtuse, fully 1.5 cm. long : column violet on 
the back: capsules angled, 2-2.5 cm. long. [Orchis spectabilis L.] 


In woods, New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia, Kentucky and Nebraska. Spring. 
SHOWY ORCHIs. 


4. PERULARIA Lindl. 


Caulescent herbs, with thick fibrous clustered roots. Leaves alternate: blades entire. 
Flowers relatively small in elongated spikes. Bracts narrow, elongated. Perianth yel- 
lowish or greenish. Sepals and lateral petals spreading, relatively broad. Lip lanceolate, 
with a tooth on each side near the base, and a median tubercle. Spur slender, straight, 
shorter than the ovary but longer than the lip. Anthers with horizontal valves opening 
upward, dilated at the base, thus forming an oblong cavity enclosing the orbicular incurved 
gland. Pollen-masses granulose, each produced at the base into a tail. 

1. Perularia flava (L.) Rydb. Roots clustered, elongated, stems 3-6 dm. tall : leaf- 
blades elliptic, oblong or lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, or shorter above, with clasping bases : 
spikes elongated: bracts surpassing the perianth: perianth greenish or yellowish green: 
sepals ovate or orbicular-ovate, obtuse: lateral petals similar to the sepals but rather 
shorter, crisped: lip somewhat longer than the petals, erose or crenulate, with 2 lateral 
projections and a medium basal callosity : spur sac-like, surpassing the lip, obtuse: cap- 
sules oblong, 8-10 mm. long. [Habenaria flava (L.) A. Gray. J 

In low grounds, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


5. COBLOGLOSSUM Hartman. 

Caulescent herbs, with biennial 2-branched tubers. Leaves alternate : blades entire. 
Flowers perfect, in elongated spikes. Bracts leaf-like, relatively long. Perianth green- 
ish. Sepals free, converging, thus forming a hood. Lateral petals narrow. Lip obtuse, 
2-3-toothed at the apex. Spur sac-like, obtuse, much shorter than the lip. Column short. 
Pollen-masses with long tails’: glands small, barely wider than the tail of the pollinia, sur- 
rounded by a thin membrane. 

1. Coeloglossum bracteata ( Willd.) Parl. Roots coarse, or even tuber-like : stems 
2-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades oblong-ovate to oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. 
long or shorter above, varying from acute to obtuse: spikes loosely flowered, 5-15 cm. 
long : bracts linear-lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long, surpassing the perianth : perianth green or 
greenish : sepals ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: lateral petals very narrow, or filiform : 
lip oblong-spatulate, 6-8 mm. long, 2-3-toothed or lobed at the apex: spur club-shaped : 
capsules oblong, 8-10 mm. long. [Platanthera bracteata (Willd.) Torr. ] 

In meadows or woods, New Brunswick to British Columbia, North Carolina and Nebraska. Spring. 


ORCHIDACEAE 313 


6. LYSIAS Salisb. 

Caulescent herbs, with fleshy roots or tubers. Stems often scape-like. Leaves mainly 
basal: blades broad, or those of the stems very narrow or scale-like. Flowers in elon- 
gated racemes or spikes. Perianth white or greenish. Sepals free, large, spreading. Lat- 
eral petals relatively small and narrow. Lip entire, narrow. Spur slender, usually 
longer than the ovary. Anthers with diverging sacs whose beak-like bases project forward. 
Pollen-mass with its stalk laterally affixed to the back of the orbicular gland. Stigma 
without appendages at the beak. Capsule usually broadened upward, stalked. 

1. Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. Roots coarse: stems scape-like, 3-9 dm. tall, 
strict : leaves mainly basal, usually 2; blades flat on the ground, orbicular to oval, 1-3 
dm. long, undulate, lustrous, silvery beneath : those of the stem lanceolate or linear scales : 
raceme elongated, conspicuous, rather loose: perianth greenish white: sepals various, 
the upper one suborbicular or reniform, the lateral scythe-shaped, 8-10 mm. long : lateral 
petals smaller than the sepals, reflexed : lip slender, curved, 1.5-3 cm. long, entire, obtuse : 


spur surpassing the ovary, 2.5-4 cm. long, curved: capsules oblong, about 1.5 cm. long. 
[Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl. ] 


In rich or deep woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Georgia and Minnesota, Summer. 


7. BLEPHARIGLÓTTIS Raf. 


Caulescent herbs, with fleshy or tuberous roots. Leaves alternate: blades entire, 
Flowers several or numerous in terminal spikes. Bracts sometimes leaf-like. Perianth 
white, yellow, purple or violet-purple. Sepals spreading or reflexed. Laterals petals va- 
rious. Lip fringed or 3-parted and toothed or laciniate. Spur longer than the lip. An- 
thers with widely separated and usually diverging sacs, their narrow beak-like bases sup- 
ported on the arms of the stigma, strongly projecting forward and upward. Gland naked, 
Pollen-masses granular. FRINGED ORCHIS. SHOWY ORCHIS. 

Lip not 3-lobed ; body narrow, not dilated upward. 


Spur about 15 as long as the ovary. 1. B. cristata. 
Spur as long as the ovary or much longer. 
Perianth white. 
Spur about as long as the ovary. 2. B. Blephariglottis. 
Spur about twice as long as the ovary. 3. B. conspicua. 


Perianth yellow or'orange. ^ i 
Lip with spreading fringe: petals linear or oblong-linear. 4. B. ciliaris. 
Lip with drooping fringe except? tufts at the base: petals cuneate or fan- 


shaped. 
Lip 3-lobed ; body of the lobes, at least the terminal one, dilated upward. 
Lobes of the lip incised or erose. 6 
Lobes of the lip fringed. 
Body of each lobe 1 mm. broad or narrower, slightly broadened. 7. B. lacera. 
Body of each lobe markedly fan-shaped. 
Perianth white: fringe !2'as long as the lobes. 8 
Perianth lilac: fringe shorter. 
Lip 1-1.5 em. broad. 9. B. psycodes. 
Lip 2-2.5 em. broad. 10. B. grandiflora. 

1l. Blephariglottis cristàta (Michx.) Raf. Roots clustered, coarse or narrowly fusi- 
form : stems 2-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, shorter 
and passing into the bracts above : spike oblong, 5-10 cm. long, rather dense : sepals orbic- 
ular-ovate, about 3 mm. long: lateral petals narrower, pectinate: lip 8-9 mm. long, 
€ fringed ; segments as long as the body or longer : spur slender, 4-6 mm. long, about 
2 mr as the ovary: capsules less than 1 cm. long. [Platanthera cristata (Michx.) 

indl. ] 

In swamps, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


. Blephariglottis Blephariglóttis (Willd.) Rydb. Roots coarse: stems 3-9 dm. 
tall: leaf-blades linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long or shorter above: 
spike showy, 3-10 cm. long, rather loosely flowered : perianth white : sepals suborbicular to 
orbicular-obovate, 6-7 mm. long, obtuse : lateral petals smaller than the sepals, toothed 
or fringed at the apex : lip 6-8 mm. long, sparsely or copiously fringed : spur 1-2.5 cm. 
long, about as long as the ovary. [Platanthera blephariglottis ( Willd.) Hook. ] 

In swamps and low woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota and Florida. Summer. 

3. Blephariglottis conspicua (Nash) Small. Roots coarse or tuberous-thickened : 
stems 4-8 dm. tall, often slightly zigzag: leaf-blades broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, 
1-4 dm. long, or shorter above, acute: spike ovoid or oblong, 6-12 cm. long, showy : 
perianth white: sepals suborbicular, 6-7 mm. broad : lateral petals oblanceolate or linear, 


. B. Chapmanii. 


c 


. B. peramoena. 


. B. leucophaea. 


314 ORCHIDACEAE 


about 5 mm. long, entire or toothed at the apex : lip narrowly oblong, 12-15 mm. long, 
narrowed into a short claw ; blade rather copiously fringed : spur curved, 4-5 cm. long, 
about twice as long as the ovary. [Habenaria conspicua Nash.] 

In bogs, Florida. Summer. 


4. Blephariglottis ciliàris (L.) Rydb. Roots coarse and cord-like or tuberous : stems 
3-8 dm. tall : leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, or smaller above, often acute : 
spike showy, 3-10 cm. long, 3-8 cm. thick : perianth bright orange : sepals orbicular-ob- 
ovate, 6-8 mm. long, entire: lateral petals smaller, linear or oblong-linear, usually 
toothed : lip 10-15 mm. long, copiously fringed from below the middle, the fringe spread- 
ing : spur slender, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: capsules 10-12 mm. long, each tapering to a beak. 
[ Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindl.] 


In woods and meadows, Ontario to Michigan, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


5. Blephariglottis Chapmánii Small. Roots coarse : stems 6-10 dm. tall : leaves few ; 
blades broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long or shorter above, acute, the lower 
ones with clasping bases, the upper reduced to sessile bracts : spikes cylindric, about 1 dm. 
long, 4 cm. thick, many-flowered : perianth deep orange : sepals about 4 mm. long, the lat- 
eral suborbicular, the other concave, often notched at the apex : lateral petals fan-shaped, 
3.5-4 mm. long, pectinate-fringed : lip about 1 cm. long, the body linear, with a terminal 
drooping fringe of 6-8 simple or forking hair-like appendages and 2 basal staghorn-like 
forking appendages : spur as long as the ovary or longer. 

In pine woods, Apalachicola, Florida. Summer. 


6. Blephariglottis peramoéna (A. Gray) Rydb. Roots coarse, often tapering : 
stems 3-9 dm. tall, strict : leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate, 8-20 em. long or much smaller 
above : spike showy, oblong, 4-15 cm. long, 5-8 cm. thick : perianth violet-purple : sepals 
orbicular-ovate or suborbicular, 6-8 mm. long or the upper smaller : lateral petals smaller 
than the sepals, orbicular-obovate, entire or erose, contracted into claws: lip 15-20 mm. 
long, 3-parted, the lobes fan-shaped or cuneate, incised or erose-toothed, the middle lobe 
usually notched at the apex : spur slender, about as long as the ovary : capsules usually 
12-15 mm. long. [Platanthera peramoena A. Gray. ] 

In meadows, New Jersey to Illinois, North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer. 


7. Blephariglottis lácera (Michx.) Rydb. Roots coarse or tuberous-thickened : 
stems 3-9 dm. tall, strict: leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long or shorter above, 
ascending : spike elongated, 5-30 cm. long, 3-4 cm. thick: perianth greenish yellow, con- 
spicuous : sepals ovate or suborbicular, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse: lateral petals linear, about 
as long as the sepals, obtuse: lip 3-parted, the lobes with bodies 1 mm. broad or narrower, 
deeply cleft into a fringe of a few filiform segments : spur somewhat club-shaped, 14-16 mm. 
long : capsules oblong or clavate, about 1 em. long. [Platanthera lacera (Michx.) A. Gray.] 

In swamps and open woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Summer. 


8. Blephariglottis leucophaéa (Nutt.) Rydb. Roots coarse: stems 3-8 dm. tall, 
relatively stout : leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long or shorter above, 
ascending : spike ovoid or casera oblong, 5-12 em. long, relatively few-flowered: flowers 
fragrant : perianth white : sepals broadly ovate or oval, 6-10 mm. long, very thin: lateral 
petals obovate or spatulate, 6-8 mm. long, erose-toothed : lip 3-parted, 12-16 mm. long, 
the lobes cuneate, divided to about the middle; segments forming a fringe : spur much 
longer than the ovary, 2.5—4 cm. long. 

On moist prairies, New York to Minnesota, Kentucky and Arkansas. Summer. 


9. Blephariglottis psycódes (L.) Rydb. Roots coarse: stems 3-10 dm. tall: leaf- 
blades oval, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 5-25 cm. long, or the upper ones smaller : spike 
5-15 cm. long, several-many-flowered : flowers fragrant : perianth lilac or rarely white: 
sepals ovate, about 8 mm. long, obtuse, the upper one narrower than the lateral ones: lat- 
eral petals oblong or oblanceolate, with a few teeth on the upper side : lip 3-parted, 8-12 
mm. wide, the lobes fan-shaped, well fringed: spur about 15 mm. long, slightly club- 
shaped near the apex. [Platanthera psycodes (L.) A. Gray.] 

i In wet woods, meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to Minnesota, North Carolina and Indiana. 
ummer. 

10. Blephariglottis grandiflóra (Bigel.) Rydb. Roots coarse : stems 3-15 dm. tall, 
relatively stout : leaf-blades oblong-obovate, oblong or lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, or shorter 
above, erect or ascending: spike showy, 8-40 cm. long, copiously flowered: perianth 
lilac-purple or white, very showy: sepals ovate or oval, 5-8 mm. long: lateral petals 
oblong or oblanceolate, somewhat toothed: lip 3-parted, 2-2.5 em. broad, the lobes fan- 
shaped, fringed : spur 2-3 cm. long : capsules oblong or nearly so, over 1 em. long. [Pla- 
tanthera fimbriata ( Willd.) Lindl.] 

In rich woods and meadows, New Brunswick to Ontario, Michigan and North Carolina. Summer. 


ORCHIDACEAE 315 


8. HABENARIA Willd. 

Caulescent herbs, with cord-like or tuberous roots. Leaves alternate, sheathing at the 
base. Flowers in terminal spikes. Perianth of various colors, or white, often conspicuous. 
Sepals equal or nearly so, distinct or cohering at the base, the lateral 2 usually spreading. 
Lateral petals unequally 2-parted. Lip drooping or spreading, with a more or less con- 
spicuous spur at the base, mostly 3-parted. Column very short: anther 2-celled : sacs 
elevated, each with a slender appendage at the base. Pollen-masses coarsely granular 
with short tails. Stigma erect, with narrow appendages. Glands naked. Capsule more 
or less elongated, angled or ribbed. 


Spur about as long as the ovary. 
Bracts not surpassing the flowers: spikes few-flowered. 


Leaves basal or nearly so: spur club-shaped. 1. H. distans. 
Leaves scattered along the stem : spur filiform. 2. H. Nuttallii. 
Bracts surpassing the flowers : spikes many-flowered. 3. H. repens. 


Spur much mur than the ovary. 


Middle sepal less than 10 mm. long: spur less than 6 cm. long. 
Leaves largest at the base of the stem, those of the stem broadest near the 
base: middle sepal suborbicular. 4. H. Simpsonii. 
Leaves largest about the middle of the stem, those of the stem broadest at the 
middle: middle sepal ovate. 5. H. quinqueseta. 
Middle sepal over 10 mm. long: spur over 10 cm. long. 6. H. Habenaria. 


1. Habenaria dístans Griseb. Roots coarse or tuber-like: stems scape-like, 2-3 dm. 
tall, slender: leaves several at the base of the stem ; blades oblong or elliptic, or slightly 
broadest above the middle, 4-15 cm. long, acute or abruptly acuminate ; stem-leaves mostly 
reduced to partly sheathing scales: spike few-flowered, lax : bracts surpassing the ovaries : 
sepals oval or broadly ovate, 5-6 mm. long: lateral petals 2-parted, the upper segment nar- 
rowly oblong, the lower linear: lip 6-8 mm. long, 3-parted ; segments linear, spreading : 
spur club-shaped, about as long as the ovary. 

In low pine lands, Florida. 

2. Habenaria Nuttallfi Small. Roots cord-like, relatively slender: stem 2-4 dm. 
tall, leafy, rather slender: leaf-blades broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, 
or shorter above, acute or acuminate, erect or ascending, sheathing at the base: spike 
6—12 cm. long, rather few-flowered, narrow: bracts lanceolate, shorter than the flowers : 
middle sepal 4 mm. long, suborbicular, broader than long, notched at the apex ; lateral 
sepals 5 mm. long: lateral petals 4-5 mm. long, the narrower segment longer than the 
broader one : lip 3-parted ; middle segment 4 mm. long ; lateral segments 1-3 longer : spur 
filiform, about as long as the ovary: capsules oblong-prismatic, a little over 1 cm. long. 

In swamps, Florida to Louisiana. 

3. Habenariarépens Nutt. Roots fibrous: stems 3-6 dm. tall, usually stoutish : leaf- 
blades oblong-lanceolate, to linear-lanceolate, 5-30 cm. long, acute or acuminate, 3-nerved, 
sheathing at the base: spike 10-30 cm. long, closely many-flowered : bracts lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, surpassing the flowers : perianth greenish : sepals various, the middle one 
ovate-orbicular, 5 mm. long, the lateral Arras slightly curved, 6 mm. long: lateral petals 
with the broader segments, 5 mm. long, slender segment } longer: lip 3-parted ; middle 
segment 5 mm. long; lateral 3 longer and more slender than the middle one : spur fili- 
form, about as long as the ovary. 

In swamps or low grounds, Florida to Louisiana. 

4. Habenaria Simpsónti Small. Roots cord-like, sometimes accompanied by tubers : 
stems 2-4 dm. tall, conspicuously leafy to the middle: leaves mainly on the lower half of 
the stem, and there sheathing it; blades ovate or sometimes oval-oblong, 3-10 cm. long, 
acute or acutish, spreading, clasping, those above the middle of the stem much smaller 
than the rest and more remote : ped ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate : middle sepal 
suborbicular, 7 mm. long ; lateral sepals 9 mm. long: lateral petals with the larger seg- 
ments oblong, 6 mm. long, curved, the other segment filiform, spreading, fully twice as 
long : lip 5-parted ; middle segment linear, 10 mm. long ; lateral segments about j longer : 
spur about twice as long as the ovary. 

In dry hammocks, near Manatee, Florida. 

5. Habenaria quinqueséta (Michx.) C. Mohr. Roots fibrous: stems 2-5 dm. tall, 
leafy to the inflorescence : leaves largest about the middle of the stem ; blades oblong to 
oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, or shorter above, broadest about the middle: spike 
8-15 em. long, rather few-flowered : perianth white : sepals various ; the middle one ovate : 
8-9 mm. long, obtuse: lateral petals with the broader segment 9-10 mm. long, the nar- 
rower one nearly twice as long: lip 3-parted ; middle segment linear, 12-13 mm. long: 
lateral segments filiform, about 4 longer: spur about twice as long as the ovary. [Habe- 
naria. Michauzii Nutt. ] 

In sandy or gravelly soil, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 


316 ORCHIDACEAE 


6. Habenaria Habenaria (L.) Small. Roots fibrous, often accompanied by a tuber : 
stems rather slender, 3-6 dm. tall: leaves chiefly on the lower part of the stem ; blades 
oblong or lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acute, entire, sheathing at the base, those above the 
middle of the stem much smaller: spike loosely few-flowered : bracts ovate-lanceolate to 
lanceolate, acuminate: middle sepal oval or orbicular-oval, 12-14 mm. long, obtuse: 
lateral sepals oblong or slightly narrowed upward: lateral petals with the broader seg- 
ment 8-10 mm. long, the other segment filiform, fully twice as long: lip 3-parted, 
the middle segment about 2 cm. long; lateral segments 4-} longer: spur conspicuous, 
11-12 cm. long. [H. macroceratitis (Sw.) Willd.] 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and tropical America. 


9. HABENÉLLA Small. 

Caulescent herbs, with large tuber-like roots. Leaves alternate, several : bladesspread- 
ing beyond the sheathing bases, extending well towards the inflorescence. Spike several- 
flowered. Perianth rather inconspicuous. Sepals 3, the upper one about as broad as long, 
boat-shaped, the 2 lateral concave, inequilateral. Lateral petals nearly oblong, much 
smaller than the sepals. Lip entire, narrow. Anther with filiform appendages at the 
base of each sac. Stigma drooping, with 2 short appendages on each side. Glands 
naked. Capsule rather elongated. 

1. Habenella Gárberi (Porter) Small. Roots tuber-like, several: stems 3-6 dm. 
tall, leafy throughout : leaves only slightly reduced above ; blades oblong to oblong-lanceo- 
late, 6—10 cm. long, acute, with clasping bases: spike 8-15 cm. long, loosely flowered : 
bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate : perianth greenish yellow, not showy : sepals broadly 
ovate or oval, 4-5 mm. long: lateral petals narrower than the sepals, oblong or nearly so: 
lip longer than the petals, entire, linear from a broad base, obtuse: spur slender, 12-18 
mm. long, as long as the ovary or longer. [Habenaria Garberi Porter.) 

In hammocks, peninsular Florida. Fall or winter. 


10. GYMNADENIOPSIS Rydb. 

Caulescent herbs, with fibrous or somewhat tuberous roots. Leaves alternate: blades 
entire. Flowers in relatively stout spikes. Bracts inconspicuous. Perianth white, pink, 
greenish or orange-yellow. Sepals free, spreading. Lateral petals usually smaller than 
the sepals. Lipentire or 3-toothed at theapex. Spur much longer than the lip. Anthers 
with parallel and approximate sacs and naked contiguous glands. Pollen-masses granular, 
with short tails. Stigma with 2-3 oblong or club-shaped appendages at the beak. 


Lip 3-toothed at the apex : spur club-shaped. 1. G. clavellata. 

Lip entire or crenulate : spur filiform. 3 
Perianth white or pink: ovary not twisted, shorter than the spur. 2. G. nivea. 
Perianth yellow or orange-yellow: ovary twisted, longer than the spur. 3. G. integra. 


1. Gymnadentopsis clavellata (Michx. ) Rydb. Roots coarse, clustered : stems 1- 
5 dm. tall, relatively slender, naked above: leaves reduced to scales, except 1 or rarely 
2, these near the middle of the stem or below it; blades oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, 5- 
12 cm. long, obtuse or acute, ascending: spike 2-5 cm. long, few-flowered : perianth 
greenish or whitish : sepals ovate or badiy oval, 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse : lateral petals 
quite similar to the sepals : lip 3-4 mm. long, 3-toothed at the apex : spur club-shaped, 
TE han the ovary: capsules oblong, 7-8 mm. long. [Gymnadenia tridentata ( Willd.) 

indl. 

In low grounds, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. FROG-SPIKE. 

2. Gymnadeniopsis nivea (Nutt.) Rydb. Roots tuber-like : stems usually slender, 
2-5 dm. tall: leaves several on the lower part of the stem, the upper ones much reduced ; 
blades linear or linear-oblong, 5-20 cm. long, or shorter above, and there attenuate : spike 
cylindrie, 2-10 cm. long: flowers not inverted : perianth white or pink: lateral sepals 
ovate, much dilated on the lower side at the base, 4-4.5 mm. long, other sepal ovate or 
oval, 3-4 mm. long: lateral petals smaller than the sepals, broadly linear or linear- 
oblong, 3-3.5 mm. long: lip linear or gradually narrowed upward, 5-5.7 mm. long, with 
2 teeth near the base: spur filiform, about 1 cm. long, as long as the ovary or longer. 
[Gymnadenia nivea (Nutt.) Engelm. & Gray.] 

In pine lands and on wooded hillsides, Delaware to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. : 

3. Gymnadeniopsis integra (Nutt.) Rydb. Roots rather thick or even tuber-like : 
stems 3-6 dm. tall, rather naked above: leaf-blades broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, 
5-20 cm. long, much reduced above : spike oblong, 3-8 cm. long: bracts about as long as 
the perianth or shorter: perianth orange or orange-yellow : sepals oval or obovate, 3-4 
mm. long, obtuse: lateral petals often slightly larger than the sepals : lip oblong or ovate- 


ORCHIDACEAE 317 


oblong, longer than the petals, erose or crenulate: spur straight, longer than the lip. 
[ Gymnadenia flava (Nutt. ) Lindl. ] 


In pine-land swamps, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, Summer, 


11. GYROSTACHYS Pers. 


Herbs, with tuberous or fleshy-fibrous roots. Stems more or less completely clothed 
with the sheathing leaf-bases. Leaves alternate, sometimes mainly basal, those on the 
upper part of the stem reduced to sheathing scales. Flowers in terminal spiral spikes of 
1-3 rows. Perianth not showy. Sepals distinct or coherent at the top or united to the 
nearly similar lateral petals. Lip concave, erect, sessile or contracted into a claw, bearing 
2 callosities near the base. Column oblique from the top of the ovary, arched, merely ad- 
herent to the lip and often embraced by it. Anther erect, the back of the column without 
a lid. Pollen-masses one in each sac. Stigma prolonged into a beak and 2-cleft, covering 
the anther, stigmatic beneath. Capsules erect. [Spiranthes L. C. Rich. ] LADIES’ TRESSES. 


Flowers alternate, forming a one-sided spike by the twisting of the rachis. 
Lip oblong or nearly so. 
Leaves with blades at the base of the stem or near it, fugacious ; blades oblong, elliptic or ovate. 


Lip white: root solitary. 1. G. simplex. 
Lip green in the middle: roots several. 2. G. gracilis. 
Leaves with blades extending up the stem, persistent; blades linear. 
Lateral sepals lanceolate. 3. G. praecox. 
Lateral sepals narrowly linear-lanceolate. 
Lip laciniate near the tip. 4. G. laciniata. 


Lip merely crisped or erose. . 
Braets scarious-margined, ovate: lower leaves with very narrow 


elongated blades and narrow bases. 5. G. lincaris. 
Braets not scarious-margined, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate: lower 
leaves with relatively short and broad blades and broad loose 
i sheathing bases. 6. G. xyridifolia. 
Lip ovate to rhombic. 
Leaves with blades only 1 or 2, or none: Floridian species. 7. G. brevifolia. 
Leaves with blades 3-6: Texan species. 8. G. Reverchonii. 


Flowers 2-ranked, forming a cylindric spike: rachis barely twisted. 
Lip merely crisped at the apex, not lobed. 
Lip oblong or nearly so. 
Lip less than 5.5 mm. long. 9. G. parviflora. 
Lip over 6 mm. long. 
Lip with a cuneate base and 2 stout reflexed callosities. 
Corolla white: spike blunt: the lower braets shorter than the 


corollas. 10. G. cernua. 
Corolla yellowish: spike acute: the lower bracts longer than the 
i corollas. 11. G. ochroleuca. 
. Lip with a truncate base and 2 small spreading callosities. 12. G. plantaginea. 
Lip with a dilated base or both base and apex dilated. 
Upper part of the lip oblong at least not dilated. 13. G. odorata. 


Lid ad rede of the lip dilated. 
af-blades linear: dilated upper portion of ap oval or suborbicular. 14. G. vernalis. 
í Leaf-blades broader : dilated upper portion of lip ovate. 15. G. constricta. 
Lip 3-lobed at the apex. 16. G. triloba. 

1. Gyrostachys simplex (A. Gray) Kuntze. Root solitary, tuber-like : stems very 
slender, 1-3 dm. tall, furnished with few often deciduous scales: leaf-blades ovate or 
oblong, 1-3 cm. long, disappearing before flowering time: spike slender, 1-5 cm. long, 
5-8 mm. thick, glabrous: perianth white, 2-3 mm. long: lip broadly oblong, 2.5-3 mm. 
long, crisped at the apex, with a short claw-like base and 2 basal nipple-like callosities : 
capsules 4-5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Massachusetts to Florida. Summer and fall. 


2. Gyrostachys grácilis (Bigel.) Kuntze. Roots coarse, clustered: stems scape-like, 

2-6 dm. tall, glabrous or pubescent above, furnished with remote clasping scales: leaf- 

blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, short-petioled : spike slender, 

3-15 em. long, 8-10 mm. thick : perianth white, 4-5 mm. long : lip shorter than the sepals, 

oblong, undulate or crenulate near the apex, green in the centre, otherwise hyaline and 

Min with 2 nipple-shaped callosities at the truncate base : capsules slightly curved, 4-5 
m. long. 


and aoe woods and on slopes, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Summer 

- Gyrostachys praécox (Walt.) Kuntze. Roots tuberous, several: stems 2-8 dm. 
tall, leafy to the top: leaf-blades linear, attenuate from the narrow sheathing base, or some- 
times slightly dilated toward the middle, 5-30 cm. long, or reduced to sheathing scales 
above: spike spirally twisted, 3-10 cm. long: bracts more or less imbricated: perianth 
whitish or yellowish, pubescent without, 6-8 mm. long, curved and slightly nodding : 


318 ORCHIDACEAE 


lateral sepals lanceolate 5-6 mm. long: lip 5-6 mm. long, cordate at the base, oblong, 
crisped and drooping above the middle or recurved at the tip ; callosities nipple-like, pro- 
jecting backward: capsules 7-8 mm. long, thick and club-shaped, curved. 


In moist ground, New York to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


4. Gyrostachys laciniàta Small. Nearly similar to G. praecor in habit, but more 
slender. Leaf-blades very narrowly linear: spike many-flowered : bracts ovate-lanceolate, 
long-acuminate, not scarious margined: lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, 
acute: lip barely as long as the sepals, finely laciniate, especially along the edges near the 
tip: capsules oval-obovoid, 6-7 mm. long. 


In sand, Eustis, Florida. Spring. 


5. Gyrostachys linearis Rydb. Roots several, coarse fibers : stems slender, 4-5 dm. 
tall, glandular-pubescent above: leaves mainly on the lower part of the stem ; blades nar- 
rowly linear, 5-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, mostly persistent: spike narrow, 4-10 cm. 
long, 8-10 mm. thick : bracts broadly ovate, scarious-margined, abruptly narrowed into the 
tip: perianth yellowish, about 8 mm. long: lateral sepals free, linear-lanceolate, placed 
so as to leave a space between them and the upper one which converges with the petals : 
lip oblong, cordate at the base, less curved than in G. praecox: capsules 5-6 mm. long. 


In meadows, New York to North Carolina. Summer. 


6. Gyrostachys xyridifolia Small. Roots tuberous, several: stems erect, 2-5 dm. 
tall, simple, glabrous or nearly so below the inflorescence, leafy to the top: leaves mostly 
at the base of the stem ; blades linear, attenuate from the broad sheathing bases or some- 
times slightly dilated toward the middle, 5-10 cm. long, the largest of the lower ones 
barely reaching the middle of the stem: spike 3-15 cm. long: bracts more or less imbri- 
cated, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate : perianth whitish, pubescent without, 6-8 mm. long, 
curved and slightly nodding: lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long: lip 5-6 
mm. long, cordate at the base, with a rhombic-orbicular base and oblong much crisped 
drooping or recurved tip ; callosities nipple-like, projecting backward: capsules 7-8 mm. 
long, obovoid-clavate, curved. 


In moist ground, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


7. Gyrostachys brevifdlia (Chapm.) Kuntze. Roots often 3 together, coarse : stem- 
slender, scape-like, 2-4 dm. tall, pubescent above, furnished with clasping scales: leafs 
blades linear or narrowly linear-spatulate, 2-5 cm. long, early withering: spike 5-12 cm. 
long, 1-1.5 em. thick, flowers in 1 row, more or less spiral : perianth white, 8-12 mm. long: 
lip ovate, 7-8 mm. long, undulate, curved atthe apex, with 2 basal callosities. 


In pine-land swamps, Florida. Fall. 


8. Gyrostachys Reverchónii Small. Roots coarse: stems 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades 
various, those of the basal and lower stem-leaves linear or slightly broadened upwards, 
those of upper stem-leaves linear, 1-2 dm. long, acute or acuminate, reduced to sheathing 
bracts high up on the stem: spike long, about 1.5 cm. thick: bracts often as long as the 
flowers: perianth whitish : lateral sepals free, acutish : lateral petals obtuse : lip rhombic- 
ovate, 6 mm. long, obtuse, surpassed by the sepals and petals, slightly crisped near the 
apex ; callosities stout, slightly curved, pubescent at the base. 


On damp prairies, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 


9. Gyrostachys parviflóra (Chapm.) Small. Roots 3-6 together, rather coarse: 
stems 2-4 dm. tall, minutely pubescent, especially above, commonly leafy to about the 
middle: leaf-blades linear to linear-oblong, 2-10 cm. long, acute or rather obtuse, contracted 
above the dilated base, reduced to sheathing scales from about the middle of the stem to the 
inflorescence: spike 2.5-8 cm. long: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, not surpassing the 
flowers: lateral sepals lanceolate from a somewhat dilated base, 5 mm. long, acuminate, 
slightly undulate above: lip drooping, about 5 mm. long, oblong or nearly so, not dilated 
at the base, slightly crisped above the middle, acutish ; callosities reflexed from the trun- 
cate-cordate base. [Spiranthes cernua var. parviflora Chapm.] 


In rich oak woods, near Rome, Georgia. Fall. 


10. Gyrostachys cémua (L.) Kuntze. Roots coarse, clustered : stems scape-like, 
1-6 dm. tall, furnished with sheathing scales: leaf-blades linear or oblong, 5-30 cm. long, 
nearly sessile or narrowed into petioles: spike 5-15 cm. long, 2-2.5 em. thick : flowers 
fragrant: perianth white, 8-10 mm. long: lateral sepals free: lip oblong or slightly 
broader at the base, 7-9 mm. long, crenulate at the apex, cuneate at the base ; callosities 
nipple-shaped, lateral on the base: capsules 6-8 mm. long. 


In meadows and swamps, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


ORCHIDACEAE 319 


11. Gyrostachys ochroleüca Rydb. Roots similar to those of G. cernua: stem 3-5 
dm. tall, densely pubescent above: leaves various; basal with linear blades 1-2 dm. long, 
tapering to both ends and distinctly petioled ; lower stem-leaves similar, but mostly sessile; 
upper stem-leaves reduced to lanceolate scales: spike densely flowered, 5-15 cm. long, 
15-20 mm. thick, usually acute: perianth yellow-green or ochroleucous, very fragrant, 
about 1 em. long: bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower ones gener- 
ally longer than the perianth : lip rounded at the apex, with straight hairy nipple-shaped 
callosities. 

On hillsides, New Hampshire to Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Spring and summer. 


12. Gyrostachys plantaginea (Raf.) Britton. Roots clustered, coarse: stems 1-4 
dm. tall: leaf-blades broadly linear or oblong, 5-15 em. long, reduced to sheathing scales 
above; petioles shorter than the blades: spike 2-10 em. long, 1-1.5 em. thick: perianth 
white, 6.5-7 mm. long: lateral sepals free, narrowly lanceolate: lateral petals somewhat 
united with the upper sepals: lip yellow within, oblong, undulate, with a short claw ; cal- 
losities relatively small, spreading from the sides of the truncate base of the lip. [Spiran- 
thes latifolia Torr. ] 

In woods and on shaded banks, New Brunswick to Minnesota, North Carolina and Michigan. 
Spring and summer. 

13. Gyrostachys odorata (Nutt.) Kuntze. Roots clustered, coarse: stems 2-6 dm. 
tall : leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate or sometimes narrowly linear-oblanceolate, 1-3 
dm. long or shorter above and reduced to scales, acute ; petioles as long as the blades or 
shorter, margined : spike 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-2.5 cm. thick: bracts acuminate, somewhat 
shorter than the fragrant flowers or longer: perianth yellowish white: lateral sepals free, 
like the lateral petals acute : lip nearly 1 em. long, the base broadly oval or suborbicular, the 
tip oblong, eroded and crisped, about as long as the base ; callosities slender, incurved, 
each more or less pubescent at the base. 

On river banks, often in the water, Kentucky to North Carolina, Florida and Texas. Fall. 


14. Gyrostachys vernàlis (Engelm. & Gray) Small. Roots several, coarse: stems 
3-5 dm. tall, slender, scape-like: leaf-blades linear, early disappearing, those above the 
middle of the stem reduced to sheathing scales: spike 5-12 cm. long, about 1.5 em. thick : 
bracts lanceolate, somewhat shorter than the flowers, acuminate : perianth white or whitish : 
lip about as long as the sepals and lateral petals, 6-7 mm. long, constricted about the 
middle, the base oblong, oval or rhombic-orbicular, the tip oval, suborbicular, crisped. 
[Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray. ] 

In sandy woods, Alabama to Texas. Fall. 


15. Gyrostachys constrícta Small. Roots very coarse: stems 3-4 cm. tall, stout: 
leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear-spatulate, 1-2 dm. long, acute, narrowed into mar- 
gined petioles or those higher up on the stem reduced to sheathing scales: spike 5-10 cm. 
long, 2-2.5 em. thick, closely flowered : bracts lanceolate, as long as the flowers or shorter, 
acuminate : lip 7-10 mm. long, nearly as long as the sepals and lateral petals, constricted 
above the middle, the tip ovate or deltoid-ovate, much shorter than the base, the base ovate, 
with 2 more or less incurved basal callosities. 

In marshes, Louisiana. Fall. 

16. Gyrostachys triloba Small. Roots several, cord-like: stems 3-5 dm. tall, 
slender, sometimes rather weak : leaf-blades oblong or elliptic-oblong, 3-8 em. long, acute, 
sheathing at the base; upper stem-leaves reduced to sheathing scales : spike 4-8 cm. long, 
about 1.5 em. thick: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers: lip oblong, 6 
mm. long, about equalling the sepals and lateral petals in length, recurved and 3-lobed at 
the tip, crisped throughout, cordate, with 2 basal callosities. 

In sand, near Fort Meyer, Florida. Winter. 


12. BEADLEA Small. 


Herbs, with short coarse fibrous roots. Stem scape-like, solitary. Leaves various : 
those at the base of the stem normal, few ; blades broad, contracted into short petioles : 
those on the stem reduced to sheathing scales, rather remote. Flowers in a terminal few- 
flowered spike. Perianth inconspicuous. Sepals various, the lateral free, curved, the 
middle one adnate to the lateral petals : lip folded around the column and adnate to it, 
without callosities at the base.  Anthers erect on the back of the column, ovoid, shorter 
and broader than the lanceolate entire pointed stigma. Capsules ascending or spreading. 


l. Beadlea Stdreri (Chapm.) Small. Roots usually four, coarse fibers: stem 1-2 
dm. tall, pubescent above : leaves 3-4, basal or nearly so ; blades ovate, somewhat oblique, 


320 ORCHIDACEAE 


2-2.5 cm. long, acute or somewhat acuminate, entire, rounded at the base, those of the 
stem reduced to sheathing scales: petioles à as long as the blades or shorter: spike 
2-4 cm. long, about 12-flowered: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, less than 1 cm. long: per- 
ianth 3-4 mm. long, surpassing the bracts: lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate, about 3.5 
mm. long, acutish: lip about 4 mm. long, the tip cuneate, not crisped, drooping, the base 
oval : column # as long as the lip: anther ovate. [Spiranthes Storeri Chapm. ] 

On decaying vegetable matter in hammocks, near Enterprise, Florida. Spring. 


13. STENORHYNCHUS L. C. Rich. 


Terrestrial herbs, with pale foliage. Stems leafy, or scaly, often stout. Leaves short 
or elongated, sheathing at the base, the lower ones early disappearing. Flowers perfect, in 
a large terminal spike. Bracts narrow, acuminate. Perianth white or pale. Sepals and 
petals narrow, decurrent on the ovary, forming a stout beak. Lateral sepals nearly free, 
the middle sepal adnate to the lateral petals. Lip erect, with a broad claw-like base and 
broad blade, destitute of callosities. Anther adnate to the back of the column, persistent. 
Pollen-mass 1 in each sac. Capsules erect, beaked on one side. 

1. Stenorhynchus Jaliscanum (S. Wats.) Nash. Roots several, coarse, in a dense 
cluster. Foliage yellowish white: leaves mostly basal, those of the stem sheathing scales 
2-4 cm. long: stems 3-7 dm. tall: bracts shorter than the flowers, acuminate : spike 5-20 
cm. long, 4-6 cm. thick: perianth yellowish white : sepals and lateral petals 1.5-2 cm. 
long, acute or acuminate: lip slightly shorter than the sepals or petals, the claw-like base 
obcuneate, densely pubescent along the edges, the blade triangular-lanceolate, acute, about as 
long as the base: capsules about 1.5 cm. long. [Spiranthes Jaliscana S. Wats. ] 

In hammocks, peninsular Florida, and in Mexico. Spring. 


14. PHYSURUS L. C. Rich. 


Terrestrial herbs, with leafy stems. Leaves alternate: blades often membraneous, 
sometimes blotched. Flowers in terminal spikes, or spike-like racemes, with small bracts. 
Perianth inconspicuous. Sepals nearly equal, distinct, the 2 lateral spreading, the mid- 
dle one erect. Lateral petals converging with the middle sepal or coherent with it. Lip 
dilated above, concave and prolonged into a spur at the base, sessile. Column very short. 
Anther erect on the column, conic. Pollen-masses 2, powdery, entire. Capsules erect. 

1. Physurus querceticola Lindl. Plants succulent: stems 1-3 dm. tall, leafy to the 
top: leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 1-6 cm. long, acute or obtuse on 
the lower part of the stem, rounded or truncate at the base; petioles 5-10 mm. long, di- 
lated into sheathing bases: upper leaf [or two reduced to sheathing scales: raceme 1-5 cm. 
long: bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the flowers : perianth-members 3.5-4 mm. long : 
lateral sepals linear or linear-lanceolate: lip with a dilated suborbicular dish-like claw and 
an orbicular-obovate blade, this notched or truncate and tipped by a drooping or recurved 
triangular tip : spur pouch-like, shorter than the ovary. 

In shady pine lands, Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


15. LISTERA R. Br. 


Delicate herbs, with fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves reduced to scales at the base of the 
stem and 2 opposite ones higher up (the latter perhaps more properly regarded as bracts 
subtending the inflorescence). Flowers in terminal racemes.  Perianth inconspicuous. 
Sepals and lateral petals distinct, rather similar, reflexed. Lip erect or drooping, notched 
or sometimes elongated and deeply cleft. Anther erect, jointed to the back of the column, 
without a lid. Column wingless. Pollen-masses, 2 powdery, united to a minute gland. 
Capsules pedicelled, erect or drooping. TwiroLe. TWAyY-BLADE. 


Lip wedge-shaped, about twice as long as the petals, notched at the apex: column 1.5 oar t 
. L. Smallii. 


Lip linear, 6-10 times longer than the petals, 2-parted : column 0.5 mm. long. 2. L. australis. 


1. Listera Smálltü Wiegand. Foliage deep green. Stem 1-3 dm. tall, slender, 
glabrous or nearly so below, densely glandular-pubescent above : leaves 2, opposite, about 
the middle of the stem ; blades reniform or ovate-reniform, 1-3 cm. in diameter, apiculate 
or short-acuminate, glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, cordate or subcordate, 
sessile: racemes 2-10 cm. long: perianth greenish: bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
3-5 mm. long, acute: pedicels slender, 4-7 mm. long, glabrate, or much less pubescent 


ORCHIDACEAE 321 


than the stem: sepals oblong or linear-oblong, about 3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, re- 
flexed : lip wedge-shaped, 6-7 mm. long, with 2 prominent teeth on both sides near the 
base, sharply cleft to near the middle, the lobes rounded. [ L. reniformis Small, not D. Don. } 

In damp thickets on the mountains, Pennsylvania to Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee 
Spring and summer. 

2. Listera australis Lindl. Foliage glabrous below the inflorescence. Stem 1-3 
dm. tall: leaves opposite; blades ovate or triangular-ovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, acute, or 
apiculate, truncate or slightly cordate at the base: racemes 5-8 cm. long, red-glandular : 
pedicels slender, 2-6 mm. long: bracts round, ovate, much shorter than the pedicels : 
perianth yellowish green: sepals broadly ovate, about 1 mm. long: petals about as long as 
the sepals, rather narrower, striped with purple: lip 6-10 times longer than the petals, 
cleft to near the base ; lobes narrowly linear or setaceous, with a small tooth in the sinus. 

In wet soil, New York to South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


16. PERÀMIUM Salisb. 

Caulescent herbs, with coarse fleshy-fibrous roots and usually glandular-pubescent 
foliage. Leaves mainly basal, and reduced to sheathing scales on the stem : blades com- 
monly, blotched. Flowers in terminal dense or loose spikes. Perianth inconspicuous, 
often white or pink. Sepals 3, the 2 lateral ones distinct, the upper one united with the 
lateral petals. Lip sessile, concave or sac-like, without callosities. Anther short-stalked 
on the column, erect or incumbent, without a lid. Pollen-masses 2, one in each sac, 
angular, attached to a small disk, this cohering with the stigma. Column straight, rela- 
tively small. Capsule erect or drooping. [Goodyera R. Br.] RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. 
Spike one-sided, somewhat spirally twisted : lip ending in an oblong, recurved tip: steme ERE 
Spike cylindric: lip ending in an ovate, straight tip: stigma entire. 2. P. TANK 

1. Peramium ophioides (Fernald) Rydb. Foliage glandular-pubescent. Stem very 
short, leafy : leaves approximate ; blades ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 1-2 cm. long, blotched 
with white, mostly along the cross nerves, abruptly contracted into sheathing petioles, 
glabrate : scapes erect, 1-2.5 dm. tall, simple, with several sheathing bracts, racemes spike- 
like, 6-10 em. long, one-sided : perianth whitish, 4-5 mm. long: galea concave with a 
short recurved tip: lip saccate, with a recurved tip: capsules oblong, 6-8 mm. long. 
[Goodyera repens of Am. Auth., not R. Br. ] 

In damp woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska (?), North Carolina, Minnesota and Colorado. Summer. 

2. Peramium pubéscens ( Willd.) MacM. Foliage more or less pubescent. Stem 
very short, leafy : leaves approximate ; blades leathery, oblong, elliptic or ovate, 2-5 cm. 
long, mottled with white, glabrate or glabrous, contracted into sheathing petioles: spikes 
cylindric, 5-15 em. long, continuous : perianth white or pink, 4-5.5 mm. long: lateral 
sepals ovate: lip saccate, with a blunt tip: capsule oval, 7-9 mm. long. [Goodyera pu- 
bescens ( Willd.) R. PE: 


In woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Tennessee. Summer. 


17. PONTHIEVA R. Br. 

Terrestrial caulescent herbs, with clustered roots and glabrous or pubescent foliage. 
Leaves mainly basal: ,blades thinnish. Flowers in terminal glandular-pubescent 
racemes. Perianth not showy. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral spreading, the middle one 
converging with the petals. Lateral petals nearly like the sepals, adnate to the middle of 
the column. Lip posterior, dilated above, concave, narrowed into a claw and adnate to the 
column below. Anther narrow, on the back of the column, stalked. Column 2-lobed, 
beaked. Pollen-masses 4, narrow, powdery. Capsules erect, beakless. 

l. Ponthieva glandulósa (Sims) R. Br. Roots coarse, elongated : stems scape-like, 
2-5 dm. tall: leaves mainly near the base of the stem ; blades various, those of basal leaves 
oblong or elliptic, 4-12 cm. long, spreading; those of the stem reduced to sheathing 
scales, erect or nearly so : spike glandular-pubescent, 3-15 em. long: bracts linear-lanceo- 
late, 5-10 mm. long : sepals ovate, oblique, 4-5 mm. long, acute: lateral petals larger than 
the sepals; blades about as broad as long, curved, acute, undulate, short-clawed : lip firm. 

In open woods, North Carolina to Florida. Also in tropical America. Fall. 


18. LIMODORUM L. 
, Scapose herbs, with corms arising from similar members of the previous year. Leaf 
solitary, appearing one year, followed the next year by a scape and 1 or 2 basal leaves. 
21 


322 ORCHIDACEAE 


Flowers in a terminal spike or raceme. Perianth showy. Sepals and lateral petals similar 
or the latter narrower or broader, distinct, spreading. Lip spreading, dilated, stalked, 
bearded on the upper surface, with club-shaped hairs. Column elongated, incurved, 2- 
winged above. Anther terminal, sessile, lid-like. Pollen-masses 2, one in each sac, 
loosely granular. Capsules erect. [Calopogon R. Br.] GRASS-PINK. 
Bracts as long as the ovaries or only slightly shorter. 
Middle sepal and petals less than 1.5 em. long: petals acute. 
Petals ovate : lip conspicuously mucronate. 1. L. multiflorum. 
Petals linear-lanceolate: lip barely mucronate. 2. L. pallidum. 
Middle sepal and petals over 2 cm. long: petals obtuse. 3. L. Simpsonii. 
Bracts much shorter than the ovaries. 
4 


Blade of lip much broader than long : hairs of the erest decurrent on the claw. . L. tuberosum. 
Blade of lip barely broader than long: hairs of the crest not decurrent. 5. L. graminifolium. 


1. Limodorum multiflórum (Lindl.) Mohr. Leaves usually 2, basal, 8-15 cm. long, 
sheathing at the base; blades linear, acuminate : scapes 2-4 dm. tall, slender, sometimes 
zigzag: spike continuous, 7-14-flowered: bracts about as long as the ovaries: perianth 
deep purple: lateral sepals obliquely ovate, 10-12 mm. long: lateral petals ovate, acute: 
lip with a broadly cuneate blade, about 1 cm. long, notched and mucronate at the apex, 
crested in the middle with a beard of slender hairs. : 


In low pine lands, peninsular Florida. 


2. Limodorum pallidum (Chapm.) Mohr. Leaves solitary, basal, 1-3 dm. long; 
blades narrowly linear, attenuate, acute, accompanied by 1 or 2 sheathing scales at the 
base : scapes 2-5 dm. tall, slender : spike interrupted, 8-20-flowered : perianth white tinged 
with purple: lateral sepals oblong or obovate, 11-13 mm. long, acuminate : lateral petals 
linear or linear-lanceolate, longer than the sepals, acute: lip with a cuneate-flabellate blade, 
6-8 mm. long, barely mucronate, crested with purplish hairs: capsules oblong or oblong- 
clavate, 1.5 cm. long. 


In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


3. Limodorum Simpsónii (Chapm.) Small. Leaves basal, usually solitary ; blades 
narrow, linear, 3-4 dm. long, erect, finely ribbed: scapes 5-7 dm. tall, slender, wand- 
like : spike few-flowered, soon interrupted : bracts about as long as the ovaries: perianth 
purple : lateral sepals obliquely oblong-ovate, fully 1.5 em. long, acuminate ; middle sepal 
oblong, about 2 em. long, acuminate : lateral petals oblong-ovate, 2.3-2.5 cm. long, ob- 
tuse: lip about 1 cm. long, densely bearded near the apex, the hairs club-shaped : column 
1.2 em. long, curved. 


In low pine lands, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 


4. Limodorum tuberósum L. Leaf usually solitary, basal; blades linear to 
narrowly oblong, 1-4 cm. long, acute: scape solitary, 2-9 dm. tall, straight or curved: 
spike 10-40 cm. long, 3-22-flowered, not dense : perianth pink-purple : bracts much shorter 
than the ovaries, acute: lateral sepals ovate-oblong, fully 1.5 em. long, oblique, acute: 
lateral petals lanceolate or oblong, surpassing the lateral sepals: lip fully 1.5 cm. long, 
with a fan-shaped blade, erose or crenulate at the apex, crested with pink, yellow or 
orange hairs, these decurrent on the claw: capsule oblong, 2-2.5 em. long. [Calopogon 
pulchellus R. Br. ] 

In swamps and meadows, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. Spring and sum- 
mer. 

5. Limodorum graminifélium (Ell.) Small. Leaf solitary, basal, but accom- 
panied by 1 or 2 sheathing scales, 1-2 dm. long; blades narrowly linear, acute, often 
little broader than thick: scapes wire-like, 1.5-4 dm. tall: spike barely interrupted, 3-7- 
flowered : bracts much shorter than the ovaries: perianth bright purple: lateral sepals 
elliptic-oblong, about 1 cm. long, acuminate: lateral petals oblong, ui waste the lateral 
sepals, rather obtuse : lip with a broadly cuneate-obovate blade, barely broader than long, 
crested with yellow hairs ; the claw glabrous. [ Calopogon parviflorus Lindl. ] 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 


19. ISÓTRIA Raf. 

Scapose herbs, with elongated fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves reduced to several scales at 
the base of the scape. Scape solitary, topped by a whorl of several spreading leaf-like 
bracts. Flowers solitary or 2 together at the top of the scape, pedicelled. Perianth dusky 
purple or greenish, erect or ascending. Sepals narrow, nearly equal, sometimes much 
elongated. Lateral petals narrow, shorter than the sepals. Lip slightly 3-lobed, spurless, 


ORCHIDACEAE 323 


sessile, erect from the base of the column, crested. Anther terminal, stalked, with paral- 
lel sacs. Pollen-masses 2 in each sac, powdery-granular, without tails. Capsule erect, 
pedicelled. 


1. Isotria verticillata (Willd.) Raf. Foliage glabrous. Leaves wanting in the flow- 
ering plant or represented by several basal scales: scapes 2-4 dm. tall, topped by a whorl 
of 4-5 bracts: bracts thickish ; blades elliptic to oval or often broadest a little above the 
middle, abruptly acuminate, sessile : peduncles erect or ascending, shorter than the bracts : 
sepals linear or linear-filiform, 2.5-5 em. long, spreading: lateral petals linear, 1.5-2 cm. 
long, erect, entire: lip nearly erect, 3-lobed, crested, 1-1.5 cm. long : capsule oblong, 2-3 
em. long. [Pogonia verticillata ( Willd.) Nutt. ] 

In woods, Ontario to Wisconsin, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


20. POGONIA Juss. 

Caulescent herbs, with slender or cord-like roots and glabrous foliage. Leaves alter- 
nate, sometimes solitary on the stem, sessile, or the basal with long petioles. Flowers soli- 
tary or 2 at the top of the stem. Perianth commonly highly colored. Sepals distinct, 
erect or ascending. Petals distinct, the lateral ones about as long as the sepals or shorter. 
Lip erect from the base of the column, sometimes fringed, crested. Column club-shaped, 
elongated. Anther terminal and stalked on the back of the column : sacs parallel. Pollen- 
masses 2, one in each sac, powdery-granular, tailless. Stigma disk-like, below the anther. 
Capsule erect, ribbed. j 


Sepals and lateral petals about equal in length : lip bearded and crested. 1. P. ophioglossoides. 
Sepals much longer than the lateral petals : lip merely crested. 2. P. divaricata, 

1. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Roots fibrous, cord-like. Foliage green: 
stems 2-5 dm. tall: leaves basal and 1 or 2 on the stem; blades various, those of basal 
leaves oblong-elliptic, 8-13 cm. long, pinched at the apex, tapering into a slender petiole 
longer than the blade ; those of the stem oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, clasping : 
bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller: flowers solitary or several at the top of the stem : 
perianth rose-colored, somewhat nodding: sepals linear-elliptic or oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long, 
acute: lateral petals elliptic or oblong-cuneate, about as long as the sepals: lip spatulate 
or linear-spatulate, fimbriate, crested : capsules oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long. 


In swamps and meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario, Kansas, Florida and Alabama. Spring 
and summer. 


2. Pogonia divaricata (L.) R. Br. Roots fibrous, cord-like. Foliage glaucescent : 
stems 2-6 dm. tall, strict: leaves basal, and 1 or 2 on the stem: blades narrowly oblong 
or oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, entire, sessile and partly clasping: 
bracts similar to the leaves but smaller: flowers normally solitary at the top of the stem : 
perianth deep pink or lilac: sepals linear or nearly so, 2.5-5 cm. long: lateral petals ob- 
long to narrowly elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the sepals: lip 
about as long as the petals, half-tubular, 3-lobed : capsule. 

In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 


21. TRIPHORA Nutt. 

Caulescent herbs, with fleshy tubers. Stem simple. Leaves alternate: blades thick, 
entire. Flowers axillary. Sepals and lateral petals free, ascending, nearly equal. Lip 
erect, neither crested nor spurred, 3-lobed, slightly clawed. Column elongated, club- 
shaped at the summit. Anther terminal, stalked on the back of the column, with parallel 
sacs. Pollen-masses 2, granular-powdery, 1 in each sac, without tails. Stigma a flattened 
disk below the anther. Capsules stalked, drooping. NODDING-CAP. 


1. Triphora trianthóphora (Sw.) Rydb. Roots tuberous: stems sometimes clustered, 


"ad em. high: leaf-blades, 2-10, suborbicular to ovate, 5-20 mm. long, clasping : flowers 
2-i or sometimes solitary, axillary: perianth pedicelled, soon drooping, pale purple, 10- 
16 mm. long: sepals and lateral petals nearly equal, converging, obtuse, rather elliptic : 
lip 3-lobed, about as long as the lateral petals, narrowed into a short claw : capsules oval, 
10-12 mm. long, drooping. [ Pogonia pendula Lindl.] 


In rich woods, Canada to Wisconsin and Kansas, south to Florida. Summer. 


22. EPIPÁCTIS R. Rr. 
Caulescent herbs, with fibrous roots. Leaves alternate: blades plaited, clasping or 
partly so. Flowers several in conspicuously bracted terminal racemes. Sepals and petals 


324 ORCHIDACEAE 


all free and separate. Lip free, concave below, constricted below the dilated and petal-like 
upper portion. Column short, erect. Anther erect, operculate, its sacs contiguous. Pollen- 
masses granulose, 2-parted, becoming attached to the glandular stigma-beak. Capsules 
oblong, beakless. 

1. Epipactis gigantéa Dougl. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, simple, often slightly zigzag : 
leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate near the base of the stem, 1-1.5 dm. long, 
or shorter above, the lower ones clasping or sheathing the stem, the upper merely sessile : 
bracts similar to the leaves but much smaller: raceme pubescent: perianth greenish, pur- 
ple-veined : sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 12-18 mm. long: lateral petals somewhat 
smaller than the sepals: lip about as long as the sepals, the concave portion with erect 
margins and callous-thickened nerves below, the upper portion ovate or lanceolate-ovate, 
entire: capsules oblong, 15-20 mm. long. 

In damp shaded places, British Columbia to California and Texas. Summer. 


23. ARETHUSA L. 


Caulescent herbs, with corm-like rootstocks. Leaves mostly reduced to scales, one with 
a linear blade sometimes near the top of the stem. Flowers usually solitary and terminal. 
Sepals cohering at the base, converging and hooded. Lateral petals similar to the sepals. 
Lip broadly dilated, recurved, spreading above, crested on the inner face. Column nar- 
row, coherent to the lip below, winged and dilated at the apex. Anther incumbent on the 
column: sacs approximate.  Pollen-masses 4, two in each sac, powdery-granular. Capsule 
elongated, erect, angled or ribbed.  Rosr-rir. 

1. Arethusa bulbósa L. Corm 1-2 cm. in diameter: stems scape-like, 1-3 dm. 
tall: leaves various, one basal with a linear blade, 1-1.5 dm. long, others mostly mere 
sheathing scales: flowers solitary or rarely 2, subtendéd by 2 small unequal bracts : peri- 
anth showy, rose-purple, 3-6 mm. long, erect: sepals linear or oblong, 3-4 cm. long ; lat- 
teral ones curved : lateral petals often slightly shorter than the sepals: lip drooping, 2.5- 
3 mm. long, dilated to the toothed or fringed apex, the face often blotched, bearded, 
crested with 3 white hairy lines: capsule 2-2.5 em. long, strongly 6-ribbed. 

In bogs, Newfoundland to Minnesota, the mountains of North Carolina, and Indiana. Spring. 


24. VANILLA Sw. 


Vines climbing by aerial roots. Stems elongated, often with very long internodes. 
Leaves fleshy or leathery : blades sessile or slightly petioled, jointed at the base, rarely 
wanting. Flowers in axillary racemes. Perianth showy.  Sepals and lateral petals 
nearly similar, distinct, spreading. Lip dilated above, adnate to the naked column. 
Anther large, hemispheric, or conic, incumbent.  Pollen-masses rather granular. Capsule 
fleshy, often elongated, sometimes very fragrant, dehiscent, or indehiscent. 

1l. Vanilla planifólia Andr. A vine climbing to a height of several m. Stems 
terete, branching: leaf-blades leathery, oblong or elliptic-oblong, 10-18 cm. long, acute, 
sessile or nearly so: bracts ovate, acute: perianth green, 5-6 em. long, not showy : sepals 
linear-spatulate, slightly involute: lateral petals rather similar to the sepals but shorter 
and narrower, more delicate : lip shorter than the sepals ; blade cornucopia-like, toothed, 
crested : column extending to the toothed portion of the lip: capsules'cylindric, elongated, 
1-2 dm. long, very fragrant when partially dry. 

In forests, peninsular Florida and tropical Ameriea. Also widely cultivated. 


25. ACHROANTHES Raf. 


Caulescent herbs, with short corms. Leaves mostly reduced to scales, and one normally 
with an expanded blade and sheathing base. Flowers ina terminal raceme. Perianth white 
or greenish, not showy. Sepals distinct, spreading, the 2 lateral equal. Lateral petals very 
narrow or filiform, spreading. Lip broad, cordate or auricled at the base. | Anther 2- 
celled, erect or between the auricles of the lip. Pollen-masses 4, two in each sac, waxy, 
tailless and without glands, cohering at the apex. Column embraced by the lip. Capsule 
ribbed, beakless. [Microstylis Nutt.] The plants flower in the summer. ADDER’s MOUTH. 


Lip 3-toothed at the broad apex. 1. A. unifolia. 
Lip entire at the acute apex 
Leaf solitary : pedicels shorter than the capsules. 2. A. monophylla. 


Leaves 2: pedicels as long as the capsules. - 3. A. Floridana. 


ORCHIDACEAE 325 


1. Achroanthes unifolia (Michx.) Raf. Leaves solitary or sometimes 2; blade 
oblong, ovate or oval, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, entire, with bases clasping the scape 
to about the middle: scapes 1-3 dm. tall, usually with a sheathing scale at the base: 
raceme erect, 2-10 em. long: pedicels very slender, spreading: perianth greenish : sepals 
oblong, about 1 mm. long: lip 3-toothed at the apex: capsules oval or globose-oval, 5-6 
mm. long. [ Mierostylis ophioglossoides Nutt. ] 

In open woods and on banks, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida, Alabama and Missouri. 

2. Achroanthes monophylla (L.) Greene. Leaf solitary ; blade oblong-elliptic to 
oval, 3-7 em. long, obtuse, entire, narrowed into a long sheathing base: scape 1-2 dm. 
tall : raceme slender, 3-10 cm. long, often continuous : pedicels ascending or erect, 1-4 mm. 
long, or rarely shorter: sepals linear or nearly so, 1.5-2 mm. long, acute: lip ovate or 
nearly triangular, 2 mm. long, acuminate, erose on the sides: capsules oval or oblong-oval, 
4-5 mm. long, surpassing the pedicels in length. 

In woods, Quebec to Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Texas. 

3. Achroanthes Floridàna (Chapm.) Greene. Leaves 2, basal; blades ovate to 
oblong-ovate, 3-10 cm. long, slightly pointed, rounded or subcordate at the base, thence 
prolonged into narrow sheaths: scapes 1-3 dm. tall: bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate : 
pedicels surpassing the bracts: perianth greenish, 2-3 mm. broad: sepals oblong, about 3 
mm. long, spreading : lateral petals reflexed, twisted : lip cordate, abruptly pointed : cap- 
sules oblong-obovate, 6—7 mm. long, about as long as the pedicels. 

In low woods, Florida. 


26, LEPTORCHIS Thouars. 

Low scapose herbs, with short corms. Leaves 2-6 at the base of the scape, spreading, 
commonly accompanied by several scales. Scape topped by a loosely-flowered raceme. 
Perianth greenish. Sepals 3, narrow. Lateral petals nearly filiform, about as long as 
the sepals. Lip flat, dilated, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elon- 
gated, incurved, thickened and margined above. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen- 
masses 4, two in each sac, waxy, each pair slightly united, without tails and glandless. 
Capsules erect or ascending. [Liparis L. C. Rich.] TwAYBLADE. 


Petals linear: lip 2.5-3.5 mm. broad : capsules oblong. 1. L. Loeselii. 
Petals filiform or linear-filiform : lip 9-12 mm. broad: capsules clavate-oblong. 2. L. liliifolia. 


1. Leptorchis Loesélii (L.) MacM. Leaf-blades elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 5-17 
cm. long, acutish or obtuse, narrowed into petiole-like bases and with the lower part more 
or less involutely folded: scape 0.5-2 dm. tall, ridged : raceme 1.5-8 cm. long, few-flow- 
ered : bracts minute, 1-2 mm. long: pedicels erect or nearly so: sepals narrowly lanceo- 
late, spreading: lateral petals linear, more or less reflexed : lip with a suborbicular blade 
2.5-3.5 mm. broad, abruptly pointed, rather shorter than the sepals and petals : capsules 
oblong, 10-14 mm. long. 


. On springy banks and in wet thickets, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, Maryland, Alabama and 
Missouri. Alsoin Europe. Spring and early summer. 


2. Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kuntze. Leaf-blades relatively broad, ovate, oval or 
oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse or sometimes acute, narrowed into short sheathing 
bases: scape 1-3 dm. tall, often accompanied by one of the preceding year: raceme 3- 
15 em. long: bracts 1-3 mm. long: pedicels ascending, thickened upward : sepals linear: 
lateral petals linear-filiform or filiform, sometimes surpassing ,the sepals: lip erect, about 
as long as the petals, 9-13 mm. broad, cuneate or obovate-cuneate, apiculate: column 
dilated at the apex, incurved : capsules clavate-oblong, 12-18 mm. long. 

In thickets and open woods, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Spring and summer. 


27. CORALLORHIZA R. Br. 

Saprophytic more or less colored herbs, with masses of coral-like branching roots. Stems 
Sometimes clustered. Leaves reduced to sheathing scales. Flowers in terminal racemes. 
Perianth conspicuous but not showy. Sepals nearly equal, the two lateral united with the 
foot of the column forming a short spur, which is adnate to the top of the ovary. Lateral 
petals about as long as sepals, 1-3-nerved. Lip spreading or recurved, adherent to the 
base of the 2-edged or winged column, 1-2-ridged below. Anther terminal, lid-like. 
Pollen-masses 4, a pair in each sac, oblique, free, soft-waxy. Capsules spreading or 
drooping. CORAL-ROOT. CRAWLEY-ROOT. 


A. Lip not 3-lobed, but often erose or finely toothed. ; 
Sepals 1.5-2.5 mm. long : lip oblong or oval, 1.5-2. 5 mm. long. 1. C. micrantha. 
Sepals 2.5-10 mm. long: lip obovate or suborbicular, 2.5-10 mm. long. : : 
Lip not notched, clawless: perianth 6-8 mm. long: column narrowly winged. 2. C. odontorhiza. 


Lip notched, clawed: perianth 12-14 mm. long: column strongly winged. 3. C. Wisteriana. 


326 ORCHIDACEAE 


B. Lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or directed forward. 
Spur obsolete : lip shallowy 3-lobed : capsules 8-10 mm. long. 4. C. Corallorhiza. 
Spur prominent : lip deeply 3-lobed : capsules 12-20 mm. long. 5. C. multiflora. 

1. Corallorhiza micrantha Chapm. Foliage pale or greenish purple. Stems rigid, 
8-15 em. tall: leaves reduced to 2 or 3 sheathing scales: raceme 2-4 dm. long, loosely 
6-12-flowered : pedicels 1-2 mm. long, ascending : sepals linear-oblong, 1.5-2.5 mm. long : 
lateral petals oblong, shorter than the sepals: lip broadly oblong or oval, about as long as 
the petals, rounded at the apex, erose on the sides: capsules oval-obovoid, 6-7 mm. long. 

In woods, Florida. Summer and fall. 

2. Corallorhiza odontorhiza ( Willd.) Nutt. Foliage light or deep purple. Stems 
1-3 dm. tall, sometimes zigzag: leaves reduced to several sheathing scales : racemes 4-10 
em. long, 6-20-flowered : sepals linear, or linear-spatulate, 2.5-3 mm. long: lateral petals 
nearly similar, broader and barely shorter: lip obovate or oval-obovate, about as long as 
the petals, entire or erose, not notched, gradually contracted to the base: column with 
very narrow wings: capsules oval, 6-7 mm. long. 

In woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, Florida and Missouri. Summer. 

3. Corallorhiza Wisteriana Conrad. Foliage light to deep purple or brownish. 
Stems 2-3.5 dm. tall, strict or slightly zigzag: leaves reduced to several sheathing scales : 
racemes 3-10 cm. long, 6-15-flowered : pedicels 2-3 mm. long : sepals linear or linear-lan- 
ceolate: lateral petals nearly similar to the sepals: lip broadly oval or broadly obovate, 
8-10 mm. long, white spotted with crimson, notched at the apex, truncately narrowed into 
a claw: column strongly 2-winged near the base: capsules elliptic-oblong or oblong- 
obovoid, about 1 cm. long, often drooping. 

In woods, Massachusetts to Ohio, Florida and Texas. Winter and spring. 

4. Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L.) Karst. Foliage light purple. Stems 1-3 dm. 
tall: leaves reduced to 2 or 5 sheathing scales: raceme 2-10 cm. long, loosely several- 
flowered : pedicels 1-4 mm. long: perianth dull purple: sepals linear or slightly broad- 
ened upward, 3-4 mm. long: lateral petals similar to the sepals or a little broader, 
shorter : lip oblong, shorter than the petals, with two small lateral teeth below the middle, 
notched or 3-toothed at the apex: capsules oblong or oblong-obovoid, 8-10 mm. long. 
[ Corallorhiza innata R. Br.]. 

In woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, New Jersey, Wisconsin and Washington, and in the mountains 
to Georgia. Spring. 

5. Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. Foliage deep purple. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, stout : 
leaves reduced to several sheathing scales: racemes 5-20 cm. long, 9-30-flowered : perianth 
brownish purple: sepals linear or linear-oblong, 5-7 mm. long: lateral petals oblong, 
shorter than the sepals: lip white, spotted and striped with purple, 3-lobed, crenulate : 
capsules oblong, 12-20 mm. long. 

In woods, Nova Sootia to British Columbia, Florida, Missouri and California. Summer. 


28. APLÉCTRUM Nutt. 

Succulent herbs, from a chain of corms, one of these representing a season's growth. 
Stems scape-like, solitary. Leaves reduced to sessile scales on the stem, a solitary normal 
blade developed in the late summer or fall. Flowers in terminal racemes. Perianth dark- 
colored but conspicuous. Sepals and lateral petals rather similar, narrow. Lip broadened 
upward, slightly 3-ridged, narrowed into a claw at the base, spurless. Column free. 
Anther slightly below the summit of the column. Pollen masses 4, lenticular: capsules 
drooping. ADAM-AND-EveE. PuTTY-ROOT. 

1. Aplectrum spicatum (Walt.) B.S.P. Foliage glabrous. Leaf solitary, de- 
veloped in the fall, erect; blade elliptic, 4-20 cm. long, acute, commonly lasting until 
spring, narrowed into a winged petiole: scape beside the leaf, 2-6 dm. tall, usually with 
3 scales : raceme 5-15 em. long: bracts longer than the pedicels: pedicels stout, shorter 
than the ovary: perianth brownish yellow mixed with purple: sepals linear to linear- 
spatulate, about 1 cm. long: lateral petals nearly like the sepals: lip shorter than the 
lateral petals, undulate-crenulate: column shorter than the lip, curved : capsules oblong, 
2-2.5 cm. long. [A. hiemale Nutt. ] 


In woods and stony soil, Ontario to the Saskatchewan and the mountains of Georgia, Missouri 
aud California, Spring. 


29. TIPULARIA Nutt. 
Acaulescent herbs, with corms of several generations often connected by offsets. Leaf 
solitary, erect, appearing in fall or winter. Scape solitary, appearing in the summer, 
simple, topped by a loosely flowered bractless raceme. Flowers not showy. Perianth green. 


ORCHIDACEAE 327 


Sepals and lateral petals nearly similar, spreading. Lip 2-lobed, produced backward into 
a long slender spur. Column erect, very slightly winged, or wingless. Anther 2-celled, 
terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, waxy, 2 in each sac, each attached to a small trans- 
verse gland. Capsules drooping. CRANE-FLY ORCHIS. 

1. Tipularia unifdlia (Muhl.) B.S.P. Foliage glabrous. Leaf solitary, devel- 
oping in the fall and lasting till spring ; blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-9 cm. long, 
acute or acuminate, truncate or subcordate at the base, plaited, brown-spotted : scape erect, 
3-6 dm. tall, simple: raceme 4 as long as the rest of the scape or shorter: bracts none: 
pedicels spreading: sepals linear or oblong-linear, 6-8 mm. long, rather obtuse : lip as 
long as the petals or shorter, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrow: spur slender, thrice or 
four times as long as the petals: column shorter than the petals, often minutely pubescent 
at the top: capsules oblong, 10-12 mm. long. [T. discolor Nutt.] 

In woods or on banks, Vermont to Michigan, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


30. DENDROPHYLAX Reichenb. f. 

Epiphytic herbs, with dense clusters of roots. Leaves wanting or obsolete. Scape 
simple, slender. Flowers solitary at the top of the scape or few in a terminal raceme. 
Perianth often white. Sepals 3, nearly equal, spreading. Lateral petals nearly like the 
sepals. Lip erect, sessile, 3-lobed, the middle lobe 3-lobed, the lateral lobes angular, each 
prolonged at the base into a filiform spur. Column very short. Anthers 2-celled, ter- 
minal, lid-like, incumbent. Pollen-masses 2, waxy, unappendaged. Capsule beakless. 

1. Dendrophylax Lindénii Benth.  Epiphytic, with fleshy, cord-like roots 1-4 dm. 
long. Stem scape-like, 6-12 cm. long, slender, with several clasping scales: perianth showy : 
sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long: lateral petals similar to the sepals: lip 
ample, 3-5 cm. long, the middle lobe with 2 linear-lanceolate attenuate spreading segments 
5-10 em. long: spur filiform, 10-15 cm. long: capsule oval or oblong-oval, stalked. 

On palms, southern peninsular Florida. Also in Cuba. 


31. EPIDENDRUM L. 

Epiphytic herbs, clinging to the bark of trees. Leaves persistent. Flowering stems 
simple or branched, each terminated by a raceme or panicle. Sepals and lateral petals 
quite similar, and equal, mostly spreading. Lip dilated above: claw wholly or partially 
adnate to the column : blade entire or parted : spur none, or adnate to the ovary. Anther 
lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, stalked. Capsule somewhat elongated, ribbed. TREE ORCHIS. 


Flowering stems with one or several remote scales above the leaves. 
Lip 3-lobed : sepals and lateral petals obtuse or abruptly pointed. 
lp 


Column slightly margined : 3-lobed, the middle lobe not dilated. conopseum, 


. E. 

Column 2-winged: lip 3-parted, the middle lobe dilated. . E Tampense. 
E 
E 


1 
2 
Lip entire: sepals and lateral petals attenuate or acuminate. 

Lip orbicular-reniform : sepals 2-5 em. long : leaf-blades broadly linear. 8. 

Lip rhombic-obovate : sepals 10-11 mm. long: leaf-blades narrowly spatulate. 4 
Flowering stems completely sheathed by the leaf-bases. 

Inflorescence spicate or racemose. 
Sepals and lateral petals 5-7 mm. long: capsules 15-18 mm. long. 
Sepals and lateral petals 4-6 cm. long: capsules 3-4 cm. long. E. nocturnum. 
Inflorescence umbel-like. E. umbellatum. 

1. Epidendrum conópseum Ait. Plants tufted, 5-20 cm. tall. Roots matted: 
leaves 1-3; blades leathery, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, sheathing at the 
base : flowering stems slender, 5-20 cm. long, with a few remote scales: pedicels spread- 
ing, 5-10 mm. long: perianth green, often tinged with purple : sepals spatulate or linear- 
spatulate, 7-10 mm. long: lateral petals similar but usually narrower : lip with 2 callos- 
ities at the base of the blade, this 3-lobed, the lateral lobes crenulate, the terminal one 
notched at the apex : capsules oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long. 

On trees in river swamps and low grounds, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 

2. Epidendrum Tampénse Lindl. Plants tufted, 1.5-6 dm. tall. Leaf-blades linear 
or linear-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, leathery, typically 2 together: flowering stems 
slender, with several remote scales : sepals nearly 2 cm. long, slightly broadened upward, 
lightly shaded with brown : lateral petals slightly shorter than the sepals, rather spatulate, 
of a deeper brown than the sepals : lip 1-1.5 em. long, the middle lobe orbicular or reniform- 
orbicular, 7.5-8.5 mm. wide, crisped, with white edges and a rose-purple center, the lateral 
lobes erect, oblong-lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, white streaked at the base with rose- 
Purple: column 2-winged : capsules oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long. 

On trees, peninsular Florida and the Keys. 


3. Epidendrum cochleàtum L. Plants 2-4 dm. tall. Leaves usually 2; blades 
leathery, broadly linear, 1.5-4 dm. long, acute: flowering stems stout, with 1 or several 


. cochleatum. 
. erythronioides. 


E. rigidum. 


nsp 


328 ORCHIDACEAE 


scales: bracts 5-10 mm. long, lanceolate or ovate: sepals greenish, linear, 2-5 cm. long, 
attenuate : lateral petals similar to the sepals: lip shorter than the petals, purple, entire ; 
blade orbicular-reniform, 2-2.5 cm. broad : capsules oblong, 3-3.5 cm. long. 

In forests, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 

4. Epidendrum erythronioides Small. Plants tufted, 1-2 dm. tall. Leaves 3 at 
the base of the flowering stem, two of them with narrowly spatulate blades 6-12 cm. long 
and scarcely sheathing, and one much smaller and sheathing the lower part of the flower- 
ing stem : bracts deciduous: perianth persistent : sepals broadly linear, or the lateral ones 
linear-elliptic, 10-11 mm. long, acuminate : lateral petals similar to the lateral sepals : lip 
rhombic-obovate, slightly shorter than the lateral petals, 4-5 mm. wide, entire : capsules 
elliptic or oval-elliptie, about 3 cm. long, lustrous. í 

On trees, Key Largo, Florida. Summer and fall. 

5. Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. Plants tufted, 1-4 dm. tall. Flowering stems com- 
pletely sheathed by the leaf-bases: leaf-blades oblong, 4-8 cm. long, obtuse, leathery, ap- 
proximate : bracts ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long: perianth greenish : sepals oblong or ovate-ob- 
long, 5-7 mm. long, acutish : lateral petals linear, about as long as the sepals: lip small ; 
blade deltoid-reniform, 2-2.5 mm. long, with 2 callosities near the base: column dentic- 
ulate, adnate to the claw of the lip: capsules oblong or ovoid, 15-18 mm. long, beaked. 

On trees, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 

6. Epidendrum noctürnum L. Plants 3-7 dm. high. Stems sheathed by the leaf- 
bases : leaf-blades oblong to linear, 8-15 cm. long, obtuse, spreading or ascending : perianth 
white or yellowish : sepals and lateral petals linear, attenuate, 4-6 cm. long: lip 3-cleft, 
the lateral segments ovate-oblong, the terminal segment linear-setaceous, surpassing the lat- 
eral : capsules 3-4 cm. long, each narrowed into a beak at the apex and a stipe at the base. 

On trees, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 

7. Epidendrum umbellàtum Sw. Plants1-3 dm. tall. Stems rather stout, sheathed 
by the leaf-blades, simple: leaves several ; blades leathery, oblong, 4-8 cm. long, obtuse, 
spreading: flowers in nearly sessile umbel-like clusters: bracts ovate or oblong-ovate, rather 
thin: perianth green: sepals oblong or a little broadened upward, about 1 cm. long: 
lateral petals almost similar to the sepals but narrower or sometimes linear: lip orbicu- 
lar-reniform, notched, obscurely 3-lobed: column straight: capsules about 1.5 cm. long, 
constricted at the apex, each narrowed into a slender angled pedicel-like base. 

In the everglades, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 


32. POLYSTACHYA Hook. 


Caulescent herbs inhabiting trees. Stems scape-like above. Leaves few, 2-ranked, 
blades not plaited, sheathing at the base, reduced to sheathing scales above. Flowers in a 
terminal panicle. Perianth not showy. Sepals various, one narrow, two broader, gibbous, 
converging. Lateral petals rather similar to the narrow sepal, but smaller, often much nar- 
rower. Lip sessile, jointed, abruptly bent at the base, 3-lobed. Anther free, lid-like. 
Pollen-masses 4, waxy, hemispheric, unappendaged. Capsules more or less elongated. 

1. Polystachya minüta (Aubl.) Britton. Leaves sheathing the lower part of the 
stem ; blades leathery, oblong or broadly linear, 1-3 dm. long, the sheathing bases per- 
sistent. Flowering stems scape-like, 3-6 dm. long, paniculate above, with sheathing scales: 
perianth greenish yellow: sepals various, the middle one oblong or ovate-oblong, 4 mm. 
long, obtuse, the 2 lateral obliquely ovate, acute, longer : lateral petals linear or slightly 
broadened upward, acute, much shorter than the sepals: lip obovate or cuneate, folded 
up against the lateral sepals, 4 mm..long, hairy within, with 2 small incurved lateral lobes 
and a broad notched middle lobe : capsules usually 1 em. long. [P. luteola Hook. ] 

On trees, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 


33. HEXALECTRIS Raf. 


Succulent herbs, with scaly coral-like rootstocks. Stems scape-like. Leaves reduced 
to sessile scales. Flowers few, in a loose terminal raceme. Sepals and lateral petals rather 
similar. Lip broadened upward, 3-lobed with several crested ridges, neither spurred nor 
gibbous. Column short, free, slightly incurved. Anther lid-like, at the apex of the 
column. Pollen-masses 8, aggregated in a cluster. Capsules drooping, on short pedicels. 

1. Hexalectris aphyllus (Nutt.) Raf. Foliage glabrous. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, stout, 
scape-like : leaves (scales) sheathing or sessile : raceme 5-30 cm. long, interrupted : periant 
brownish purple, striped with lighter purple: sepals linear-oblong or elliptic, more or less 
curved, 1.5-2 cm. long, acutish : lateral petals similar to the sepals but slightly shorter : 


ORCHIDACEAE 329 


lip colored like the petals, shorter than the sepals, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes barely crisped, 
the middle lobe suborbicular, crisped : capsules elliptic-oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long. 
In woods, Virginia to Missouri, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Summer. 


34. BLETIA R. & P. 

Caulescent herbs, terrestrial, or inhabiting trees. Leaves few : blades elongated, firm, 
plaited. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Sepals and lateral petals similar and 
nearly equal. Lip jointed, 5-lobed, hooded, without a spur, crested on the upper surface. 
Column elongated, free, half-terete. Anther fleshy, lid-like. Pollen-masses 8, each pair 
with a stalk. Capsules somewhat elongated, erect or drooping. 


1. Bletia verecánda Sw. Flowering stem lateral, 3-9 dm. tall, simple, with several 
remote short sheathing scales, sooner or later accompanied by a leafy shoot: leaves imbri- 
cated at the base: racemes elongated, simple : bracts very small, 1-4 mm. long: pedicels 
longer than the bracts: perianth showy, mainly deep pink or purplish : sepals oblong to 
oblong-ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long : lateral petals nearly oval, about as long as the sepals, con- 
cave, slightly wavy-margined : lip 1-1.5 em. long, recurved, the middle lobe crisped, 
EO with 7-9 crests, these running as ridges to the base, the lateral lobes broad and 
ear-like. 


In low, pine lands, peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. Spring to fall. 


35. TRIORCHOS Small & Nash. 


Terrestrial herbs, with the flower-stalk lateral and distinct from the leafy stem. 
Leaves erect : blades several-ribbed, those of the flower-stalk reduced to almost bladeless 
sheaths: raceme with narrow elongated bracts. Perianth rather inconspicuous. Sepals 
and lateral petals oblong to elliptic, the lateral sepals slightly adnate to the foot of the 
column, the petals somewhat smaller than the sepals, not adnate to the column-foot. Lip 
crestless, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes widely spreading. Column with thick margins, the foot 
concave and grooved, not dilated. Capsules erect, ribbed. 


. 1. Triorchos ecristatus (Fernald) Small. Tubers several together, 2-2.5 cm. in 
diameter: leaves mainly near the base of the stem ; blades erect, nearly linear to nar- 
rowly linear-elliptie, 2-5 dm. long, acute, strongly 3-ribbed, reduced to sheathing scales 
'above: scape solitary, slender, 4-21 dm. tall: raceme simple, 6-12 cm. long: pedicels 
1-5 mm. long: bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the lower ones 3-5 cm. long, surpassing 
the flowers: perianth brown : sepals oblong or nearly so, 8-10 mm. long : lateral petals 
similar to the sepals: lip crestless, deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe 5-6 mm. broad, sub- 
orbicular, crenulate, the lateral lobes slightly shorter than the middle one, oblong to 
obovate-oblong : capsules erect, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, about 2 cm. long. 

In dry pine lands, eastern and peninsular Florida. Spring and fall. 


36. PLATYPUS Small & Nash. 


Terrestrial plants, with the flower-stalk lateral and distinct from the leafy stem. 
Leaves erect: blades flat, several-ribbed, those of the flower-stalk reduced to almost or 
wholly bladeless sheaths. Raceme elongated, rather inconspicuously bracted. Perianth 
relatively showy. Lateral sepals slightly broadened upward, adnate to and decurrent to 
the base of the dilated and forked foot of the column. Lateral petals shorter than the 
lateral sepals, only partially decurrent on the column-foot. Lip with a crest of nipple-like 
papillae, shallowly 3-lobed, the lateral lobes directed forward. Capsules ascending or 
spreading, ribbed. 


l. Platypus papillíferus Small & Nash. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, furnished with long 
sheathing scales: leaves (normal) developed sooner or later in a cluster beside the stem ; 
blades firm, nearly linear or narrowly linear-elliptic, 2-5 dm. long, acuminate, several- 
ribbed, sheathing at the base: racemes 1-3 dm. long, loosely flowered : bracts 3-6 mm. 
long, about as long as the pedicels at maturity: perianth rather showy : sepals oblong or 
slightly broadened upward, acute, about 1.5 cm. long: lateral petals barely as long as the 
sepals, but broader: lip fully 1.5 cm. long, the middle lobe reniform or orbicular-reni- 
form, 8-10 mm. broad, crisped, not notched, with nipple-like papillae, the lateral lobes 
rounded, with 2 crests between them: column fully } as long as the lip. 

In moist soil, everglades, peninsular Florida. 


330 SAURURACEAE 


37. CYRTOPODIUM R. Br. 

Epiphytic herbs, with the flower-stalk lateral. Leaves borne on a stout club-like stem : 
blades elongated, ribbed, or those of the flower-stalks reduced, mainly to sheathing scales. 
Flowers several or numerous in a terminal panicle. Perianth showy. Sepals and lateral 
petals quite similar. Lip ample, the lateral lobes larger than the middle lobe, the claw 
jointed to the descending slender column-foot. Capsules drooping. 


1. Cyrtopodium punctatum Lindl. Flowering stems 8-15 dm. tall, branched 
above, furnished with large sheathing scales. Leaves partly drooping ; blades firm, 3-7 
dm. long, 2-3 em. wide, broadly linear, acuminate, dilated and sheathing at the base: 
bracts leaf-like, somewhat crisped: pedicels stout, 3-4 cm. long at maturity: perianth 
showy, 3-3.5 em. broad: sepals oval or obovate, fully 1.5 cm. long : lateral petals slightly 
longer than the sepals, thinner, somewhat crisped: lip much broader than long, rather 
butterfly-like, the middle lobe broadly reniform, beaded along the margins, more or less 
deeply notched, the lateral lobes larger, broader than long, with a broad crest between 
them, nearly even along the edge : capsules oblong, 6-10 cm. long, ribbed. 

In dense hammocks, on trees, peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. 


SuscLAss 2. DICOTYLEDONES. 


Stems exogenous, consisting of pith, wood and bark (endogenous in 
rare cases): pith of parenchymatous cells: wood in one or several 
layers surrounding the pith, traversed by medullary rays: bark cover- 
ing the wood. Leaves various: blades mostly pinnately or palmately 
nerved, their bases, or the bases of the petioles articulated. Perianth 
and essential parts of the flower rarely in threes or sixes. Embryo with 
two cotyledons (rarely with only one, or probably none in Cuscuta). The 
first leaves (cotyledons) are opposite. 


Series 1. CHORIPÉTALAE. 


Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting. The series 
embraces most of the families formerly included in the APETALAE and 
the PoLYPETALAE. 5 

Order 1. PIPERALES. 

Herbs of low or moist situations, usually with rootstocks, or shrubs, or rarely 
trees. Leaves normal: blades simple. Flowers perfect, or unisexual. Peri- 
anth wanting. Androecium of several stamens. Gynoecium of one or several 
distinct or united carpels. Fruit berry-like or somewhat capsular, or nut-like. 
Endosperm present. 

Carpels distinct or nearly so, 3-4: ovules 2-8 in each cavity. Fam. 1. SAURURACEAE. 
Carpels united to form a single pistil: ovule 1 in each cavity. Fam. 2. PIPERACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. SAURURACEAE Lindl.  LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY. 

Caulescent herbs, with submerged rootstocks. Leaves alternate, sometimes 
all basal; blades commonly thickish. Inflorescence terminal, spicate or race- 
mose. Flowers perfect, incomplete, subtended by small bractlets. Perianth 
wanting. Androecium of 3-8 stamens. Filaments distinct, subulate, filiform or 
club-shaped, inserted under the ovary or adnate to its base. Anthers introrse. 
Gynoecium of 3-4 distinct carpels, or these united only at the base. Stigmas 
introrse. Ovules 2-8 in each cavity, ascending, orthotropous. Fruit dry or 
berry-like, usually with 1 seed in each carpel. Testa fleshy-leathery. Endo- 
sperm mealy or fleshy, with the minute embryo at the top. 


1. SAURURUS L. 

Marsh herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and erect jointed stems. Leaf-blades dilated : 
stipules sheathing, membranous. Flowers small, white, in slender terminal racemes with 
drooping tips, furnished with minute bractlets which are adnate to each pedicel or ovary. 
Filaments filiform or club-shaped, distinct : anther-sacs opening lengthwise. Pistils 3-4. 
Fruit of the 3-4 accrescent carpels which are distinct or nearly so, and veiny, opening 
lengthwise along the inner side. Seeds subglobose or ovoid. Endosperm mealy. 


PIPERACEAE 331 


1. Saururus cérnuus L. Foliage dark green, glabrous, or glabrate below, the young 
parts and the inflorescence finely pubescent. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, erect from a swollen 
base, which gives off slender roots at the nodes, simple or branched above, angled: leaf- 
blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, or sometimes slightly hastate, 8-15 em. long, acuminate, 
slightly wavy-margined, cordate and often slightly auricled at the base, commonly pubes- 
cent on the nerves; petioles winged, often J as long as the blades: racemes 1-2 dm. long, 
villous: filaments thickened upward, about 4 mm. long: ovary glabrous: fruit depressed, 
2.5-3 mm. broad; carpels nearly distinct, very strongly wrinkled, brown: seed ovoid- 
globose, 0.7 mm. long, shining and transversely wrinkled under an ash-colored coat. 

" In marshes and along streams, Ontario to Minnesota, Connecticut, Florida and Texas. Summer. 
IZARD S-TAIL. 


FAMILY 2. PIPERACEAE H.B.K. PEPPER FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs or trees, with tissues of a firm or a flimsy texture, often pcs- 
sessing spicy or aromatic properties. Leaves leathery, or fleshy, alternate, 
opposite or whorled: blades usually entire, often pellucid-punctate: stipules 
present or wanting. Flowers perfect or unisexual, in solitary or clustered spikes 
or rarely in racemes, subtended by cup-shaped or peltate bractlets. Perianth 
wanting. Androecium of 2-6, or rarely 8 or 10 stamens inserted under the ovary. 
Filaments distinct, sometimes adnate to the base of the ovary. Anthers attached 
at the base, the 2 sacs often confluent. Gynoecium of 8 or rarely more united 
carpels. Ovary 1-celled, sessile or nearly so. Stigmas 3 or many in a brush- 
like mass. Ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous. Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent, 
with a fleshy or thin and almost dry pericarp. Seed solitary, with a membran- 
ous or leathery testa. Endosperm mealy, with the minute embryo at the top. 


1. PEPEROMIA R. & P. 

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, with creeping often tuberous rootstocks. Leaves 
alternate, opposite or whorled : blades fleshy, often pellucid-punctate, sometimes very thin. 
Flowers perfect, minute, in dense or open slender spikes furnished with peltate bractlets. 
Stamens 2: filaments usually short : anthers transversely broadened, 2-valved, extrorse, 
the cavities confluent. Pistil solitary : stigmas forming a brush-like tuft. Fruit small, often 
minute, with a thin pericarp. Seed shaped like the pericarp. 

Leaf-blades thin, 3-nerved, 1-4 em. long : spikes loosely flowered. 1. P. leptostachya. 
Leaf-blades leathery, 5-9-nerved, 6-12 cm. long: spikes densely flowered. 2. P. magnoliaefolia. 

l. Peperomia leptostáchya (Nutt.) Chapm. Foliage finely pubescent. Stems 
erect, 1-4 dm. tall, slender, closely jointed below, simple or branched above, fleshy : leaves 
opposite or whorled ; blades 1-4 em. long, thin, 3-nerved, the lower ones broadly cuneate, 
truncate or retuse at the apex, the upper ones varying from obovate to ovate, obtuse or 
acutish, all petioled: spikes very slender, 2-6 cm. long, loosely-flowered ; bractlets peltate, 
0.6-0.7 mm. in diameter: stamens shorter than the ovary. 

In woods and hammocks, peninsular and eastern Florida. 

2. Peperomia magnoliaefdlia (Jacq.) C. DC. Foliage glabrous. Stem stout: 
leaves alternate; blades leathery, oval varying to ovate or obovate, or rarely broadly cu- 
neate, 6-12 cm. long, truncate, obtuse or notched at the apex, entire, dull, on short, slightly 
winged petioles, 5-9-nerved : spikes slender, 5-10 cm. long, densely flowered : bractlets 
peltate, 0.3-0.4 mm. in diameter: stamens shorter than the ovary. 

In rich woods and hammocks, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 


Order 2. CASUARINALES. 


Shrubs or trees destitute of proper leaves, with loosely jointed angled 
branches. Leaves reduced to scales ; these small, appressed or recurved, 4 or 
more in a whorl at a node, sometimes united into a sheathing base, the midrib 
decurrent on the branches. Flowers unisexual: staminate in slender cylindric 
or 4-angled terminal spikes, subtended by imbricated bracts, often with an ante- 
rior and posterior perianth-part, 1 stamen and a large anther with sacs opening 
lengthwise. Pistillate flowers in dense spikes or cones : perianth wanting : ovary 
I-celled ; styles slightly united at the base, the 2 branches slender. Ovules 1-2 


332 JUGLANDACEAE 


ina cavity, orthotropous or half-anatropous. Fruit a collection of winged 
achenes subtended by the accrescent bracts. Seed solitary, with a membranous 
testa. Embryo straight, with equal flat cotyledons. 


FAMILY 1. CASUARINAÀCEAE Lindl. Brrerwoop FAMILY. 
Characters of the order. 


1. CASUARINA Adans. 
The only genus. BEEFWooD. 


1. Casuarina equisetifdlia Forst. A tree often M0 m. high, with numerous very slender 
Equisetum-like branchlets. Scales (leaves) appressed, or the older ones recurved, 1-3 mm. 
long, acute, ciliate, 6-8 in a whorl at each node, their ribs decurrent as ridges on the 
branches and branchlets: staminate spikes slender, terminal, 1-4 cm. long ; bracts appressed 
and imbricated : stamens exserted : pistillate spikes subglobose on lateral peduncles 1-2 
em. long: fruiting heads globose or oblong, 1-2 cm. in diameter: seeds 2 mm. long, pale, 
with the wing 5 mm. long. 


In sand, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Spring and summer. A native of the East, 
now widely distributed in the tropics. 


Order 3. JUGLANDALES. 

Monoecious aromatic very valuable timber trees, with a close or scaly resi- 
nous bark, and almost naked or scaly buds. Leaves alternate, exstipulate : blades 
pinnately compound, or rarely entire or toothed. Staminate flowers in lateral 
aments, arising from the twigs of the preceding or present year: perianth an 
irregularly 2-6-lobed calyx, which is sometimes united to a bract, or wanting : 
androecium of several rows of stamens inserted on the calyx ; filaments distinct ; 
anther-sacs opening lengthwise. Pistillate flowers solitary or clustered, terminal, 
consisting of an incompletely 2—4-celled ovary, subtended by an involucre com- 
posed of a more or less united bract and 2 lateral bractlets: calyx of 1 or sev- 
eral parts inserted on the ovary : style or stigmas terminal, the latter sometimes 
plumose: ovule solitary, orthotropous, erect. Fruit drupe-like, the hard or 
fibrous dehiscent or indehiscent husk enclosing a crustaceous or bony smooth or 
sculptured nut. Seed oily, with a membranous testa. Endosperm wanting. 
Embryo large, with fleshy wrinkled often 2-lobed cotyledons. 


Famity 1. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. WALNUT FAMILY. 


Characters of the order. 
Staminate aments stout, simple, sessile or short-stalked : husk indehiscent: nut sculptured. 1. JUGLANS. 
Staminate aments slender, branched, long-stalked : husk dehiscent: nut not sculptured. 2. HICORIA. 


1. JUGLANS L. 

Trees often subglobose in outline, with durable and aromatic wood, watery sap, and 
a furrowed resinous bark. Pith in plates. Leaflets conduplicate in vernation: blades 
membranous. Staminate aments solitary, simple, arising from the branchlets of the pre- 
ceding year, drooping : calyx 3-6-lobed : stamens in several rows: anthers glabrous, each 
surmounted by a conspicuous connective.  Pistillate flowers solitary or several in terminal 
spike-like clusters on the twigs of the present year: sepals adnate to the ovary : ovary in- 
ferior: stigmas plumose, spreading. Fruit globose or oblong-cylindric, sometimes obscurely 
angled: husk indehiscent, glabrous or glandular-hirsute : nut deeply sculptured, thick- 
walled. Seed with 2-lobed cotyledons. The plants flower in the spring and mature their 
fruit in the fall. 


Fruit elongated, viscid-pubescent : nut 4-angled, 2-celled below the middle: heart-wood light brown. 
1. J. cinerea. 
Fruit globose or subglobose, glabrous: nut not angled, 4-celled below the middle: 
heart-wood dark brown. 


JUGLANDACEAE 333 


Leaflets with lanceolate or narrowly-lanceolate blades: fruits 5-8 em. in diameter. 2. J. nigra. 
Leaflets with ovate or ovate-lanceolate blades: fruits about 2 em. in diameter. 3. J. rupestris. 

1. Juglans cinérea L. A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 30 m., with a 
trunk diameter of 1 m., the heart-wood pale, the bark light brown. Leaves 3-6 dm. long, with 
stout pubescent petioles ; leaflets 11-17, the blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 
6-12 em. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, serrate, inequilateral at the base, sessile or 
short-stalked, viscid-pubescent, but at length glabrous above: staminate aments 6-15 cm. 
long: anther with an apiculate appendage: fruits spicate, oblong, 8-12 em. long, usually 
acute, very viscid-pubescent : nut shaped like the husk, 1-celled above, 2-celled below the 
middle, the surface sculptured into thin brittle irregular longitudinal ridges. 

In moist soil or rich woods, New Brunswick to North Dakota, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas and 
Nebraska. BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT. 

2. Juglans nigra L. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 50 m. and a trunk 
diameter of 2.5 m., producing a dark brown heart-wood, the bark dark brown, broken into 
broad ridges. Leaves 3-6 dm. long, with stout pubescent petioles ; leaflets 15-23 (the ter- 
minal one often suppressed), the blades 8-10 cm. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or 
acuminate, serrate, rounded or subcordate at the inequilateral base, sessile or nearly so, 
becoming glabrous above, pubescent beneath: staminate aments 5-10 cm. long: anther 
tipped by the dilated connective : fruits globose or globose-ovoid, 5-8 cm. long, rounded at 
the apex, glabrous: nut globose-ovoid, slightly flattened, sometimes broader than high, 
2-celled above, 4-celled below the middle, the surface sculptured into thick irregular 
ridges. 

In rich soil, Massachusetts to Ontario and Minnesota, Florida, Texas and Nebraska. WALNUT. 
BLACK WALNUT. 

3. Juglans rupéstris Engelm. A small tree, sometimes reaching a height of 16 m. 
and a trunk diameter of 1.5 m., the bark pale, deeply furrowed. Leaves 2-3 dm. long, with 
slender pubescent petioles ; leaflets 9-23, the blades lanceolate or narrowly-lanceolate, 
acuminate, distantly serrate with appressed rather blunt teeth, often scythe-shaped, inequi- 
lateral, especially near the base, short-stalked, pubescent when young, usually becoming 
glabrous in age: staminate aments 5-10 cm. long: anther tipped by the dilated connec- 
tive: fruits globose, about 2 em. in diameter, solitary, or often 2 together, glabrous: 
nut subglobose, grooved, 4-celled below the middle. : 

In valleys, middle Texas to New Mexico and northern Mexico. WALNUT. 


2. HICORIA Raf. 


Trees, cylindric in outline, with hard and very tough wood, a watery sap, and a close 
or scaly bark. Pith solid. Leaflets involute in vernation: blades usually leathery. 
Staminate aments often branched, clustered on the twigs of the preceding year or at the 
base of the twigs of the present year, mostly long-stalked : calyx 3-lobed or rarely 2-lobed, 
subtended by an almost free bract ; this longer than‘the calyx-lobes: stamens 3-10, in 
several rows : anthers 2-celled, pubescent, each notched at the apex ; sacs opening length- 
wise, with an inconspicuous connective. Pistillate flowers in spike-like clusters at the ends 
of the twigs of the present year: calyx of 1 sepal adnate on the ovary : ovary inferior : 
stigmas spreading. Fruit subglobose, obovoid or cylindric: husk becoming dry, 4-valved, 
splitting more or less readily to the middle or base, its angles sometimes winged : nut 
smooth, thin-walled or thick-walled, more or less flattened. Seed sweet or bitter. [Carya 
Nutt.] The plants flower in the spring and mature their fruit in the fall. 


kn Poe tue entire or merely notched at the apex : nuts terete or slightly flattened, smooth and even, 
flets 5-9: nuts with exceedingly thick shells. 1. H. myristicaeformis. 
Leaflets 9-15: nuts with thin shells. 
Leaflets with stalked blades: nut terete: seed sweet. 2. H. Pecan. 
i Leaflets with sessile or nearly sessile blades: nuts flattened: seed bitter. 3. H. Texana. 
Cotyledons deeply 2-lobed : nuts markedly flattened, usually uneven. 
Bud-scales valvate : lateral leaflets mostly falcate. 
Leaflets 9-13, glabrous: nuts corrugated. 4. H. aquatica. 
Leaflets 5-9, pubescent beneath : nuts smooth. s 5. H. minima. 
Bud-scales imbricated : lateral leaflets not falcate. 
* Middle lobe of the staminate calyx, much larger than the lateral : husk 
of the fruit freely splitting to the base. 
Bark close, but rough : foliàge scurfy or pubescent. 
Rachis of the leaves and staminate aments scurfy pubescent at least 
when young. 
Rachis of the leaves and staminate aments densely hirsute. 
Bark shaggy, separating in long plates : foliage glabrous or puberulent. 
fLeaflets 7-9: nuts pointed at both ends. 8. H. laciniosa. 


No 


. H. pallida. 
H. alba. 


334 JUGLANDACEAE 


+7 Leaflets 3-5: nuts rounded or notched at the base. 


Twigs and lower surface of the leaflets puberulent. 9. H. ovata. 
Twigs and lower surface of the leaflets glabrous or 
glaucous. 10. H. Carolinae-septentrionalis. 


** Middle lobe of the staminate calyx about equal to the lateral, 
exeept in No. 12: husk of the fruit not freely splitting to 


the base. 
Bark shaggy : fruit mostly subglobose : nut thin-shelled : seed 
sweet. 11. H. microcarpa. 
Bark close: fruit mostly obovoid: nut thick-shelled: seed 
bitter. 


Foliage glabrous: staminate calyx with an elongated acute 
middle lobe : anther-saes acute. 
Foliage pubescent: staminate calyx with a short blunt 
middle lobe : anther-sacs obtuse. 13. H. villosa. 
1. Hicoria myristicaefórmis ( Michx. f.) Britton. A forest tree 20-35 m. tall, with 
a trunk rarely 1 m. in diameter. Bark scaly: bud-scales scurfy or tomentose: leaves 1-3 
dm. long ; leaflets 5-9, the blades oblong or ovate-lanceolate to obovate, 5-12 cm. long, 
acute or acuminate, rather coarsely serrate: staminate aments 6-10 cm. long, pubescent 
with brown scurfy hairs: fruit elliptic or elliptic-obovoid, 2.5-3.5 em. long, prominently 
4-ridged to the base, scurfy-pubescent : husk splitting to the base: nut apiculate at both 
ends, exceedingly hard, furrowed. 
In low grounds or on hillsides, South Carolina and Arkansas to Alabama, Texas and Mexico. 


2. Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britton. A slender tree, reaching a height of about 50 
m., with a maximum trunk diameter of about 2 m. Bark somewhat roughened : foliage 
pubescent when young, nearly glabrous in age: bud-scales few, valvate: leaves 1.5-3 dm. 
long; leaflets faleate, 11-15, the blades oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, acuminate, short- 
stalked: staminate aments 12-15 em. long, sessile or nearly so near the ends of the twigs of 
the preceding season, or rarely on the twigs of the present season: fruit oblong, 3.5-5 cm. 
long, with a thin, 4-valved husk: nut oblong-cylindric, terete or nearly so, acute, thin- 
shelled, 2-celled at the base, the partitions very astringent, the seed very sweet. 

In moist soil and along streams, Iowa to Kentucky and Texas. Also introduced into the eastern 
GulfStates. PECAN. 

3. Hicoria Texàna LeConte. A small often bushy tree with a broad or rounded 
head, sometimes 26 m. tall. Bark rough: leaves 2-4 dm. long; leaflets 9-13, the blades 
firm, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 em. long, somewhat acuminate, falcate, shal- 
lowly serrate, dark green above, paler beneath, sessile or nearly so : staminate aments slen- 
der, 5-11 em. long: fruit oblong: nut much flattened, oblong or ovoid-oblong, smooth, the 
seed very bitter. 

In low grounds or river swamps, Texas. 


4. Hicoria aquatica (Michx. f.) Britton. A slender tree, sometimes 30 m. tall, with 
a maximum trunk diameter of about 1 m. Bark flaky : foliage pubescent, or glabrate in 
age: bud-seales valvate: leaves very numerous ; leaflets 9-13, the blades lanceolate, or the 
terminal one oblong, 5-15 cm. long, long-acuminate, more or less lustrous, all but the ter- 
minal one faleate: staminate aments in 3's, arising from the shoots of the season or rarely 
on the twigs of the previous year, peduncled: fruit subglobose, but beaked, 2.5-3 em. 
thick, with a thin rigid, tardily 4-valved husk: nut 4-angled, slightly flattened, pointed, 
corrugated, thin-shelled, the seed very bitter. 

In river swamps and wet woods, Virginia to Illinois, Florida and Texas. WATER HICKORY. 


5. Hicoria mínima (Marsh.) Britton. A slender tree, reaching a height of 30 m., 
with a maximum trunk diameter of about 1 m. Bark close, with shallow furrows and 
flat ridges: foliage minutely pubescent or glabrate in age: bud-scales few, valvate : leaves 
1.5-3 dm. long; leaflets 5-9, the blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 8-15 
em. long, sessile, all but the terminal one falcate : staminate aments in 3's, arising from the 
bases of the shoots of the season, or rarely on the twigs of the previous year, peduncled : 
fruit subglobose, 2.5-3 cm. thick, slightly 6-ridged, with a thin, tardily 4-valved husk: 
nut slightly flattened, often larger than that of H. aquatica, short-pointed, thin-shelled, 
smooth, the seed intensely bitter. [Carya amara N Pe 

In swamps and low woods, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. 

6. Hicoria pallida Ashe. A forest tree, with a very rough pale bark and purple- 
brown twigs. Buds acute, with 5-9 scales : leaves numerous, pale green ; leaflets 7-9, the 
blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, with numerous silvery scales beneath, 
glabrous or nearly so at maturity : rachis pubescent with stellate hairs at least when young : 
staminate aments slender, 8-12 em. long : calyx with the middle lobe longer than the lat- 
eral : fruit subglobose or oval to obovoid-pyriform, the husk rather thin, sometimes tardily 
splitting: nut flattened, whitish or pale. 

In dry soil, Virginia to Tennessee, Florida and Alabama. 


[er 
t2 


. H. glabra. 


JUGLANDACEAE 335 


7. Hicoria alba (L.) Britton. A forest tree, reaching a height of about 30 m. and a 
maximum trunk diameter of nearly 1.5 m. Bark rather close, in flat ridges: foliage 
tomentose : bud-scales imbricated : leaves ample ; leaflets 7-9, the blades oblong, oblong- 
lanceolate, or the upper broadest above the middle, 8-13 cm. long, short-acuminate, acute 
or rounded at the base, sessile: staminate aments in 3’s, 10-15 em. long, peduncled : fruit 
globose or globose-obovoid, 4-6 cm. in diameter, the thick husk readily splitting to the 
base: nuts slightly flattened, acute, angled, thick-shelled, the seed sweet. [Carya tomentosa 
(Lam.) Nutt. ] 


In stony or rich soil, Massachusetts to Ontario and Nebraska, Florida and Texas. 


8. Hicoria lacinidsa (Michx. ) Sarg. A forest tree, reaching a height of 40 m. and a 
maximum trunk diameter of about 1.5 m. Bark separating in narrow plates: foliage 
densely puberulent when young: bud-scales imbricated : leaves ample ; leaflets puberulent 
beneath in age, 7-9 or rarely 5, the blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or the upper broadest 
above the middle, acute or acuminate, 10-20 cm. long: staminate aments in 3’s, peduncled, 
arising from the base of the shoots of the year: fruit broadly oblong or oblong-obovoid, 
5-8 em. long, with a thick husk which readily splits its entire length : nut broadly oblong, 
pointed at both ends, slightly flattened, the seed sweet. [Carya sulcata Nutt. ] 

In rich soil, New York to Iowa, Kansas, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. KING- 
NUT. BIG SHAG-BARK. 

9. Hicoria ovàta (Mill.) Britton. A forest tree, reaching a height of 40 m. and a 
maximum trunk diameter of 1.5 m. Bark separating in large plates: foliage pubescent 
when young, glabrate in age: bud-scales imbricated : leaves deep green; leaflets 5 or 
rarely 7, the blades oval or oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 em. long, acuminate, sessile: stami- 
nate aments in 3’s, on the shoots of the season, peduncled : fruit subglobose, 3-5 cm. thick, 
with a thick early 4-valved husk: nut slightly flattened, pointed, slightly angled, with a 
thin shell, the seed sweet. [Carya alba Nutt. ] 

In rich soil, Quebec to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida and Texas. SHELL-BARK HICKORY. SHAG-BARK. 


10. Hicoria Carolinae-septentrionàlis Ashe. A forest tree, 20-40 m. tall, with a 
deep gray bark hanging in loose strips, and slender, smooth and glaucous, purplish brown 
twigs. Bud-scales 8-10, the inner much enlarged in unfolding : terminal bud ovoid-lanceo- 
late, truncate : young foliage blackening in drying : leaves numerous, usually crowded at the 
ends of the branchlets ; leaflets 3-5, the blades lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so, 6-15 cm. 
long, glabrous, ciliate, with few resinous globules: staminate aments glabrous: fruit sub- 
globose, 1.5-3 em. in diameter, the husk early separating in 4 valves : nut white or brownish, 
flattened, angled, thin-shelled, cordate or subcordate at the top, the seed sweet. 

In sandy or rocky woods or bottoms, Delaware to Kentucky, Georgia and Alabama. 


11. Hicoria microcárpa (Nutt.) Britton. A forest tree, sometimes 25 m. tall and 
rarely 1.5 m. thick near the base. Bark separating into thin plates: foliage glabrous in 
age: bud-scales imbricated : leaves resembling those of H. ovata; leaflets 5-7, the blades 
oval, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, 6-14 em. long, sometimes rounded 
at the base: staminate aments in 3’s, glabrous or nearly so, peduncled : fruit subglobose, 
2-2.5 em. in diameter, the thin husk tardily splitting: nut slightly flattened, hardly 
angled, acute, thin-shelled, the seed sweet. 


In rieh woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, Missouri and Georgia. 


..12. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. A forest tree, reaching a height of 60 m., 
with a trunk diameter sometimes over 1.5 m. Bark close, in flat ridges : foliage glabrous 
or nearly so: bud-scales imbricated : leaves 1.5-3 dm. long ; leaflets 3-7 or rarely 9, 7-15 
cm. long, the blades acuminate, often firm and lustrous, commonly oblong or oblong-lanceo- 
late, usually acute at the base : staminate aments in 3's, peduncled, 6-10 cm. long: fruit 
subglobose to obovoid or pyriform, 3.5-5 cm. long, with a thinnish, tardily separating 
husk : nut often brown, angled, acute, thick-shelled, the seed bitter and astringent. 

,. In woods, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas.—A form with larger hirsute leaflets and larger 
fruit is known as H. glabra hirsüta Ashe ; it ranges from Virginia to Georgia. PrG-NUT Hickory. 
l3. Hicoria villósa (Sarg.) Ashe. A small or medium-sized tree, with a deeply 
furrowed dark gray bark and glabrous or nearly glabrous, bright purple-brown twigs. 
Buds various, the lateral mostly short-stalked, all with 6-8 scales, the outer scales with resi- 
nous globules: leaves 1-3 dm. long ; leaflets 5-9, the blades oblong to oblong-oval, or slightly 
broadest above or below the middle, 8-12 cm. long, covered beneath with silvery peltate 
scales and resinous globules, and usually pubescent: petioles and rachis pubescent: stami- 
nate aments 5-10 cm. long, pubescent : fruit obovoid or globose-obovoid, about 2.5 em. long, 
the husk partly splitting : nut brown, thick-shelled, angled : seed small. 


In open woods, Missouri and Arkansas. 


336 MYRICACEAE 


Order 4. LEITNERIALES. 

Dioecious shrubs or trees, with a watery sap, slightly furrowed bark and terete 
pithy branchlets. Leaves alternate: blades entire, leathery-membranous, elon- 
gated, the margins slightly thickened, undulate, deciduous: stipules wanting. 
Aments dioecious, appearing before the leaves: staminate with acuminate con- 
cave imbricated bracts inserted on a stout pubescent rachis: perianth wanting : 
stamens 3-12, inserted on the receptacle-like stalk of the bract : filaments filiform- 
subulate, slightly dilated at the base, incurved : anthers introrse, notched at the 
apex. Pistillate aments mostly near the ends of the branchlets, the bracts like 
those of the staminate, but acute, subtending the minute perianth of gland-fringed 
scales. Gynoecium a single carpel. Ovary sessile or nearly so, 1-celled, ob- 
lique: style eccentric, constricted at the junction with the ovary: stigma in- 
trorse. Ovule solitary, ascending, half-anatropous. Fruit a collection of drupes 
each subtended by the little-changed bract. Embryo with cordate cotyledons. 


FAMILY 1. LEITNERIACEAE Drude. Corkwoop FAMILY. 


One genus in the southern and south-central United States. Its morpholog- 
ical characters associate it with MYRICACEAE, while its anatomy is nearer to that 
of the HAMAMELIDACEAE. 


1. LEITNERIA Chapm. 
Characters of the order. 


Leitneria Floridana Chapm. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 7 m. anda 
maximum trunk diameter of 14 cm., with a gray bark and very light wood. Leaf-blade, 
narrowly elliptic, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, or rarely oval, 10-20 cm. long, mostly acutes 
sometimes obtuse or apiculate, becoming thickish, rugose, glabrous above except the mid- 
rib and lateral nerves, densely pubescent beneath; petioles 3-6 cm. long, pubescent : 
staminate aments cylindric, 3-4 cm. long, pubescent, with triangular-ovate, acuminate 
bracts varying from 4-5 mm. in length : pistillate aments smaller than the staminate, their 
bracts ovate, acute, pubescent : ovary pubescent: stigma rather foliaceous: drupes elliptic, 
15-17 mm. long, slightly compressed. The wood weighs about 12} pounds to the cubic 
foot, being lighter than cork and probably the lightest wood known. 

In swamps, southern Missouri to Texas and Florida. Spring. 


Order 5. MYRICALES. 


Dioecious or sometimes monoecious aromatic shrubs or small trees, commonly 
with a smooth bark. Leaves alternate, mostly without stipules: blades simple, 
resinous-dotted. Staminate flowers in elongated axillary aments, each consist- 
ing of 2-8 stamens on a bract. Filaments short, somewhat united at the base. 
Anthers extrorse.  Pistillate flowers in short axillary aments. Gynoecium of 2 
united carpels on a bract, subtended by two bractlets and surrounded by 2-8 
short or elongated scales. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Ovule solitary, 
erect, orthotropous. Fruit a nut, whose epicarp often excretes particles of wax. 
Seed solitary, with a thin-membranous testa. Embyro central. 


Famity 1. MYRICACEAE Dumort. BAYBERRY FAMILY. 


Characters of the order. 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid ; stipules present: scales surrounding the ovary 8, awl-shaped, conspicuous. 
1. COMPTONIA. 


Leaf-blades entire or toothed ; stipules wanting : scales surrounding the ovary 2-4, very] 


short, inconspicuous. 2. MORELLA. 


MYRICACEAE 337 


1. COMPTONIA Banks. 


Commonly monoecious aromatic shrubs. Leaves approximate: blades narrow, pin- 
natifid, rather thin. Staminate aments elongated, axillary. Stamens 3-6 on each bract : 
filaments shorter than the anthers: anthers erect. Pistillate aments axillary, subglobose, 
spiny. Ovary 1-celled, subtended by 2 bractlets and surrounded by 8 long persistent awl- 
shaped scales: nut smooth, surrounded by a bur-like involucre formed by the accrescent 
scales of the flower. 

1. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter. An aromatic finely pubescent shrub, 3-10 
dm. tall, with erect or spreading branches. Leaves deciduous: blades linear-oblong or 
linear-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acute or acutish, pinnately cleft into many oblique obtuse 
entire or sparingly toothed segments, minutely pubescent, especially beneath, short- 
petioled : staminate aments narrowly-cylindric, 1-3 cm. long, with triangular-reniform 
acuminate pubescent subcordate bracts which vary from 3—4 mm. in length.  Pistillate 
aments bur-like, their bracts reniform, the 8 scales surrounding the ovary awl-shaped : 
nut ovoid, 5 mm. long, brown, shining, striate. [Comptonia asplenifolia ( L.) Gaertn. ] 

On dry hillsides, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Michigan, Indiana, Tennessee and North Carolina. 
Spring. SWEET FERN. 

2. MORÉLLA Lour. 

Mostly dioecious, sometimes evergreen, aromatie shrubs, or smalltrees. Leaves alter- 
nate : blades fleshy-leathery, often toothed, especially toward the apex. Staminate aments 
axillary, elongated. Stamens 2-8 on a bract : filaments short, somewhat adherent at the 
base: anthers erect, 2-celled. —Pistillate aments axillary, short, not spiny. Ovary solitary, 
l-celled, subtended by 2-4, or rarely more, short inconspicuous scales. Drupe-like nut 
with a fleshy epicarp which excretes granules of wax. WAx-MYRTLE. BAY-BERRY. 


Shrub, 2-6 dm. tall, with woody horizontal underground stems (rootstocks). 1. M. pumila. 
Trees or shrubs, 1-12 m. tall, without rootstocks. 
. Drupes 2-3 mm. in diameter. 2. M. cerifera. 


Drupes 4-7 mm. in diameter. 

Leaf-blades dull above, toothed, usually pubescent and glandular beneath. 3. M. Carolinensis. 

Leaf-blades lustrous above, entire, glabrous and dull green beneath. 4. M. inodora. 

1. Morella pümila (Michx.) Small. A low much branched shrub, 2-6 dm. tall. 
spreading by horizontal rootstocks. Stems erect or ascending, often tufted: leaves numer- 
ous; blades leathery, varying from obovate to linear-spatulate, cuneately narrowed at the 
base, obtuse or acute at the apex, commonly toothed near the apex, glandular, mostly 
pubescent beneath, dark green above, sessile or nearly so : staminate aments 5-8 mm. long, 
with reniform-flabellate bracts : pistillate aments much smaller, their bracts suborbicular, 
Si ku than long: fruits globose, 3.5-4 mm. in diameter. [Myrica cerifera y pumila 
Michx. 


In sandy barrens, Georgia and Florida. Flowers in winter or in early spring and fruits in the fall. 


2. Morella cerífera (L.) Small. An evergreen shrub, or a small tree, reaching a maxi- 
mum height of about 12 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of 30 cm. Stems usually 
ascending, often much curved, with a pale bark : leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong-oblan- 
ceolate, 3-10 em. long, acute or acutish, entire or sharply and coarsely toothed, especially 
toward the apex, glandular, becoming glabrous, except the midnerve beneath, yellowish- 
resinous, narrowed into slender petioles, which are usually less than 1 em. long : staminate 
aments about 1-1.5 cm. long, with reniform-flabellate bracts : pistillate aments shorter than 
the sterile, with broadly ovate bracts: fruits globose, about 2-3 mm. in diameter: seeds 
oblong. [Myrica cerifera L.] 

In sandy soil, Maryland and Arkansas to Florida and Texas. Spring. 

3. Morella Carolinénsis (Mill. ) Small. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with little or no pubes- 
cence. Stems erect or ascending, more or less twisted, clothed with a pale smooth bark : 
leaf-blades elliptie, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, 2-10 em. long, obtuse or sometimes 
acute, entire near the base, shallowly toothed toward the apex, glandular and sometimes 
pubescent beneath ; petioles usually 5 mm. long, rarely about 1 em. long: staminate aments 
1-1.5 cm. long, their bracts mainly reniform-flabellate: pistillate aments much smaller 
than the staminate, with ovate, acute bracts: fruits globose, 4-5 mm. in diameter: seeds 
oblong. [Myrica Carolinensis Mill. } 

In sandy soil, Nova Scotia to Florida and Alabama, chiefly near the coast, but also on the shores 
of Lake Erie, and in swamps inland. Spring. 

. #. Morella inodóra (Bartr.) Small. An evergreen shrub or small tree reaching a 
height of 6 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of nearly 9cm. Stems often straight, clothed 
22 


338 SALICACEAE 


with a nearly white bark : leaf-blades leathery, oblong-obovate, elliptic-obovate, or some- 
times spatulate, 4-8 cm. long, obtuse, usually entire, lustrous above, bright green beneath ; 
petioles short, partially winged: staminate aments stout, 1-1.5 mm. long, their bracts 
orbicular-ovate, about as broad as high : pistillate aments elongated, slender, their bracts 
loosely imbricated, orbicular-ovate, broader than long: fruits globose, 5-7 mm, in diam- 
eter, often solitary: seeds oblong or oblong-ovoid. | Myrica inodora Bartr. ] 


About pine-land ponds and swamps, near the coast, Florida. Flowers during February and March. 


Order 6. SALICALES. 


Dioecious shrubs or trees, with soft weak wood and bitter bark. Leaves 
alternate, with or without stipules: blades simple, entire or toothed: inflores- 
cence consisting of bracted aments. Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts. 
Perianth (?) a gland or a cup-shaped disk. Staminate flowers of 2 or more sta- 
mens: anthersintrorse, innate. Pistillate flowers similarly disposed. Gynoecium 
of 2 or rarely 4 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled with 2—4 parietal placentae: 
stigmas 2—4, more or less divided and sometimes raised on a short style. Ovules 
numerous. Fruit a dehiscent capsule. Seeds numerous, each bearing a coma. 
Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight. 


FAMILY 1. SALICACEAE Lindl. WILLOW FAMILY. 
Characters of the order. 
Bracts incised : disk cup-shaped: stamens usually 10 or more, or rarely 7 or 8: stigmas 


elongated and expanded: winter-buds with several scales. 1. POPULUS. 
Bracts entire: disk reduced to 1 or more axillary glands: stamens less than 10 : stigmas 
short, not expanded : winter-buds with one scale each. 2. SALIX. 


1. POPULUS L. 

Large trees, with furrowed bark and stout twigs terminated by scaly, often resinous 
buds. Leaf-blades palmately veined, usually coarsely toothed, or lobed ; the relatively 
long petioles, sometimes laterally flattened, subtended by membranous, caducous stip- 
ules. Flowers in drooping lateral aments, adapted to anemophilous pollination: bracts 
membranous, lobed or fimbriate at the apex, usually caducous: disk cup-shaped, often 
oblique, entire, toothed or irregularly lobed, adnate to the pedicel of the flower. Stamens 
adnate to the disk: filaments distinct, glabrous: anthers purple or red. Ovary sessile in 
the disk, glabrous, or rarely villous: style short: stigmas dilated. Ovules anatropous. 
Capsule opening by 2-4 recurved valves. The plants flower in the spring and mature their 
fruit in the summer. 


Petioles much flattened laterally. 
Leaf-blades ovate or suborbicular. 
Leaf-blades erenate-dentate: bracts usually surpassing the pistils. 
Leaf-blades sinuate-dentate : bracts usually shorter than the pistils. 
Leaf-blades deltoid or somewhat reniform. 


1. P. tremuloides. 

2 

Stamens 6-8: branches erect. 3. P. dilatata. 
4 


p grandidentata. 


Stamens 50 or more: branches spreading. 
Leaf-blades mostly longer than broad : disk very small and inconspicuous. 
Leaf-blades mostly broader than long: disk large, usually conspicuous. 
Leaf-blades truncate and slightly cordate at the base, with many 


. P. deltoides. 


relatively small teeth : pedicels mostly Jess than 4 mm. long. 5. P. Fremontii. 
Leaf-blades more or less cuneately narrowed on the petiole, with few C DE 
relatively large teeth : pedicels mostly over 5 mm. long. 6. P. Wislizent. 


Petioles terete or channeled. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so when mature, not lobed. 
Stigmas dilated : leaf-blades acuminate: anthers about as broad as long: 


capsules less than 1 cm. long. 7. P. candicans. 
Stigmas narrow : leaf-blades blunt: anthers about twice as long as broad : 
capsules over 1 em. long. 8. P. heterophylla. 
Leaf-blades persistently white-tomentose beneath, 3-5-lobed. 9. P. alba. 


1. Populus tremuloides Michx. A slender tree, reaching a maximum height of 


about 30 m. and a trunk diameter of 1 m., with glabrous foliage, except the ciliate margins 


! Prepared with the assistance of Dr. W. W. Rowlee. 


SALICACEAE 339 


of young leaves. Bark rather smooth: leaves numerous, very restless on account of the 
slender elongated petioles; blades ovate or orbicular-ovate, 3-8 em. long, or larger on 
young plants, crenate, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base: staminate aments 4-6 
em. long, 6-8 mm. thick: stamens about 10: mature pistillate aments 8-10 cm. long, 
about 1 cm. thick : capsules conic, 5-8 mm. long, papillose, 2-valved. 

In dry or moist soil and in thickets, Newfoundland to Alaska, New Jersey, Tennessee and south- 
ward in the Roeky Mountains. 

2. Populus grandidentàta Michx. A forest tree of medium size, occasionally 20-25 
m. high, with a trunk 7 dm. thick. Bark of the trunk irregularly fissured, that on young 
branches smooth and light gray: twigs soon glabrous: winter buds puberulent: leaves 
densely white-tomentose especially beneath when young, early glabrous ; blades ovate, 
6-10 em. long, or 3 dm. long on young plants, short-acuminate, coarsely dentate, obtuse 
or truncate at the base; petioles laterally flattened, 4-6 cm. long; stipules linear, 1 cm. 
long : staminate aments 4-10 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick: stamens 6-12: mature pistil- 
a "ite 8-12 em. in length, somewhat pubescent: capsules conic, 4-7 mm. long, 2- 
valved. 

On dry uplands and in rich woods, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Minnesota, New Jersey and along 
the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. 

3. Populus dilatàta Ait. An ornamental tree of very rapid growth, with a fastigiate 
top. Buds very resinous : leaves stiff ; blades deltoid or subrhomboid, crenate, or crenate- 
serrate, short-acuminate, glabrous, firm, slender-petioled : staminate aments 2-5 cm. long, 
cylindric, densely flowered: stamens 6-8; anthers purple: pistillate aments about as long 
as the staminate. 

In fields and pastures, and about gardens, naturalized in the Atlantie States. Native of Europe. 


4. Populus deltoides Marsh. A large tree, sometimes 45 meters high, with a trunk 
2-3 meters in diameter, the foliage glabrous. Bark of trunk gray, deeply divided into inter- 
rupted longitudinal ridges in age: twigs olive-green, stout : winter buds resinous, ovoid, 
acute, 2 cm. long, with 7-8 brown scales : leaves numerous ; blades broadly ovate to deltoid, 
abruptly acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate or crenate-serrate, truncate at the base; 
petioles as long as the blades or shorter: staminate aments short-peduncled, 8-12 cm. long, 
10-12 mm. thick: mature pistillate aments 20-30 cm. long ; bracts scarious : stamens 60 or 
more : capsules ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, acute, 2-4-valved, as long as the pedicels or shorter. 
. In moist soil, common along streams, Quebec to Manitoba, Florida and Tennessee.—A campestrian 
variety, with light yellow shining branches, broader leaf-blades with longer acuminations and coarser 
teeth is known as P. deltoides occidentalis Rydb.; it ranges from Saskatchewan and Alberta south to 
Kansas, Texas and New Mexico. 
. 5. Populus Fremóntii S. Wats. A large tree, reaching a height of 30 m. and a max- 
imum trunk diameter of about 2 m. Bark gray, more or less fissured : leaves numerous ; 
blades broadly deltoid or reniform-deltoid, 6-12 cm. broad, with rather numerous, rela- 
tively fine crenate teeth, abruptly contracted into the slender petioles : aments raceme-like : 
the staminate 7-12 cm. long, with pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long: pistillate aments 8-11 cm. 
ur at maturity, copiously fruiting: capsules ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, often with 3 leathery 
valves. 
On river banks, Colorado to California, Texas, Mexico and Lower California. 


6. Populus Wislizéni (S. Wats.) Small. A tree, resembling P. Fremontii, but of 
more southern range. Bark cracked, often light gray : leaves numerous ; blades deltoid 
or somewhat reniform, mostly less than 1 dm. broad, usually with abrupt entire acumina- 
tions and few relatively coarse crenate teeth, more or less cuneately-narrowed into the slen- 
der petioles from a broad rather truncate base : aments raceme-like : staminate mostly less 
than 1 dm. long, with pedicels less than 1.5 cm. long: pistillate aments often becoming 1 
dm. long, with slender pedicels nearly 1 em. long: capsules ovoid, fully 1 cm. long, usu- 
ally 4-angled and 4-valved. 


Along streams, southern Texas and the Rio Grande Valley. 


7. Populus cándicans Ait. A large tree, reaching a height of 30 m., with a maxi- 
mum trunk diameter of about 2 m., with spreading branches and scantily pubescent, very 
resinous fragrant buds. Leaves quite fleshy ; blades broadly ovate, cordate, nearly or 
quite glabrous, 6-15 em. long, dark green above, pale beneath, except the margins and 
nerves, coarsely crenate with gland-tipped teeth: petioles generally pubescent : aments 
preceding the leaves: staminate 8-14 cm. long, fully 1 cm. thick : stamens 18-30: mature 
pistillate aments 10-15 cm. long, lax, much interrupted : stigmas with dilated lobes : cap- 
sules conic or ovoid, 8-11 mm. long, short-pedicelled, 2-valved. 

In moist or dry soil, mostly escaped from cultivation, New Brunswick to Minnesota and Georgia. 


8. Populus heterophylla L. A tree 25-20 m. high, with a maximum trunk diam- 
eter of 1 m., but usually much smaller. Bark reddish brown, flaky: twigs hoary when 


340 SALICACEAE 


young, soon glabrous or nearly so: winter buds broadly ovoid, less than 1 cm. long: leaves 
numerous ; blades broadly ovate, three-nerved, 10-15 cm. long, or longer on young 
plants, usually acutish, crenate-serrate, sometimes floccose beneath, rounded to subcordate 
at the base, long-petioled : staminate aments 5-10 cm. long, 18-25 mm. thick : stamens 
12-20 : stigmas with much thickened and dilated lobes: mature pistillate aments 3-10 cm. 
long, raceme-like : capsules ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, acute, on pedicels about 1 cm. long. 

In swamps or on river banks, Connecticut and Indiana to Arkansas, Georgia and Louisiana. 


9. Populus alba L. A tree, with a maximum height of about 35 m. and a trunk 
diameter of 1.5 m. Bark light gray or whitish: buds and twigs tomentose : leaf-blades 
silvery white, tomentose beneath, deep green above, ovate or suborbicular, usually 3-5- 
lobed, 5-10 cm. long, rounded or cordate at the base ; petioles shorter than the blades : 
staminate aments 3-5 cm. long: anthers purple: pistillate aments about twice as long as 
the staminate : stigmas small and narrow. 


In eultivated grounds and along roadsides, rather commonly established throughout eastern 
North Ameriea. Native of Europe and Asia. 


2. SALIX L. 


Trees and shrubs, with dark more or less flaky bark. Twigs slender and flexible: buds 
with a single scale each. Leavesalternate: blades pinnately veined, usually finely toothed, 
petioled or nearly sessile : stipules foliaceous or obsolete. Flowers in aments, pollination 
entomophilous. Aments usually dioecious : bracts entire, more or less clasping at the base, 
with one or more glands at the base of the flower. Stamens usually 2 (1—7) : anthers yel- 
low or reddish. Ovary more or less stipitate: stigmas often divided and filiform. Ovules 
anatropous. Capsules dehiscent at the apex into two valves. The plants flower in the 
early or late spring. 

Capsules glabrous, at least at maturity. 
Stamens 3-7: filaments pubescent at the base: bracts yellow, caducous. 
Pedicels 3-5 times as long as the glands. 
Leaf-blades green on both sides, but often paler beneath. 
Leaf-blades 2-5 em. long: bracts of staminate aments acute or acutish. 
Leaf-blades 6-15 em. long: bracts of staminate aments blunt. 


Leaves with narrowly lanceolate blades. 
Bracts of priate aments about 1mm. long: leaf-blades slender- 


1. S. marginata. 


petioled. 2. S. nigra. 
Bracts of pistillate aments fully 2 mm. long: leaf-blades short- 
petioled. 4. S. longipes. 
Leaves with broadly lanceolate blades and slender petioles. 3. S. amygdaloides. 
Leaf-blades glaucous or silvery pubescent beneath. 4. S. longipes. 
Pedicels about twice as long as the glands. 5. S. fragilis. 
Stamens 2. 
Filaments pubescent at the base: bracts caducous. 
Pedicels 1-3 mm. long at maturity. 
Styles wanting: leaves with linear or linear-lanceolate blades. 
Leaf-blades finely and mostly permanently silky. 11. S. luteosericea. 


Leaf-blades glabrous, or sometimes coarsely silky when young. 
Leaves with linear-lanceolate blades: bracts ovate or obovate, 


obtuse. 12. S. interior. 
Leaves with narrowly linear blades: bracts lanceolate, acute. 13. S. linearifolia. 
Styles manifest, but short: leaves with lanceolate blades. 5. S. fragilis. 
Pedicels less than 1 mm. long at maturity : stigmas sessile. 
Branches erect or spreading: leaf-blades lanceolate. 6. S. alba. 
Branches drooping : leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate. 7. S. Babylonica. 
Filaments glabrous: bracts persistent. 
Leaf-blades less than 3 times as long as broad. 8. S. Floridana. 
Leaf-blades fully 3 times as long as broad. 
Bracts pale: leaf-blades green on both sides. 9. S. cordata. — . 
Braets fuscous : leaf-blades glaucous beneath. 10. S. Missouriensis. 
Capsules variously pubescent. 
Filaments distinct. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath. 
Leaves with linear, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate blades. 

Filaments pubescent : capsules nearly glabrous at maturity. k 
Leaf-blades finely and mostly permanently silky. 11. S. luteosericea. 
Leaf-blades glabrate, often coarsely silky when young. 

Leaves with linear-lanceolate blades: bracts ovate or obovate, 3 
obtuse. 12. S. interior. |, 
Leaves with narrowly linear blades: bracts lanceolate, acute. 13. S. linearifolia- 
Filaments glabrous: de iria ubescent. 14. S. petiolaris. 
Leaves with oblong or oblong-lanceolate blades, or these sometimes : 
broadest above the middle. 15. S. discolor. 
Leaf-blades densely pubescent beneath with white hairs. : 
Leaves with blades 2-5 em. long: fruiting aments 1-1.5 em. long. 16. S. tristis. 


Leaves with blades 6-10 em. long: fruiting aments 2-3 em. long. 
Filaments, and usually the anthers, united. 


s. humilis. 
S 


\. purpurea. 


SALICACEAE 341 


1. Salix marginata Weimer. A spreading shrub or,small tree, with reddish, rather 
brittle twigs and glabrous or rarely permanently sparingly pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades 
oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, or more rarely ovate to obovate, 2-5 cm. long, 
mostly acute or blunt, serrulate, paler beneath than above, cuneate to truncate at the base, 
short-petioled : aments appearing with the leaves, the staminate 3-6 cm. long ; bracts densely 
pubescent: pistillate aments becoming 4-7 cm. long, rather large: capsules ovoid-conic, 
4-5 mm. long, glabrous, nearly twice as long as the pedicel at maturity. 

On river banks and in swamps, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 


2. Salix nigra Marsh. A tree, reaching a height of 40 m., often 10-20 m. high. 
Trunk sometimes 1 m. thick: bark flaky : twigs brittle, brown, glabrous: leaf-blades nar- 
rowly lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, paler beneath than above, finely serrate, acute at both 
ends; petioles sparsely pubescent: staminate aments 4-6 cm. long, slightly less than 1 
em. thick, rather closely flowered, borne on short leafy branches; bracts ovate, white, 
finely pubescent: stamens 3-7: filaments hairy at the base: pistillate aments 4-8 cm. 
long, or 10-12 cm. in length and 1 cm. thick at maturity ; bracts oblong, finely pubes- 
cent: stigmasnotched : capsules 4-5 times as long as the pedicels, which are not more than 
three times the length of the glands, borne rather closely on the rachis. 

In low grounds and along river banks, New Brunswick to Ontario, California and Florida.—A 
variety with narrow falcate leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide and green on both sides, ranging from Massachu- 
setts to Florida, is S. nigra falcdta (Pursh) Torr. 

3. Salix amygdaloides Anders. A small tree reaching a height of 20 m., with a 
trunk diameter of 6 dm. Bark scaly : leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, about 
2 em. wide, sharply serrulate, glabrous in age, dark green above, paler or glaucescent 
beneath ; petioles slender, without glands, 6-15 mm. long: aments appearing with the 
leaves, on short lateral branches, the staminate 3-5 em. long; bracts somewhat pubescent : 
pistillate aments becoming 6-10 cm. long, lax : stigmas nearly sessile: capsules narrowly 
ovoid, about as long as the slender pedicels, acute, glabrous. 


Along streams or lakes, Quebec to British Columbia, New York, Texas and New Mexico. 


4. Salixlóngipes Anders. A shrub or small tree, rarely attaining a height of 10 m. 
Bark deeply cross-checked, not flaky: twigs not brittle at the base, gray or gray-brown: 
leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, 10-15 em. long, finely serrate, green above, glaucous and 
veiny beneath, more or less pubescent when young, becoming glabrous at maturity; petioles 
finely pubescent ; stipules spinulosely denticulate: staminate aments 4-10 em. long, often 1 
em. thick ; bracts ovate, pale, finely ciliate : stamens 3-7 or rarely more ; filaments united 
and villous at the base: pistillate aments 3-5 cm. long, during anthesis on short leafy 
branches ; bracts white, oblong, sparsely pubescent, one-half as long as the ovary : stigmas 
minutely notched : capsules conic, 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 times as long as their pedicels. [S. 
Wardi Bebb. ] 


In rocky and gravelly stream beds and along rivers, Maryland to Missouri, Florida and Texas, 


5. Salix fragilis L. A tall and graceful tree, becoming 25 m. high, with a maxi- 
mum trunk diameter of 2 m., the branches more divergent than in S. alba. Bark longi- 
tudinally furrowed but not exfoliating: twigs brittle at the base: leaf-blades lanceolate, 
green and glabrous, more or less glaucous beneath, 10-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, irregu- 
arly serrulate, acuminate; petioles glandular above: staminate aments on leafy branches, 
2-5 em. long ; bracts oblong, obtuse, pubescent : stamens usually 2, rarely 3 or 4; filaments 
free, pilose toward the base : pistillate aments becoming 7-12 cm. long, lax : capsules long- 
conic, glabrous, on pedicels about twice as long as the glands. 


LI 
Escaped from cultivation in the eastern United states. Native of Europe. 


_ 9. Salix alba L. A large tree of exceedingly rapid growth, often attaining a 
height of 20-30 m., often with a massive trunk 1-2.5 m. in diameter. Bark dark gray, longi- 
tudinally furrowed : twigs brown, olive-green, or yellow : leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, 
more or less silky on both sides, pale or glaucous beneath, obscurely serrate, 5-12 cm. long, 
1-2 cm. wide ; | apes sometimes sparingly glandular : aments appearing with the leaves : 
Stamens two; filaments pilose below: pistillate aments 3-6 cm. long: style short and 
thick : capsules ovoid, acute, rarely containing fertile seeds. The staminate tree is rare. 

-.,, In low grounds and moist soil, naturalized in eastern North America, except the extreme north. 
Native of Europe and Asia.—The most common form is S. alba vitellina (L.) Koch, with glabrous leaves 
and twigs brilliant yellow especially in spring at which time the hue of the tree is very striking. 
Another variety, S. alba coerülea (J. E. Smith) Koch, with blue or bluish twigs, is commonly cultivated. 

7. Salix Babylónica L. A large tree, sometimes 20 m. high, with elongated grace- 
ful pendant branches. Leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, 10-19 mm. wide, ser- 
rulate, tapering at the base, acuminate at the apex, sometimes curling ; petioles glandular 
above: aments appearing with the leaves, about 3 cm. long; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 


342 SALICACEAE 


obtusish, nearly glabrous: style very short : stigmas lobed: capsules rarely containing fer- 
tile seeds, ovoid-conic. 
Naturalized in eastern North America, except the extreme north. Native of Asia. 


8. Salix Floridàna Chapm. A branching shrub 2-4 m. tall, with sparingly pubescent 
twigs. Leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, acute, serrulate, glabrous, 
dark-green above, glaucous beneath, rounded or truncate at the base; petioles 4-10 mm. 
long, pubescent: mature pistillate aments oblong-cylindrie, 4-7 cm. long, fully 2 em. 
thick, dense: capsules ovoid-conic, 6-8 mm. high, glabrous. 

On rocky banks, middle and western Florida. 


9. Salix cordàta Muhl. A shrub 1-5 m. high, often widely spreading from the base. 
Twigs stout, usually hairy : winter buds plano-convex, decidedly larger on the staminate 
than on the pistillate shoots: leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, tapering, 
rounded, or obscurely cordate at the base, green on both sides, usually silky when young, 
glabrous at maturity, not blackening in drying; stipules mostly large and conspicuous : 
aments very silky, appearing before the leaves, the staminate about 2 cm. long: stamens 
2, with free filaments: pistillate aments 3-6 cm. long, 1 em. thick: stigmas short and thick, 
usually two-lobed : capsules ovoid, acute. 

In wet soil or on banks of streams, New Brunswick to British Columbia, North Carolina, Missouri 
and California.—A form with linear-lanceolate leaf-blades is, S. cordata angustata (Pursh) Anders. 

10. Salix Missouriénsis Bebb. A tree, reaching a height of 15 m., with a trunk 
usually less than 5 dm. thick and gray scaly bark. Twigs pubescent or puberulent : leaf- 
blades lanceolate or sometimes oblanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, 1-3 em. wide, acuminate, finely 
serrate with gland-tipped teeth, usually glaucous beneath: aments appearing before the 
leaves, the staminate 2.5—4 cm. long, pubescent, the pistillate 7-10 cm. long, silky: style 
very short: capsules narrowly ovoid. 

On river banks, Missouri to Nebraska and the Indian Territory. 


11. Salix luteoserícea Rydb. A branching shrub 1-6 m. high, occasionally mon- 
oecious, with grayish bark. Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, or linear, 2-8 cm. long, 2-6 
mm. wide, acute, entire or remotely denticulate, permanently yellowish silky : staminate 
aments 2-3 cm. long ; bracts obovate : pistillate aments 3-5 cm. long ; bracts broadly lance- 
olate : capsules elongated ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, soon glabrate. 

On sand bars, Saskatchewan and British Columbia to Nebraska, the Indian Territory and Arizona. 


12. Salix intérior Rowlee. A low shrub, often forming thickets, or a slender tree 6-9 
m. tall, with a trunk sometimes 3 dm. thick. Twigs brown to gray: buds plano-convex, 
obtuse, very small: leaf-blades linear-lanceolate or linear, ordinarily 6-10 cm. long, less 
than 1 em. wide, varying to much wider, especially on young shoots, remotely dentate, the 
teeth narrow and spinulose: aments on short lateral branches, which bear 4-6 leaves, 
loosely flowered, the staminate 2-4 cm. long and 1-2 cm. thick ; bracts usually glabrous or 
slightly hairy toward the base, narrowly oblong: filaments crisp-hairy below the middle : 
capsules sometimes nearly or quite glabrous, conic-ovoid, about 5 mm. long. 

Along streams and lakes, Quebec to the Northwest Territory, Virginia, Tennessee and Texas. 


13. Salix linearifólia Rydb. A low branching shrub, with early glabrous foliage. 
Branchlets red: leaf-blades narrowly linear or nearly so, 4-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 
remotely dentate ; stipules minute, deciduous : aments terminating leafy branches, loosely 
flowered, the staminate about 3 em. long, the pistillate 3-4 cm. long : bracts nearly glabrous, 
about as long as the pistils: capsules conic, 3-4 mm. long, glabrous. 

On sand bars, Saskatchewan to Minnesota, the Indian Territory and Colorado. 


14. Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith. A shrub 2-4 m. tall, with erect or ascending slender 
branches. Leaf-blades lanceolate, 4-9 cm. long, slightly silky when young, acuminate at 
both ends, serrulate with blunt cartilaginous teeth, short-petioled, remaining green in dry- 
ing: aments unfolding before the leaves, the staminate, 1-2 cm. long, dense: pistillate 
aments loosely flowered, becoming 2-2.5 em. long: stigmas nearly sessile : capsules ovoid- 
oblong below the tapering apex, 4-6 mm. long, about twice aslong as the slender pedicels. 

In swamps or low grounds, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory and Tennessee.—S. petio- 
laris grácilis Anders. is a form with narrower leaf-blades and pedicels nearly as long as the capsules. 

15. Salix discolor Muhl. A shrub or small tree, becoming 7 m. high. Trunk 
rarely 3 dm. thick, with dark bark: branches tough : buds large, glabrous, nearly black : 
leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, sometimes silky when young, becom- 
ing glabrous and rigid at maturity, dark-green above, glaucous-white beneath, entire Or 
remotely serrate, slender-petioled ; stipules conspicuous, acute: aments sessile, appearing 
before the leaves, large, cylindric, the staminate brilliant yellow at anthesis ; bracts oblong, 
rounded, fringed with long white hairs: pistillate aments becoming 4-7 cm. long: pedicels 


CORYLACEAE 343 


4-5 times as long as the glands : capsules conic, 5-10 cm. long, slender-beaked, loosely dis- 
posed. 
In swamps or on moist hillsides, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, North Carolina and Missouri. 


16. Salix trístis Ait. A low diffuse and very leafy shrub, usually much less than 1 m. 
high, with puberulent twigs. Leaf-blades oblanceolate, or linear-oblong, 2~5 cm. long, en- 
tire or undulate, slightly revolute, hoary-white on both sides, becoming glabrous and greenish 
above ; petioles about 2 mm. long or nearly wanting : aments expanding before the leaves, 
small, nearly globular during anthesis, the pistillate, at least, sometimes becoming 1.5 
em. long: stigmas red, sessile or almost so: capsules ovoid below the slender beak, 5-6 
mm. long, tomentulose, with pedicels twice the length of the bracts. 

In dry or barren soil, Nova Scotia? to Maine and Minnesota, Florida and Tennessee. 


17. Salix hümilis Marsh. <A branching shrub 1-2.5 m. high, the twigs brown, more 
or less pubescent. Leaf-blades narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, green 
above, whitish and puberulent beneath, entire or sparingly denticulate, slightly revolute, 
acute at both ends or sometimes rounded at the apex, distinctly petioled ; stipules lunate, 
acute, obscurely toothed : aments expanding before the leaves at least twice as long as 
thick during anthesis, sessile, often drooping ; bracts oblong, rounded at the apex, brown 
or black, clothed with long white hairs: style very short: stigmas thick: capsules nar- 
rowly conie, 7-8 mm. long, beaked, silky, on pedicels equal to or slightly longer than 
the bracts. 

In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Nebraska, North Carolina and Tennessee. 


18. Salix purpurea L. A shrub or small tree, becoming 3.5 m. tall, with glabrous 
slender flexible twigs. Bark smooth, very bitter: leaf-blades oblong to oblanceolate or 
spatulate, 4-7 cm. long, serrulate toward the apex, veiny, deep green above, paler beneath, 
short-petioled, sometimes appearing nearly opposite: aments densely flowered, 2-5 cm. 
long, less than 1 cm. thick, sessile, cylindric, often curved ; bracts obtuse, black, hairy : 
staminate aments about 2 cm. long, the flowers monandrous by the union of the filaments and 
anthers, these purple, turning black: pistillate aments sessile or nearly so, 3-5 cm. long: 
capsules densely tomentose, ovoid-conic, obtuse, about 5 mm. long. 

Sparingly escaped from cultivation in the Atlantic States. Native of Europe. 


Order 7. FAGALES. 


Shrubs and trees, with hard wood and sometimes aromatic foliage. Leaves 
alternate: blades simple. Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious, at least the 
staminate in aments, the pistillate sometimes surrounded by an involucre which 
becomes a bur or cup in fruit. Calyx usually present. Corolla wanting. Fruit 
a nut, or rarely a samara. Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight, with fleshy 
cotyledons, 


Staminate and pistillate flowers in aments: fruit never with a bur or a cup. 
Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, without a calyx: pistil- 
_late flowers with a calyx. Fam, 1, CORYLACEAE. 
Staminate flowers 2-3 together in the axil of each bract, each with a 
_ Calyx: pistillate flowers without a calyx. Fam. 2. BETULACEAE. 
Staminate flowers in aments : pistillate often solitary, the involucre becoming 
a bur or cup. Fam. 3. FAGACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. CORYLACEAE Mirbel  HAZEL-NUT FAMILY. 


Monoecious shrubs or trees, with a close-grained wood and a scaly or smooth 
bark. Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades simple, mostly doubly toothed, with 
straight parallel lateral nerves: stipules free, deciduous or caducous. Staminate 
aments usually elongated, drooping, with each bract subtending a single flower 
withoutacalyx. Filaments distinct, forked at the apex. Anthers erect, the sacs 
separated.  Pistillate aments short and stout, erect or ascending, their bracts 
imbricated, accrescent, foliaceous at maturity, each bearing 2-3 ovaries, with a 
calyx and an involucre formed by the union of a bractlet and 2 scales: styles 
filiform or subulate. Ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit of accres- 
cent bracts, each subtending or enclosing 1 or 3 nuts, Seed solitary by sup- 
pression, with a membranous testa. 


344 CORYLACEAE 


Staminate flowers without bractlets: pistillate flowers numerous in elongated aments: nuts small, 
subtended by or inclosed in a bract. T 
Fruiting bracts flat, 3-lobed, the terminal lobe toothed. ]. CARPINUS. 
Fruiting braets bladder-like. 2. OSTRYA. 
Staminate flowers with bractlets : pistillate flowers few, in heads: nuts large, in leaf-like 


involueres. CORYLUS. 


e 


l. CARPINUS L. 


- Trees or rarely shrubs, with a heavy close-grained wood and a pale smooth bark. 
Staminate aments relatively short, drooping, solitary. Stamens 3-20, inserted on a broad 
scale: filaments very short, branched at the summit: anther-sacs separate, pilose at the 
apex. Pistillate aments terminal, lax, ascending: bracts accrescent, leafy, 3-lobed: pistils 
2, at the base of a scale. Nut ovoid, flattened, sessile, ribbed, crowned by the remains of 
the calyx, the outer coat thin, membranous, the inner thicker, bony. Seed solitary, 
pendulous. The plants bloom in the spring. HonNBEAM. InowN-woop. BLUE BEECH. 


l. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. A shrub or small tree, with a maximum height of 
about 13 m. and a trunk diameter of 8 dm. Bark blue-gray : leaf-blades thinnish, oblong, 
varying to ovate or ovate-lanceolate, or obovate, 3-14 em. long, acute or acuminate, rather 
finely and doubly serrate (the larger teeth sometimes flaring), glabrous above, more or less 
pubescent on the nerves beneath and tufted in the axils; petioles slender, 3-17 mm. long: 
staminate aments drooping, 2-5 cm. long, their scales spreading, triangular-ovate, 3 mm. 
long, acute, ciliate: anthers pubescent at the tips: pistillate aments inconspicuous, 1-1.5 
em. long, their bracts lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, ciliate, accrescent : fruiting 
aments 3-10 cm. long, their bracts hastate, 2-3 cm. long, the lobes entire or toothed, the 
lateral ones usually only on one side : nut ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, slightly flattened, ribbed. 

In moist woods and swampy places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida and Texas 


2. OSTRYA Scop. 


Trees, with a hard close-grained wood, a scaly bark and slender terete branches. Stam- 
inate aments clustered, drooping: bracts very broad, bearing 3-14 stamens, which are 
crowded on a receptacle without bractlets : filaments very short, forked at the tips : anther- 
sacs pilose towards the ends, separated.  Pistillate aments solitary and terminal on leafy 
branchlets : bractlets subtending 2 flowers : pistils surrounded by a pilose involucre : calyx- 
limb denticulate. Nut ovoid, flattened, obscurely ribbed, crowned by the remains of the 
calyx, with a double pericarp, the outer coat thin, membranous, the inner thicker, bony. 
The plants bloom in the spring. LEvER-woopr. HoP-HORNBEAM. IRoN-woop. 

1. Ostrya Virginiàna (Mill.) Willd. A shrub'or tree, reaching a maximum height 
of 18 m., with a trunk diameter of about 6 dm. Bark dry, scaly: leaf-blades oblong, 
elliptic or oval, varying towards ovate or obovate, 3-13 cm. long, acute or acuminate, 
finely and doubly serrate, rounded, subcordate and inequilateral at the base, dark green 
and slightly pubescent or glabrate above, more densely pubescent beneath ; petioles 2-8 
mm. long: staminate aments drooping, 3-8 em. long: scales orbicular-obovate, 3.5 mm. 
long, delicately nerved, ciliate, the acuminate apex colored: anthers villous at the top: 
pistillate aments shorter than the staminate, their scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3 
mm. long, ciliate, the tip of the acumination colored, the bracts developing into pubescent 
nerved bladdery sacs, which are collected into a drooping oblong spike at maturity : nuts 
ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, faintly ribbed. 


In dry woods and on hillsides, Cape Breton Island to South Dakota, Florida and Texas. 


3. CÓRYLUS L. 


Shrubs or trees, with much branched stems. Staminate aments elongated, pendulous, 
solitary or clustered : bracts bearing 4-8 stamens which are inserted on a pilose receptacle 
accompanied by 2 bractlets : filaments very short, forked at the top : 'anther-sacs piloseat the 
apex, separated.  Pistillate aments inconspicuous, clustered at the tips of twigs of the sea- 
son : each bract subtending an incompletely 2-celled ovary and 2 bractlets: nuts as broad 
as long or nearly so, sometimes flattened, enclosed in an involucre formed of the nearly 
distinct or united bractlets. ^ HAZEL-NUT. 


Mature bractlets united, prolonged into a narrow beak. 1. C. rostrata. 
Mature bractlets distinct, leaf-like, incised. 2. €. Americana. 


BETULACEAE 345 


1. Corylus rostrata Ait. A low shrub 1-2 m. tall, with sparingly pubescent or 
glabrate twigs. Stems erect, much branched : leaf-blades thinnish, oval or oblong, tend- 
ing to ovate or obovate, 4-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, coarsely-serrate, and sharply 
serrulate, rounded or cordate at the base, slightly inequilateral, glabrous above, paler and 
sparingly pubescent beneath on the nerves or glabrate ; petioles 4-15 mm. long : staminate 
aments drooping, 2-5 em. long, their bracts rhomboidal-obovate, apiculate, ciliate : pistil- 
late aments few-flowered ; bractlets developing a long-beaked tubular involucre, which in- 
cludes the nut in its base: nut ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long, flattened, longitudinally ribbed, 
usually exceeded twice by the slender beak of the involucre. 

In thickets and open woods, Nova Scotia to South Dakota, Georgia and Kansas. Spring. 

2. Corylus Americana Walt. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with pubescent twigs. Stems 
erect, often much branched : leaf-blades oval or suborbicular, tending towards ovate or ob- 
ovate, 5-15 em. long, acute or short-acuminate, usually undulately-toothed and serrulate, 
rounded or cordate at the base, dark-green and glabrous above, paler and finely pubescent 
beneath ; petioles 5-10 mm. long : staminate aments drooping, 6-10 em. long ; bracts broadly 
oval or nearly so, 3 mm. long, acuminate, the acuminate tips colored: pistillate aments 
densely few-flowered, their bractlets lobed at the apex, the lobes toothed : nut broadly ovoid, 
about 1.5 em. long, somewhat flattened, subtended by the accrescent, laciniate bractlets. 

On hillsides and in thickets, Maine to Manitoba, Georgia and Kansas. Spring. 


FAMILY 2. BETULACEAE Agardh. BincH FAMILY. 


Monoecious trees or shrubs, with a compact wood, and an aromatic, resinous 
or astringent, smooth or shining bark which often separates into thin plates. 
Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades simple, with straight prominent parallel 
lateral nerves and 2 or several series of often sharp teeth. Staminate aments 
usually long and drooping with each bract subtending 2-3 flowers: calyx pres- 
ent: filaments sometimes simple: anther-sacs sometimes contiguous.  Pistillate 
aments seldom drooping, their bracts thickened and woody: calyx wanting. 
Pistils usually 2-3 at the base of each bract: styles slender. Ovule pendu- 
lous, anatropous. Fruit a cone-like aggregate of the accrescent bracts, each of 
which subtends a nut. Seed solitary : testa membranous. 


Stamens 2: bracts of the mature pistillate aments membranous, 3-lobed, deciduous with the Ur 
. BETULA. 


Stamens 4 (3-6) : bracts of the mature pistillate aments thickened and woody, persistent. 2. ALNUS. 


l. BÉTULA L. 


Shrubs or trees, with a resinous aromatic bark, and slender terete branchlets with trans- 
verse lenticels. Staminate aments elongated, pendulous. Calyx membranous, irregularly 
4-lobed, or 2-lobed. Stamens 2, inserted at the base of the calyx: filaments very short, 
branched at the apex : anther-sacs separated. Pistillate aments erect, oblong or cylindric. 
dense : bracts elongated, 3-lobed, 3-flowered, accrescent, deciduous. Ovary naked, 2-celled, 
Nut minute, flattened, the outer coat thin, membranous, and produced into a wing, the 
inner crustaceous. Seed solitary, pendulous. The plants flower in the spring. Burcu. 


Fruiting aments peduncled. 1, B. nigra. 
Fruiting aments sessile at the ends of short branchlets. 
Bark brown : leaf-blades shining above: mature bracts with 2 short divergent lateral 


lobes : nut with triangular-obovate wings. ; 2. B. lenia. 
Bark yellowish or silvery: leaf-blades dull above: mature bracts with 2 ascending 
lateral lobes: nut with orbicular-obovate wings. 3. B. lutea. 


l. Betula nigra L. A tree, reaching a maximum height of 30 m. and a trunk diameter 
of 1.5 m. Trunk comparatively slender, its bark varying from brown at the base to a lus- 
trous silvery or yellow above: leaves not aromatic; blades rhombic-ovate, 3-6 cm. 
long, acute, finely serrate or cut into coarse teeth (the teeth serrate), abruptly narrowed 
into an entire, broadly cuneate base, glabrous or nearly so above, somewhat tomentose or 
pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petioles pubescent, 0.5-2 cm. long: staminate aments 
6-8 cm. long ; bracts suborbicular, cuneate at the base, often apiculate at the apex, 2 mm. 
long, the bractlets rather reniform, erose: pistillate aments nearly 2 cm. long, accrescent 
into cylindric cones 3-4 cm. long ; bracts pubescent, 3-cleft, the lateral lobes about as long 
as the terminal one: nuts ovoid, 3.5 mm. long, flattened, pilose at the apex, furnished 
with ciliate wings, which form a nearly reniform fruit twice as broad as long. 


, On banks of streams and in swamps, Massachusetts to Minnesota and Kansas, Florida and Texas. 
RIVER BIRCH. RED BIRCH. 


346 FAGACEAE 


2. Betula lénta L. A forest tree reaching a maximum height of 25 m. and a trunk 
diameter of 1.5 m. Trunk clothed with a brown exfoliating aromatic bark: leaves aro- 
matic ; blades ovate, oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, 
finely doubly serrate, rounded or cordate at the base, dark-green and shining above, paler 
and silky on the nerves beneath; petioles 0.5-2 cm. long, sometimes pubescent: staminate 
aments 5-10 em. long; bracts ovate, about 2.5 em. long, naked like the suborbicular bractlets: 
pistillate aments about 1.5 cm. long, accrescent into cones 2-3 em. long, whose bracts are 
hastate or the lateral lobes ascending, glabrous or pubescent : nuts oval or obovoid, about 3 
mm. long, each furnished with a triangular-obovate wing. 

In woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Tennessee and Florida. SWEET, CHERRY OR BLACK BIRCH. 


3. Betula lütea Michx. f. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 30 m. 
and a maximum trunk diameter of 2m. Trunk clothed with a yellowish or silvery slightly 
bitter and aromatic bark, which is close or separated in thin layers : leaves barely aromatic ; 
blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, usually acuminate at the apex, sharply and 
doubly serrate, rounded or cordate at the base, dull green and glabrous above, pubescent on 
the nerves beneath ; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. long: staminate aments 5-10 cm. long; bracts 
ovate or ovate-oval, about 2.5 mm. long, obtuse, ciliate and colored at the apex like the 
reniform bractlets : pistillate aments about 1.5 cm. long, accrescent into cones 2-4 cm. long, 
their bracts 3-lobed, ciliate, ascending: nuts elliptic, 4 mm. long, rather pointed at both 
ends, each furnished with an orbicular-obovate wing. 


h In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba and the mountains of Georgia. GRAY BIRCH. YELLOW 
IRCH. 


2. ALNUS L. 


Shrubs or trees, with a pale astringent bark, and terete branchlets. Staminate flowers 
in drooping aments. Calyx usually 4-lobed orirregularly 10-12-lobed. Stamens as many as 
the calyx-lobes and opposite them, or rarely half their number : anthers introrse. Pistillate 
flowers in ovoid or oblong, cone-like aments : bracts bearing 2 flowers, which are subtended 
by 2-4 minute bractlets, becoming woody and truncate or lobed at the apex, persistent. 
Ovary 2-celled, naked. Nut minute, flattened, winged or wingless, the outer coat thin-mem- 
branous, the inner thick-crustaceous. Seed solitary, filling the cavity of the nut. 

Peduncles shorter than the mature fertile aments: nuts merely margined. 1. A. rugosa. 
Peduncles as long as the mature fertile aments or longer: nuts broadly winged. 2. A. Alnobetula. 

1. Alnus rugósa (Du Roi) K. Koch. A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 
about 13 m. and a trunk diameter of 15 em. Stems clothed with a pale smooth bark, the 
twigs pubescent and slightly glutinous : leaf-blades thickish, obovate or oval, 4-10 cm. long, 
obtuse or rarely acute atthe apex, undulately toothed and irregularly serrulate, rounded or 
acutish at the base, glabrous on both surfaces, or either pubescent on the nerves beneath or 
the whole lower surface tomentose ; petioles 0.5-15 mm. long: staminate aments drooping, 
8-12 cm. long, appearing before the leaves ; bracts orbicular-ovate, short acuminate, nearly 
1.5 mm. long, the bractlets suborbicular : pistillate aments very small, developing into oval 
or oblong cones 1.5-2 cm. long, their bracts flabellate, cuneate at the base, shallowly 3- 
lobed: nuts suborbicular or rather ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, flattened, furnished with sharp 
margins. [A. serrulata Willd.] 

On banks of streams, in swamps and on hillsides, Maine to Minnesota, Floridaand Texas. Winter 
and spring. SMOOTH ALDER. 

2. Alnus Alnobétula ( Ehrh.) K. Koch. A shrub ranging from less than 1 m. to 3 
m. in height. Stems often diffusely branched, the twigs and young foliage glutinous and 
usually pubescent: leaf-blades oval or ovate, 3-9 cm. long, rounded or acute at the apex, 
unevenly serrulate and sometimes incised-toothed, obtuse or cordate at the base, glabrous 
and dark green above, glutinous and more or less pubescent, especially on the nerves 
beneath ; petioles 5-25 mm. long: staminate aments 5-10 em. long, rather slender, usually 
appearing with the leaves: pistillate aments developing ovoid or oblong, long-peduncled 
cones, 1-2 em. long, their bracts flabellate, undulately-lobed at the top: nuts oblong or 
obovoid, 2 mm. long, furnished with orbicular-obcordate wings.  [ A. viridis (Chaix. ) DC.] 


In stony soil, Arctic America to New York, Michigan and British America, and on open mountain 
tops in the Alleghenies to North Carolina. Also in Arctic Europeand Asia. Spring. MOUNTAIN ALDER, 


FAMILY 3. FAGACEAE Drude. BEECH FAMILY. 


Monoecious shrubs or trees, with a watery sap. Leaves alternate: blades 
simple, entire, toothed or lobed, sometimes persistent: stipules, if any, fuga- 
cious. Staminate flowers in elongated or head-like aments. Perianth of 4-7 


FAGACEAE 347 


partially united parts. Stamens 4-20: filaments distinct: anther-sacs opening 
lengthwise.  Pistillate flowers solitary or several in short or elongated aments. 
Perianth of 4-8 partially united parts. Ovary 3-7-celled, adnate to the perianth : 
styles as many as there are cavities in the ovary, stigmatic at the tip, or along 
the side. Ovules 1-2 in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous, only 1 maturing. 
Fruit a 1-seeded nut with a leathery or bony exocarp, included in or seated 
in an accrescent scaly or spiny involucre. Testa membranous. Endosperm 
wanting. 


Staminate aments globose, drooping on slender bracted peduncles: nuts 3-angled or ade ee 
1. FAGUS. 
Staminate aments elongated, slender. k IAA 
Staminate aments erect or ascending : nuts 1-3, included in a very spiny involucre. 2. CASTANEA. 
Staminate aments drooping : nut seated in an involucre of imbricated scales. 3. QUERCUS. 


1. FAGUS L. 


Shrubs or trees with a close-grained wood, and a smooth pale bark. Leaf-blades leath- 
ery, usually dentate-serrate : stipules rarely persistent. Staminate aments globose, pendu- 
lous, peduncled : calyx campanulate 4-7-lobed ; lobes imbricated : stamens 8-16, inserted on 
the base of the calyx ; filaments filiform ; anthers introrse. Pistillate flowers 2-4, in axil- 
lary peduncled accrescent involucres composed of densely imbricated scales: calyx-limb 
4—5-lobed. Staminodia wanting. Ovary inferior, 3-celled : styles 3, filiform, stigmatose 
on the inner surface. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Mature involucre with fleshy spines, 4- 
valved, entirely enclosing the nuts. Nuts 2-4, unequally 3-angled or 3-winged, with a 
double pericarp, the outer coat leathery or crustaceous, the inner membranous. Cotyledons 
oily, plicate, epigaeous. 

1. Fagus Amejicàna Sweet. A large forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 
about 40 m., with a trunk diameter of 1.5 m., clothed with a pale or bluish bark. Leaves 
rigid ; blades leathery, ovate, oval or oblong-ovate, 5-14 em. long, usually short-acumi- 
nate, rather distantly serrate, very silky when young, dark green, glabrous, dull or glossy 
above in age, paler and pubescent on the nerves beneath: staminate aments 1-1.5 cm. in 
diameter, drooping : peduncles 2-4 cm. long, pubescent : calyx 3-4 mm. long ; lobes ovate, 
obtuse, becoming acutish, about as long as the tube: filaments exserted : pistillate flowers 
usually 2 in each involucre: calyx silky ; lobes erect, linear-lanceolate, acute : ripe invo- 
lucre bur-like, ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, short-peduncled, clothed with brown tomentum, the 
soft spines spreading or recurved: nut ovoid, 1-1.5 em. long, narrowly winged, finely 
pubescent, edible. [F. ferruginea Ait. ] 


Chiefly in deep damp woods, and on banks, Nova Scotia to Lake Huron, Florida and Texas. 
Flowers from March to May ; matures its fruit in the fall. BEECH. 


2. CASTANEA Adans. 


Shrubs or trees, with a very porous wood.  Leaf-blades coarsely serrate or serrate- 
dentate with slender-tipped teeth. Staminate aments axillary, elongated, ill-scented, 
plumose, each bract subtending 3-7 flowers, accompanied by 2 bractlets. Calyx campanu- 
late, 6-lobed. Stamens 10-20, inserted on an inconspicuous receptacle : anthers introrse, 
attached at the back. Pistillate aments axillary, above the staminate, bearing imbricated 
sessile or nearly sessile involucres, each containing 2-3 flowers. Calyx-limb campanulate, 
6-lobed. Staminodia present. Ovary inferior, imperfectly 6-celled : styles 6. Ovules 2 
in each cavity. Fruit maturing in one season, composed of the accrescent spiny 2-4-valved 
involucre, enclosing 1, 2 or 3 nuts. Nut with a leathery-cartilaginous pericarp. Coty- 
ledons large, fleshy, more or less furrowed. 


Stems horizontal under the surface of the ground, the branches erect. 1. C. nana. 
Stems normal, erect or ascending. i 
Usually shrubby, sometimes a small tree : leaf-blades densely white-tomentose beneath. 2. C. pumila. 
A large tree: leaf-blades glabrous on both surfaces. 3. C. dentata. 
l. Castanea nàna Muhl. A low shrub, forming wide patches by the means of under- 
ground stems. Branches solitary or clustered, erect, 2-5 dm. tall, glabrous except the twigs : 
leaf-blades oblong or oblong-obovate, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, sinuate-toothed, 
dark green above, clothed with a thin tawny or dirty-white tomentum beneath ; lateral 
nerves in 12-14 pairs, at irregular intervals, sometimes branching, usually recurved at the 
ends ; petioles 1-4 mm. long : staminate aments 5-15 cm. long, much interrupted, commonly 


348 FAGACEAE 


bearing a few fertile flowers at the base: calyx-lobes broadly ovate : fruiting involucre bur- 
like, 1-2 cm. in diameter, the rigid spines comparatively few ; nut solitary, 1.5-2 cm. long. 

On sand hills and in barrens, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Early spring. CHINQUAPIN. 

2. Castanea pümila (L.) Mill. A shrub or tree, reaching a maximum height of 16 
m., with atrunk diameter of 1m. Trunk clothed with a smooth bark : leaf-blades oblong or 
obovate, acute or rounded at the apex, sinuate-toothed, glabrous above, densely white- 
tomentose beneath, the lateral nerves in 14-20 pairs, quite regularly disposed ; petioles 3-10 
mm. long: staminate aments more or less spreading, 5-20 cm. long, continuous, sometimes 
bearing several fertile flowers at the base: calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, obtuse : fruiting in- 
voluere subglobose, 8-4 em. in diameter, the rigid spines densely disposed ; nuts ovoid, 
1-1.5 em. long, solitary or rarely 2 in a bur, shining, nearly terete. 

In sandy soil, New Jersey to Indiana, Florida and Texas. May and June. CHINQUAPIN. 

3. Castanea dentàta ( Marsh.) Borkh. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 
about 30 m., with a trunk diameter of about 4 m. Trunk clothed with a longitudinally fur- 
rowed bark: leaf-blades narrowly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rarely 
tending to oblanceolate, 10-30 cm. long, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, dark- 
green and shining above, paler beneath, glabrous on both sides; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long: 
staminate aments nearly continuous, 15-30 cm. long, white: calyx-lobes ovate or oblong- 
ovate, obtuse: fruiting involucre globular, 5-7 cm. in diameter, thickly beset with rigid 
m nuts 2, 3 or 5, or rarely 1 in a bur, ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long, nearly terete, or usually 

attened, at least on one side, appressed-pubescent especially near the apex. 


Chiefly in rich woods, Maine to Ontario and Michigan, Georgia and Alabama. June and July. 
CHESTNUT, AMERICAN CHESTNUT. 


3. QUERCUS L. 


Shrubs or trees, sometimes evergreen, with a hard, coarse-grained wood, all pervaded 
by an astringent principle. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or lobed, very variable in shape, 
leathery, or firm-membranous, the lateral nerves often prolonged into slender bristles. 
Staminate aments elongated, drooping, clustered. Calyx campanulate, 4—7-lobed, sub- 
tended by caducous bracts. Stamens 6-12: filaments filiform.  Pistillate flowers solitary 
or several together. Calyx often urn-shaped. Ovary usually 3-celled. Styles short, 
usually 3. Ovules 2 in each cavity, but rarely more than 1 in each.pistil maturing. Fruit 
an acorn, consisting of a leathery l-seeded nut subtended by or nearly enclosed in the 
accrescent involuere (cup). Cotyledons half-terete. The plants flower in the spring and 
mature their fruit in the fall of the first or second year. There are many natural hybrids. 


Leaf-blades or their lobes bristle-tipped : styles elongated : nuts often*pubescent within. 
A. Fruit maturing the second season : main stems erect or ascending. 
à. Leaves deciduous, sometimes slightly JE in the far south. 
Leaf-blades entire, little or not at all dilated at the apex, never lobed ex- 
cept on shoots, sometimes with 1 or few teeth near the apex. 
Lower surface of the leaf-blades glabrous. 
Cup of the acorn very flat. 
Leaf-blades acute, linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic or broadest 
slightly above or below the middle. 
Leaf-blades blunt, oblong or euneate. 
Cup of the acorn with a manifest and constricted base. 
Lower surface of the leaf-blades pubescent. 
Leaf-blades brown-tomentose beneath: cup of acorn hemispheric. 
Leaf-blades gray-tomentose beneath: cup of acorn saucer-shaped. 
Leaf-blades dilated near the apex, lobed to pinnatifid. 
Leaf-blades broadened upward, 3-lobed near the apex, occasionally 
with several smaller lobes below. 
Cup of the acorn sauzer-shaped or cup-shaped: leaf-blades spatu- 
late, glabrous. 
Acorns less than 10 mm. long; cup deep 'saucer-shaped : leaf- 
blades thin. 6. Q. microcarya. 
Acorns over 15 mm. long; cup shallowly saucer-shaped: leaf- 
blades thick. . Q. nigra. 
Cup of the acorn hemispheric : leaf-blades obovate, brown-tomentose : 
beneath. 8. Q. Marylandica. 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid or Priest lobed. 
* Leaf-blades green and glabrous on both sides. 
1 Cup of the acorn saucer-sbaped. 
Cup lessthan 18 mm. wide. à 
Acorns or nuts little if at all longer than thick. 


D 


Q. Phellos. 

Q. hybrida. 
. Q. laurifolia. 
. Q. imbricaria. 
. Q. brevifolia. 


op mm 


-I 


Petioles over 2 em. long : leaf-blades with 5-7 lobes. 9. Q. palustris. 
Petioles less than 2 em. long: leaf-blades with 3-5 lobes. 10. Q. Georgiana. 
Acorns or nuts markedly longer than thick. 11. Q. Schneckii. 


Cup over 18 mm. wide. 
f Inner scales of the cup not inflexed. 
Leaf-blades with acute narrow sinuses; lobes usually 
tapering to the apex. 12. Q. rubra. 


FAGACEAE 


Leaf-blades with rounded broad sinuses; lobes usually 
TI 


dilated near the apex. 
tt Inner scales of the cup inflexed. 
++ Cup of the acorn turbinate or hemispheric. 
Acorns less than 15 mm. long ; cup hemispheric, less than 15 
mm. broad. 
Acorns over 20 mm. long; cup turbinate, over 15 mm. broad. 
** Leaf-blades pubescent beneath. 
Cup of the acorn turbinate : leaf-blades brown- or rusty-pubescent 
beneath. 
Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped : leaf-blades gray- or white-pubes- 
cent beneath. 
Large trees : leaves with lanceolate lobes. 
Leaf-blades rounded at the base; lobes 3-5. 
Leaf-blades cuneate or truncate at the base; lobes 5-13. 
Shrubs or small trees: leaves with triangular lobes. 
b. Leaves persistent. 
B. Fruit maturing the first season : stems underground, the branches erect. 
Leaf-blades, or their teeth or lobes without bristles (except on shoots): nuts often 
glabrous within. 
Leaves persistent. 
Stems underground, the branches upright. 
Stems erect. 
Leaf-blades prominently rugose-reticulated : cup of the acorn turbinate. 
Leaf-blades not rugose-reticulated : cup of the acorn hemispheric (ex- 
cept in Q. fusiformis). 
Leaf-blades entire (or sometimes spiny-toothed on shoots): nuts fusi- 
form to ovoid, over 18 mm. long and 9 mm, thick. 
Acorns less than twice as long as thick ; cup hemispheric ; nut ovoid 
or oblong-ovoid. 
Acorns over twice as long as thick; cup turbinate ; nut fusiform. 
Leaf-blades sinuate-toothed: nuts cylindric or oblong-cylindrie, less 
than 18 mm. long and 9 mm. thick. 
Leaves deciduous. 
Leaf-blades entire or sinuate-undulate or merely lobed at the apex. 
e ie the acorn saucer-shaped. 
eaf-blades pubescent beneath: cup thin and with a thin edge: nut of 
an obovoid type. 
Leaf-blades glabrous: cup thick and with a thick corky edge: nut of 
an oblong or ovoid type. 
uis the acorn hemispheric. 
oung leaf-blades white beneath ; mature leaves glabrous, prominently 
lobed near the apex. 
Young leaf-blades tawny beneath ; mature leaves pubescent beneath, 
irregularly lobed or merely angulate. 
Leaf-blades coarsely toothed or lobed. 
Leaf-blades toothed or shallowly lobed. 
Acorns sessile. 
Shrubs or small trees : leaf-blades mostly broadest above the middle. 
Cup saucer-shaped : margins of the leaf-blades irregular. 
Leaf-blades pubescent beneath : cup thin and with thin edges: 
nut of an obovoid type. 
Leaf-blades glabrous: cup thick and with athick corky edge: 
nut of an oblong or ovoid type. 
Cup hemispheric : margins of the leaf-blades regular. 
Tall trees : leaf-blades mostly broadest below the middle. 
Acorns peduncled. 
Peduncles shorter than the petioles or about equalling them. 
Bark close, dark-colored : leaf-blades gray-tomentose beneath. 
Bark flaky, white: leaf-blades glabrous or white-tomentose 
beneath. 
Leaf-blades leathery, densely pubescent beneath, with many 
^ _ lateral nerves and many relatively small teeth. 
Leaf-blades membranous, glabrous, with few lateral nerves 
and few large teeth. 
Peduncles much longer than the petioles. 
Leaf-blades prominently or deeply lobed. 
Mature leaf-blades more or less pubescent beneath : cup fully 4%as long 
as the nut. 4 
Upper scales of the cup awned, forming a fringe around the nut. 
Upper scales of the cup not awned. 
Acorn broader than high ; nut immersed in the cup or nearly so. 
Acorn longer than broad ; nut about 14 longer than the cup. 
Leaf-blades obovate, gray or yellowish beneath, with 3-5 ample 
dilated lobes. 
Leaf-blades with rounded upper lobes: cup 11-14 mm. 
broad ; nut 12-14 mm. long. 
Leaf-blades with truncate or emarginate upper lobes: cup 
15-20 mm. broad ; nut 15-20 mm. long. ; 
Leaf-blades cuneate, brown or yellowish brown beneath, with 
3-7 low never dilated lobes. 
Mature leaf-blades glabrous and pale, or glaucous beneath: cup shallow. 


13. 


15. 


25. 


e 


e 


38. 
39. 


Q. 


. Q. 
. Q. 


Q. 
Q. 


40. Q. 
41. Q. 


43. 


Q. 
Q. 


349 


. Schneckit. 


Catesbaei. 


Texana. 
coccinea. 


. velutina. 


. digitata. 

. pagodaefolia, 
. nana. 

. myrtifolia. 


pumila. 


minima. 


. geminata. 


Virgiuiana, 


. fusiformis. 


. undulata, 


. Durandi. 


Laceyi. 


austrina. 


. Chapmanii. 


. breviloba. 


. Laceyi. 
. prinoides. 


acuminata. 


Prinus. 


Michauxii. 


Brayi. 
platanoides. 


macrocarpa. 
lyrata. 


Margaretta. 
minor. 


Boyntonii. 
alba. 


1. Quercus Phéllos L. A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 25 m. and a 
ey diameter of 1 m., sometimes evergreen, the bark of the trunk nearly smooth. Leaf- 
lades linear-oblong or narrowly-elliptic, varying to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 4-10 cm. 


350 FAGACEAE 


long, glabrous and shining on both sides or sparingly tomentose beneath and tufted in the 
axils of the nerves when young, acute and bristle-tipped at the apex, usually entire, except 
on young shoots; petioles 2-5 mm. long: acorns sessile or nearly so; cup saucer-shaped, 
10-15 mm. broad, the bracts appressed ; nut subglobose, often depressed or globose-ovoid, 
about 1 em. long. 

In sandy soil, Long Island to Missouri, Florida and Texas. WILLOW OAK. 


2. Quercus hybrida (Chapm.) Small. A large tree, sometimes 25 m. tall, with a 
roughish bark and smooth ash-colored branchlets. Leaf-blades oblong to cuneate, 6-12 
em. long, rounded or 3-lobed at the apex, or sometimes with an additional lobe on one 
side, dark green, glabrous on both sides at maturity, gradually or abruptly narrowed into 
the short petiole: acorn closely sessile, 10-12 mm. long; cup flat, saucer-shaped, 10-12 
mm. broad, with appressed scales; nut subglobose or ovoid-globose, fully thrice longer 
than the cup. [Q. aquatica var. hybrida Chapm. ] 


On sandy or rocky river shores, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. 


3. Quercus laurifólia Michx. A tree, reaching a height of about 30 m., with a trunk 
diameter of more than 1 m, the bark of the trunk almost black. Leaf-blades oblong, varying 
to oval or obovate, 4-13 cm. long, entire or those on shoots unequally lobed, or pinnatifid, 
all bristle-tipped, slightly thickened and revolute along the margin, deep green and shin- 
ing above, paler and finally glabrous beneath ; petioles 1-3 mm. long: acorns short-stalked 
or subsessile; cup saucer-shaped, 10-15 mm. broad, the scales appressed; nut ovoid or 
globose-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long. 

On sandy banks and in swamps, chiefly near the coast, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. 
LAUREL OAK. 

4. Quercus imbricaria Michx. A forest tree, rarely 30 m. tall, with a maximum 
trunk diameter of about 1 m, the bark of the trunk brown, fissured. Leaf-blades oblong, 
varying to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 6-20 cm. long, bristle-tipped, entire, undulately 
toothed or rarely prominently 3-toothed at the apex, deep green and shining above, softly 
tomentose beneath; petioles 0.5-2 cm. long: acorns short-peduncled ; cup nearly hemis- 
pheric, 15-20 mm. broad, the bracts appressed, obtuse ; nut ovoid or subglobose, 10-15 
mm. long. : 

In dry woods, Pennsylvania to Michigan, Nebraska, Georgia and Arkansas. SHINGLE OAK. 


5. Quercus brevifdlia (Lam.) Sarg. A tree, rarely 30 m. high, with a maximum 
trunk diameter of 5 dm., the bark of the trunk gray and scaly. Leaf-blades oblong, varying 
to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, entire, undulate or rarely toothed near the 
apex or shallowly lobed, pale green and shining above, gray-tomentose beneath ; petioles 
3-8 mm. long: acorns often nearly sessile ; cup saucer-shaped, 10-15 mm. broad, the bracts 
appressed ; nut oblong or subglobose, 1.5 cm. high, often striate. [Q. cinerea Michx. ] 

ü In sandy soil, chiefly on ridges, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. HiGH-GROUND WILLOW 
AK. 

6. Quercus microcárya Small. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 5 m. tall, with very 
crooked branches and glabrous foliage. Leaf-blades thin, spatulate in outline, 5-10 cm. 
long, undulate or shallowly lobed, gray-green above, yellowish green beneath, short- 
petioled, the small bristles early deciduous: acorns sessile, less than 10 mm. long; cup 
deep saucer-shaped, 6-7 mm. broad ; nut globose-ovoid, often nearly one-half in the cup. 

On granite rocks, Little Stone Mountain, Georgia. X 


7. Quercus nigra L. A tree, reaching a maximum height of 30 m., with a trunk di- 
ameter of a little more than 1 m., the bark of the trunk smooth. Leaf-blades firm, oblanceolate 
or spatulate in outline, 5-15 cm. long, entire and sometimes with a dilated terminal lobe or 
3-lobed at the apex, those of the shoots often pinnatifid, bright green and glabrous on both 
surfaces, or somewhat tomentose beneath, the principal nerves ending in bristles; petioles 
2-7 mm. long : acorns sessile or short-peduncled ; cup saucer-shaped, 12-15 mm. broad, the 
scales appressed ; nuts subglobose, 1-1.3 cm. long, pubescent. [Q. aquatica Walt. ] 


In sandy soil, along streams, Delaware to Missouri, Florida and Texas. WATER OAK. 


8. Quercus Marylandica Muench. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 
about 20 m., with a trunk diameter of 1 m., the bark of the trunk very rough, black. Leaf- 
blades broadly or narrowly obovate, 3-5-lobed or with one much dilated terminal lobe, firm, 
deep green and shining above, brownish pubescent beneath, rounded or cordate at the base ; 
petioles about 0.5-1 em. long : acorns sessile or short-peduncled ; cup depressed-hemispheric, 
15-20 mm. broad, constricted at the base, the scales obtuse, appressed ; nuts subglobose or 
ovoid, 10-20 mm. long, usually one-half included in the cup. [@Q. nigra Wang. not L.] 


Chiefly in rocky soil, Long Island to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. BLACK Jack. BARREN OAK. 
JACK OAK. 


FAGACEAE 351 


9. Quercus palustris Du Roi. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 
60 m., with a trunk diameter of 1.5 m., the trunk clothed with a brown rough bark, its lower 
branches often deflexed. Leaf-blades broadly oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 6-15 cm. 
long, deeply pinnatifid into oblong, lanceolate or triangular lobes, glabrous on both sides 
except the tufted axils of the nerves beneath, shining above; petioles 3-5 cm. long, or 
shorter on seedlings: acorns short-peduncled ; cup saucer-shaped, 12-15 mm. long, finely 
pubescent, the scales appressed ; nut subglobose, 10-15 mm. long. 

In swamps and wet places, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Florida and the Indian Territory. PIN 
OAK. SwAMP OAK. 

10. Quercus Georgiana M. A. Curtis. A bushy shrub or small tree, reaching a 
height of about 9 m., with a trunk diameter of about 3 dm., the bark of the trunk dark, rough. 
Leaf-blades obovate or oblong in outline, pinnatifid into 3-5 triangular or ovate bristle- 
tipped lobes, glabrous and somewhat shining on both sides or the axils of the nerves 
beneath often tufted ; petioles 0.5-1 cm. long: acorns very short-peduncled or sessile ; cup 
saucer-shaped, 12-16 mm. broad, sparingly tomentose, the scales appressed ; nut ovoid or 
nearly globose, 10-14 mm. long, usually striate. 

On granite rock and in sandy soil, middle Georgia. 


11. Quercus Schnéckii Britton. A shrub or forest tree, reaching a maximum height 
of 65 m., with a trunk diameter of 2.5 m., the trunk clothed with a reddish brown bark. Leaf- 
blades oval varying to obovate, 6-20 cm. long, glabrous and shining above, paler beneath 
and tufted in the axils of the nerves, usually pinnately 5-7-lobed; lobes ascending, oblong 
or triangular, entire or several-toothed, the sinuses rounded, the lobes and teeth bristle- 
tipped ; petioles slender, 2-5 cm. long, or shorter in some Texas forms: acorns short- 
peduncled or nearly sessile ; cup saucer-shaped, 20-30 mm. broad, or smaller in arid regions, 
the scales appressed ; nut ovoid, 1.5-2.5 em. long. [Q. Terana Sarg., not Buckl.] 

On plains and prairies, lowa to Florida and Texas. SPANISH OAK. 


12. Quercus rubra L. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 50 m., with a 
trunk diameter of 1.5 m., the trunk clothed with a rough, close, often mottled bark. Leaf- 
blades oval, varying to ovate or obovate in outline, 10-20 cm. long, dull or slightly shin- 
ing above, pale and glabrous beneath, except the tufts of hairs in the axils of the nerves, 
5-7-lobed, the lobes ascending, entire or usually with a few bristle-tipped teeth, the sinuses 
rounded; petioles 3-5 em. long: acorns short-stalked ; cup saucer-shaped, slightly tomen- 
tose, 25-35 mm. broad, its base usually flat, its scales large, appressed, flat; nut ovoid, 
2.5-3 cm. long. 


In woods, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Minnesota and Kansas, Florida and Texas. RED Oak. 
LEOPARD OAK. 

.. 13. Quercus Catesbaéi Michx. A small tree, sometimes reaching a height of 20 m., 
with a trunk diameter of 1 m., the trunk clothed with a thick furrowed blue-gray bark, 
which finally separates into small blocks. Leaf-blades oblong or ovate in outline, usually 
deeply pinnately-lobed, rather pale green and glabrous on both surfaces, except the tufted 
axils of the nerves beneath, the lobes oblong, ovate or usually lanceolate, often curved, 
entire, or with coarse bristle-tipped teeth towards the end ; petioles about 0.5-1 cm. long: 
acorns short-peduncled ; cup saucer-shaped, about 25-30 mm. broad, the scales broad, ap- 
pressed, but not closely so ; nut ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long. 

On sand ridges, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. TURKEY OAK. 


l4. Quercus Texàna Buckl A small tree, with spreading branches. Leaves 
numerous; blades 5-10 cm. long, with 3-7 triangular or ovate lobes, the terminal one 
much longer than the rest, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base ; petioles slender, 1-3 
em. long: acorns about 1.5 cm. long, nearly sessile ; cup hemispheric, 9-11 mm. broad ; 
nut oblong or ovoid-oblong, 8-10 mm. thick. 

In dry or rocky soil, southern and western Texas. 


15. Quercus coccinea Wang. A forest tree, reaching a height of about 50 m., with 
a trunk diameter of 1.5 m., the trunk clothed with an irregularly ridged bark. Leaf-blades 
oval, varying to oblong or obovate in outline, 1-2 dm. long, usually deep green and shin- 
ing above, paler and glabrous beneath, or tufted in the axils of the nerves, 5-7-lobed, the 
lobes ascending or spreading, usually toothed, the teeth as well as the lobes bristle-tipped ; 
petioles 2-6 em. long: acorns sessile or short-peduncled ; cup turbinate, 15-20 mm. broad, 
more or less constricted at the base, the scales appressed ; nut ovoid or oblong-ovoid, mostly 
1-2 em. long. 

In dry soil, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. ScARLET OAK. 

16. Quercus velutina Lam. A forest tree, reaching a height of 50 m., with a 
trunk diameter of 1.5 m., the bark dark brown, close or in low irregular ridges. Leaf-blades 
oval or obovate in outline, 10-30 em. long, pinnately lobed, glabrous and often shining 


352 FAGACEAE 


above, usually rusty-pubescent beneath and tufted in the axils or sometimes glabrate, the 
lobes and their teeth bristle-tipped ; petioles 1-6 cm. long: acorns sessile or nearly so ; 
cup turbinate or hemispheric-turbinate, 20-25 mm. broad, the scales coarse, appressed, 
nearly flat ; nut globose-oblong or obovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, abruptly pointed. [ Q. tinc- 
toria Michx. ] 

Inrocky or sandy soil, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. BLACK OAK. QUERCITRON. 


17. Quercus digitàta ( Marsh.) Sudw. A forest tree, reaching a height of 40 m. and 
a trunk diameter of 1.5 m., the trunk clothed with a brown shallow-fissured bark. Leaf- 
blades ovate or oval in outline, pinnatifid above a rounded base into 3-7 flaring or scythe- 
shaped lobes, glabrate above, finely and usually densely tomentose beneath with yellow- 
ish-gray hairs, the lobes (and their teeth when present) bristle-tipped, the terminal one 
often conspicuously elongated ; petioles 2-4 cm. long : acorns short-peduncled ; cup saucer- 
shaped above a turbinate base, 15-18 mm. broad, the scales lightly appressed, obtuse or 
truncate at the apex ; nut subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. long. [Q. falcata Michx.] 

In sandy soil, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida and Texas. SPANISH OAK. RED OAK. 


18. Quercus pagodaefólia (Ell.) Ashe. A tree, becoming 32 m. tall, with a dark 
gray rough bark and spreading branches. Leaf-blades oval to oblong, 1.5-3 dm. long, 
broadly cuneate or nearly truncate at the base, dark green above, persistently white-tomen- 
tulose beneath, pinnately 5-13-lobed, the lobes lanceolate to narrowly triangular, mostly en- 
tire; petioles 3-6 cm. long: acorns sessile or nearly so ; cup shallow, with appressed scales ; 
nut subglobose, about 1 em. long, nearly one-half enclosed in the cup. 

In river swamps or low grounds, Virginia and Indiana to Missouri and Georgia. SPANISH OAK. 


19. Quercus nàna (Marsh.) Sarg. An intricately branched shrub, forming wide 
thickets, or sometimes a small tree reaching a height of 7 m., with a trunk diameter of 
2 dm., the stems clothed with asmooth gray or dark brown bark. Leaf-blades obovate or oval 
in outline, pinnatifid into triangular or ovate bristle-tipped lobes, deep green and shining 
above, white or pale gray-tomentose beneath ; petioles 1-2 cm. long: acorns short-pedun- 
cled or nearly sessile, often clustered ; cup saucer-shaped, 15-18 mm. broad, the scales ap- 
pressed ; nut ovoid, globose or depressed-globose, 10-15 mm. long, often striate. [Q. 
ilicifolia Wang. ] 

In sandy or rocky soil, Maine to Ohio, North Carolina and Kentucky. BEAR OAK. SCRUB OAK. 

20. Quercus myrtifólia Willd. A much branched evergreen shrub, or a small tree 
reaching a height of 6 m.,the trunk rarely 1 dm. in diameter, clothed with a smooth bark. 
Leaf-blades leathery, obovate or oval, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, entire, or sinuate- 
toothed on the shoots, glabrous and shining above, paler and dull beneath ; petioles 1-3 
mm. long: acorns sessile or nearly so; cup saucer-shaped, 10-13 mm. long, the scales 
closely appressed and imbricated ; nut ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 1-1.4 cm. long, dark brown, 
often striate, pubescent at the apex. 

On sand ridges, chiefly near the coast, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 


21. Quercus pümila Walt. A low shrub, spreading extensively by the underground 
stems, the branches erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. tall or rarely 2 m. tall. Leaf-blades thickish, 
narrowly oblong, varying to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, obtuse or acute, 
often slightly revolute, usually bright green and shining above, finely tomentose or gla- 
brate beneath : acorns sessile or nearly so ; cup saucer-shaped, sometimes varying towards 
hemispherie, 12-15 mm. broad, the scales relatively large, flat, appressed ; nut ovoid, 
10-15 mm. long. 

On open sandy barrens, especially near the coast, North Carolina to Florida. RUNNING OAK. 


22. Quercus mínima (Sarg.) Small. .A low shrub, forming wide patches by the 
extensive spreading of its underground stems, the branches erect or ascending, less than 1 m. 
tall, solitary or several together. Leaf-blades obovate or sometimes oblong or oblanceolate, 
3-10 em. long, thickish, acute or apiculate, repand-toothed or the upper ones sometimes 
entire, those of the shoots often lobed, glabrous on both sides, or finely tomentose beneath ; 
petioles 2-5 mm. long : acorns solitary or several at the end of a short peduncle ; cup hemi- 
spheric, sometimes slightly constricted at tlie base, about 15 mm. broad, the scales appressed, 
thickened on the back, except near the edge ; nut ovoid or elliptic, 15-18 mm. long, dark 
brown, glabrous. [Q. virens var. dentata Chapm. ] 

In sandy sterile pine lands, chiefly near the coast, Florida. 


23. Quercus geminata Small. A shrub, or rarely a small tree, 3-4 m. tall, with a 
trunk diameter of 10-15 em., the bark pale or gray. Leaf-blades narrowly-oblong, elliptic 
or oblong-oblanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, entire, obtuse or apiculate, strongly revolute, mostly 
gradually narrowed at the base, rugose-reticulated, glabrous and parchment-like above, 
tinely tomentose beneath; petioles 2-6 mm. long : acorns usually 2 at the end of the peduncle 


FAGACEAE 353 


varying from 1-4 cm. in length; cup turbinate, 10 mm. broad, tomentose, its scales appressed, 
slightly thickened near the base, fringed at the edge ; nut ovoid or narrowly oval, 10-17 
mm. long, twice surpassing the cup. 


In sandy soil, chiefly in the scrub, Florida to Mississippi. LIVE OAK. 


24. Quercus Virginiàna Mill. A large evergreen tree, reaching a maximum height 
of about 30 m. and a trunk diameter of about 2.5 m., the trunk clothed with a pale-gray or 
white furrowed bark. Leaf-blades leathery, oblong or oval, varying to obovate or oblanceo- 
late, 3-12 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, entire (except on shoots), more or less revolute, 
glabrous and often shining above, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, never rugose ; 
petioles 0.5-1 cm. long: acorns solitary or spicate at the ends of the usually long pedun- 
cles; cup hemispheric, often slightly constricted at the base, 15-20 mm. broad, its scales 
appressed, the lower ones thickened on the back; nut ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. 
long, twice longer than the cup. [Q. virens Ait.] 

In sandy soil chiefly near the coast, Virginia to Florida and Mexico, also in Cuba. LIVE OAK. 

25. Quercus fusifórmis Small. A shrub 1.5-3 m. tall, with slender or switch-like 
stems or branches. Leaves persistent; blades leathery, oblong or oblong-ovate, 3-5 em. 
long, entire or sparingly spiny-toothed on twigs, gray-green and lustrous above, paler and 
scurfy-tomentulose beneath, slightly revolute, rounded or truncate at the oblique base, 
short-petioled : acorns numerous, solitary or several on slender peduncles ; cup turbinate, 
10-12 mm. high, gray ; nut fusiform, 2-2.5 cm. long, acute, conspicuously striate, thrice 
surpassing the cup. 

On arid limestone and granite hills, central Texas. LIVE OAK. 


26. Quercus undulata Torr. A shrub or small tree, with slender often switch-like 
stems or branches. Leaves numerous, persistent; blades firm and leathery, oblong or 
slightly broadest above or below the middle, 2-5 cm. long, sinuate-toothed, somewhat re- 
sembling those of Ilex opaca, light bluish or brownish green and lustrous above, dull, 
somewhat reticulated and obscurely puberulent beneath ; petioles 2-6 mm. long, puberu- 
lent: acorns sessile, 8-15 mm. long ; cup hemispheric, 5-7 mm. broad, not quite as high, 
with minute gray scales; nut cylindrie or barrel-shaped, usually over twice as long as the 
cup, brown. 

On escarpment hills, Colorado to Texas and Arizona. SwITCH OAK, 


27. Quercus Durándi Buckl. A tree sometimes, becoming 16 m. tall, with a trunk 
diameter of nearly 1 m., but often much smaller, the bark pale or light gray and somewhat 
scaly. Leaves numerous; blades narrowly oblong varying to broadest above the middle or 
below it, 4-10 cm. long, entire, or slightly 5-lobed near the blunt or slightly notched apex, 
rather leathery, pale green and lustrous above, very pale or whitish tomentulose beneath, 
gradually or abruptly narrowed at the base, short-petioled : acorns nearly sessile; cup very 
shallow, thickish, the thin acute scales appressed, whitish tomentulose ; nut ovoid or some- 
what depressed, about 1 em. long, only about 2 mm. included in the cup. 

In dry soil, often near streams, Alabama to eastern Texas. 


28. Quercus Laceyi Small. A shrub or small tree, becoming 6 m. tall, with a rough 
deeply and irregularly grooved bark. Leaves numerous, rather tardily deciduous; blades 
oblong and with 3-5 shallow lobes, or oblong-obovate and more prominently 3-lobed below 
the apex, 4-8 cm. long, olive-green and with a waxy lustre above, grayish and slightly and 
minutely scurfy beneath, sometimes truncate or subcordate at the base, short-petioled : 
acorns sessile or nearly so ; cup shallowly saucer-shaped, 12-17 mm. broad, stout and corky, 
coarsely warty ; nut oblong to oblong-ovoid, 15-19 mm. long, often depressed at the apex : 
seed very bitter. 

On the summits of Caprina limestone hills, south-central Texas. BASTARD OAK. MOUNTAIN OAK. 


29. Quercus austrina Small. A tree, reaching a height of 15 m. and a trunk diam- 
eter of about 1 m. with a roughish bark and smooth reddish glaucous twigs. Leaf-blades 
cuneate to oblong-cuneate, 5-15 cm. long, with 3-5 blunt lobes above the middle, bright 
green but not lustrous above, white tomentulose but soon becoming glabrous and more or 
less glaucous beneath, short-petioled : staminate aments 5-7 cm. long, slender: acorns 
1.5-2 em. long. 

On river banks, Georgia and Alabama. 


30. Quercus ChapmániiSarg. A rigid shrub, or a small tree, with a maximum height 
of 10 m. and a trunk diameter of 3 dm., the trunk clothed with a dark bark which separates 
in irregular plates. Leaf-blades obovate or oblong, thickish, 5-10 cm. long, undulate or 
usually shallowly 3-lobed near the apex, or merely angulate, glabrous and lustrous above, 
sparingly pubescent beneath, more or less revolute, nearly sessile or short-petioled : acorns 
sessile or nearly so; cup depressed-hemispheric, 15-20 mm. broad, its scales tuberculate- 

23 


354 FAGACEAE 


thickened except near the edge ; nut oblong or elliptic in outline, 15-25 mm. long, about 
twice as long as the cup. [ Q. odtusiloba var. parvifolia Chapm. ] 
In sandy barrens, chiefly near the coast, South Carolina to Florida. 


31. Quercus breviloba (Torr. ) Sarg. A shrub often forming thickets, or a small tree, 
the trunk clothed with a gray or silvery white bark which scales off in thin strips. Leaf- 
blades obovate or broadly oblanceolate, or spatulate, 4-12 cm. long, obtuse, shallowly lobed 
above, bluish green or deep-green and shining above, densely felty tomentose with grayish 
white hairs beneath, the lobes rounded: acorns sessile or nearly so ; cup saucer-shaped, 
with a thin edge 10-15 mm. broad, tomentose, the scales appressed ; nut slightly obovoid, 
10-15 mm. long. 

Chiefly in limestone soil, middle and southern Texas. SHIN OAK. 


32. Quercus prinoides Willd. A shrub or small tree, with a slender trunk and a max- 
imum height of about 5 m., the bark pale. Leaf-blades obovate, oblanceolate or rarely nearly 
oblong, 5-15 em. long, usually acute or short acuminate, coarsely toothed, cuneately nar- 
rowed or sometimes rounded at the base, glabrous and somewhat shining above, finely gray- 
tomentose beneath ; petioles 0.5-1.5 em. long: acorns sessile or nearly so ; cup hemispheric, 
13-18 mm. broad, thin, its scales appressed, thickened on the back; nut oblong-ovoid, 
15-25 mm. long, more than twice as long as the cup. 

In sandy or rocky places, Maine to Minnesota, North Carolina, Alabama and Texas. CHINQUAPIN 
OAK. SCRUB CHESTNUT OAK. 

33. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Honda. A handsome tree, reaching a maximum 
height of about 50 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 2.5 m., the trunk clothed with a pale- 
gray or white scaly bark. Leaf-blades varying from lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-20 em. 
long, mostly acuminate at the apex, coarsely serrate, with flaring or rarely depressed teeth, 
glabrous and glossy above, glaucous, minutely pubescent or glabrate beneath ; petioles 1-3 cm. 
long : acorns sessile or nearly so ; cup hemispheric, about 15 mm. broad, its scales thickened, 
especially near the base ; nut ovoid, about 15 mm. long, about twice as long as the cup. 

d in limestone soil, Vermont to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. CHESTNUT Or YEL- 
LOW OAK. 

34. Quercus Prinus L. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 30 m. and a 
trunk diameter of 2 m., the trunk clothed with a dark, hard, close, furrowed bark. Leaf- 
blades oblong to oval, varying to slightly broadest above or below the middle, 15-20 cm. 
long, coarsely crenate-serrate, dark green, glabrous and barely shining above, finely gray- 
tomentulose beneath ; petioles 1-3 cm. long: acorns short-peduncled ; cup hemispheric, 
12-35 mm. broad, with appressed bracts; nut ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 25-35 mm. long, 
with an edible but not very sweet seed. 

In rocky woods, Maine and Ontario to Georgia and Alabama. Rock CHESTNUT OAK. 


35. Quercus Michaüxii Nutt. A large tree, reaching a maximum height of 35 m. 
and a trunk diameter of 2 m., the trunk clothed with a white or ash-gray bark which sepa- 
rates in very thin plates. Leaf-blades obovate, varying to oblong, usually acute or short-acu- 
minate, coarsely serrate, nearly glabrous and often shining above, finely tomentose beneath 
with white hairs; petioles 1-3 cm. long: acorns peduncled ; cup deep saucer-shaped or 
shallowly hemispheric, 25-35 mm. broad, finely tomentose, the bracts broad, appressed, 
often keeled on the back ; nut oblong or oblong-ovoid, 30-35 mm. long : seed sweet, edible. 

In swamps and damp places, Delaware to Indiana, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Cow OAK. 
BASKET OAK. 

36. Quercus Brayi Small. A large tree, sometimes 18 m. tall, or more, with a pale 
flaky bark. Leaves very numerous, deciduous; blades thin, cuneate, 10-20 cm. long, 
abruptly acuminate at the apex, regularly and coarsely sinuate-toothed nearly to the base, 
glabrous, with relatively few regular and prominent lateral ribs, deep green above, slightly 
paler and rather olive-green beneath ; petioles 1.5-2.5 cm. long: acorns sessile or nearly 
so; cup hemispheric, 20-25 mm. broad, the lower scales somewhat warty on the back ; nut 
oblong to ovoid, 25-30 mm. long, about 1.5 em. thick : seed rather sweet. 

In cafions, central Texas. WHITE OAK. 

37. Quercus platanoides (Lam.) Sudw. A stately tree, reaching a maximum height 
of 36 m. and a trunk diameter of 2.5 m., the trunk clothed with a gray or whitish flaky bark. 
Leaf-blades obovate or oblong-obovate, 5-20 em. long, coarsely toothed or lobed, usually 
cuneately narrowed at the base, deep green and shining above, densely white-tomentose 
beneath, the teeth or lobes rounded ; petioles 1-3 em. long: acorns usually long-peduncled; 
cup saucer-shaped or depressed-hemispheric, 20-25 mm. broad or rarely smaller, the bracts 
mostly appressed, much narrower at the edge than at the base; nut oblong or oblong-ovoid, 
20-25 mm. or nearly 3 cm. long. [Q. bicolor Willd.] 


In swamps or moist places, Quebec to Maine, Iowa, Georgia, Arkansas and Missouri. SWAMP 
WHITE OAK. 


FAGACEAE 355 


38. Quercus macrocárpa Michx. A large forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 
about 55 m. and a trunk diameter of 2.5 m., the trunk clothed with a brown or gray flaky 
bark. Leaf-blades thinnish, obovate or spatulate in outline, 1-3 dm. long, glabrous and shin- 
ing above, with fine white or gray tomentum beneath, pinnatifid into mostly diverging lobes 
or sometimes crenate-sinuate, the terminal lobe largest and usually coarsely crenate ; peti- 
oles 1-3 em. long : acorns on naked or leafy peduncles ; cup deeply hemispheric or sub- 
globose, 3-5 cm. long, the lower scales tuberculate on the back, the upper ones prolonged 
into long thread-like tips; nut subglobose or broadly oblong, 3-5 cm. long, pubescent, 
especially towards the apex, often twice as long as the cup. 

In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Georgia and Texas. Mossv-cUP OAK. BUR OAK. 


39. Quercus lyrata Walt. A handsome tree, reaching a maximum height of about 
35 m. and a trunk diameter of more than 1 m., the trunk clothed with a brown or dark gray 
bark which separates in narrow scales. Leaf-blades rather thin, obovate or spatulate in out- 
line, deep green, glabrous and shining above, white-tomentose or glabrate beneath, lyrate- 
pinnatifid ; petioles 0.5-2 cm. long : acorns usually short-penduncled ; cup hemispheric or 
depressed-globose, 2-4 cm. broad, the scales thickened on the back, not prolonged into con- 
spicuous tips along the edge ; nut ovoid and exserted or depressed-globose, ovoid and nearly 
or completely included in the cup. 

Mostly in swamps, New Jersey and Missouri to Florida and Texas. SWAMP WHITE OAK. OVERCUP 
OAK. Swamp Post OAK. 

40. Quercus Margarétta Ashe. A shrub, or a small tree, sometimes 10 m. tall, 
with glabrous twigs, the bark very rough. Leaves numerous; blades oval or obovate in 
outline, 6-9 cm. long, undulate, sinuate or rather shallowly 3-5-lobed above the middle, 
smooth and mostly shining above, pale green or glaucous and more or less pubescent about 
the nerves beneath, short-petioled : acorns sessile or short-peduncled ; cup turbinate-hemis- 
pherie, 11-14 mm. broad, the lower scales much larger than the marginal; nut oblong 
to ovoid-oblong, 12-14 mm. long, one-half or less included in the cup, pubescent at the 
beaked apex. 

In pine lands or woods, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. 


41. Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sarg. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 30 
m. and a trunk diameter of about 1.5 m., the trunk clothed with a narrowly ridged bark. 
Leaf-blades thickish, broadly obovate in outline, 1-2 dm. long, or smaller in the Southwest, 
dark green, shining and sparingly pubescent or glabrate above, finely tomentose with gray 
or yellowish hairs beneath, pinnatifid into usually 5 rather broad diverging lobes ; petioles 
1-3 em. long : acorns often clustered ; cup hemispheric, constricted at the base, 15-20 mm. 
broad, the scales flat, often somewhat spreading ; nut ovoid, 15-20 mm. long, pubescent at 
the top, twice or thice as long as the cup. 

In dry rocky soil, Massachusetts to Missouri, Kansas, Florida and Texas. PosT OAK. IRON OAK. 


42. Quercus Boyntónii Beadle. A shrub 1-5 m. tall, usually in large clumps, or 
occasionally with the aspect of a small tree, the trunk less than 1 dm. in diameter, the 
twigs clothed with a yellowish brownor brown tomentum, the bark of the main stems fissured 
and broken into irregular scales. Leaves deciduous ; blades obovate in outline, 5-9 cm. long, 
with 3-5 small obtuse lobes above the middle or usually near the summit, often cuneately 
narrowed to the base, soon glabrous and lustrous above, permanently tomentose beneath : 
acorns sometimes short-peduncled ; cup turbinate or cup-shaped, the closely imbricated 
acute or acutish scales densely tomentose ; nut oval or ovoid, about 12 mm. long, brown 
and striped, pale-pubescent at the apex, less than one-half enclosed in the cup. 

In rocky soil, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


43. Quercus álba L. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 45 m. and a 
trunk diameter of 2.5 m., the trunk clothed with a pale gray or white scaly or flaky bark. 
Leaf-blades obovate in outline, 1-2 dm. long, pale green above, glaucous beneath, finally 
glabrous, pinnatifid into 3-9, or usually, 7 ascending lobes, these entire or shallowly lobed ; 
petioles 1-2 em. long: acorns sometimes clustered ; cup saucer-shaped or shallowly hemi- 
à TY woody, 15-20 mm. broad, its .bracts often tuberculate, except near the edge ; nut 
oblong-ovoid, 15-25 mm. long, surpassing the cup 3-4 times. 

In woods, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. WHITE Oak. 


Order 8. URTICALES. 
Shrubs or trees with a hard wood, or herbs. Leaves alternate, or in the 
case of herbs often opposite : blades simple, entire, toothed ordivided. Flowers 
various, never in aments. Calyx present. Corolla wanting. Androecium often 


356 URTICACEAE 


of as many stamens as there are sepals. Gynoecium of a single carpel or 2 
united carpels. Fruit an achene, samara, drupe or syncarp. Endosperm usu- 
ally scant or wanting. 


Fruit an achene, the achenes sometimes in the accrescent sepals and disposed in a syncarp. 
Flowers not on a receptacle: fruits not forming syncarps: sepals neither thick and juicy, nor envel- 
oping the achenes. 
Style or stigma 1, the latter sometimes tufted : ovule erect : filaments inflexed in the bud. 
Fam. 1. URTICACEAE. 


Styles or stigmas 2: ovule pendulous: filaments erect in the bud. Fam. 2. CANNABINACEAE. 
Flowers on the outside or inside of a receptacle: fruits forming syncarps : 
sepals aecrescent, enveloping the achenes. Fam. 3. ARTOCARPACEAE. 
Fruit a samara or a drupe, sometimes nut-like. Fam. 4. ULMACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. URTICÀCEAE Reichenb. NETTLE FAMILY. 


Herbs (or in the tropies, shrubs or trees), with pellucid and watery, or firm 
tissues, sometimes armed with stinging hairs. Leaves alternate or opposite : 
blades simple, entire, toothed or rarely lobed : stipules usually present. Flow- 
ers small, greenish, dioecious, monoecious or polygamous, in axillary, simple or 
compound, often congested cymes. Calyx of 2-5 distinct or partially united 
equal or unequal sepals. Androecium of 2-5 stamens inserted at the base of 
the sepals or calyx lobes, reduced to staminodia in the pistillate flowers, or none. 
Filaments distinct, strongly inflexed in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. 
Gynoecium a single carpel. Ovary superior, l-celled. Style or stigma solitary, 
terminal or becoming lateral, the stigma often tufted. Ovule erect or nearly so, 
orthotropous or half-amphitropous. Fruit an achene. Endosperm oily, some- 
times nearly wanting. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. 

Plants armed with stinging hairs. 
Leaves opposite : staminate flowers with 4 sepals and 4 stamens: achenes equilateral : style terminal. 
Leaves alternate: staminate flowers with 5 sepals and 5 stamens: achene oblique: LEY: 
style lateral. 2. URTICASTRUM. 


Plants glabrous or at least destitute of stinging hairs. 
Flower-clusters not involuerate: leaves mostly opposite. 


Flower-clusters in axillary often clustered cymes: achene not included. 3. ADICEA. 
Flower-clusters spicate on slender mostly simple branches: achene included. 4. BOEHMERIA. 
Flower-clusters involucrate : leaves alternate. 5. PARIETARIA. 


1. URTICA L. 


Annual or perennial often coarse herbs armed with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite : 
blades membranous, toothed or incised-lobed, mostly 5-7-nerved : stipules free. Flowers 
dioecious or monoecious, in axillary cymes which are panicled, or often much reduced, 
the staminate with 4 nearly distinct sepals, which are concave or hooded at the apex, 4 
stamens and a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with a perianth of 4 nearly distinct 
sepals, two of them larger than those of the other pair, and an equilateral ovary : stigma 
tufted. Achene flattened, with a membranous or crustaceous pericarp, enveloped in the 2 
accrescent sepals. Seed with its membranous testa and pericarp often adherent. NETTLE. 


Annual: flower-clusters simple. 
Leaf-blades incised-toothed, the upper ones but little reduced. 1. U. urens. 3 
Leaf-blades crenate-dentate, the upper ones much reduced. 2. U. chamaedryoides. 
Perennial: flower-clusters compound. 
Stems sparingly bristly. 


Leaf-blades with coarse flaring teeth : sepals oval. 3. U. Breweri. 
Leaf-blades with rather fine ascending or incurved teeth : sepals orbicular. 4. U. gracilis. 
Stems densely bristly. 5. U. dioica. 


l. Urtica ürens L. Annual, stoutish. Stems erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. tall, simple 
or branched, bristly with stinging hairs : leaf-blades thin, oval or ovate, 1-4 cm. long, 
acute, glabrous or sparingly bristly, acute or truncate at the base, incised, the tooth-like 
segments ascending or spreading, entire or toothed ; petioles slender, as long as the 
blades or much longer : flower-clusters shorter than the petioles or a little longer: sepals 
oval or broadly oblong, less than 1 mm. long: achene ovoid, nearly 2 mm. long, enveloped 
in the accrescent sepals. 

In waste places, Newfoundland to New York and Florida. Also in California. Naturalized from 
Europe. Spring to fall. 

2. Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh. Annual, slender. Stems solitary or tufted, as- 
cending, weak, 1-10 dm. tall, sparingly armed with stinging bristle-like hairs other- 


URTICACEAE 357 


wise glabrous, simple or branched at the base or above: leaf-blades thin, varying from 
suborbicular on the lower part of the stem, through ovate to lanceolate on the upper part of 
the stem, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse or acute, crenate-dentate, truncate or cordate at the base or 
the upper ones acutish ; petioles slender, 3-3 as long as the blades: flower-clusters shorter 
than the petioles : sepals oblong or those of the pistillate flowers oval, less than 1 mm. long, 
obtuse : achene ovoid, 1 mm. long, enveloped in the 2 accrescent sepals. 

In thickets, Kentucky to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

3. Urtica Bréweri S. Wats. Perennial, stout, finely pubescent with somewhat curled 
hairs or glabrate except scattered bristle-like hairs. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, often branched : 
leaf-blades thin, lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 7-20 cm. long, acuminate, coarsely serrate 
with somewhat flaring teeth, rounded or subcordate at the base ; petioles about 4 as long as 
the blades : panicles about as long as the petioles : sepals oval, 1 mm. long, obtuse, densely 
hispid : achene ovoid, 1.2 mm. long, enveloped in the 2 accrescent sepals. 

On river banks, Wyoming to California, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 

4. Urtica gracilis Ait. Perennial, slender, sparingly pubescent with stinging hairs. 
Stems erect, 6-18 dm. tall, angled, simple or sparingly branched above: leaf-blades thin, 
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate, the teeth 
often somewhat incurving, acute or obtuse at the base; petioles 4-} as long as the blade: 
panicles much longer than the petioles: sepals suborbicular, about 1 mm. long, densely 
puberulent : achenes ovoid, 1.2 mm. long, enveloped in the accrescent ovate sepals. 

On river banks and along fences, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, North Carolina and Louisiana. 
Summer and fall. 

5. Urtica dioica L.  Perennial, stoutish, densely bristly with stinging hairs. Stems 
erect, 6-13 dm. tall, simple or branched : leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-12 dm. 
long, acute or short-acuminate, coarsely serrate or sometimes incised, cordate at the base ; 
petioles 4-3 as long as the blades : panicles shorter than the petioles or about equalling them 
in length : sepals densely soft-pubescent, less than 1 mm. long, the outer obovate, the inner 
p nh : achene suborbicular, 1 mm. long, enveloped in the accrescent depressed orbicular 
sepals. 

In waste places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, South Carolina and Missouri. Naturalized from 
Europe and Asia. Summer and fall. 


2. URTRICASTRUM Fabr. 

Perennial herbs (shrubs or trees in the tropics), armed with stinging hairs. Leaves al- 

ternate : blades often large and membranous, toothed : stipules distinct. Flowers monoecious 
or dioecious, mostly in axillary panicled or dichotomous cymes, the staminate with a 
perianth of 5 partially united sepals, 5 stamens, and a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate 
flowers with a perianth of 4 partially united somewhat unequal sepals and an oblique 
ovary: style subulate, becoming lateral. Achene oblique with a membranous or fleshy 
pericarp. Woop NETTLE. 
. 1l. Urticastrum divaricatum ( L.) Kuntze. Foliage bright green, bristly with sting- 
ing hairs. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, often flexuous : leaves alternate ; blades thin, ovate, oblong 
or elliptic, 5-20 em. long, acuminate, coarsely serrate or crenate-serrate, rounded or, rarely 
acutish at the base, glabrous or bristly, especially on the nerves ; petioles slender, 3 as long 
as the blades or longer : panicles slender, spreading, the lower staminate, the upper pistil- 
late : sepals oblong (in the staminate flowers) or suborbicular (in the pistillate), hyaline, 
or with hyaline margins : achene oblique, almost 3 mm. in diameter, the style lateral, about 
twice as long as the 2 accrescent sepals. [Laportea Canadensis Gaud. ] 

In thickets and rich woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Kansas. Summer and fall. 


3. ADÍCEA Raf. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with pellucid watery tissues, destitute of stinging hairs. 
Leaves opposite : blades often 3-nerved or nearly nerveless, and transversely ridged or 
wrinkled, entire or toothed : stipules interpetiolar. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in 
axillary panicled or congested cymes, the staminate with a perianth of 4 or rarely 2-3 
partially united sepals, the tube often cup-like, 4 or rarely 2-3 stamens and a rudimentary 
ovary. Pistillate flowers with a perianth of 3 partially united sepals and an equilateral 
ovary surrounded by 4 or rarely 2-3 staminodia : stigma tufted. Achene flattened, with 
a membranous pericarp. [Pilea Lindl] RICHWEED. CLEARWEED. 


Leaf-blades 2-10 mm. long, entire, transversely wrinkled or ridged. Wr 
" filiform : leaf-blades suborbicular or broadly oval, 2-4 mm. long. Lo herniarioides. 

Le seme not filiform : leaf-blades elliptic or oblanceolate, 5-10 mm. long. 2. A. microphylla. 
af-blades 3-10 em. long, toothed, not transversely roughened. 3. A. pumila. 


358 URTICACEAE 


1. Adicea herniarioides (Sw.) Small. Annual, very slender, glabrous. Stems fili- 
form, 3-10 em. long, prostrate or decumbent, soft, pellucid, simple or branched : leaf-blades 
suborbicular to broadly oval, 2-4 mm. long, obtuse at the apex, entire, acute at the base, 
marked on the upper surface with pale transverse ridges; petioles filiform, somewhat 
shorter than the blades: flower-clusters very small, shorter than the petioles: sepals 
oblong, acutish : achene 0.4 mm. long, oblong-ovoid, lenticular. [Pilea hernarioides (Sw. ) 
Lindl.) : 

In dry woods and hammocks, Key West, Florida. Also in the West Indies. 


2. Adicea microphylla (Sw.) Kuntze. Annual or biennial, slender, glabrous. 
Stems erect or ascending, or sometimes creeping at the base, 5-20 cm. long, fleshy, simple 
or mostly branched : leaf-blades elliptic or oblanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, acute or acutish at 
the apex, entire, acuminate at the base, transversely wrinkled ; petioles filiform, shorter 
than the blades : flower-clusters very small, shorter than the petioles : sepals ovate, very 
thin, acutish : achenes oblong, 0.4 mm. long, lenticular. [Pilea microphylla (Sw. ) Liebm. ] 

In rocky woods, western Florida. Alsoin the West Indies. 

3. Adicea pumila (L.) Raf. Annual, fleshy, glabrous or finely pubescent. Stems 
erect or decumbent, 1-7 dm. tall, obtusely angled, often branched, watery, pellucid : leaf- 
blades ovate to elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, usually short-acuminate, coarsely crenate-serrate, 
broadly cuneate at the base; petioles as long as the blades or somewhat shorter : panicles 
spreading, shorter than the subtending petioles : sepals lanceolate, each of those of the pis- 
tillate flowers accompanied by a staminodium : achene ovoid, 2 mm. long, acutish. [Pilea 
pumila (L.) A. Gray.] 

In damp shaded places, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


4. BOEHMERIA Jacq. 


Herbs. shrubs or trees, more or less pubescent with stingless hairs. Leaves alternate 
or opposite: blades often 3-nerved, toothed or rarely lobed: stipules mostly free. Flowers 
monoecious or dioecious, in dense contiguous or distant clusters on slender branches: the 
staminate with a perianth of 4 or rarely 3-5 partially united sepals, 4 or rarely 3-5 stamens 
and a rudimentary ovary.  Pistillate flowers with a perianth of 2-4 united sepals and a ses- 
sile or stalked ovary: stigma elongated. Achene flattened, included, the pericarp some- 
what crustaceous. FALSE NETTLE. 

Leaf-blades not white-pubescent beneath: native species. 


Leaf-blades leathery, finely serrate ; petioles much shorter than the blades. 1. B. scabra. 
Leaf-blades relatively thin, coarsely serrate ; petioles as long as the blades or little shorter. ; 
Main pair of lateral nerves arising at the base of the leaf-blade. 2. B. cylindrica. 


Main pair of lateral nerves arising some distance above the base of the leaf-blade. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or merely puberulent and slightly pubescent about the 


nerves beneath : calyx glabrous or nearly so at maturity. 3. B. decurrens. 
Leaf-blades velvety pubescent beneath: calyx copiously pubescent. 4. B. austrina. 
Leaf-blades white-pubescent beneath : introduced species. 5. B. nivea. 


1. Boehmeria scàbra (Porter) Small. Perennial, rough-pubescent or nearly gla- 
brous. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, rarely branched, very leafy : leaf-blades leathery, firm, ovate 
or elliptic-ovate, 2-5 cm. or rarely 10 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, finely serrate, 
cordate or rounded at the base, short-petioled ; petioles 1 em. or rarely 2 cm. long: spikes 
continuous, dense: calyx 3.5 mm. broad, the sepals ovate-lanceolate, strongly hooded at 
the apex: achenes suborbicular, sometimes broader than high, nearly 1.5 mm. broad, 
pointed, quite oblique at the base. [Boehmeria cylindrica var. scabra Porter.] 

In swamps, New York to Michigan, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


2. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Willd. Perennial, bright green, pubescent with 
rigid straight or hooked hairs or nearly glabrous. Stems 2-10 dm. tall, simple or branched 
above: leaf-blades thin, ovate to lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, acuminate, coarsely-serrate, 
rounded or obtuse at the base ; petioles slender, often nearly as long as the blades: flower- 
clusters dense, forming usually interrupted spikes on slender branches: calyx 3mm. broad : 
jii iov ovate-lanceolate: achenes suborbicular, 1 mm. broad, pointed, oblique at the base, 
ciliate. 

In woods and low ground, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Kansas. Summer and fall. 


3. Boehmeria decürrens Small. Perennial, nearly glabrous at maturity, deep green. 
Stems 7-12 dm. tall, sometimes inconspicuously pubescent: leaf-blades thin, lanceolate 
to ovate-lanceolate, 10-18 cm. long, acuminate, serrate or crenate-serrate, with scattered 
hairs on and about the nerves beneath, deeper green above, rounded or very slightly cor- 
date at the base, the main pair of lateral nerves arising some distance above the base of the 
blade; petioles slender, nearly as long as the blades or somewhat shorter : flower-clusters 


CANNABINACEAE 359 


disposed on elongated spike-like branches : calyx about 3 mm. broad : sepals oblong, obtuse, 
sparingly pubescent or glabrate: achenes fully 1.5 mm. broad. 

In moist sandy soil, Florida. Summer and fall. 

4. Boehmeria austrina Small. Perennial, copiously but finely pubescent, dull green. 
Stems 5-9 dm. tall, closely pubescent: leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 9-14 cm. 
long, thickish, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate, velvety pubescent beneath, glabrate and 
darker green above at maturity, cordate or rounded at the base, the main pair of lateral 
nerves arising some distance above the base of the blade; petioles relatively short, mostly 
somewhat shorter than the blade: flower-clusters separated, on elongated spike-like 
branches : calyx about 3 mm. broad ; sepals ovate, acute or acutish, copiously pubescent. 

In moist or sandy soil, Texas to Arizona. Summer and fall. 


5. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. A shrub or shrubby plant. Stem and branches 
pubescent with more or less spreading hairs: leaves alternate ; blades broadly ovate, 8-15 
em. long, somewhat acuminate, dentate, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, the 
upper surface rough, the lower densely white-pubescent, long-petioled : flower-clusters 
axillary, green, those of the pistillate flowers loosely branched. 


In waste places, South Carolina and Florida and about the large cities in the Gulf States. Intro- 
duced from eastern Asia. RAMIE. 


5. PARIETARIA L. 


Annual or perennial, often flimsy herbs, with simple diffusely branched sometimes 
pellucid stems. Leaves alternate: blades entire, 3-nerved. Involucres of 2-6 more or less 
united bracts. Flowers polygamous, in clustered axillary cymes, the staminate with a 
perianth of 4, or rarely 3 more or less united sepals, 4 or rarely 3 stamens and a rudimen- 
tary ovary. Pistillate flowers with a perianth like that of the staminate, and a free ovary : 
stigma tufted. Achene nearly terete, included, with a crustaceous pericarp. PELLITORY. 
Leaf-blades of an ovate, rhombic or an oblong type, relatively long-petioled. 

Bracts of the involucre linear or linear-lanceolate, acute: sepals lanceolate. 1. P. Floridana. 
Braets of the involucre oblong, sometimes narrowly so, obtuse: sepals ovate. 2. P. obtusa. 
Leaf-blades of a lanceolate type, relatively short-petioled. : 3. P. Pennsylvanica. 

1. Parietaria Floridana Nutt. Annual, slender, finely but often densely puberulent. 
Stems ascending or spreading, 1-5 dm. long, often much branched : leaf-blades thin, numer- 
ous, usually ovate to subrhombic, 0.5-5 cm. long, blunt at the apex or sometimes short- 
acuminate but obtuse, entire, mostly obtuse at the base ; petioles filiform : flower-clusters 
in nearly all the axils: bracts of the involucre linear or linear-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, 
acute : sepals lanceolate, thin, acute or acutish : achenes ovoid, 1 mm. long, shining. 

In damp shaded places, New Hampshire to California, Florida and Mexico. Summer. 

2. Parietaria obtüsa Rydb. Similar to P. Floridana in habit. Stems usually 
branched at the base, the branches spreading, 0.5-2 dm. long, copiously but very finely 
villous: leaf-blades oblong to ovate-oblong, 0.5-2 cm. long, scarcely or not at all con- 
stricted below the apex, obtuse: bracts of the involucre oblong or narrowly oblong, obtuse : 
sepals ovate, obtuse or rarely acutish. 

In shaded places, Colorado and Utah to Texas and Arizona. Spring and summer. 


3. Parietaria Pennsylvanica Muhl. Annual, slender, finely pubescent. Stems weak, 
ascending or reclining, 1-4 dm. long, simple or branched: leaf-blades thin and flimsy, 
lanceolate or elliptic or sometimes oval or ovate, 1-6 cm. long, obtuse or acuminate at the 
apex, entire, acute or acuminate at the base ; petioles slender: flower-clusters sessile in all 
but the lower leaf-axils: bracts of the involucre linear, 4-5 mm. long : sepals oblong or 
lanceolate, acute : achenes oval, 1 mm. long, shining, minutely apiculate. 


Cn shaded banks and rocks, Ontario to British Columbia, Florida and Mexico. Summer. 


FAMILY 2. CANNABINACEAE Lindl. Hor og Hemp FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial, often coarsely pubescent herbs, with erect or twining 
stems. Leaves opposite or sometimes alternate: blades toothed, lobed or 
divided, membranous, petioled : stipules persistent. Flowers dioecious : stami- 
nate in panicled racemes, with 5 sepals, and 5 stamens, or fewer or more. 
Pistillate flowers in bracted spikes, with an entire perianth, and a gynoecium of 
2 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled. Styles or stigmas 2, subulate. Ovule soli- 
tary, pendulous. Fruit an achene, subtended by and often enclosed in a bract : 


360 ARTOCARPACEAE 


pericarp erustaceous. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo curved or coiled. The 
perianth is sometimes much reduced or obsolete. 


Stems twining: leaf-blades usually 3-lobed: fruit a drooping cone with thin imbricated Lag ie 
. HUMULUS. 
Stems erect: leaf-blades 3-7-parted : fruit spicate on stiff branches. 2. CANNABIS. 


1. HUMULUS L. 


Perennial twining herbs, with coarse pubescence. Leaves opposite: blades serrate or 
3-7-lobed : stipules free, persistent. Staminate flowers in panicled racemes, with a perianth 
of 5 imbricated sepals, and 5 stamens with short erect filaments.  Pistillate flowers in 
ament-like drooping spikes, 2 together, subtended by a bract, with an entire scale-like 
perianth and a sessile 1-celled ovary. Achene a little flattened, subtended by a membra- 
nous bract. Embryo spirally coiled. 

1. Humulus Lüpulus L. A prostrate or climbing vine roughly pubescent through- 
out with stiff recurved hairs. Stems 2-9 m. long, dextrorsely twining, angled: leaf-blades 
firm, orbicular or ovate in outline, 3-15 cm. in diameter, simply serrate or 3-7-lobed, the 
lobes serrate, cordate at the base ; petioles about 3 as long as the blades: panicles 1-2 dm. 
long, open : sepals oblong varying to ovate or obovate, obtuse, pubescent, about 3 mm. long : 
stamens surpassing the sepals: fruiting spikes 3-8 cm. long, ovoid or cylindric; bracts 


membranous, suborbicular to oblong-ovate, obtuse, 1-2 cm. long: achenes subglobose, about 
2-3 mm. in diameter. 


In thickets, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Arizona. Escaped from cultivation. Native 
of Europe and Asia. Summer. Hop. 


2. CANNABIS L. 


Coarse pubescent annual herbs, with erect stems. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades 
digitately divided into 5-11 narrow, serrate, firm segments: stipules free, persistent. 
Staminate flowers in panicled racemes, with a perianth of 5 imbricated sepals, and 5 sta- 
mens with short erect filaments.  Pistillate flowers solitary in the axils of leafy bracts, 
forming spikes, with an entire perianth subtending a sessile 1-celled ovary. Achene oval, 
slightly flattened. Embryo curved. 


1. Cannabis sativa L. A coarse erect herb, with a very tough inner bark. Stems 
branched, 1.5-4 m. tall, rough pubescent, angled: leaf-blades divided into 5-11 linear or 
linear-lanceolate serrate acuminate segments varying from 4-15 em. long ; petioles 2-8 cm. 
long: panicles about as long as the subtending leaves : calyx 4-5 mm. broad : sepals ob- 
long or oval, pubescent obtuse : stamens about as long as the sepals : spikes leafy-bracted, 
1-2 cm. long: achenes oval-lenticular, 4-5 mm. long, variegated, enveloped in the persist- 
ent perianth. 


In waste places. New Brunswick to Minnesota, Kansas, Georgia and Tennessee. Native of Asia 
and Europe. Summer. HEMP. 


FAMILY 3. ARTOCARPACEAE Horan. MULBERRY FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with a milky sap and often edible fruit. Leaves mostly al- 
ternate: blades entire, toothed or lobed: stipules deciduous. Flowers monoe- 
cious or dioecious, in ament-like spikes or heads, on the outside of a receptacle, or 
on the inside of a closed receptacle, the staminate with a perianth of 3-4 sepals, 
somewhat united at the base. Stamens 3-4, inserted at the base of the perianth. 
Filaments inflexed, straightening out elastically. Pistillate flowers with a peri- 
anth of 3-5, partially united sepals which enlarge and envelop the achene at 
maturity and a 1-2-celled ovary. Styles or stigmas single or 2. Ovule solitary. 
Fruit a syncarp or syconium.  Achenes inclosed in the pulpy calyx. Endosperm 
fleshy, or wanting. Embryo curved. 

Staminate and pistillate flowers on the outside of the receptacle. 


Staminate and pistillate flowers in ament-like spikes. 1. Monvs. 
Staminate flowers in ament-like racemes ; pistillate flowers in heads. 
Plants armed : leaf-blades entire. 2. TOXYLON. 
„Plants unarmed : leaf-blades serrate and often lobed. 3. BROUSSONETIA. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers on the inside of a closed receptacle. 4. FICUS. 


1. MORUS L. 


Monoecious or dioecious shrubs or trees, with a thin scaly bark. Leaves alternate : 
blades entire or 3-lobed, serrate, membranous, or somewhat leathery, deciduous. Flowers 


ARTOCARPACEAE 361 


pedunculate. The staminate in elongated cylindric, ament-like drooping spikes: sepals 
nearly equal: stamens 4, inserted opposite the sepals under the rudimentary ovary, ex- 
serted : filaments filiform : anthers introrse, with roundish connectives.  Pistillate flowers 
in shorter, stouter and denser spikes: calyx with 4 sepals, the outer often much larger 
than the inner, accrescent and enclosing the fruit. Ovary sessile, 1-celled : style terminal, 
very short: stigmas linear, ascending. Ovules suspended, campylotropous. Syncarp more 
or less elongated, white or black. Achenes tipped by the persistent stigmas. MULBERRY. 


Leaf-blades glabrous beneath or sparingly pubescent on the nerves. 
Leaf-blades 6-20 em. tong rather smooth above : species introduced. 
i 


Syncarp white or pinkish. 1. M. alba. 
Syncarp black at maturity. 2. M. nigra. 
Leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, scabrous above: species Texano-Mexican. 3. M. microphylla. 
Leaf-blades softly pubescent beneath. ^ 4. M. rubra. 


1. Morus alba L. A tree 5-12 m. tall, with a maximum trunk diameter of 1 m., 
the twigs and young foliage sparingly pubescent. Leaf-blades ovate or oval-ovate, 6-15 
em. long, acute or short-acuminate, singly or doubly serrate, sometimes lobed, rounded or 
cordate at the base, generally pubescent on and about the nerves beneath ; petioles 4-} as 
long as the blades, puberulent: staminate spikes 1-2 cm. long, mostly longer than the pe- 
duncle: pistillate spikes 0.5-1 cm. long : syncarp subglobose or oval-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 
usually longer than the peduncle, white or pinkish. 

In fields and waste places, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. Naturalized from the Old 
World. Spring and summer. 

2. Morus nigra L. A shrub or tree, ranging from 3-20 m. high, with puberulent 
twigs and young foliage. Leaf-blades thin, ovate, 4-15 cm. long, short-acuminate, serrate, 
undivided or 2-3-lobed, rounded or cordate at the base, becoming glabrous; petioles 1—3 
as long as the blades: staminate spikes cylindric, 1-2 em. long, longer than the peduncles : 
pistillate spikes oval, 5-8 mm. long, shorter than the pubescent peduncles: syncarp oval- 
oblong, 1-2 cm. long, the drupelets black when mature. 

Along roadsides and in waste places, New York to Florida and Texas. Introduced from the Old 
World. Spring. 

3. Morus microphylla Buckl. A shrub or small tree 10 m. tall, with a trunk 3-4 
dm. in diameter. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or suborbicular, 2-5 em. long, short-acuminate, 
serrate with rather appressed teeth, rounded or subcordate at the base, scabrous, deep 
green, sparingly pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petioles 0.5-1 cm. long, puberulent : 
staminate spikes slender, 1-2 cm. long, longer than the peduncles: pistillate spikes small, 
drooping : syncarp oval-oblong, 1-1.5 em. long, deep purple or nearly black. 

On plains or prairies, Texas to Arizona, and in northern Mexico. Early spring. 

. 4. Morus rübra L. A tree, reaching a height of 20 m. and a maximum trunk 
diameter of 2.5 m. the bark separating in thin scales. Leaf-blades ovate or oval-ovate, 6-20 
em. long, abruptly acuminate, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base, becoming glabrous 
above, softly pubescent beneath; petioles 1-1 as long as the blades: staminate spikes 
slender, 4-8 cm. long, cylindric, much longer than the peduncles : pistillate spikes about 
1 em. long, drooping : syncarp cylindric, 3-6 cm. long, deep red or purplish, very juicy. 
Plants sometimes flower in the fall, especially in southern Florida. 

In fields and woods, Vermont to Ontario, South Dakota, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


2. TÓXYLON Raf. 

Dioecious trees, with a furrowed bark, armed with axillary thorns. Leaves alternate : 
blades entire, leathery. Flowers green, pedunculate, on branchlets of the previous year, 
the staminate in globose racemes : calyx campanulate, the 4 sepals narrowed to a pubescent 
pedicel. Stamens 4, inserted opposite the sepals: filaments filiform, slightly flattened : 
anthers introrse, with a short connective. Fertile flowers in dense heads on the stout 
shoots of the year. Calyx narrowly campanulate, the 2 outer sepals much broader than 
the inner, persistent, accrescent. Ovary ovoid, l-celled, sessile, flattened, included, pro- 
longed into a long terminal filiform plumose stigma. Ovule suspended, anatropous. 
Achenes oblong, flattened, collected into a large globose syncarp. OSAGE ORANGE. 

. l. Toxylon pomíferum Raf. A shrub or tree 20 m. high, with a maximum trunk 
diameter of nearly 1 m., the foliage pubescent when young, glabrous at maturity. Branch- 
lets zigzag: leaf-blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, or rarely obovate, 4-30 
cm. long, acuminate, entire, rounded or subcordate at the base, dark green and lustrous 
above, dull and paler beneath; petioles about 4 as long as the blades: racemes 1-2 cm. 
long, subglobose, shorter than the peduncles : sepals united to the middle, the lobes ovate, 


362 ULMACEAE 


obtuse: stamens long-exserted: fruiting heads globose, 5-15 cm. in diameter, golden- 
yellow. [Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. ] 
In fields or thickets, Virginia to Arkansas, Georgia and Texas. Late spring and summer. 


3. BROUSSONÉTIA L Her. 

Wide-spreading trees, with a milky sap. Leaves alternate: blades undivided, or 3-5- 
lobed, serrate, softly pubescent. Flowers dioecious, the staminate in elongated ament-like 
spikes, with a perianth of 4 partially united valvate sepals, 4 stamens with filiform fila- 
ments, and a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers in heads, with an ovoid or tube-like 
toothed perianth, a stalked included ovary with a single stigma. Ovule pendulous. Fruit- 
ing head peduncled, each achene protruding from the persistent perianth, with a rugose 
crustaceous endocarp. PAPER MULBERRY. 

1. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. A Morus-like tree 4-15 m. tall, with hirsute- 
tomentose twigs and foliage. Leaf-blades thinnish, ovate, serrate, undivided or 3-lobed, 
acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, scabrous above, tomentose 
beneath ; petioles 3-3 as long as the blades: racemes 2-5 cm. long, cylindric, longer than 
the peduncles: mature heads globose, 2-3 cm. in diameter. 

In waste places or cultivated lands, New York to Missouri and Florida. Native of Asia. Spring. 


4. FICUS L. 

Monoecious or rarely dioecious shrubs, trees or climbing plants, with a thick milky 
sap and usually naked buds. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite: blades entire, toothed 
or lobed, leathery : stipules interpetiolar. Flowers in hollow receptacles. Staminate 
flowers nearly sessile: calyx of 2-6 partially united sepals, or sometimes wanting: stamens 
1 or 2, or rarely 3: filaments short and stout, when more than one, united : anthers innate 
or adnate. Pistillate flowers short-stalked : sepals commonly fewer and narrower than in 
the staminate flowers, or rarely wanting. Ovary sessile, 1-celled, sometimes oblique : style 
lateral, elongated : stigma club-shaped, peltate or 2-lobed. -Ovule suspended or horizontal, 
anatropous. Achenes immersed in the accrescent receptacle. Fic. 


Leaf-blades lobed, very scabrous-pubescent. 1. F. Carica. 

Leaf-blades entire, smooth and glabrous. ; 
Receptacles pedunculate. 2. F. populina. 
Receptacles sessile. 3. F. aurea. 

1. Ficus Carica L. A shrub or small tree 2-5 m. tall, the stems sometimes clustered. 
Leaf-blades very scabrous-pubescent, firm, leathery, suborbicular or oval in outline, trun- 
cate or cordate at the base, palmately 5-7-lobed ; lobes coarsely toothed or again lobed ; 
petioles densely pubescent, about 4 as long as the blades: fruit obovoid, 2-8 cm. long. 

In fields, escaped from cultivation, Virginia to Tennessee, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


2. Ficus populina Willd. A small tree, sometimes 15 m. tall with a maximum trunk 
diameter of 5 dm. Leaf-blades leathery, ovate, oval or rarely obovate, 3-10 em. long, ob- 
tuse, acute or abruptly short-acuminate at the apex, entire, deep green, lustrous above, 
rounded or cordate at the base; petioles 1-3 as long as the blades: receptacle globose-obo- 
void, pedunculate : flowers intermixed with chaff-like scales: sepals united to about the 
middle, broader in the pistillate flowers than in the staminate : fruit subglobose, 2-2.5 cm. 
in diameter. [F. brevifolia Nutt.] 

In hammocks, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Alsointhe West Indies. Spring and summer. 


3. Ficus aürea Nutt. A tree, starting as a parasite on the trunks of other trees, pro- 
ducing aérial roots which on reaching the ground produce large trunks and propagate the 
tree over large areas, maximum height 20 m. Leaf-blades leathery, oblong, oval or ellip- 
tic, 3-10 em. long, acute or short-acuminate at both ends, entire, yellowish green, lustrous 
above, paler beneath, usually short-petioled : receptacles sessile or nearly so in the axils, 
depressed globose, often in pairs: flowers reddish, tinged with purple, intermixed with 
chafflike scales: sepals united to the middle or only at the base, the lobes broad in the 
staminate flowers, narrow in the pistillate: fruit obovoid, 2 cm. in diameter. 

In hammocks, southern Florida and the Keys. Also in the Bahama Islands. Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 4. ULMACEAE Mirbel. ELM FAMILY. 


Sometimes evergreen shrubs or trees, with a watery sap and spreading or 
usually drooping terete angled or winged branches. Pubescence not stinging. 


ULMACEAE 363 


Leaves alternate, often 2-ranked: blades simple, usually inequilateral, oblique 
at the base, commonly scabrous: stipules fugacious. Flowers inconspicuous, 
perfect, polygamous, or monoecious, in axillary or lateral eymes, racemes or 
clusters. Perianth a green or slightly colored calyx. Sepals 4-5 or rarely 3-8, 
more or less united at the base, imbricated. Androecium usually of as many 
stamens as there are sepals. Filaments inserted at the base of the perianth 
opposite the lobes, distinct. Anthers opening lengthwise. Gynoecium of 2 
united carpels. Ovary 1-2-celled, free. Stigmas 2. Ovule solitary, pendulous, 
anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a stalked samara ora drupe, or nut-like. 
Seed with a membranous testa. Endosperm wanting or scant. Embryo with 
flat or conduplicate cotyledons. 


Fruit dry, a samara, or nut-like: embryo straight. 


Flowers mostly perfect: fruit a samara winged all around. 1. ULMUS. 
Flowers polygamo-monoecious: fruit nut-like, bearing wart-like tubercles. 2. PLANERA. 
Fruit a drupe: embryo with conduplicate cotyledons. 
Flowers solitary or merely clustered in the axils: drupe solitary. 3. CELTIS. 
Flowers in dichotomous cymes: drupes cymosely disposed. 
Stigmas 2-cleft : sepals of staminate flowers imbricated : plants armed. 4. MOMISIA. 
Stigmas entire: sepals of staminate flowers valvate: plants unarmed. 5. TREMA. 


1. ULMUS L. 


Shrubs or trees, with a furrowed bark and flexuous branchlets which are sometimes 
furnished with corky wings. Leaves 2-ranked: blades oblique, straight-nerved, rigid, 
serrate, deciduous. Flowers perfect (American species), in axillary clusters or cymes, 
articulated to the pedicels which are furnished with 2 scales. Calyx campanulate, mem- 
branous, 4-9-lobed, usually 5-lobed. Stamens exserted: filaments filiform or slightly 
flattened : anthers extrorse, erect, emarginate at the apex, subcordate at the base. Ovary 
sessile or short-stalked, flattened, 1-celled or rarely 2-celled, surmounted by 2, often re- 
curved, introrse stigmas. Samara suborbicular or oblong, its membranous wing subtended 
by the persistent calyx. Seed flattened. ELM. 


Flowers and fruit autumnal, in the axils of the leaves. 5 
Leaf-blades obtuse : fruit short-ciliate. 1. U. crassifolia. 
Leaf-blades acute or acuminate : fruit long-ciliate. 2. U. serotina. 

Flowers and fruit vernal, on the naked branches. 

Leaf-blades smooth or roughened above: flowering pedicel longer than the calyx. 


Branches with corky wings. 3. U. alata. 

Branches without corky wings. E K 
Leafy twigs purple, glabrous : samara ovate, the tips erect or nearly so. 4. U. Floridana. 
Leafy twigs pubescent: samara oval or obovate, the tips converging. 5. U. Americana. 


Leaf-blades very scabrous-pubescent : flowering pedicel shorter than the calyx. 6. U. fulva. 


1. Ulmus craseifdlia Nutt. A tree, reaching a maximum height of 30 m. and a 
trunk diameter of 1 m., its twigs and lower leaf surfaces pubescent. Leaf-blades firm and 
leathery, inequilateral, usually oblong, elliptic or ovate, obtuse, finely and often doubly 
serrate, mostly rounded at the oblique base, very rough above, more or less pubescent 
beneath, short-petioled : flowers autumnal, in axillary clusters : pedicels very short : calyx 
campanulate-turbinate, the lobes oblong or linear-oblong : samara oval, undulate, 8-10 
mm. long, finely pubescent, produced into 2 short beaks : seed ovate. 

On prairies and along rivers, Arkansas to Mississippi and Texas, and in northern Mexico. 
Flowers in the late summer and fall ; matures its fruit in September and October. 

2. Ulmus serótina Sarg. A tree, reaching a height of 16 m., with a maximum 
trunk diameter of nearly 1 m., the branches spreading or pendulous, often with 2-3 corky 
wings, the buds acute, about 6 mm. long. Leaf-blades oblong to oval or broadest above the 
middle, 5-8 cm. long, firm, often relatively thin, lustrous and yellow-green above, coarsely 
toothed, with a prominent midnerve and about 20 pairs of lateral nerves; petioles mostly 
about 6 mm. long: racemes 2-4 cm. long, many-flowered : pedicels 2-4 mm. long: calyx 
reddish brown, 2-3 mm. long: anthers yellow: samara oblong-elliptic, 10-12 mm. long, 
ciliate with silvery hairs. 

On banks and bluffs, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. Fall; fruit ripen in November. 


3. Ulmus alata Michx. A tree, reaching a height of 20 mm., with a trunk diameter 
of 1 m., the branches corky-winged. Leaf-blades firm, usually narrowly-elliptic or elliptic- 
oblong, rarely nearly oval or ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, 
doubly or triply serrate, equilateral or slightly inequilateral, obtuse or slightly cordate at 
the base, short-petioled : howe in clustered racemes, vernal: pedicels 4-8 mm. long: 
calyx campanulate, the lobes ovate or suborbicular : samara elliptic, 5-6 mm. long, conspicu- 


364 ULMACEAE 


ously fringed with cilia, and pubescent all over, prolonged into 2 slender hooked beaks : 
seeds ovate-lanceolate. x 

Chiefly along streams, Virginia to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Late winter and spring. WAHOO. 

4. Ulmus Floridàna Chapm. A small tree, sometimes 20 m. tall, with a maximum 
trunk diameter of about 1 m., its mature leafy twigs purple, glabrous.  Leaf-blades firm, 
leathery, oblong, oval or ovate or rarely ovate-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, acute or short- 
acuminate, doubly or triply serrate with appressed or incurved teeth, inequilateral, oblique 
at the base, glabrous, smooth or rough above, more or less pubescent beneath, short- 
petioled : flowers vernal in somewhat clustered racemes : pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, glabrous: 
calyx campanulate, 3-4 mm. long: samara ovate, 11-13 mm. long, reticulated, ciliate, the 
tips erect or nearly so. 

On river banks, North Carolina to Florida. Late winter and early spring. 

5. Ulmus Americana L. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 40 m., 
with a trunk diameter of 1-3 m., its mature leafy twigs pubescent. Leaf-blades oval or 
ovate, 5-10 em. long, short-acuminate, usually doubly serrate, with more or less incurved 
teeth, inequilateral, oblique at the base, sometimes cordate, glabrous or nearly smooth 
above, sparingly pubescent and prominently nerved beneath, short-petioled : flowers 
vernal, clustered : pedicels 1-1.3 cm. long, glabrous: calyx campanulate, 2-3 mm. long : 
samara oval or obovate, 10-12 mm. long, reticulated, fringed, the tips strongly convergent : 
seeds central, oval or elliptic. 


_ Along water courses, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Florida and Texas. Late winter and early 
spring. WHITE or WATER ELM. 


6. Ulmus falva Michx. A tree, becoming 25 m. tall, with a trunk, diameter of less 
than 1 m., the twigs and leaves scabrous pubescent : inner bark mucilaginous. Leaf-blades 
ovate, oval or obovate, or those on shoots lanceolate, acuminate, doubly or triply serrate, 
obliquely truncate or cordate at the base, scabrous-pubescent on both sides, short-petioled : 
flowers vernal, in dense clusters, nearly sessile or the pedicels 1-2 mm. long ; calyx cam- 
panulate, pubescent, 3 mm. long, the lobes half-orbicular : samaras suborbicular, bey 
mm. in diameter, finely pubescent, with a slightly thickened margin not fringed with cilia : 
seeds oval, 5-6 mm. long. 


On banks and in rocky soil, Quebec to North Dakota, Florida and Texas. Early spring. SLIPPERY 


2. PLANERA J. F. Gmel. 


Small trees, with a scaly bark and very slender somewhat flexuous branchlets. Leaves 
three-ranked : blades rather rigid, crenate-serrate with gland-tipped teeth, otherwise elm- 
like. Flowers polygamo-monoecious : staminate in clusters arising from the axils of the 
branchlets : pistillate (or perfect) solitary or several together in the axils of the leaves. 
Calyx campanulate, somewhat scarious, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, exserted : filaments fili- 
form: anthers introrse, notched at the apex, cordate at the base. Ovary short-stalked, 
1-celled, tuberculate, surmounted by two recurved introrse stigmas. Nut-like fruit dry- 
leathery, covered with irregular elongated wart-like projections. Seed solitary, flattened, 
with a lustrous testa. PLANER-TREE. WATER ELM. 

1. Planera aquatica ( Walt.) J. F. Gmel. A small tree 4-12 m. tall, with a maxi- 
mum trunk diameter of about 6 dm. Bark smooth or scaly : leaf-blades ovate or elliptic- 
ovate, 3-8 cm. long, acute or obtuse, singly or doubly serrate or crenate-serrate, inequilat- 
eral, oblique at the base, finely reticulated and deep green above, glabrous or minutely 
pubescent and -paler beneath, short-petioled : staminate flowers in clusters or clustered 
racemes : pistillate flowers solitary or several in an axil: pedicel longer than the calyx: 
calyx turbinate-campanulate, about 2 mm. long,“the lobes ovate, obtuse : fruit ovoid, about 
1 em. long, surpassing its pedicel in length, tuberculate-echinate with soft processes. 

In river swamps, Indiana and Missouri to North Carolina, Florida and Texas. Early spring. 


3. CELTIS L. 

Unarmed shrubs or trees, with a thin smooth or extensively corky-ridged bark. Leaves 
2-ranked : blades oblique, entire or serrate, membranous or somewhat leathery. Flowers 
polygamo-monoecious, or rarely monoecious, axillary, on the new branchlets : staminate 
solitary or clustered : pistillate solitary or a few together near the ends of the branchlets. 
Calyx 4-5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 4-5 : filaments incurved : anthers extrorse, loosely 
attached just above the base. Ovary sessile, 1-celled, prolonged into two recurved stigmas. 
Drupe subglobose with a firm outer coat, the pulp scant and the stone bony, its surface 
smooth or rugose. Seed filling the cavity of the stone. ` The plants flower in the spring. 
HACKBERRY. SUGAR-BERRY. 


ELM. 


ULMACEAE 365 


Leaf-blades of an ovate type.! 
Twigs glabrous. 1. C. occidentalis. 
Twigs puberulent. 
Leaf-blades green beneath, glabrous or slightly pubescent. 
Mature drupes 7-10 mm. in diameter. 
Leaf-blades barely reticulated : species of the middle and eastern 


United States. 2. C. crassifolia. 
Leaf-blades conspicuously reticulated: western species. 3. C. reticulata. 
Mature drupes 5-7 mm. in diameter. 4. C. Georgiana. 
Leaí-blades gray beneath and subtomentose. 5. C. Helleri. 
Leaf-blades of a lanceolate type. 
Leaf-blades entire or nearly so. 6. C. Mississippiensis. 
Leaf-blades sharply serrate. 7. C. Smallit. 


1l. Celtis occidentàlis L. A tree, sometimes reaching a height of 40 m., with a trunk 
diameter of 1 m., the twigs glabrous.  Leaf-blades ovate or rarely oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm. 
long, usually abruptly acuminate, sharply serrate except at the oblique, truncate or cordate 
base, smooth or nearly so above, short-petioled : drupes subglobose or globose, 7-10 mm. in 
diameter, orange, purple or nearly black when mature. 

* On river banks and in rich soil, Quebec to Manitoba, North Carolina, Alabama and Kansas. 


2. Celtis crassifélia Lam. A shrub or tree, with puberulent twigs. Leaf-blades 
ovate, firm in texture, 3-12 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, often truncate 
or cordate at the base, usually serrate to near the apex, pubescent, scabrous on the upper 
surface, short-petioled : drupes 7-10 mm. in diameter, red-purple or nearly black at matur- 
ity, oval or subglobose. 

In dry or stony soil, New York to Kansas, South Carolina and Tennessee. 


3. Celtis reticulata Torr. A small tree 3-15 m. tall, with pubescent twigs and foliage, 
the bark blue-gray, smooth or with high corky warts. Leaf-blades ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 
obtuse or acuminate, more or less revolute, entire or serrate, very scabrous above, pubes- 
cent and very prominently rugose-nerved beneath, truncate or cordate at the oblique base ; 
petioles 4-10 mm. long, pubescent: drupes globose, 7-10 mm. in diameter, orange-red. 

In rocky places, southern Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 


4. Celtis Georgiana Small. A diffuse shrub or small tree, with slender, often pin- 
nately arranged branches, the leafy twigs pubescent. Leaf-blades ovate, 2-5 cm. long, 
acute or short-acuminate, entire or sharply serrate above the middle, inequilateral, rounded 
or truncate at the oblique base, scabrous and sometimes sparingly pubescent on the upper 
surface ; petioles short, pubescent : pedicels short, often not longer than the diameter of the 
fruit : drupes globose or subglobose, 5-7 mm. in diameter, red-purple or tan-color. 

In rocky places and along streams, Maryland and Missouri to Georgia, Florida and Alabama. 


5. Celtis Hélleri Small. A much-branched wide-spreading tree, sometimes 10 m. 
tall, with a maximum trunk diameter of 1.5 m., the bark of the trunk and main branches 
with numerous corky warts. Leaves rather firm ; blades ovate to oblong, 4-7 cm. long, 
obtuse or acute, crenate-serrate, especially above the middle, rounded or subcordate at the 
base, deep green and scabrous-pubescent above, pale and tomentose beneath, slightly in- 
equilateral, oblique at the base ; petioles stout, 3-4 mm. long, tomentose : pedicels sparingly 
pubescent, curved, 1-1.5 cm. long: drupes subglobose, 7-9 dm. in diameter, light brown, 
tea smooth and shining: seeds globose, strongly 4-ribbed, prominently retic- 
ulated. 


In dry grounds, southern Texas. 


6. Celtis Mississippiénsis Bosc. A large tree, reaching a height of 30 m., with a 
maximum trunk diameter of about 1 m., the bark light gray, usually covered with high 
corky warts. Leaf-blades lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, 
long-acuminate at the apex, entire or nearly so, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the 
oblique base, dark green and smooth above, pale beneath ; petioles 4-10 mm. long : pedicels 
slender, 1-2 em. long: drupes globose or globose-ovoid, £-7 mm. in diameter, purple-black 
or orange-red. 

Mostly along streams, Indiana and Illinois to Texas and Florida. 


. 7. Celtis Smállii Beadle. A tree usually smaller than C. Mississippiensis. Leaf-blades 
thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, sometimes with conspic- 
uously elongated tips, sharply and irregularly serrate, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, 
delicately but usually conspicuously veined, slender-petioled : pedicels slender, mostly 
longer than the petioles : drupes subglobose, 5-7 mm. in diameter. 

Sandy or rocky soil, North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia and Alabama. 
Se ge ee 


' Key and descriptions revised by Mr. C. D. Beadle. 


366 ULMACEAE 


4. MOMISIA F. G. Dietr. 


Spine-armed shrubs or small trees, with usually pubescent or scabrous foliage. Leaf- 
blades often leathery, variously toothed, nearly equilateral : stipules in the form of spines. 
Flowers polygamo-monoecious, at least the staminate in elongated axillary cymes. Calyx 
with 4-5 lobes, deciduous. Stamens 4-5, exserted: filaments longer than the extrorse 
anthers. Ovary sessile, 1-celled. Stigmas 2-cleft. Drupe oblong, ovoid or globose, some- 
times slightly angled, with a more or less flattened, tuberculate or reticulated stone. 
Leaf-blades nearly smooth : drupe 8-12 mm. in diameter: stone with warty faces. 1. M. aculeata. 
Leaf-blades very scabrous : dupes 5-8 mm. in diameter: stone with reticulated faces. 2. M. pallida. 

1. Momisia aculeata (Sw.) Kl. A spreading or often climbing shrub, 1-3 m. tall, 
with little or no pubescence, its branches and twigs with more or less recurved stipular 
spines. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong-ovate, obtuse or acutish, nearly entire or 
coarsely crenate-serrate above the middle, rounded or cordate at the base, slightly inequi- 
lateral and sometimes oblique at the base, nearly smooth on both sides, short-petioled : 
flowers in cymes: pedicels 2-5 mm. long: drupes globose-ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, obscurely 
4-angled : seeds obliquely oval, slightly flattened, warty. [Celtis aculeata Sw. ] 

In sandy soil, Florida Keys and the valley of the Rio Grande. Also in tropical America and the 
West Indies. Spring. 

2. Momisia pallida (Torr.) Planch. A spreading shrub 2-4 m. tall, with puber- 
ulent twigs and inflorescence, its branches armed with straight stipular spines. Leaf-blades 
ovate to oblong, 2-3.5 em. long, acute or apiculate, 3-nerved, nearly entire or coarsely 
toothed, slightly inequilateral, often oblique at the rounded or subcordate base, very 
scabrous on both sides, short-petioled : cymes 3-5-flowered : pedicels 1-2 mm. long, shorter 
than the petioles: drupes subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, yellow, orange or red, with 
an acid pulp : seeds oval or obovoid, 4-ribbed, reticulated. [Celtis pallida Torr. ] 

In sandy soil, Floridaand Texas to northern Mexico. Spring. 


5. TREMA Lour. 


Tall shrubs or trees, unarmed, usually pubescent. Leaves alternate, often 2-ranked : 
blades toothed, 3-nerved at the base, equilateral or only slightly inequilateral, short-peti- 
oled : stipules lateral. Flowers mostly monoecious or polygamous, the perfect mostly fer- 
tile, in axillary cymes. Sepals of pistillate flowers induplicate-valvate, those of the perfect 
flowers slightly imbricated. Stamens 4-5. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2, entire. Ovule 
pendulous. Drupe ovoid to globose. 


1. Trema Floridàna Britton. A shrub or tree 6 m. tall, with copiously pubescent 
foliage. Leaf-blades ovate, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, more or less acu- 
minate, scabrous-pubescent above, softly pubescent beneath, finely serrate, rounded or 
cordate at the base : flowers greenish : drupes subglobose, yellow or orange. 

In woods and hammocks, peninsular Florida and the Keys. 


Order 9. POLYGONALES. 


Herbs, shrubs, trees or vines. Leaves alternate, or sometimes opposite or 
whorled: blades mostly entire: stipules mostly present, usually as a sheath. 
Flowers perfect, monoecious, dioeeious or polygamous, in variously disposed 
clusters. Calyx inferior, of 2-6 more or less united sepals sometimes developing 
keels or wings, often corolloid. Androecium of 2-9 stamens. Filaments often 
dilated at the base. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Gynoecium 2-3- 
carpellary. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Styles 2 or 8, more or less united. 
Stigmas capitate or tufted, rarely 2-cleft. Ovule solitary, orthotropous. Fruit 
a lenticular-or 3-angled achene, usually invested by the persistent calyx. Seed 
with horny or mealy endosperm. Embryo with incumbent or accumbent coty- 
ledons. 


POLYGONACEAE 367 


FAMILY 1. POLYGONACEAE Lindl. BuckwHEAT FAMILY. 
Characters of the order. 


Flowers or flower-clusters in involucres of partially united bracts: stamens 9. 1. ERIOGONUM. 
Flowers or flower-clusters not involucrate: stamens 4-8. 
Hypanthium little or barely developed, at least not investing the achene. 
Stigmas tufted. 2. RUMEX. 
Stigmas not tufted. 
Internodes of the stem and branches partially adnate. 
Inner sepals not fimbriate, often conspicuously accrescent. 
Flowers polygamo-dioecious : filaments subulate: embryo axile. 3. POLYGONELLA. 
Flowers perfect : filaments various, the3inner dilated: embryolateral. 4. GONOPYRUM. 
Inner sepals fimbriate, or in fruit-producing flowers all fimbriate, not 
accrescent. 5. THYSANELLA. 
Internodes of the stem and branches not adnate. 
Leaf-blades jointed at the base : ocreae 2-lobed, becoming lacerate : fila- 
ments, at least the inner, dilated. 
Leaf-blades not jointed at the base: ocreae various, not 2-lobed : fila- 
ments slender. 
Ocreae cylindric, truncate. 
Sepals 4: calyx curved: stamens 4. 7. TOVARA. 
Sepals 5, if fewer, the stamens more than 5: calyx not curved. 8. PERSICARIA. 
Ocreae oblique, more or less open on the side facing the leaf. 
Herbs, various in habit, not vines : sepals neither keeled nor winged. 
Racemes collected into terminal corymbs: embryo dividing the 


e 


. POLYGONUM. 


endosperm by an S-shaped curve: plants smooth. 9. FAGOPYRUM. 
Racemes not in terminal corymbs: embryo slender, at one side 
of the endosperm : plants prickle-armed. 10. TRACAULON. 
à Vines with twining stems: outer sepals winged or keeled. 11. TINIARIA. 
Hypanthium well developed, enclosing the achene. 
Hypanthium winged at maturity : stigmas 2-cleft. 12. BRUNNICHIA. 
Hypanthium not winged : stigmas not cleft. 13. CoccoLoBis. 


1. ERIÓGONUM Michx. 


Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves basal or cauline, alternate, 
opposite or whorled: blades entire: ocreae wanting. Flowers perfect, or polygamo- 
monoecious, the involucrate clusters variously disposed. Involucres varying from turbinate 
to almost cylindrie, 5-8-lobed. Calyx more or less colored, jointed to a short pedicel 
which is subtended by a minute bractlet. Sepals 6, equal, or the outer ones larger. Stamens 
9: filaments filiform, often villous. Ovary 1-celled, very narrowly pyramidal : styles 3: 
stigmas capitate. Achene 3-angled, more or less swollen at the base, invested by the 
accrescent calyx. Embryo axile or eccentric in the mealy endosperm. 


Calyx narrowed into a stipe-like base. 
Leaves whorled ; blades relatively broad: inflorescence with leaf-like bracts. 1. E. tomentosum. 
Leaves alternate; blades relatively narrow : inflorescence naked. 
Peduncles mostly over 1 cm. long: calyx 6-10 mm. long: involucres over 5 
m. high. 2. E. Floridanum. 
Peduneles mostly less than 1 em. long: calyx 4-5 mm. long: involucres less 
. than 5 mm. high. 3. E. longifolium. 
Calyx without a stipe-like base. 
Annual: leaf-blades much longer than broad. 


Outer sepals obovate, not cordate : achenes 1.5 mm. long. 4. E. annuum. 
Outer sepals suborbieular, cordate: achenes 3 mm. long. 5. E. multiflorum. 
Perennial by a shrubby caudex : leaf-blades as broad as long or nearly so. 6. E. tenellum. 


.. 1. Briogonum tomentdsum Michx. Perennial by a gnarled rootstock, tomentose 
with brown or reddish hairs. Stems often clustered, 4-12 dm. tall, corymbosely branched 
above : basal leaves 5-15 cm. long; blades oblong, oblanceolate or spatulate, long-petioled : 
stem-leaves in whorls of 3-5; blades ovate or obovate or sometimes oblanceolate, sessile or 
short-petioled, tomentose beneath : bracts usually elliptic or oval: involucres campanulate, 
about 4 mm. high, sessile in a whorl of bractlets: calyx white, turbinate, 4-5 mm. long, 
becoming 10 mm. long, at maturity : sepals tomentose without, the inner larger and thinner 
f s outer : filaments villous at the base: achenes 3-angled, ovoid, 5 mm. long, villous 
at the top. 


i dry pine lands or on sand hills, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. Doe- 

2. Eriogonum Floridànum Small. Perennial by a stout rootstock. Stems 6-10 
dm. tall, branched above, densely scaly at the base : leaves rather numerous at the base of 
the stem, 1-2 dm. long; blades broadly or narrowly linear, narrowed to the base, but with 
little distinction into blade and petiole : peduncles mostly over 1 em. long: involucres 
6-7 mm. high: calyx 6-10 mm. long, green : sepals linear-subulate, attenuate, involute, 
copiously pubescent without: achenes 3-angled. 

In sand or sandy soil, Florida. Summer and fall. 


368 POLYGONACEAE 


3. Eriogonum longifdlium Nutt. Perennial by a thick rootstock, pubescent. Stems 
6-13 dm. tall, paniculaiely or corymbosely branched above, finely grooved : leaves mostly 
at the base of the stem ; blades narrowly oblong or linear-oblong, 5-22 cm. long, silky- 
strigose above, tomentose beneath, obtuse or acutish, the upper ones sessile, the lower ones 
attenuate into winged petioles with dilated sheathing bases : peduncles mostly less than 1 
em. long: involueres turbinate-campanulate, 4-5 mm. high: calyx herbaceous, 4-5 mm. 
long, densely silky with silvery hairs: sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate: achene 3- 
angled. 

In sandy soil, southern Missouri to the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring to fall. 


4. Eriogonum annuum Nutt. Annual, floccose-tomentose with white hairs. Stems 
erect, 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, acute or 
obtuse, flat or slightly revolute, or crisped, attenuate into short petioles: peduncles shorter 
than the stems or almost wanting, topped by a dichotomous compound cyme : involucres 
turbinate or turbinate-campanulate, 2-3 mm. high, very short-stalked, densely white- 
tomentose ; lobes 5, obtuse: calyx white or pink, 1-2 mm. long, glabrous, the outer 
sepals obovate, the inner narrower, all truncate or retuse at the apex, sometimes fiddle- 
shaped : achenes 3-angled, 1.5 mm. long, with a globular base and a beak of equal length, 
the angles smooth. 

In dry places, Nebraska to Texas, New Mexico and Chihuahua. Summer and fall. 


5. Eriogonum multifldrum Benth. Annual, woolly-tomentose with white hairs. 
Stems erect 3-10 dm. tall, leafy below, strict : leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
2-7 em. long, acute or obtuse, undulate and often crisped, revolute, sessile and somewhat 
auricled : peduncles 2-30 cm. long, each topped by a trichotomous cyme: involucres 
turbinate-campanulate, about 2 mm. high, shorter than their stalks; lobes 5, triangular: 
calyx white, 2-3 mm. long, glabrous: sepals very unequal, the outer suborbicular, retuse 
or notched at theapex, cordate at the base, the inner linear, shorter than the outer : achenes 
3-angled, about 3 mm. long, subglobose below, each narrowed into an acute beak. 

In dry soil, Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 

6. Eriogonum tenéllum Nutt. Perennial, usually scapose. Stems sometimes de- 
veloped, 1-3 dm. long, leafy : leaves usually basal; blades ovate or suborbicular, 0.5-1.5 
cm. in diameter, obtuse or acutish, gradually or abruptly narrowed at the base, densely 
and softly tomentose on both surfaces; petioles longer than the blades or shorter: scapes 
often wand-like, 1—4 dm. tall, rather sparingly branched : involucres turbinate-campanu- 
late, 3-4 mm. high, on more or less elongated stalks ; lobes 5, broad, often acutish : calyx 
white or pink, at length about 3 mm. long, glabrous, the outer sepals obovate or sub- 
orbicular, retuse or notched at the apex, more or less spreading, the inner sepals linear- 
oblong, erect, shorter than the outer: filaments slightly villous at the base: achenes 3- 
angled, 2.5 mm. long, globose at the base, each short-beaked. 

In dry places, Colorado to Texas, New Mexico and Chihuahua. Summer and fall. 


2. RUMEX L. 


Annual or usually perennial, caulescent herbs, with large roots. Leaves alternate : 
blades entire, flat, undulate or crisped, narrowed, or cordate or auricled at the base: ocreae 
thin, brittle. Flowers green, perfect, polygamo-monoecious or dioecious on pedicels which 
are jointed to and terminate short peduncles, in distant or contiguous whorls disposed in 
panicles. Sepals 6, the 3 inner usually developing entire toothed or spiny wings one or 
each of which usually bear a callosity. Stamens 6. Ovary sessile : styles 3 : stigmas peltate, 
tufted. Achene 3-angled, usually invested by the accrescent calyx, its angles more or 
less margined. Dock. SORREL. 

Flowers dioecious : some or all of the leaves with hastate blades: plants sour. 


Inner sepals not developing wings: achenes granular. 1. R. Acetosella. 
Inner sepals developing wings: aehenes smooth. 2. R. hastatulus: 
iiri polygamo-monoecious : none of the leaves with hastate blades : plant 
not sour. 


Sepal-wings entire, undulate or shallowly toothed. 
Leaves flat or the margins sometimes slightly crisped, usually pale, the 
lower ones mostly narrow. 
Pedicels together with the peduncles, or at least some in a cluster, 
longer than the wings. ; : 
Leaf-blades about twice as long as broad. 3. R. fascicularis. 
Leaf-blades several times longer than broad. 
Pedicels together with the peduncles several times longer than xu 
the wings. . 4. R. verticillatus. 
Pedicels together with the peduncles slightly longer than the See 
wings. 5. R. salicifolius. 


POLYGONACEAE 


Pedicels together with the peduncles shorter than the wings. 
Sepal-wings longer than broad, 4-5 mm. broad. 


Sepal-wings blunt, with stout nerves: achenes acuminate. 6. 
Sepal-wings acutish, with slight nerves: achenes acute. Te 
Sepal-wings broader than long, 1-1.2 mm. broad. 8. 
Leaves strongly crisped, the lower ones mostly large and broad, usually 
dark green. 
Lower leaves narrowed at the base. 9. 
Lower leaves truncate or cordate at the base. 
Stout plants, usually with dense contracted panicles in fruit. 10. 
Slender plants, with loose spreading panicles in fruit. 
Each wing bearing a Pipes inflorescence leafy, at least the 
main axis. 
Branches of the panicle naked: sepal-wings triangular. 1% 
Branches of the panicles leafy: sepal-wings oblong, fiddle- 
shaped. 12. 
One wing only bearing a callosity : inflorescence not leafy. 18. 
Sepal-wings armed with spine-like teeth. 
Tall plants : lower leaves cordate or truncate. 
Sepal-wings armed with 5-10 teeth, two bearing callosities. 14. 
Sepal-wings armed with 3-5 teeth, one bearing a callosity. 15. 
Low plants: lower leaves abruptly or gradually narrowed at the base. 
Pedicels abruptly enlarged near the calyx. 16. 
Pedicels dilated above, the margins revolute. T: 


iub 


mE 


369 


Langloisii. 
altissimus. 
spiralis. 


. hymenose palus. 


crispus. 


Berlandieri. 


conglomeratus. 
sanguineus. 


R. pulcher. 
R: 
R 


obtusifolius. 


: parna rioides. 
E: 


ucephalophorus. 


1. Rumex Acetosélla L. Perennial, slender, glabrous. Stems erect or nearly so, 
1-6 dm. tall, one or several from a woody creeping or horizontal rootstock: leaf-blades 
hastate, 2.5-15 cm. long, obtuse or acute, usually broadest above the middle, with two en- 
tire or 1-2-toothed auricles at the base, papillose, petioled, the uppermost merely linear : 
ocreae silvery, soon lacerate : flowers dioecious, in more or less whorled clusters: calyx 
green, 1 mm. long: pedicels slender : stamens 6, exserted : achenes ovoid, 3-angled, 1.5 
mm. long, granular, exceeding the presistent calyx, whose sepals are unchanged in fruit, 


the angles not margined. 


In dry and rocky soil, throughout North America, except the extreme northern part. Spring to 


fall. SHEEP or FIELD SORREL. 
2. Rumex hastátulus Baldw. Perennial, glabrous, rather strict. 


by the sepal-wings, the angles margined. 


Spring 


Stems 1.5-6 dm. 
tall, one or several from a woody base, erect, simple or branched : leaf-blades hastate, ob- 
long or oblanceolate, 2.5-13 cm. long, more or less strongly auricled at the base, acutish, 
petioled, or those of the cauline leaves linear, all papillose : ocreae silvery, at length 
lacerate: flowers dioecious in whorled clusters: calyx 1 mm. long, green, winged in 
fruit: sepal-wings reniform, 4 mm. long: pedicels as long as the wings or longer: 
achenes broadly oblong, 3-angled, 1.5 mm. long, reddish, smooth and shining, invested 


on the coast or in sandy soil, southern New York to Florida, and on the plains, Kansas to Texas. 


3. Rumex fasciculàris Small. Perennial by a small cluster of fusiform roots, of a 
dull and olive-green color. Stem lax and weak, 5-12 dm. long, decumbent, abruptly thick- 
ened at the base and slightly so at the nodes : leaf-blades mostly oblong, a few occasionally 
oblong-ovate or ovate, 8-15 cm. long, of much the same size throughout, about twice as 
long as broad, mostly truncate or cordate at the base, drying thin: ocreae fugacious : 
panicles 1-2 dm. long, rather dense in fruit, the branches ascending: pedicels slender, 
“narrowly clavate, deflexed in fruit, winged at the summit, longer than the sepal-wings, and 
much longer than the peduncles : sepal-wings broadly deltoid, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, undulate, 
strongly-nerved, each bearing a callosity : achenes pyramidal-ovoid, 3 mm. long, the 


angles slightly margined. 
About pools, peninsular Florida. Summer. 


4. Rumex verticillàtus L. Perennial, rather bright green. Stem 9-15 dm. long, erect, 
ascending or somewhat decumbent, simple or nearly so, more or less flexuous when old: 
leaf-blades narrowly oblong, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-30 cm. long, acute or ob- 
tusish, more or less acuminate at the base, slightly papillose: panicle open, the branches 
rather erect, or spreading in fruit, the rather dense whorls separated below : pedicels 
stout, club-shaped, much longer than the very short peduncles : sepal-wings broadly deltoid, 
4 mm. long, more or less decurrent on the edicel, i-i as long as the pedicels and pe- 
duncles, each bearing a narrowly-ovoid callosity : achenes broadly ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long. 


In swamps, Quebec to Iowa, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


d 5. Rumex salicifolius Weinm.  Perennial, pale green. Stem 3-9 dm. tall, erect or 
ecumbent, flexuous : leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-20 cm. long, 
or the lower ones sometimes oblong, acute or acuminate at both ends, or rarely obtuse: 


paniele open or dense, 


the branches erect or divergent, sometimes reflexed, the very 


dense whorls separated only below : pedicels much longer than the peduncles : sepal-wings 


24 


370 POLYGONACEAE 


triangular-ovate, 3mm. long, undulate or subdentate, slightly shorter than most of the 
pedicels and peduncles, each bearing a large ovoid callosity: achenes ovoid or oblong- 
ovoid, 2-2.5 mm. long, the angles slightly margined. 

In swamps, Labrador and British Columbia to Florida and Lower California. Also in Europe 
Spring to fall. 

6. Rumex Langloisii Small. Perennial, somewhat scurfy, dark green. Stem erect 
or ascending, 5-7 dm. tall, simple or with a few nearly erect branches, more or less 
flexuous : leaf-blades oblong or linear-oblong, 3-12 cm. long, acuminate or acutish, erose- 
crenulate, slightly crisped, rather prominently nerved, especially beneath: panicle 
usually dense at maturity: pedicels about 5 mm. long, much longer than the very short 
peduncles, each enlarged toward the apex: sepal-wings leathery, deltoid, 4 mm. long, 
blunt, the surface prominently nerved, each bearing a papillose callosity, which is 1 mm. 
broad and 3 mm. long: achenes ovoid, nearly 3 mm. long, each abruptly contracted into 
a very short base, slightly acuminate at the apex, the angles slightly paler than the 
faces, margined. 

In low grounds, southern Louisiana. Summer. 


7. Rumex altissimus Wood. Perennial, pale green. Stem 6-12 dm. tall, erect, 
simple or sparingly branched above: leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, or sometimes oblanceolate, 5-25 cm. long, acute at the apex, thickish, acute or 
acuminate at the base: panicle rather open, the branches somewhat spreading or erect, 
the rather dense whorls only slightly separated in fruit: pedicels slender, much longer 
than the very short peduncles: sepal-wings triangular-cordate, 4-5 mm. long, about as 
long as the pedicels, usually only one producing a large ovoid callosity : achenes ovoid, 
3 mm. long. 

In river bottoms, Massachusetts to Iowa, the District of Columbia and Texas. Spring and early 
summer. 

8. Rumex spiralis Small. Perennial, light green, somewhat glaucescent. Stem 
erect, 8-9 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched above, slightly flexuous: leaf-blades 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 6-13 cm. long, acute or sometimes attenuate at the apex, 
the lower ones obtuse or truncate at the base, the upper acute or acuminate at the base, 
coriaceous, neither prominently nor conspicuously nerved: panicle nearly naked, the 
mature branches 5-12 cm. long, rather erect, the terminal one usually about twice as long 
as the lateral ones, with dense, barely interrupted whorls: pedicels together with the 
peduncles varying from 2-4 mm. in length, the joint below the middle: sepal-wings 
broadly ovate-cordate, broader than high, 1 cm. long, 1-1.2 em. broad, straw-colored, 
sometimes slightly constricted below the apex, prominently nerved, crenulate and undulate, 
each one bearing an oblong-ovoid callosity and strongly spirally twisted : achenes broadly 
oblong-ovoid, 3 mm. long, short-pointed, the angles conspicuously margined. 

On the margins of ponds, Texas. Spring. 


9. Rumex hymenosépalus Torr. Perennial by a cluster of fusiform roots, light 
green, glaucescent. Stem erect, 3-9 dm. tall, simple or nearly so, often red, somewhat 
fleshy : leaf-blades fleshy, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-25 cm. long, varying from 
gradually acuminate to acute, undulate and somewhat crisped, the lower ones attenuate into 
thick petioles, the upper sessile: panicle somewhat leafy-bracted, dense in fruit, the 
branches erect, 5-20 cm. long: pedicels about as long as the peduncles : sepal-wings ovate- 
cordate, 1 cm. long, acutish, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, about as long as the pedicels, 
none bearing callosities : achenes ovoid, 5-5.3 mm. long, the angles more or less margined. 

On dry plains, the Indian Territory to Texas, California, and Lower California. Summer. 


10. Rumex críspus L. Perennial, dark green. Stem 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple or 
sparingly branched above: lower leaves with oblong or oblong-lanceolate, long-petioled 
blades, 1.5-3 dm. long; upper leaves with mostly narrowly-oblong or lanceolate short- 
petioled blades, 8-16 cm. long ; all acute or obtuse, cordate or obtuse at the base, more or 
less papillose : panicle rather dense ; the branches with contiguous whorls in fruit by the 
elongation of the pedicels and peduncles: pedicels much longer than the peduncles : sepal- 
wings cordate, 3-4 mm. long, truncate or slightly notched at the base, erose-dentate, 
about $ as long as the pedicels, each bearing a callosity : achenes oblong-ovoid, 2 mm. long. 

_ , Common throughout the United States and southern British America. Naturalized from Europe. 
Native also of Asia. Summer. 

11. Rumex Berlandiéri Meisn. Perennial, somewhat papillose, dark green. Stem 
erect or ascending, 6-12 dm. tall, rather stout, somewhat fleshy, simple or sparingly 
branched, usually reddish, strict, or flexuous above : leaf-blades oblanceolate or spatulate, 
1-3 dm. long, obtuse or the upper ones sometimes acute, flat or sometimes crisped : panicle 
leafy-bracted, the branches nearly naked, ascending or erect, 3-20 cm. long, the dense 


POLYGONACEAE 371 


whorls usually separated, except towards the ends of the branches: pedicels rather stout, 
somewhat longer than the peduncles : sepal-wings triangular, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, erose or 
somewhat toothed, acute, strongly nerved, about as long as the pedicels and peduncles, 
each bearing a narrowly-oblong callosity : achenes ovoid, 2.5 mm. long, the angles mar- 
gined. 

In valleys, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Summer. 


12. Rumex conglomeratus Murray. Perennial, pale green. Stem 3-9 dm. long, 
erect, simple or branched : leaf-blades ovate, oblong or lanceolate, 2.5-13 cm. long, some 
slightly fiddle-shaped, acute, crenulate and slightly crisped, obtuse at the base: panicle 
loose and open even in fruit, the branches with leafy bracts, slender, ascending, the loose 
whorls much separated : pedicels much longer than the peduncles : sepal-wings oblong, 
fiddle-shaped, 3 mm. long, dentate near the base, as long as the pedicels or slightly longer, 
each bearing a large oblong callosity : achenes ovoid, nearly 2 mm. long, pointed. 

In waste places, Virginia to South Carolina. Alsoin California. Naturalized from Europe. Spring 
and summer. i ; 

13. Rumex sanguíneus L. Perennial, glabrous. Stem 3-9 dm. long, erect, simple 
or branched: leaf-blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2.5-16 cm. long, the 
lower ones long-petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, the upper ones 
short-petioled, acute at the apex, obtuse at the base, all usually with red veins: panicle 
loose, the branches slender, spreading, without leafy bracts, the lax whorls separated : 
pedicels slender : sepal-wings oblong, 3 mm. long, as long as the pedicels or somewhat 
shorter, only one bearing a spherical-oblong callosity : achenes broadly ovoid, nearly 2 
mm. long, sharp-pointed. 

In waste places, New York to Virginia and Louisiana. Naturalized from Europe. Spring and 
summer. 

14. Rumex púlcher L. Perennial, deep green. Stem 3-9 dm. long, erect or pro- 
cumbent, rather diffusely branched : lower leaves with oblong, often fiddle-shaped, long- 
petioled blades 2.5-15 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, the upper ones 
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, short-petioled, acutish, the uppermost acumi- 
nate at the base : petioles more or less pubescent : panicle loose, the branches spreading, 
without leafy bracts, the few-flowered whorls much separated: pedicels and peduncles 
about equal in length : sepal-wings ovate or oblong-ovate, 4 mm. long, truncate at the base, 
about as long as the pedicels and peduncles, one larger than the rest or all three of different 
sizes, armed with 5-10 spine-like teeth, 2 of the wings bearing callosities : achenes pyram- 
idal-ovoid, 2 mm. long, pointed. 

In dry ground along the coast from Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Also on the Pacific slope 
and on ballast at various ports. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. 

_ 15. Rumex obtusifdlius L. Perennial, dark green. Stem 6-12 dm. tall, erect, 
simple or sparingly branched, more or less scurfy above : lower leaves with oblong-lanceo- 
late long-petioled blades 1.5-4 dm. long, the upper ones lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
5-15 em. long, short-petioled, all cordate or obtuse at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, 
more or less eroded and crisped: panicle rather open, the branches nearly erect, with 
contiguous or partially separated loose whorls : pedicels slender, somewhat longer than the 
peduncles : sepal-wings hastate, 4-5 mm. long, fringed with 3-5 spreading spine-like teeth, 
somewhat shorter than the pedicels and peduncles, only one bearing an oblong callosity `: 
achenes ovoid, 2 mm. long, pointed, the angles slightly margined. 

In waste places, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Oregon, Florida and Texas, Naturalized from 
Europe. Alsoa native of Asia. Summer. 

. 16. Rumex persicarioides L. Annual, pubescent, pale green. Stem 3-9 dm. long, 
simple, erect, or diffusely branched, spreading and creeping, leafy : leaf-blades lanceolate, 
oblong, 2.5-30 em. long; usually abruptly narrowed at the base, acute at the apex, undu- 
late, more or less crisped : panicle simple or compound, open, or dense at maturity, the 
branches erect, leafy-bracted, the very dense whorls mostly separated : pedicels slender, 
abruptly enlarged at the calyx, much longer than the peduncles: sepal-wings oblong, 2 
mm. long, as long as the pedicels or slightly shorter, with 1-3 awn-like bristles on each 
side, each bearing an ovoid callosity : achenes oblong-ovoid, 1-2 mm. long, pointed, 
the angles slightly margined. 

Cali On sandy shores, New Brunswick to British Columbia, North Carolina, Kansas, New Mexico and 
alifornia. Summer and fall. 

17. Rumex bucephalóphorus L. Annual, glabrous, glaucescent. Stems usually 
branched at the base, the branches spreading, 1-2 dm. long, often conspicuously jointed : 
leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate, the upper ones sometimes lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, 
acute or obtuse, entire, petioled : panicle terminal, simple, 1 dm. long, or shorter, con- 
tinuous, or at length interrupted: flowers several in a whorl: pedicels gradually di- 


372 POLYGONACEAE 


lated toward the calyx where the edges are revolute, longer than the peduncles, some- 
what scurfy : sepal-wings ovate, 1-2 mm. long, reticulate with several transverse nerves, 
armed with several spreading spine-like teeth, each bearing a minute callosity : outer 
sepals reflexed or spreading, nearly as large as the wings: achenes oblong-ovoid, 1-3 mm. 
long, the angles slightly margined. 

In waste places, Louisiana. Adventive from Europe. 


3. POLYGONÉLLA Michx. 


Rigid caulescent shrubby herbs. Stems erect or nearly so, conspicuously jointed, 
striate, the branches partially adnate to the internodes. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, 
or cuneate, rather leathery, jointed near the top of the ocreae. Ocreae cylindric. Flowers 
polygamo-dioecious, on solitary jointed pedicels. Ocreolae imbricated. Sepals 5, petaloid, 
usually white or rose, persistent, the 3 inner usually developing wings. Stamens 8: fila- 
ments subulate. Ovary 3-angled: styles short: stigmas capitate. Ovule erect. Achenes 
3-angled, invested by the accrescent calyx. Embryo nearly straight, axile. JOINTWEED. 
Ocreae fringed with a few bristle-like cilia. 1. P. ciliata. 
Ocreae naked. 

Leaf-blades 1-5 mm. broad: sepals 1-2 mm. long. 

Achenes rhomboidal: leaves filiform-spatulate. 


Achenes ovoid or oblong-ovoid: leaves with cuneate or spatulate blades. 


2. P. brachystachya. 
Stems branched above: outer sepals not reflexed. 3. P. gracilis. 
4 
5 


Stems diffusely branched at the base: outer sepals reflexed. . P. polygama. 
Leaf-blades 5-25 mm. broad : sepals 2.5-3.5 mm. long. . P. macrophylla. 

1. Polygonella ciliata Meisn. Annual, very slender, bright green. Stems erect, 
6-9 dm. tall, branched throughout, the branches wiry, ascending: leaf-blades filiform, 
2-4 cm. long, often less than 1 mm. wide, acute : ocreae nerved, slightly oblique, fringed 
with bristle-like yellowish cilia: racemes few, mostly terminal, 2-3 cm. long: ocreolae 
funnelform, each prolonged into a sharp tip at the back: calyx nearly 3 mm. broad, 
white or rose: sepals oblong, obtuse. 

In sandy soil, near the Manatee River, Florida. Summer and fall. 


2. Polygonella brachystachya Meisn. Perennial, very slender. Stems branched, 
2-6 dm. tall, the branches wiry, erect or ascending, nearly strict, the branchlets short : leaf- 
blades filiform-spatulate, 5-13 mm. long, narrowed from the obtuse apex to the base: 
ocreae slightly oblique, nerved : racemes very short, about 1 cm. long, disposed in 
elongated panicles : ocreolae obliquely funnelform, bluntly pointed at the back : pedicels 
as long as the peduncles: calyx about 2 mm. broad : sepals oblong, truncate or rounded at 
theapex : sepal-wings orbicular-ovate, 2 mm. long : achenes rhomboidal, nearly 2 mm. long, 
brown, equally pointed at both ends. 

In sand or sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Summer. 


3. Polygonella grácilis (Nutt.) Meisn. Annual, very slender, glaucescent. Stems 
erect, 3-16 dm. tall, strict, branched, especially above, the branches usually filiform : leaf- 
blades spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, sometimes prominently 3-nerved, remote, commonly 
shorter than the internodes, sometimes persistent : ocreae very slightly oblique, strongly 
nerved : racemes slender, 2-8 cm. long, disposed in an open panicle on the sterile plant, 
more contracted on the fertile: ocreolae funnelform, slightly oblique: pedicels much 
shorter than the peduncles: calyx 2.5 mm. broad, white or pink: sepals nearly equal, 
oblong or oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, all slightly accrescent, the inner ones 
more so than the outer: sepal-wings not conspicuous, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long: achenes 
oblong or oblong-ovoid, long-attenuate, 3.5 mm. long, brown. 

On sand hills, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Fall. 


4. Polygonella polygama (Vent.) A. Gray. Perennial by a woody base, slender, 
glaucescent. Stems diffusely branched near the base, the branches spreading, 3-6 dm. long, 
wiry, more or less zigzag : leaf-blades wedge-shaped or spatulate, 1-3 cm. long, persistent, 
commonly longer than the internodes, clustered on the sterile branchlets, remote toward the 
ends of the branches, 3-nerved at the base : ocreae cylindric, oblique at the top: racemes 
2-4 cm. long, disposed in elongated or corymbose panicles : ocreolae obliquely funnelform, 
bluntly pointed at the back : pedicels as long as the peduncles : calyx 3-4 mm. broad, white, 
rose or yellowish : sepals oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse, the 3 inner developing wings: 
sepal-wings ovate or orbicular-ovate, 2 mm. long: achenes ovoid, brown, 1.5 mm. long, 
pointed at both ends but less so at the base. 

In dry sandy soil near the coast, North Carolina to Florida. Summer and fall. 


5. Polygonella macrophylla Small. Perennial,stout, glaucous. Stems erect, 8 dm. 
tall, simple below, branched above: leaf-blades obovate or oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. long or 


POLYGONACEAE 373 


sometimes shorter on the branchlets, obtuse, 3-5-nerved, leathery, exceeding the inter- 
nodes except on the upper part of the stem: ocreae cylindric, slightly oblique, not pointed, 
increasing in length toward the upper part of the stem: racemes very dense, 2-3 cm. long, 
disposed in ovoid panicles: ocreolae funnelform, densely imbricated, slightly pointed : 
pedicels jointed at the middle: calyx purple or purplish, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: outer sepals 
slightly accrescent : sepal-wings oblong, 4 mm. long: achenes narrowly oblong, acuminate 
at both ends, 4 mm. long, brown. 


On sand hills, near the coast, Florida. Summer and fall. 


4. GONOPYRUM F. & M. 


Shrubby herbs, with rigid conspicuously jointed stems. Leaves alternate : blades 
narrow, often nearly terete, somewhat fleshy, jointed to the ocreae. Ocreae cylindric. 
Flowers perfect, on solitary jointed pedicels. Ocreolae numerous. Sepals 5, petaloid, 
persistent, unchanged at maturity or the 3 inner developing wings. Stamens 8: filaments 
various, the 3 inner dilated at the base. Ovary 3-angled: styles 3, manifest: stigmas 
capitate. Achene 3-angled, mainly invested by the calyx. Embryo in the face of the mealy 
endosperm. 

Annual: outer sepals not reflexed ; inner sepals not becoming conspicuously larger than the outer. 


2 G. articulatum. 
Perennial: outer sepals reflexed ; inner sepals developing large wings. 2. G. Americanum. 


1. Gonopyrum articulàtum (L.) F. & M. Annual, wiry, glaucous. Stems 1-3 dm. 
tall: leaf-blades linear or linear-subulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, filiform on account of the revo- 
lute margins: ocreae slightly expanded at the summit : racemes many-flowered, 2.5-4 cm. 
long, erect, panicled : ocreolae contiguous or imbricated : pedicels spreading or deflexed, 
longer than the peduncles: calyx pink : sepals erect or slightly spreading in fruit, none de- 
veloping conspicuous wings : achenes narrowly ovoid, 2 mm. long, pointed, brown, smooth 
and shining.  ( Polygonella articulata ( L.) Meisn. ] 

On sandy shores along or near the Atlantic coast, Maine to Florida, and along the Great Lakes. 
Summer and fall. 

2. Gonopyrum Americànum F. & M. Perennial by a long root, glaucescent. Stems 
5-12 dm. tall, somewhat flexuous, often sparingly branched : leaf-blades linear or linear- 
spatulate, 1-3 cm. long, more or less clustered on short branches, obtuse and revolute 
at the apex : ocreae cylindric, slightly split on one side, scarious-margined : racemes 2.5-7.5 
cm. long, disposed in compound panicles: ocreolae densely imbricated : pedicels rigid, 
divergent, terminating somewhat shorter peduncles: calyx white or pink, the 2 outer 
sepals reflexed in fruit, the 3 inner developing suborbicular wings: achenes elliptic-ob- 
long, not quite 3 mm. long, chestnut-brown, pointed at both ends, smooth and shining. 
[ Polygonella ericoides Engelm. & Gray ; P. Meisneriana Shuttl. ] 


In sandy soil, Missouri to Georgia, Alabama and Texas. Summer and fall. 


5. THYSANÉLLA A. Gray. 


Annual caulescent herbs. Stem erect, nearly strict, terete, the branches partially 
adnate to the internodes. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, sessile. Ocreae cylindric, ob- 
lique at the top, fringed with long bristles. Racemes rather dense, disposed in panicles, 
the upper ones fertile, the lower sterile. Flowers polygamo-monoecious, on club-shaped 
pedicels about as long as the peduncles. Ocreolae obliquely-funnelform, prolonged into 
long bristles. Sepals 5, unchanged in fruit, unequal, the 2 outer cordate, the 3 inner 
pectinate-fimbriate, or in fertile flowers all fimbriate. Stamens 8: filaments filiform, 
flattened and spirally twisted. Ovary 3-angled : styles 3, distinct or nearly so : stigmas capi- 
tate. Achene 3-angled. Embryo in an angle of the seed without the mealy endosperm. 


1. Thysanella fimbriata (Ell.) A. Gray. Glabrous. Stem erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall, 
nearly strict, paniculately branched above: leaf-blades narrowly linear, 2-6 cm. long, 
acute, more or less distinctly 3-ribbed, inconspicuously jointed near the top of the ocreae : 
ocreae 5-13 mm. long: racemes 1-8 cm. long: ocreolae imbricated : calyx white or pink, 
the outer sepals oblong-sagittate, cordate, the inner always fimbriate, or all fimbriate in 
fertile flowers: styles } as long as the achene: achenes pyramidal-ovoid, 3-angled, 2 
mm. long, dark brown, long-pointed, smooth, shining, the angles more or less margined. 


In dry pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 


374 POLYGONACEAE 


6. POLYGONUM L. 


Annual or perennial, often somewhat shrubby herbs, with terete, but usually ridged 
erect or prostrate stems. Leaves alternate : blades leathery or somewhat fleshy, sometimes 
with two lateral impressions, articulated to the ocreae. Ocreae lobed when young, at 
length lacerate, hyaline, never fringed. Inflorescence axillary, consisting of clusters bear- 
ing normally several flowers at each node throughout the plant or confined to the branches 
and branchlets. Calyx of 5-6 partially united sepals. Sepals mostly green with white or 
pink margins, 2 wholly interior, 2 wholly exterior and 1 with one edge exterior and one 
edge interior, the outer sometimes corrugated in age, but not winged. Stamens varying 
from 3 to 8, often 5 or 6, included: filaments, at least the inner ones, dilated. Styles 3, 
usually distinct, sometimes very short. Achenes 3-angled, included or slightly exserted, 
brown or black, granular or smooth and shining. Endosperm horny. Cotyledons incum- 
bent. The plants flower in the summer and fall, except in the extreme southern part of 
our range. KNoTWEED. DooRwEED. KNOTGRASS. 

Stems branched at the base, the branches prostrate. 


Achenes exserted, chestnut-colored : calyx 5-7 mm. broad : sepals petaloid. 1. P. maritimum. 
Achenes included, black or brown: calyx 2-3.5 mm. broad : sepals not petaloid. 
Leaf-blades mostly acute: achenes not pinched at the apex. 2. P. aviculare. 
Leaf-blades mostly obtuse: achenes pinched at the apex. 3. P. littorale. 


Stems erect or ascending, more or less diffusely branched above. 
Fruits erect on the short stout icels. 
Leaf-blades without lateral impressions parallel to the midrib. 
Styles manifest. 


Leaves persistent: achenes granular and dull. 4. P. erectum. 
Leaves fugacious: achenes smooth and shining. 5. P. camporum . 
Styles wanting or nearly so. 6. P. ramosissimum. 
Leaf-blades with lateral impressions. 7. P. tenue. 
Fruits drooping from the slender reflexed or deflexed pedicels. 8. P. Douglasii. 


1. Polygonum marítimum L. Perennial or sometimes annual, glaucous, somewhat 
fleshy. Stem branched from the base, the branches prostrate, 2-7 dm. long: leaf-blades 
ovate, oblong or linear-oblong, 0.5-3 cm. long, generally equalling or exceeding the inter- 
nodes of the stem and branches, obtuse, revolute, strongly nerved especially beneath, 
somewhat rugose above: ocreae 0.5-1.5 cm. long, at length lacerate, bright and silvery, 
becoming brown at the base : clusters with 2 or 3 flowers : pedicels slender, 3-4 mm. long : 
calyx green about the base, 3 mm. long: sepals obovate, petaloid, rather obtuse, white or 
pink with a green rib: stamens 8: achenes 3.5-4 mm. long, ovoid, acute or acuminate, 
chestnut-colored, smooth and shining or minutely granular, conspicuously exserted. 

Along the coast, Maine to Florida and Alabama. Also in Europe. 


2. Polygonum aviculàre L. Annual or perennial, glabrous, dull green or bluish 
green. Stem usually branched from the base, the branches prostrate, 1-6 dm. Jong: leaf- 
blades oblong, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 0.5-2 cm. long, usually acute or sometimes 
rather obtuse, not conspicuously nerved : ocreae 4 mm. long, silvery, becoming lacerate with 
age : clusters with from 2 to 5 flowers : pedicels slender, 1-2 mm. long : sepals oblong, obtuse, 
with white or pink borders: stamens 5-8: achenes 2.5 mm. long, ovoid, acute, dark 
brown, rounded at the base, rather pointed at the apex, granular and dull. 

Common throughout North America except the extreme north. Alsoin Europe and Asia. 

3. Polygonum littorale Link. Annual or perennial, bright green, often glaucous. 
Stem diffusely branched from the woody base, the branches prostrate, 3-12 dm. long ; inter- 
nodes often very short, especially at the ends or bases of branches ; the whole plant some- 
times dwarfed and reduced to a small, erect state less than 1 dm. tall: leaf-blades oblong, 
oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 0.4-2 cm. long, usually obtuse or sometimes acutish, con- 
spicuously nerved, often crisped: ocreae 4-5 mm. long, silvery when young, at length 
lacerate and brownish : clusters often numerous, with from 2 to 6 flowers : calyx mostly green : 
sepals oblong, obtuse, with white borders, or sometimes red: stamens 8: achenes 2-2.5 
mm. long, broadly ovoid, usually somewhat constricted and often conspicuously so below 
the summit, enlarged and rounded at the base, dark brown, more or less granular, mostly 
dull, sometimes shining. 
moses dry soil, New Brunswick to British Columbia, North Carolina, Illinois and California. Also in 

4. Polygonum eréctum L. Annual, stout, green, or at length turning yellowish 
green. Stem erect, or ascending, with somewhat spreading branches, 2-6 dm. long: leaf- 
blades oval, oblong or obovate, 1-6 cm. long, obtuse or acutish : ocreae 0.3-1 cm. long, 


POLYGONACEAE 375 


silvery when young, becoming lacerate and brown with age: clusters of several flowers: 

pedicels 2-2.5 mm. long: calyx greenish, 3 mm. long: sepals oblong, obtuse, paler or 

whitish on the margins, the outer corrugated at maturity : stamens 6 or sometimes 5: 

achenes 8 mm. long, pyramidal-ovoid or broadly ovoid, dark brown, granular and dull. 
In open grounds, Ontario to the Northwest Territory, Georgia, Texas and Colorado. 


5. Polygonum campórum Meisn. Perennial or sometimes annual, rarely glaucescent, 
turning brown or black in drying. Stem erect or ascending, 6-10 dm. long, sometimes 
much branched and straggling: leaf-blades varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong, 1-3 
cm. long, sometimes oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, fugacious or rarely somewhat persistent, 
conspicuously nerved beneath : ocreae 3-5 mm. long, two-lobed when very young, silvery, 
at length dark brown, soon becoming much lacerate and falling away : clusters several- 
flowered: pedicels slender, 2-3 mm. long: calyx greenish, 3 mm. long: sepals oblong: 
stamens 8: achenes 3 mm. long, broadly ovoid, black or dark brown, smooth and shining. 

On plains or prairies, Nebraska to Louisiana and New Mexico. Also in South America, 


6. Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. Annual, somewhat scurfy, bright green or 
yellowish green. Stem erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, somewhat virgate, the branches 
ascending or spreading: leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong or linear-oblong, 0.7-4 cm. long, 
acuminate at both ends or acute at apex, persistent, nerves either prominent or indistinct 
on the lower surface : ocreae 0.5-1.5 cm. long, very early becoming lacerate, silvery, or at 
length turning brown : clusters several-flowered : pedicels 1.5-2 mm. long: calyx greenish 
or yellowish, about 3 mm. long: sepals narrowly oblong: stamens 6 or fewer, sometimes 
only 3: achenes 3 mm. long, ovoid, pointed, mostly included or rarely slightly protruding 
beyond the calyx, black, somewhat granular, not shining. 

In saline or sandy soil, Northwest Territory to California, New Mexico, Texas and Illinois. Also 
along the Atlantic Coast from Maine to New Jersey. 

7. Polygonum ténue Michx. Annual. Stem erect, 1-3 dm. long, with scabrous and 
scurfy nodes, four-winged below the ocreae: leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 0.5-3 
cm. long, acuminate or cuspidate, with two lateral impressions appearing as ribs parallel 
to the midrib: ocreae 3-15 mm. long, two-lobed, at length lacerate: clusters bearing 
several flowers, or sometimes only one flower at a node: pedicels stout, 1-1.5 mm. long: 
calyx green, 3 mm. long, erect: sepals ovate, acutish, with whitish margins: stamens 8: 
achenes 3 mm. long, ovoid, pointed, black, granular about the angles, the center of each 
face smooth and shining. 

In dry or stony soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas. 


8. Polygonum Douglásii Greene. Annual, sometimes glaucescent. Stem erect, 2-4 
m. long, with more or less scabrous nodes : leaf-blades oblong or narrowly lanceolate, 1-5 
cm. long, obtuse, acute or cuspidate, flat, at least without lateral impressions : ocreae 
10-14 mm. long, two-lobed, at length lacerate: clusters several-flowered, or occasionally 
only a single flower at a node : pedicels 2-3 mm. long, reflexed and at length deflexed : 
calyx 3-4 mm. long, drooping: sepals oblong, obtuse, with whitish or rose-colored mar- 
gins and a dark rib in the middle: stamens 8: achenes 3-4 mm. long, oblong or rarely 
ovoid-oblong, black, smooth and shining. 


In dry soil, Northwest Territory to California, New Mexico and Indian Territory, east through 
Ontario to Vermont and New York. 


7. TOVARA Adans. 


_ Annual herbaceous plants, becoming somewhat woody below. Stem mostly erect, 
virgate, simple or virgately branched. Leaves alternate: blades membranous, short, 
acute at both ends, continuous with the ocreae. Ocreae cylindric, fringed with bristles. 
Flower-clusters not dense, remote. Racemes linear, very long and wand-like, conspicu- 
ously interrupted. Calyx more or less colored, somewhat curved. Sepals 4, the 2 lateral 
ones overlapping the others. Stamens 4, and alternating with the sepals, or 5, the fifth 
one opposite the lower sepal: filaments barely flattened, erect or slightly spreading. Styles 
2, conspicuously exserted, recurved or curled. Achenes lenticular, strongly biconvex, 
brown or cream-colored, smooth and shining. Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. 


1. Tovara Virginiana (L.) Adans. Annual, sometimes strigose throughout. Stem 
erect or reclining, 3-13 dm. long, virgate, simple or virgately branched, especially above : 
leaf-blades ovate, elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-16 cm. long, acuminate, acute at the 
base ; petioles 1-2.5 em. long : ocreae cylindric, 0.5-1.5 em. long, fringed with short bristles : 
racemes 1-6 dm. long, naked, much interrupted, virgate : ocreolae funnelform, 2 mm. long, 
fringed with short bristles : pedicels 3 mm. long, somewhat reflexed, conspicuously articu- 


376 POLYGONACEAE 


lated at the base of the calyx : calyx greenish or reddish, 4-5 mm. long, somewhat curved : 
sepals unequal : stamens 4-5: styles long-exserted, recurved and curled at the tips : achenes 
lenticular, 3.5-4 mm. long, ovoid-oblong, dark brown or cream-colored, smooth and shin- 
ing. [Polygonum Virginianum L.] 

In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Nebraska, Texasand Florida. Summer and fall. 


8. PERSICARIA Adans. 


Annual or perennial often pubescent or glandular caulescent herbs, various in habit, 
never twining nor climbing. Leaves alternate: blades entire, continuous with the ocreae, 
often glandular-punctate. Ocreae cylindric, mostly membranous, truncate, naked, ciliate 
or fringed with bristles. Racemes spike-like, varying from linear to ovoid, dense and 
erect, or few-flowered, lax and drooping. Ocreolae funnelform, naked, ciliate or fringed. 
Pedicels rather stout, articulated at the base of the calyx. Calyx more or less colored, 
varying from white and green to red, often glandular-punctate, investing the achene. 
Sepals mostly 5, 2 wholly exterior, 2 wholly interior and 1 with one margin interior and 
the other exterior, none of them winged or keeled. Stamens varying from 4 to 8, included 
or exserted : filaments not dilated, erect or nearly so. Styles mostly 2, sometimes 3, usu- 
ally partially united, included or exserted: stigmas capitate. Achene mostly lenticular 
sometimes 3-angled and lenticular on the same plant, usually black, smooth or granular 
Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. The plants bloom in the summer and fall, or 
earlier in the southern part of the range. SMART WEED. 


Raceme usually solitary and terminal : plants aquatic. 1. P. emersa. 
Racemes several or numerous: plants mostly terrestrial. 
Ocreae naked or fringed, not spreading at the top: cotyledons accumbent. 
Ocreae truncate and naked at maturity. 
Racemes erect. 


Achenes strongly biconvex. 2. P. Portoricensis. 
Achenes flat. 
Style-branches conspicuously exserted. 3. P. longistyla. 
Style-branches included. 
Achene gibbous on one side, ovoid : leaf-blades linear or linear- 
lanceolate. 4. P. Mexicana. 
Achene flat, orbicular or broader than high: leaf-blades lan- 
ceolate or broadly-lanceolate. 5. P. Pennsylvanica. 
Racemes drooping, or with drooping tips. 
Styles united only at the base. 6. P. incarnata. 
Styles united to above the middle. 7. P. lapathifolia. 
Ocreae fringed with bristles (except a variety of no. 15). 
Racemes erect. 
Flower-clusters contiguous or mainly so. 
Achenes lenticular. 
Ocreae with short inconspicuous bristles. 
Racemes linear. 8. P. segeta. 
Racemes oblong. 9. P. persicarioides. 
Ocreae with long conspicuous bristles. 10. P. Persicaria. 
Achenes 3-angled. : 
Stems or ocreae glabrous or strigose: leaf-blades neither 
rounded nor cordate at the base. 
Racemes oblong. cae 
Ocreae inconspicuously fringed : achenes narrowly ovoid. 9. P. persicarioides. 
Ocreae conspicuously fringed : achenes broadly ovoid. 10. P. Persicaria. 
Racemes linear. 
Ocreolae conspicuously fringed. 11. P. Opelousana. 
Ocreolae inconspicuously fringed. 
Leaf-blades mainly glabrous above: achenes pointed i 
at the apex. 12. P. hydropiperoides. 
Leaf-blades strigose above: achenes pointed at both 
ends. 13. P. setacea. 
Stems or ocreae copiously hirsute : leaf-blades rounded or cor- 
date at the base. 14. P. hirsuta. 
Flower-clusters mostly separated. 15. P. punctata. 
Racemes drooping. 
Leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate: achenes smooth and z 
shining. 16. P. minor. . 
Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate : achenes granular and dull. 17. P. Hydropiper. 
Ocreae with spreading, fringed tops: cotyledons incumbent. 18. P. orientalis. 


1. Persicaria emérsa (Michx. ) Small. Perennial, often strigose throughout. Stem 
more or less creeping in wet places, the distal end erect, 3-8 dm. long, mostly simple, 
leafy, enlarged at the nodes, lower parts becoming hollow : leaf-blades broadly-lanceolate 
or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes narrowly-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, acute or acuminate at 
the apex, rounded, cordate or truncate at the base, the lateral nerves prominent, often fork- 
ing: ocreae 2-3 cm. long, the younger clasping the stem, eciliate : raceme narrow, 3-10 


POLYGONACEAE 377 


cm. long, erect, dense: ocreolae funnelform, oblique, 2 mm. long, fringed with short 
bristles: calyx dark rose-colored or sometimes pink, 4 mm. long: stamens 5, exserted : 
achenes lenticular, 8 mm. long, broadly obovoid or orbicular, conspicuously biconvex, 
black, slightly granular but shining. [Polygonum emersum ( Michx. ) Britton. ] 

In wet places or lakes throughout North America from the Arctic regions to southern Mexico. 


2. Persicaria Portoricénsis (Bertero) Small. Perennial, glabrous, but more or less 
scurfy throughout. Stem erect, at least from a decumbent base, 8-13 dm. long, enlarged at 
the nodes, often of a dark brown color: leaf-blades lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 3-25 
em. long, acuminate at both ends, very obscurely punctate, the midrib broad, the lateral 
nerves prominent or conspicuous beneath : ocreae 2-4 cm. long, fringed with short bristles 
when young, at length eciliate, sometimes hispid: racemes linear, 2-11 cm. long, erect, 
dense: ocreolae funnelform, about 3 mm. long, oblique, with a membranous rim: calyx 
white or whitish, about 3 mm. long : stamens 6 or sometimes 8 : styles somewhat exserted : 
achenes lenticular, 2.5 mm. long, very broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, sometimes 
slightly obovoid and broader than high, strongly biconvex, black, smooth and shining 
or sometimes minutely granular. [Polygonum Portovicense Bertero. ] 

In swamps, southern Missouri to Texas and Florida. Also in the West Indies and South America, 
except the extreme south. 

3. Persicaria longistyla Small. Annual or perennial, glabrous, except the upper 
branches and peduncles. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. long, branched throughout: leaf-blades 
lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate or sometimes ovate-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate 
at both ends, undulate, ciliate, somewhat crisped; petioles 0.5-1.2 cm. long: ocreae 
brittle, soon falling away: racemes cylindric, 2-8 cm. long, fully 1 cm. thick, many- 
flowered but not dense, conspicuous: ocreolae funnelform, 2-2.5 mm. long, their margins 
hyaline: calyx mostly lilac, 4 mm. long: sepals oblong, obtuse : stamens varying from 6-8 
included : styles 3-3.5 mm. long, united to below the middle, slender, conspicuously ex- 
serted : stigmas black: achenes lenticular, 2.5 mm. long, broadly ovoid, long-pointed, 
slightly gibbous on the sides, dark brown or black, slightly granular, somewhat shining or 
dull. [Polygonum longistylum Small. ] 


In low grounds, southern Missouri to Louisiana and New Mexico. 


4. Persicaria Mexicana Small. Annual, slender, pale green, glabrous to the 
upper branches. Stem erect, 4-7 dm. tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades varying 
from linear-lanceolate to linear, 3-12 cm. long, firm, obscurely punctate, ciliate, inclined 
to be revolute, short-petioled : ocreae 0.5-1.5 em. long, thin, becoming loose, sparsely 
hispidulous or nearly glabrous, eciliate : inflorescence pubescent or glandular: racemes ob- 
long, 1.5-3.5 em. long, erect, densely flowered: ocreolae funnelform, 3 mm. long, very 
oblique, fringed with short bristles : calyx light rose-color, 2-3 mm. long: stamens 6-8: 
achenes lenticular, 3-4 mm. long, ovoid or broadly ovoid, flat, but inconspicuously gib- 
bous on one side, thick-tipped, dark brown or nearly black, mostly granular and dull. 
[ Polygonum Mexicanum Small. ] 

In low grounds, southern Louisiana to southern Texas and Mexico. 


5. Persicaria Pennsylvánica (L.) Small. Annual, deep green. Stem erect, 3-9 
dm. high, often much branched throughout : leaf-blades varying from narrowly to broadly 
lanceolate, 4-22 em. long, acuminate and somewhat unsymmetrical at the base, glabrous 
or the upper ones occasionally glandular beneath, ciliate ; petioles about 1 em. long : ocreae 
1-1.5 cm. long, rather thin, eciliate : inflorescence paniculate, glandular : racemes oblong- 
cylindric, 2-5 em. long, erect, dense: ocreolae funnelform, 3 mm. long, oblique: calyx 
po or light purple, sometimes reddish, 3-4 mm. long: stamens 8 or fewer: achenes 
enticular, flat or sometimes slightly biconcave, 3-3.5 mm. long, mostly orbicular or 
E than high, short-tipped, black, smooth and shining. [Polygonum Pennsylvani- 

In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Nebraska and Florida. Also in Mexico. 


6. Persicaria incarnàta (Ell) Small. Annual, nearly glabrous throughout, light 
green. Stem erect, 6-10 dm. tall, almost simple or branched : leaf-blades lanceolate or 
narrowly-lanceolate, 5-20 em. long, acuminate at both ends, sparingly punctate and ciliate, 
short-petioled : ocreae 1-2 cm. long, loose, brittle, eciliate, or occasionally ciliolate when 
Young: racemes linear, 3-8 cm. long, drooping, dense : ocreolae funnelform, 2 mm. long, 
oblique, cuspidate : calyx whitish, green or rose-colored, 2-3 mm. long: stamens 6: 
achenes lenticular, 2 mm. long, ovoid or broadly oblong-ovoid, flat and biconcave, dark 
brown or black, smooth and shining. [ Polygonum incarnatum Ell. ] 

On river banks, southern New England to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. 


7. Persicaria lapathifólia ( L.) S. F. Gray. Annual, deep green. Stem mostly erect, 


3-6 dm. tall, thickened at the nodes, the peduncles and pedicels more or less glandular : leaf- 


378 POLYGONACEAE 


blades varying from broadly lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, sometimes oblong-lanceolate, 
5-20 cm. long, attenuate to the apex from the broadest part, acuminate at the base, ciliate, 
inconspicuously but thickly punctate, the petiole and midrib slightly hispid, the latter and 
the lateral nerves prominent beneath: ocreae 1-2 cm. long, striate or ribbed, brittle, 
slightly ciliate when young, at length eciliate: racemes linear, 2-8 cm. long, mostly 
drooping, dense: ocreolae funnelform, 2 mm. long, very oblique, acute: calyx flesh- 
colored or whitish, 2-2.5 mm. long: stamens 6: achenes lenticular, 2-2.5 mm. long, very 
broadly oblong or broadly ovoid, biconcave, brownish or black, slightly granular but 
usually shining. [Polygonum lapathifolium L. ] 

In waste places, throughout North America except the extreme north, Mexico, Central America 
and the West Indies. Apparently mainly introduced from Europe. 

8. Persicaria ségeta (H.B.K.) Small. Perennial, pubescent or glandular about 
the inflorescence. Stem erect, 4-8 dm. long, enlarged at the nodes: leaf-blades nar- 
rowly lanceolate, 6-16 em. long, acuminate at both ends, sometimes undulate and slightly 
crisped, glabrous, except occasional short stout hairs on the midrib, and the ciliate margin ; 
petioles about 1 em. long: ocreae 1-1.5 cm. long, those on the lower part of the stem 
glabrous, the upper ones pubescent or glandular, fringed with short bristles: racemes 
erect, 2-4 cm. long, cylindric, rather loosely flowered: ocreolae funnelform, 2-2.5 mm. 
long, oblique, coriaceous with a somewhat membranous edge: calyx 2-2.5 mm. long: 
sepals oblong, obtuse: stamens 6 or 7: achenes lenticular, 2.5 mm. long, ovoid, usually 
somewhat plano-concave, rather long-tipped, dark brown, minutely granular, dull. [Poly- 
gonum segetum H. D. K. ] 

In low grounds, Louisiana, Mexico and the West Indies. Also in Colombia. 

9. Persicaria persicarioides (H.B.K.) Small. Perennial, nearly glabrous or 
strigillose. Stem erect or decumbent and creeping, 3-7 dm. long: leaf-blades lanceolate 
or often linear-lanceolate, 3-20 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, glabrous or pubescent 
with scattered hairs, especially on the midrib, ciliate, punctate, short-petioled or subsessile : 
ocreae 1-2 cm. long, glabrous or sparsely strigillose, inconspicuously fringed with short 
bristles : racemes erect, 2-6 cm. long, narrowly oblong or linear, rather loosely flowered : 
ocreolae funnelform, oblique, 3 mm. long, fringed with a few short bristles or naked, often 
glandular or scurfy about the summit : calyx 2-3 mm. long, rose-color tinged with green: 
sepals oblong, obtuse: stamens 8 or fewer: achenes lenticular, biconvex and more or less 
gibbous, or 3-angled, 2.5-3 mm. long, narrowly ovoid or sometimes broadly oblong, rather 
long-tipped, black, somewhat granular but shining. [Polygonum persicarioides H.B.K. ] 

On plains or prairies, Nebraska, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Alsoin South America. 


10. Persicaria Persicaria (L.) Small. Annual, glabrous or puberulent. Stem erect or 
sometimes spreading, 2-8 dm. long : leaf-blades varying from lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 
2-18 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, entire or sometimes eroded, often somewhat ciliate, 
conspienously punctate, generally with a dark triangular or lunar spot in the middle: 
ocreae 1-1.5 em. long, nearly glabrous or with short hairs on the ridges, usually conspicu- 
ously fringed with short bristles : racemes oblong or ovoid, 1-3 em. long, 0.5-1 em. thick, 
mostly erect, densely-flowered : ocreolae funnelform, 1.5-2 mm. long, oblique, smooth or 
nearly so, fringed with short bristles: calyx about 1.5 mm. long, varying from pink to 
dark purple or sometimes red or greenish : sepals obtuse: stamens generally 6: achenes 
lenticular, biconvex, often gibbous, or 3-angled, 2-2.5 mm. long, broadly ovoid, pointed, 
black, smooth and shining. [Polygonum Persicaria L. ] \ 

In waste places, throughout temperate and tropical North and South America. Naturalized from 
Europe. LADY's THUMB. 

11. Persicaria Opelousana (Ridd.) Small. Perennial, slender and rather strict. 
Stem erect or ascending, 3-9 dm. long, glabrous, becoming woody below : leaf-blades vary- 
ing from linear-lanceolate to linear, 3-10 em. long, glabrous or with a few stout hairs espe- 
cially on or about the midrib, ciliate: ocreae 1-1.5 cm. long, strigose, fringed with long 
bristles : racemes linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, erect, not densely flowered : ocreolae funnelform, 
2.5 mm. long, slightly oblique, conspicuously fringed with long bristles: calyx 1-1.5 mm. 
long, white: sepals oblong, obtuse: stamens 8 or fewer: achenes 3-angled, or rarely 4- 
angled, about 2 mm. long, varying from broadly ovoid to obovoid, black, smooth and 
shining. [Polygonum Opelousanum Ridd. ] 


In swamps, southern Missouri and the Indian Territory to Louisiana, Texas and Mexico. 


_ 12. Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small. Perennial, glabrous or sometimes 
slightly strigillose, often tinged with red throughout. Stem erect or the base decumbent 
and creeping, 3-9 dm. long: leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes linear-_ 
lanceolate, 4-13 cm. long, acute at both ends, ciliate, papillose on the lower surface, short- 
petioled, the midrib clothed with short hairs: ocreae 1-1.8 cm. long, strigose, fringed with 


POLYGONACEAE 379 


long bristles : racemes narrowly cylindric or almost linear, 3-6 cm. long, erect : ocreolae 
funnelform, 2.5-3 mm. long, oblique, fringed with short bristles: calyx about 2 mm. long, 
flesh-colored or sometimes greenish: sepals oblong or obovate, obtuse or acutish, glandu- 
lar: stamens 8: achenes 3-angled, about 3 mm. long, ovoid or broadly oblong, pointed at 
the apex, black, smooth and shining. [Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. ] 

In swamps, New Brunswick to California, Florida and Mexico. Also in Brazil. 


13. Persicaria setacea (Baldw.) Small. Perennial, more or less strigose through- 
out. Stem erect, 6-11 dm. long, sometimes becoming nearly glabrous, enlarged especially 
above the nodes: leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 4-18 cm. long, 
acuminate at both ends, strigose on both sides, or occasionally nearly glabrous, except the 
midrib and nerves beneath, ciliate, inconspicuously but closely punctate: ocreae 1-1.5 
em. long, strigose, fringed with bristles often equalling the body in length : racemes erect, 
1-6 cm. long, almost linear, loosely flowered : ocreolae funnelform, slightly oblique, 2-2.5 
mm. long, fringed with bristles, some of the bristles exceeding them in length: calyx 
about 2 mm. long, white or pink: sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse : stamens 8 : achenes 3-angled, 
2-3 mm. long, broadly oblong, obovoid or oblong-ovoid, somewhat rhomboidal, thick- 
tipped at both ends, black, minutely granular and rather dull or slightly shining. — [.Poly- 
gonum setaceum Baldw. | 

In swamps, Missouri and North Carolina to Texas, Louisiana and Florida. 

14. Persicaria hirsüta ( Walt.) Small. Perennial, conspicuously hirsute with red- 
dish or brown hairs. Stem erect or decumbent and creeping, 3-9 dm. long, becoming 
woody below: leaf-blades lanceolate, 3-10 em. long, cordate or subcordate, acute at the 
apex, the upper ones acuminate, more or less hispid on both surfaces, ciliate, incon- 
spicuously punctate: ocreae 1-1.5 em. long, very hispid, fringed with many but rather 
short bristles: racemes erect, 1.5-6 cm. long, narrow or almost linear, rather loosely 
flowered, sometimes interrupted : ocreolae funnelform, oblique, 2 mm. long, acute, fringed 
with a few bristles: calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, white: sepals oblong, obtuse: stamens 8 or 
fewer: achenes 3-angled, 2 mm. long, broadly obovoid or nearly oblong, short-tipped, 
black, smooth and shining. [Polygonum hirsutum Walt. ] 

In swamps or wet soil, Florida and Georgia. Spring to fall.—A more slender form with erect stems 
2-4 dm. long, glabrous or sparingly strigose especially about the nodes, narrowly lanceolate, obtuse leaf- 
blades 3-6 em. long, 0.5-1 cm. broad, glabrous except the midrib and a few straggling hairs on the 
upper and lower surfaces. P. hirsuta glabréscens (Meisn.) Small, [Polygonum hirsutum glabrescens Meisn.], 
has been collected at Lake Jamony and Tallahassee, Florida. 

15. Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small. Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous 
throughout. Stem erect or ascending, rarely creeping, 3-11 dm. long: leaf-blades varying 
from lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, often oblong-lanceolate, 2-16 cm. long, acuminate 
at both ends, nearly glabrous, conspicuously punctate, often bearing a few short hairs on 
the midrib, ciliate: ocreae 1-1.5 cm. long, glabrous or sometimes sparingly strigillose, 
fringed with rather long bristles: racemes linear, 1-6 cm. long, erect, somewhat inter- 
rupted below, loosely flowered : ocreolae funnelform, 2.5-3 mm. long, fringed with a few 
short bristles, mostly imbricated : calyx greenish, about 2 mm.*long, conspicuously gland- 
ular : sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse, punctate : stamens 8: achenes lenticular and slightly 
gibbous, or 3-angled, 2-2.5 mm. long, broadly oblong, black, smooth and shining. [ Puly- 
gonum punctatum Ell.) 

In low places or swamps, throughout America except the extreme north and south. Also in the 
West Indies. Spring to fall.—Very variable: +The slender state P. punctata leptostáchya (Meisn. ) 
Small, has much-interrupted racemes and remote ocreolae. Two stout varieties are distinguished : 

- punctata robistior Small, inhabiting swamps on the eastern side of the American continent, has 
larger leaf-blades, and 3-angled achenes 3-4 mm. long ; P. punctata eciliàta Small, occurring in New Jer- 
sey, Tennessee and Mexico, has large leaves like the next preceding variety, naked ocreae, reddish 
purple inflorescence, and a 3-angled achene about 3.5 mm. long. 

16. Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz. Annual, dull-green, scurfy throughout. Stem 
lax, diffuse, 3-5 dm. long, sometimes procumbent and creeping : leaf-blades varying from 
lanceolate to linear or sometimes oblong, 2-8 cm. long, unsymmetrical and often scythe- 
shaped, ciliate: ocreae 1 cm. long, sparingly strigose and fringed with a few short bristles : 
racemes linear, 1-5 cm. long, lax, few-flowered, more or less interrupted at the base: 
ocreolae funnelform, 3 mm. long, somewhat oblique, fringed with short bristles : 
calyx greenish, 2.5-3 mm. long: stamens 8 or fewer: achenes lenticular, nearly 2 mm. 
long, broadly oblong, conspicuously biconvex or 3-angled and narrowly ovoid-oblong, 
black, smooth and shining. [Polygonum minus Huds.] 

Inlow grounds, Louisiana. Alsoin Chili. Introduced from Europe. 

17. Persicaria Hydropiper (L.) Opiz. Annual, glabrous, usually bright green. 
Stem erect or assurgent, 2-6 dm. long, lax, sometimes red or reddish : leaf-blades varying 
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes lanceolate, 1.5-9 em. long, acute at both ends or 


380 POLYGONACEAE 


often acuminate at the apex, ciliate, more or less papillose, undulate or slightly crisped, 
punctate, containing a very acrid juice: ocreae 0.5-1 cm. long, fringed with long bristles, 
usually enlarged about the bases, often bearing one or two flowers within: racemes linear, 
2-6 cm. long, drooping, much interrupted : ocreolae funnelform, 1.5-2 mm. long : slightly 
oblique, fringed with a few short bristles: calyx greenish, 2.5-3 mm. long: sepals rather 
narrowly oblong, obtusish, glandular: stamens 4 or sometimes 6: achenes lenticular, 
biconvex, slightly gibbous, or 3-angled, 3 mm. long, broadly oblong or ovoid, sometimes 
orbicular or even broader than high, short-tipped, dark brown, strongly granular and dull. 
[Polygonum Hydropiper L.] 

Common in moist or waste places, almost throughout North America, Naturalized from Europe 
southward and eastward, said to be native in the north and west. WATER PEPPER. 

18. Persicaria orientalis (L.) Vilm. Annual, large, more or less hispid. Stem 
erect, 4-25 dm. tall, becoming woody below: leaf-blades ovate or broadly oblong, 6-25 
em. long, acuminate, varying from acute to cordate at the base, ciliate, hispidulous on the 
midrib and its lateral branches on both surfaces ; petioles 2-8 cm. long, slightly winged: 
ocreae 1-3 em. long, with a spreading border at the summit,'ciliate : racemes varying from 
oblong to linear, 3-10 cm. long, drooping or sometimes suberect, often slightly interrupted 
near the base: ocreolae funnelform, 3-5 mm. long, very oblique, ciliate: calyx dark rose- 
colored, 4-4.5 mm. long : stamens 7 : achenes lenticular, 3 mm. long, orbicular or broader 
than high, thickened laterally about the base, biconcave, minutely granular and rather dull. 
[ Polygonum orientale L. ] 


In waste places, generally. Naturalized from India. Summer and fall. PRINCE’s FEATHER. 


9. FAGOPYRUM Gaertn. 


Annual caulescent smooth and usually glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate: blades 
entire, hastate or cordate: ocreae oblique, entire. Flowers perfect, white or whitish, 
several together on slender pedicels subtended by an ocreola. Racemes in cluster-like 
cymes or corymbs. Calyx corolloid, persistent and unchanged in fruit. Sepals about equal. 
Stamens 8: filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary 3-angled: styles 3: stigmas capitate. 
Ovule erect. Achene 3-angled,its angles slightly margined or crested, its faces transversely 
striate. Embryo dividing the mealy endosperm by an S-shaped curve. 

1. Pagopyrum Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Rather fleshy when young. Stem 1-9 dm. 
tall, erect, simple or branched, with a little pubescence about the nodes: leaf-blades 
hastate, 2.5-8 cm. long, cordate, petioled, abruptly narrowed above the middle : ocreae 
brittle and fugacious: racemes many-flowered, erect or inclined to droop, continuing to 
flower after fruit is produced: calyx white or whitish : pedicel as long as the calyx, one- 
half as long as the achene or shorter : achenes broadly ovoid, acute, 5 mm. long, the faces 
pinnately-striate when mature, and slightly variegated, the angles acute, entire. 


In waste places, about cultivated fields and along railroads, more or less persistent. Adventive 
from eastern Europe and western Asia. Summer. BUCKWHEAT. 


10. TRACAULON Raf. 


Annual or sometimes perennial prickle-armed herbs, with reclining-climbing 4-angled 
stems. Leaves alternate: blades truncate, hastate or cordate, membranous, the petiole, 
midrib and principal nerves armed with small recurved prickles. Ocreae oblique, finely 
nerved, variously roughened about the base. Flowers in terminal and axillary spike- 
like racemes, these usually somewhat interrupted, or in capitate clusters. Sepals somewhat 
colored, 4-5, neither keeled nor winged, enveloping the achene. Stamens varying from 5 
to 8, included : filaments not dilated. Styles 2 or 3, partially united, included. Achenes 
lenticular or 3-angled, variously colored, strongly biconvex or three-angled, smooth and 
shining. Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. The plants flower in the summer 
and fall, or earlier in the extreme south. TEAR-THUMB. 


Leaf-blades sagittate or subsagittate: achenes 3-angled. 
Inflorescence dichotomous : leaf-blades sessile or nearly so : achenes blunt-angled. pon 
1. T. Beyrichianum. 
Inflorescence not dichotomous : leaf-blades manifestly petioled : achenes sharp-angled. _ 
2. T. sagittatum. 
Leaf-blades hastate: achenes lenticular. 3. T. arifolium. 


1. Tracaulon Beyrichiànum (Cham. & Schlecht.) Small. Perennial, somewhat wiry. 
Stem 5-10 dm. long, reclining, dichotomously branched, slightly enlarged at the nodes, 


POLYGONACEAE 381 


rather sharply angled, the angles mostly armed with recurved prickles: leaf-blades linear 
or linear-lanceolate, subsagittate, 3-15 cm. long, acute or acutish, subsessile, cordate and 
more or less clasping, almost glabrous on the upper surface, glabrous beneath except the 
midrib which is sometimes sparsely pubescent with prickle-like hairs, glandular-ciliate : 
ocreae 1-2 cm. long, somewhat obliquely opened and spreading at the summit, naked, very 
thin, fringed around the base with small recurved prickles: inflorescence dichotomous, 
more or less compound, the ultimate divisions ending in clusters or spicate racemes : 
peduncles glandular: racemes few-flowered : ocreolae 1 mm. long, ciliate: calyx rose- 
colored, campanulate: sepals 2-3 mm. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse: stamens 5: achenes 
varying from broadly ovoid to obovoid, 3-angled, dark brown, smooth and shining, the 
angles obtuse. [Polygonum Beyrichianum Cham. & Schlecht. ] 
In low ground, Louisiana to Texas, Mexico and Brazil. Also in the West Indies. 


2. Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small. Annual, bright green or parts tinged with 
red. Stem decumbent, ascending or reclining, 3-15 dm. long, four-angled and finely chan- 
neled, armed on the angles with, sharp recurved prickles, by which the plant climbs: leaf- 
blades lanceolate or oblong, sagittate, 1-12 cm. long, cordate, the lower ones long-petioled, 
the upper short-petioled, lighter green beneath than above, slightly roughened on the edge 
by small prickles: ocreae funnelform, very oblique, 0.5-1 em. long, acute, eciliate : ocre- 
olae bract-like, lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long: calyx white, green or red, 4 mm. long : sepals 
oblong, obtuse : stamens 8: achenes 3-angled, 3-3.5 mm. long, ovoid, sharp-tipped, black 
or brownish, smooth and shining. [Polygonum sagittatum L.] 

In swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Florida and Texas. 

3. Tracaulon arifólium (L.) Raf. Perennial or annual, bright green. Stem as- 
cending and reclining, 2-9 dm. long, nearly simple or much branched, armed on the four 
angles with stout recurved prickles, the peduncles and pedicels glandular or pubescent : 
leaf-blades broadly hastate, 2-18 em. long, cordate or subcordate, pubescent or glabrous on the 
lower surface, the basal lobes acuminate : ocreae funnelform, oblique, 0.5-1 em. long, fringed 
at the summit with short bristles and at the base with short bristle-like prickles: racemes 
1-2 em. long, somewhat leafy, interrupted : ocreolaefunnelform, oblique, 2 mm. long : calyx 
greenish or rose-colored : sepals 4, oblong, obtuse : stamens 8: achenes lenticular, 4 mm. 
long, obovoid or oblong-ovoid, dark brown or variegated, very smooth and shining. [ Poly- 
gonum arifolium L.] 


In swamps, New Brunswick to Minnesota and South Carolina. 


11. TINIARIA Reichenb. 


Annual or perennial often seurfy unarmed twining vines. Leaves alternate: blades 
membranous or leathery, cordate or hastate. Ocreae oblique, naked or fringed at the top 
or the base. Racemes loosely flowered, axillary or terminal, often paniculate, leafy- 
bracted or naked. Sepals 5, green, white or yellowish, 2 exterior, 2 interior and 1 with 
one edge interior and one edge exterior, this sepal and the two outer keeled or strongly 
and conspicuously winged.  Pedicels slender, reflexed and articulated. Stamens 8, in- 
cluded : filaments short, converging. Styles 3, short or almost wanting, distinct or rarely 
united. Achenes 3-angled, dark brown or black, included, smooth and shining or granu- 
lar and dull. Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. The plants flower in the sum- 
mer and fall. 


Outer sepals keeled at maturity. 
Inflorescence consisting mostly of axillary and terminal clusters and simple ra- 


cemes : achene granular. 1. T. Convolvulus. 
Inflorescence consisting mostly of axillary and terminal panicled racemes : achene : 
smooth 2. T. cilinodis. 


Outer sepals develo ing conspicuous wings 
Sepal-wings not ewes. ? 


Mature calyx 6-8 mm. long ; wings flat. 3. T. dumetorum. 
Mature calyx 10-12 mm. long ; wings crisped. 4. T. scandens. 
Sepal-wings incised. 5. T. cristata. 


1. Tiniaria Gonvólvulus (L.) Webb. & Moq. Annual, scurfy, dull green or pale 
green. Stem prostrate or twining, 1-12 dm. long, branched from near the base, the inter- 
nodes of the older branches greatly elongating: leaf-blades broadly or narrowly ovate or 
ovate-sagittate, the uppermost nearly sagittate, 1.5-6 em. long, acuminate at the apex, cor- 
date or truncate at the base, somewhat undulate and crisped : ocreae oblique, 2-4 mm. long, 
acute, rough on the edges: flowers several in a cluster: racemes simple, 1-6 cm. long, 
loosely flowered, interrupted : calyx green, at length 3.5-4 mm. long, closely investing the 
fruit: sepals oblong, obtuse, the three outer ones keeled : stamens 8: achenes 3-angled, 


382 POLYGONACEAE 


3.5 mm. long, broadly obovoid or oblong-obovoid, short-tipped, black, granular.  [Poly- 
gonum Convolvulus L. | 

Common throughout North! America, except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. BLACK 
BINDWEED. 


2. Tiniaria cilinódis ( Michx.) Small. Annual or perennial, sparingly pubescent, of 
a reddish or reddish green tint. Stem prostrate or extensively twining, 6-25 dm. long: 
leaf-blades broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate, cordate or 
subcordate, sometimes inclined to be hastate, petioled, somewhat crisped, minutely ciliate, 
often prominently nerved on the lower surface: ocreae very oblique, 3-4 mm. long, 
acutish, fringed with reflexed bristles at the base: racemes 1-10 cm. long, loosely 
flowered, interrupted : calyx white, 3-4 mm. long: sepals 5, oblong or obovate, obtuse, 
the three outer ones keeled : stamens 6 or 8 : achenes 3-angled, 3 mm. long, broadly oblong 
or often nearly ovoid, black, very smooth and shining. [Polygonum cilinode Michx. ] 

In rocky places, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to the Rocky Mountains, south to the Great 
Lake Region ; also in and near the Allegheny Mountains. E 

3. Tiniaria dumetórum (L.) Opiz. Perennial, bright green, somewhat scurfy. 
Stem weak, extensively twining, 6-40 dm. long, much branched : leaf-blades ovate-cordate, 
2-7 cm. long, acuminate, petioled or nearly sessile toward the ends of the branches : ocreae 
oblique, 3-4 mm. long, acute or obtusish, glabrous: racemes 3-8 cm. long, usually numer- 
ous, loose, interrupted, bearing a few small leaf-like bracts: calyx yellowish green, at 
length 5 mm. long : sepals obtuse, the three outer ones keeled and in fruit much enlarged 
and conspicuously winged: stamens 8: achenes 3-angled, 2-3 mm. long, oblong, inclined 
to be pointed at both ends, black, smooth and shining. [Polygonum dumetorum L. ] 

In thickets, Missouri, Illinois and Tennessee. Alsoin Europe. FALSE BUCKWHEAT. 


. *. Tiniaria scándens (L.) Small. Perennial, more or lessscurfy. Stem extensively 
twining, 1-10 m. long, often copiously branched, roughened on the ridges : leaf-blades 
ovate or oblong-ovate, 4-12 cm. long, cordate, acuminate, sparingly scabrous or eroded on 
the margins, papillose : ocreae oblique, 2-4 mm. long, acute, rough on the ridges : racemes 
3-24 cm. long, interrupted, bearing many large bracts: calyx greenish yellow, at length 
1 cm. long : sepals obtuse, the three outer ones keeled and conspicuously winged in fruit : 
stamens 8 : achenes 3-angled, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, oblong, often enlarged about the middle, 
rather blunt at both ends, black, smooth and shining. [Polygonum scandens L. ] 

In thickets, Nova Scotia to the Rocky Mountains, Florida and Louisiana. HEDGE BUCKWHEAT. 


6. Tiniaria cristata (Engelm. & Gray) Small. Perennial, slender, very scurfy. 
Stem twining, 5-20 dm. long, more or less branched, somewhat twisted : leaf-blades ovate, 
triangular-ovate or triangular, 1-6 cm. long, varying from cordate to truncate, acute or 
acuminate, obscurely eroded, short-petioled : ocreae 2-4 mm. long, hardly oblique : racemes 
axillary, 2-4 cm. long, loosely flowered, naked, interrupted : calyx greenish white, 4-5 mm. 
long, the three outer sepals keeled and winged in fruit, the wings more or less incised : 
stamens 8 : achenes 3-angled, 2.5-3 mm. long, oblong, black, smooth and shining. [ Poly- 
gonum cristatum Engelm. & Gray. ] 


In thickets or woods, New York to Georgia and Texas. 


12. BRUNNICHIA Banks. 


Perennial vines. Stems much elongated, climbing by tendrils arising from the ends of 
the branches. Leaves alternate: blades entire, truncate or cordate at the base: ocreae 
obsolete. Flowers perfect, 2-5 in clusters subtended by narrow bracts, disposed in terminal 
panicled racemes. Pedicels slender, jointed near the base. Hypanthium much enlarged 
and leathery in fruit, winged on one side near the base and along the pedicel-like base, in- 
vesting the achene. Sepals 5, spreading or converging when dry. Stamens 7-10, usually 8: 
filaments filiform, slender, much dilated at the junction with the sepals. Ovary imperfectly 
3-celled, 3-angled: styles 3: stigmas 2-cleft at the apex. Ovule pendulous. Achene 
3-angled, smooth. Seed irregularly 6-grooved. Embryo in one of theangles. 


1. Brunnichia cirrhdsa Banks. A slender shrub, climbing over bushes and trees by 
means of terminal tendrils. Stems 2-8 m. long, woody and tough: leaf-blades ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate or subcordate at 
the base, petioled, slightly pubescent beneath: ocreae obsolete, sometimes represented by 
a ring of short hairs : racemes 3-15 cm. long, naked or nearly so: hypanthium campanu- 
late, 6-8 mm. long, greenish, winged along the base and pedicel-like base : sepals 5, spread- 
ing or recurved, but converging at maturity when dry : stamens exserted : achenes oblong- 


POLYGONACEAE 383 


ovoid, 3-angled, 6 mm. long, smooth, closely invested by the accrescent and leathery 
hypanthium, which becomes nearly 3 cm. long. 
Along streams, Missouri to South Carolina, Georgia and the Gulf States. Spring and summer. 


13. COCCOLOBIS P. Br. 


Evergreen shrubs or trees, with erect branched trunks, or rarely high-twining vines, 
clothed with a very thin bark. Leaves alternate : blades leathery, entire. Ocreae cylindric 
or funnelform, truncate, acuminate or lobed, membranous, often very small. Flowers per- 
fect, green, on short jointed clustered pedicels subtended by small bracts, disposed in axil- 
lary or terminal, spike-like racemes. Sepals 5, herbaceous, nearly equal, little changed at 
maturity. Hypanthium accrescent, fleshy. Stamens 8 : filaments slender, surmounting 
the hypanthium. Ovary free, 3-angled: styles 3. Ovule erect. Achene ovoid or globose, 
with a crustaceous or bony pericarp, invested by the accrescent hypanthium, to which it is 
sometimes more or less adherent. Seed 3-6-lobed, with a membranous testa. Embryo 
more or less eccentric in the channeled mealy endosperm, its cotyledons cordate. 
Leaf-blades cordate at the base: drupe-like fruit 1.5-2 em. thick. 1. C. wvifera. 
Leaf-blades cuneate or rounded at the base: drupe-like fruit about 1 cm. thick. 2. C. laurifolia. 

1. Coccolobis uvífera (L.) Jacq. A shrub or small tree, 5 m. tall or higher, with a 
short contorted trunk reaching a diameter of more than 1 m. Branches forming a round 
head : leaf-blades suborbicular, often broader than long, 4-20 cm. in diameter, obtuse or 
retuse at the apex, undulate, cordate at the base, short-petioled : ocreae funnelform, less 
than 1 em. long, firm: racemes interrupted, 1-3 dm. long: hypanthium campanulate, 3-4 
mm. broad: sepals obovoid-orbicular, whitish, undulate : filaments subulate, red: fruit- 
ing racemes dense, resembling bunches of grapes, each drupe-like fruit subglobose, 1.5-2 
cm. in diameter, purple or greenish white, with an astringent juicy pulp and a broadly 
ovoid achene with a thin reddish pericarp. 

Along the coast within the influence of the salt water, southern Florida and the Keys. Com- 
mon on the Bahamas and in Bermuda, southern Central to northern South America. Throughout the 
year. SEA-GRAPE. SHORE-GRAPE. 

. 2. Coccolobis laurifólia Jacq. A tree, reaching a height of 20 m. and a trunk 
diameter of 6 dm., the branches spreading. Leaf-blades oblong, ovate or obovate, 5-10 em. 
long, acute or rounded at the apex, entire, slightly revolute, bright green above, paler 
beneath, rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped at the base, short-petioled : ocreae less than 
l em. long, scarious: racemes terminal, 1 dm. or less in length, continuous: hypanthium 
campanulate, 4-5 mm. broad: sepals suborbicular, undulate: stamens 8: filaments subu- 
late, yellow: fruiting racemes interrupted, each drupe-like fruit globose-ovoid, dark red, 
lem. in length or longer, with an acid pulp and an ovoid achene with a hard brown 
pericarp. 


. Along the coast, southern Florida. Also in the Bahamas and northern South America. Fruit 
ripening in winteror spring. 


Order 10. CHENOPODIALES. 


Herbs, sometimes more or less shrubby, occasionally nearly leafless, with 
green, pale or highly colored foliage. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes 
reduced to scales. Flowers mostly perfect, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, 
variously disposed, occasionally much reduced. Calyx usually present, the se- 
pals mainly separate. Corolla wanting or present, small and inconspicuous or 
relatively large and showy. Androecium of 1-several stamens. Gynoecium of 
a single carpel or several united carpels. Ovary 1-many-celled, sometimes 1- 
celled by suppression. Styles mainly distinct. Ovules amphitropous or cam- 
pylotropous. Fruit a utricle, achene, or berry, sometimes an anthocarp. Em- 
bryo eurved, annular or coiled. 

A. Fruit a utricle, achene or berry, sometimes an anthocarp, not valvate, or merely circumscissile. 


a. Fruit various, not an anthocarp. 
* Fruit utricular. 
t Bracts not scarious : stipules wanting. 
Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or in the margin of a 
short hypanthium. Fam. 1. CHENOPODIACEAE. 
Stamens inserted on the margin of an hypanthium which ulti- 
mately exceeds the sepals in length. Fam. 2. SCLERANTHACEAE. 


384 CHENOPODIACEAE 


1t Braets or stipules scarious. 


Stipules wanting: sepals scarious. Fam. 3. AMARANTHACEAE, 
sapu present : sepals herbaceous or scarious-margined. Fam. 4. CORRIGIOLACEAE. 
** Fruit baccate or an achene, or aggregate. 
Fruit an achene or a berry : flowers not in cones. Fam. 5. PETIVERIACEAE. 
Fruit aggregate : flowers in axillary cones. Fam. 6. BATIDACEAE. 
b. Fruit an anthocarp, the achene surrounded by the calyx-tube. Fam. 7. ALLIONIACEAE. 

B. Fruit à capsule dehiscent by apical or longitudinal valves. . 
Ovary several-celled: corolla wanting. Fam. 8. TETRAGONIACEAE. 
Ovary 1-celled : corolla mostly present. 

Sepals 2: leaves mostly alternate. Fam. 9. PORTULACACEAE. 
Sepals 4 or 5: leaves mostly opposite. 
Sepals distinct: ovary sessile: petals not clawed. Fam. 10. ALSINACEAE. 
Sepals united : ovary stipitate: petals clawed. Fam. 11. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. GooskEFooT FAMILY. 


More or less fleshy often glandular annual or perennial mostly weedy plants, 
or rarely vines, but of considerable economic importance. Leaves alternate or 
opposite: blades entire or toothed, often much reduced: stipules wanting. 
Flowers terminal and axillary, often densely clustered, sometimes spicate, cymose 
or panicled, inconspicuous, herbaceous, sometimes subtended by bracts, some- 
times naked. Calyx of 2, 3, 4 or 5 persistent sepals. Androecium of as many 
stamens as there are sepals. Filaments distinct, rarely as long as the sepals 
opposite which and at whose bases they areinserted. Anthersintrorse. Gynoe- 
cium of 2 or more united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes free, variable in 
shape. Styles 2-5, more or less united. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Fruit 
a utricle. Seed solitary, often reniform, with mealy endosperm or this wanting. 
Embryo spiral in seeds without endosperm or curved or spiral around the endo- 
sperm when this is present. 

Embryo annular or conduplicate, neither spiral nor coiled : endosperm copious (except in Salicornia). 
Leaves normal: endosperm copious. 


Fruit enclosed in the calyx, or equalled by the sepals or bractlets. 
Flowers perfect or some of them pistillate: calyx fleshy or herbaceous. 


Mature calyx without a horizontal wing. 1. CHENOPODIUM. 
Mature calyx with a broad horizontal wing. 2. CYCLOLOMA. 
Flowers dioecious or monoecious: pistillate flowers without a calyx: fruit 
enclosed in 2 bractlets. 3. ATRIPLEX. 
Fruit much surpassing the calyx. 4, CORISPERMUM. 
Leaves reduced to scales or mere ridges: endosperm wanting. 5. SALICORNIA. 
Embryo spirally coiled : endosperm wanting or scant. 
Mature calyx wingless: leaf-blades not spine-tipped. 6. DONDIA. 
Mature calyx with a horizontal wing: leaf-blades spine-tipped. 7. SALSOLA. 


1. CHENOPODIUM L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with glabrous pubescent glandular or mealy-coated foliage, 
often pervaded by an aromatic or scented principle. Leaves alternate, various: blades 
entire, toothed or lobed. Flowers perfect or sometimes dioecious, small, in axillary or 
terminal congested spikes, with or without bracts. Sepals flat or keeled, persistent. Stamens 
5 or fewer, hypogynous or somewhat perigynous : filaments filiform, sometimes united. 
Ovary usually depressed, 1-celled : styles or stigmas 2-5, the latter filiform or subulate. 
Utricle commonly enveloped in the accrescent calyx, containing a horizontal or vertical 
seed, with a crustaceous or leathery testa. Endosperm mealy. Embryo completely or 
partly annular. GoosEFoor. PIGWEED. 

A. Embryo forming a complete ring : plants neither glandular nor aromatic. 
Seed and pericarp firmly attached together. 
Flowering branches longer than the accompanying leaves: mature sepals keeled. 
Leaves with coarsely toothed blades. 
Lower surface of the leaf-blades decidedly mealy : inflorescence 


dense. 1. C. album. 
Lower surface of the leaf-blades glabrous or glabrate: inflorescence 


x. 2. C viride... 
Leaves with entire blades. 3. C. Berlandiert. 
Flowering branches shorter than the accompanying leaves : mature sepals 
not keeled. 4. C. murale. 
Seed and pericarp easily separable from one another. 
a. Foliage and inflorescence pale and copiously mealy, even at maturity. 
Leaf-blades mainly linear, entire. 5. C. leptophyllum. 
Leaf-blades mainly ovate, angulately lobed or toothed. 6. C. albescens. 


CHENOPODIACEAE 385 


b. Foliage and inflorescence green and glabrous at least at maturity. 7. C. Boscianum. 
B. Embryo horseshoe-shaped, forming an incomplete ring: plants glandular and 
aromatic. 
Leaf-blades pinnately lobed. 8. C. Botrys. 
Leaf-blades entire, undulate or coarsely toothed. 
Spikes conspicuously leafy-bracted. 9. C. ambrosioides. 
Spikes nearly naked or minutely bracted. 10. C. anthelminticum. 


1. Chenopodium álbum L. Annual, pale green. Stemserect, 6-30 dm. tall, striate 
or grooved at maturity, normally widely branched, firm : leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate 
or linear-lanceolate, more or less rhombic, 2-8 cm. long, acute or obtuse, sometimes 3-lobed, 
mostly serrate throughout the plant, cuneate at the base, slender-petioled : flower-clusters 
contiguous or interrupted, dense: sepals mealy, pale-margined, acute, keeled: utricle 
depressed, 2-2.5 mm. broad, enclosed in the calyx: seed horizontal, black, shining, 
adherent to the pericarp. 

In waste places and thickets, throughout North America except the extreme north. Naturalized 
from Europe. Spring to fall. LAMB'S QUARTERS. 

2. Chenopodium víride L. Annual, bright green. Stems erect, 4-12 dm. tall, 
branched, ridged : leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or slightly 
acuminate, entire at least above or usually coarsely toothed below the inflorescence, acute or 
cuneate at the base, glabrous on both sides or sparingly mealy beneath especially when 
young, slender-petioled : flower-clusters contiguous or interrupted, rather laxly disposed : 
sepals mealy-pubescent, acute, barely keeled : utricle depressed, 2-2.5 mm. broad: seed 
about 1.5 mm. broad, firmly attached to the pericarp. 

In waste places, throughout North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. 
Spring to fall. LAMB'S QUARTERS. 

3. Chenopodium Berlandiéri Moq. Annual, sparingly mealy or glabrous in age. 
Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, commonly much branched, ridged : leaf-blades thinnish, lanceo- 
late, oblong or ovate, often somewhat rhombic, 1.5-4 cm. long, acute or cuspidate, entire 
or sinuate, often cuneate at the base ; petioles slender, nearly as long as the blades or much 
shorter: flower-clusters continuous or interrupted, often subglobose: sepals more or less 
densely mealy, ovate or oblong-ovate, rather obtuse, keeled : utricle depressed, 1.5-2 mm. 
broad, enclosed in the calyx : seed horizontal, firmly adherent to the pericarp. 

In dry soil, Missouri to Texas and in Florida. Summer and fall. 

4. Chenopodium muràle L. Annual, glabrous or barely mealy, deep green. Stems 
erect or decumbent, 1-6 dm. long, mostly widely branched : leaf-blades thinnish, rhombic- 
ovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute, sinuate-dentate or incised-serrate, cuneate or nearly truncate at 
the base; petioles slender, as long as the blades or shorter: flower-clusters small, often 
separated at maturity : sepals slightly mealy, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, not keeled : 
utricles depressed, 1.5-2 mm. broad, partly enclosd in the calyx : seed horizontal, firmly 
adherent to the pericarp, the edges sharp. 

In waste places, Maine to British Columbia, Florida and Mexico, naturalized from Europe. Sum- 
mer and fall. 

5. Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. Annual, mealy-pubescent. Stems 
decumbent in age, 2-9 dm. long, more or less branched, striate or grooved at maturity : 
leaf-blades mainly linear, sometimes rather broadly so, 1-3.5 em. long, entire, or repand on 
the lower part of the stem, pale green above : flowers in contiguous or interrupted clusters : 
sepals mealy, oblong or nearly so, keeled, obtuse : utricle depressed, 1.5 mm. broad, nearly 
enclosed in thecalyx : seed horizontal, black, smooth and shining, free from the pericarp. 

_In sandy soil, Connecticut to New Jersey, also from Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to Mis- 
souri, Texas and Arizona. Summer and fall: 

6. Chenopodium albéscens Small. Annual, pale green. Stems erect, 8-12 dm. tall, 
relatively stout, mealy when young, prominently pale-ridged : leaf-blades mainly ovate, 
some of the upper ones narrower, 2-4 cm. long, sharply acute or minutely bristle-tipped, 
nearly all angulately lobed or toothed, permanently mealy at least beneath, 3-nerved, 
cuneate at the base, slender-petioled : flower-clusters continuous or becoming interrupted, 
relatively slender, whitish : sepals mealy, ovate, barely keeled: utricle depressed, 1-1.5 
mm. broad, included : seed horizontal, black, shining, free from the pericarp. 

In dry soil, Kerrville, Texas. Spring and summer. 

7. Chenopodium Bosciànum Mog. Annual, light green. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. 
tall, striate, rather widely branched: leaf-blades thinnish, 1-3 cm. long, acute, entire, or 
sinuate near base of stem, green on both sides, cuneate at the base ; petioles slender, about 
3 as long as the blades : racemes or panicles slender, loosely flowered : sepals herbaceous, 
oblong or oval, 1-1.5 mm. long, scarious-margined, flat or barely keeled at maturity : 
utricle depressed, about 1 mm. broad, nearly enclosed in the calyx : seed horizontal, easily 
separable from the pericarp, black, shining. 

In open woods and thickets, New York to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 


25 


386 CHENOPODIACEAE 


8. Chenopodium Botrys L. Annual, glandular-pubescent and viseid, strong-scented. 
Stems erect, 1-6 dm. tall, simple or considerably branched, the branches commonly erect : 
leaf-blades 1-5 em. long, oblong to ovate, irregularly pinnately lobed, entire or toothed, 
spreading ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter: flower-clusters small, in axillary 
cymes : sepals pubescent, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, about 1 mm. long, acute or 
somewhat acuminate: utricle depressed, 1.5 mm. broad, enclosed in the calyx: seed 
horizontal or vertical, about 0.8 mm. broad, firmly adherent to the pericarp. 

In waste places and on banks, Nova Scotia to Oregon, south to Georgia and Mexico. Summer 
and fall. JERUSALEM OAK. 

9. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Annual, glabrous or glandular-pubescent, 
heavy-scented. Stems erect or decumbent, 5-8 dm. long, more or less branched, grooved 
at maturity : leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, repand-dentate or undu- 
late or even entire above : flower-clusters in short spikes, these usually surpassed by the 
accompanying leaves : sepals often yellowish, often 3, rather obtuse: utricle less than 1 mm. 
in diameter, enclosed in the calyx : seed horizontal or vertical, free, shining. 

In waste places and thickets, Maine to California, Florida, Mexico and tropical America whence 
naturalized. Summer and fall. MEXICAN TEA. 

10. Chenopodium anthelmínticum L. Annual or perennial, glandular-pubescent 
or glabrate, heavy-scented. Stems erect or spreading, 5-12 dm. long, ridged : leaf-blades 
lanceolate or oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate, coarsely toothed 
or incised, cuneate-acuminate at the base, short-petioled : flower-clusters in more or less 
elongated interrupted spikes, these generally surpassing the accompanying leaves: sepals 
glabrous, acute or obtuse, contiguous: utricle about 1 mm. in diameter, enclosed in the 
calyx : seed horizontal or vertical. 


In waste places and thickets, Ontario to Wisconsin, New York, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Nat- 
uralized from Europe. Summer and fall. WORMSEED. 3 


2. CYCLOLOMA Moq. 


Annual coarse herbs, with diffusely branched stems. Leaves alternate: blades flat, 
irregularly toothed. Flowers perfect or pistillate, disposed in panicled spikes, without 
bractlets. Sepals 5, keeled, each appendaged at maturity by a horizontal wing. Stamens 
b: filaments about as long as the calyx. Ovary 1-celled, sessile, hairy : styles 2-3, par- 
tially united. Utricle depressed, wholly enclosed by the calyx or nearly so. Seed flat, 
horizontal. Embryo annular in the mealy endosperm. 

1. Cycloloma atriplicifblium (Spreng. ) Coulter. Annual, deep green, often becoming 
dark purple. Stems bushy-branched, 1.5-5 dm. tall, like the branches striate and 
angled: leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong, 2-8 cm. long, acuminate, irregularly sinuate- 
dentate with sharp teeth, narrowed into short petioles : spikes numerous, in open panicles : 
calyx sometimes pubescent, surrounded by a scarious erose wing: sepals triangular or 
ovate-triangular: utricle depressed, 2-3 mm. broad, with an area exposed between the 
sepals as a 5-rayed star. 


On banks and along streams, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory, south to Indiana, Texas and 
Arizona. Summer. 


3. ATRIPLEX L. 


Annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs, with a scaly often silvery pubescence. 
Leaves alternate, or some opposite: blades often deltoid or hastate in outline, angularly 
toothed or sometimes entire. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in axillary or terminal 
panicles, or congested axillary spikes, the staminate bractless: sepals 3-5 : stamens 3-9, bent 
serted at the base of the calyx: filaments distinct or united: anthers 2-celled, opening 
lengthwise. Pistillate flowers subtended by two more or less united entire or toothed 
bracts, which are commonly crested, tubercled or winged on the back. Ovary 1-celled, 
tipped by the 2 subulate or filiform stigmas. Utricle wholly or partially surrounded by 
the accrescent bracts. Seed erect or nearly horizontal, with a membranous leathery or al- 
most crustaceous testa. Endosperm mealy. Embryo annular. ORACHE. 


A. Annual. 
Leaf-blades triangular-hastate or hastate-lanceolate in outline. 1. A. hastata. 
Leaf-blades oblong, oval or broadest above the middle. : 
Fruiting braets united to above the middle. 2. A. arenarta. 


Fruiting braets united only at the base. 
Styles exserted : fruiting bracts with equal teeth. 
Styles included : fruiting braets with the middle tooth longest. 


. A. tuberculata. 
. A. cristata. 


we 02 


CHENOPODIACEAE 387 


B. Perennial. : 
Fruiting bracts spongy, wingless. 
Fruiting bracts 8-12 mm. long, the faces tubercled : leaves alternate ; blades 


about 1 cm. long. 5. A. acanthocarpa. 
Fruiting bracts 2 mm. broad, the faces not tubercled : leaves opposite ; blades 
less than 1 em. long. 6. A. oppositifolia. 
Fruiting bracts indurated, winged. 7. A. canescens. 


l. Atriplex hastata L. Annual, somewhat scurfy or glabrate, the foliage light green 
or purplish. Stems erect or ascending, 3-8 dm. long, more or less branched, the branches 
often spreading : leaf-blades triangular in outline, triangular-hastate or hastate-lanceolate 
above, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate, entire or sparingly toothed, broadly cuneate, 
truncate or subcordate at the base, the basal lobes spreading ; petioles much shorter than the 
blades: flower-clusters commonly separated: mature bracts ovate or triangular, 4-5 mm. 
long, toothed, the faces spiny. 

In salt meadows and waste places mostly near the coast, New Brunswick to South Carolina. 
Summer and fall. 

2. Atriplex arenaria Nutt. Annual, pale or silvery with more or less dense scurf. 
Stems widely branched, often from the base, 1-5 dm. long, the branches spreading or 
prostrate : leaf-blades oblong to oval, 1-4 cm. long, acute or mucronate, somewhat crisped, 
entire, short-petioled or sessile : mature bracts united to above the middle, 3-5 mm. broad, 
fan-shaped, 3-toothed at the top, the faces tuberculate or spiny. 

On sea beaches, Nova Scotia (?) to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


3. Atriplex tuberculàta (Torr.) Coulter. Annual, scurfy-pubescent. Stems erect or 
ascending, 1-5 dm. tall, more or less branched: leaf-blades oblong-spatulate or oblong- 
oblanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long, acute, entire or unevenly repand-dentate, narrowed into short 
petioles : flower-clusters inconspicuous: styles exserted : mature bracts broadly cuneate, 
2.5-3 mm. long, united at the base, with coarse equal triangular teeth, the faces reticulated 
and crested with 2 rows of acute tubercles. 

On hillsides, Texas. Spring and summer. 


4. Atriplex cristata H.B.K. Annual, green, but more or less scurfy. Stems erect 
or ascending, 3-6 dm. tall, rather diffusely branched, the branches ridged : leaf-blades oblong 
or nearly so, 1.5-3 cm. long, acute or cuspidate, undulate or finely serrate-dentate or 
repand, short-petioled : flower-clusters continuous or often interrupted : styles included : 
mature bracts 2-3 mm. broad, spiny toothed, the middle tooth longest, the faces with 2-4 
tubercles. 

On sandy coasts, Florida. Spring to fall. 


5. Atriplex acanthocárpa (Torr.) S. Wats. Perennial, appressed-scurfy. Stems 
erect, 3-7 dm. tall, branched, woody especially below: leaves alternate ; blades oblong to 
oblong-lanceolate or almost ovate, commonly somewhat hastate, 1-4 cm. long, acutish, 
entire or sinuate, cuneately narrowed, short-petioled : flowers dioecious ; staminate in dense 
interrupted spikes or panicles ; pistillate fewer in axillary clusters: mature bracts 8-12 
mm. long, united to the linear apex, spongy, the edges toothed, the faces appendaged with 
flattened tubercles. 


In dry soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Summer and fall. 


6. Atriplex oppositifdlia S. Wats. Perennial, somewhat scurfy. Stems erect, 1-4 
dm. tall, woody below, branched at the base and above : leaves mostly opposite ; blades 
thick, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long, about equalling the nodes or surpassing 
them, acute, broadest at the base, sessile: flowers axillary : mature bracts suborbicular, 
2 mm. broad, radiately toothed, the faces 3-nerved, not appendaged. 

In dry soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Summer and fall. 

7. Atriplex canéscens (Pursh) James. Perennial, scurfy-pubescent. Stems erect 
or spreading, 2-6 dm. long, often copiously branched : leaf-blades oblong or oblanceolate 
to linear-oblong, 1.5-5 cm. long, acute or slightly apiculate, entire, narrowed to the sessile 
or nearly sessile hase: flower-clusters axillary or in naked often interrupted spikes, monoe- 
cious or dioecious : mature bracts united to the apex, indurated, slightly flattened: wings 
4-8 mm. in diameter : seed 2 mm. long or nearly so. 

On prairies and hillsides, South Dakota to Nebraska, Texas and California. Spring and fall. 


4. CORISPÉRMUM L. 


Annual caulescent herbs, with glabrous or pubescent foliage. Stems more or less 
diffusely branched. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, entire, sessile. Flowers perfect, 
solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts, without bractlets. Sepal 1, or sepals 2-3, unequal, 
Searious. Stamens 1-3, or rarely 5, hypogynous, one longer than the rest: filaments 


388 CHENOPODIACEAE 


flattened. Ovary 1-celled, exserted : styles 2. Utricle more or less flattened. Seed verti- 
cal, adherent to the pericarp, with acute or winged edges. Endosperm fleshy, copious. 
Embryo annular. 

1. Corispermum nitidum Kit. Foliage villous, or glabrous at maturity. Stems 
erect or decumbent, 2-6 dm. long, more or less strongly zigzag, often copiously branched : 
leaf-blades linear, commonly narrowly so, 1.5-5 cm. long, cuspidate, entire, revolute, some- 
what fleshy, sessile : bracts ovate or lanceolate, 4-8 mm. long, acute or acuminate, imbri- 
cated, scarious-margined : utricle 2-2.5 mm. long, winged : seed about 2 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Arctic America to Washington, Texas and Arizona. Summer and fall. BUG-SEED. 


5. SALICORNIA L. 


Annual or perennial fleshy glabrous herbs, destitute of normal leaves. Branches op- 
posite. Scales (leaves) opposite at the numerous nodes. Spikes cylindric. Flowers per- 
fect or polygamous, 3-7 in cavities at the joints. Calyx fleshy, obpyramidal, with a trun- 
cate or 3-4-lobed border, becoming spongy at maturity, deciduous. Stamens 2 or rarely 
1: filaments filiform or subulate : anthers exserted, opening lengthwise. Ovary commonly 
ovoid : stigmas often subulate. Utricle oblong or ovoid, included in the spongy perianth, 
sunken in the rachis. Seed erect, flattened, with a thin-leathery testa. Endosperm wanting. 
Embryo conduplicate. GrAsswoRT. SAMPHIRE. 

Annual : stems erect. 


Scales 1-2 mm. long, obtuse or merely acute: spikes 2-3 mm. thick. 1. S. herbacea. 
Scales 2-4 mm. long, mucronate: spikes 4-6 mm. thick. 2. S. Bigelovii. 
Perennial: stems decumbent or trailing. 3. S. ambigua. 


1. Salicornia herbàcea L. Annual from slender roots. Foliage green, turning 
bright red in fall: stems erect, 1-6 dm. tall, much branched : scales 1-2 mm. long, obtuse 
or acutish, sometimes broader than long: spikes becoming 2-8 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, 
the joints 2-4 times longer than thick : utricle pubescent. 


In salt marshes, Anticosti to Florida, and at salt springs and in saline soil in the interior. Alsoin 
Asia and Europe. Summer and fall. 


2. Salicornia Bigelóvil Torr. Annual, robust. Foliage green, turning bright red in 
fall: stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, branching, the branches erect or ascending : scales 2-4 mm. 
long, acuminate or rather mucronate: spikes becoming 1-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, 
the joints about as long as broad: utricle pubescent. [S. mucronata Bigel., not Lag.] 

In salt marshes, Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

3. Salicornia ambígua Michx. Perennial from woody rootstocks. Stems decum- 
bent or trailing, 1-6 dm. long, branched, the branches erect or ascending, often numerous: 
scales often broader than high: spikes becoming 1-4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, the joints 
about as thick as long. 

In salt meadows and on beaches, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


6. DÓNDIA Adans. 


Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with fleshy tissues. Leaves alternate : 
blades thick to terete, narrow, entire. Flowers perfect or polygamous, solitary or 
clustered in the upper axils, accompanied by bractlets. Sepals 5, keeled or narrowly 
winged at maturity. Stamens 5: filaments short. Ovary 1-celled, rounded or flat at the 
top: styles often 2. Utricle surrounded by the calyx. Seed horizontal or vertical. 
Endosperm wanting or scant. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral. 


Annual, herbaceous. 1. D. linearis. 
Perennial, shrubby. ) $ 
Foliage, especially the stems and leaves, pubescent: leaf-blades and sepals acute. 2. D. multiflora. 
Foliage glabrous : leaf-blades and sepals obtuse. 3. D. conferta. 
1. Dondia linearis ( Ell. ) Millsp. Annual, glabrous. Stems prostrate or ascending, 
1-9 dm. tall, at length diffusely branched, the branches erect or ascending : leaf-blades nearly 
terete, linear, 1-5 cm. long, shorter above, acute : flower-clusters 3-5 mm. thick : hypan- 
thium fleshy : sepals oval or suborbicular, 1 mm. long, scarious-margined, keeled at ma- 
turity or swollen : seed horizontal, 2 mm. broad, reticulated. [Suaeda linearis ( Ell. ) Moq.] 
Along the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring and fall. 
2. Dondia multiflora ( Torr.) Heller. Perennial, more or lessshrubby. Stems erect, 
5-9 dm. tall, the branches diffuse or spreading, leafy, tomentose: leaves numerous, pu- 
bescent: blades thick, linear, mostly less than 1 cm. long, acute : flowers clustered in the 


AMARANTHACEAE 389 


axils: sepals acute: seed mostly vertical, barely 1 mm. broad, obscurely tuberculate. 
[Suaeda fruticosa var. multiflora Torr. ; suffruticosa S. Wats. ] 

On saline plains, Texas to southern California. Spring to fall. 

3. Dondia conférta Small. Perennial, shrubby. Stems erect or ascending, 4-10 dm. 
long, the branches prostrate or spreading, forming dense tufts, glabrous: leaves numer- 
ous, glabrous; blades fleshy, oblong, mostly less than 1 em. long, obtuse : flowers solitary 
or clustered in the axils of the rather approximate leaves, especially numerous on the 
branchlets: sepals obtuse : seed about 1 mm. broad. 

Along the coast, Texas. Spring and summer. 


7. SALSOLA L. 


Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Stems bushy-branched. Leaves rigid : 
blades narrow, entire, spine-tipped. Flowers perfect, solitary or several together in the 
axils, accompanied by 2 bractlets. Sepals 5, appendaged with horizontal wings at ma- 
turity. Stamens 5, or rarely fewer : filaments subulate or narrowly linear. Ovary 1-celled, 
more or less depressed: styles 2. Utricle flattened, with a depressed or elevated top, en- 
closed in the calyx. Seed mostly erect. Testa membranous. Endosperm wanting. 
Embryo in the form of a spiral cone. SALTWORT. 

1. Salsola Kali L. Annual, glabrous, or finely pubescent. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, 
erect or diffusely branched and spreading, the branches often striate and slightly ridged : 
leaves alternate; blades subulate-lanceolate, 6-20 mm. long, entire, somewhat revolute at 
maturity, the midrib prolonged into a rigid yellow-green spine: flowers solitary in the 
axils, inconspicuous: calyx leathery, the surface smooth, the wing nearly orbicular, 4-8 
mm. in diameter, erose or lacerate at maturity : sepals erect or ascending, about as long 
as the wings. 


On sea beaches, Cape Breton Island to Florida and Mississippi. Also in Europe and Asia. Sum- 
mer and fall. 


FAMILY 2. SCLERANTHACEAE Lindl. KNAWEL FAMILY. 


Annual or biennial herbs, with firm forking stems. Leaves opposite, with 
united bases: blades subulate or narrow: stipules wanting. Flowers in small 
clustered cymes. Hypanthium well develeped, often exceeding the sepals in 
length at maturity. Calyx of 5 or rarely 4 persistent awnless sepals. Androecium 
of 1-10 included stamens inserted on the margin of the hypanthium. Gynoecium 
of 2 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 2. Ovule solitary, pendulous from 
a tas funicle, amphitropous.  Utricle included in the hypanthium. Seed 
solitary. 


1. SCLERANTHUS L. 

Characters of the family. 

1. Scleranthus ánnuus L. Annual, slender, bright green. Stem more or less 
branched at the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 0.5-3 dm. long, forking, 
pubescent with recurved hairs and somewhat viscid on one side: leaves opposite, with 
connate bases; blades linear-filiform, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, acute, sessile, ciliate : flowers in- 
conspicuous, short-pedicelled or nearly sessile : hypanthium together with the calyx about 
3 mm. long : sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse or acutish, hyaline-mar- 
fined, slightly longer than the hypanthium during anthesis : utricle ovoid, nearly 1.5 mm. 

ong. 


In waste places, Quebec and Ontario to Florida. Naturalized from Europe. Spring to fall, 
KNAWEL. GERMAN KNOTGRASS. 


FAMILY 3. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. AMARANTH FAMILY. 


Coarse and weedy, often diffuse, annual or perennial herbaceous plants, or 
sometimes shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate: blades 
simple, entire or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, often congested. 
Flowers rarely dioecious, inconspicuous, subtended by more or less imbricated 
Scarious various-colored bracts. Calyx scarious, herbaceous or corolloid, con- 
sisting of 2-5 equal or unequal sepals. Stamens 5 or fewer, distinct or mono- 
delphous, hypogynous, opposite the sepals. Sterile stamens (staminodia) when 


390 AMARANTHACEAE 


present alternating with the fertile, lobed or toothed. Anthers introrse, 2-celled 
or sometimes 1-celled. Gynoecium of a single pistil. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, 
variable in shape, superior. Style terminal, sometimes almost wanting. Ovules 
solitary or numerous, attached to the base of the cavity, amphitropous. Fruit 
a membranous utricle or pyxidium, rarely a berry, 1-many-seeded. Seed 
lenticular or reniform, with a crustaceous testa. Embryo annular, often nearly 
surrounding the endosperm. 


Anthers 2-celled. 
Leaves alternate. 


Filaments united at the base: ovules 2-8 in a cavity. 1. CELOSIA. 
Filaments distinct : ovule solitary in each cavity. 
Perianth present in all flowers. 2. AMARANTHUS. 
Perianth wanting in pistíllate flowers. 
Braets of pistillate flowers narrow, soft and green throughout. 3. ACNIDA. 
Braets of pistillate flowers cordate, scarious-margined and spine-tipped. 4. ACANTHOCHITON. 
Leaves opposite. 5. ACHYRANTHES. 
Anthers 1-celled. 
Stamens perigynous. 6. BRAYULINEA. 
Stamens hypogynous. 
Stigmas capitate, notched or brush-like. 
Filaments united into a short cup at the base. 
Staminodia wanting. 7. GOSSYPIANTHUS. 
Staminodia present sometimes mere undulations. 
Foliage glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs: staminodia longer 
than the filaments or shorter. 8. ALTERNANTHERA. 
Foliage pubescent with stellate hairs : staminodia mere undulations. 9. CLADOTHRIX. 


Filaments united into a long tube ~calyx crested and often tubercled or 
spiny at maturity. 10. FROELICHIA. 
Stigmas 2-3, subulate or filiform. 
Flowers in head-like spikes, perfect. 


Pubescent plants : staminodia present. 11. GOMPHRENA. 
Glabrous plants : staminodia wanting. 12. LITHOPHILA. 
Flowers in panicles, dioecious. 13. IRESINE. 


1. CELOSIA L. 


Annual herbs or shrubs, with upright or climbing stems. Leaves alternate: blades 
entire or rarely lobed. Flowers perfect, subtended by bracts, in dense terminal or axillary 
spikes. Sepals 5, scarious, striate. Stamens 5: filaments united into a short tube at their 
bases: anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled: styles or stigmas 2-3, the latter sometimes 
sessile. Ovules 2-8 in each cavity. Utricle included or exserted, circumscissile. Seeds 
often erect, shining. 

1. Celosia paniculata L. Perennial, glabrous. Stems fully 1 m. long, more or les& 
widely branched: leaf-blades ovate, deltoid-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-7 cm. long, acute or 
slightly acuminate, entire, abruptly narrowed or truncate at the base ; petioles less than $ 
as long as the blades: spikes solitary or panicled, 1-3 cm. long: sepals oblong, acute, 
firm, 3.5-4 mm. long, much surpassing the bracts: utricle included : seed lenticular, 
about 1 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Florida, Texas and Mexico. 


2. AMARANTHUS L. 


Annual weedy herbs, with upright or diffusely branched and spreading stems, occasion- 
ally armed with spines. Leaves alternate: blades flat, pinnately nerved, entire or undu- 
late, sometimes crisped. Flowers monoecious, polygamous or dioecious, in dense spikes or 
clusters, each subtended by mostly 3 more or less conspicuous green, red or purple bracts. 
Sepals 2-5, distinct. Stamens 2-5, distinct : anthers 2-celled, the sacs opening lengthwise. 
Ovary 1-celled : styles or stigmas 2-3. Ovule solitary. Utricle circumscissile, irregularly 
opening or indehiscent, 2-3-beaked. Seeds often lenticular and shining. Embryo annu- 
lar. The plants flower in summer and fall or from spring to fall in the southern part of 
our range. AMARANTH. PIGWEED. 


A. Sepals abruptly contracted into narrow claws. 
Plants monoecious. 


Utricle indehiscent, 1. A. Berlandiert. 

Utricle cireumsceissile. 2. A. polyg 4 
Plants dioecious. 3 

Bracts scarious, acuminate, shorter than the sepals: stigmas usually 3. 8. A. Gregg. 


Braets rigid, awn-tipped, longer than the sepals : stigmas usually 2. 4. A. Palmert. 


AMARANTHACEAE 391 


B. Sepals not abruptly contracted into claws. 
Utricle circumscissile. 
Flowers, at least the upper ones, in dense terminal spikes. 
Stems unarmed, without spines at the leaf-axils. 


Stamens 3. 5. A. Powellii. 
Stamens 5. 
Spikes strict : sepals mostly obtuse. 6. A. retroflexus. 
Spikes drooping: sepals mostly acute. 7. A. hybridus. 
Stems furnished witha pair of spines at each leaf-axil. 8. A. spinosus. 
Flowers in small axillary clusters usually surpassed by the leaves. 
Sepals 4 or 5: stems prostrate : seeds 1.5-2 mm. long. 9. A. blitoides. 
Sepals 3: stems erect: seeds about 1 mm. long. 10. A. albus. 
Utricle indehiscent. 
Flowers, at least the upper ones, in continuous or interrupted spikes. 
Utricle rugose : stems erect. 11. A. viridis. 
Utricle prominently 3-5-ribbed : stems spreading or decumbent. 12. A. deflexus. 
Flowers in axillary clusters surpassed by the leaves. 
Pedicels conspicuously thickened. 13. A. crassipes. 
Pedicels not thickened. 
Stems elongated.: seeds less than 1 mm. long. i 14. A. emarginatus. 
Stems abbreviated: seeds fully 2 mm. long. 15. A. pumilus. 


1. Amaranthus Berlandiéri (Moq.) Uline & Bray. Foliage deep green. Stems 
erect or ascending, 1.5-3 dm. tall, slender, branching from the base, pubescent : leaves 
crowded ; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, obtuse or notched at the 
apex, entire, glabrous or glabrate, short-petioled: flowers crowded in small axillary 
clusters, monoecious : sepals delicate, about 2 mm. long, 3-nerved, narrowed into claws: 
bracts about 4 as long as the sepals: stamens 2: utricle included, indehiscent: seeds 
about 1 mm. long, shining. 

In valleys, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 

2. Amaranthus polygonoides L. Foliage bright green. Stems branched at the 
base, the branches erect or spreading, 1-5 cm. long, often slightly pubescent : leaf-blades 
rhombic, ovate or oval, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse or notched at the apex ; petioles longer than 
the blades or shorter, slender: flowers monoecious, in dense axillary clusters : bracts 
subulate : sepals (pistillate) about twice as long as the bracts, oblong-cuneate, with spread- 
E tips, apiculate, white-margined : utricle included, circumscissile: seeds barely 1 mm. 
ong. 

In sandy soil, Florida and the West Indies. 


3. Amaranthus Gréggii S. Wats. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, or 
branched at the base, the branches ascending or spreading, 2-6 dm. long, commonly with 
short branches: leaves few; blades rhombic-ovate to oblong, 1-3 cm. long, thickish, 
slightly scabrous, narrowed into short or slender petioles: spikes elongated, more or less 
leafy-bracted, somewhat interrupted below : flowers dioecious : bracts lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, scarious: sepals much longer than, the bracts, distinct, equal or nearly so, acute : 
stigmas usually 3: utricle indehiscent. 

In valleys, southern Texas near the mouth of the Rio Grande. 

4. Amaranthus Pálmeri S. Wats. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, or 
branched at the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 2-9 dm. tall, leafy : leaf-blades 
rhombic-oblong to rhombic-ovate, or almost lanceolate, 1.5-6 em. long, obtuse or mu- 
cronate ; petioles commonly as long as the blades : flowers dioecious : spikes SOMEONE 
elongated, interrupted below, often leafy at the base: bracts conspicuous, rigid, awn-tipped: 
sepals much shorter than the bracts, nearly equal, commonly obtuse or retuse and apicu- 
late : stigmas usually 2 : utricle indehiscent. 

In valleys, Texas to California, south to Mexico. 

5. Amaranthus Powéllii S. Wats. Foliage sparingly pubescent or glabrate. Stems 
erect, 4-7 dm. tall, sparingly branched : leaf-blades reel wri to elliptic or ovate, 1.5-7 
em. long, obtuse or acutish, narrowed into short or slender petioles : flowers polygamous : 
spikes 2.5-10 cm. long, or those in the axils shorter: bracts subulate, 3-4 mm. long, 
rigid : sepals shorter than the bracts, 5, unequal, oblong, acute: stamens 3: utricle about 
as long as the calyx : seeds oblong-ovoid, fully 1 mm. long, shining. 

In valleys, Texas to Arizona and adjacent Mexico. 

6. Amaranthus retrofléxus L. Foliage roughish pubescent, bright green. Stems 
erect or ascending, 3-30 dm. tall, more or less branched, not spine-armed : leaf. blades 
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate near top of stem, often conspicuously rhombic, 5-15 
em. long, undulate or crisped, cuneate at the base ; petioles shorter than the blades : spikes 
dense, 1-6 cm. long, sessile: bracts subulate: sepals green, about } as long as the bracts, 
oblong or oblong-spatulate, mucronate, scarious: stamens 5: utricle surpassed by the 
sepals, wrinkled, circumscissile : seeds fully 1 mm. long. 


ion places and fields, North America, except the extreme north. Naturalized from tropical 


392 AMARANTHACEAE 


7. Amaranthus hybridus L. Foliage glabrous or sparingly pubescent, dark green 
or purplish. Stems erect or ascending, 5-25 dm. tall, more or less branched, not spine- 
armed : leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 3-12 cm. long, acutish or somewhat 
acuminate, with prominent often hairy nerves beneath ; petioles as long as the blades or 
shorter: spikes bristly, panicled, especially at the ends of the branches: bracts subulate : 
sepals about 4 as long as the bracts, oblong, acute or cuspidate: stamens 5: utricle sur- 
passing the calyx, scarcely wrinkled, circumscissle : seeds fully 1 mm. long. 

In waste places or cultivated grounds, North America,except the extreme north. Naturalized 
from tropical America. 

8. Amaranthus spindsus L. Foliage glabrous or nearly so, dark green. Stems 
ascending or spreading, often diffusely branched, 2-12 dm. long, usually firm-fleshy: leaf- 
blades ovate, rhombic-ovate or lanceolate above, 1.5-8 cm. long, entire, commonly cuneate 
at the base ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter, with a pair of spines at the bases : 
spikes erect or nodding, closely flowered: bracts subulate-lanceolate : sepals 2 mm. long, 
about as long as the bracts, oblong, mucronate, 1-nerved : stamens 5: utricle nearly as long 
as the sepals, imperfectly circumscissile: seeds about 1 mm. long. 

In waste places and cultivated soil, Massachusetts to Kansas, Florida and Mexico. Naturalized 
from tropical America. 

9. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Foliage glabrous or nearly so, pale green. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches spreading or prostrate, 1-6 dm. long, commonly form- 
ing wide mats: leaf-blades spatulate to elliptic, 1-2 em. long, narrowed into slender 
petioles; these longer than the blades or usually shorter: flower-clusters axillary, sur- 
passed by the leaves: bracts subulate-lanceolate : sepals 2.5-3 mm. long, oblong or oblong- 
lanceolate, acute or cuspidate : stamens 3: utricle as long as the calyx or slightly longer, 
circumscissile : seeds 1.5-2 mm. long. 

In waste places and dry grounds. Maine to Minnesota, Utah, New Jersey, Texas and Arizona.—A 
variety with very slender branches, narrow leaf-blades and a red-topped utricle has been described as 
A. blitoides Reverchónii Uline and Bray. Central Texas. 

10. Amaranthus álbus L. Foliage glabrous, pale green. Stems erect, becoming 
widely and diffusely branched, 1-6 dm. tall, the branches ascending or spreading : leaf- 
blades spatulate, obovate or oblong, 1-3 em. long, mucronate; petioles shorter than the 
blades: spikes much shorter than the leaves: flowers polygamous, in axillary clusters : 
bracts firm, awn-tipped: sepals 3: stamens 3: utricle surpassing the sepals, wrinkled, 
circumscissile : seeds about 1 mm. long. 

In waste places and cultivated grounds, North America generally. Naturalized from tropical 
America. TUMBLE WEED. 

11. Amaranthus viridis L. Foliage deep green. Stems erect, 2-9 dm. tall, more 
or less widely branched : leaf-blades ovate or rhombic, 2-6 em. long, obtuse or notched at 
the apex, more or less distinctly erose, cuneate at the base : petioles as long as the blades or 
shorter: spikes dense, or somewhat interrupted below: bracts inconspicuous : sepals 3, 
delicate, twice or thrice longer than the bracts: utricle surpassing the calyx, acutish, 
wrinkled, indehiscent : seeds fully 1 mm. long, rather dull. 

In waste places, locally in the Gulf States. Also widely distributed in the tropics. 

12. Amaranthus defléxus L. Foliage glabrous, purplish green. Stems spreading 
or decumbent, rather succulent, more or less branched : leaves often numerous ; blades 
ovate, oval or oblong-lanceolate, 1-6 cm. long, obtuse to notched at the apex, somewhat 
cuneately narrowed at the base ; petioles about as long as the blades or longer on the lower 
part of the stem: flowers polygamous: spikes stout, 1-6 cm. long: sepals 2-3, becoming 
1.5 mm. long, surpassing the bracts, oblong or spatulate-oblong, thin: utricle fully 2 mm. 
long, 3-5-ribbed, surpassing the sepals: seeds fully 1 mm. long. 

In waste places, Massachusetts to Florida and Alabama. Widely distributed. 

13. Amaranthus crássipes Schlecht. Foliage glabrate, deep green. Stem erect or 
decumbent, 1-6 dm. long, more or less branched, sometimes slightly fleshy : leaf-blades 
spatulate or ovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, rounded or notched at the apex, cuneate at the base ; 
petioles longer than the blades or shorter: pedicels conspicuously thickened : bracts incon- 
spicuous, keeled: sepals spatulate, surpassing the bracts, obtuse: utricle indehiscent, sur- 
passed by the calyx, rough: seeds fully 1 mm. long. 

In waste places, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. 

14. Amaranthus emarginatus Salzm. Foliage glabrous, deep green. Stems usually 
branched at the base, the branches elongated, decumbent or prostrate, 1-6 dm. long, often 
sparingly branched : leaf-blades rhombic-ovate, 1-2 cm. long, deeply emarginate, more OF 
less cuneate at the base; petioles slender, twice as long as the blades or shorter : clusters 
not very densely flowered: pedicels not thickened : bracts inconspicuous : sepals 1.5-2 mm. 
long, delicate, scarious : utricle scarious, indehiscent, smooth : seeds less than 1 mm. long. 

In waste places, Louisiana and Texas. 


AMARANTHACEAE 393 


15. Amaranthus pümilus Raf. Foliage glabrous, fleshy, deep green. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches spreading or prostrate, 5-20 cm. long, usually abbrevi- 
ated : leaf-blades suborbicular, rhombic or ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, rounded or notched at 
the apex, cuneate or truncate at the base ; petioles shorter than the blades: clusters few- 
flowered : bracts lanceolate or oblong: sepals surpassing the bracts, oblong, obtuse : utri- 
cle oblong, nearly twice as long as the sepals, indehiscent : seeds fully 2 mm. long. 

On sea beaches, Rhode Island to South Carolina. 


3. ACNIDA L. 


Annual coarse herbs, with branching stems. Foliage usually glabrous. Leaves al- 
ternate : blades narrow, entire, pinnately nerved, petioled. Flowers dioecious, subtended 
by 1-3 bracts, in terminal or axillary, narrow continuous or interrupted spikes or short 
clusters. Staminate flowers with 5 scarious mucronate sepals surpassing the bracts and 
5 stamens, the filaments distinct, subulate. Anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers destitute of 
a perianth, with a 1-celled ovary. Stigmas 2-5, variable in length, papillose or plumose. 
Ovule solitary. Utricle either membranous and circumscissile or opening irregularly, or 
fleshy and indehiscent. Seed erect, smooth and shining. WATER-HEMP. 


Utricle angled : species of the Atlantic coast region. 
Utricle fleshy, becoming black at maturity. 


Spikes leafy to the ends: utricles over 2 mm. long. 1. A. cannabina. 
Spikes naked above: utricles less than 2 mm. long. 2. A. australis. 
Utricle membranous, green at maturity. 3. A. Floridana. 
Utricle not angled: species of the interior. 
Utricle circumscissile. 4. A. tamariscina. 
Utricle indehiscent. a 
Flowers in elongated continuous or slightly interrupted spikes. 5. A. tuberculata. 
Flowers in more or less remote subglobose clusters. 6. A. concatenata. 


1. Acnida cannábina L. Somewhat succulent. Stems erect, 3-30 dm. tall, usually 
much branched, the branches ascending : leaf-blades lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, 
but usually blunt at the apex, entire or slightly undulate, gradually narrowed at the base ; 
po shorter than the blades: flowers dioecious, the staminate in dense spikes 2-15 cm. 
ong : sepals oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong : utricles obovoid or subglobose, 3-5-angled, 
2-4 mm. long, fleshy, black at maturity. 

In salt and brackish marshes, ascending rivers to fresh water, Massachusetts to Florida. Summer. 


2. Acnida australis A. Gray. Somewhat fleshy. Stems erect, 1.5-7 m. tall, widely 
branching above: leaf-blades lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, attenuate to 
the slender apex, undulate, cuneate or somewhat acuminate at the base; petioles shorter 
than the blades: flowers dioecious, the staminate in slender spikes: spikes leafy-bracted 
at the base : utricles fleshy, ovoid, 1-1.5 mm. long, 3-angled. 

In salt or brackish marshes, Florida to Mexico, and in the West Indies. Summer and fall. 


. 3. Acnida Floridàna S. Wats. Glabrous. Stems erect or reclining, 5-14 dm. tall, 
simple and wand-like or sparingly branched, ridged in age: leaf-blades linear to narrowly 
lanceolate, 5-10 em. long, often rather blunt, remote or at least not numerous : spikes simple 
or nearly so, conspicuously elongated, interrupted : sepals surpassing the bracts, 1-2 mm. 
long : utricles membranous, angled, tuberculate, green at maturity. 

In sandy soil, Florida. Fall. 


4. Acnida tamaríscina (Nutt.) Wood. Glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect or 
ascending, 1-2 m. long, much branched : leaf-blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse 
or notched at the apex, uneven along the edge, narrowed into slender petioles : spikes 
slender, interrupted near their bases, naked or with a few leaves at the base: bracts lanceo- 
late, firmly tipped : sepals lanceolate, 1-nerved, subulate-tipped : utricles membranous, 
not angled, circumscissile. 

In swamps, Illinois to South Dakota, Louisiana and New Mexico. Summer and fall. 


5. Acnida tuberculata Moq. Glabrous. Stems erect, 5-30 dm. tall, usually much 
branched: leaf-blades lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, 5-30 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, 
prominently nerved beneath: spikes in loose or finally dense panicles: bracts often 
preading : sepals acute or acuminate: utricles ovoid, indehiscent, tuberculate, not angled. 

In swamps or sandy bottoms, Vermont to Manitoba, Louisiana and Nebraska. Summer and fall. 


6. Acnida concatenàta Moq. Glabrous or nearly so. Stems weak, often decum- 
bent, 2-12 dm. long, with rather short internodes : leaves 1.5-15 cm. long ; blades oblong 
to oblong-ovate, often apiculate, undulate, narrowed into slender petioles: flowers in dense 
clusters, varying from 1-2 cm. in diameter, remote, or contiguous only toward the ends of 


394 AMARANTHACEAE 


the branches : utricles indehiscent, slightly over 1 mm. long : seed lenticular, less than 1 
mm. long, shining. 


Be On river banks, or in moist soil, Manitoba to Wisconsin, Tennessee and Nebraska. Summer and 
all. 


4. ACANTHOCHITON Torr. 


Annual herbs, with smooth and glabrous foliage. Leaves alterrrate : blades elongated, 
entire, acuminate, spine-tipped, slender-petioled. Flowers dioecious, in axillary clusters. 
Staminate flowers bractless, with 5 acuminate sepals and 5 stamens. Filaments distinct. 
Anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers furnished with large rigid-tipped bracts. Perianth 
wanting. Ovary l-celled. Styles 2-4. Ovule solitary, erect. Utricle flattened, mem- 
branous, circumscissile. 

1. Acanthochiton Wrightii Torr. Foliage glabrous. Stems erect, 2-5 dm. tall, 
sparingly or rather freely branched, ridged: leaf-blades linear or nearly so, 2-8 em. long, 
minutely awn-tipped, prominently nerved beneath, erose or undulate, slender-petioled : 
bracts various, those of the staminate inflorescence inconspicuous, those of pistillate plants 
conspicuous, more or less interlocking, broadly cordate, 6-7 mm. long, awn-tipped, scarious- 
margined and with reticulated faces. 


T E and near the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas and New Mexico, and adjacent Mexico. Spring 
all. 


5. ACHYRANTHES L. 


Herbs or sometimes shrubby plants, with often conspicuously slender and elongated 
branches. Leaves opposite: blades simple, entire, petioled or sessile. Flowers perfect, 
in slender elongated often interrupted spikes, commonly deflexed. Calyx firm, often be- 
coming very hard: sepals 4—5, narrow, nearly equal, acuminate or awn-tipped. Stamens 
5, or rarely fewer: filaments filiform-subulate: anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, some- 
what flattened : style filiform: stigma capitate. Ovule solitary. Utricle included, mem- 
branous, indehiscent. 


. 1. Achyranthes obtusifólia Lam. Plant 4-12 dm. tall. Stems more or less ex- 
tensively branched, finely pubescent, ridged: leaves mainly opposite, with clusters of 
smaller leaves or short branches in the axils; blades rhombic-ovate to obovate or cuneate, 
1-3 em. long, truncate or retuse at the apex, each with an abrupt tip, prominently nerved 
beneath, short-petioled : spikes virgate, 2-6 dm. long, mostly simple, somewhat interrupted 
below, finely hirsute : flowers deflexed, barely 4 mm. long: sepals acute, glabrous or nearly 
so, rigid, surpassing the awn of the firm bract : utricle included, with a sharp rim at the top. 

In sand, Key West and tropical America. Spring to fall. $ 


6. BRAYULINEA Small. 


Perennial pubescent herbs, with prostrate or decumbent stems. Leaves opposite : 
blades rather broad, entire. Flowers perfect, subtended by bracts, in axillary clusters. 
Sepals 5, pubescent. Stamens 5, perigynous: filaments broad and sometimes slightly 
united at the base, inserted at the base of the sepals: anthers l-celled. Ovary 1-celled, 
flattened: style short: stigma notched. Ovule solitary. Utricle membranous, indehis- 
cent. Seed smooth. [Guilleminea H.B.K., not Neck. ] 

1. Brayulinea dénsa-( Willd.) Small. Foliage lanuginose. Stems branched at the 
base, the branches spreading or prostrate, forking, often zigzag: leaf-blades spatulate, 
elliptic or oblong-spatulate, or oval-elliptic, 7-15 mm. long, acute, glabrous or nearly so 
above, punctate, short-petioled, or sessile above: flowers minute, in clusters 5-10 mm. 10 
diameter : bracts nearly equal, silvery white, ovate and acute to oblong-ovate and obtuse, 
glabrous or nearly so: sepals about 1.5 mm. long, oblong to ovate, acute, woolly at the 
base: utricle included. | Guilleminea densa ( Willd.) Mog. ] 


On plains, Texas to New Mexico, south to Mexico and tropical America. Spring to fall. 


7. GOSSYPIANTHUS Hook. 


Perennial herbs, with woolly foliage and branching prostrate stems. Leaves mainly 
basal: blades entire, without rigid tips. Flowers perfect, subtended by hyaline bracts, 1n 


AMARANTHACEAE 395 


axillary clusters. Sepals 5, lanuginous, 3-nerved or nerveless. Stamens 5: filaments 
united into a short cup at the base, without staminodia between the 1-celled anthers. 
Ovary 1-celled, flattened: style short: stigma notched. Ovule solitary. Utricle mem- 
branous, indehiscent. Seed lenticular, shining. 


Bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate : sepals 3-nerved. 1. G. lanuginosus. 
Bracts suborbicular: sepals nerveless. 2. G. Sheldonii. 


1. Gossypianthus lanuginósus (Poir.) Moq. Foliage woolly. Stems branched at 
the base, the branches spreading or prostrate, 5-30 cm. long, forking: leaves various ; 
basal prostrate, the blades spatulate or linear-spatulate, 2-7 cm. long, acute or obtusish : 
stem-leaves opposite ; blades orbicular-obovate, ovate or lanceolate, 4-12 mm. long, acute 
or obtuse, sessile, often reflexed : clusters 5-10 mm. thick, more or less conspicuously 
woolly : bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, about 4 as long as the calyx: sepals densely 
woolly, 2.5-3 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, scarious-margined : 
utricle included. 

On dry plains or prairies, the Indian Territory to Texas and adjacent Mexico. Summer and fall. 

2. Gossypianthus Sheldónii (Uline & Bray) Small. Similar to G. lanuginosus in 
habit, but much stouter and with more densely woolly foliage. Leaf-blades, at least some of 
them, broadly spatulate, leathery : bracts suborbicular: sepals 5-6.5 mm. long, lanceolate. 

In dry soil, near Cash Creek, Indian Territory. Summer. 


8. ALTERNANTHERA Forsk. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with decumbent or prostrate stems. Leaves opposite : 
blades narrow or broad, entire or nearly so, sessile or petioled. Flowers perfect, in sessile 
or peduncled head-like spikes ; these usually white or silvery. Sepals 5, unequal, 2 more 
concave than the rest. Stamens 5, the filaments partially united into a cup-like tube: 
staminodia surpassing the filaments and 1-celled anthers or shorter. Ovary 1-celled : style 
variable in length: stigma capitate. Ovule solitary.  Utricle flattened, indehiscent. 
Seeds lenticular, smooth. The plants flower from spring to fall, and also in winter in the 
southern part of our range. Our species are perennials. 

Staminodia shorter than the filaments. 


Stems pubescent : sepals awn-tipped : staminodia entire or nearly so. 1. A. repens. 
Stems glabrous or nearly so: sepals not awn-tipped: staminodia copiously 
. toothed. 2. A. paronychioides, 
Staminodia as long as the filaments or surpassing them. 
Spikes sessile or DENT so: calyx sessile : sepals unequal in length. 3. A. maritima. 
Spikes long-peduncled : calyx pedicelled : sepals, aceast 4, nearly equal. 


Peduncles shorter than the leaves: sepals glabrous. 
Leaf-blades linear to linear-oblanceolate, many times longer than broad : 
sepals 5-6 mm. long. 
Leaf-blades broadly ovate, a little longer than broad: sepals 3-3.5 mm. 
long. 5. A. Moquinii. 
Peduncles surpassing the leaves : sepals pubescent. 
Stems minutely pubescent with appressed hairs: anthers on filaments 


4, A. philoxeroides. 


equalling them in length. 6. A. Floridana. 
Stems pubescent with ascending or spreading. hairs: anthers sessile or zi 
nearly so. 7. A. Brasiliana. 


1. Alternanthera répens (L.) Kuntze. Plants pubescent. Stems branched at the 
base, the branches prostrate, 1-5 dm. long, forking, somewhat hirsute : leaves somewhat 
clustered ; blades spatulate, oval, ovate or suborbicular, 8-20 mm. long, often abruptly 
pointed or rather obtuse, narrowed into short petioles : flower-clusters axillary : sepals un- 
equal, lanceolate, awn-tipped, the shorter one copiously pubescent with bar hairs, all 
l-nerved : staminodia nearly as long as the filaments, entire, at least above : utricle ovoid, 
included, furnished with a sharp wing below the apex. 

In waste places and cultivated grounds, South Carolina to California and South America. 


2. Alternanthera paronychioides St. Hil. Plants glabrate. Stems branched at 
the base, the branches prostrate or creeping, 1-4 dm. long, freely branching, glabrous or 
glabrate : leaf-blades spatulate or elliptic to oval, 0.5-2 cm. long, acute or obtuse, entire, 
decidedly petioled : flower-clusters axillary, 1 cm. thick or smaller: bracts lanceolate, 
acuminate : sepals pearly white, nearly equal, pubescent, not awn-tipped, merely acute : 
MOVER Heg broad, about as long as the filaments, toothed to the apex: utricle flattened, 
obcordate. 


In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida, Texas and tropical America. 


3. Alternanthera maritima St. Hil. Plants glabrous, fleshy. Stems or the 
branches prostrate, 2-8 dm. long, angled, branched: leaf-blades leathery, cuneate to 


396 AMARANTHACEAE 


oblong or elliptic, 1.5-6 cm. long, obtuse, commonly mucronate, entire, sessile or some- 

what petioled: spikes dull straw-colored, 6-12 mm. long, sessile, at maturity resembling 

the flower-clusters of Ephedra, leaving a conspicuous scar when detached : bracts ovate, 

keeled : calyx 3 longer than the bracts: sepals rigid, ovate, acute and slightly awn-tipped, 

usually 5-nerved, glabrous : staminodia longer than the filaments, cleft or lacerate at the tip. 
In sand, peninsular Florida and tropical America. 


4. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Plants glabrous or nearly so. 
Stems or their branches prostrate or decumbent, freely creeping, the ascending portion often 
1-5 dm. long, the upper internodes often a little hairy : leaf-blades somewhat fleshy, linear 
to linear-oblanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, usually acute or mucronulate, entire, narrowed to the 
sessile base: spikes subglobose or cylindric, long-peduncled, silvery white: peduncles 2-7 
cm. long, glabrous or pubescent in lines: sepals 5-6 mm. long, glabrous, unequal, 4-nerved, 
lanceolate, acute, firm : staminodia narrow, usually entire. 

In waste places, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Also in tropical America. 


5. Alternanthera Moquínii Webb. Plants suggesting broad-leaved species of Allionia. 
Foliage glabrous or glabrate: stems erect or ascending, 3-8 dm. tall, sparingly forked: 
leaves about as long asthe internodes ; blades broadly ovate, 4-8 cm. long, acute or slightly 
acuminate, entire, abruptly narrowed or truncate at the base, short-petioled : spikes slender- 
peduncled, ovoid, less than 1 cm. long: peduncles shorter than the leaves : sepals 3-3.5 
mm. long, glabrous, mainly lanceolate, acute, surpassing the ovate, scarious-margined 
acuminate bracts : staminodia surpassing the anthers and the very short filaments, fringed 
at the apex: utricle included. 

In sand, Key West, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


6. Alternanthera Floridana (Chapm.)Small. Plants slender. Pubescence minute, 
appressed : stems erect, 6-14 dm. tall, forking, the internodes elongated : leaves much shorter 
than the internodes ; blades lanceolate to elliptic, 1.5-3 em. long, acute or acuminate, 
entire, short-petioled or nearly sessile: spikes ovoid, about 1 cm. long, silvery white: 
peduncles conspicuously elongated, many times longer than the leaves : sepals about 4 mm. 
long, minutely pubescent, lanceolate or one of them broader, all acute, surpassing the 
bracts: staminodia longer than the narrowly elongated filaments: utricle with a toothed 
crown. [ Telanthera Floridana Chapm.] 

In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys. 

7. Alternanthera Brasiliàna (L.) Kuntze. Plants stoutish. Pubescence compara- 
tively long and coarse : stems erect, 0.5-2 m. tall, more or less forked, pubescent with as- 
cending or spreading hairs : leaves commonly as long as the rather short internodes ; blades 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate, entire, cuneate or somewhat 
rounded at the base, short-petioled : spikes slender-peduncled, ovoid to cylindric, 1-2.5 
em. long: sepals 4-4.5 mm. long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, finely pubescent : 
anthers nearly sessile, or filaments very short: staminodia much surpassing the anthers: 
utricle with an entire crown. 

In sand, peninsular Florida and tropical America. 


9. CLADOTHRIX Nutt. 


Annual or perennial, diffusely branched herbs. Foliage pubescent with stellate hairs. 
Leaves mainly opposite: blades entire or merely undulate, short-petioled. Flowers per- 
fect, subtended by 3 bracts, solitary or clustered in the axils. Sepals 5, equal, pubescent, 
thin. Hypanthium small or obsolete. Stamens 5, hypogynous : filaments united at their 
bases: anthers l-celled. Ovary 1-celled, subglobose : style short: stigma capitate or 2- 
lobed. Ovule solitary. Utricle subglobose, indehiscent. 

Annual: stems or branches mostly prostrate or procumbent. 1. C. lanuginosa. 
Perennial: stems or branches erect or ascending. 2. C. suffruticosa. 

1. Cladothrix lanuginósa Nutt. Annual, lanuginose. Stems branched at the base, 
the branches procumbent or prostrate, 1-6 dm. long, forking, terete: leaves sometimes 1n 
3’s at the joints, 2 smaller than the third ; blades suborbicular, ovate or rhombic-ovate, 
obtuse or emarginate at the apex, entire, 0.5-2 cm. long, rather prominently nerved 
beneath, more or less abruptly contracted and often oblique at the base : flowers usually in 
pairs : bractlets obtuse, pubescent : sepals twice as long as the bractlets, narrower, obtuse, 
glabrous, l-nerved : utricle glabrous, included in the calyx. 

In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

2. Cladothrix suffruticdsa ( Torr.) S. Wats. Perennial, lanuginose. Stems erect 
or ascending, several from a woody base, forking, 1-1.5 dm. long, the branches ascending : 


AMARANTHACEAE 397 


leaves opposite, or alternate below ; blades suborbicular or ovate, 0.5-1 cm. long, obtuse, 
entire, rounded or truncate at the often oblique base, short-petioled : flowers incon- 
spicuous: bractlets shorter than the calyx : sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, a little over 
2 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, densely pubescent at least above the middle: utricle 
included. 


In valleys, southern Texas. Spring to fall. 


10. FROELICHIA Moench. 


Annual or biennial herbs, with woolly or silky-pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite : 
blades entire or merely undulate, thickish, sessile, except for the petiole-like bases of some 
of the lower ones. Flowers perfect, inconspicuous, subtended by 3 bracts and occasionally 
furnished with bractlets, in dense spikes usually disposed in panicles. Sepals 5, woolly: 
tube longitudinally crested or tubercled at maturity. Stamens 5, included: filaments 
united into a tube: anthers 1-celled, situated between the projecting entire segments of the 
filament-tube. Ovary 1-celled: style short or wanting: stigmas capitate or brush-like. 
Utricle indehiscent, enclosed in the filament-tube. 

Calyx-tube with lateral crests of distinct spines or tubercles at maturity. 
Mature calyx-tube with tubercled faces : stems woolly. 1. F. gracilis. 
Mature calyx-tube with spiny faces: stems minutely appressed-pubescent. 2. F. Texana. 
Calyx-tube with lateral erests of erose or toothed wings at maturity. 


Calyx-wings deeply toothed : leaf-surfaces white or pale-pubescent beneath. 
Stems puberulent at least above: one or both faces of the mature calyx-tube 


with 1 or 2 tubercle-like or spiny ridges. 3. F. Floridana. 
Stems woolly : one or both faces of the mature calyx-tube with a basal spine. 4. F. campestris. 
Calyx-wings merely erose : leaf-surfaces tawny or coppery pubescent beneath. 9. F. Drummondii. 


1. Froelichia gracilis Moq. Annual, slender. Stems usually branched at the base, 
the branches erect or ascending or rarely spreading, 2-3 dm. long, more than 4 the length 
represented by the peduncle: leaves rather numerous, near the base of the plant, often clus- 
tered ; blades linear to linear-oblong, 1-5 cm. long, acute, like the stems, white-woolly 
beneath : spikes 1-3 em. long : calyx-tube with crests of distinct spines, and tubercled faces 
at maturity. 


In dry soil, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Arizona. Spring to fall. 


2. Froelichia Texana A: Br. Annual, stoutish. Stems erect or ascending, 4-12 dm. 
tall, simple or nearly so, at least above the base, pubescent with minute appressed hairs: 
leaves few, conspicuously remote ; blades linear or nearly so, 2-12 cm. long, often curved, 
acute or acuminate, appressed-woolly beneath, the upper sessile: spikes 0.5-2 cm. long, 
sometimes black : calyx-tube with crests of distinct spines, and spiny faces at maturity. 


In dry soil, Texas. Summer and fall. 


3. Froelichia Floridàna (Nutt.) Mog. Annual, rather slender. Stems erect or as- 
cending, 4-18 dm. tall, sometimes branched at the base, thence usually simple, puberulent : 
leaves few, conspicuously remote ; blades linear or slightly broadest above or below the 
middle, 3-12 cm. long, acute, sessile or the lower ones narrowed into winged petioles, all 
pubescent with appressed hairs beneath or occasionally barely woolly : spikes 1-6 em. long : 
calyx-tube with deeply toothed crests and 1 or 2 tubercle-like or spiny ridges on one or 
each face at maturity. 

In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 


4. Froelichia campéstris Small. Annual or biennial, stoutish. Stems erect or 
branched near the base, the branches often ascending, 4-12 dm. tall, sometimes forking, 
woolly : leaves quite numerous, usually approximate ; Di spatulate to oblong or broadly 
linear, acute or acutish, white-woolly beneath, entire, sessile or narrowed into broad peti- 
oles below : spikes 1-10 cm. long, sometimes black: calyx-tube with rather shallowly 
toothed crests and a basal spine on one or each face at maturity. 


In dry soil, Minnesota to Illinois, Colorado, Texas and Arizona. Spring to fall. 


4 5. Froelichia Drumméndii Moq. Annual or biennial, stout. Stems erect or ascend- 
Ing, often branched at the base, the branches simple or forking, becoming floccose in age : 
leaves opposite, some often clustered in the axils of larger ones ; blades elliptic, oblong or 
oblong-lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, acute, with tawny or copper-colored pubescence beneath, 
narrowed into short petioles except the upper pairs: spikes stout, 1-6 cm. long: calyx- 
tube with merely erose crests at maturity. 


On prairies, Texas and i ly farther north;and in the Mississippi Valley: 
Summer and fall. Louisiana, and probably pp y 


398 AMARANTHACEAE 


11. GOMPHRENA L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with stems mostly enlarged at the joints, and variously 
pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite: blades entire, sessile or short-petioled. Flowers 
perfect, usually in solitary and sessile clusters. Sepals 5, concave, mostly acute. Stamens 
5, included or exserted : filaments united into a tube: anthers in the sinuses of notched or 
cleft segments of the filament tube. Ovary 1-celled. Utricle more or less flattened. 
GLOBE AMARANTH. 


Stigmas short, sessile or nearly so. 1. G. Nealleyi. 
Stigmas filiform: style manifest. 2. G. decumbens. 

1. Gomphrena Nealleyi Coult. & Fish. Perennial, villous. Stems erect or ascend- 
ing, 1-3 dm. long, sparingly forked: leaf-blades oblong to oblong-spatulate, 2-3.5 cm. 
long, mucronate, glabrate above, half-clasping at the base: peduncle slender, often about 
as long as the main stem: heads ovoid or cylindric-oblong to cylindric, 1-3 cm. long, 
often rose-tinted, sessile, subtended by 2 leaf-like bracts: bracts of the head ovate, acute or 
acuminate, 2.5-3 mm. long, about 3 as long as the keeled bractlets: sepals about 5 mm. 
long, rigid at maturity, linear-lanceolate, densely woolly below, slightly surpassed by the 
bractlets, somewhat united at the base : stigmas 2, sessile or nearly so. 

In sandy soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


2. Gomphrena decümbens Jacq.  Perennial, woolly or villous-woolly. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches procumbent, or ascending, 1-4 dm. long, more or less 
branched: leaf-blades oblong to spatulate-oblong, 2-4 cm. long, acutish or obtuse and 
mucronulate, entire, each narrowed into a petiole-like base which is partly clasping : pedun- 
cles mostly simple: heads subglobose to globose-cylindric, 1-2 em. long, pearly white or 
rose, subtended by 2 leaf-like bracts: bracts of the head ovate, acuminate, about 4 as long 
as the narrower keeled and crested obtuse bractlets : sepals about as long as the bractlets, 
1-nerved, the outer obtuse, glabrous, the interior villous, less obtuse : style slender. 


In sandy soil, southern Texas and Mexico, and throughout tropical America. 


12. LITHOPHILA Sw. 


Perennial, rather fleshy herbs, with prostrate or creeping branches. Leaves opposite : 
blades narrow, entire, thickish, commonly sparingly pubesgent at the base. Flowers per- 
fect, in dense axillary or terminal sessile or peduncled heads. Calyx flattened. Sepals 5, 
firm, obtuse. Stamens 5, included : filaments united into a short tube at the base. Stami- 
nodia wanting. Anthers l-celled. Ovary 1-celled, flattened: style very short: stigmas 
subulate. Ovule solitary. Utricle broad, rather leathery, indehiscent. [ Philozerus R. Br. ] 


1. Lithophila vermicularis (L.) Uline. Perennial, glabrous, somewhat fleshy. 
Stems branched at the base, the branches spreading radially, prostrate, often creeping, 2-7 
dm. long, more or less ascending at the tips : leaf-blades half-terete, linear or club-shaped, 
1-2.5 cm. long, acute or acutish, entire, sessile: heads subglobose to cylindric, 1-2 cm. 
long, sessile, silvery-white : bracts lanceolate, acute, glabrous : sepals surpassing the bracts, 
usually 3.5-4 mm. long, flattened, obtuse, the 2 outer woolly at the base: stamens 5: stami- 
nodia wanting : utricle included. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Texas and in tropical America. 


13. IRESINE R. Br. 


Annualor perennial herbs, with tall upright stems. Leaves opposite: blades thin, 
pinnately nerved, entire, petioled. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, subtended 
by 3 bracts, in terminal panicles. Sepals 5, glabrous, or those of the pistillate flowers 
usually pubescent. Stamens 5 or fewer: filaments filiform, united at their bases: anthers 
l-celled. Ovule solitary. Utricle subglobose, indehiscent. Broop-LEAr. JuBa’s BUSH. 


. 1. Iresine paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Foliage glabrous. Stems erect, more or less 
widely branched, 6-12 dm. tall, ridged or angled, commonly swollen at the nodes : leaf- 
blades narrowly lanceolate to ovate, 5-10 em. long, acute or acuminate at both ends, entire, 
slender-petioled : panicles usually ample, rather narrow, nearly leafless at least above: 
spikes white or nearly so: calyx glabrous and with 5 stamens*in the case of staminate 
flowers, woolly in the case of pistillate flowers : sepals 3-nerved. 


In dry soil, Ohio to Florida and New Mexico. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 


CORRIGIOLACEAE 399 


FAMILY 4. CORRIGIOLACEAE Reichenb. WmurTLOW-WORT FAMILY. 


Herbs, with firm or rigid tissues and erect or creeping commonly tufted stems. 
Leaves opposite: blades often narrow, entire: stipules scarious, sometimes con- 
spicuous, or rarely wanting. Flowers incomplete, perfect, in clustered or dichot- 
omous cymes. Sepals 4-5, nearly distinct or partly united, white or green, 
persistent. Corolla wanting. Androecium of 4—5 stamens inserted at the base 
of the ovary. Filaments slender. Anthers short, 2-celled. Gynoecium of a single 
pistil. Ovary 1-celled, sessile. Styles wholly or partially united, sometimes very 
short. Ovule solitary. Fruit a utricle or anachene. Seed solitary : endosperm 
nearly surrounding the embryo. [Jllecebraceae Lindl. ] 


Hypanthium wanting or very small: stamens inserted under the ovary at the sepal-bases. 
Calyx sessile in a pair of bracts which simulate the sepals: sepals awned. 1. PARONYCHIA. 
Calyx manifestly pedicelled : bracts simulating the leaves: sepals merely cuspi- 
date on the back, or the cusps wanting. 
Styles relatively long; sepals cuspidate : radicle ascending. 2. ANYCHIASTRUM. 
Styles wanting or nearly so: sepals barely mucronate : radicle descending. 3. ANYCHIA. 
H dum em present, often about as long as the sepals, the stamens inserted near 
its edge. 
Flowers subtended by normal bracts. 
Sepals merely concave: flower not urn-shaped: stems or branches simple 
below. 4. ODONTONYCHIA. 
Sepals with small cusps back of the hoods: flower urn-shaped: stems or 
branches dichotomous throughout. ' 


SIPHONYCHIA. 
Flowers subtended by thick clamp-like involucels. 


GIBBESIA. 


ae 


1. PARONYCHIA Adans. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with stems often branching at the base. Leaves mostly 
opposite: blades narrow. Flowers in clustered or dichotomous cymes. Calyx persistent. 
Sepals 5, narrow, concave or hooded at the awn-tipped apex. Stamens 5, included : fila- 
ments inserted at the base of the ovary, alternating with 5 small staminodia. Styles 
partially united. Utricle included. Seed resupinate. The plants flower in the sum- 
mer and fall. WmuiTLOW-WORT. 


Annual or biennial: sepals dilated at the apex. 
Leaf-blades fully 2 mm. broad. 1. P-"Drummondii. 
Leaf-blades less than 2 mm. broad. 
Foliage pubescent. 


Calyx surpassing the bracts: awns spreading at maturity, much shorter 


than the sepals. 2. P. chorizanthoides. 
Calyx shorter than the bracts: awns erect or ascending, about as long 
.., as the sepals. 3. P. setacea. 
Foliage glabrous, sometimes slightly scabrous. 4. P. Lindheimeri. 


Perennial: sepals not dilated at the apex. 
Calyx glabrous or merely puberulent. > 
Cymes strict, the branches erect or ascending : leaves scabrous. 5. P. scoparia. 
. €ymes open, the branches spreading: leaves smooth. 6. P. dichotoma. 
Calyx manifestly pubescent. 
Calyx exserted beyond;the bracts:and stipules; awns spreading at maturity : 
species campestrian. 
Calyx about 2.5 mm. long: sepals lanceolate, gradually acuminate: 


cymes with ascending branches. 2 7. P. Jamesii. 
Calyx about 2 mm. long: sepals oblong, abruptly acuminate: cymes : 
with divaricate branches. 8. P. Wardi. 


Calyx hidden in the bracts and stipules; awns erect: species Alleghenian. 9. P. argyrocoma. 


l. Paronychia Drummóndii T. & G. Annual or biennial, stoutish, finely pubescent. 
Stem simple below, erect, 1-2 dm. tall, corymbosely branched above : leaf-blades thick, 
oblong or narrowly oblong-spatulate, 1-2 cm. long, over 2 mm. broad, acute, apiculate, 
ciliate, sessile ; stipules lanceolate, long-acuminate, silvery : cymes dense: sepals cuneate, 
1.5 mm. long, with white hoods and short spreading cusps : stamens } as long as the sepals. 

In dry soil, southern Texas. 


2. Paronychia chorizanthoides Small. Annual, slender, minutely pubescent. Stem 
erect, 1-2 dm. tall, forking from a point 3-8 em. above the base : leaf-blades linear-filiform, 
0.8-2 cm. long, less than 2 mm. broad, acute, with a stout midrib, sessile; stipules lanceo- 
late, silvery, acuminate : calyx sessile, 1.5 mm. long, strigose at the base, finally urn- 
shaped, the base much enlarged : sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with a stout midrib, ab- 
ruptly contracted into the ascending cusps which are about } as long as the body at maturity. 

In dry soil, Texas. 


. 3. Paronychia setàcea T. & G. Annual, slender, finely pubescent. Stem erect, 
simple below, forking above, 0.5-1 dm. tall: leaf-blades linear-filiform, 0.5-1.5 em. long, 


400 CORRIGIOLACEAE 


acute, deciduous: calyx shorter than the bracts: sepals cuneate, 2 mm. long (with the 
cusps), hooded above, the awn-like cusp nearly as long as the body of the sepal, ascending 
or diverging. 

In dry soil, Texas. 

4. Paronychia Lindheimeri Engelm. Annual or biennial, slender, glabrous. Stem 
branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, wiry, 0.5-2 dm. tall, forking above or 
throughout : leaf-blades nearly filiform, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, acute, sessile; stipules narrowly 
lanceolate: cymes open: sepals oblong, 1.7-2 mm. long, slightly hooded, scabrous at the 
base, minutely cuspidate, the cusp more or less spreading. 

In dry soil, Texas and New Mexico. 

5. Paronychia scoparia Small. Perennial, rather slender, minutely pubescent. 
Stem much branched at the base, the branches tufted, erect or ascending, 2-3 dm. tall, 
simple below, sparingly forked above, roughish : leaf-blades linear-filiform, 1-3 cm. long, 
acute, grooved on either side of the midrib, serrulate-ciliate, especially near the apex, ses- 
sile ; stipules linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, attenuate: branches of the cymes erect or 
strongly ascending: sepals linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed to the apex, 3-3.5 mm. 
long, firm, keeled, usually with a short lateral nerve on each side of the keel, hooded, each 
prolonged into a stout ascending cusp, which is 4 to 1 as long as the body : stamens half as 
long as the sepals. 

In dry soil, Indian Territory and Texas. 

6. Paronychia dichótoma (L.) Nutt. Perennial, slender, the foliage glabrate or 
nearlyso. Stem branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, tufted, 1-4 dm. tall, 
rigid, wire-like, forking above: leaf-blades linear-filiform, 1-4 cm. long, acute, smooth ; 
stipules linear-lanceolate, 8-13 mm. long, long-attenuate, silvery: cymes open, many- 
flowered : sepals lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, slightly hooded, the back produced into a 
short terminal cusp : stamens fully 3 as long as the sepals. 


In rocky soil, Maryland to North Carolina, Arkansas and Texas. NAILWORT. 


7. Paronychia Jamésii T. & G. Perennial, minutely pubescent. Stem usually 
much branched at the base, the branches tufted, erect or ascending, 0.5-2 dm. tall, forking 
above: leaf-blades linear-filiform, 0.5-2 cm. long, acute, sessile; stipules silvery, linear- 
lanceolate: cymes slightly open: calyx about 2.5 mm. long: sepals lanceolate, gradually 
acuminate, hooded, each terminating in a short more or less spreading cusp : utricle ovoid, 
less than 1 mm. in diameter. 

In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. 


8. Paronychia Wárdi Rydb.  Perennial, puberulent or minutely pubescent. Stem 
much branched at the base, the branches quite slender: leaf-blades narrowly linear to 
linear-filiform, 0.7-2 cm. long, acute, early deciduous or fugacious: cymes widely open, 
the branches diverging: calyx about 2 mm. long: sepals oblong, abruptly acuminate : 
utricle somewhat smaller than that of the next preceding species. 

In dry or stony soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. 


9. Paronychia argyrocdma (Michx.) Nutt. Perennial, finely pubescent, conspicuous 
on account of the numerous silvery stipules. Stem branched at the base, the branches ascend- 
ing or decumbent, tufted, 0.5-3 dm. long, simple or sparingly forked, the hairs recurved : 
leaf-blades linear or nearly so, 1-3 em. long, acute, ciliolate, rather fleshy ; stipules lanceo- 
late, 5-10 mm. long, acuminate: flowers in congested cymes: sepals narrowly lanceolate, 
4-5 mm. long, firm, long-attenuate, ciliate, the tips and edges hyaline: stamens about } as 
long as the sepals: anthers dark green: utricle nearly oblong, about 1.5 mm. long. 


On cliffs, Maine and New Hampshire to Georgia and Tennessee. 


2. ANYCHIASTRUM Small. 

Annual or perennial mostly Anychia-like herbs, with finely pubescent or glabrous foli- < 
age. Stems branched at the base, the branches diffusely spreading or prostrate. Leaves op- 
posite : blades narrow or as broad as long. Flowers in dichotomous cymes, inconspicuous. 
Bracts similar to the leaves. Calyx manifestly pedicelled. Sepals distinct or nearly so, 
merely cuspidate, erect. Stamens mostly 5, inserted at the base of ovary. Styles relatively 
long, united to near the top. Utricle included. The plants flower during the summer 
and fall. 


Annual or biennial: calyx pubescent. ere 
Calyx becoming 2 mm. long: sepals bristly pubescent. 1. A. herniarioides. 
Calyx becoming 1 mm. long: sepals inconspicuously pubescent. 2. A. Baldwinn. 

Perennial: calyx glabrous. 3. A. riparium. 


CORRIGIOLACEAE 401 


1. Anychiastrum herniarioides (Michx.) Small. Annual or biennial, scabrous- 
pubescent. Stems branched at the base, the branches spreading, 2-15 em. long, forking, 
often numerous: leaves numerous; blades oblong to oval, 3-10 mm. long, mucronate 
ciliate, sessile ; stipules acuminate: calyx bristly pubescent: sepals ovate, becoming 2 
mm. long, slightly hooded, minutely cuspidate : utricle conspicuously swelling the base of 
the calyx at maturity. (Paronychia herniarioides ( Michx. ) Nutt. ] 

In sandy soil, often on sand hills, North Carolina to Florida. , 

2. Anychiastrum Baldwínii (T. & G.) Small. Annual or biennial, slender, 
minutely pubescent. Stems branched at the base, the branches prostrate, 1-4 dm. long, wiry, 
usually forked, sometimes filiform : leaves rather numerous; blades narrowly oblong or 
linear-elliptic, 8-20 mm. long, acute, ciliolate, sessile or nearly so ; stipules linear-lanceo- 
late, 2-6 mm. long: sepals oval, about 1 mm. long, slightly hooded, 3-ridged, ciliate, 
each abruptly narrowed into a short cusp: utricle equalling the sepals in length or slightly 
surpassing them. [Paronychia Baldwinii (T. & G.) Chapm. ] 

In sandy soil, Georgia to Louisiana and Florida. 

S. Anychiastrum riparium (Chapm.) Small. Perennial, very slender, glabrous or 
nearly so. Stems sparingly branched at the base, the branches prostrate, wire-like, 3-12 dm. 
long, widely forking; branchlets filiform: leaves few ; blades oblong or linear-elliptic, 
5-12 mm. long, acute, scarcely paler beneath than above, sessile; stipules short, soon 
lacerate : cymules open, terminating filiform branchlets : sepals ovate, about 1 mm. long, 
slightly hooded, minutely cuspidate, glabrous: utricle obovoid, about as long as the sepals. 
[ Paronychia riparia Chapm. ] 

In dry sand, along or near the Flint River, southwestern Georgia. 


3. ANYCHIA Michx. 


Annual herbs, with slender forking stems. Leaves opposite: blades narrow or some- 
what dilated. Flowers solitary or clustered in the forks. Calyx persistent. Sepals 5, 
greenish, distinct, barely mucronate on the back, nearly flat. Stamens 2-3, or rarely 5, 
included : filaments inserted at the base of the ovary. Styles very short : stigmas spread- 
ing. Utricle nearly as long as the calyx or exserted. Seed erect. The plants flower in 
the summer. FORKED CHICKWEED. 

Foliage glabrate : sepals oblong: utricle surpassing the calyx. 1. A. Canadensis. 
Foliage pubescent: sepals ovate: utricle nearly as long as the calyx. 2. A. dichotoma. 

l. Anychia Canadénsis (L.) B.S.P. Annual, deep green, glabrous. Stems erect 
or ascending, 0.5-4 dm. tall, simple below, forking above, the branches filiform : leaf-blades 
thinnish, oblong to elliptic, 0.5-2 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, short-petioled : cymes open : 
calyx nearly 1 mm. long: sepals oblong, obtuse, slightly white-margined, hooded at the 


apex: utricle subglobose, slightly surpassing the calyx: seed lenticular, 1 mm. broad. 
[A. dichotoma var. capillacea Torr. ] 


In open woods and on hillsides, Ontario to Minnesota, Massachusetts, Georgia and Arkansas. 

2. Anychia dichótoma Michx. Annual, pale green, minutely pubescent. Stems 
erect or decumbent, 0.5-3 dm. long, forking, the branches often densely disposed, wiry : leaf- 
blades thickish, oblanceolate or linear-elliptic, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, acute, sessile or nearly 
80: cymes rather dense: calyx 0.8-0.9 mm. long: sepals ovate, acute, 3-ribbed, green, 
hooded at the apex : utricle obovoid, flat-topped, shorter than the calyx. 

In dry soil, Maine to Minnesota, Florida, Alabama and Arkansas. 


4. ODONTONYCHIA Small. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with glaucous or finely pubescent foliage. Stems com- 
monly tufted, erect or assurgent, corymbose above. Leaves opposite: blades somewhat 
fleshy, narrow. Flowers in dense terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx sessile, not urn- 
shaped. Sepals 5, about as long as the hypanthium, erect, paler than the hypanthium. 
Stamens 5, included : filaments inserted on the margin of the hypanthium. Styles united 
to near the apex. Urticle included. The plants flower from spring to fall. 


Foliage glaucous : hypanthium glabrous: sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1. O. erecta. 
Foliage pubescent: hypanthium pubescent: sepals oblong or ovate-oblong. 2. O. corymbosa. 
1. Odontonychia erécta (Chapm.) Small. ‘Perennial, stout, glaucous. Stem 
branched at the base, the branches tufted, erect, ascending or slightly decumbent, 1-4 dm. 
tall, usually simple below, forked above : leaf-blades linear, linear-oblanceolate, or the 
upper oblong, 1-3 em. long, obtuse or acute, erect or ascending, sessile ; stipules silvery, 
26 


402 CORRIGIOLACEAE 


broadly lanceolate, about 3 as long as the leaves: cymes corymbosely disposed : calyx 3 
mm. long. glabrous: sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, slightly 
longer than the angled glabrous hypanthium : utricle about 1 mm. in diameter. [Siphonychia 
erecta Chapm. ] 

In sand along the coast, Florida to Alabama. 

2. Odontonychia corymbósa Small. Perennial, stoutish, pubescent with recurved 
hairs. Stem branched at the base, the branches tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, erect or ascending, olive- 
green or brownish, forking, especially above, ribbed, topped by the corymbosely disposed 
cymes : leaf-blades oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, acutish, ciliate, 
sessile; stipules ovate, silvery, long-acuminate: inflorescence silvery : calyx 2-2.2 mm. 
long: sepals oblong or ovate-oblong, white, longer than the pubescent hypanthium, obtuse, 
concave: utricle ovoid, 1 mm. long. [Stphonychia corymbosa Small. ] 

In sand, Ship Island, Mississippi. 


5. SIPHONYCHIA T. & G. 


Annual or biennial herbs, with diffuse stems. Leaves opposite: blades fleshy, often 
deciduous. Flowers in rather dense dichotomous cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, sessile. 
Sepals 5, equalling the hypanthium, white-tipped, inflexed, obtuse or mucronate. Stamens 
5, included: filaments inserted on the margin of the hypanthium. Styles mainly united. 


Utricle included. Seed resupinate. The plants flower from spring to fall. 


Sepals narrowed tothe apex: hypanthium broadly rounded at the base. 1. S. diffusa. 
Sepals dilated at the apex: hypanthium narrowed at the base. 
Hypanthium sparingly and inconspicuously pubescent: cymes many-flowered. 2. S. Americana. 
Hypanthium bristly pubescent : cymes few-flowered. 3. S. pauciflora. 


1. Siphonychia diffusa Chapm. Annual, slender, minutely pubescent. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches wiry, spreading radially, prostrate, 1-6 dm. long, fork- 
ing, the ultimate divisions ending in dense often rectangular cymes: leaf-blades oblanceo- 
late or linear-oblanceolate, 0.5-1.5 em. long, acute, very hairy, sessile : hypanthium pubes- 
cent with hooked hairs at the base: flowers oblong-urceolate, 1.5 mm. long: sepals ovate, 
slightly shorter than the hypanthium, white-margined, minutely cuspidate below the hooded 
apex : style included : utricle ovoid, less than 1 mm. long. 

In dry sandy soil, Florida to Alabama. 

2. Siphonychia Americana (Nutt.) T. & G.. Annual or biennial, slender, minutely 
pubescent. Stems branched at the base, the branches spreading radially, prostrate, 2-7 
dm. long, wiry, diffusely forking, pubescent in lines, the ultimate divisions ending in sma 
dense cymes : leaf-blades linear-oblanceolate, or the upper spatulate, the basal much longer 
than the stem-leaves, 2-5 cm. long, acute or acutish ; stem-leaves 0.5-2 cm. long, sessile : 
hypanthium inconspicuously pubescent with hooked hairs: flowers urn-shaped, 1.5-2 mm. 
long: sepals shorter than the hypanthium, the tips white, rounded, inflexed, minutely 
cuspidate on the back : style exserted : utricle ovoid, about 0.8 mm. broad. 

In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida. 

3. Siphonychia pauciflóra Small. Annual or biennial, minutely pubescent. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches spreading, prostrate, 1-6 dm. long, sparingly forked, 
the ultimate divisions ending in inconspicuous few-flowered cymes or the flowers sometimes 
solitary : leaf-blades spatulate to oblong-spatulate or linear-spatulate, 0.8-2 cm. long, or 
shorter above, ciliolate : flowersurn-shaped, about 2 mm. long : hypanthium bristly pubes- 
cent, narrowed at the base: sepals white or broadly white-margined, dilated at the apex, 
very minutely cuspidate on the back : style included : utricle 0.8 mm. long. 

In sand or sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. 


6. GIBBESIA Small. 


Annual or biennial pubescent herbs. Stems erect, forking above, the ultimate divi- 
sions disposed in cymes. Leaves opposite: blades narrow. Cymes many-flowered, rather 
dense. Flowers inconspicuous, usually 3 together in an involucre and each one or only 2 
of them seated in a hard clamp-like involucel. Hypanthium shorter than the sepals, 
ribbed. Calyx of 5 narrow erect sepals. Stamen on the margin of the hypanthium. Style 
long and slender. 

1. Gibbesia Rugélii (Chapm.) Small. Foliage finely pubescent. Stem erect, rather 
slender, 1-5 dm. tall, forking, tinally diffuse : leaves few ; blades thickish, oblanceolate, or 
the upper linear-oblanceolate, 1-3 em. long, acute, pubescent on both sides, ciliate, sessile : 
bracts linear-subulate, their stipules ovate, acutish or short-acuminate, denticulate : calyx 


PETIVERIACEAE 403 


3 mm. long, pubescent below the middle, erect in the whitish clamp-like involucel : sepals 
linear-subulate, acutish, erect, slightly involute: stamens included : style about equalling 
the sepals in length: utricle ovoid, tipped by the slender style: seed lenticular, about 1 
mm. broad. 

In sandy soil and on sand hills, southwestern Georgia and adjacent Florida. Summer and fall. 


FAMILY 5. PETIVERIACEAE Link. PokEWEED FAMILY. 


Shrubs, trees or shrubby herbs, often giving off an unpleasant odor. Leaves 
alternate: blades entire, or nearly so, often thickish.  Inflorescence terminal or 
axillary, spicate or racemose. Flowers perfect or dioecious. Calyx of 4-5 equal 
or unequal, distinct or partially united imbricated sepals. Corolla wanting. 
Androecium of 4-8 stamens or rarely more. Filaments filiform or subulate, dis- 
tinct or united. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium of a single carpel or of several 
united carpels. Ovary 1-several-celled, sessile. Stigmas various. Ovule soli- 
tary in each cavity, mostly erect. Fruit a berry or an achene. Seed usually 
erect, flattened. Testa membranous or crustaceous. Embryo curved around 
the mealy endosperm, or rarely straight. [Phytolaccaceae Lindl. ] 

Gynoecium of a single carpel : style single. 


Fruit an achene: flowers in virgate spikes. 1. PETIVERIA. 
Fruit a berry: flowers in racemes. 2. RIVINA 
Gynoecium of 2-many carpels : styles 2-many. 3. PHYTOLACCA- 


1. PETIVERIA L. 


Strong-scented shrubby plants, with erect stems. Leaves alternate : blades thickish, 
stipules small. Flowers perfect, in terminal wand-like spikes. Calyx herbaceous, short- 
pedicelled, the 4 sepals nearly equal, persistent and unchanged in fruit. Stamens 4-8: 
filaments filiform, unequal in length : anthers linear. Ovary 1-celled, elongated, flattened : 
stigma 2-lobed. Ovule amphitropous. Achene narrow, cuneate, surrounded by the per- 
sistent sepals, tipped with 1-6 subulate reflexed spines. Seed narrow, erect, with a mem- 
branous testa. Embryo nearly straight. 

1. Petiveria alliàcea L. An ill-smelling shrub 3-10 dm. tall with wand-like branches. 
Stems erect, closely pubescent : leaf-blades elliptic, elliptic-oblanceolate or obovate, 4-12 
em. long, usually acute or abruptly acuminate, entire, undulate, sparingly pubescent on 
both sides or only hairy on the nerves, narrowed into short petioles: spikes virgate, 1-3 
dm. long, solitary or in pairs: calyx greenish or white, short-pedicelled : sepals linear, 
about 3 mm. long, obtusish, spreading in flower, erect in fruit: stamens shorter than the 
sepals : achenes linear-cuneate, ribbed, about 6 mm. long, twice as long as the persistent 
calyx, furnished with 1-6 reflexed spines at the apex, appressed to the rachis. 

In woods and thickets, peninsular Florida. Common in tropical America. Summer. 


2. RIVINA L. 


Glabrous or pubescent shrubby herbs, with erect branching stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades entire, undulate, or erose-crenate, with small caducous stipules. Flowers perfect, in 
slender, axillary or rarely terminal racemes. Calyx corolloid. Sepals 4, about equal, usu- 
ally broadened upward, unchanged in fruit. Stamens 4: filaments filiform: anthers erect. 
Ovary 1-celled, subglobose, flattened: style rather lateral, curved: stigma capitate or 2- 
lobed. Ovules amphitropous. Berry subglobose, flattened, with a thin fleshy pericarp. 
Seed erect, lenticular, with a smooth or wrinkled crustaceous testa. Embryo bent around 
the scant mealy endosperm. 

l. Rivina hümilis L. A shrubby herb, 3-7 dm. tall, with spreading branches and 
closely pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades thickish, ovate to lanceolate or oblong, 3-15 cm. 
long, acute or usually acuminate, undulate, acutish at the base, or truncate ; petioles about 
+ as long as the blades: racemes loosely flowered, 3 10 em. long, peduncled: calyx rose- 
colored, 5-6 mm. broad, pubescent without: sepals cuneate or linear-cuneate, spreading, 
obtuse, more or less eroded at the apex: stamens erect or ascending, shorter than the 
sepals : berries subglobose, somewhat flattened, 2-3.5 mm. in diameter, mostly red. 


sug, UD Woods and thickets, Arkansas to Florida and Texas. Also a native of the tropics. Spring and 


404 ALLIONIACEAE 


3. PHYTOLACCA L. 


Large perennial herbs or shrubs, with erect or climbing stems and glabrous foliage, 
except in the inflorescence. Leaf-blades entire, thickish. Stipules wanting. Flowers per- 
fect or rarely dioecious, in terminal racemes, which become lateral by the prolongation of 
thestems: pedicels bracted, angled. Calyx herbaceous or slightly colored. Sepals 4-5, im- 
bricated, not accrescent. Stamens 5-25, inserted at the base of the ovary, reduced to stami- 
nodia in the pistillate flowers : filaments filiform or subulate : anthers opening lengthwise. 
Ovary depressed, sessile, of 5-12 more or less united carpels: styles 5-12, distinct. Ovules 
campylotropous. Berry depressed, pulpy. Seeds reniform, flattened, with a shining testa. 
Embryo bent around the mealy endosperm. 


1. Phytolacca decándra L. Perennial from a very large poisonous root, glabrous, 
except the racemes, bright green. Stem stout, erect, 1-3 m. tall, more or less branched, 
green or magenta, its pith in transverse plates: leaf-blades ovate, oblong or elliptic, 1-3 
dm. long, acute or short-acuminate, undulate, rather abruptly narrowed into the petiole : 
racemes puberulent or glabrate, somewhat drooping, 1-2 cm. long: pedicels pink, about 1 
em. long, subtended by narrow lanceolate bracts, bearing several narrow scales: calyx 
white or greenish, rather flat: sepals obovate, 3 mm. long, obtuse, somewhat hooded at 
the apex: berries spheroidal, 7-10 mm. broad, dark purple, filled with a crimson juice. 


Common, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. POKE. INKBERRY. SCOKE. 
PIGEON-BERRY. 


Famity 6. BATIDACEAE Dammer. Baris FAMILY. 


Maritime shrubs, with erect or prostrate branching stems. Leaves opposite, 
fleshy, half-terete, linear or club-shaped, entire, sessile, without stipules. Flow- 
ers small, dioecious, in axillary cones. Staminate cones with persistent imbricated 
scales each subtending a flower: calyx cup-shaped, 2-lobed : stamens 4-5, in- 
serted at the base of the calyx: filaments thick, alternating with staminodia: 
anthers introrse, the sacs attached to each other above the middle.  Pi-tillate 
cones peduncled, 4-12-flowered, the scales deciduous: calyx and corolla want- 
ing: stamens and staminoidia wanting: ovary sessile, 4-celled, stigma sessile, 
cushion-like, somewhat 2-lobed. Ovule 1 in each cavity, erect, anatropous. 
Fruit a fleshy aggregate from the pistillate inflorescence, 4-seeded. Seeds erect, 
club-shaped, slightly curved. Testa membranous. Endosperm wanting. Em- 
bryo shaped like the seed, with large cotyledons. 


1. BATIS L. 
Characters of the family. 


1. Batis maritima L. A glabrous pale green strong-scented shrub, with spreading or 
prostrate stems 0.5-1.5 m. long. Branches angled, often erect : leaves fleshy, half terete, 
curved, 1-2.5 cm. long, acutish : spikes 5-10 mm. long, ovoid ; staminate sessile ; pistil- 
late on peduncles 2-5 mm. long: bracts reniform or suborbicular, often apiculate: calyx 
shorter than the bract: stamens 4-5, exserted, longer than the staminodia whose blades 
are triangular: fruit oblong or obovoid, 1-2 em. long, short-stalked, drooping. 


In sand along the coast and in salt marshes, North Carolina to Florida and Texas and through the 
tropies to northern South America. Alsointhe West Indies. SALT-WORT. 


FAMILY 7. ALLIONIACEAE Reichenb. FOUR-0’CLOCK FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs or trees, with branching or dichotomous-forking stems. Leaves 
alternate or opposite, without stipules: blades simple, entire or repand. In- 
florescence various. Flowers regular, perfect, or sometimes unisexual, often 
subtended by a conspicuous involucre. Calyx usually corolla-like, campanulate, 
trumpet-shaped or rotate, usually deciduous above the ovary. Corolla wanting. 
Androecium of 1-many stamens. Filaments filiform, distinct or united at the 
base, often unequal in length. Anthers 2-celled, opening by longitudinal cracks. 
Gynoecium of a single carpel. Ovary 1-celled, superior, but surrounded by the 
calyx-tube, sessile or short-stalked. Style slender. Stigma usually capitate. 
Ovule solitary, erect, campylotropous. Fruit an anthrocarp, indehiscent, fleshy, 
leathery or hard, angled, ribbed or grooved. Seed erect, with a hyaline testa, 


ALLIONIACEAE 405 


which is free from or adnate to the pericarp. Endosperm variable. Embryo 
Straight or curved. 


Herbs: embryo hooked. 
Involucre conspicuous, of 3-5 or more distinct or united bracts. 
Involucre calyx-like, the bracts united. 
Involucre unchanged in fruit. 
Involucre accrescent, becoming membranous and reticulated. 
Involucre of 3-5 or more distinct bracts. 
Stigmas capitate : stamens exserted. 
Involucre of 3 bracts, 3-flowered : stamens 4. 3. WEDELIA. 
Iuvoluere of many bracts, many-flowered : stamens 5. 4. NYCTAGINIA. 
Stigmas elongated: stamens included. 5. ABRONIA. 
Involucre wanting or imperfect, 2 or 3 bractlets to each flower. 


. MIRABILIS. 
. ALLIONIA. 


noe 


Inflorescence capitate. 6. ACLEISANTHES. 
Inflorescence paniculate. 7. BOERHAAVIA. 
Shrubs or trees: embryo straight. 8. PISONIA. 


1. MIRABILIS L. 


Perennial glabrous or glandular herbs, with large tuberous-thickened roots and fork- 
ing stems. Leaves opposite : blades somewhat fleshy, petioled, or the upper sessile. Flower 
solitary or many flowers in a 5-lobed calyx-like involucre. Calyx colored : tube elongated, 
constricted above the ovary : limbexpanding, deciduous. Stamens 5-6, unequal in length : 
filaments filiform, very slender, incurved, united into a fleshy cup at the base. Style fili- 
form. Fruit ribbed, leathery or parchment-like, glabrous or pubescent. Seed filling the 
pericarp to which the testa adheres. Endosperm mealy. FovR-o'cLock. 


Involucre 1-flowered. 


Calyx 10-15 cm. long; tube long-tubular: plant viscid-pubescent. 1. M. Wrightiana. 
Calyx 3-5 em. long; tube funnelform: plant not glandular. 2. M. Jalapa. 
Involucre 3-6-flowered. E 
Calyx 4-6 em long: involucre 1 em. long ; lobes shorter than the tube. 3. M. multiftora. 
Calyx 1.5-2 em. long: involucre 1.5-2 em. long; lobes longer than the tube. 4. M. coccinea. 


1. Mirabilis Wrightiàna A. Gray. Foliage more or less viscid-pubescent. Stem 
erect, diffusely branched, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate, acuminate, 4-10 cm. long, 
glandular-pubescent on both sides, undulate, truncate or cordate at the base ; petioles less 
than 4 as long as the blades : involucres campanulate, 8-9 mm. high, densely glandular when 
young, 1-flowered ; lobes lanceolate, acute: calyx tubular, trumpet-shaped, 10-15 cm. 

ong, white or pink ; lobes notched : stamens exserted : fruit ovoid, about 1 cm. long, at- 
tenuate at the apex, pubescent, transversely wrinkled and longitudinally 5-ribbed. 

Chiefly in valleys, Texas to Arizona. Spring to fall. 


2. Mirabilis Jalápa L. Foliage deep green, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Stem 
erect, 3-7 dm. tall, much branched : leaf-blades ovate or sometimes as broad as long, long- 
acuminate or short-acuminate, sometimes sparingly ciliate, entire, truncate or cordate at 
the base; petioles about 3 as long as the blades: involucres campanulate, 7-8 mm. high, 
pubescent, 1-flowered ; lohes ovate-lanceolate, twice as long as the tube, acute, bristle- 
tipped: calyx trumpet-shaped, 3-5 cm. long, deep red to purple or white, more or less 
blotched, the edge notched : stamens exserted : fruit ovoid, black, 8-10 mm. long, wrinkled- 
tuberculate, 5-ribbed. 

On plains and prairies, Texas, through Mexico to Central and South America. Spring and summer. 


.. 3. Mirabilis muitifldra ( Torr.) A. Gray. Foliage more or less pubescent. Stem 
-diffusely branched, 3-7 dm. tall, the branches often stout: leaf-blades broadly ovate or del- 
toid, commonly as broad as long, 3-8 cm. long, acutish or slightly acuminate, undulate, 
rounded or subcordate at the base; petioles less than } as long as the blades: involucres 
campanulate, 1.5-2 cm. long, usually 6-flowered, minutely pubescent; lobes ovate, shorter 
than the tube, acute: calyx purplish or pink, 4-6 cm. long, trumpet-shaped : fruit oval, 
7-8 mm. long, obtuse at each Ax E slightly ribbed. 

In valleys, Colorado to Texas and California. Spring to fall. 


.4. Mirabilis coccinea (Torr.) Benth. & Hook. Foliage nearly glabrous, except in 
the inflorescence, glaucous. Stems sometimes tufted, 2-5 dm. tall, forked, very finely striate : 
leaf-blades narrowly linear, 4-7 cm. long, acute, involute, ciliate or glabrate : involucres 
about 1 cm. broad, pilose ; lobes ovate, acute or short-acuminate, usually 3-flowered : calyx 
crimson, trumpet-shaped, 1.5-2 cm. long, sparingly pubescent; tube gradually enlarged ; 
lobes of its limb notched : stamens mostly 3, about as long as the calyx : ovary pubescent, 
‘strongly ribbed : fruit oblong or slightly broadened upward, 5-6 mm. long, with rough or 
‘tuberculate prominent ridges. 


On plains and prairies, southern Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. Spring. 


406 ALLIONIACEAE 


2. ALLIONIA Loefl. 


Perennial glabrous or glandular herbs, with forking stems. Leaves opposite: blades 
fleshy, drying very brittle. Flowers 1-5 in an involucre, white, pink or scarlet. Involu- 
cre accrescent, usually conspicuously nerved, with 5 lobes. Calyx often oblique, campanu- 
late or infundibuliform: tube constricted above the ovary: limb erect or spreading, 
plicate, deciduous. Stamens 2-5, unequal in length: filaments filiform, very slender, 
rolled in, united into a cup atthe base. Style filiform. Fruit club-shaped to spindle- 
shaped or obovoid, ribbed or terete, glabrous or pubescent. Seed shaped like the pericarp. 
to which its testa adheres. Endosperm mealy. [Ozxybaphus L’Her.] UMBRELLA-WORT. 


Fruit glabrous: involucres 2-3-flowered. 1, A. Texensis, 
Fruit pubescent : involucres 3-5-flowered. 
Leaf-blades linear, oblong, lanceolate or ovate, sessile or only the lower ones with 
short petiole-like bases. 
Involueres on solitary axillary peduncles. 2. A. decumbens. 
Involucres in terminal cymes. 
Stems glabrous, at least below, not hirsute, but often puberulent above. 
Bracts of the inflorescence numerous, often conspicuously so: upper 
leaves much reduced and resembling the bracts. 3. A. bracteosa. 
Bracts of the inflorescence not numerous: upper leaves not conspic- 
uously reduced. 
Leaves with narrowly linear blades less than 5 mm. broad. 4. A. linearis. 
Leaves with obovate toovate, oblong or linear-lanceolate blades mostly 
over 5 mm. broad. 


Calyx pink: leaf-blades thick, blunt. . A. lanceolata. 
Calyx white: leaf-blades thin, acute or acuminate. 6. A. albida. 
Stems more or less hirsute as well as viscid. . A. pilosa. 
Leaf-blades cordate to broadly ovate-lanceolate, or rarely broadly lanceolate, 
distinctly petioled. 
Leaves with ovate or ovate-lanceolate blades rounded or cuneate at the base. 
Stems usually copiously hirsute. 8. A. comata. 
Stems glabrous or sometimes merely puberulent above. 
Involucres less than 1 em. broad at maturity : leaf-blades mostly cune- 
ate at the base. 9. A. oblongifolia.. 
Involucres over 1 cm. broad at maturity: leaf-blades mostly rounded 
at the base. 10. A. floribunda. 
Leaves, at least those on the lower part of the stem, with cordate blades. 11. A. nyctaginea. 


1. Allionia Texénsis (Coulter) Small. Stems rather slender, glabrous, more or less 
branched, several dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 
undulate, rounded or subcordate at the base ; petioles 4-} as long as the blades: involucres 
crisped, about 8 mm. broad, 2-3-flowered ; lobes broadly ovate, longer than the tube, 
acute, ciliate : calyx 2-3 mm. broad, pubescent : fruit tuberculate along the ribs, glabrous. 
[A. corymbosa var. Texensis Coulter. ] 

In and near the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas. Summer and fall. 

2. Allionia Gecimbens (Nutt.) Rydb. Foliage sparingly pubescent, at least when 
iui Stems decumbent or ascending, 2-8 dm. tall, simple and tufted, or sometimes 

ranched above, the sides pubescent, or glabrous in age : leaf-blades oblong to linear-lance- 
olate, or rarely oblong-lanceolate, 2-11 cm. long, thick, sometimes slightly acuminate, but 
rather blunt, ciliate, narrowly cuneate at the base, essentially sessile : involucres terminat- 
ing solitary axillary peduncles, 1.5-2 cm. wide; lobes acute or acutish or rarely rounded : 
calyx sparingly pubescent, about 3 mm. broad: fruit narrowly obovoid, 5-6 mm. long, with 
prominent ribs and tubercled faces. 

In dry or sandy soil, Missouri to Mississippi and New Mexico. Spring and summer. 

3. Allionia bractedsa Rydb. Foliage, at least that of the upper parts and the in- 
florescence, viscid-puberulent. Stems erect or ascending, 4-13 dm. tall, with several or 
many ascending or spreading branches above: leaf-blades oblong to linear-lanceolate or 
linear, 3-9 em. long, blunt or acutish, thick, mostly ciliate, each narrowed to the essen- 
tially sessile base: involucres often numerous, disposed in terminal cymes, 10-14 mm. 
wide; lobes ovate, obtuse: calyx white or pale, about 10 mm. broad: fruit oblong- 
obovoid, 5—5.5 mm. long, prominently 8-ribbed, apiculate, constricted near the base. 

In dry and rocky soil, South Dakota to Missouri and Alabama. Summer and fall. 

4. Allionia linearis Pursh. Foliage glabrous, or glandular-pubescent above. Stems 
slender, 3-15 dm. tall, terete, or 4-angled below : leaf-blades thick, linear, 2.5-10 em. long, 
acute, undulate, sessile, orthe lower sometimes short-petioled : involucres becoming 1.5 cm. 
broad; lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about as long as the tube: calyx finely pubescent, 
campanulate, purple ; lobes ovate : stamens and style exserted : fruit oblong-obovoid, 5 mm. 
long, 5-ribbed, the faces tuberculate, pubescent. 

In dry soil, Minnesota to Texas, Utah and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


ALLIONIACEAE 407 


5. Allionia lanceolata Rydb. Foliage glabrous or nearly so to the inflorescence. 
Stems erect or ascending, 4-17 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched above, or through- 
out, sometimes finely pubescent on the sides : leaf-blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, or 
rarely oblong to oblong-obovate, 3-15 cm. long, thick, obtuse or blunt, even the narrow 
and more or less acuminate ones with blunt tips, slightly undulate or crisped, ciliolate, 
essentially sessile: involucres in terminal cymes, 1-1.5 em. wide ; lobes rounded or acut- 
ish: calyx pink, about 10 mm. broad: fruit obovoid, 4.5-5 mm. long, with usually 4 
broad ribs and finely tubercled faces. 

On plains and prairies and in dry sandy soil, Minnesota to Tennessee, South Carolina, Alabama, 
Texas and Colorado. Summer and fall. 

6. Allionia álbida Walt. Foliage glabrous, except the viscid-pubescent inflorescence 
and upper part of the stem. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, 4-angled below, enlarged at the nodes: 
leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 3-12 cm. long, thin, acute or acumi- 
nate at the apex, attenuate to the petiole-like base, nearly sessile: involucres becoming 2 cm. 
broad ; lobes triangular, about as long as the tube: calyx pubescent, white; lobes ovate, 
shorter than the tube : stamens and style exserted : fruit obovoid, 5 mm. long, with tufts 
of silvery hairs, the angles crested, the faces tuberculate. [ Oxybaphus albidus (Walt. ) Chois. ] 

In dry soil, South Carolina and Georgia. Spring and summer. 


7. Allionia pilósa (Nutt.) Rydb. Foliage finely hirsute. Stems erect or somewhat 
spreading, 3-12 dm. tall, sometimes sparingly branched, more or less hirsute as well as 
viscid : leaf-blades oblong-ovate to lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 2-9 cm. long, some- 
times slightly acuminate but blunt, thick, often slightly crisped, cuneately narrowed at the 
base, essentially sessile: involucres in terminal cymes, 1.5-2 cm. broad; lobes acute or 
acutish: calyx about 10 mm. broad: fruit narrowly obovoid, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, with 
usually 5 slender ridges and transversely rugose-tuberculate faces. 

In dry or sandy soil, Wisconsin to South Dakota, Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 


8. Allionia comàta Small. Foliage hirsute or hirsute-pilose. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, 
angled, the hairs viscid, somewnat tangled : leaf-blades thick, ovate or broadly ovate, 2-5 
cm. long, usually rounded at both ends or cordate at the base, undulate; petioles shorter 
than the blades: inflorescence viscid: involucres becoming fully 1 em. broad, copiously 
pubescent : calyx glabrous or nearly so, pale red, about 2 cm. broad ; lobes shorter than the 
tube: stamens and style exserted : fruit slightly broadened upward, minutely pubescent. 

In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 


9. Allionia oblongifólia (A. Gray) Small. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems 
erect, or ascending, 8-12 dm. tall, with elongated ascending branches: leaf-blades ovate- 
lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 3-7 em. long, acute, more or less crisped, glabrous or 
nearly so, cuneately or abruptly narrowed into the relatively slender petioles: involucres 
in open paniculate cymes, terminating slender peduncles 5-7 mm. long, relatively small, 
less than 1 em. broad ; lobes ovate or orbicular-ovate, obtuse or acutish : calyx white. [Ozy- 
baphus nyctagineus y oblongifolius A. Gray.] 

In river valleys, southern Texas. Summer. 
10. Allionia floribünda (Chois.) Rydb. Foliage glabrous below. Stems 3-9 
m. tall, stoutish, swollen at the nodes: leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, 
obtuse, acute or acuminate, entire, rounded or acutish at the base, short-petioled : inflor- 
escence pubescent: involucres finally more than 1.5 em. broad, glabrate ; lobes triangular, 
longer than the tube : calyx pubescent without, usually white : fruit obovoid, constricted 
near the base, 4 mm. long, minutely pubescent, with stout prominent crested ridges. 
In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 


ll. Allionia nyctagínea Michx. Foliage glabrous or minutely pubescent. Stems 
3-10 dm. tall, stoutish, forking : leaf-blades triangular-ovate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or acumi- 
nate, erose, obtuse or cordate at the base ; petioles 1-2 cm. long: inflorescence pubescent : 
involueres campanulate, 1.5 em. broad, pubescent ; lobes ovate to triangular, shorter than 
the tube : calyx red, hairy without ; lobes oblong to ovate, shorter than the tube: stamens 
3-5, exserted : fruit linear-oblong to oblong-ovate, 4 mm. long, pubescent, sharply but 
shallowly ridged, the faces minutely tuberculate. 

In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Wisconsin, Louisiana and New Mexico. Spring and summer. 


3. WEDELIA Loefl. 

Annual or perennial depressed pubescent herbs, with forking stems. Leaves opposite : 
blades unequal in size, inequilateral, entire, petioled. Flowers white or pink, 3 in each 
involucre. Involucres calyx-like, solitary in the axils, peduncled, the bracts unequal. 
Calyx membranous: tube oblique, constricted above the ovary : limb expanded, unequally 


408 ALLIONIACEAE 


4-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted: filaments very slender. Ovary l-celled : style filiform : 
stigma capitate. Fruit leathery, with a firm margin-like wing, smooth on one side, with 
two rows of tubercles on the other. Seed filling the pericarp to which its testa adheres. 
Endosperm mealy. 


1. Wedelia incarnata L. Foliage viscid-pubescent. Stem more or less diffusely 
branched at the base, the branches prostrate, 1-5 dm. long, forking: leaf-blades thickish, 
ovate to oblong, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or acute, undulate ; petioles slender, those on the 
lower part of the plant often longer than the blades, those above shorter: bracts of the 
involucre oval or orbicular, 4-6 mm. long, concave, reticulated, ciliate : calyx rose to white, 
5-6 mm. long; lobes emarginate : stamens shorter than the calyx : fruit 3-4 mm. long. 


In valleys, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Also through tropical America to South America. 
Spring to fall. 


4. NYCTAGINIA Chois. 


Annual depressed glandular-hirsute herbs, with forking stems. Leaves opposite: 
blades shallowly toothed, more or less triangular in outline, petioled. Flowers pink or red, 
many in the many-bracted involucre, which is not acerescent. Calyx slender: tube elon- 
gated, constricted above the ovary : limb spreading, 5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 5, unequal 
in length : filaments very slender, pubescent, dilated and united below. Style very slender: 
stigma capitate. Fruit leathery, many-ribbed, top-shaped. Seed filling the pericarp to 
which it adheres. Endosperm mealy. 

1. Nyctaginia capitata Chois. Foliage viscid-pubescent. Stemerect or decumbent, 
3-7 dm. long, simple or branched at the base, forking above: leaf-blades thick, ovate to 
triangular, usually acuminate, undulate, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, 
bracts of the involucre 8-12, linear-lanceolate, 10-20 mm. long, acuminate: flowers 8-15 


in an involucre: calyx red, villous with glandular hairs without, 2.5-3 cm. long: fruit 
turbinate, 5-6 mm. long, many-ribbed. 


In dry soil, Texas and New Mexico to Mexico. Spring to fall. 


5. ABRONIA Juss. 


Annual or perennial viscid-pubescent herbs, with forking stems. Leaves opposite: 
blades unequal, thick, entire, petioled. Flowers usually numerous, in many-bracted in- 
volucres. Involucres not accrescent. Calyx colored: tube elongated, constricted above 
the ovary: limb spreading, 5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 3-5, unequal in length: fila- 
ments very slender. Style filiform: stigma elongated. Fruit leathery, ribbed or winged. 
Seed filling the pericarp to which it adheres. Endosperm mealy. 

Annual: fruit 2-2.5 em. broad, with 2-4 suborbicular or oval wings. 1. A. cycloptera. 
Perennial: fruit 5-6 mm. broad, obpyramidal, with 4 wing-like ridges. 2. A. fragrans. 

1. Abronia cyclóptera A. Gray. Annual, stoutish, glabrous below, viscid-pubescent 
above. Stem erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. long, sparingly branched : leaf-blades oblong, 
oval or ovate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, undulate, rounded or acutish at the base; 
petioles as long as the blades or shorter: bracts of the involucre lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute: flowers crowded in a head : calyx bright pink, about 2 em. long ; tube gradually 
enlarged upward: fruit conspicuous, 2-2.5 em. broad, the 2-4 thin membranous wings 
sharply nerved, completely surrounding the achene, suborbicular to oval in outline. 

In dry places, Texas to New Mexico. Summer. 


2. Abronia fragrans Nutt. Perennial, viscid-pubescent. Stem erect or decumbent, 
3-8 dm. long, more or less branched : leaf-blades oblong, oval or ovate, 5-10 cm. long, 
rounded at both ends or rarely acute ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter : bracts of 
the involucre membranous, white, ovate to obovate: flowers fragrant, nocturnal, numer- 
ous in each involucre : calyx white, 1-2 cm. long; tube gradually enlarged upward : fruit 
nearly 1 em. long, minutely pubescent, resembling the mature calyx of Physalis but m- 
verted, 5-winged, the wings not prolonged over the top, coarsely wrinkled. 

In dry soil, Montana to Nebraska, Texas and Mexico. Summer. 


6. ACLEISANTHES A. Gray. 
Perennial pubescent herbs or shrubby plants, with forking stems. Leaves opposite, 


thick: blades unequal, entire, petioled. Flowers often solitary, subtended by minute 
bracts, axillary or terminal. Calyx white: tube elongated, constricted above the ovary : 


ALLIONIACEAE 409 


limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 2-5, unequal: filaments very slender, united into a 
cup at the base. Style filiform: stigma peltate. Fruit 5-angled or 5-ribbed, constricted 
under the apex. Seed filling the pericarp to which its testa adheres. Endosperm mealy. 


Calyx-tube over 11 em. long: leaf-blades acuminate. 1. A. longiflora. 
Calyx-tube less than 6 em. long: leaf-blades obtuse or merely acute. 
Stems copiously scabrous-pubescent or puberulent: leaf-blades gradually or ab- 
ruptly narrowed at the base. 
Leaf-blades barely ciliolate: fruit about 4 mm. thick, not ribbed. 2. A. crassifolia. 
Leaf-blades conspicuously ciliolate: fruit about 3 mm. thick, strongly ribbed. 3. A. Wrightii. 
Stems smooth and glabrous, or nearly so: leaf-blades truncate or cordate at the 
base. 4. A. Berlandieri. 


1. Acleisanthes longifldra A. Gray. Stems more or less branched at the base, the 
branches slender, glabrous, trailing, 2-6 dm. long, forking: leaf-blades thickish, lanceo- 
late to rhombic-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, acute to rounded 
at the base, short-petioled : calyx white or nearly so, 12-15 cm. long: fruit 8-10 mm. long, 
with a constriction above the base and thence slightly narrowed. 

In sandy soil, Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 


2. Acleisanthes crassifólia A. Gray. Stems stoutish, scabrous-pubescent, sparingly 
branched, several dm. long: leaf-blades thick, ovate, 1-3 em. long, acute, undulate, mostly 
rounded at the base, scabrous on both sides; petioles 4 as long as the blades or shorter : 
calyx white, 4-5 cm. long: fruit oblong-oval, 6-7 mm. long, obtusely 4-angled, not ribbed, 
densely scabrous-pubescent. 

In dry soil, along and near the Rio Grande, Texas. Summer and fall. 

3. Acleisanthes Wrightii (A. Gray) Benth. & Hook. Stems branched at the base, 
the branches scabrous-pubescent, spreading, 1-5 dm. long, forking: leaf-blades thickish, 
ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 1-4 em. long, obtuse or acutish, undulate, acute or rounded 
at the base, nearly sessile, or petioles 3 as long as the blades: calyx 4-5 cm. long: fruit 
6-7 mm. long, strongly 5-ribbed, each rib ending in a knob. 

On stony plains or prairies, southern Texas. Spring and summer, 

4. Acleisanthes Berlandiéri A. Gray. Stems slender, glabrous or puberulent near 
the nodes, more or less diffusely branched, the branches prostrate or spreading, 1-4 dm.long : 
leaf-blades deltoid-ovate, 1.5-6 em. long, about as broad, rounded and apiculate at the 
apex, truncate to cordate at the base, the petioles often as long as the blades: flowers fra- 
grant: calyx white, 4-5 cm. long. 

In dry soil, southern Texas and northern Mexico. Summer and fall. 


7. BOERHAAVIA L. 


Slender, often diffuse, glabrous pubescent or glandular herbs, with forking stems. 
Leaves opposite: blades unequal, thickish, entire or undulately toothed. Flowers very 
small, variously disposed, subtended by minute bracts, on jointed pedicels. Calyx cam- 
panulate or funnelform : tube short or elongated: limb often spreading, 5-lobed, deciduous. 
Stamens 1-5, exserted : filaments very slender, united at the base. Ovary oblique: style 
filiform: stigma peltate. Fruit club-shaped to obovoid, 5-10-ribbed. Seed filling the 
pericarp to which it adheres. Fund. 
Leaf-blades linear to lanceolate: calyx-limb rotate. 

Stamens 3: calyx-limb 6-8 mm. broad.) 


Stamens 5: calyx-limb 12-14 mm. broad. E 


Leaf-blades deltoid or broadly oblong: calyx-limb cam ulate. 
Fruit rounded at the apex. we, pu 


. B. tenuifolia. 
. B. linearifolia. 


noe 


Fruit shallowly grooved. 3. B. decumbens. 
Fruit deepl y grooved. : 
Leaves with like-colored surfaces. 4. B. hírsuta. 
Leaves white beneath. 5. B. viscosa. 
Fruit flat at the apex. : 6. B. erecta. 


1. Boerhaavia tenuifdlia A. Gray. Annual or biennial, very slender, glabrous 
below, glandular-pilose above. Stem more or less branched at the base, the branches 
prostrate or spreading, 4-10 dm. long, forking, wire-like, rigid : leaf-blades linear-lanceo- 
late, 1-3 em. long, acute, strongly revolute, glabrous or glabrate, sessile or nearly $0: 
peduncles slender : calyx sparingly pubescent; limb rotate, 6-8 mm. broad: stamens 3, 
exserted : fruit oblong-clavate, 3 mm. long, glabrous, strongly 5-ribbed, rounded at the 
apex. 

In'arid places, Texas. Spring to fall. 


410 ALLIONIACEAE 


2. Boerhaavia linearifólia A. Gray. Perennial, slender, puberulent, hirsute and 
more or less glandular. Stem diffusely branched at the base, the branches erect or ascend- 
ing, 3-9 dm. long: leaf-blades linear to lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute or acutish, usually 
revolute, rounded or subcordate at the oblique base, short-petioled : peduncles slender: 
calyx purple; tube glabrous or nearly so; limb rotate, 12-14 mm. broad : stamens 5, ex- 
serted : fruit oblong-clavate, 3 mm. long, 5-ribbed, rounded at the apex, glabrous. 

In arid places, Texas and New Mexico to Mexico. Spring and summer. 

3. Boerhaavia decümbens Vahl. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stem branched 
at the base, the branches decumbent, 4-11 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate, 2-4 cm. long, 
rounded at the apex, strongly undulate, ciliate, whitish beneath, rounded or subcordate at 
the base ; petioles J as long as the blades or shorter: peduncles filiform, loosely spreading : 
calyx purple; tube glandular; limb campanulate, nearly 1 mm. high, glabrous or nearly 
so: stamens exserted: fruit club-shaped, about 3 mm. long, 5-angled, glandular-pilose, 
obtuse at the apex. 

In dry soil, Florida to Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

4. Boerhaavia hirsüta L. Annual or biennial, minutely pubescent and more or less 
hirsute above. Stem branched at the base, the branches diffusely spreading, 6-12 dm. long: 
leaf-blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 2-8 em. long, acute or obtuse, and mucronate, ciliate, 
undulate, both surfaces of almost the same color, the base rounded or truncate, or that of 
the upper ones acute ; petioles 3 as long as the blades or shorter: peduncles wire-like : calyx 
pink or purplish ; tube glandular-pubescent ; limb campanulate, 1.5 mm. high, glabrous or 
sparingly pubescent: stamens exserted : fruit obpyramidal, 3 mm. long, the ribs glandular, 
the top rounded. 


MEE an dry soil, peninsular Florida and southern Texas to Mexico. Also in tropical America. Spring 
all. 


5. Boerhaavia viscòsa Lag. & Rodr. Annual or biennial, stout, with viscid pilose 
hairs or puberulent. Stem widely branched at the base and throughout, the branches 
spreading in all directions : leaf-blades ovate to oblong, 2-4 cm. long, obtuse or mucronate, 
or acute, undulate, rounded or obtuse at the base, whitish beneath, becoming glabrous ; 
petioles 4 as long as the blades or shorter : peduncles slender : calyx pink or purple-pink, 
glandular; limb campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long: stamens 3, exserted : fruit club-shaped, 
3-3.5 mm. long, acutish. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 

6. Boerhaavia erécta L. Annual or perennial, roughish pubescent or glabrous. 
Stem simple below, erect or ascending, or branched at the base, the branches decumbent or 
spreading, 3-12 dm. long : leaf-blades ovate to deltoid-ovate, sometimes inequilateral, 2-8 
cm. long, acute or obtuse and apiculate, repand or undulate, varying from acute to cordate 
at the base, minutely black-dotted on the lower whitish surface ; petioles usually about 3 as 
long as the blades or longer : peduncles filiform : flowers 2-6 in a cluster : calyx white to 
purple ; tube glabrous; limb campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long, sparingly pubescent: stamens 
Fi fruit obpyramidal, 3.5-4 mm. long, 5-angled, the grooves transversely wrinkled, 

e top flat. 


_ In dry soil, South Carolina to Texas, south to Florida and Mexico. Also in tropical America. 
Spring to fall. 


8. PISONIA L. 


Tropical shrubs or trees, with erect or partly climbing armed or unarmed stems. 
Leaves opposite or alternate, without stipules: blades entire. Flowers perfect, dioecious 
or rarely monoecious, small, green or yellow, in pedunculate compound cymes : 
pedicels bracteolate, subtended by small bractlets. Calyx campanulate, tubular or funnel- 
form, accrescent : limb 5-lobed or 5-toothed, erect or spreading. Stamens 5-30, usually 
5-8, inserted on the base of the calyx or under the ovary : filaments filiform, distinct or 
united at the base, exserted, unequal: anthers introrse. Style stoutish, terminal or nearly 
so: stigma capitate, radiate or fimbriate. Fruit angled or ribbed, sometimes with rows 
of glands. 


Fruit with 5 rows of glands. 
Plant spiny: leaf-blades acute or short acuminate: fruit glandular from the base to the apex. 


1. P. aculeata. 
Plant unarmed : leaf-blades blunt or retuse: fruit glandular above the middle. 2. P. rotundata. 
Fruit without glands. 
Leaf-blades glabrous: fruit not constricted under the apex. 3. P. obtusata. 
Leaf-blades copiously pubescent : fruit constricted under the apex. 4. P. Floridana. 


_ 1. Pisonia aculeàta L. A shrub, 1-2 m. tall, with widely spreading branches, 
spine-armed. Leaf-blades elliptic, oval or ovate, 2.5-5 em. long, acute or short acumi- 


TETRAGONIACEAE 411 


nate, glabrous, short-petioled : cymes many-flowered, the divisions copiously pubescent : 
calyx yellow, that of the pistillate flowers with short ovate lobes: fruit club-shaped, 
8-9 mm. long, slender-pedicelled, 10-ridged, with 5 rows of glands from the base to the apex. 

In hammocks, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies. 

2. Pisonia rotundata Griseb. A shrub or small tree, with very irregular branches, 
unarmed. Leaf-blades oval, broadly obovate or oblong, 2.5-5 cm. long, rounded or retuse 
at the apex, glabrous, rounded or rarely cuneate at the base, short-petioled : cymes many- 
flowered, the divisions glabrous or nearly so: calyx pinkish, that of the pistillate 
flowers with short ovate lobes: fruit club-shaped, 6-7 mm. long, not ridged, with 5 rows 
of glands above the middle. 

In woods, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies. 

3. Pisonia obtusata Sw. A shrub or small tree, with smooth and glabrous foliage, 
more or less irregular branches, unarmed. Leaf-blades spatulate to oval, 2-4 em. long, 
blunt or notched at the apex, glabrous; petioles slender, relatively long (5-15 mm. ): 
cymes rather few-flowered : calyx pale, that of the pistillate flowers with ovate or lanceolate 
lobes: fruit oblong or elliptic, glandless, about 4-7 mm. long, 10-ribbed at the base. 

In woods, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies and tropical America. 

4. Pisonia Floridana Britton. A low shrub, with more or less gnarled branches, 
unarmed. Leaf-blades spatulate, 2-3 cm. long, rounded at the apex, copiously pubescent, 
slender-petioled : cymes relatively few-flowered, the divisions finely pubescent : calyx pale, 
that of the pistillate flowers with ovate lobes: fruit narrowly urn-shaped, 6-7 mm. long, 
somewhat constricted under the apex, delicately nerved. 

Among lime rocks, Rock Key, Florida. 


FAMILY 8. TETRAGONIACEAE Reichenb. CARPET-WEED FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with a watery sap and usually succulent tissues. 
Stems often branched at the base, the branches radiating, sometimes creeping. 
Leaves mostly opposite or apparently whorled : blades simple. Flowers perfect, 
polygamous or unisexual, regular. Calyx of 4-5 sepals. Corolla wanting (in 
our genera). Androecium of 4-5 hypogynous or perigynous stamens or some- 
times fewer or more numerous. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 2 or several 
united carpels. Ovary 2-many-celled or 1-celled by suppression, superior, or 
somewhat inferior. Styles or stigmas as many as there are cavities in the ovary. 
Ovules 1 or many. Fruit a circumscissile or loculicidal capsule, or rarely berry- 
like or nut-like. Seeds solitary or many. Endosperm copious. Embryo curved, 
near the surface. 

Ovary superior. 
Hypanthum wanting or nearly so: capsule loculicidal. 
Stamens 3-5 : seeds estrophiolate, with short straight funiculi. 1. MOLLUGO. 
Stamens 5-10: seeds strophiolate, with elongated coiled funiculi. 2. GLINUS. 


Hypanthium manifest, cylindric, turbinate or campanulate: capsule circumscissile. 
Stipules present : ovary 2-celled or 1-celled by suppression. 


Sepals unappendaged : stamens 1-3. 3. CYPSELEA. 
Stipules wanting ovary S.e-celled. SENIUM. 
wanting: ovar elled. 5. SESUVIUM. 
Ovary partly inferior. v 6. TETRAGONIA. 


1. MOLLUGO L. 

Annual herbs, with erect stems or radially spreading branches, and glabrous or 
pubescent foliage. Leaves basal and cauline, alternate or apparently whorled, with hya- 
line stipules. Flowers perfect, in axillary clusters, cymes or racemes, pedicelled, usually 
white. Sepals 5, with hyaline margins, persistent. Disk annular or wanting. Stamens 
3, opposite the angles of the ovary, or 5 and alternate with the sepals: filaments filiform or 
rather subulate. Ovary 3-5-celled, superior: styles 3, distinct: stigmas entire. Capsule 
subglobose or oblong, 3-5-valved. Seeds few or numerous, estrophiolate, with short 
Straight funiculi : aril wanting or inconspicuous. INDIAN CHICKWEED. 
pies 5 e stem-leaves narrowly linear: seeds finely reticulated. 1. M. Cerviana. 

e stem-leaves broadened upward: seeds 3-5-ribbed. 2. M. verticillata. 

1 Mollugo Cerviàna (L. ) Seringe. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems filiform 
or nearly so, 5 20 cm, tall, much branched, terete: leaves glaucous, various; basal in a 
more or less persistent whorl, spatulate ; those of the stem narrowly linear or the upper 
ones reduced to scales: flowers in whorls on the lower part of the stem, in delicate panicles 
above: pedicels capillary: sepals oblong to ovate, fully 1 mm. long at maturity, each 


412 TETRAGONIACEAE 


* 


with a green midnerve and a reticulation of green secondary nerves : capsule subglobose, 
1.5-2 mm. in diameter : seeds finely reticulated. 


On wet or dry plains or prairies, Texas to California and Mexico. Also widely distributed in tem- 
perate and tropical regions. Spring to fall. 


2. Mollugo verticillàta L. Foliage glabrous. Stems branched at the base, the 
branches slender, spreading radially, prostrate, 4-30 cm. long, forking: leaves in apparent 
whorls of 4-8 ; blades unequal, narrowly or broadly spatulate, 1-3 cm. long, rounded or 
acute at the apex, entire, short-petioled : pedicels 3-8 mm. long, reflexed in fruit : sepals 
oblong, 2 mm. long, obtuse, with hyaline margins: stamens 3, shorter than the sepals : 
styles 3, the tips recurved : capsule oblong or oval, 4-5 mm. long, surpassing the sepals : 
seeds red, 0.6 mm. broad, shining. 


In waste places and cultivated grounds, New Brunswick, Ontario and North Dakota to Florida. 
Texas and Mexico. Widely distributed. Spring to fall. CARPET-WEED. 


2. GLINUS L. 


Annual herbs, with forking branches and usually pubescent foliage. Leaves basal and 
cauline, whorled, often fleshy : blades unequal: stipules hyaline. Flowers perfect, sessile, 
clustered. Sepals 5, with hyaline borders, tomentose without. Stamens mostly 5-10: 
filaments filiform: anthers 2-celled. Ovary 3-5-celled, superior: styles very short or 
none: stigmas sometimes sessile. Ovules numerous. Capsule often included in the calyx: 
3-5-valved. Seeds numerous, strophiolate, with elongated coiled funiculi: aril conspicuous. 

1. Glinus lotoides Loefl. Foliage villous-pilose, especially when young. Stems 
stout, more or less diffusely branched at the base, the branches radially spreading, 0.5-3 
dm. long, forking: leaves apparently whorled ; blades very unequal, suborbicular, often 
broader than long, rounded or apiculate ; petioles shorter than the blades: flowers 
sessile or nearly so: sepals linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acuminate, pubescent, with 


hyaline margins: stamens 5: stigmas sessile: capsule oblong-ovoid, 3 mm. long, shorter 
than the sepals : seeds dull red, 0.6 mm. broad, granular. 


In waste places and cultivated soil, the Indian Territory and Arkansas. Summer. Naturalized 
from Europe.—A related species G. Cambessidésii Fenzl., with a less robust habit, smaller flowers, 3-5 
stamens and smooth seeds. occurring from Mexico and lower California to South America and in Cuba, 
has apparently been collected in Texas. 


3. CYPSELEA Turp. 

Annual or probably perennial, rather diminutive herbs, with elongated roots. Leaves 
opposite, those of each pair unequal, with laciniate scarious stipules. Flowers axillary. 
Sepals 4-5, erect, green, unequal, unappendaged. Hypanthium campanulate. Stamens 
1-3, alternate with the sepals: filaments shorter than the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, or 
1-celled by suppression, superior: styles usually 2, erect. Ovules numerous. Capsule 
circumscissile. Seeds minute, estrophiolate, becoming detached from the straight funiculi 
which remain attached to the central placenta. 

1. Cypselea humifüsa Turp. Low, glabrous. Stems densely branched at the base, 
the branches prostrate, forming small mats 2-10 cm. broad : leaf-blades oblong to oval, 3-9 
mm. long, obtuse, pellucid-punctate, on short petioles with dilated hyaline bases ; stipules 
becoming lacerate: flowers greenish, axillary, short-pedicelled : sepals 5, ovate: stamens 


3 or sometimes 1 or 2, alternate with the sepals: capsule subglobose, 1.5-2 mm. in diame- 
ter, apiculate. 


In sandy pine lands, peninsular Florida and California. Introduced from the West Indies. 


4. TRIÁNTHEMA L. 

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with a spreading habit. Stem com- 
monly branched at the base. Leaves opposite, those of each pair unequal, with stipules 
Flowers axillary. Sepals 5, petal-like, with horn-like appendages on the back below the 
apex. Stamens 5-6, or sometimes 10: filaments alternating with sepals when of the same 
number. Ovary 2-celled, or 1-celled by suppression, superior, truncate : styles usually 2, 
sometimes eccentric. Ovules few. Capsule turbinate to cylindric, tardily circumscissile, 
often leathery or corky above, with usually 2 marginal crests partly or wholly surrounding 
the oblique concave top. 


1. Trianthema Portulacástrum L. Perennial, fleshy, sometimes sparingly pubes- 
cent. Stems diffusely branched at the base, the branches often prostrate, 5-10 dm. long; 


PORTULACACEAE 413 


forking, often matted: leaf-blades suborbicular to broadly obovate, 0.5-2 cm. broad, 
rounded, notched or apiculate at the apex, contracted into petioles which are somewhat 
shorter than the blades, and clasping at the dilated bases: flowers sessile in the axils: 
sepals ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 mm. long, purple within, acuminate: capsule 3.5-5 mm. long, 
tipped by the persistent styles. [Trianthema monogyna L. ] 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida to Texas, Arizona, Lower California and Mexico. Also in the 


West Indies. ` 
5. SESUVIUM L. 

Annual or perennial spreading herbs or shrubby plants, with fleshy tissues. Leaves 
opposite, succulent, without stipules. Flowers axillary. Sepals 5, usually with horn-like 
appendages on the back below the apex. Stamens l-many, perigynous : filaments sometimes 
collected into groups. Ovary 3-5-celled, half-inferior. Styles 3-5, distinct, filiform. 
Ovules numerous. Fruit a circumscissile 3-5-valved capsule. Seeds several or many in 
each cavity. SEA PURSLANE. 


Stamens 5. 1. S. maritimum. 
Stamens numerous. 

Calyx 4-6 mm. long: sepals broadly ovate-oblong. 2, S. sessile. 

Calyx 8-10 mm. long: sepals narrowly oblong. 3. S. Portulacastrum. 


1. Sesuvium maritimum ( Walt.) B.S.P. Annual, stout, fleshy, glabrous. Stems 
more or less branched at the base, the branches spreading or ascending, 0.5-4 dm. long, 
forking: leaf-blades spatulate or obovate, 1-2.5 em. long, rounded or notched at the apex, 
short-petioled : flowers sessile in the axils, usually solitary, about 4 mm. broad : sepals 5, 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, hooded, the back prolonged into an appendage : stamens 5, 
Shorter than the ovary: capsule ovoid, 5 mm. long: seeds 0.7 mm. broad, shining. 
[Sesuvium pentandrum Ell. ] ; 

In sand on the coast, Long Island to Florida and Louisiana. Also in'Cuba. 

2. Sesuvium séssile Pers. Perennial, stout, fleshy, glabrous. Stems more or less 

diffusely branched at the base, the branches ascending or prostrate, 1-8 dm. long, forking: 
leaf-blades spatulate to spatulate-oblanceolate, 1-2.5 em. long, obtuse or acutish, on stout 
winged petioles which are dilated into somewhat clasping bases: flowers short-pedicelled, 
solitary in the axils: sepals ovate-oblong, 8-10 mm. long: stamens numerous: capsule ob- 
long, 6 mm. long: seeds 1 mm. broad, smooth. 
i m sandy beaches, river banks and saline plains, Kansas to California, Texas and Mexico, and in 
3. Sesuvium Portulacástrum L. Perennial, fleshy, glabrous. Stems usually dif- 
fusely branched at the base, the branches prostrate, often creeping, forming patches 2 m. 
broad : leaf-blades oblanceolate to oblong, 1.5—4 em. long, acute or acutish, the bases clasp- 
ing: flowers short-pedicelled, solitary in the axil: sepals broadly lanceolate, 7-10 mm. 
long, hooded, purple within, the back prolonged into an appendage: stamens numerous: 
capsule conie, 8-10 mm. long. 

On muddy and sandy shores, along the coast, North Carolina to Florida, and in the West Indies, 
Bermuda and the tropics. 

6. TETRAGONIA L. 

Annual or perennial fleshy herbs or shrubby plants, with branching stems. Leaves 
mainly opposite, succulent. Flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts. Sepals mostly 4, fleshy, 
erect or converging at maturity, obtuse. Corolla wanting. Stamens 1-many, perigynous : 
filaments, when numerous, somewhat collected into groups. Ovary 3-9-celled, half-in- 
ferior: styles 3-9, short, distinct. Ovule solitary in each cavity. Fruit indehiscent, a 
4-6-horned nut. Seed solitary, pendent, pear-shaped, estrophiolate, with a horseshoe- 
shaped embryo. 

1. Tetragonia expánsa Murr. Annual, succulent, usually papillose. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches spreading or procumbent : leaf-blades ovate, 2-6 cm. long, 
acutish or obtuse, entire, sometimes undulate, contracted into cuneate petioles: flowers 
nearly sessile : calyx yellowish green: sepals 4, spreading : ovary 5-9-celled : styles 5-9 : 
nuts cartilaginous, 8-12 mm. long, 4-6-horned, slightly flattened. 

In waste places and old fields, peninsular Florida. Also in California. Introduced from eastern 


Asia and New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND SPINACH. 
FAMILY 9. PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. PURSLANE FAMILY. 


Succulent herbs or partly shrubby plants, with fibrous roots rootstocks or 
corms. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades terete or flat. Flowers perfect, 


414 PORTULACACEAE 


regular, usually symmetrical. Perianth of two whorls. Calyx of 2 sepals. 
Corolla of 4 or 5 or rarely more hypogynous imbricated petals. Disk wanting. 
Androecium of as many hypogynous stamens as there are petals, or sometimes 
fewer, or more. Filaments slender. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. 
Gynoecium of several united carpels. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 2-5, distinct or 
united. Stigmas 2-5. Ovules 2-many, amphitropous. Fruit a membranous or 
crustaceous capsule, dehiscing usually by 3 valves, or circumscissile. Seeds 
2-many, with the embryo curved or coiled around the mealy endosperm. 


Ovary and capsule superior: capsule 3-valved. 
Sepals deciduous : stamens more numerous than the sepals or petals: capsules many-seeded. 


1. TALINUM. 
Sepals persistent : stamens as many as the sepals or petals: capsules few-seeded. 2. CLAYTONIA. 
Ovary and capsule wholly or partially inferior: capsule circumscissile. 3. PORTULACA. 


1. TALINUM Adans. 


Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with usually glabrous foliage. Stems very short or 
elongated, often surmounted by wire-like peduncles. Leaves fleshy, alternate or nearly 
opposite : blades flat or terete, entire: stipules wanting. Flowers axillary or variously dis- 
posed at the end of the scape, showy. Sepals 2, herbaceous deciduous. Petals 5 or more, 
early withering. Stamens usually more numerous than the petals: filaments filiform. 
Ovary superior: styles 3, more or less united. Ovules numerous in the cavity. Capsules 1- 
celled, parchment-like, 3-valved. Seeds flattened, somewhat reniform, with a shining testa. 
Flowers axillary. 


Leaves linear: stamens about 20: peduncles wanting or very short. 1. T. lineare. 
Leaves broadest above or below the middle: stamens about 25: peduncles about E 
as long as the pedicels. 2. T. aurantiacum. 


Flowers in terminal cymes, sometimes panicled. 
Leaves terete : flowers in terminal cymes. 


Capsules elliptic. 3. T. parviflorum. 
Capsules subglobose. 
Petals 5, less than 8 mm. long: stamens less than 25: capsules less than 6 
mm. long. 4. T. teretifolium. 
Petals 8-10. over 8 mm. long : stamens over 25 : capsules over 6 mm. long. 5. T. calycinum. 
Leaves flat: flowers in panicled cymes. 6. T. reflexum. 


1. Talinum lineàre H.B.K. Foliage glabrous. Stems slender, erect or ascending, 
simple or branched, 1-4 dm. tall: leaf-blades flattish, linear, 2-7 cm. long, acute or 
acutish, sessile or nearly so: flowers axillary : corolla yellow, 2-3 cm. broad: peduncles 
very short or wanting: pedicels 1-2 cm. long, curved in fruit: sepals ovate, 5 6 mm. long, 
acute: stamens about 20: capsule subglobose, 5-6 mm. long: seeds obovoid, 2 mm. long. 
with curved ridges which are finely transverse-wrinkled. 

In sandy soil, Texas and New Mexico to Mexico. Summer. 

2. Talinum aurantiacum Engelm. Foliage glabrous or puberulent. Stems simple 
and erect or branched below, the branches spreading, 1-5 dm. long: leaf-blades flattish, 
linear-lanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, sessile or nearly so : flowers axillary : 
corolla golden yellow to red, 2-2.3 cm. broad : peduncles slender, as long as the pedicels or 
shorter, recurved in fruit: sepals ovate, acuminate, 3-keeled : stamens about 25 : filaments 
red : style orange : capsule subglobose, 6 mm. long: seeds obovoid, 2 mm. long, slightly 
curved, with curved ridges and minute transverse wrinkles. 

In rocky soil and on prairies, Texas to New Mexico. Summer. 

3. Talinum parvifldrum Nutt. Foliage glabrous. Stems slender, very short, loosely 
tufted : leaf-blades terete, 2-5 cm. long, crowded : scapes solitary or tufted, wire-like, 1-2 
dm. tall, simple below, corymbosely branched above: peduncles very slender: bracts 
slightly prolonged backward: sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the petals: 
corolla pink, 8-10 mm. broad : stamens 5 : capsule elliptic, 3-4 mm. long. 

_In rocky soil, Minnesota to Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Summer. 

4. Talinum teretifdlium Pursh. Foliage glabrous. Stems short, more or less tufted, 
ongh : leaf-blades terete, crowded, 2-6 cm. long, acute: peduncles very slender : bracts 
conspicuously prolonged backward : sepals elliptic or ovate, 3-4 mm. long: corolla blue or 
purplish, 2-3 em. broad : stamens usually 15-20: capsule subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter : 
seeds 1 mm. broad, minutely wrinkled. 

In sandy soil or on rocks, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

5. Talinum calycinum Engelm. Foliage glabrous. Stems very short, more or less 
tufted : leaf-blades terete, 1-5 cm. long, acute: scapes wire-like, erect or ascending, 
em. tall, nearly simple or sparingly branched into a corymb above: peduncles very 


PORTULACACEAE 415 


slender: sepals 2, ovate-orbicular, about 5 mm. long, cuspidate: corolla pink, 2-3 cm. 
broad : stamens 30 or more: capsule subglobose, 6-7 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Arkansas to the Indian Territory, New Mexico, Texas and Mexico. Summer. 

6. Talinum refléxum Cav. Foliage glabrous. Stems erect, 2-9 dm. tall, stout 
below, wire-like above, where they are branched: leaf-blades flat, spatulate to elliptic, 
3-10 em. long, short-acuminate, undulate, short-petioled : peduncles filiform, diverging : 
sepals ovate or oval, 2-2.5 mm. long, concave : corolla rose to yellow, 6-8 mm. broad : petals 
5, oblong to cuneate-oblong : stamens often 12-15: capsule subglobose, 5 mm. in diameter : 
seeds about 1 mm. long, minutely tuberculate. [Talinum patens Willd. ] 


On dry hillsides, Florida and Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. Spring to fall.—The form that 
produces preeumbent branches, is T. reflexum sarmentósum ( Engelm.) Small [7. sarmentosum Engelm.]. 


2. CLAYTONIA L. 


Annual or perennial fleshy herbs, sometimes with tuber-like corms and generally gla- 
brous foliage. Stems more or less tufted, commonly simple. Leaves basal and cauline, 
alternate or opposite, various, without stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or cymes. 
Sepals 2, herbaceous, persistent, distinct. Petals 5. Stamens 5, opposite the petals and 
adnate to their bases: filaments slender. Ovary free: styles 3, mostly united: stigmas 
minute. Ovules few in a cavity. Capsule 1-celled, becoming membranous, 3-valved, often 
3-angled. Seeds few, flattened, reniform. SPRING BEAUTY. 

Leaves of an elliptie or oblong type, mostly less than 7 em. long. 1. C. Caroliniana. 
Leaves of a linear type, mostly over 7 em. long. 2. C. Virginica. 

1. Claytonia Caroliniàna Michx. Corm subglobose. Stems tufted, 0.5-2 dm. long, 
erect or spreading, simple: leaf-blades ovate to narrowly oblong, 2.5-7 cm. long, obtuse 
or acutish, narrowed at the base into petioles: racemes 2-10 cm. long: pedicels 1-4 em. 
long, inclined to one side: sepals ovate or oval to suborbicular, 6-9 mm. long, obtuse : 
petals oblong, white to pink, 10-12 mm. long, obtuse, delicately veined : capsule oval, 
3-4 mm. long, 3-angled : seeds lenticular, about 2 mm. broad, black, smooth, shining. 

In woods, chiefly on the mountains, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, North Carolina, Ten- 
nessee and Missouri, Spring and early summer. 

2. Claytonia Virginica L. Corm globose or irregular. Stems more or less tufted, 
erect or spreading, 0.5-2.5 dm. long, simple: leaf-blades linear or nearly so, 7-12 em. 
long, acute or acutish : racemes 0.5-1.5 dm. long, loosely flowered : pedicels 1-3 em. long, 
inclined to one side: sepals ovate, leathery, 5-7 mm. long: petals oblong, 8-10 mm. long, 
usually notched at the apex, white or pink, delicately veined : capsule globose-obovoid, 3 
mm. high, slightly 3-angled: seeds lenticular, 2 mm. broad, smooth, shining. 

In woods, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, Georgia and Texas. Spring. 


3. PORTULACA L. 


Annual or perennial fleshy herbs, with simple or diffusely branched stems. Leaves 
alternate or nearly opposite, flat to terete, furnished with scarious or bristle-like stipules. 
Flowers perfect, of various colors, sometimes subtended by an involucre. Sepals 2, decid- 
uous. Petals 4-6, usually 5, fugacious. Stamens 8-many, inserted with the petals: fila- 
ments slender. Ovary partly or wholly inferior: styles 3-8, slender. Ovules numerous. 
Capsule 1-celled, membranous, opening by a cap. Seeds more or less flattened, reniform or 
cochleate, with a smooth or minutely tuberculate testa. 


Leaf-blades terere or nearly so. more or less hairy in the axils. 
Annual or usually so: lid of capsule ovoid or hemispheric. 


Corolla over 2 em. broad. 1. P. grandiflora. 
Corolla less than 1.5 cm. broad. 2. P. pilosa. 
Perennial or usually so: lid of capsule depressed. 3. P. halimoides. 


af blades flat, glabrous in the axils or nearly so. 
etals acute: capsule with a crown-like border near the mouth. 
Upper leaf-blades broadest below the middle. 4. P. coronata, 
P per leaf-blades broadest above the middle. 5. P. lanceolata. 
etals notehed : capsule without a crown-like border. 
Stems or branches prostrate: sepals acute : styles 5-7: seeds granulate. 6. P. oleracea. 
Stems or branches ascending: sepals obtuse : styles 3-4: seeds tuberculate. 7. P. retusa. 


l. Portulaca grandiflóra Hook. Annual, bright green. Stems often branched at 
the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 0.5-3 dm. long, more or less villous-pilose 
especially near the nodes: leaves somewhat clustered ; blades terete, 1-2.5 em. long, blunt, 
with stout petioles about 1 mm. long: flowers usually solitary : sepals 2, ovate, 10-15 mm. 
long, acute or slightly acuminate, one at least horned back of the apex: corolla pink, 


416 ALSINACEAE 


red, yellow or white, 2.5-5 cm. broad: petals cuneate or obovate, notched at the apex : 
capsules 3-5 mm. high. 

In waste places and cultivated grounds, naturalized in eastern North America. Native of South 
America. SUN-PLANT. 

2. Poituláca pildsa L. Annual, more or less villous. Stems sparingly or diffusely 
branched, 0.5-2 dm. long, green, ascending, or the branches spreading : leaves numerous ; 
blades nearly terete, linear-subulate, 1-2 cm. long : flowers sessile : sepals narrowly oblong : 
corolla pink, 1.5-2 em. broad: petals ovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse: stamens 15-25: 
capsules 4-7 mm. high. 

In dry soil, North Carolina to Arizona, Florida and Mexico. Also in the tropics. Spring to fall. 

3. Portulaca halimoides L.  Perennial or usually so, from a stout fleshy root. 
Stems erect or diffuse, corymbosely branched, the young branches copiously hairy: leaves 
few, the upper approximate ; blades slightly flattened, 5-12 mm. long, acute: flowers 
clustered : corolla yellow : stamens 8-12: capsules 2.5-3.5 mm. high, the lid depressed, 
much shorter than the basal portion. 

Insand, Florida Keys. Alsoin the West Indies. Spring to winter. 

4. Portulaca coronàta Small. Annual, glabrous. Stems simple and erect or dif- 
fusely branched, like the branches, usually deep pink or magenta : leaves rather numerous, 
alternate ; blades flat but thick, mostly 1-1.5 cm. long, sessile, the lower ones usually ob- 
lanceolate, the upper oblong or oblong-lanceolate : flowers clustered at the ends of the club- 
shaped branches : sepals triangular, 2 mm. long: corolla about 5 mm. broad : petals ovate 
or oblong-ovate, 2 mm. long, 5-7-nerved : stamens 11 or 12: capsules hemispheric or turbi- 
nate-hemispheric, about 5 mm. high, the lower portion surmounted by a free edge, the lid 
rather low, not crested. 

In sand, Little Stone Mountain, Georgia. Fall. 

5. Portulaca lanceolàta Engelm. Annual, glabrous. Stems erect, or branched and 
somewhat diffuse, green : leaves rather few ; blades flat, mostly 1-2 em. long, sessile, the 
lower spatulate and obtuse, the upper oblanceolate to oblong, often acute : flowers clustered 
at the ends of the branches : sepals ovate: corolla yellow, orange or reddish : petals spatu- 
late or obovate: stamens 7-27 : capsules with a turbinate base surmounted by a narrow 
crown, and a flattish lid. 

On granite rocks, Texas to Arizona. Summer. 


6. Portulaca oleracea L. Annual, stout, fleshy. Stems usually branched at the base, 
the branches spreading radially, prostrate, 1-6 dm. long, forking: leaves fleshy ; blades 
cuneate or obovate, 1-3 em. long, rounded at the apex : buds flattened, acute : flowers ses- 
sile, opening on sunny mornings : sepals rather acute, keeled : petals yellow : stamens 7-12: 
styles 5-6, slightly united : capsules 5-9 mm. high. 


_In waste places, nearly throughout North America. Also in Central and South America and nat- 
uralized in the Old World. Spring to fall. PURSLANE. PUSsSLEY. DUCKWEED. 


7. Portulaca retüsa Engelm. Annual, stout, glabrous, similar to P. oleracea in 
habit, but rather more slender. Leaf-blades cuneate, 1-2.5 cm. long, mostly retuse or 
emarginate at the apex: sepals rather obtuse, carinate-winged : petals smaller than those 
of P. oleracea: stamens about 15: styles 3-4, well united: capsules 5-6 mm. high. 

In sandy soil, Arkansas to Texas and New Mexieo. Summer. 


FAMILY 10. ALSINACEAE Wahl. CHICKWEED FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby at the base, with a watery 
sap. Stems often diffusely branched. Leaves opposite, with or without stipules : 
blades various, entire. Flowers mostly perfect, sometimes incomplete.  Perianth 
usually of 2 series. Calyx of 4-5 persistent distinct or nearly distinct sepals. 
Corolla of 4-5 clawless petals, or wanting. Androecium of twice as many 
stamens as there are sepals or fewer. Filaments distinct or cohering below. 
Anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. 
Ovary 1-celled or rarely 2-5-celled. Styles 2-5. Ovules several or many, 
amphitropous or campylotropous, on a central column. Fruit a capsule, open- 
ing by valves, these sometimes tooth-like. Embryo more or less curved in the 
endosperm, usually with incumbent cotyledons. 


Styles partially united. 1. LOEFLINGIA. 
Styles distinet. 
A. Stipules present. 
a. Leaves merely opposite by pairs. 
Flowers in terminal clusters. 2. STIPULICIDA. 
Flowers solitary in the axils. 3. TISSA. 


ALSINACEAE 417 


b. Leaves whorled. 


Styles 5: stamens 5-10: capsules 5-valved. 4. SPERGULA. 
Styles 3: stamens 3-5: capsules 3-valved. 5. POLYCARPON. 
B. Stipules wanting. 
Petals entire, toothed or slightly notched. 
Styles as many as the sepals. 6. SAGINA. 
Styles fewer than the sepals. 
Petals toothed: flowers in umbel-like cymes. > 7. HOLOSTEUM. 
Petals Suure or emarginate: flowers in dichotomous or capitate cymes, or 
solitary. 
Capsules opening by as many valves as there are styles. 8. ALSINOPSIS. 
Capsules opening by twice as many valves as there are styles. 9. ARENARIA. 
Petals 2-cleft or 2-parted. 
Capsules relatively short, ovoid or oblong. 10. ALSINE. 
Capsules relatively long, eylindric. 11. CERASTIUM. 


1. LOEFLINGIA I. 


Low annual herbs, with glandular foliage. Stems diffusely branched. Leaves oppo- 
site, subulate or bristle-like, with stipules. Flowers solitary or clustered in the axils, in- 
conspicuous. Sepals 5, rigid, sometimes awn-tipped, keeled, the outer ones often with a 
tooth on each side. Petals 3-5, minute, or wanting. Stamens 3-5, perigynous : filaments 
longer than the anthers. Ovary 1-celled, triangular: styles partially united. Capsule 
shorter than the calyx, 3-valved. Seeds laterally attached, each with a slightly curved 
embryo and accumbent cotyledons. 


1. Loeflingia Texana Hook. Annual, glandular-pilose. Stem usually branched at 
the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, forking, with en- 
larged nodes: leaves firm, subulate, 4-8 mm. long, very sharp at the apex, spreading : 
flowers sessile, inconspicuous : sepals subulate-lanceolate, somewhat shorter than the leaves, 
long-attenuate, the 3 outer with a bristle-like tooth on either side, each terminating in a 
short bristle-like apex: petals much smaller than the sepals or wanting : capsules oblong, 
3 mm. long, 3-angled : seeds 0.3 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Nebraska to Texas. Spring. 


2. STIPULICIDA Michx. 


Slender perennial herbs, with scape-like stems. Leaves various: basal with normal 
blades: cauline reduced to scales: stipules pectinate or fringed. Flowers in terminal 
clusters. Sepals 5, scarious-margined, obtuse and often emarginate. Petals 5, broadened 
upward, persistent, often 2-toothed near the base. Stamens 3, opposite the inner sepals. 
Ovary 1-celled : styles 3. Capsule about as broad as long, 3-valved. Seeds numerous. 


Stems or branches filiform: flowers solitary or 2-3 in a cluster: petals constricted at ue S aiforn x 
. D. ormis. 
Stems or branches wire-like: flowers 3-6 in a cluster: petals spatulate. 2. S. eaten. 

l. Stipulicida filifórmis Nash. Stems branched at the base, the branches ascending 
or spreading, 1-2 dm. long, almost filiform, diffusely forked above: leaves basal, decid- 
uous; blades suborbieular, acute, about 4 mm. broad, shorter than the petioles: flowers 
solitary or 2-3 together, sessile or nearly so : sepals narrowly obovate, notched at the apex, 
about 1 mm. long, hyaline-margined : petals linear-oblong, slightly longer than the sepals, 
constricted at the middle, notched at the apex, ciliate-toothed near the base : capsules sub- 
globose, shorter than the sepals, obscurely 3-angled. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida to Mississippi. Spring to fall. 

2. Stipulicida setàcea Michx. Stems branched at the base, the branches wire-like, 
erect or ascending, 4-15 cm. tall, forking: leaves mainly basal; blades spatulate, elliptic 
or orbicular, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate ; petioles longer than the blades : stipules 
forming a bristly mass : bracts subulate, 1-4 mm. long: pedicels very short or the lower 

owers sessile: sepals oblong-obovate, 2 mm. long, hyaline-margined : petals spatulate, 
slightly longer than the sepals : capsules subglobose, a little over 1 mm. in diameter. 

In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring. 


3. TISSA Adans 


Low annual, biennial or perennial herbs, with rather succulent tissues and diffusely 
branched stems. Leaves opposite, with small ones often clustered in the axils: blades 
narrow, with scarious stipules. Flowers in terminal racemose cymes. Sepals 5, persistent. 


27 


415 ALSINACEAE 


Petals 5, or rarely fewer or wanting, pink or whitish, entire. Stamens 2 or often 10: 
filaments slender. Ovary 1-celled: styles 3 or rarely 5. Capsule 3-valved to the base, 
the valves alternate with the sepals, rarely 5-valved. Seeds often margined, smooth or 
tuberculate. The plants flower from spring to fall. SAND Spurry. 

Species of sandy banks of the interior: plants scarcely fleshy. 


Corolla much longer than the sepals. 1. T. bracteata. 
Corolla wanting, or of 1-3 minute petals. 2. T. gracilis. 
Species of maritime or saline habitats: plants decidedly fleshy. 3. T. marina. 


1. Tissa bracteata (Robinson) Small. Annual, slender, almost glabrous or viscid- 
pubescent. Stem branched at the base, the branches wire-like, spreading or procumbent, 4-15 
cm. long, forking: leaves fleshy, linear-filiform, 0.5-2 cm. long: pedicels filiform, 4-6 
mm. long : sepals ovate, about 2-3 mm. long, obtuse, hyaline-margined : corolla pink or 
whitish, 4.5-6.5 mm. broad: stamens usually 2 or 3: capsules ovoid, slightly longer than 
the sepals : seeds usually roughened, 0.5 mm. broad. [Spergularia salsuginea var. bracteata 
Robinson. ] 

In sandy soil, Texas. Also from Washington to California. 

2. Tissa gracilis (S. Wats.) Britton. Annual, slender, glabrous. Stem diffusely 
branched at the base, the branches erect or spreading, 4-15 em. long, forking: leaves fili- 
form, 3-10 mm. long, acute; stipules deltoid: pedicels 4-7 mm. long: sepals ovate or 
elliptic-ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse, hyaline-margined : corolla 2-2.5 mm. broad : petals 
surpassing the sepals: capsules ovoid, 4~} longer than the sepals: seeds 0.4 mm. thick, 
minutely roughened. 

In sandy soil, Texas and southern California. 

3. Tissa marina (L.) Britton. Annual or biennial, stoutish, glabrous or pubescent. 
Stem branched at the base, the branches decumbent, 1-2 dm. long, forking: leaves fleshy, 
linear, 1~3 cm. long, sometimes fascicled ; stipules ovate: pedicels slender, 0.5-1.5 cm. 
long : sepals ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse, hyaline-margined : corolla 
pink or reddish, 2-4 mm. broad: capsules ovoid, slightly longer than the sepals or some- 
times twice as long: seeds smooth or minutely roughened, each with a broad wing. 


In sandy soil along the coast, New Brunswick to Floridaand Texas. Also in saline soil in the 
interior and on the Pacific coast. 


4. SPÉRGULA L. 


Diffuse annual herbs, with somewhat succulent tissues. Leaves numerous, often 
apparently whorled and commonly clustered, thick, narrow, with stipules. Flowers in 
terminal cymes. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, white, surpassing the sepals. Stamens 
10, or rarely 5: filaments very short. Ovary 1-celled: styles 5. Capsule 5-valved, often 
surpassing the calyx, the valves opposite the sepals. Spurry. CORN SPURRY. 


1. Spergulaarvénsis L. Foliage glabrous or pubescent. Stems more or less diffusely 
branched at the base, the branches usually simple below the wide-spreading terminal 
dichotomous cyme: leaves clustered, apparently whorled, linear-filiform, 1-3 cm. long: 
pedicels filiform, often deflexed in fruit: sepals oblong or oblong-ovate, 3.5-5 mm. long, 
obtuse : petals equalling or slightly surpassing the sepals: capsules globose-ovoid, 6-7 mm. 
long, surpassing the sepals: seeds slightly over 1 mm. broad, minutely roughened, nar- 
rowly winged. 

In fields and waste places, throughout eastern North America. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. 


5. POLYCARPON L. 


Low annual herbs, with branching stems. Leaves opposite or four in a whorl : blades 
flat. Flowers inconspicuous, in more or less compound cymes. Sepals 5, entire, keeled, 
scarious-margined. Petals 5, shorter than the sepals, sometimes emarginate. Stamens 
3-5: filaments short. Ovary 1-celled: styles 2-3. Capsule 3-valved, often surpassed by 
the calyx. Seeds several, with the embryo merely curved. 


1. Polycarpon tetraphyllum L. f. Foliage glabrous. Stems usually much 
branched at the base, the branches forking, 2-12 cm. long: leaves spatulate to oval, 0.5- 
1.5 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, in whorls of 4 below, opposite above: pedicels 1-3 mm. 
long: sepals less than 1.5 mm. long, hooded, the keel prolonged into a tip: petals shorter 
than the sepals, emarginate : capsules broadly ovoid, much shorter than the sepals: seeds 
0.4 mm. long. 


In waste places and woods, South Carolina to Alabama, and in California. Also widely distrib- 
uted in other parts of the world. Spring to fall. 


+ 


ALSINACEAE 419 


6. SAGINA L. 

Low often matted annual or perennial herbs, with slender stems. Leaves opposite, 
subulate or filiform, without stipules. Flowers on more or less elongated axillary pedi- 
cels. Sepals 4-5, persistent. Petals 4-5, entire or notched, white or greenish, or wanting. 
Stamens usually 5, sometimes 3-10: filaments slender. Ovary l-celled. Styles as many 
as there are sepals. Capsule 4—5-valved, the valves opposite the sepals. Seeds several or 
many. PEARLWORT. 

Sepals and petals mostly 4: petals much shorter than the sepals. 1. S. procumbens. 
Sepals and petals mostly 5: petals as long as the sepals or nearly so. 2. S. decumbens. 

1. Sagina procúmbens L. Annual, slender, glabrous. Stem branched at the base, 
the branches prostrate, 2-12 cm. long, simple or sparingly forked: leaves linear-filiform, 
0.5-1.5 em. long: pedicels filiform, 1-2 cm. long: sepals usually 4, oval, 1.5-2 mm. long, 
obtuse: petals 4, much shorter than the sepals: stamens 4: capsule ovoid, somewhat sur- 
passing the sepals. 


On sandy shores, Greenland to Labrador, Newfoundland, Michigan and North Carolina. Also in 
Europe, Asia, Mexico and South America. Spring and summer. 


2. Sagina decumbens (El.) T. & G. Annual, slender, glabrous or nearly so. 
Stem more or less branched at the base, the branches erect or decumbent, 2-15 cm. long, 
wiry or filiform, simple or forked : leaves linear-filiform, 0.5-1.5 cm. long: pedicels fili- 
form, erect or ascending, 1-2 cm. long: sepals 5, oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, obtuse: 
petals 5, as long as the sepals or nearly so: stamens 10 : capsule elliptic-ovoid, about 3 mm. 
long, nearly 3 longer than the sepals. 

In sandy soil, Massachusetts to Illinois, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


7. HOLÓSTEUM L. 


Annual rather tender caulescent herbs, with sparingly leafy stems and relatively long 
peduncles. Leaves opposite: blades spreading or recurved. Flowers perfect, in terminal 
umbel-like cymes. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, finely toothed or emarginate. Stamens 
9 or 3, erect or nearly so. Ovary 1-celled : styles 3. Capsule cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, 
surpassing the sepals, opening by 6 apical valves. Seeds flattened. 

1. Holosteum umbellatum L. Plant glabrous, or somewhat glandular-pubescent 
above and sparingly hairy below. Stems simple and erect or branched at the base, the 
branches more or less spreading, 0.8-4 dm. tall: leaves various, the basal with oblong or 
oblanceolate blades, the cauline with oblong to lanceolate entire sessile blades 1-3 cm. 
long: umbel-like cyme 2-9-flowered: pedicels spreading in all directions, 1-3 em. long: petals 
white: capsules ovoid-cylindric, 5-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the sepals. 

d In wane places and cultivated grounds, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Georgia. Spring. JAGGED 
HICKWEED. 


8. ALSINÓPSIS Small. 


Annual or perennial herbs, commonly with tufted stems. Leaves opposite, sometimes 
clustered, without stipules : blades subulate or fleshy, or sometimes flat, but narrow. Flowers 
solitary in the axils or in terminal cymes. Sepals 5, often fleshy. Petals 5, white, entire 
or emarginate. Stamens usually 10: filaments slender. Ovary l-celled : styles normally 3. 
Capsules somewhat longer than broad, opening by as many valves as there are styles. Seeds 
several or numerous. [ Alsine Wahl., not L.] 


Leaves herbaceous or fleshy. 
Sepals not ribbed, scarcely nerved. 
Mature sepals 4-5 mm. long. 
af-blades linear or linear-oblong. 


Leaf-blades mostly less than 2 mm. broad : sepals ovate or oval. 1. A. uniflora. 
Leaf-blades mostly over 3 mm. broad : sepals lanceolate. 2. A. Nuttallii. 
Leaf-blades filiform to subulate. 3. A. Groenlandica. 


Mature sepals 2-3 mm. long. 
Basal and lower stem-leaves mostly less than 1 em. long: upper stem- 
leaves and bracts minute or subulate. "o 
Basal and lower stem-leaves mostly over 1 em. long: upper stem-leaves 
: and bracts linear. v ae corse 
Sepals strongly 3-5-ribbed. se Lome owes 
Leaves rigid, subulate or bristle-like. 
Leaves clustered in the axils. 
Sepals narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long. 
Sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long. 
Leaves densely imbricated. 


A. Texana. 
A. stricta. 
A. Caroliniana. 


fom 


420 ALSINACEAE 


1. Alsinopsis unifldra ( Walt.) Small. Annual, slender, glabrate. Stem weak, decum- 
bent or ascending, 1-3 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched: leaves few; blades linear, 
1-4 em. long, acute, sessile: pedicels filiform, elongated, 2-8 cm. long: flowers terminal 
and solitary on small plants, axillary and terminal on more robust plants: sepals lanceolate, 
4-5 mm. long, acute, minutely pubescent: petals linear-cuneate, twice as long as the 
sepals, notched at the apex : capsules ovoid, slightly shorter than the sepals: seeds about 
0.5 mm. broad. [Stellaria uniflora Walt. ] 

In meadows or springy places, North Carolina to Alabama and Florida. Spring. 

2. Alsinopsis Nuttállii (T. &G.) Small. Annual, more or less densely glandular- 
pilose. Stem simple or branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 0.5-2 dm. 
tall, often forking above: leaves few ; blades linear or linear-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse 
or acutish, sessile: pedicels 1-2 em. long: buds drooping: flowers 1-1.5 em. broad : sepals 
ovate or oval, about 5 mm. long, obtuse, glandular-pilose and ciliate: petals oblong- 
cuneate, deeply emarginate, delicately striate, each contracted into a short claw : capsules 
ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, slightly acuminate : seeds 1 mm. broad. [Stel'aria Nuttallii T. & G.] 

On moist prairies, Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas, Spring. 

3. Alsinopsis Groenláudica (Retz.) Small. Annual or perennial, rather fleshy, 
glabrous. Stems tufted, 3-20 em. tall, erect or decumbent, sparingly forked : leaf-blades 
filiform to subulate, 0.3-1.5 em. long, the basal in a dense cluster, the cauline in several 
pairs : pedicels filiform, 0.5-1.5 em. long : sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, 
obtuse, with scarious margins: petals obovate, about twice as long as the sepals, rounded or 
notched at the apex : capsules ovoid, or rarely subglobose or nearly oblong, 5-6 mm. long, 
obtuse : seeds nearly 1 mm. broad. [Stellaria Groenlandica Retz. ] 

In rocky soil, Greenland to Maine and New Jersey. Also in the mountains of New York, Penn- 
sylvania and North Carolina. Spring and summer. 

4. Alsinopsis brevifólia (Nutt. ) Small. Annual, very slender, glabrous. Stems erect 
or ascending, often tufted, simple below or branched at the base, the branches often forked, 
wire-like, 2-12 cm. tall: leaves fleshy ; the basal with linear-spatulate blades, 8-12 mm. 
long ; the stem-leaves with minute or subulate terete blades 2-6 mm. long, acutish, ses- 
sile: pedicels very slender, 1-3 cm. long: sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3 mm. long, obtuse, 
hyaline-margined, forming a turbinate-campanulate calyx with a flat base: corolla white, 
about 8 mm. broad : petals spatulate, 5 mm. long, fluted, emarginate, yellowish at the base : 
capsules oblong or oblong-ovoid, 4 mm. long, acuminate. [Arenaria brevifolia Nutt. ] 

On granite rocks, North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 

5. Alsinopsis glàbra ( Michx.) Small. Annualor perennial, slender, glabrous. Stems 
usuallv tufted, erect or ascending, 0.5-3 dm. tall, wire-like, forking, often bushy: leaf- 
blades narrowly linear or nearly filiform, 1-2.5 em. long, obtuse or acutish : pedicels fili- 
form, 1-4 em. long: sepals oblongor ovate-oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse, hyaline-margined, 
nerveless : petals spatulate, about twice as long as the sepals: capsules ovoid, 3 mm. long, 
slightly surpassing the sepals : seeds'about 1 mm. broad. [Arenaria glabra Michx.] 

In eliffs on the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer. 

6. Alsinopsis pátula (Michx.) Small. Annual, slender, often puberulent. Stems 
tufted, more or less branched at the base, the branches wire-like or filiform, 4-30 cm. tall, 
forking: leaves fleshy; blades linear or filiform, 1-4 cm. long, spreading: pedicels 
slender, 0.5-4 cm. long: sepals lanceolate, 3.5-5 mm. long, acuminate, usually slightly 
glandular, with 3-5 hard rib-like nerves: petals white, about twice as long as the sepals, 
retuse or notched at the apex: capsules ovoid-oblong, about as long as the sepals, the 
valves obtuse : seeds about 0.5 mm. broad, minutely tuberculate. [Arenaria patula Michx. ] 

In rocky woods, Minnesota to Alabama and Texas. Spring. 

7. Alsinopsis Texàna (Robinson) Small. Perennial, slender, glabrous. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches tufted, forking above, often densely leafy below the 
middle: leaves firm ; blades subulate, 0.5-1 cm. long, straight or slightly curved : pedicels 
slender, 0.5-1.5 em. long: sepals narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, long-acuminate with 
3 hard rib-like nerves: petals white, 6-8 mm. long: capsules much shorter than the 
sepals: seeds 0.8 mm. broad. [Arenaria stricta var. Terana Robinson. ] 

On rocky hillsides, Kansas to Texas. Spring and summer. 

8. Alsinopsis strícta (Michx.) Small. Perennial, slender, glabrous. Stems diffusely 
branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, or sometimes decumbent, 1-3 dm. 
long, simple or sparingly forked above, commonly leafy to the middle : leaves firm, often 
fascicled ; blades linear-subulate, 8-15 cm. long, curved, sessile: pedicels filiform, 0.5-4 
cm. long: sepals firm, ovate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, acuminate, 3-nerved : petals narrowly 
obovate, about twice as long as the sepals, rounded at the apex: capsules ovoid, about 
equalling the sepals in length : seeds 1 mm. broad. . [Arenaria stricta Michx. ] 

On rocky hillsides or cliffs, Vermont to Minnesota and South Carolina. Spring and summer. 


ALSINACEAE 421 


9. Alsinopsis Caroliniana ( Walt.) Small. Perennial, tufted, slender. Stems much 
branched at the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 0.5-3 dm. tall, very leafy below, 
glandular, often viscid and nearly naked above, the scape-like portion sparingly forking near 
the top: leaves firm ; blades linear-subulate, 0.5-1 em. long, acute, channeled above, ses- 
sile, imbricated on the lower part of the branches: cymes few-flowered : pedicels slender, 
1-5 em. long : sepals ovate, 2.5 mm. long, obtuse : petals oblanceolate, about thrice as long 
as the sepals, rounded at the apex : capsules ovoid, nearly twice as long as the sepals: seeds 
0.5 mm. broad. [Arenaria squarrosa Michx. ] 


On sand hills and in pine lands, New York to Florida. Spring and summer. 


9. ARENARIA L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with more or less diffusely 
branched stems. Leaves opposite, sometimes clustered, without stipules: blades flattened 
or merely subulate or filiform. Flowers in open or capitate cymes or solitary in the 
axils. Sepals 5, often ribbed. Petals 5, white, entire or rarely notched, occasionally 
wanting. Stamens normally 10: filaments slender. Ovary 1-celled: styles 3, or rarely 
2-5. Capsule globose to oblong, opening by twice as many tooth-like valves as there are 
styles. Seeds numerous, sometimes flattened. SANDWORT. 

Plants annual. 


Sepals pubescent: pedicels less than 13 mm. long. 1. A. serpyllifolia. 
Sepals glabrous: pedicels over 13 mm. long. 2. A. Benthamit. 
Plants perennial. 3. A. lanuginosa. 


l. Arenaria serpyllifdlia L. Annual, slender, puberulent and roughish, bright 
green. Stem diffusely branched, the branches spreading, 1-4 dm. long, at length wire- 
like: leaf-blades ovate or broadly elliptic, 2-6 mm. long, short-acuminate, with very 
minute spine-like cilia, narrowed at the base, sessile or mainly so: sepals 5, lanceolate, 
3-4 mm. long, acuminate, with broad hyaline margins and spine-like hairs on the back : 
petals oblong-ovate, 2 mm. long, obtuse, white, shorter than the sepals, clawed : anthers 
lilac: capsules conie, 2.5-4 mm. long, yellowish green, slightly constricted above the 
middle, the valves lanceolate. 

.In dry soil or waste places, throughout North America, except northern British America. Nat- 
uralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Spring. 

2. Arenaria Benthámii Fenzl. Annual, slender, bright green. Stems more or less 
branched at the base, the branches wire-like, erect or ascending, 0.5-1.5 dm. tall, forking, 
pubescent in lines: leaf-blades thickish, the lower ones spatulate or elliptic-spatulate, 
petioled, the upper ones oblong or elliptic, sessile, all acute, sparingly ciliate : pedicels 
filiform, 1.5-3 em. long: sepals ovate, 2.5 mm. long, acutish : petals elliptic, nearly as 
long as the sepals, slightly acuminate at the apex: capsules ovoid, about 3 mm. long, 
acutish : seeds reniform, about 0.6 mm. broad, minutely tuberculate. 

On rocky hillsides, Texas. Spring. 


3. Arenaria lanugindsa (Michx.) Rohrb. Perennial, slender, light green. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches spreading, prostrate, 3-13 dm. long, forking, more or less 
pubescent with hooked hairs: leaf-blades narrowly elliptic or linear-spatulate, 1-2 cm. 
long, acute, sessile or short-petioled : pedicels filiform, 1.5-4 cm. long: sepals lanceolate, 
2.5-3.5 mm. long, acute : petals 1—5, shorter than the sepals or none: capsules ovoid, about 
as long as the sepals: seeds 0.8 mm. long, shining. [Arenaria diffusa Ell] 


In shaded situations, North Carolina to Texas and Florida. Spring to fall. 


10. ALSINE L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with weak spreading stems. Leaves opposite: blades nar- 
row or dilated. Flowers in more or less open cymes. Sepals 5 or 4, not ribbed. Petals 
5 or 4, white, 2-cleft or 2-parted, rarely wanting. Stamens 10 or fewer, hypogynous : fila- 
ments slender. Ovary l-celled : styles 3 or 4, or rarely 5, usually opposite the sepals. 
Capsule relatively short, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles. Seeds flat- 
tened or globose. [Stellaria L.] CnrckwEED. STARWORT. SrITCHWORT. 


Styles 5. 1. A. aquatica. 
Styles 3 or rarely 4. 
A. Corolla present. 
a. Leaf-blades manifestly petioled. : : 
Petals shorter than the sepals: sepals mostly over 3 mm. long. os media. nae 
Petals longer than the sepals: sepals mostly less than 3 mm. long. 3. A. Baldwinii. 


422 ALSINACEAE 


b. Leaf-blades, at least those of the upper leaves, sessile. 


Seeds smooth. 4. A. longifolia. 
Seeds rough. 
Sepals obtuse: petals longer than the sepals. 5. A. pubera. 
Sepals acute or acuminate: petals about as long as the sepals. 6. A. Tennesseensis. 
B. Corolla wanting. 7. A. fontinalis. 


1. Alsine aquatica (L.) Britton. Perennial, stout. Stem erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. 
tall, angled, forking above, usually villous and more or less glandular above : leaves few ; 
blades ovate or oblong-ovate, sometimes ovate-lanceolate, 3-6 mm. long, acute or acuminate 
at the apex, truncate or cordate at the base, the upper ones sessile, the lower ones petioled : 
pedicels 2-3 cm. long, glandular-pilose like the calyx : sepals ovate, 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, 
scarious-margined : petals 13-2 times as long as the sepals, 2-cleft, the segments linear: 
capsules slightly longer than the sepals : seeds tuberculate. 

In woods and waste places, Ontario and British Columbia, and in the eastern states to Pennsyl- 
vania and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 

2. Alsine média L. Annual or sometimes perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stem 
much branched, prostrate, sometimes creeping, 1-3 dm. long, forking: leaves opposite; 
blades ovate, 0.5-2 cm. long, acute; petioles longer than the blades or shorter : flowers 
slender-pedicelled : sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, rather obtuse : petals shorter 
than the sepals, 2-parted nearly to the base, the segments linear-oblong, obtuse: stamens 
shorter than the petals: capsules elliptic or oval, about as long as the sepals : seeds flattened, 
about 1 mm. broad. 

In all situations throughout North America, except the extreme north, mainly naturalized from 
Europe. Almost universally distributed. Throughout the year. CHICKWEED. 

3. Alsine Baldwínii Small. . Annual, slender, pubescent or nearly glabrous. 
Stem diffusely branched, the branches prostrate, 1-6 dm. long, forking : leaves usually 
numerous ; blades ovate, semetimes as broad as long, 0.5-2 em. long, acute or acuminate, 
truncate or cordate ; petioles longer than the blades except those of the upper leaves: pedi- 
cels filiform, 1-3 em. long : sepals ovate, 2-3 mm. long: petals about twice as long as the 
sepals: capsules ovoid, surpassing the sepals: seeds 1 mm. long, minutely tuberculate, 
especially on the edges. [Stellaria prostrata Baldw., not Alsine prostrata Forsk. ] 

In moist and shaded soil and rocky woods, Georgia to Texas and Florida. Alsoin Mexico. Spring. 


4. Alsine longifólia ( Muhl.) Britton. Annual or perennial, glabrous or nearly so. 
Stem commonly simple below the inflorescence, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, erect or reclining, some- 
times rough-angled : leaves relatively few ; blades narrowly linear to narrowly linear-lan- 
ceolate, 1.5-7 em. long, or often reduced to scales at the base of the stem: cymes becoming 
widely branched: sepals lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, acute, 3-nerved: petals as long as 
the sepals or somewhat longer: capsules oblong-ovoid, about twice as long as the sepals : 
seeds smooth and shining. 

_ In swamps and low meadows, Nova Scotia to Alaska, Maryland, Louisiana, the Rocky Mountain 
region and British Columbia. Spring and summer. 

5. Alsine pübera (Michx. ) Britton. Perennial, sparingly pilose or glabrate. Stem 
more ox less diffusely branched at the base, the branches erect or decumbent, 1-3 dm. 
long, forking, accompanied later in the season by long sterile shoots bearing large leaves: 
leaf-blades ovate, oblong or elliptic, or the lower ones sometimes spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, 
or those on shoots 5-10 cm. long, obtuse or acute, usually ciliate, sessile or nearly so: 
pedicels 1-3 cm. long: sepals ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, obtuse: petals 
slightly longer than the sepals, cleft to the middle or nearly to the base, the segments acut- 
ish: capsules globose-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, much shorter than the sepals: seeds nearly 1.5 
mm. long. 

In woods, Pennsylvania to Indiana, middle Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


6. Alsine Tennesseénsis (Mohr) Small. Perennial, bright green. Stem more or less 
branched at the base, the branches tufted, decumbent, 1-3 dm. long, pubescent in liness 
forked, the shoots bearing leaves somewhat larger than those of the main plant: leaf- 
blades ciliate, the lower ones with long petioles, oval or suborbicular, acute or short- 
acuminate, upper leaves short-petioled or sessile, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-5 
em. long: calyx over 2 cm. broad, long-pedicelled : sepals lanceolate, 1 cm. long, acum!- 
nate, the outer ones fringed with long cilia: petals about as long as the sepals, cleft to 
below the middle: capsules 4-5 mm. long. [A. pubera Tennesseensis Mohr.] 

In rocky woods, Kentucky to Alabama. Spring. 


7. Alsine fontinàlis (Short & Peter) Britton. Annual, glabrous. Stem much 
branched, the branches spreading, 1-3 dm. long, forking : leaves few ; blades linear-spatu- 
late, 0.5-2 cm. long, obtusish, sessile: pedicels solitary, filiform, 1.5-3 cm. long: sepals 
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long, acute, 3-nerved : petals wanting : stamens 4-8 : 


ALSINACEAE 423 


styles 3-4, very short : capsules ovoid, surpassing the persistent sepals: seeds about 0.8 mm. 
broad. 
On river banks, Kentucky and Tennessee. Spring. 


ll. CERASTIUM L. 


Annual or perennial, often upright herbs, with pubescent and commonly viscid foliage. 
Leaves opposite: blades flat. Flowers in forking cymes. Sepals 5, or rarely 4. Petals 
as many as there are sepals, white, notched or 2-cleft, rarely wanting. Stamens 10 or fewer : 
filaments shorter than the petals. Ovary 1-celled: styles as many as there are sepals and 
opposite them, or rarely fewer. Capsule cylindric, often curved, opening by 10 or rarely 
8 apical tooth-like valves. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. 


Segments of the capsule revolute at maturity. 1. C. Texanum. 
Segments of the capsule erect or spreading. 
Petals shorter than the sepals or about equalling them in length. 
Pedicels shorter than the sepals at maturity. 2. C. viscosum. 
Pedicels longer than the sepals at maturity. 
Leaf-blades less than 4 mm. long: sepals 3-3.5 mm. long : capsules 5-7 


mm. long. 3. C. semidecandrum. 
Leaf-blades over 4 mm. long: sepals 5-6 mm. long: capsules 7-10 mm. 
long. 4. C. vulgatum. æ 


Petals manifestly longer than the sepals. 
Annual: foliage viscid: corollas 6-12 mm. broad. 


Pedicels several times longer than the sepals, abruptly bent. 5. C. longipedunculatum. 
Pedieels shorter than the sepals or but slightly longer, straight or > 
nearly so. 6. C. brachypodum. 
Perennial: foliage glabrous or pubescent: corollas 17-21 mm. broad. 7. C. arvense. 


1. Cerastium Texanum Britton. Perennial, slender, sparingly pilose. Stem erect, 
1.5-2 dm. tall, wire-like, forking above: leaf-blades spatulate, 2-4 pairs near the base of 
the stem, 8-15 mm. long, acute, pilose on both sides : sepals oblong-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, 
obtuse or notched at the apex : petals white, oblanceolate, delicately nerved, notched at 
the apex, slightly longer than the sepals : stamens slightly shorter than the petals : capsules 
9 mm. long, the 10 valves with recurved tips: seeds 0.5 mm. thick, sharply tuberculate, 
especially on the edges. 

On hills, central Texas and Arizona. 


2. Cerastium viscósum L. Annual, viscid-villous, pale green. Stem branched at 
the base, the branches erect or decumbent, 1-4 dm. tall, simple below, forking above : leaf- 
blades varying from spatulate at the base of the stem to oval above, obtuse or rounded at 
the apex, sessile : pedicels usually shorter than the calyx : sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 
mm. long, acute: petals white, elliptic-oblong, longer than the sepals, deeply notched, the 
segments acutish : stamens about 4 as long as the petals : capsules 7-9 mm. long, the valve- 
tips ascending : seeds 0.6 mm. broad. 

In meadows and on hillsides, New Brunswick to Ontario, Florida and Texas. Spring. A native 
of Europe, now widely naturalized. 

. 3. Cerastium semidecándrum L. Annual or biennial, slender, viscid-villous. 
Stem simple, or branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 0.5-1.5 dm. tall, 
forking above: leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or obovate, or the lower spatulate, 5-10 cm. 
long, acute or obtuse, sessile : flowers in open or close cymes: pedicels finally longer than 
the calyx : sepals lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long, acuminate : petals oblong, deeply notched at 
the apex, about as long as the sepals : stamens often 5: capsules 5-7 mm. long, slightly 
curved : seeds 0.5 mm. in diameter. 

In waste places, New J ersey to North Carolina. Naturalized from Europe. Spring. 


4. Cerastium vulgàtum L. Perennial, slender, pilose and somewhat clammy, dark 
green. Stem branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 1-5 dm. long, with 
enlarged nodes and spreading or recurved pubescence: leaf-blades oblong, narrowly elliptic 
or ovate, or the lower spatulate, 0.5-3.5 em. long, acute or obtuse, ciliate, sessile : cymes 
at length open: sepals lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate, ascending, 5-6 mm. long, pilose, with 
scarious margins : petals white, 5-6 mm. long, narrowly obovate, cleft to above the middle : 
capsules narrowly ovoid, 7-10 mm. long, fluted, the valves lanceolate, spreading: seeds 
brown, 0.5-1 mm. in diameter. 

Along roadsides and in woods, throughout North America, except the extreme north. Mainly 
naturalized from Europe. Widely distributed. Spring to fall. 

5. Cerastium longipedunculàtum Muhl. Annual or biennial, clammy-villous or 
glabrate. Stem more or less branched at the base, the branches ascending or reclining, 
1-5 dm. tall, simple or forked above : leaf-blades thinnish, the lower ones spatulate or ob- 
lanceolate, 2-8 em. long, obtuse, the upper stem-leaves oblong, linear-oblong or lanceolate, 


424 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 


1-6 em. long, obtuse or acute, sessile: flowers in open cymes: pedicels finally bent or 
hooked at the apex, often conspicuously elongated : sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 
mm. long, acute: petals linear-oblong, notched at the apex, slightly longer than the 
sepals, very delicate: capsules slender, 9-13 mm. long, nodding, curved upward: seeds 
0.8 mm. broad. [Cerastium nutans Raf. ] 

In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida and Mexico. Spring. POWDER-HORN. 

6. Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm.) Robinson. Annual, slender, pale green. 
Stem simple or branchedat the base, the branches erect or ascending, 0.5-1.5 dm. tall, simple 
or forked above: leaf-blades thickish, the lower ones oblanceolate or spatulate, the stem- 
leaves oblanceolate, oblong or linear-oblong, 1-3 em. long, acute or obtuse : flowers in open 
or sometimes congested cymes: sepals lanceolate, 3-4 cm. long, acute or acuminate: petals 
longer than the sepals: capsules 5-8 mm. long, about as long as the pedicels or slightly 
shorter: seeds 0.5 mm. in diameter. 

In dry soil, Illinois to South Dakota, Georgia, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Spring and summer.— 
The state with congested cymes and very slender capsules is, C. brachypodum compáctum Robinson ; it 
occurs from Nebraska to Texas. 

7. Cerastium arvénse L. Perennial, slender, softly pubescent. Stem usually much 
branched at the base, often matted, the branches erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. tall, simple 
or sparingly forking above, often nearly naked : leaf-blades thick, the lower ones some- 
times spatulate, or narrowly oblanceolate, the rest linear or linear-lanceolate, 3-5 em. long, 
acute, sessile: flowers in open cymes on erect elongating pedicels : sepals oblong-lanceolate, 
4-5 mm. long, acutish : petals cuneate, fully twice as long as the sepals, deeply notched : 
capsules about equalling the sepals. 

On dry or rocky hillsides, Labrador to Alaska, Georgia and California. Spring. 


FAMILY 11. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Reichenb. Pink FAMILY. 


Annualor perennial herbs, with a watery sap and usually erect stems enlarged 
at the nodes. Leaves opposite: blades commonly narrow, often with connate 
bases: stipules wanting. Flowers perfect, polygamous or rarely dioecious. 
Calyx of 4-5 united sepals forming a toothed tube. Corolla often showy, of 4-5 
petals with narrow claws and blades at whose junction there usually exists a 
scale. Androecium of usually twice as many stamens as there are petals. Fila- 
ments usually: distinct, inserted like the corolla and 1-celled ovary on the 
columnar prolongation of the receptacle. Gynoecium of a single compound 
pistil. Styles 2-5. Ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule opening by 2—5 apical 
valves. Seeds many or rarely few, with the embryo straight in the endosperm 
or nearly so. 


Calyx-tube with 5 ribs, nerved or nerveless. 
etals unappendaged. 


Calyx-tube terete or nearly so, subtended by bractlets. 1. DIANTHUS. 
Calyx-tube 5-angled, without bractlets. 2. VACCARIA. 
. Petals appendaged at the base of the blade. 3. SAPONARIA. 
Calyx-tube with at least twice as many ribs as lobes. 
Styles 3 or rarely 4. 4. SILENE. 
Styles 5. 5. AGROSTEMMA. 


1. DIANTHUS L. 


Perennial or rarely annual herbs, with rather stiff stems. Leaves opposite: blades 
usually narrow. Flowers perfect, solitary or in terminal cymes. Calyx sessile in an invo- 
lucre of several bractlets : tube elongated, finely and equally striate : lobes 5, relatively 
short. Petals 5, deeply colored, with long claws: blades toothed or eroded. Stamens 10. 
Ovary l-celled, stalked: styles 2. Capsule opening by 4 or rarely 5 tooth-like valves. 
Seeds flattened. Embryo straight, eccentric. PINK. 

1. Dianthus Arméria L. Annual, minutely pubescent. Stems erect, simple or 
usually branched at the base and above, 2-6 dm. tall: leaves linear, or the blades of the 
basal ones linear-spatulate, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, sessile, the cuneate bases 
sheathing the stem: flowers clustered at the ends of the branches: calyx pilose ; tube 
cylindric, nearly 1.5 em. long, delicately striate ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, about $ as 
long as the tube : petals pink, often spotted with white ; blades oblong, notched at the apex; 
crenate, about J as long as the claws: capsules cylindric, about as long as the calyx, short- 
stalked : seeds 1.5 mm. long, abruptly pointed. 


In fields and on roadsides, Maine to Ontario and Iowa, south to Georgia. Naturalized from 
Europe. Summer. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE 425 


2. VACCARIA Medic. 


Annual caulescent herbs, with glabrous and glaucous foliage. Leaves opposite : blades 
narrow, often thickish, entire, clasping. Flowers in dichotomous cymes. Calyx pedi- 
celled, without an involucre of bractlets: tube somewhat inflated, 5-angled: lobes 5, very 
short. Petals 5, surpassing the calyx, without appendages, with claws. Stamens 10: fila- 
ments slender. Ovary l-celled : styles 2. Capsule opening by 4 apical tooth-like valves. 
Seeds laterally attached. Embryo slightly curved. 

1. Vaccaria Vaccària (L.) Britton. Foliage glaucous. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, 
corymbose above : leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or broadest above the middle 
on the lower part of the stem, acute, connate, entire : calyx oblong to ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long, 
d-angled, becoming 5-winged at maturity: petals without appendages at the base of the 
erose rose-colored blades: capsules 5-10 mm. long. 

In fields and waste places, Ontario to British Columbia, Florida and Texas. Summer. COW-HERB. 


3. SAPONARIA L. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, often with elongated rootstocks. Leaves oppo- 
site: blades flat, mainly sessile. Flowers perfect, in close cymes. Calyx short-pedicelled : 
tube terete, somewhat elongated: lobes 5, relatively short. Petals 5, with long claws and 
notched blades. Stamens 10: filaments slender. Ovary 1-celled or incompletely 2-4-celled : 
styles 2. Capsules opening by 4 apical tooth-like valves. 

1. Saponaria officinalis L. Perennial, stout, nearly glabrous, bright green. Stem 
erect or usually decumbent, 3-9 dm. long, becoming woody below, enlarged at the nodes, 
simple or branched above, the internodes lengthening upwards: leaf-blades elliptic or 
lanceolate, leathery, 3-10 em. long, obtuse or acute, ciliate, 3-nerved, sessile or nearly so : 
flowers often double, in terminal or axillary, more or less corymbed clusters: calyx 
cylindric, terete, 2-2.5 em. long, at length somewhat inflated ; lobes triangular, acute or 
short-acuminate, whitish-margined: pedicels 0.5-1 cm. long, bearing 2 scales: petals 
spatulate ; blades 1.5 em. long, notched at the apex, shorter than the claws, each furnished 
with an appendage at the base: stamens exserted, their tips spreading: capsules short- 
stalked, conic, 1-1.5 em. long, smooth and glabrous. 


2 On river banks and roadsides, common in eastern North America. Naturalized from Europe. 
Summer and fall. BOUNCING BET. SOAPWORT. HEDGE PINK. 


4. SILENE L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with simple or matted stems. Leaves opposite or whorled : 
blades usually flat, entire. Flowers perfect, often showy, in terminal cymes, or solitary. 
Calyx often pedicelled : tube more or less inflated, 10-many-nerved : lobes short, erect or 
spreading. Petals 5, usually red, pink or white: claws mostly appendaged at the top: 
blades variously cleft or divided, or rarely entire. Stamens 10. Ovary l-celled or in- 
completely 2-4-celled : styles 3, or rarely 4. Capsule opening by 6 or rarely 3 apical 
tooth-like valves. 


Annual or biennial. 


Inflorescence simple. Men co Aim 
Inflorescence branched. 2, S. di 
Flowers in dichotomous racemes. E 


Flowers in dichotomous cymes. 
Foliage pubescent : stem viscid. 


Foliage glabrous, sometimes glutinous about the nodes of the stem. 
Perennial. 


Calyx inflated. i 
Leaves in whorls of 4’s: petals laciniately cleft; appendages wanting. ‘er M. 
. Leaves opposite: petals 2-cleft; appendages present. eae 
Calyx merely filled by the capsules. 
Corolla white or pink, 


S. noctiflora. 
. S. antirrhina. 


P 92 


S 
N 


Blades of the petals erose. prid E 
Blades of the petals fringed or dichotomously cleft. ü - oda 
Stems with short rigid hairs: calyx about 1 em. long. 9 Ss 2 Idwinti 
Stems with villous pubescence: calyx about 2.5 em. long. Agenda ale Lala 


Corolla scarlet or crimson, 
* Petals 2-lobed. : i 
Stems finely pubescent: upper stem-leaves with blades several times S. Viroini 
longer than broad. yi dcum 
Stems villous : upper stem-leaves with blades usually less than.twice as 1. S. rotundifolia 
ong as broad. ded j 


426 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 


**Petals entire or nearly so. sometimes merely erose. 
Foliage pubescent: leaf-blades Janceolate to ovate. 


IBS regia. 
Foliage glabrous: leaf-blades narrowly linear-oblong. 13. 
e g v 5 


Y 


S. subciliata. 


1. Silene Anglica L. Annual, villous. Stems erect, 2-4 dm. tall, simple or branched: 
leaves opposite ; blades spatulate or the upper linear, 1.5-3 em. long, obtuse, apiculate, 
sessile or the lower ones short-petioled : flowers racemose on the branches : pedicels shorter 
than the calyx : calyx furnished with long villous hairs ; tube becoming oval, less than 1 
em. long ; lobes narrowly lanceolate, about } as long as the tube : petals pink or crimson, 
with a paler edge ; blade notched: capsules oval, about 8 mm. long: seeds about 1 mm. 
broad. 

In waste places, Maine and Ontario to South Carolina. Also on the Pacifie slope. Spring and 
summer. 

2. Silene dichótoma Ehrh. Annual or biennial, hirsute and viscid. Stems erect, 
3-7 dm. tall, branching above : leaves opposite ; blades oblanceolate to lanceolate, 5-8 cm. 
long, or the upper ones narrower and shorter: flowers in dichotomous racemes, often 
nodding during anthesis: calyx hirsute, 12-16 mm. long ; tube cylindric, becoming ovoid, 
with simple green ribs ; lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute : petals white or pink ; blades 
obovate, 2-cleft : capsules about 1 em. long. 

In fields and waste places, locally established in the United States. Summer. 


3. Silene noctifldra L. Annual, viscid-pubescent. Stems erect, 2-8 dm. long, 
simple or branched : leaf-blades thickish, the lower ones spatulate, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse 
or acutish, those on the upper part of the stem elliptic, oblong or lanceolate, shorter than 
the lower ones: flowers fragrant: calyx glandular-pubescent; tube becoming ovoid or 
elliptic, 1-1.5 em. long, with green ribs; lobes lanceolate, twice or thrice shorter than the 
tube, acute: petals with 2-cleft blades: capsules elliptic or elliptic-ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, 
shining : seeds about 1 mm. in diameter, minutely tuberculate. 

In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Missouri. Summer. 


4. Silene antirrhina L. Annual, glabrous or minutely papillose, with viscid patches 
on the upper internodes. Stems erect, 2-8 dm. tall, simple or much branched : leaf-blades 
linear to linear-oblong, or the lower ones elliptic, 2-8 em. long, acute or acutish, entire, 
sessile, ciliate, especially near the base : flowers inconspicuous: calyx glabrous, 7-9 mm. 
long; tube delicately ribbed ; lobes triangular or ovate, }-} as long as the tube: petals 
nearly linear, about 8 mm. long, deeply notched at the apex, ‘the tips white or pink: 
stamens about as long as the calyx : capsules oblong to oval, slightly longer than the calyx, 
the tips of the valves spreading : seeds 0.7 mm. broad, gray-black. 

In fields and waste places, Maine to Ontario, British Columbia. Florida, Texas and Mexico. Sum- 
mer.—A very slender state with globose calyx-tubes, occurring in Georgia and Florida, is known as 5. 
antirrhina lindria Wood. SLEEPY CATCHFLY. 

. 5. Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. Perennial by a stout rootstock, slender, pubescent 
with short recurved hairs or rarely glabrous, bright green. Stems solitary or several 
together, simple or branched above, very prominently enlarged at the nodes: leaves in 
whorls of 4; blades ovate or lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acuminate, ciliate, abruptly nar- 
rowed or rounded at the base, sessile : panicle 1-5 dm. Jong: calyx campanulate, 1-1.5 cm. 
long, inflated above the middle; lobes broadly triangular or triangular-ovate, obtuse, $ as 
long as the tube, somewhat spreading : petals white, spatulate, about 2 cm. long, laciniate, 
the segments often toothed at the tips : filaments nearly as long as the petals: capsules sub- 
globose or ovoid-globose, smooth, shining, 6-7 mm. in diameter : seeds black, a little more 
than 1 mm. in diameter. 

In woods, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. Summer. STARRY CAMPION. 


6. Silene Alba Muhl. Perennial, minutely pubescent or glabrate in age. Stems 
reclining, 3-8 dm. long, simple or branched : leaves opposite ; blades lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, sometimes slightly broadest above the middle, 4-15 cm. long, acuminate, some- 
times ciliate, sessile: flowers about 2 cm. long : calyx viscid-pubescent, 1.5-1.8 cm. long ; 
tube cylindric ; lobes ovate, about 1 as long as the tube, obtuse, with hyaline edges: petals 
white; claws oblanceolate ; blades broadly oval or suborbicular, shorter than the claws, 
notched at the apex, with 2 spurs at the base: stamens slightly exserted : capsules ovoid, 
about 1 em. long, each on a stout stalk 4-5 mm. long : seeds 1 mm. broad, minutely tuber- 
culate. [S. nivea Otth. ] 

On river banks, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Maryland and Tennessee. Summer. 


7. Silene Caroliniàna Walt. Perennial, clammy-pubescent. Stems more or less 
densely tufted, 1-2.5 dm. tall, erect or spreading, simple or sparingly branched: leaf- 
blades oblanceolate, linear-oblanceolate or spatulate, or the upper ones lanceolate, 3-12 em. 
long, acute or apiculate, ciliate, the lower ones slender-petioled, the upper ones sessile or 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE 427 


nearly so : calyx densely glandular, delicately ribbed ; tube narrowly cylindric or inflated 
in age, 1.5-2 cm. long ; lobes ovate, about 3 mm. long, with broad hyaline margins: petals 
white or deep pink, about 3 cm. long; claws linear-filiform ; blades obovate, emarginate, 
undulate, about 3 as long as the claws, with 2 scales at the base: capsules elliptic, less than 
1 em. long, about equalling the short stalks in length. [S. Pennsylvanica Michx. ] 

In roeky woods and on banks, Maine to New York, Georgia and Kentueky. Spring. WILD PINK. 


8. Silene ovata Pursh. Perennial, roughish with a short rigid pubescence. Stems 
erect, 5-12 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched above : leaves opposite ; blades ovate to 
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, acuminate, 3-nerved, sessile, the lower 
ones cordate: flowers in a narrow panicle 1-3 dm. long: calyx about 1 em. long; tube 
cylindric or inflated and obovoid in age ; lobes triangular or broadly lanceolate, acute, 1-] 
as long as the tube: petals white ; blades fimbriate, without appendages : capsules narrowly 
ovoid, 8 mm. long : seeds about 1 mm. thick. 

In woods on the mountains, North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. Summer. 


9. Silene Baldwínii Nutt. Perennial, villous. Stem erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. 
tall, simple or sparingly branched above, producing runners at the base : leaves opposite; 
blades 3-9 cm. long, obtuse or acute, the lower ones spatulate, on winged petioles, those 
about the middle of the stem often oblong and the upper ones usually lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, sessile : calyx about 2.5 cm. long ; tube cylindrie or barely inflated in age; 
lobes lanceolate, about } as long as the tube: corolla 5 em. broad, white or pink : petals 
delicate ; blades fan-shaped, fimbriate, without appendages, nearly as long as the claws : 
stamens exserted. 

In shady woods, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


10. Silene Virgínica L.  Perennial, clammy-pubescent. Stems erect, solitary or 
several together, 2-5 dm. tall, simple or branched above : leaves opposite : blades thickish, 
the lower ones spatulate, 0.5-2 dm. long, acute or acutish ; petioles winged, ciliate, the 
upper leaves passing through obovate, oblong or elliptic to lanceolate near the top of the 
stem, sessile : calyx densely glandular-pilose ; tube 1.5-2.5 em. long, delicately ribbed ; lobes 
triangular-ovate, 1—] as long as the tube : corolla crimson 2.5 cm. broad : petals delicate ; 
blades linear or narrowly-oblong, notched at the apex, a little shorter than the claws : cap- 
non 1-1.5 em. long, several times longer than the stalk : seeds a little over 1 mm. 

nick. 

In dry woods and on hillsides, Ontario to Minnesota, New Jersey, middle Georgia, Alabama and 
Arkansas. Spring to fall. FIRE PINK. 

11. Silene rotundifdlia Nutt. Perennial, clammy-villous. Stems weak, solitary or 
tufted, decumbent or reclining, 2-7 dm. long, simple or branched above : leaves opposite ; 
blades thinnish, the lower ones spatulate, 2-10 cm. long, the upper stem-leaves oval, ab- 
ruptly acuminate at each end, or the uppermost broadly ovate and cordate at the base : 
flowers few, showy: calyx-tube cylindric, somewhat inflated in age, 2-2.5 em. long; lobes 
ovate-lanceolate, about 4 as long as the tube : petals bright scarlet ; blades oblong, deeply 
2-cleft, the segments entire or toothed ; claws longer than the blades : stamens exserted: 
capsules about 2 cm. long. 

On rocky banks, Ohio to Alabama and Georgia. Summer. 


12. Silene régia Sims. Perennial, viscid-pubescent with short stiff hairs. Stems 
erect, solitary or several together, 1-1.5 m. tall, strict, rigid, simple below : leaves oppo- 
site ; blades thickish, lanceolate to ovate, or the lower ones linear-oblong, 4-8 em. long, 
acute or acutish, ciliolate, sessile: flowers in strict panicles : calyx about 2 cm. long ; tube 
cylindrie, with green ribs, somewhat inflated in age ; lobes ovate, 1-3 as long as the tube : 
corolla 3 cm. broad : petals scarlet, often notched or laciniate: capsules oblong-conie, about 
1.5 em. long. 

In dry soil or rocky woods, Ohio to Missouri, Georgia and the Indian Territory. Summer. 


13. Silene subciliàta Robinson. Perennial, glabrous. Stems erect, strict: leaves 
opposite, slightly fleshy, 3-5 em. long, narrowly linear-oblong, sparingly ciliate, terminat- 
ing in blunt callous tips, narrowed into ciliate winged petioles : flowers in slender elongated 
racemes, the Jower ones distant : calyx glabrous, about 2 em. long ; tube cylindric : petals 
crimson ; blades elliptic, entire, obtuse. 

On prairies, Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 


5. AGROSTEMMA L. 


Annual herbs, with upright stems. Leaves opposite: blades narrow, sessile. Flowers 
perfect, terminating elongated pedicels. Calyx woolly : tube becoming distended, 10- 
ribbed : lobes narrowly linear, elongated. Corolla showy. Petals 5: blades shorter than 


428 CERATOPHYLLACEAE 


the calyx-lobes, broadened upward, unappendaged. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-celled : styles 
5, alternating with the calyx-lobes. Capsule 1-celled, opening by tooth-like valves. 
Seeds black, the embryo curved. 


1. Agrostemma Githago L. Foliage pubescent with long appressed hairs. Stems 
erect, 2-9 dm. tall, branched, the branches erect or ascending: leaf-blades linear, 4-12 
em. long, acute, sessile: pedicels 0.5-2.5 dm. long: calyx pubescent like the stem; tube 
cylindric, 1.5-2 em. long, 10-ribbed ; lobes linear, longer than the tube, acute : petals with 
obovate blades 2 cm. long, rounded or notched at the apex, purple or magenta, paler at 
the base, indistinctly nerved, shorter than the calyx-lobes: seeds angular, 2 mm. in 
diameter, spiny-tuberculate all over. 


In fields, common in or about grain fields throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe. 
Summer. CORN COCKLE. CORN ROSE. 


Order 11. RANALES. 


Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves normal, often of 2 forms on aquatic plants: 
blades simple or sometimes compound. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioe- 
cious, variously disposed. Calyx and corolla of distinct and separate members. 
Androecium of usually hypogynous stamens, which are mostly more numerous 
than the sepals. Gynoecium of 1 or several, distinct or rarely more or less united, 
carpels. Ovary superior. Fruit various. 


Stamens usually numerous, the anther-saes opening by slits. 
Land plants, except in CERATOPHYLLACEAE and some RANUNCULACEAE: leaf-blades not peltate. 
Flowers perfect or monoecious, if dioecious on neither vines nor herbs with simple leaves. 
Plants with minute axillary monoecious flowers: anthers with 
horn-like appendages. Fam. 1. CERATOPHYLCLAEAE. 
Plants with perfect or rarely dioecious flowers: anthers not 
with horn-like appendages. 
Carpels 1 or more, distinct, at least at maturity. 
Sepals 3-15: petals about as many: plants if shrubby not 


with pulpy fruit: endosperm even. Fam. 2. RANUNCULACEAE. 
Sepals 5: petals 6: fruit pulpy: endosperm channeled. Fam. 3. ANONACEAE. 
Carpels more or less coherent or united into cone-like struc- 
tures, or immersed in the pulpy receptacle. 
Sepals valvate. Fam. 3. ANONACEAE. 
Sepals imbrieated. Fam. 4. MAGNOLIACEAE. 
Flowers dioecious : vines with simple leaves. Fam. 5. MENISPERMACEAE. 
Water plants: emersed or floating leaves with peltate blades. 
Carpels several and distinct. 
Carpels not in a fleshy receptacle: sepals and petals 30r 4 each: 
stamens 3-18. Fam. 6. CABOMBACEAE. 
Carpels immersed in a fleshy receptacle: sepals and petals nu- 
merous : stamens indefinite. Fam. 7. NELUMBONACEAE. 
Carpels united into a compound. pistil. Fam. 8. NYMPHAEACEAE. 
Stamens few and definite, the anther-sacs opening by hinged valves, 
except in Podophyllum. Fam. 9. PODOPHYLLACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. CERATOPHYLLACEAE A. Gray. HonNwoRT FAMILY. 


Aquatic perennial herbs, with submersed jointed branching stems. Leaves 
whorled: blades 2-cleft or finely dissected, the filiform segments forking. 
Flowers monoecious, inconspicuous, axillary, sessile. Calyx herbaceous. Sepals 
6-12, narrow, rather valvate, toothed or cleft at the apex. Staminate flowers 
with 10-24 stamens crowded on a flat or convex receptacle: filaments very short : 
anthers opening by longitudinal cracks, the connective produced into an often 
2-3-toothed fleshy appendage.  Pistillate flowers without staminodia. Ovary 
1-celled, sessile: style cylindric. Ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit 
nut-like, somewhat flattened, 1-celled, naked : pericarp leathery or crustaceous. 
Seed pendulous, with a membranous testa. Endosperm wanting. Embryo 
straight. 


CERATOPHYLLUM L. 


Characters of the family. The plants flower mainly in the summer. 


Achenes unarmed. 1. C. submersum. 
Achenes armed on the edges with spines. 


Leaves 6-9 in a whorl; segments spiny-toothed : achenes with a spine on either side of ue parE n 
9. C. demersum. 


Leaves 9-12 in a whorl; segments bristly-toothed : achenes fringed with spines. 3. C. echinatum. 


RANUNCULACEAE 429 


1. Ceratophyllum submérsum L. Stems 3-4 dm. long. Leaves flaccid, several in 
a whorl ; blades three to four times forking the segments filiform, bristly-toothed : achenes 
oblong, slightly flattened, 4 mm. long, unarmed, sparingly warty, the rounded edges un- 
armed. 

In ponds, southern peninsular Florida, 

2. Ceratophyllum demérsum L. Stems 3-12 dm. long, branching. Leaves rather 
rigid, 6-9 in a whorl, 1-2 cm. long; blades once or twice forking, the ultimate segments 
spiny-toothed : achenes oblong, slightly flattened, 5 mm. long, each tipped with the per- 
sistent style and armed with a spreading spine on either side at the base. 

In ponds and still water, throughout North America except the extreme north. 

3. Ceratophyllum echinàtum A. Gray. Stems 2-5 dm. long, branching. Leaves 
flaccid, 9-12 in a whorl, 1.5-2.5 em. long; blades three to four times forking, the ultimate 
segments bristly-toothed : achenes oval, 5-6 mm. long, flattened, each tipped with the 
persistent style, the faces warty, the slightly winged edges fringed with spreading spines. 

In slow streams and ponds, throughout the United States and southern British America. 


FAMILY 2. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. CRowFooT FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely climbing shrubs, with an acrid sap. 
Leaves alternate (except in the CLEMATIDEAE): blades simple or compound. 
Stipules wanting, but the base of the petiole often clasping or sheathing. 
Pubescence, when present, composed of simple hairs. Calyx of 3-15, generally 
caducous often petal-like sepals, imbricated (except in the CLEMATIDEAE). 
Corolla of about as many petals as there are sepals, occasionally more, or want- 
ing. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens several or numerous, hypogynous, 
their anthers innate. Carpels numerous, or rarely solitary, 1-celled, 1-many- 
ovuled. Ovules anatropous. Fruit an achene, follicle or berry. Seed with en- 
dosperm. 

Fruit a follicle or a berry : carpels with several ovules or with only 1 or 2 ovules in genera Nos. 1 and 4. 
Flowers regular. 


Leaf-blades palmately nerved or palmately compound. 
Petals wanting. 


Carpels ripening into a head of red berries. 1. HyDRASTIS. 
Carpels ripening into a head of dry follicles. 2. CALTHA. 
Petals present. 3. HELLEBORUS. 


Leaf-blades pinnately or ternately compound or decompound. 
Petals without spurs or wanting. 
Fruit dry follicles. 
Shrubs. 
Herbs. 
Low herbs, with solitary or few loosely panicled flowers. 


Pe 


XANTHORRHIZA. 


Carpels and follicles stalked. 5. COPTIS. 
Carpels and follicles sessile. 6. IsopyRUM. 
Tall herbs, with numerous flowers in strict, simple or branched 
} racemes. 7. CIMICIFUGA. 
: Fruit berry-like follicles. 8. ACTAEA. 
Petals prolonged back ward into hollow spurs. 9. AQUILEGIA. 
Flowers irregular. 
Posterior sepals prolonged into a spur. 10. DELPHINIUM. 
,, Posterior sepals more or less helmet-like. 11. ACONITUM. 
Fruit an achene : carpels with a single ovule each. 
Flowers, or their pedicels or peduncles, subtended by involucres. 
Involuere close under the calyx ; bracts entire. 12. HEPATICA. 
Involucre remote from the calyx; bracts toothed, divided or compound. 
Styles subulate : leaf-segments sessile. 13. ANEMONE. 
Styles wanting: leaflets stalked. 14. SYNDESMON. 
Flowers not subtended by involucres. 
Leaves opposite : sepals petal-like. 
Petals wanting. 
Stamens spreading : sepals spreading. 
Sepals with scarcely any border: flowers dioecious or polygamo- 
dioecious. 15. CLEMATIS. 
Sepals with a wide border: flowers perfect. 16. VITICELLA. 
Stamens erect: sepals more or less converging. 17. VIORNA. 
Petals present (in our species), smaller than the sepals. 18. ATRAGENE. 
Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal. 
Sepals spurred. 19. MYOSURUS. 


Sepals spurless. 
A. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, palmately lobed or dissected. 
Petals wanting. 20. TRAUTVETTERIA. 
Petals present. 
a. Blades of the petals with a nectariferous pit at the base. 
Achenes transversely wrinkled : petals white. 21. BATRACHIUM. 
aes ses not transversely wrinkled: petals yellow, at least 
without. 


430 RANUNCULACEAE 


Achenes longitudinally ribbed. 2. HALERPESTES. 
Achenes smooth, papillose or spiny. . RANUNCULUS. 
b. Blades of the petals without a nectariferous pit at the base. — 24. ADONIS. 
B. Leaf-blades ternately decompound. 25. THALICTRUM. 


1. HYDRASTIS Ellis. 

Perennial herbs, with pubescent foliage and erect stems. Leaves few: blades pal- 
mately lobed, reniform. Flower terminal, solitary, greenish white. Sepals 3, petal-like, 
falling away at anthesis. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous: filaments white. Car- 
pels numerous, each bearing two ovules near the middle, and in fruit forming a head of 
1-2-seeded crimson berries, somewhat resembling a raspberry. 

1. Hydrastis Canadénsis L. Rootstock thick, yellow. Stem erect, mostly 2-4 dm. 
high. Basal leaf with a long-petioled reniform blade 12-20 em. broad, palmately 5-9-lobed, 
the lobes broad, acute, sharply and unequally serrate ; cauline leaf borne at the summit of 
the stem : bract leaf-like, subtending the greenish white flower which is 8-10 mm. broad 
when expanded : filaments widened, about 4 mm. long: anthers oblong, obtuse: head of 
fruit ovoid, blunt, about 16 mm. long, each fleshy carpel tipped with a short curved beak. 


In woods and thickets, Connecticut to Vermont, Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Spring. 
ORANGE-ROOT. GOLDEN SEAL. 


t2t2 
2b 


2. CALTHA L. 


Perennial herbs, with succulent tissues. Leaves few, mostly basal: blades simple, 
entire or crenate, cordate or auriculate. Flowers yellow, white or pink. Sepals large, 
petal-like, deciduous. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous, obovoid. . Carpels numerous 
or few, sessile, bearing ovules in two rows along the ventral suture, in fruit forming 
follicles. 

1. Caltha palüstris L. Foliage glabrous. Stem stout, hollow, often tufted, erect 
or ascending, 2-6 dm. high, branching and bearing several flowers : basal leaves with long 
and stout petioles ; blades cordate or reniform, 5-18 mm. wide, with a narrow sinus, en- 
tire, crenate or dentate, the upper ones shorter-petioled or sessile, nearly truncate at the 
base: flowers bright yellow, 2.5-4 cm. broad : sepals oval, obtuse: follicles 3-12 or even 
more, compressed, 10-12 mm. long, slightly curved outward, many-seeded. 


In swamps and meadows, Newfoundland and British America to the Rocky Mountains, South 
Carolina and Iowa. Spring. MARSH-MARIGOLD. MEADOW-GOWAN. 


3. HELLÉBORUS L. 

Perennial herbs, with erect stems. Leaves large : blades palmately divided, the basal 
long-petioled, the upper sessile and sometimes much reduced. Flowers large, white, 
greenish or yellowish. Sepals 5, broad, petal-like, mainly persistent. Petals small, un- 
guiculate, tubular. Stamens numerous. Carpels generally few, sessile, in fruit forming 
several-seeded capsules, which are dehiscent at the apex at maturity. 

l. Helleborus viridis L. Foliage glabrous. Stem stout, erect, 3-6 dm. high: basal 
leaves with blades 2-3 dm. broad, on petioles 1.5-2.5 dm. long, palmately divided into 
7-11 oblong acute sharply serrate segments 7-10 cm. long: bracts sessile, similar to the 
leaves, subtending the large drooping yellowish green flowers: sepals broadly oblong, 
obtuse, spreading, about 2.5 em. long: petals tubular, 2-lipped, 4 mm. long: stamens 
widened : anthers oblong, obtuse: pods 15 mm. long, each tipped with a slender beak one- 
third their length or longer. 


. , In waste places, locally adventive from Europe in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Vir- 
ginia and North Carolina. Spring. GREEN HELLEBORE. 


4. XANTHORRHIZA lU Her. 


Low shrubby plants, "with yellow roots and rootstocks and brittle stems. Leaves approxi- 
mate: blades pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers in compound racemes. Sepals 5, petal-like, 
deciduous. Petals 5, smaller than the sepals, clawed, concave, 2-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, 
sessile, 2-ovuled, forming 1-seeded follicles at maturity by the suppression of one of the 
ovules. 

1. Xanthorrhiza apiifdlia L’Her. A weak shrub 2-6 dm. tall, with glabrate foliage 


and yellow and bitter bark, and long roots. Leaves clustered at the summit of the short 
stem ; blades pinnate or sometimes bipinnate, 1-15 cm. long, slender-petioled ; leaflets 


RANUNCULACEAE 431 


mostly 5, thin, ovate or oblong, 2.5-7.5 em. long, incisely toothed, cleft or divided, acute, 
cuneate, shining, sessile: branches of the raceme or panicle slender, drooping, 5-7.5 cm. 
long: flowers about 4 mm. broad, pedicelled, solitary or 2 or 3 together, brownish purple: 
sepals ovate, acute : follicles 4-8, inflated, light yellow, 1-seeded, diverging, curved at the 
apex, minutely beaked. 


In woods and on rocky ledges, southwestern New York to western Florida and Alabama. Spring. 
SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT. BROOK-FEATHER. 


5. COPTIS Salisb. 

Low perennial scapose herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves basal : blades compound 
or divided, petioled. Scape slender. Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-6, white, 
small, linear, cucullate. Stamens numerous. Carpels stipitate, few, in fruit forming an 
umbel of follicles. 

1. Coptis trifdlia (L.) Salisb. Foliage glabrous. Plants tufted, 7-15 em. high from 
slender or filiform yellow bitter rootstocks: leaves all basal, evergreen, with long, very 
slender petioles; blades reniform in outline, 2.5-5 em. broad, 3-divided, the segments broadly 
obovate-cuneate, obtuse, prominently nerved, crenate, or slightly lobed, dark green or 
shining above, paler beneath, the teeth mucronate: scape 1-flowered, slender: sepals 
oblong, obtuse: petals small, club-shaped: follicles 3-7, about 6 mm. long, borne on 
stipes of about their own length, spreading, each tipped with a beak 2-3 mm. long. 


In damp mossy woods and bogs, Newfoundland to Minnesota, British Columbia and Alaska, and 
in the Alleghenies to North Carolina. Spring and summer. GOLD-THREAD. 


6. ISOPYRUM L. 


Slender perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves basal and cauline: 
blades ternately decompound. Flowers solitary or panicled, white. Sepals 5-9, petal-like. 
deciduous. Petals 5, nectariform, or wanting. Stamens numerous. Carpels 2-20, sessile 
(stalked in a western species), forming a head of follicles in fruit, each with several ovules. 

1. Isopyrum biternàtum (Raf.) T. & G. Roots fibrous and sometimes tuberiferous. 
Stems slender, erect, paniculately branching above: basal leaves with long petioles ; 
blades biternate, thin, the ultimate segments broadly obovate, obtuse, lobed or divided: 
upper leaves similar to the basal but sessile or with short petioles: flowers several, terminal 
or axillary, white, 1-2 cm. broad: sepals 5, oblong or somewhat obovate, obtuse : petals 
wanting: stamens many: filaments slender, thickened above: carpels few: follicles widely 
spreading, ovate, 4 mm. long, several-seeded, each tipped with a beak nearly one-half 
the length of the body. 


ae moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring. FALSE RUE 
IMONE. 


7. CIMICÍFUGA L. 

Perennial herbs, with stout poisonous rootstocks and tall erect stems. Leaves large, 
with decompound blades. Flowers white, in racemes. Sepals 2-5, petal-like, deciduous. 
Petals 1-8, small, clawed, 2-lobed, or wanting. Carpels 1-8, many-ovuled, sessile or stipi- 
tate. Stigma broad or minute. Follicles dry, dehiscent at maturity. 

Carpels 1 or 2, sessile: seeds wholly or partially in 2 rows. 


Filaments about 4 mm. long : follicles 8-10 mm. long : seeds chaffy. 1. C. rubifolia. 
A Filaments about 8 mm. long: follicles 5-7 mm. long: seeds smooth. 2. C. racemosa. 
Jarpels 3 or 8, stalked : seeds in 1 row. 3. C. Americana. 


l. Cimicifuga rubifdlia Kearney. Stems erect, 6-14 dm. tall, slender above the 
stout 4-angled base, terete above, with 1 or 2 leaves near the base. Leaves ample, the blades 
biternate, the lateral divisions 2-foliolate, the terminal divisions mostly simple : leaflets 
broadly ovate or suborbicular, or broader than long, with irregular acute or acuminate lobes, 
sharply toothed, 12-20 cm. broad, light green beneath, cordate at the base: panicle of 2-4 
slender racemes, the terminal one 15-30 cm. long: pedicels 4-5 mm. long at maturity, sub- 
tended by lanceolate-subulate bracts : sepals 4.5-5 mm. long, fugacious, obtuse: petals 
wanting : filaments about 4 mm. long, flattened : pistil sessile : follicles 8-10 mm. long, be- 
coming parchment-like, prominently nerved, each with a short blunt lateral beak : seeds 
usually 6, lenticular, 3 mm. long. ' 

On wooded bluffs of the Tennessee River, near Knoxville, Tennessee. Fall. 


2. Cimicifuga racemósa (L.) Nutt. Stems slender, 1-2.5 m. high, leafy above. 
Leaf-blades ternate, the divisions pinnate and the secondary divisions often again compound : 


432 RANUNCULACEAE 


leaflets ovate or oblong, or the terminal one obovate, acute or sometimes obtusish at the 
apex, narrowed, truncate or the lower subcordate at the base, incised-toothed, cleft or 
divided, thickish, nearly glabrous: racemes compound, terminal, 1.5-6 dm. long, usually 
finely pubescent : pedicels bracted : flowers 12-14 mm. broad, foetid : petals 4-8, 2-cleft : 
stamens very numerous: pistils solitary, or 2, sessile: stigma broad: follicles oval, 6-8 
mm. long, minutely beaked : seeds in 2 rows, smooth, flattened. 

In woods, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, middle Georgia and Missouri. Summer. BLACK 
SNAKEROOT. BLACK COHOSH. STAR-LANCE. RATTLE-WOOD. 

3. Cimicifuga Americana Michx. Stems slender, 1-2 m. high, leafy. Leaf-blades 
ternate, the divisions pinnate with many of the secondary divisions again compound : leaflets 
ovate or oblong, the terminal one generally cuneate, acute, thin, glabrate, all incisely 
toothed, cleft or divided, 2.5-7.5 em. long : racemes terminal, slender, compound, densely 
and finely pubescent, 3-6 dm. long : flowers pedicelled, 8-12 mm. broad : pedicels minutely 
bracted : petals few, 2-lobed : stamens numerous: pistils 3-8, stipitate: stigma minute: 
follicles inflated, membranous, 10 mm. long, narrowed below, each tipped with a short ob- 
lique subulate beak : seeds in 1 row, flattened, chaffy. 

In woods, Pennsylvania, and along the mountains to Georgia. Summer. AMERICAN BUGBANE. 


8. ACTAEA L. 

Perennial herbs, with thick rootstocks and erect stems. Leaves basal and cauline: 
blades large, ternately compound. Flowers small, white, in terminal racemes. Sepals 
3-5, petal-like. Petals 4-10, small, spatulate or narrow, clawed. Stamens numerous. 
Carpel solitary, many-ovuled. Stigma broad, sessile. Fruit a large, somewhat poisonous, 
berry-like follicle. 


Pedicels slender, less than 1 mm. thick: fruits red. 1. A. rubra. 
Pedicels stout, over 1 mm. thick: fruits white. 2. A. alba. 


1. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Foliage pubescent or glabrate. Stems erect, fleshy, 
3-6 dm. tall. Leaf-blades petioled or the upper sessile, ternate, the divisions pinnate with 
the lower terminal leaflets sometimes again compound ; leaflets ovate or the terminal one 
obovate, toothed or somewhat cleft, the teeth mainly rounded or mucronate, or acutish : 
raceme ovoid : petals spatulate, shorter than the stamens : pedicels mainly slender, 10-14 
mm. long, less than 1 mm. thick : fruits red, oval, 10-12 mm. long, many-seeded. 

In woods, Nova Scotia to the Rocky Mountains, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Most 
abundant northward. Spring. RED BANEBERRY. 

2. Actaea álba (L.) Mill. Closely resembles the preceding species in habit and as- 
pect. Leaflets generally more cut and the teeth and lobes acute or acuminate : raceme 
oblong: petals truncate at the apex: fruiting pedicels as thick as the peduncle, over 1 
mm. thick and often red : fruits short-oval, white, often purplish at the tip. 


In woods, Nova Scotia and Anticosti, west to British Columbia, south to the mountains of Georgia, 
and Missouri. WHiTE BANEBERRY. WHITE COHOSH. 


9. AQUILEGIA L. 

Perennial herbs, with erect often branching stems. Leaves basal and cauline: blades 
ternately decompound. Flowers commonly large, showy. Sepals 5, regular, petal-like, 
deciduous. Petals concave, produced backward between the sepals into hollow spurs. . 
Stamens numerous, the inner ones reduced to staminodia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled, 
forming heads of follicles in fruit. COLUMBINE. 

Sepals ovate or oblong-ovate, 10-14 mm. long: spurs 2-2.5 cm. long: follicles with spreading tips. , 
1. A. Canadensis. 
Sepals lanceolate-ovate to lanceolate, 16-21 mm. long: spurs 3-3.5 em. long: follicles ww erect tips. 


Sepals lanceolate-ovate : follicles fully 2 em. long. . A. coccinea. 
Sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate : follicles about 1.5 em. long. 3. A. australis. 


1. Aquilegia Canadénsis L. Foliage glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Stems 3-6 
dm. high, branching. Lower and basal leaves with slender petioles; blades biternate, 
10-15 cm. broad, the ultimate leaflets cuneate, obtusely lobed and toothed, pale beneath : 
leaf-blades of the upper part of the stem lobed or divided: flowers nodding, less than 3 
em. long, mainly scarlet or rarely white: sepals ovate or oblong-ovate, 10-15 mm. long : 
spurs nearly straight, 2-2.5 em. long, thickened at the tip, gradually narrowed from near 
the base : stamens and styles long-exserted : head of fruit erect : follicles mainly 1.5-2 cm. 
high, widely spreading at the top, each tipped with a filiform beak of about the same length. 

In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, Georgiaand Texas. Spring and summer. 


RANUNCULACEAE 433 


. .2. Aquilegia coccinea Small. Foliage light green. Stems solitary or tufted, 3-8 
dm. tall, erect or ascending, usually branching above, commonly sparingly pubescent about 
the nodes: leaves larger than those of A. Canadensis, otherwise quite similar ; leaflets sub- 
orbicular to cuneate in outline, with 3 main lobes or divisions, glaucous beneath, the seg- 
ments incised or lobed: pedicels minutely glandular-pubescent : sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
acute or short-acuminate, 17-21 mm. long, scarlet: corolla mainly scarlet : spurs 3-3.3 cm. 
long, rather abruptly narrowed below the middle, the lamina yellow: styles not twice as 
long as the ovary: follicles straight, fully 2 cm. long, each tipped with the erect style 
which is much shorter than the body. 
On cliffs and in rocky woods, western Virginia to Nebraska and Alabama. Spring. 


3. Aquilegia australis Small. Foliage palegreen. Stems erect, usually solitary, 3-9 
dm. tall, branching above, finely pubescent, or glabrate in parts: leaves with slender 
petioles, except on the upper part of thestem ; blades twice ternate ; leaflets thin, reniform, 
suborbicular or orbicular-obovate, 1-2 cm. long, glaucescent, especially beneath, crenately 
toothed or lobed, rounded or subcordate"at the base: sepals erect, lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, acuminate, 16 mm. long or less, scarlet: corolla mainly scarlet: spurs 3-3.5 
em. ong, rather abruptly narrowed below the middle: styles more than twice as long as 
the ovary: follicles about 1.5 cm. long, the body about as long as the bristle-like style. 

On limestone cliffs and bluffs, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


10. DELPHINIUM I. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with erect often branching stems. Leaves mostly cauline : 
blades palmately lobed or divided. Flowers in racemes or panicles, showy. Sepals 5, the 
posterior one prolonged into a spur. Petals 2 or 4, small, the two posterior ones spurred, 
the lateral, when present, inconspicuous. Carpels few, sessile, many-ovuled, forming fol- 
licles at maturity. 

Plants annual: carpel 1: petals 2, united. 
Follicles glabrous. 1. D. Consolida. 
Follicles pubescent. ; 2. D. Ajacis. 
Plants perennial: carpels 3: petals 4, distinct. 
Follicles erect : racemes elongated. 


Leaf-segments narrow, the ultimate divisions linear or narrowly oblong. 
Bractlets some distance below the calyx. 


Spur about twice as long as the petals: sepals obovate. 3. D. albescens. 
Spur thrice as long as the petals: sepals oblong. 4. D. macroceratilís. 
Bractiets close under the calyx on the thickened end of the pedicel. 
Sepals greenish or yellowish white : segments of the upper leaves oblong. 5. D. virescens. 
Sepals blue or bluish: segments of the upper leaves narrowly linear. 
Seeds strongly wing-margined. slightly rugose-squamellate. 6. D. Carolinianum. 
Seeds not wing-margined. strongly squamellate. 7. D. vimineum. 
Leaf-segments relatively broad, the ultimate divisions lanceolate. 8. D. urceolatum. 
Follicles widely spreading : racemes short. 9. D. tricorne. 


1. Dek hinium Consdlida L. Plant glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Stems erect, 
3-8 dm. high, divaricately branched : leaf-blades short-petioled or sessile, all divided 
into narrowly linear cleft or toothed segments: racemes terminal, rather loose, 15-30 cm. 
long: flowers short-pedicelled, blue or white, 2.5-3.5 em. long: spur slender, bent near 
the middle : petals 2, united : follicles erect, glabrous, 8-10 mm. long, each tipped with a 
short slender beak. 
Wetec places, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida. Naturalized from Europe. Locally 
ugitive further northward. Summer. FIELD LARKSPUR. KKIGHT'S-SPUR. LARK-HEEL. 
2. De'phinium Ajàcis L. Similar to D. Consolida, but usually taller, commonly 
5-12 dm. high. Leaves with shorter and more diverging segments: racemes longer, 
mostly 2 4 dm. long, more densely flowered : follicles 12-15 mm. long, pubescent, each 
with a short stout beak. 
Minner. Gide Tees from gardens mainly in the Atlantic States. Naturalized from Europe. 
3. De!phinium albéscens Rydb. Plant finely pubescent, at least above, and some 
what viscid, the roots woody.. Stems 3-15 dm. high: leaves variable ; blades 5-15 dm. 
broad, repeatedly divided into linear segments or those of the lower leaves oblong: ra- 
cemes simple, often becoming 5-6 dm. long: pedicels 1-2 cm. long, erect: bractlets 2-4 
mm. below the calyx or at maturity 6 8 mm. below it: sepals white or nearly so, each 
with a blue spot : spur twice as long as the petals, nearly straight, usually horizontal : lateral 
tals bearded, 2-cleft, the lobes not diverging: follicles cylindric, pubescent, 15-20 mm. 
ong : seed: sharply angled, 1.5-2 mm. long, brown. 
In drs ground, Manitoba to Minnesota, Illinois, Texas and Colorado. Summer. 


28 


434 RANUNCULACEAE 


4. Delphinium macroceratilis Rydb. Plants more or less pubescent with grayish 
hairs. Stems slender, 3-5 dm. tall, mostly simple: leaves few ; blades 3-6 cm. broad, 
parted into 3-5 segments, these 2-3-cleft : racemes simple, many-flowered : pedicels erect, 
about 1 em. long, the linear bractlets 2-4 mm. below the calyx : sepals white or the lower 
ones with a bluish spot, oblong, fully twice as long as the upper petals: spur slightly 
S-shaped, bluish, about thrice as long as the obliquely pointed upper petals : lateral petals 
much longer than the upper, bearded, 2-cleft: fruit unknown. 

On prairies, Tom Greene County, Texas. Summer. 


5. Delphinium viréscens Nutt. Plants somewhat pubescent. Stems erect, stout, 
2-3 dm. tall: leaves few ; blades 2.5-3 cm. broad, usually 3-5-cleft or 3-5-parted : racemes 
few-flowered, simple: flowers greenish white: sepalsoblong or nearly so: spur longer than 
the petals, nearly straight : petals various, the 2 lateral bearded, with a small appendage 
at the base of each claw, the 2 upper much smaller, concave : fruit not seen. 

On plains, North Carolina, Georgia and Arkansas. Summer. 


6. Delphintum Carolinianum Walt. Plants slender, pubescent. Stems 3-6 dm. 
tall: leaf-blades deeply cleft into linear toothed or cleft segments: racemes terminal, 
10-20 cm. long: flowers pedicelled, deep blue, rarely varying to white, about 2.5 cm. long, 
the spur slightly curved upward, usually horizontal, 15 mm. long: follicles 3, erect or 
slightly spreading, downy, 14-18 mm. long, each tipped with a subulate beak: seeds 1.5 
mm. long, wing-margined, the faces slightly squamellate. [D. azureum Michx.] 

On prairies and in open grounds, Virginia to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


7. Delphinium vimíneum D. Don. Plants minutely pubescent. Stems erect, 5-7 
dm. tall, simple: leaves several; blades 3-parted ; segments entire, or mostly incised or 
cleft, the lateral ones more so than the middle ones, the ultimate segments acute : racemes 
elongated, few-flowered, interrupted : sepals deep blue, oblong or nearly so, 12-18 mm. 
long, somewhat crisped, obtuse: spur shorter than the sepals : fruit not seen. 

On prairies, Texas. Spring. j 


8. Delphinium urceolàtum Jacq. Plants glabrous or sparingly hairy below, 
densely pubescent above. Stems slender, 0.5-2 m. tall: leaves large, all but the upper 
with petioles ; blades deeply 3-5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuneate, 
acuminate, cleft and toothed toward the apex, the upper ones reduced to linear or lanceo- 
late bracts subtending the flowers: racemes dense, elongated, sometimes over 3 dm. in 
length: lower pedicels about 2.5 cm. long: flowers purple or blue, 16-20 mm. long, 
downy-pubescent: spur nearly straight, 8 mm. long: follicles 3, erect, 8-10 mm. long, 
pubescent, each tipped with a subulate beak. [D. exaltatum Ait. ] 

In woods, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, North Carolina, Alabama and Nebraska. Summer. 

9. Delphinium tricórne Michx. Plants glabrous or pubescent, the roots tuberous. 
Stems stout, simple, 3-9 dm. tall: leaves with slender petioles ; blades deeply 3-7-cleft or 
divided, the divisions linear or obovate, obtuse, entire, or again cleft and toothed : raceme 
loose, 10-15 cm. long, mostly several-flowered : flowers 2.5-3.5 em. long, blue or white: 
spur generally slightly bent, ascending, 2-3 cm. long: follicles 3, widely spreading, 10- 
12 mm. long, each tipped with a short beak: seed-coat smooth, dark. 


d In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, and in the mountains to Georgia, and Arkansas. 
pring. 


1l. ACONITUM L. 


Perennial herbs, with elongated erect ascending or trailing stems and poisonous roots. 
Leaves alternate: blades palmately lobed or divided. Flowers large, irregular, showy. 
Sepals 5, the posterior (upper) one larger, hooded or helmet-shaped.  Petals 2-5, small, 
the 2 superior ones hooded, clawed, concealed in the helmet, the 3 posterior ones, when 
present, minute. Stamens numerous. Carpels 3-5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles 
at maturity. 

Flowers blue or purplish : hood helmet-shaped. 1, A. uncinatum. 
Flowers white or yellowish : hood oblong-conie. à 2, A. reclinatum. 

1. Aconitum uncinàtum L. Stems slender, weak, 6-12 dm. long, ascending or 
climbing, leafy : leaf-blades thick, broader than long, 7-10 em. wide, deeply 3-5-lobed or 
cleft, the lobes oblong or ovate-lanceolate, cleft or toothed, acute, glabrous or nearly so : pan- 
icle few-flowered, pubescent, the flowers clustered at the ends of its branches, blue or purplish, 
2.5 cm. broad or more: hood erect, obtusely conic, acute in front but scarcely beaked : 
follicles 12-14 mm. long, subulate-beaked. 


In woods, southern Pennsylvania and chiefly along the mountains to Georgia. Also in Wisconsin. 
Summer and fall. WILD MONKSHOOD. 


RANUNCULACEAE 435 


2. Aconitum reclinatum A. Gray. Stems trailing, 0.5-2.5 m. long: leaf-blades 
:3-7-cleft, all but the upper petioled, thin, the lower 15-20 cm. broad, mainly obovate, 
acute, toothed and cleft toward the apex: panicle or raceme loose, pubescent: flowers 
white or yellowish, 16-20 mm. long: hood horizontal or nearly so, elongated-conic, with 
a straight short beak : follicles 10 mm. long, each with a slender divergent beak. 


In woods, Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and along the Alleghenies to Georgia. Summer. TRAILING 
WOLFBANE. i 


12. HEPÁTICA Scop. 


Perennial scapose herbs, with short often tufted rootstocks. Leaves basal: blades 
long-petioled, thick, 3-lobed, evergreen. Flowers white or purple, solitary on slender 
scapes. Involucre of 3 small sessile bracts close under the flower, simulating a calyx. 
Sepals membranous, petal-like. Petals wanting. Stamens all anther-bearing. Achenes 
short-beaked, pubescent. 


Lobes of the leaf-blades and bracts of the involucres obtuse. 1. H. Hepatica. 
Lobes of the leaf-blades and bracts of the involucres acute. 2. H. acuta. 

1. Hepatica Hepática (L.) Karst. Roots fibrous. Leaves basal; blades long- 
etioled, reniform, 5-8 em. broad when mature, spreading on the ground, 3-lobed, the 
obes sometimes toothed or again lobed, obtuse : scapes 1-1.5 dm. long, villous: involucre 

of 3 sessile obtuse oblong bracts immediately under the flower : calyx blue, purple or white, 
12-20 mm. broad : sepals oval or oblong, obtuse, longer than the stamens : achenes several, 
4-5 mm. long, oblong, acute, hairy. [H. triloba Chaix.] 

In woods, often in large tufts, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, northern Florida and Missouri. Also in 
Europe and Asia. Winter to spring. HEPATICA. LIVER-LEAF. 

2. Hepatica acüta (Pursh) Britton. Plant closely resembling the preceding species 
but often larger; differing in that the lobes of the leaf-blades and the bracts of the invo- 
lucres are acute or acutish. [H. acutiloba DC.] 


In woods, Quebec to Minnesota and in the Alleghenies to Georgia, but rare or absent near the 
Atlantic coast. Spring. HEPATICA. LIVER-LEAF. 


13. ANEMONE L. 


Perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and erect scapes. Leaves basal: blades 
lobed, divided or dissected, petioled. Bracts similar to leaves, forming an involucre re- 
mote from the flower. Sepals 4-20, petal-like. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous, 
shorter than the sepals. Carpels several or numerous. Achenes compressed, 1-seeded. 


Achenes densely long-woolly. 
pes simple, 1-flowered. 
Involuere mostly above the middle of the scape: tips of the achenes not pro- 


ecting beyond the wool. 1. A. decapetala. 
Involuere mostly below the middle of the scape: tips of the achenes project- 
ing beyond the wool. 2. A. Caroliniana. 


Scapes mostly branched, several-flowered. 
Sepals greenish : head of fruit mostly over 1 em. thick: achenes with spread- 


ing styles. 3. A. Virginiana. 
Sepals clear white: head of fruit mostly less than 1 em. thick: achenes with 
ms appressed or ascending styles. 4. A. riparia. 
c De glabrate or finely pubescent, never woolly. 
ivisions of the involucral bracts lobed or incised, membranous. 5. A. quinquefolia. 


Divisions of the involucral bracts merely toothed, leathery at maturity. 6. A. trifolia. 


1. Anemone decapétala Ard. Foliage finely pubescent. Root tuberous, oblong : 
leaves few ; blades 3-divided, the segments ovate or ovate-oblong, crenate or crenate-cleft : 
Scape erect, 1-3 dm. tall, simple: bracts of the involucre very different from the leaf- 
blades, mostly above the middle of the scape, nearly sessile, once or twice palmately cleft, 
the segments linear, mostly entire : sepals 10-20, pink or greenish white: head of fruit 
cylindric, 2-3.5 em. long : achenes completely buried in the wool. 

Pe. y and prairies, Alabama, Arkansas, Texas and the Great Plains, south through Mexico to 
ca. Alsoin South America. Spring and summer. 

2. Anemone Caroliniana Walt. Foliage sparsely hairy. Leaves slender-petioled ; 
blades 3-divided, the divisions variously lobed and parted : scapes 1-2.5 dm. high, arising 
from a tuber, 6-8 mm. in diameter: bracts óf the involucre sessile ; blades cleft : flower 
erect, 18-36 mm. broad: sepals 6-20, linear-oblong, purple, varying to white: head of 
fruit oblong : achenes densely woolly but the tips projecting. 

On open plains, Illinois to Wisconsin, Nebraska, Georgia and Texas. Spring. 


b 3. Anemone Virginiàna L. Foliage hairy. Leaves with long petioles; blades 
roader than long, 3-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate-oblong, variously cleft and 


436 RANUNCULACEAE 


divided into acute serrate lobes: scapes 5-10 dm. high, stout, branching at the involucre, 
the lateral peduncles bearing secondary involucres: bracts of both primary and secondary 
involucres similar to the leaves, with petioles 2.5-5 cm. long: sepals generally 5, white or 
greenish, acute or obtuse: calyx 18-30 mm. broad: head of fruit oblong, 18-25 mm. long, 
mostly over 1 cm. thick : achenes compressed, woolly, each tipped with the subulate style. 

In woods or thickets, Nova Scotia to Kansas, Manitoba and the Canadian Rocky Mountains to 
middle Georgia. Summer. 

4. Anemone riparia Fernald. Foliage glabrate or loosely pubescent, or silky above. 
Leaves several; blades thin, 3-divided, the divisions lanceolate to ovate, acuminate at 
the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, the lateral divisions deeply cleft dn the lower side: 
scapes 3-9 dm. tall: bracts of the involucre 3, quite similar to the leaves, subtending 1-5 
peduncles: sepals thin, white, unequal, oval or obovate, 1.5-2 cm. long, obtuse or rather 
acute: head of fruit short-cylindric, 1.5-2 cm. long, barely 1 cm. thick : achenes with 
appressed or ascending styles. 

In rocky soil or on steep banks, New Brunswick to Quebec and along the mountains to North 
Carolina and Tennessee. Summer. 

5. Anemone quinquefólia L. Foliage nearly glabrous. Leaves basal; blades 
5-divided, 4-11 em. broad, appearing later than the scapes, the divisions oblong or ovate, 
more or less cuneate at the base: scapes erect, 1-2.5 dm. tall, slender, simple: bracts of 
the involucre 3, slender-petioled, 3-5-parted, the segments 1.5-3 cm. long, acute, lobed or 
incised : flower solitary, 2-2.5 cm. broad : sepals 4-9, white, or purplish without: head of 
fruit globose, inclined : achenes oblong, 4-5 mm. long, pubescent, the styles hooked. [A. 
nemorosa Michx., not L.] 

In low woods, Nova Scotia to the Rocky Mountains, middle Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 

6. Anemone trifdlia L. Foliage nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves basal; blades 
mostly 3-divided (sometimes 4—-5-divided), long-petioled, dentate, often somewhat lobed : 
scapes erect, relatively stout, 1-4 dm. tall: involucral bracts 3, stout; blades petioled, 
3-parted, the divisions oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, dentate, often 
coarsely so, 2.5-7.5 cm. long: flower solitary, white, 2.5-4 em. broad when expanded: 
pedicel 2.5 10 cm. long: sepals oblong: head of fruit globose, 10-12 mm. in diameter: 
achenes 10-20, oblong, finely pubescent, each tipped with the hooked style. 


In woods. southern Pennsylvania to Virginia and Georgia, chiefly in the mountains. Also 
in south-central Europe. Spring. 


14. SYNDESMON Hoffmg. 


Perennial herbs, the slender scapes from a cluster of tuberous-thickened roots. Leaves 
basal: blades 2-3-ternately compound. Bracts of the involucre similar to the leaves 
but sessile. Flowers large, terminal, umbellate, slender-pedicelled. Sepals white, thin, 
petal-like. Petals wanting. Stamens all anther-bearing. Stigma sessile, truncate. Achenes 
plump, deeply grooved. [Anemonella Spach. ] 


1. Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. Foliage glabrous. Scapes arising in 
early spring from the cluster of tuberous roots, 1-2.5 dm. high: leaves basal, appearing 
and resembling those of Thalictrum ; blades ternately-compound : bracts of the involucre 
similar to the leaf-blades, sessile; leaflets long-stalked : flowers 1-2.5 em. broad, perfect, 
umbellate, immediately above the involucre : sepals 5-10, white or pinkish, longer than the 
stamens: stigmas depressed-truncate, sessile: achenes sessile, pointed, 8-12 mm. long. 
[Anemonella thalictroides | L.) Spach. ] 


In woods, Ontario and nearly throughout the eastern United States, westward to Kansas and Min- 
nesota. Spring. RUE ANEMONE. WIND RUE. : 


15. CLEMATIS L. 


Vines, usually climbing over shrubs. Leaves opposite : blades 3-several-foliolate, 
the leaflets entire, toothed or incised. Flowers several or many in broad paniculate cymes, 
dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Sepals relatively small but petaloid, without a border, 
thin, white or pale, spreading. Petals wanting. Stamens spreading: anthers short and 
blunt. Pistils several. | Achenes 1-seeded, with silky or plumose styles. 


Leaflets less than 4 em. long : styles 5-10 em. long at maturity. 1. C. Drummondit. 

Leaflets over 5 em. Jong : styles 2.5-4 em. long at maturity. P 
Leaf-blades mainly 3. foliolate. 2. C. Virginiana. 
Leaf-blades mainly twice ternately compound. 3. C. Catesbyana. 


1 Clematis Drumméndii T. & G. A climbing or straggling vine, with cinereous- 
pubescent foliage. Leaves numerous; blades mainly pinnately 5-7-foliolate ; leaflets 


RANUNCULACEAE 437 


1.5-2.5 cm. long, coarsely cleft or parted, the segments more or less flaring, acute or acumi- 

nate, sometimes toothed : peduncles mostly trichotomous, sometimes simple : flowers few : 

sepals 10-12 mm. long, slightly broadened upward, silky without: heads of fruit conspicu- 

ous : achenes 2-3 mm. long: persistent styles very slender, 5-10 cm. long, silky-plumose. 
In dry soil, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


2. Clematis Virginiàna L. A long vine, climbing over bushes in low woodlands 
and along fences and water-courses. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; blades 3-foliolate or 
rarely 5-foliolate ; leaflets mostly broadly ovate, acute at the apex, toothed or lobed, some- 
times slightly cordate: flowers white, in leafy-bracted panicles, polygamo-dioecious : 
calyx 15-30 mm. broad when expanded : sepals mainly oblong-spatulate : filaments gla- 
brous : achenes very inequilateral: persistent styles plumose, 2.5 cm. long or more. 

In moist soil, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Georgia and Kansas. Summer. VIRGIN’S BOWER. 


3. Clematis Catesbyàna Pursh. A climbing vine several m. long. with pubescent or 
occasionally glabrate foliage. Leaves numerous ; blades mainly twice ternately compound ; 
leaflets suborbieular, ovate or lanceolate, 2-5 em. long, acute or acuminate, 3-lobed, 
otherwise entire or sparingly toothed: flowers relatively few in a panicle: calyx 2-2.5 
em. broad : sepals oblong or spatulate, 6-9 mm. long, obtuse, pubescent : achenes barely 
inequilateral: persistent styles plumose. 

In sand or sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 


16. VITICÉLLA Dill. 

Climbing or reclining vines. Leaves opposite: blades several-foliolate, the leaflets 
entire, lobed or parted. Flowers perfect, solitary on short branches or few together. 
Sepals petal-like, spreading, each with a wide border on either side of the nerves, relatively 
large. Petals wanting. Stamens spreading: anthers long and narrow.  Pistils several. 
Achenes 1-seeded, with elongated, often pubescent but rarely plumose styles. 

1. Viticella Viticélla (L.) Small. A branching vine several m. long, with minutely 
pubescent foliage: leaves numerous ; leaflets thin, 2-5 em. long, acute or apiculate, entire, 
lobed or parted, mostly inequilateral : flowers showy, 4-8 cm. broad : sepals thin, cuneate 
to cuneate-spatulate, spreading : achenes ovoid to elliptic-ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, minutely 
pubescent, the styles relatively short, not plumose. [Clematis Viticella L.] 

On rocky banks, Tennessee. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. 


17. VIORNA Reichenb. 


Climbing vines, or perennial herbs, with erect or ascending, more or less woody 
‘stems. Leaves opposite: blades slender-petioled, pinnately-compound, lobed or in some 
species entire. Sepals 4 or 5, valvate in the bud, petal-like. Petals wanting. Stamens 
numerous, erect: anthers long and narrow. Pistils many. Achenes 1-seeded, with long 
persistent plumose, silky or naked styles. 


‘Climbing or shrubby vines. à 
Sepals relatively thin: styles silky at maturity, not plumose, rarely glabrous. ; 
Leaflets pinnately nerved : sepals recurved from near the middle. . V. crispa. 
Leaflets reticulated : sepals recurved at the tips. . V. Simsii. 
Sepals leathery : styles plumose. 
Foliage glandular, 8. V. Gattingeri. 
Foliage glabrous. glaucous or simply pubescent. 
Leaflets prominently and conspicuously reticulated. 
Sepals dull purple, pubescent without. 4. V. reticulata. 
Sepals carmine or scarlet, glabrous without. 2 
Peduncles forking: calyx less than 2 em. long: sepals thin. 5. V. versicolor. 
Peduncles simple: calyx over 2 em. long: sepals thick. 6. V. coccinea. 
Leaflets not reticulated, sometimes with a few prominent nerves. 
Elongated vines. 
Achenes oblong or elliptic: leaflets not glaucous beneath. 
Leafiets simple and usually entire. 


Ne 


Sepals over 2.5 cm. long: leaflets glabrous. 7. V. obliqua. 
Sepals less than 2.5 em, long: leaflets silky beneath. 8. V. flaccida. 
Leaflets, at least the lower ones, ternate or 3-lobed. 9. V. Viorna. 
Achenes suborbicular : leaflets glaucous beneath. I0. V. glaucophylia. 
Ses or stocky vine. 11. V. Addisonii. 


Upright perennial herbs. 
Leaf-blades reticulated, rounded or cordate at the base. 


Calyx yellowish green : style erect; plumes brown at maturity. 12. V. ochroleuca. 
Calyx purple: style horizontal; plumes white at maturity. 13. V. ovata. 
f-blades not reticulated, mostly cuneately narrowed at the base. 14. V. Baldwinii. 


1. Viorna críspa (L.) Small. A climbing vine, 1 m. long or much longer. Leaf- 
blades pinnate ; leaflets mostly trifoliolate, the ultimate divisions entire or occasionally 


438 RANUNCULACEAE 


lobed, ovate to broadly lanceolate, glabrous and thin: flowers solitary, nodding, bluish 

urple, 18-36 mm. long: calyx cylindric below, but the sepals thin and widely spread- 
ing above, their margins undulate: filaments hairy: persistent styles silky, not plumose. 
[ Clematis crispa L.] 

In marshes, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer.—The variety with 
linear or linear-lanceolate leaflets, is V. crispa, Wdlteri (Pursh) Small, [Clematis Walteri Pursh]; it 
ranges from South Carolina and Florida to Texas. 

2. Viorna Símsii (Sweet) Small. A climbing vine, with more or less pubescent 
branches. Leaf-blades pinnate; leaflets entire, lobed or trifoliolate, thick, reticulated, 
generally mucronate : flowers solitary : calyx campanulate, less than 2.5 cm. long, purplish, 
pubescent : sepals with recurved margined tips: filaments hairy: persistent styles more or 
less pubescent, about 2.5 cm. long. [Clematis Simsii Sweet. ] 

In low grounds, southern Indiana to Nebraska and Texas. Spring and summer. 


3. Viorna Gattingeri Small. A slender branching vine 1-3 m. long, climbing over 
rocks and bushes, the foliage copiously glandular. Leaves 1-1.5 dm. long ; blades pinnate ; 
pea less glandular than the stem’; leaflets membranous, lanceolate or broadly lanceo- 
ate, 1.5-5 cm. long, pubescent on both sides as well as glandular, acute or slightly acumi- 
nate, ciliate: peduncles stoutish, 3-5 cm. long: bracts ovate, 5-10 mm. long: calyx 
purple, 10-13 mm. long: sepals felt-like, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, often recurved 
from the middle, crested near the edges below the apex, narrowed into recurved caudate 
tips: filaments pubescent: achenes ovate-oval or elliptic, 6-7 mm. long, minutely pubes- 
cent, each face with an ovate or oval impression : persistent styles erect or nearly so, curved 
from below the middle, tawny green, 2-2.5 cm. long, plumose. [Clematis Gattingeri Small. ] 

On the banks of the Cumberland River, near Nashville, Tennessee. Summer. 


4. Viorna reticulata (Walt.) Small. A branching vine several m. long, with 
minutely pubescent or glabrate foliage. Leaves numerous; blades pinnately foliolate ; 
leaflets rather leathery, oblong, lanceolate, oval or suborbicular, 2-8 cm. long, acute or 
apiculate, very prominently and conspicuously reticulated, entire or lobed : pedicels about 
as long as the peduncles: flowers nodding: calyx about 2 cm. long, dull, canescent with- 
out: sepals felty, lanceolate: achenes elliptic, 5-6 mm. long, silky: persistent styles plu- 
mose, 4-5 cm. long. [Clematis reticulata Walt. ] 

In thickets and dry soil, South Carolina to Texas and Florida. Spring and summer. 


5. Viorna versícolor Small. A branching vine 2-4 m. long, with glabrous and glau- 
cous foliage or sometimes an indication of pubescence below the nodes. Leaves numerous ; 
blades slender-petioled; leaflets firm, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, apiculate, 
glaucescent and conspicuously reticulated above, conspicuously glaucous and prominently 
reticulated beneath : pedicels as long as the peduncles or longer: bracts ovate, 2-2.5 cm. 
long, or the secondary ones smaller and nearly oblong: calyx purplish, about 1.5 cm. 
long: sepals lanceolate, glabrous, slightly recurved at the tip: achenes pubescent: per- 
sistent styles plumose, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, white or nearly so.  [ Clematis versicolor Small. ] 

On dry rocky ledges, Missouri and Arkansas. Summer. 

6. Viorna coccinea (Engelm.) Small. A vine several m. long, with branching 
stems. Leaves numerous ; blades mostly pinnate on sometimes tendril-like petioles; leaf- 
lets ovate to ovate-lanceolate or suborbicular, 4-6 cm. long, acute, obtuse or even notche 
at the apex, entire or rarely lobed, glaucous and more or less prominently reticulated be- 
neath, mostly truncate or subcordate at the base : flowers scarlet or purple-red, ovoid or 
globose-ovoid, about 2 cm. long, nodding: sepals with spreading or recurved tips : achenes- 
mostly broader than long, 6-7 mm. wide, silky: persistent styles plumose, 3-5 cm. long. 
[Clematis coccinea Engelm. ] 

In thickets and along streams, Texas. Spring. 


_7. Viorna obliqua Small. A climbing vine, with elongated stems. Leaves with long 
petioles ; leaflets thickish, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, slightly acuminate, 
erose-denticulate and undulate, truncate at the inequilateral base, long-stalked : calyx 
conic, about 3 em. long, sparingly pubescent without : sepals lanceolate, recurved at the tip. 

In pine lands, near St. Augustine, Florida. 


_ 8. Viorna flaccida Small. A slender vine, the stems climbing over bushes, angled, 
thinly pubescent or glabrous below, branched, enlarged below the nodes and there densely 
hairy like the branchlets and petioles. Leaves many ; leaflets thin, oblong, ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, slender-stalked, apiculate or rarely acuminate, densely silky be- 
neath, sparingly so above or glabrate, entire or nearly so: bracts similar to the leaflets, 
but usually smaller and sessile or nearly so : peduncles usually slender, commonly in clusters- 
of 3’s: calyx greenish to light lavender, about 1.5 cm. long, nodding : sepals pubescent 
without like the lower surface of the leaflets, acutish, with very short tails : achenes rhom- 


RANUNCULACEAE 439 


boidal or nearly orbicular, stout, 6-7 mm. long, more or less inequilateral, thick-margined : 
persistent styles plumose, 2.5-3 em. long. [Clematis flaccida Small. ] 


In thickets, Kentucky and Tennessee. Spring. 


9. Viorna Viórna (L.) Small. A vine, climbing to the height of 3 m. or more. 
Leaves numerous, deep green; blades mostly pinnate ; leaflets glabrous, entire, lobed or 
3-foliolate, the uppermost and lowest leaves often entire : calyx ovoid-campanulate, purple : 
sepals exceedingly thick : flowers solitary, nodding: persistent styles plumose throughout, 
2.5 cm. long or more, brownish. [Clematis Viorna L. ] à 

In woods, southern Pennsylvania to Ohio, West Virginia, Georgia and Alabama. Spring and 
summer. LEATHER-FLOWER.  VASE-VINE. 

10. Viorna glaucophylla Small. A showy bright green vine, the stem rather 
slender, 2-5 m. long, climbing over bushes and trees, nearly simple, dark red, furrowed, 
much enlarged at the nodes. Leaves ovate, 3-10 cm. long, thickish, acute, often apiculate or 
acuminate, entire, 3-lobed or 3-foliolate, often with conspicuous white nerves above, promi- 
nently nerved and glaucous beneath, cordate or subcordate ; bracts leaf-like with petioles 1 
cm. long, the nerves gradually diverging from the midrib: calyx reddish purple, glossy, 
2-2.5 cm. long, thick, conic-ovoid : sepals lanceolate, acuminate, the tips very slightly 
spreading : achenes suborbicular, 6-8 mm. in diameter, puberulent, abruptly narrowed at 
both ends, each with an orbicular impression in the middle, sometimes slightly inequi- 
lateral: plumose style erect or slightly oblique, 5-6 em. long, tawny, lustrous, the hairs 
spreading. [Clematis glaucophylla Small. ] 


In river valleys, Kentucky to North Carolina, Florida and Alabama. Spring and early summer. 


. 11. Viorna Addisdnii (Britton) Small. A shruby or stocky vine, 3-10 dm. long, 
simple or often branched, glaucous and glabrous. Lower leaf-blades simple, entire or 
1-4-lobed, obtuse, deep bluish green above, glaucous beneath, sessile, clasping, 5-10 cm. 
long: upper leaf-blades pinnate, or sometimes simple, tendril-bearing ; leaflets 2-4, ovate, 
sessile : flowers solitary, terminal and axillary, purplish, nodding : calyx ovoid, 18-30 mm. 
long, contracted near the summit: sepals thick, lanceolate, acute, their tips recurved : 
stamens numerous, pubescent above : achenes flat, nearly orbicular, silky-pubescent : per- 
sistent styles 2.5-3 cm. long, brown-plumose throughout. [Clematis Addisonii Britton. ] 

On river banks, Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring. 


12. Viorna ochroleüca (Ait.) Small. An erect plant, 3-6 dm. tall, sometimes 
woody at the base, with silky-hairy foliage. Leaf-blades sessile, ovate, obtuse, glabrous 
and reticulated above, silky beneath, entire or occasionally lobed, mucronate: flower ter- 
minal, nodding, 2 cm. long: calyx cylindraceous, green : sepals thick, very silky without, 
their tips recurved: head of fruit erect: achenes scarcely oblique: persistent styles erect, 
yellowish brown, plumose throughout, 2.5-5 cm. long. [Clematis ochroleuca Ait. ] 

In sandy soil, Staten Island, New York and Pennsylvania to Georgia. Spring. 

13. Viorna ovata (Pursh) Small. Similar to the next preceding species in habit, 
the stems 2-6 dm. tall, pubescent when young, becoming nearly glabrous when old. Leaf- 
blades ovate, entire, 3-6 cm. long, strongly reticulate-veined and nearly glabrous when 
mature: flowers solitary at the ends of the stem or branches: calyx purple, nodding, 2.5 
em. long: achenes distinctly oblique : persistent styles nearly horizontal, plumose through- 
out, the plumes white or slightly dingy, 2.5-4 cm. long. [Clematis ovata Pursh. ] 

In dry soil, Kate's n ; irgi llect nN '$ Head, a 
mountain oe e e Sih Cea cae ggg a coveted om Neg 

14. Viorna Baldwínii (T. & G.) Small. An erect, simple or sparingly branched 

lant, with a more or less woody base and glabrate foliage. Leaf-blades various, the 
ower ones linear to lanceolate or oblong, 3-10 em. long, apiculate or rarely acute, sessile, 
the upper ones entire, or 3-cleft or 3-parted : peduncles 2-4 dm. long, strict: flower nod- 
ding, solitary: calyx 2-3 cm, long, purple or paler, suggesting that of V. crispa: sepals 
linear-lanceolate, spreading or recurved from above the middle: head of fruit conspicuous : 
achenes elliptic or ovate-elliptic, more or less rhomboidal : persistent styles very plumose, 
6-10 cm. long. [Clematis Baldwinii T. & G.] 
In pine lands or hammocks, peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. PINE HYACINTH. 


18. ATRÁGENE L. 

Perennial climbing vines, with glabrous or nearly glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite : 
blades petioled, compound. Flowers large, showy, peduncled, solitary in the axils or at 
the ends of the branches. Sepals very large, petal-like, mostly membranous and promi- 
nently veined. Petals small, spatulate. Stamens very numerous, erect, the outer filaments 
more or less petal-like. Styles very long, persistent, plumose at maturity. BELL RUE. 


440 RANUNCULACEAE 


1. Atragene Americana Sims. A trailing or partly climbing vine of rocky wood- 
lands. Leaf-blades trifoliolate ; leaflets thin, ovate, acute, toothed or entire, more or less 
deeply cordate ; petioles slender : flowers solitary, purplish blue, 5-10 cm. broad when ex- 
panded : sepals 4, thin and translucent, strongly veined, silky along the margins and the 
veins: petals spatulate, 12-18 mm. long: persistent styles plumose throughout. [Clematis 
verticillaris DC. ] 

n In dry soil, Hudson Bay to Manitoba, North Carolina and Minnesota. Spring. PURPLE VIRGIN’S 
OWER. 


19. MYOSURUS L. 


Diminutive annual acaulescent herbs, with fibrous roots. Leaves basal: blades linear, 
entire. Scapes 1-flowered, simple. Sepals 5 (rarely 6 or 7), long-spurred at the base. 
Petals 5 (rarely 6 or7) or wanting, when present greenish yellow, narrow ; each claw with a 
nectariferous pit at its summit ; blades spreading. Stamens 5-25, about equalling the sepals 
in length.  Pistils numerous, borne on a central axis, which becomes greatly elongated in 
fruit. Ovule solitary, suspended. Achenes apiculate or aristate. Embryo minute. 

1. Myosurus minimus L. Foliage glabrous. Leaves all basal, 5-10 cm. long, nar- 
rowly linear, blunt: scapes 2.5-15 cm. high, at length surpassing the leaves : petals 
present, small: the elongated receptacle attaining the length of 2.5 cm. or more: achenes 
glabrous, apiculate. 


In moist places, southern Ontario to Illinois, Kentucky and Florida. Reported from the Pacific 
coast. Also in'central Europe. Spring and summer. MOUSE-TAIL. 


20. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. 

Perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and tall erect stems. Leaves mainly 
basal: blades ample, palmately lobed. Flowers white, corymbosely paniculate. Sepals 
3-5, concave, caducous. Petals wanting. Carpels numerous, l-ovuled. Achenes capitate, 
sharply angular, inflated, each tipped with the minute style. Embryo large. 

1. Trautve'teria Carolinénsis ( Walt.) Vail. Foliage nearly glabrous, or rarely 
pubescent. Stems stout, 4-15 dm. high, branching: basal leaves with long petioles ; 
blades 15-30 cm. broad, deeply lobed, the lobes acute and sharply dentate: panicle ample, 
corymb-like : flowers 6-12 mm. broad, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of the branches : 
filaments slender, slightly widened: anthers oblong.  ['frautvetteria palmata F. & M.] 


In woods. south western Pennsylvania to Indiana and Missouri, but chiefly in the mountains of 
Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia, and in western Florida. Spring and summer. FALSE BUGBANE. 


21. BATRACHIUM S.F. Gray. 

Perennial aquatic or ditch herbs, with creeping or floating stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades dissected or palmately lobed, the segments of the submerged ones often filiform. Flow- 
ers solitary, rather small, borne on peduncles opposite the leaves. Sepals and petals usu- 
ally 5. Petals white or sometimes yellowish at the base; each claw bearing a small pit. 
Stamens severalor numerous. Achenes oblique, compressed, not margined, often nearly 
or quite beakless, transversely wrinkled. 


Achenes with beaks about 1 mm. long. 1. B. longirostre. 
Achenes beakless or nearly so. : 
Leaf-segments 10-15 mm. long, firm: blades scarcely collapsing when withdrawn 


from the water. 2. B. trichophyllum. 
Leaf-segments 15-30 mm. long, flaccid : bladescollapsing when withdrawn from 
the water. 3. B. flaccidum. 


l. Batrachium longiróstre (Godr.) F. Schultz Submerged. Foliage nearly 
glabrous: stems very leafy, several dm. long: leaf-blades short-petioled, not flaccid, with 
very numerous segments about 15 mm. long; stipules broad, pubescent : pedicels 2-4 cm. 
long: petals broadly ovate, 5-7 mm. long: head of fruit globose, 3-4 mm. in diameter. 

In ponds and streams, Ontario to Minnesota, Connecticut, Missouri and Mexico. Summer. 

2. Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Bossch. Submerged. Foliage glabrous: 
stems branching, usually 3 dm. long or longer: leaf-blades petioled, 3-5 cm. long, flac- 
cid ; stipules short and broad, hairy: flowers white, 12-18 mm. broad, on stout peduncles 
2.5-5 em. long, blooming at the surface of the water: head of fruit globose, 4-5 mm. 
broad : receptacle hairy : achenes apiculate but beakless. [Ranunculus aquatilis var. tricho- 
phyllus (Chaix) A. Gray.] 

In ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, North Carolina and California. Also in 


Europe and Asia. Summer.—a small state growing in the mud, with fleshy leaf-segments, is called B. 
trichophyllum caespitósum. 


RANUNCULACEAE 441 


3. Batrachium flaccidum (Pers.) Rupr. Resembling the next preceding species. 
Leaves with larger and more slender petioles ; blades with very long flaccid segments, col- 
lapsing when withdrawn from the water. 

In streams, Massachusetts to Washington, North Carolina and Lower California. Also in Europe, 
Asia and Africa. Spring to fall. 


22. HALERPESTES Greene. 


Perennial sometimes scapose herbs, with runners. Leaves mainly basal: blades cre- 
nate, dentate or lobed, long-petioled. Flowers small, yellowish, solitary or 2-7 together 
on scapes or scape-like peduncles. Sepals usually 5, spreading, tardily deciduous. Petals 
5-12, each bearing a small nectar-pit near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Head 
of fruit oblong, oval or subglobose. Achenes compressed, sometimes swollen, longitudi- 
nally striate, without a hard coat. 

1. Halerpestes Cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene. Foliage glabrous. Plants somewhat 
fleshy, spreading by runners. Leaves mostly basal; blades slender-petioled, ovate, cor- 
date-oval or reniform, crenate, 4-18 mm. long: flowers 1-7, about 6-8 mm. broad, borne 
on scapes 2.5-15 em. long, these sometimes bearing one or more leaves toward the base : 
head of fruit oblong, 6-16 mm. long: achenes compressed, somewhat swollen, distinctly 
striate, minutely sharp-tipped. 


On sandy shores, Labrador to New Jersey. west along the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes 
to Minnesota and the Northwest Territory, and in saline soil throughout the western half of the conti- 
nent, extending into Mexico. Also in Asia and South America. Summer. 


23. RANUNCULUS L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with erect or creeping stems. Leaves alternate: blades 
simple, entire, lobed or divided, or dissected. Flowers solitary or variously disposed. 
Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals as many as the sepals or more, or rarely fewer, yellow, 
white or red, conspicuous or minute, each provided with a nectariferous pit and a scale 
at the base of the blade. Carpels several or numerous, l-ovuled. Achenes capitate or 
Spicate, generally flattened, smooth, papillose or echinate, each tipped with a minute or an 
elongated style. CRow-roor. BUTTERCUP. 

Aquatic plants: submerged leaves with dissected blades; floating leaves with lobed blades. 
: 1. R. delphinifolius. 
Terrestrial or mud plants: leaves with entire, toothed, lobed or divided blades. 
Mud plants : leaves with entire or denticulate blades. 
Annuals: achenes beakless. 


Petals mostly 1-3, poe yellow, barely 2 mm. long: stamens 5-10. 
Head of fruit oblong or cylindrie: achenes suborbicular, less than 1 mm. long. 


R. pusillus. 
R. oblongifolius. 
R. obtusiusculus. 


Head of fruit subglobose: achenes obovoid, fully 1 mm. long. 
Petals 5, bright yellow, over 2 mm. long : stamens numerous. 
Perennial: stems creeping : achenes with subulate beaks. 
Terrestrial plants : leaves with all or some of the blades lobed or divided. 
Basal leaves with all or some of the blades crenate. 
Petals conspicuous, much longer than the sepals. 
Petals tit tats shorter than the sepals or about equalling them 
in length. : 
Styles very short. F 
Basal leaves with cordate blades: foliage glabrous or nearly so. 7. R. abortivus. 
Basal leaves with truncate or cuneately narrowed blades: foliage 
pubescent. 8. 
Styles subulate, hooked, nearly ¥ as long as the achene-body. 9. 
Basal leaves with all blades lobed or divided. 
A. Achenes smooth and glabrous. 
Foliage glabrous: stem hollow: flowers relatively small. : 10. R. sceleratus. 
ery more or less pubescent: stems not hollow: flowers relatively 
arge. 
Beaks of the achenes hooked. 11. R. recurvatus. 
Beaks of the achenes straight or slightly curved. : 
Achenes with beaks less than 14 as long as the bodies. 
Petals about as long as the sepals: head of fruit oblong or ; 
cylindric. 12 E. Pennsylvanicus. 
Petals much longer than the sepals : head of fruitsubglobose. 13. R. bulbosus. 
Achenes with beaks over 12 as long as the bodies; beaks some- 
times partially deciduous. 
Carpels or achenes few. 14. R. palmatus. 
Carpels or achenes numerous. : 
a. Corolla 2.5 em. broad orsmaller: petals5: head of fruit 
subglobose. " : 
* Plants stoloniferous: foliage glabrous or nearly so. 15. R. septentrionalis. 


gue cote 


D 
S 


Harveyi. 


micranthus. 
. Allegheniensis. 


SS 


442 RANUNCULACEAE 


** Plants not stoloniferous: foliage copiously pubes- 
cent, except sometimes in age. 
Stems with silky or appressed pubescence. 
Achenes flattened, with persistent subulate 
styles. 16. R. fascicularis. 
Achenes tumid, with deciduous filiform styles. 17. R. apricus. 
Stems with spreading pubescence. . 
Achenes narrowly margined: style subulate, 


about as long as the achene-body. 18. R. hispidus. 
Achenes broadly margined: style triangular, 
about 14 as long as the achene-body. 19. R. cuneiformis. 
b. Corollas 3 em. broad or larger: petals 7-16: head of 
fruit oblong or cylindric. 20. R. macranthus. 


B. Achenes variously roughened. 
Achenes more or less papillose ; beak minute. 
Corollas 2-3 em. broad : achenes sparingly papillose near the edges. 21. R. parvulus. 
Corollas 2-5 mm. broad : achenes papillose all over. 22. R. parviflorus. 
Achenes muricate or spiny; beak about 14 as long as the body. 23. R. muricatus. 


1. Ranunculus delphinifdlius Torr. Aquatic or partly emersed. Foliage glabrous 
or pubescent : stems branching, sometimes several dm. long : submersed leaf-blades short- 
etioled, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, repeatedly divided into capillary segments; emersed leaf- 
lades 1.5-5 cm. broad, petioled or the upper nearly sessile, 3-5-divided, the divisions 
cleft into linear or cuneate segments: corolla yellow, 18-36 mm. broad: petals 5-8, much 
longer than the sepals: head of fruit globose or oblong, 6-10 mm. long: achenes less than 
2 mm. long, callous-margined, each tipped with a straight persistent beak 3 its length or 
more. [Ranunculus multifidus Pursh, not Forsk.] 
In ponds, Massachusetts and Ontario to Michigan, North Carolina and Missouri. Summer. 


2. Ranunculus téner Mohr. Foliage glabrous. Stems ascending or erect, 0.5-6 dm. 
tall, more or less branched, often tufted, rarely rooting: basal leaves few ; blades ovate to 
ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, entire or undulate, slender-petioled ; stem-leaves conspicu- 
ously different from the basal, the blades oblong, lanceolate or linear, undulate, repand or 
denticulate: flowers inconspicuous, slender-pedicelled : petals 1-3 or rarely 5, yellow, 
1-1.5 mm. long: stamens 5-10: head of fruit oblong-cylindrie, 3-4 mm. long: achenes 
suborbicular, lenticular but swollen, 0.6-0.8 mm. long, slightly margined, the faces mi- 
nutely tuberculate. 

In low grounds, Alabama to Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 


3. Ranunculus pusíllus Poir. Foliage glabrous. Stems slender, weak, branching, 
1.5-3 dm. high: leaf-blades entire or denticulate, the lower oblong or ovate, on long 
petioles, the upper narrower, lanceolate or linear, short-petioled or sessile : corolla yellow, 
4-6 mm. broad: petals few, often barely exceeding the sepals in length: stamens 1-10: 
head of fruit, globose, 4 mm. broad: achenes fully 1 mm. long, beakless, each merely 
tipped with the persistent style-base. 

In marshes, southern New York and Pennsylvania, mostly near the coast, to Florida and through 
the Gulf States to Texas and Missouri. Spring and early summer.—The smali form of the southern 
border of the United States with more prominently papillose achenes, is R. pusillus Lindheimert 
(Engelm.) A. Gray. 

4. Ranunculus oblongifdlius Ell. Foliage glabrous or pubescent. Stems branched 
above, erect or ascending, 2-5 dm. high : leaf-blades entire or denticulate, mainly oblong 
or oblong-lanceolate, 2-7.5 em. long, the lower on long petioles, the upper narrower, lanceo- 
late or linear: corolla yellow, 10-12 mm. broad : petals 5, much exceeding the sepals: 
stamens numerous: head of fruit 4 mm. broad : achenes beakless, each merely tipped with. 
the style-base. : 

In swamps, Virginia to southern Illinois and Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


5. Ranunculus obtusiüsculus Raf. Foliage glabrous. Stems stout, hollow, 3-9 
dm. long, ascending, rooting from the lower nodes, sometimes nearly 2.5 cm. thick at the 
base : leaf-blades linear or lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, dentieulate or entire, all but the 
uppermost on broad petioles, each clasping the stem by a broad base: corolla yellow, 12- 
16 mm. broad, or smaller: petals 5-7, much exceeding the sepals : head of fruit globose or 
slightly elongated, 10-12 mm. in diameter : achenes compressed, 1 mm. long, subulate- 
beaked, but the beak early deciduous. [Ranunculus ambigens S. Wats. ] 


In marshes, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Summer. 


6. Ranunculus Harveyi (A. Gray) Britton. Foliage glabrous. Stems erect, 
slender, branched, 1.5-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades thin, those of basal and lower stem-leaves 
long-petioled, reniform or suborbicular, obtusely crenate or somewhat lobed, 1- 2cm. wide, 
cordate, or some of them truncate at the base, those of the upper stem-leaves sessile or 
nearly so, deeply 3-cleft or 3-parted into linear or narrowly oblong entire or few-toothed 
obtuse segments : corolla bright yellow, 12-18 mm. broad : petals 4-8, oblong, 4-5 times as 


RANUNCULACEAE 443 


long as the reflexed sepals : head of fruit globose, 4 mm. in diameter: achenes oblique, 
compressed, each tipped with a minute straight style. 
On dry hillsides, Missouri and Arkansas. Spring. 


7. Ranunculus abortivus L. Foliage glabrous or only sparingly pubescent. Stems 
erect or nearly so, 1.5-6dm. high, branched. Basal leaves several ; blades long-petioled, 
bright green, thick, crenate or sometimes lobed, broadly ovate, obtuse, and generally cor- 
date or reniform ; blades of the cauline leaves sessile or nearly so, divided into oblong or 
linear somewhat cuneate lobes: corolla yellow, 4-6 mm. broad: petals oblong, shorter 
than the reflexed sepals: head of fruit globose, the receptacle short, pubescent : achenes 
1-1.5 mm. long, each tipped with a minute curved beak. 

In woods and moist grounds, Labrador and Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida, Arkansas and 
Colorado. Spring. : 

8. Ranunculus micránthus Nutt. Similar to R. abortivus but usually rather more 
slender, the foliage villous. Stems 1-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades relatively thin, dull green, 
those of basal leaves ovate or suborbicular, 3-lobed or crenate, narrowed, rounded or nearly 
truncate at the base; segments of the upper stem-leaves narrow, entire or sharply toothed : 
corolla pale yellow, about 6 mm. broad: petals oblong or oval, 2-3 times as long as 
wide: head of fruit rather longer than thick, the receptacle linear, glabrous or very 
nearly so. 

In rich woods, often on rocks, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas. Spring. 


9. Ranunculus Allegheniénsis Britton. Similar in aspect to R. abortivus and R. 
micranthus, the foliage glabrous. Stems widely branched, 2-6 dm. tall : basal leaves several ; 
blades reniform or suborbicular, 1-2.5 cm. wide, long-petioled, crenate or some of them 
lobed, the teeth and lobes subacute ; Blades of stem-leaves sessile or the lower petioled, 
divided nearly or quite to the base into linear, acute, entire, toothed or cleft segments : 
corolla about 6 mm. broad: petals oblong, not exceeding the calyx, yellow, glandular : 
head of fruit globose, or globose-oblong, 4 mm. in diameter: achenes slightly compressed 
and margined, each tipped with a subulate hooked or recurved style of about 3 its length. 
tie open woods, eastern Massachusetts and in the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. 

10. Ranunculus sceleràtus L. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems stout, 1.5-6 
dm. high, freely branching, hollow: basal leaves with thick, 3-5-lobed reniform or cor- 
date blades, 2.5-5 em. broad, on long and broad petioles ; blades of the stem-leaves petioled 
or the upper sessile, deeply lobed or divided, the lobes obtuse, cuneate-oblong or linear, 
toothed or entire : flowers numerous : corolla yellow, 6-8 mm. broad: petals about pcs 
ling the calyx in length: head of fruit oblong or cylindric, 8-12 mm. long: achenes about 
1 mm. long, very numerous, merely apiculate. 

In swamps and wet ditches, New Brunswick to Florida, abundant along the coast, and locally in 
the interior to Minnesota, preferring saline or alkaline situations. Also in Europe and Asia. Spring 
and summer. 

_ ,1l. Ranunculus recurvàtus Poir. Foliage usually hirsute. Stems erect, 1.5-6 dm. 
high, branching : leaf-blades all petioled, broadly reniform, 5-7.5 cm. wide, deeply 3-cleft, 
the divisions broadly cuneate, acute, toothed and lobed: corolla light yellow, 8-18 mm. 
broad : petals shorter than or equalling the reflexed calyx: head of fruit globose, 12 mm. 
shat achenes compressed, margined, each tipped with a recurved hooked beak of 3 its 
ength. 

In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Missouri. Spring. 


12. Ranunculus Pennsylvánicus L. f. Foliage pilose-hispid. Stems erect, 
branching, 3-7 dm. high, leafy : leaf-blades thin, 3-divided, the divisions deeply 3-cleft, the 
lobes lanceolate, cuneate, acute, incised: corolla yellow, 6-8 mm. wide: petals equalling 
the reflexed sepals or shorter: head of fruit oblong or cylindric, 6 mm. thick, sometimes 
S vue : receptacle hairy: achenes smooth, each tipped with a sharp beak one-third 

ength. 


In wet open places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia and Georgia. Summer. 


. 13. Ranunculus bulbósus L. Foliage pubescent. Stems erect from a bulbous- 
thickened base, 1.5-5 dm. high: leaf-blades petioled, 3-divided, the terminal division 
stalked, the lateral ones sessile or nearly so, all variously lobed and cleft: corolla bright 
yellow, about 2.5 cm. broad: petals much longer than the reflexed sepals, obovate, 
rounded : head of fruit globose, 10-12 mm. broad : achenes compressed, very short-beaked. 
E In fields and on roadsides, quite common in most sections of North America. Naturalized from 

urope. Spring. 
14. Ranunculus palmatus Ell. Foliage glabrate, strigillose or sparingly hirsute. 
Roots clustered, slightly thickened : stems usually several together, slender, becoming de- 


444 RANUNCULACEAE 


cumbent and producing runners 2-8 dm. long: leaves mainly basal; blades long-petioled, 
various, merely lobed or 3-several-cleft or parted or divided, 2-10 cm. broad, the segments 
bluntly or sharply toothed or incised ; stem-leaves with narrow often entire segments : 
corolla yellow, about 12 mm. broad: pedicels slender: petals oblong to oblong-obovate : 
achenes few, 5-6 mm. long, including the flat nearly straight beak, broadly margined. 

In river swamps or low woods, South Carolina to Tennessee and Florida. Spring. 


15. Ranunculus septentrionàlis Poir. Foliage glabrous or rarely pubescent. Roots 
simply fibrous: stems branching, 3-12 dm. long, the later branches procumbent and some- 
times rooting at the nodes : leaves large ; blades petioled, 3-divided, the divisions mostly 
cuneate at the base, cleft into broad lobes ; lower petioles occasionally a foot long: corolla 
2 5 em. in diameter or more, bright yellow : petals obovate, twice the length of the spread- 
ing sepals: head of fruit globose or oval, 10-13 mm. in diameter: achenes flat, strongly 
margined, subulate-beaked by the stout sword-shaped styles which are of nearly their length 
and often early deciduous. 

In low grounds and mainly in swamps, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Georgia and Kentucky. 
Spring and early summer. 

16. Ranunculus fasciculàris Muhl. Foliage silky-pubescent. Roots thickened 
and clustered: stems low, 1-3 dm. tall, tufted: leaf-blades petioled, 3-5-divided, the di- 
visions stalked (especially the terminal one), deeply lobed and cleft, the lobes oblong or 
linear : corolla 2-2.5 cm. broad : petals yellow, obovate, much longer than the spreading 
sepals, rounded, truncate, or even emarginate : head of fruit globose, mostly 8-10 mm. in 
diameter : achenes flat, slightly margined, each beaked with the subulate persistent style 
which is nearly or quite the length of the body. 

In woods, Ontario and New England to Manitoba, middle Georgia and Texas. Spring. 


17. Ranunculus ápricus Greene. Foliage sparingly strigillose or barely hirsute. 
Roots clustered, slightly thickened : stems slender, erect or ascending, 2-3 dm. long, sev- 
eral together : leaves mainly basal, of 2 kinds; blades slender-petioled, merely toothed or 
slightly 3-lobed, truncate at the base, others on longer petioles, several times larger, 3-di- 
vided and the terminal lobe mostly 3-parted ; stem-leaves few, with linear or linear-oblong, 
entire or sparingly toothed segments: flowers slender-pedicelled: corolla 1.5 cm. broad: 
petals oblong or oblong-obovate, white or pale within, yellowish without: achenes numer- 
ous, turgid-lenticular, 2-2.5 mm. long, narrowly margined, subulate-beaked. 

In moist pine woods, the Indian Territory to Mississippi and Louisiana. Winter and spring. 


18. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Foliage densely villous-hirsute, especially when 
young, becoming less densely pubescent in age. Roots relatively slender: stems com- 
monly several together, erect or decumbent, 2-6 dm. long: leaves mainly basal; blades 
pinnately 3-5-divided, rather thin, the segments sharply cleft or lobed ; upper stem- 
leaves 3-lobed or 3-parted : corolla yellow, 1.2-3.5 em. broad : petals obovate or cuneate, 
about twice as long as the spreading sepals: head of fruit globular or oval-globose, 6-10 
mm. long: achenes lenticular, broadly oval, 3-4 mm. long, the subulate beak about j as 
long as the body. 

In woods and thickets, Ontario to the Northwest Territory, Georgia and Arkansas. Spring. 


19. Ranunculus cuneifórmis Small. Foliage hirsute below the inflorescence. 
Roots thickened, clustered : stems usually several together, 2-3 dm. tall, erect or ascend- 
ing, rather slender: leaves mainly basal; blades, at least some of them, 2-divided into 
cuneate rather obtuse segments, 5-10 cm. long, about as long as the petioles ; upper stem- 
leaves with 3-parted blades, the segments narrow, often incised : corolla yellow, about 1.5 
cm. broad : peduncles strigillose: head of fruit subglobose or ovoid-globose, about 1 cm. 
long, the receptacle barely elongated: achenes 4 mm. long, conspicuously winged, eac 
with a triangular beak. 

On prairies, Kerrville, Texas. Spring. 


20. Ranunculus macránthus Scheele. Foliage hirsute. Stems erect or ascending, 
1-6 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched: leaves mainly basal; blades long-petioled, 
l-divided into more or less cuneate, entire or toothed segments; upper stem-leaves with 
narrower and more sharply toothed segments: corolla yellow, 3-5 em. broad, rather 
showy: petals cuneate to obovate, or oblong, much longer than the reflexed sepals : 
head of fruit oblong to cylindric, 1-1.5 em. long, the receptacle elongated : achenes 2-5 mm. 
long, exclusive of the flat slightly curved beak, narrowly margined. 

On plains and prairies, Texas. Spring and summer. 

21. Ranunculus párvulus L. Foliage hairy. Stems erect, 1.5-4 dm. high, branch- 


ing: basal and lower stem-leaves long-petioled; blades about 5 cm. broad and long, 
3-divided or 3-cleft, the divisions broadly ovate, cuneate, stalked, cleft and lobed ; upper 


RANUNCULACEAE 445 


stem-leaves sessile or nearly so; blades deeply cleft into linear-oblong obtuse segments: 
corolla yellow, 2-2.5 cm. broad: petals much exceeding the reflexed sepals in length: 
head of fruit oblong, 4-6 mm. thick: achenes flat, strongly margined, short-beaked, pro- 
vided with a series of small tubercles or papillae which become more prominent in drying, 
or rarely nearly smooth. 

In ballast grounds and waste places, New Brunswick to New York, Virginia and Georgia. Adven- 
tive from Europe. Summer. 

22. Ranunculus parviflorus L. Foliage villous. Stems slender, diffuse, branching 
from the base, 1.5-3 dm. high: basal leaves with long petioles ; blades reniform or cordate- 
orbicular, 2.5 cm. broad or less, 3-cleft, the lobes broadly oval, obtuse, and toothed ; upper 
leaves with short petioles, or blades nearly sessile, 3-5-parted into linear-oblong lobes: 
corolla yellow, 2-4 mm. wide: petals not longer than the sepals: head of fruit globose, 4 
mm. broad: achenes flat, margined, densely papillose, 3 mm. long, each tipped with a 
sharp beak of about one-fourth its length. 

In waste places, Maryland and eastern Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas, and in ballast 
leti about the northern seaports. Naturalized from Europe. Also naturalized in Bermuda. 

23. Ranunculus muricàtus L. Foliage glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems 
branched from the base, 3-6 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves with long broad petioles ; 
blades reniform or cordate-orbicular, 2.5-5 cm. wide, 3-lobed, cleft or crenate ; upper 
leaves with 3-divided cuneate short-petioled or sessile blades: corolla light yellow, 6-10 
mm. wide: petals exceeding the sepals in length : head of fruit globular, 10-12 mm. wide: 
achenes flat, densely muricate and spiny on the sides, 4 mm. long, each tipped with a 
stout slightly curved beak of one-half its length. 


In waste places, eastern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana; naturalized or fugitive from Europe. 
Also on the Pacific Coast. Native also in Asia and naturalized in tropical America. Summer. 


24. ADONIS L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with rather succulent tissues and erect stems. Leaves 
alternate: blades pinnately dissected into numerous linear segments. Flowers yellow or 
red, solitary, terminal. Petals 5-16, conspicuous. Carpels numerous, each with 1 ovule. 
Achenes capitate or spicate, tipped with the persistent styles. 

1. Adonis ánnua L. Annual, glabrous. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, branched: 
leaves several ; blades finely dissected, 2-5 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the 
segments narrow, acute, toothed or incised : flowers orange or red, 18-36 mm. broad, stout- 
peduncled : sepals glabrous, deciduous : petals obovate or cuneate, darker at the base than 
above : achenes 3-5 mm. long, crowded in a cylindric head 1-2 cm. long. ( A. autumnalis L.] 

In waste places, widely cultivated and spontaneous in the eastern United States. 


25. THALICTRUM L. 


Perennial herbs, with erect or decumbent stems. Leaves alternate : blades ternately 
decompound, the segments entire, toothed or lobed : petioles with dilated bases. Flowers 
perfect, polygamous or dioecious, generally small, in panicles or racemes. Sepals greenish 
white, 4 or 5. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous, exserted. Carpels commonly few, 


cats ribbed or nerved, stipitate or nearly sessile. MEApow Rug. MAID-OF-THE- 
List. 


Flowers perfect : filaments petal-like. 

Achenes curved along the upper edge, the body longer than the stipe. 1. T. clavatum. 
* Achenes straight along the upper edge. the body shorter than the stipe. 2. T. mirabile. 

owers dioecious or polygamous: filaments not petal-like. 

Filaments subulate or filiform. 

Flowers strictly dioecious: leaflets not waxy beneath. 
Stamens less than 18. 
Stems procumbent: leaflets 6-15 mm. broad, not glaucous: achenes 


$54 mm. Yong: 3. T. debile. 
Stems erect or ascending : leaflets 2-7 mm. broad, glaucous beneath : 
achenes 3-3.5 mm. long. nci erui 
Stamens more than 18. : 


Leafiets longer than broad. 
Roots not vellow: petioles barely dilated at the base. 
Roots bright yellow: petioles widely dilated at the base. 
Leaflets broader than long. 
,,Flowers polygamous: leaflets more or less glandular or waxy beneath. 
Filaments Spatulate, often broader than the anthers. 
aflets entire or nearly so: flowers nearly dioecious: achene-body 3-4 
mm. long. 9. T. macrostylum. 
Leaflets strongly lobed: flowers polygamous: achene-body 4-5 mm. long. 10. T. polygamum. 


. T. dioicum. 

T. coriaceum. 

. T. caulophylloides. 
. T. purpurascens. 


goo 


446 RANUNCULACEAE 


1. Thalictrum clavatum DC. Foliage glabrous. Stems branching, 1.5-6 dm. high, 
nearly leafless : leaves mainly basal, 5-10 cm. long, biternate ; leaflets thin, stalked, oval, 
ovate, or the terminal obovate-cuneate, with 3 main lobes and a few secondary ones, 
the margins not revolute: inflorescence cymose: flowers perfect: filaments spatulate 
and petal-like : anthers oblong, blunt: achenes spreading, rather scimitar-shaped, the body 
longer than the stipe, narrowed at each end, flattened, tipped with the minute stigma. 


About mountain brooks, Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Spring and early 
summer. 


2. Thalictrum miràbile Small. Foliage glabrous, bright green. Stems erect, 1-3 
dm. tall, wiry, dichotomously branched above: leaves various, the basal usually ter- 
nately compound, with petioles about 2 em. long ; upper leaves gradually more simple and 
shorter-petioled ; leaflets suborbicular or orbicular-reniform, 2-3 cm. broad, very thin, 
delicately nerved, glaucescent beneath, broadly crenate or shallowly crenate-lobed, truncate 
or subcordate at the base, longer than the petioles: peduncles hair-like: flowers white: 
sepals spatulate or rhombic-spatulate, fully 1.5 mm. long: filaments fully 2 mm. long, petal- 
like by an abrupt thickening about the middle: achenes spreading at right angles to the 
peduncle, the body plump, about 2 mm. long, acute, not depressed along the upper side, 
shorter than the filiform stalk. 


On sandstone bluffs, Little Mountain, northern Alabama. Spring. 


3. Thalictrum débile Buckl. Foliage glabrous. Roots tuber-like, clustered : stems 
simple or sparingly branched, procumbent, 1-4 dm. long, slender: leaves delicate, 
with slender petioles ; leaflets thin, suborbicular to obovate, 0.5-1.5 cm. broad, more or 
less distinctly 3-lobed, the lobes entire or shallowy toothed: flowers dioecious, few, mostly 
in pairs, short-pedicelled : sepals cuneate or oblong-spatulate, 2-2.5 mm. long: stamens 
7-11: filaments slender, shorter than the mucronulate anthers: achenes 1-6, oblong, ses- 
sile, 3.5-4 mm. long, prominently 6—8-ribbed. 


In rich woods in the mountains, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


4. Thalictrum Texànum (A. Gray) Small Foliage glabrous, somewhat glaucous. 
Roots fusiform, clustered: stems often branched at the base, the branches wiry, erect or as- 
cending, 1-3 dm. tall: leaves rather numerous, with filiform petioles ; leaflets firm, cune- 
ate to reniform, 2-7 mm. broad, entire, cleft or lobed: flowers several, slender-pedicelled : 
achenes narrowly oblong, 3-3.5 mm. long, prominently 6-8-ribbed, slender-beaked. [T. 
debile var. Texanum A. Gray.] 


On moist prairies, near Houston, Texas. Early spring. 


5. Thalictrum dioicum L. Foliage glabrous. Roots not yellow: stems erect, 3-6 
dm. high, slender, leafy: leaves ample; blades 3-4-ternate ; leaflets thin, pale beneath, 
orbicular or broader, often cordate and the terminal one somewhat cuneate, 5-9-lobed : 
flowers dioecious, greenish, drooping or spreading : panicle elongated, of numerous lateral 
corymbs or umbel-like corymbs : filaments longer than the sepals: anthers linear, blunt, 
longer than the filaments : stigma elongated: achenes ovoid or oval, sessile or minutely 
stipitate, with rounded ribs, much longer than the style. 

In woods, Labrador and Anticosti to Saskatchewan, in the mountains to Georgia and Alabama, 
and Missouri. Spring. 

6. Thalictrum coriàceum ( Britton) Small. Foliage glabrous. Rootstocks and roots 
bright yellow : stems 1-1.5 m. high, striate, paniculately branched above : leaves ample ; 
blades 3-4-ternate, short-petioled, the lower petioles expanded at the base into broad stip- 
ule-like appendages ; leaflets obovate or reniform-orbicular, rather leathery, nearly white 
beneath, usually deeply and sharply incised, the nerves prominent on the lower surface: 
flowers dioecious ; staminate nearly white, the anthers linear, subulate-tipped, longer than 
the filiform filaments ; pistillate flowers purple : achenes oblong-ovoid, subacute, stipitate, 
sharply ribbed, longer than the persistent style. 


_ In open woods, mountains of southwestern Virginia to Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina. 
Spring and early summer. 


7. Thalictrum caulophylloides Small. Foliage deep green, glabrous. Stems erect, 
6-12 dm. tall: leaves 2-5 dm. long, spreading, with long petioles ; leaflets firm, broadly 
oval to suborbicular in outline, mainly broader than long, 4-9 em. in diameter, glaucous and 
prominently nerved beneath, cordate or truncate, 3-5-lobed above the middle, the lobes apic- 
ulate; petiolules slender, 5-30 mm. long: pedicels 8-20 mm. long, wire-like : achenes 
elliptic, 6 mm. long, sharply ribbed, contracted into stipes 1.5-2 mm. long, each tipped 
with the persistent club-shaped style. 


On mountain slopes, Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


ANONACEAE 447 


8. Thalictrum purpurascens L. Foliage glandular-pubescent or glabrate. Stems 
stout, erect, 1-2 m. high, leafy, branching above, often purplish: leaves ample ; blades 
3-4-ternate ; leaflets thick, oblong or obovate, dark green above, commonly waxy beneath, 
with revolute margins, and 3 main apical pointed lobes : panicle compound, leafy-bracted, 
3 dm. long or more: flowers polygamous : filaments narrow, slightly widened above : anthers 
linear or linear-oblong, cuspidate : stigma linear, persistent : achenes ovoid, glabrous or 
pubescent, short-stipitate, with 6-8 longitudinal wings. 


In copses and woodlands, Nova Scotia and Anticosti to Saskatchewan, Florida and Arizona. 
Spring and summer. - 


9. Thalictrum macrostylum (Shuttl.) Small & Heller. Foliage glabrous. Stems 
slender, 0.5-1.5 m. tall, striate-ridged : leaves few, the upper cauline, nearly sessile ; 
leaflets thick, conspicuously small, 5-9 mm. broad, entire or shallowly 2-3-lobed, pale 
green above, whitish beneath : flowers dioecious or nearly so, relatively numerous : fila- 
ments spatulate, about as long as the anthers: achenes oval, 4-5 mm. long, numerous, 
often 12-24, or sometimes only a few maturing, in dense globose heads, somewhat grooved, 
each tipped with the stout style. 

In meadows and lime sinks, North Carolina to Georgia and Florida. Spring. 

10. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. Foliage pubescent or glabrous, never glandular. 
Stems stout, 1-3 m. high, branching, leafy: leaves ample; blades 3-4-ternate ; leaflets 
moderately thick, light green above and paler beneath, oblong-obovate, or orbicular, with 
3 main apical pointed or obtuse lobes: panicle compound, leafy-bracted, 3 dm. long or 
more: flowers polygamous, white : filaments broadened : anthers oblong, short: achenes 
ovoid, stipitate, 6-8-winged, glabrous or pubescent. 

In open swamps, Labrador and Quebec to Ohio and Florida. 


FAMILY 3. ANONACEAE DC. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, possessing a light wood and an aromatic or strong-scented 
bark. Leaves alternate, without stipules: blades entire, commonly broadest 
above the middle. Inflorescence terminal, axillary or opposite the leaves. 
Flowers perfect or sometimes monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of 3 or rarely 2 
distinct or united valvate or rarely imbricated sepals. Corolla of mostly 6 im- 
bricated or valvate membranous or thick petals, in 2 series, the inner smaller, or 
rarely wanting. Androecium of numerous stamens usually crowded on a recep- 
tacle. Filaments very short, distinct. Anthers extrorse, surmounted by ap- 
pendages. Gynoecium of few or numerous sessile, distinct or somewhat united 
carpels. Ovaries 1-celled. Style short, or wanting. Stigma rarely grooved or 
2-lobed. Ovules anatropous, solitary or few, erect or ascending, or many and 
horizontal in 2 series. Fruit a more or less pulpy berry derived from one carpel 
or from the union of many carpels. Seeds flattened, with a parchment-like or 
crustaceous testa, naked or enclosed in an aril. Endosperm copious, ruminated. 
Embryo near the hilum. 


Anther-saes separated : petals imbricated : ovules numerous: fruit simple, from one pistil. 1. ASIMINA. 
Anther-sacs contiguous: petals valvate: ovule solitary : fruit compound, from the Conon patie. 
. ANONA. 


1. ASIMINA Adans. 


Ill-scented shrubs or trees. Leaves deciduous. Flowers perfect, white or purple, 
axillary on branchlets of the present or preceding year, solitary or in pairs. Sepals 3, 
valvate, much smaller than the petals. Petals 6, imbricated, the outer spreading and often 
the larger. Receptacle subglobose. Anther-sacs separated, adnate to the back of the fila- 
ments, surmounted by the glandular tip of the connective. Carpels 3-15, distinct, on top 
of the receptacle. Ovary tipped by a curved style. Ovules numerous, in 2 series, hori- 
zontal. Berries simple, solitary or several together, more or less elongated. Seeds flattened, 
with a leathery-crustaceous testa, enclosed in a fleshy-membranous aril, imbedded in a 
yellowish pulp. Endosperm horny. Embryo with very short cotyledons. 

A. Flowers terminal, or from the axils of the leaves of the season, appearing after the leaves. 


a. Flowers axillary (except rare cases in no. 1), long-pedicelled : leaf-blades long and narrow, linear 
or oblanceolate. 


Mature outer petals 3.5 em. longor longer, white or yellowish white at maturity. 1. A. angustifolia. 
Mature outer petals 3 em. long or shorter, deep black-purple at maturity. 
Petals oblanceolate or narrowly obovate. the outer 2-3 em. long. 2. A. pygmaea. 
Petals oblong, all nearly alike, 6-8 mm. long. 3. A. Rugelii. 


448 ANON ACEAE 


b. Flowers terminal, sessile or nearly so: leaf-blades short and broad, obovate or oval. 
4. A. obovata. 
B. Flowers from the axils of the deciduous leaves of the preceding season, appear- 
ing before the leaves. 
Leaves leathery ; blades reticulated : flowers yellowish white. 1 or 2 in an axil. 
Young leaves densely tomentose on both surfaces: mature outer petals 4-5 


em. long. : 5. A. speciosa. 
Young leaves sparingly tomentose, the upper surface soon glabrous : mature 
outer petals 2.544 em. long. 6. A. reticulata, 


Leavesmembranous ; blades not reticulated : flowers purple, solitary in the axils. 
A sh rub mostly less than 1.5 m. tall: mature outer petals 1 em. long or shorter: 


fruit 3-4 cm. long. 7. A. parviflora. 
A shrub or tree 3-12 m. tall: mature outer petals 2 cm. longor longer: fruit 7- 
16 em. long. 8. A. triloba. 


1. Asimina angustifdlia A. Gray. A shrub, 4-9 dm. tall. Stems branched at the 
base ; branches, except their twigs, glabrous, the old bark gray, the younger reddish : leaf- 
blades linear to oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate, 5-20 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the 
apex, acute at the base, glabrous, reticulated, sessile or short-petioled: flowers solitary in. 
the axils of the leaves, or rarely terminating the branches : pedicels glabrous or sparingly 
pubescent, 1-2 cm. long: sepals ovate, nearly glabrous, 1-1.5 cm. long: outer petals oblong- 
obovate or obovate, accrescent, 6 cm. long, white or yellowish white even at maturity: 
[seii oblong, 3-5 cm. long, acute. [A. pygmaea (Michx.) Dunal, not Anona pygmaea. 

artr. 

In sandy pine lands, Georgia and northern Florida. Spring. Fruit ripening in summer. 

2. Asimina pygmaéa (Bartr.) A. Gray. A shrub, 2-6 dm. tall. Stems simple, or 
commonly branched at the base; branches arcuate, often nearly prostrate, reddish, often 
tomentose at the ends : leaves tomentose when young, especially beneath, at maturity usu- 
ally erect, appearing as if secund ; blades oblong-oblanceolate, or spatulate-obovate, 5-15 
em. long, rounded, obtuse or acutish at the apex, acute at the base, glabrous, reticulated, 
sessile or short-petioled : flowers solitary in the axils, often nodding: pedicels slender, 
1-1.5 cm. long, glabrous or somewhat tomentose, often recurved: sepals ovate, 7-10 mm. 
long, tomentose when young, glabrate when old: petals greenish and slightly pubescent 
externally when young, becoming dull black-purple and glabrous, the outer narrowly obo- 
vate, 2-3 cm. Jong at maturity, the inner smaller: fruit not seen. 

In pine lands, eastern and peninsular Florida. Spring. Fruit ripening in summer. 

3. Asimina Rugé ii Robinson. A low branching shrub. Stems zigzag, red, ferrugi-- 
neous-tomentulose : leaves early glabrate ; blades oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, rounded at the 
apex, firm-leathery, reticulated, abruptly contracted at the base, nearly sessile: flowers in-- 
conspicuous, short-pedicelled : petals oblong, 6-8 mm. long, those of both series nearly 
similar, obtuse, leathery : carpels pubescent when young. 

In sandy pine woods, peninsular Florida. Spring. 

4. Asimina obovàta ( Willd.) Nash. A shrub or small tree, 1-3 m. tall. Stems. 
much branched, clothed with a grayish brown bark ; branchlets, petioles and the lower sur- 
face of the leaves, especially the midrib and nerves, tomentose with bright red or brown 
hairs: leaf-blades obovate, or the smaller ones often oval, 4-10 cm. long, glabrous above; 
petioles 3-5 mm. long: flowers sessile or nearly so, terminating the branchlets: sepals - 
ovate to oval, 10-12 mm. long, tomentose when young, glabrate: petals yellowish white, . 
glabrous, the outer obovate, 5-6 cm. long at maturity, the inner smaller: fruit not seen. 

In pine lands, peninsular Florida. Spring. Fruit ripening in summer. 


5. Asimina specidsa Nash. A shrub, 6-12 dm. tall. Stems clothed with a smooth 
gray bark; branchlets, as well as the peduncles and both surfaces of the young leaves 
densely tomentose with yellowish or tawny hairs: leaf-blades oblong, narrowly obovate or: 
obovate, 7-14 cm. long, leathery, reticulated, tomentose on both sides, sparingly so above 
at maturity ; petioles 3-7 mm. long, densely tomentose : flowers sometimes accompanie 
by branchlets from the axils of the deciduous leaves of the preceding year: pedicels 7-18 - 
mm. long: sepals ovate, 6-8 mm. long, tomentose : outer petals oval or obovate, 4-5 cm. 
long at maturity, much exceeding the inner ones, about six times as long as the sepals, 
pubescent, particularly on the outside near the base: berries glabrous. [A. grandiflora 
(Michx.) A. Gray, not Anona grandiflora Bartr. ] 


In pine lands, eastern Georgia and eastern Florida. Spring. Fruit ripening in summer. 


6. Asimina reticulata Shuttl. A shrub, 5-10 dm. tall. Stems with a grayish brown 
or brown bark ; branchlets, lower surface of the young leaves, peduncles and the outer sur- 
faces of the sepals and young petals densely tomentose with reddish brown hairs: leaves - 
somewhat tomentose above when young ; blades leathery, narrowly oblong, or oblanceolate, 
sometimes cuneate, 2 5-9 cm. long, glabrous, reticulated, the midrib and nerves prominent 
beneath ; petioles 1-2 mm. long: flowers on pedicels 5-8 mm. long, arising from the axils - 
of the deciduous leaves of the preceding year, each often accompanied by a branchlet : . 


MAGNOLIACEAE 449 


sepals ovate, 5-7 mm. long: outer petals oval to obovate, 2.5-4 cm. long at maturity, 

much exceeding the inner ones and about five times the length of the sepals, pubescent on 

the outside, especially toward the base : berries glabrous or nearly so. [A. cuneata Shuttlw. ] 
In pine lands, peninsular Florida. Spring. Fruit ripening in summer. 


7. Asimina parviflóra ( Michx. ) Dunal. A shrub, 3-40 dm. tall. Stems with spread- 
ing branches, clothed with gray to reddish bark ; branchlets, young leaves, particularly their 
lower surfaces, peduncles, and the outside of the young sepals and petals tomentose with 
bright reddish brown hairs: leaf-blades obovate to oblong-obovate, 6-17 cm. long, acute at 
the apex or short-acuminate, narrowed at the base, thin, glabrous above, usually more or 
less tomentose beneath, especially on the midrib and veins; petioles tomentose, 6 mm. 
long or shorter: flowers solitary from the axils of the deciduous leaves of the preceding 
year: pedicels 5 mm. long: sepals ovate, 5-7 mm. long: mature outer petals ovate to 
broadly oval, 7-10 mm. long, less than twice the length of the sepals : berries oblong, about 
3.5 em. long, sparingly pubescent. 

In sandy soil in the low country and foothills, North Carolina to Alabama and Florida, Spring. 

8. Asimina triloba ( L.) Dunal. A shrub or tree, 3-12 m. tall. Stems much branched, 
clothed with a dark gray bark ; branchlets and leaves when young, peduncles, and exterior 
surfaces of the sepals and petals tomentose with reddish brown hairs: leaf-blades obovate 
or obovate-cuneate, 10-30 cm. long, abruptly acuminate at the apex, usually acute, but 
sometimes rounded at the base, membranous, glabrous above, the midrib and primary 
nerves, usually pubescent; petioles 0.5-1 cm. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent : 
flowers in the axils of the deciduous leaves of the preceding year : pedicels often recurved, 
8-15 mm. long : sepals ovate or orbicular-ovate, 8-12 mm. long: petals at first greenish, 
later purple and conspicuously nerved, the outer ones nearly orbicular, 2-2.5 cm. long, 
more than twice the length of the sepals: berries oblong-cylindric, 7-16 cm. long, glau- 
cous, turning yellow, becoming soft and edible : seeds brown, oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long, flat- 
tened, obtuse at the apex and usually obliquely truncate at the base. 


In rieh moist soil and on river banks, northern New Jersey to western New York, southern Mich- 
igan, Nebraska, middle Florida and eastern Texas. Spring. 


2. ANONA L. 


Pungent-aromatic shrubs or trees. Leaves persistent : blades entire, leathery, often 
punctate. Flowers perfect, white or yellow, solitary, clustered or rarely racemose, termi- 
nal or lateral, nodding. Sepals 3, valvate, concave, somewhat united. deciduous. Petals 
mostly 6, valvate, fleshy, concave, converging, 3-angled at the apex, the outer ones larger, 
the inner sometimes wanting. Receptacle hemispheric. Anther-sacs contiguous, united to 
the back of the filament, surmounted by the truncate, sometimes glandular tip of the connec- 
tive. Carpels numerous, on the top of the receptacle, distinct or united. Ovaries pro- 
longed into a sessile or nearly sessile stigma. Ovule solitary, erect. Fruit compound, 
many-celled, smooth, scaly or muricate. Seeds flattened, with a brown leathery-crusta- 
ceous testa, enclosed in an aril. Embryo with rather long cotyledons. CusTARD-APPLE. 

1. Anona glabra L. A stout tree, 8-14 m. tall, with a maximum trunk diameter of 
5 dm., the branches spreading. Leaf-blades oblong or oval, 10-18 cm. long, leathery, acute, 
or short-acuminate, rounded or abruptly narrowed at the base, dark green above, paler be- 
Sueno petioles 1-2 cm. long : flowers nodding, yellow or dirty white: pedicels 1-3 cm. 
ong, enlarged at both ends: sepals 3, slightly united at the base, broader than long: 
petals 6, fleshy, concave, 2-3.5 cm. long, converging, those of the outer series marked with 
red within nearthe base, those of the inner series smaller and shorter: berry broadly 
ovoid, 6-12 cm. long, flattened and depressed at the base, rounded at the apex, yellow 
blotched with brown when mature, edible but insipid: seeds oblong, 1-2 cm. long, the 
thin aril surrounding the body. 

In swamps and ponds, peninsular Florida and the keys. Also in West Indies. 


FAMILY 4. MAGNOLIACEAE J. St. Hill. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 


Shrubs, trees or vines, often conspicuous by their large leaves, with a soft 
wood and pale often aromatic bark. Leaves alternate, or sometimes apparently 
whorled at the ends of branches : blades often punctate, entire or lobed : stipules 
deciduous or wanting. Flowers commonly perfect or monoecious axillary or ter- 
minal, mostly large, showy, fragrant or ill-scented. Calyx of 3 petaloid, decid- 
uous sepals or rarely more. Petals 5 or more, imbricated in 2 or more series. 

29 


450 MAGNOLIACEAE 


Androecium of numerous stamens or rarely of only 5. Filaments filiform or short 
and much flattened. Anthers introrse or extrorse, adnate. Gynoecium of 
usually numerous carpels in a whorl, or imbricated on an elongated receptacle, 
Ovaries 1-celled, narrowed into short, often recurved styles stigmatic on the 
inner side. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit 
a whorl or head of accrescent carpels, which become berries or follicles. Seeds 
1-2, with a leathery or crustaceous testa, or an inner crustaceous and outer fleshy 
testa, sometimes drupe-like and pendulous on slender threads. Endosperm fleshy, 
oily, homogeneous. Embryo minute at one end of the endosperm. ` 


Leaves not lobed, sometimes merely auricled at the base: mature carpels dehiscent or berries. 
Carpels in a whorl. 1. ILLICIUM. , 
Carpels imbricated in several series. 

Twining shrubs with monoecious flowers: stamens 5, united into a disk: 
fruit a spike of berries. 2. SCHIZANDRA. 
Erect shrubs or trees with perfect flowers : stamens numerous, distinct: fruit 
a head of imbricated carpels. 
Corolla greenish or yellow: styles or stigmas filiform, deciduous : follicles 


rounded. 3. TULIPASTRUM. 
Corolla white : styles or stigmas stout, persistent: follicles tipped by the 
styles or stigmas. 4. MAGNOLIA. 
Leaves 4-lobed : mature carpels samara-like, indehiscent. 5. LIRIODENDRON. 


1. ILLICIUM L. 


Glabrous aromatic evergreen shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, often crowded, 
without stipules: blades leathery, entire, minutely punctate. Flowers perfect, solitary on 
axillary peduncles. Sepals 3-6, petaloid, membranous, imbricated in 2 series, deciduous. 
Petals numerous, arranged in 3-several series, the inner ones gradually narrower, deciduous. 
Stamens numerous in several series. Carpels numerous (6-18), distinct, sessile, flattened, 
inserted in a whorl on a conic receptacle. Style recurved. Ovule solitary, ascending. 
Fruit a whorl of hard crustaceous drupe-like follicles at length dehiscing. Seed solitary, 
with a smooth shining testa ANISE TREE. STAR ANISE. 

Corolla 2 em. broad ; petals 6-12: leaf-blades obtuse. 1. I. parviflorum. 
Corolla 2.5-3 cm. broad: petals 20-30: leaf-blades acuminate. 2. I. Floridanum. 

1. Illicium parvifldrum Michx. An erect glabrous shrub, 1-2 m. tall. Leaf-blades 
leathery, elliptic or oblong, 6-10 cm. long, obtuse at both ends, more or less revolute, 
lustrous above, paler and dull beneath ; petioles 1-1.5 em. long: peduncles 1-3 cm. long: 
sepals suborbicular, nearly 10 mm. in diameter: corolla yellow, 2 cm. broad : petals 6-12, 
ior or suborbicular, about as large as the sepals, obtuse : stamens usually as many as the 
petais. 

Along the coast, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 

2. Illicium Floridanum Ellis. A glabrous shrub, 2-3 m. tall. Leaf-blades leathery, 
slightly fleshy, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 6-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends, 
deep green above, paler beneath ; petioles 1-2 cm. long: peduncles 2-5 cm. long : sepals 
ovate or oblong, over 1 cm. long, obtuse, membranous: corolla 3-5 cm. broad, purple, 
nodding : petals 20-30, linear or nearly so, 1.5-2 cm. long, acute, spreading : filaments en- 
larged upward, larger than the anthers: fruit 2.5-3 cm. broad : carpels ovate, 1-1.5 cm. 
long, acuminate : seeds oval, 5-6 mm. long, shining. 

In swamps, Florida to Louisiana. Spring. 


2. SCHIZANDRA Michx. 


Glabrous or glabrate vines. Leaves deciduous, alternate, without stipules : blades 
membranous, entire or toothed, long-petioled, punctate. Flowers monoecious, white, yel- 
low, or crimson, solitary on axillary peduncles. Sepals5 or6, imbricated in 2 series, petal- 
oid, with scarious edges, the outer smaller, deciduous. Petals 5 or 6 imbricated in 1-2 series, 
thickened at the narrowed base, deciduous. Stamens 5: filaments very short, flat, united 
into a broad disk : anthers rather introrse: sacs widely separated. Carpels distinct, 1m- 
bricated in several series on an elongated receptacle. Style very short. Ovules 2 in each 
cavity, pendulous. Fruit a spike of berries on a much elongated receptacle. Seeds 2 in 
berry, reniform, with a crustaceous testa. BAy-sTAR VINE. 


MAGNOLIACEAE 451 


1. Schizandra coccinea Michx. A slender high climbing shrub. Stem twining, 
several m. long: leaf-blades membranous, oval, elliptic or ovate, 5-15 cm. long, short-acu- 
minate, acute or obtuse, undulate or shallowly toothed, acute or subcordate at the base, 

labrous or sparingly pubescent beneath ; petioles slightly winged, about 3 as long as the 

lades : peduncles 3-7 cm. long, naked : sepals oval or broadly ovate, 2-5 cm. long, ob- 
tuse, erose: corollas 12-20 cm. broad: petals obovate-cuneate, longer than the sepals, 
rounded or truncate at the apex, mostly crimson, each with a thickened claw: filaments 
united into a broad disk: carpels inserted on a cylindric receptacle, imbricated in several 
series: fruiting spike 4-7 cm. long: berries oval, about 1 em. long, red. 

In woods, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


3. TULIPASTRUM Spach. 


Stately trees, often with much elongated trunks. Leaves alternate, not disposed in 
umbrella-like clusters, deciduous: blades membranous, relatively small, entire, slender- 
petioled. Flowers perfect, erect, greenish, yellowish or canary-yellow, relatively small. 
Sepals green, deciduous. Petals much larger than the sepals, curved, commonly 6 or 
fewer. Stamens numerous: anthers introrse. Carpels several or numerous, glabrous, in 
many series. Styles or stigmas filiform, deciduous. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruita 
relatively small narrow torulose cone, the carpels rounded. Seeds pendulous from the 
follicles. CuUCUMBER-TREE. WaunHoo. ELK-woop. 
Leaf-blades rhombic-obovate : flowers canary-yellow. 1. T. cordatum. 
Leaf-blades elliptic or oval varying to ovate or rarely obovate : flowers greenish yellow. 2. T. acuminatum. 

1. Tulipastrum cordàtum (Michx.) Small. A tree, reaching a height of 20 m., with 
a trunk diameter of about 1 m., the buds, shoots and young leaves silky-pubescent.  Leaf- 
blades rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oval, 1-2 dm. long, usually acute, undulate, truncate or 
cordate at the base, sparingly pubescent on both surfaces; petioles 1-2 cm. long: flowers 
campanulate, canary-yellow : sepals ovate or oblong-obvate, about 2 cm. long, obtuse: 
petals obovate or obovate-oblanceolate, 4-5 em. long, rounded at the apex, more or less 
glaucous: fruit oblong, 2-5 em. long. [Magnolia cordata Michx.] 

In woods, on the mountains, North Carolina to Georgia. Spring. 

2. Tulipastrum acuminàtum (L.) Small. A forest tree, sometimes 30 m. in height 
and 1.5 m. in diameter, the bark furrowed. Leaf-blades elliptic or oval, varying to 
ovate or obovate, 1.5-3 dm. long, short-acuminate at the apex, undulate, acute or cordate 
at the base, silky when young, finally glabrous above, sparingly pubescent beneath ; petioles 
2-4 em. long: flowers campanulate, greenish or yellowish : sepals oblong or oblong-lan- 
ceolate, about 2 cm. long, obtuse, spreading or reflexed: petals oblong or oblanceolate, 
5-7 cm. long, glaucous, obtuse: fruit oblong or nearly so, 4-6 cm. long, often curved, 
often very irregular. [Magnolia acuminata L.] 

In woods, Ontario to Illinois, Georgia and Arkansas. Spring. 


4. MAGNOLIA L. 


Handsome, sometimes evergreen, trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, or apparently 
whorled at the ends of branches : blades membranous or leathery, short-petioled, entire, oc- 
casionally auricled at the bas e: stipules membranous. Flowers perfect, white, often showy, 
fragrant or ill-scented, solitary at the ends of branches. Sepals 3, petaloid, spreading or 
reflexed, deciduous. Petals 6-12, imbricated in 2-4 series, slightly spreading, or erect and 
converging. Stamens numerous, imbricated in many series at the base of the receptacle ; 
filaments short and stout, the connective produced beyond the anthers: anthers introrse, 
adnate to the inner side of the filament. Carpels numerous, imbricated in many series on 
the elongated receptacle. Style persistent. Ovules 2 in each cavity, anatropous, pendu- 
lous or horizontal. Fruit a variously shaped cone of imbricated more or less united 
fleshy follicles, these tipped by the style or stigma. Seeds 2 in each follicle, each with a 
pulpy scarlet testa, at length pendulous on a thread. 


[eat blades thick-leathery, very thick, persistent, brown or rusty-tomentose beneath. 1. M. foetida. 
à rage a cms sometimes firm, usually deciduous, glabrous, glaucous or 
Leaf-blades not auricled at the base. 
Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or oval, rarely broadest below the middle, 5-15 em. : 
long, firm : fruit 3-5 em. long. 2. M. Virginiana. 
Leaf-blades elliptic-oblanceolate or obovate-oblanceolate, 2-6 dm. long, mem- 
branous: fruit 6-9 cm. long. 3. M. tripetala. 


452 MAGNOLIACEAE 


Leaf-blades auricled at the base. 
Fruit oblong-conic : carpels with long curved beaks: leaf-blades pale green beneath. 
Leaves elongated-obovate, gradually acute: stamens 9-13 mm. long. 4. M. Fraseri. 
Leaves rhombic-obovate, abruptly acute: stamens 4-6 mm. long. 5. M. pyramidata. 
Fruit subglobose : carpels obtuse or acutish : leaf-blades very glaucous beneath. 6. M. macrophylla. 


1. Magnolia foétida (L.) Sarg. A stately tree, reaching a maximum height of 20 
m., with a trunk diameter of 2.5 m., its twigs, petioles and buds red-tomentose. Leaves 
evergreen, firm and leathery; blades elliptic, oval or oblanceolate, or rarely ovate, 1-3 
dm. long, obtuse or acute, glabrous and usually shining above (except the midrib), finely 
tomentose with brown or rusty hairs beneath, acute or rounded at the base; petioles stout, 
1-3.5 em. long: flowers creamy-white, broadly campanulate, lemon-scented, 1-2 dm. 
broad: petals with suborbicular or orbicular-obovate blades 5-10 cm. in diameter, emargi- 
nate or notched at the apex, contracted into broad claws: fruit oval, 8-12 cm. long: seeds 
obovoid or triangular-obovoid, 1.5-2 em. long, more or less flattened. 

In hammocks and river swamps, North Carolina to Florida, Texas and Arkansas. Spring and 
summer. LAUREL. BULL Bay. 

2. Magnolia Virginiana L. A shrub or slender tree, 2-2.5 m. tall, the trunk rarely 
1 m. in diameter, the bark pale, smoothish. Leavesevergreen and firm ; blades oblong, ellip- 
tic or oval, sometimes broadest a little above or below the middle, 5-15 cm. long, acute or 
obtuse at the apex, undulate, acute or rounded at the base, not auricled, glabrous and deep 
green above, glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath ; petioles 1-2 em. long: flowers 
globose-campanulate, white, fragrant, 3-8 cm. broad: sepals oblong or obovate, 1.5-3.5 
em. long, rounded at the apex: petals elliptic, oblong, oval or obovate, longer than the 
sepals, rounded or obtuse at the apex, more or less distinctly clawed : fruit oval or ovoid, 
3-5 cm. long, glabrous, dark red, the carpels acute : seeds flattened, obovoid, oval or subor- 
bicular, 8-10 mm. long. [Magnolia glauca L. ] 

In swamps, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, and locally inland. Spring and early summer. 
SWEET Bay. 

3. Magnolia tripétala L. A small tree, reaching a maximum height of 14 m. and a 
trunk diameter of about 4 dm., the bark pale. Leaf-blades elliptic-oblanceolate or obovate- 
lanceolate, acute or apiculate at the apex, 2-7 dm. long, undulate, gradually narrowed to 
the base, not auricled, glabrous above, more or less densely tomentose beneath ; petioles 
stout, 2-4 cm. long: flowers creamy-white, unpleasantly scented : sepals oblong-oblanceo- 
late 10-15 cm. long, bright green, finally reflexed : petals 6-9, slightly longer than the 
sepals, erect or spreading, oblong-oblanceolate, concave, obtuse: fruit oblong, 8-12 cm. 
long, rose-color, the carpels prolonged into slender somewhat curved beaks : seeds obovoid, 
barely 1 em. long. 


In woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. Spring. UMBRELLA-TREE. 


4. Magnolia Fràseri Walt. A slender tree, 5-15 m. tall, with a maximum trunk 
diameter of 0.5 m., the trunk erect or ascending. Leaf-blades membranous, elongated- 
obovate to obovate-spatulate, 2-4 dm. long, acute or obtuse, sometimes slightly fan-shaped 
above the middle, undulate, auricled at the base, dark green above, pale or slightly glaucous 
beneath, glabrous; petioles 4-7 cm. long: flowers white or creamy : sepals spreading or 
recurved, 4 as long as the petals, rounded at the apex: petals elliptic or narrowly ovate, 
5-12 cm. long, mostly obtuse, clawed : fruit oblong-conic, 7-12 cm. long, rose-color when 
mature : seeds elliptic or oval, nearly 1 em. long, the carpels yellow within, the long slender 
beak incurved. 


Chiefly in the mountains, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


5. Magnolia pyramidàta Pursh. A small tree 4-10 m. tall, with a trunk diameter 
of about 1-2 dm. Leaf-blades membranous, 1-2 dm. long, rhombic-obovate, ver abruptly 
acute at the apex, constricted near the base and dilated into diverging auricles, dk green 
above, pale or slightly glaucous beneath, glabrous; petioles 3 5 em. long : flowers white 
or creamy : sepals spreading or recurved : petals lanceolate, mostly acute, 5-8 cm. long, 
clawed : fruit oblong, 6-8 cm. long, rose-red at maturity, the carpels yellow within, the 
beak incurved. 

In woods and on banks of streams, mostly in damp soil, Chattahoochie basin of Georgia, Alabama 
and Florida. Spring. 

6. Magnolia macrophylla Michx. A small tree, sometimes 15 m. tall, with a maxi- 
mum trunk diameter of about 5 dm., the bark pale. Leaf-blades obovate or oblong-oblanceo- 
late, more or less rhombic, 3-9 dm. long, obtuse or short-acuminate, undulate, narrowe 
to the auricled base, deep green and glabrous above, glaucous beneath ; petioles stout, 5- 15 
em. long, prolonged into the very prominent midrib : flowers creamy-white, fragrant, 2-3 
dm. broad: sepals oblong or broadened upward, 10-15 cm. long, rounded at the apex: 


MENISPERMACEAE 453 


petals fully twice as long as the sepals, obtuse: fruit subglobose, 6-10 cm. long, rose-col- 
ored, the carpels obtuse or acutish : seeds flattened, obovoid, about 1 cm. long. 
In woods, Kentucky to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. Spring. 


5. LIRIODENDRON L. 


An elegant and stately tree, with spreading and drooping branches. Leaves alternate : 
blades leathery-membranous, deciduous, 4-lobed and notched at the apex, slender-petioled, 
the large stipules deciduous. Flowers perfect, greenish yellow, solitary at the ends of 
branches. Sepals 3, petioled, imbricated, reflexed. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 series, nearly 
erect. Stamens numerous, imbricated in several series, slightly shorter than the petals : 
filaments slender : anthers linear, extrorse, adnate to the outside of the filaments. Carpels 
numerous, closely imbricated on the slender receptacle forming a conic-fusiform spike. Ova- 
ries 1-celled, prolonged into a winged style with a small recurved stigma at the end. 
Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a cone formed of the accrescent 
indehiscent carpels. Seeds 1-2 in each carpel, with a thin leathery testa. TULIP-TREE. 
WHITE POPLAR. 

2. Liriodendron Tulipífera L. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 60 m. 
with a trunk diameter of 3 m. Bark broken into large flat ridges : leaf-blades orbicular 
or depressed-orbicular in outline, 6-20 cm. in diameter, dark green above, paler beneath, 
truncate or notched at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the base, 4-lobed, the lobes 
entire or toothed ; petioles 5-10 cm. long : flowers campanulate, 5-7 cm. broad : sepals ob- 
long or oblong-obovate, 4-5 cm. long, rounded at the apex : petals oblong, oval or subor- 
bicular, somewhat longer than the sepals, greenish yellow, often tinged with orange, nar- 
rowed into broad claws: fruit conic, 5-7 cm. long, 'erect, persistent: mature carpels 
indehiscent, samara-like, 3-4 cm. long. 


In woods and swamps, Vermont to Rhode Island, Michigan, Missouri, Florida, Mississippi and Ar- 
kansas. Spring. 


FAMILY 5. MENISPERMACEAE DC. MooNsEED FAMILY. 


_ Twining or trailing vines, either wholly or partly woody, with a watery 
bitter sap. Leaves alternate, without stipules: blades entire or palmately 
lobed, sometimes peltate. Flowers dioecious, or polygamous, in racemes, pani- 
cles or cymes. Calyx of 6 sepals, or these fewer or more. Corolla of 6 or more 
petals, or rarely wanting. Androecium of 6-12 stamens or rarely of many. Fil- 
aments distinct. Anthers 2-4-celled, opening lengthwise. Gynoecium of 3-6 
distinct carpels or rarely more. Ovules solitary, amphitropous. Fruit berry- 
like drupes. Seeds with crescent-like or annular embryos. Endosperm scant. 


Petals none : anthers 2-celled : stigma apical at maturity. 1. CALYCOCARPUM. 
Petals present : anthers mostly 4-celled : stigma bent around to the base of the fruit. 
Staminate flowers with 6 stamens: drupe red or purple. 2. CEBATHA. 
Staminate flowers with 12-24 stamens : drupe black. 3. MENISPERMUM. 


1. CALYOCARPUM Nutt. 


Perennial vines, with twining stems. Leaves alternate: blades palmately 3-5-lobed. 
Flowers dioecious, not showy, in slender raceme-like axillary panicles. Sepals 6, in 2 
unequal series. Petals wanting. Stamens 12, imperfect in the pistillate flowers : filaments 
distinct. Carpels 3, erect. Ovary 1-celled, sessile: stigma radially cleft. Ovule soli- 
tary in each cavity. Drupes barely elongated, the flesh thin over a smooth laterally bowl- 
shaped stone. Embryo curved, with flat cotyledons. CUP-SEED. 

1. Calycocarpum Lyónii (Pursh) Nutt. A high climbing vine, with twining stems. 
Leaf-blades membranous, suborbicular in outline, 6-20 em. long, palmately 3-7-lobed, 
truncate to cordate at the base, the lobes acuminate ; petioles as long as the blades or longer : 
flowers inconspicuous ; staminate in elongated panicles ; pistillate in shorter panicles: 
sepals 6, oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse : petals wanting : stamens shorter than the sepals : 
pe je subglobose or oval, about 2.5 em. long, black, the stone toothed along the edge of the 


Along streams and in rich woods, Illinois to Kansas, Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


454 CABOMBACEAE 


2. CEBATHA Forsk. 

Perennial climbing plants, with slender twining stems. Leaves alternate: blades 
thickish, entire or angularly lobed, petioled, not peltate. Flowers dioecious or polygam- 
ous, in axillary cymes or panicles. Sepals 6, in 2 series, the inner ones larger than the outer, 
Petals 6, in 2 series, smaller than the inner sepals, entire or cleft, concave or inrolled. 
Stamens 6, more or less reduced or wanting in the pistillate flowers : filaments distinct : 
anthers 4-celled. Carpels 3-6. Ovary 1-celled : style or stigma subulate, entire. Ovule 
solitary in each cavity. Drupes somewhat flattened, with a more or less reniform or horse- 
shoe-shaped stone. Seed shaped like thestone. Embryo curved with flat narrow cotyledons. 
[ Cocculus DC.] CoRAL-BEAD. 

Foliage glabrate or merely puberulent: petioles much shorter than the leaf-blades. 1. C. diversifolia.. 
Foliage tomentose: petioles nearly as long as the leaf-blades. 2. C. Carolina. 

1. Cebatha diversifdlia (DC.) Kuntze. A glabrous or almost glabrous vine, with 
elongated stems. Leaf-blades leathery, varying from almost linear to oblong-ovate or ovate, 
acute or obtuse, more or less revolute, rounded or subcordate at the base; petioles much 
shorter than the blades : flowers yellowish ; staminate in leafy racemes ; pistillate in naked 
racemes: sepals eroded, the 3 outer ovate, 1 mm. long, the 3 inner broadly ovate, 2 mm. 
long : petals ovate-oblong, about 1 mm. long: drupe apparently purple, 6-7 mm. long. 
[ Coceulus diversifolius DC. ] 

In dry soil, Texas and Arizona to Mexico. Summer. 

2. Cebatha Carolina (L.) Britton. A vine, with trailing or climbing stems 0.5-3 m. 
long. Leaf-blades broadly-ovate or deltoid, 4-12 cm. long, entire or 3-5-lobed, tomentose 
beneath, deep green and glabrate above, rounded or cordate at the base ; petioles slender, 
somewhat shorter than the blades: flowers white ; staminate in compound racemes ; pistil- 
late in simple racemes : sepals 6, eroded, the 3 outer nearly oblong, 1 mm. long, the 3 inner 
oval, 2mm. long: petals 1 mm. long, eroded at the apex, auricled at the base : drupe red, 
7-8 mm. broad. [Cocculus Carolinus ( L.) DC.] 


In woods, fields and thickets, Virginia to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


3. MENISPERMUM L. 

Perennial slender twining vines, woody below, herbaceous above. Leaves alternate : 
blades membranous, peltate, often palmately lobed, petioled. Flowers dioecious, white, in 
axillary panicles. Sepals 4-8, in 2 series. Petals 4-8, in 2 series, shorter than the sepals. 
Stamens 12-24, or reduced to 6 staminodia in the pistillate flowers: filaments distinct : 
anthers 4-celled. Carpels 2-4. Ovary 1-celled, sessile: stigma dilated. Ovule solitary. 
Drupe somewhat flattened, with a broadly reniform crested stone. Seed horseshoe-shaped. 
Embryo curved, with narrow cotyledons. MOooN-SEED. 

1. Menispermum Canadénse L. A finely pubescent vine, with twining stems 1-4 m. 
long. Leaf-blades orbicular to reniform in outline, 5-20 cm. broad, entire or 3-7-lobed, 
subcordate or cordate at the base, peltate near the base, glabrate above, the lobes rounded 
or short-acuminate ; petioles slightly shorter than the blades: flowers greenish white, In 
panicles: sepals oblong to oval, 1.5 mm. long: petals clawed, somewhat fan-shaped, the 
edges of the blade involute: stamens twice as long as the sepals: fruiting panicle resem- 
bling a bunch of grapes: drupes bluish black, 1 cm. in diameter. 

In thickets and along fences, Quebec to Manitoba, Georgia and the Indian Territory. Summer. 


FawiLY 6. CABOMBACEAE A. Gray. WATER-SHIELD FAMILY. 


Perennial aquatic caulescent herbs, with the foliage often mucilage-coated. 
Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled: blades various, those of submerged 
leaves often dissected, those of floating leaves peltate. Flowers perfect, incon- 
spicuous. Perianth of 2 whorls. Sepals and petals 3 or rarely 4 each, per- 
sistent. Androecium of 3-18 hypogynous stamens. Filaments slender. Anthers. 
usually extrorse. Gynoecium of 2-18 distinct carpels. Disk wanting. Ovary 
1-celled. Stigma sessile or nearly so, blunt. Ovules 2, on the sides of the 
cavity or the dorsal suture, or when 8, one near the ventral suture. Fruit several 
indehiscent nut-like carpels. Seeds 1-3, often 2. Embryo-at the base of the 
fleshy endosperm. 


NELUMBONACEAE 455 


Leaf-blades dissected except the inconspicuous floating ones: petals auricled: carpels2-4, 1. CABOMBA. 
Leaf-blades all entire: petals entire: carpels 4-18. 2. BRASENIA. 


1. CABOMBA Aubl. 

Weak, slender aquatic mucilage-coated herbs, with branching stems. Leaves of two 
forms : submerged opposite or whorled, divided into numerous filiform segments : floating 
with peltate blades. Flowers white or yellow, small, solitary on long axillary pedicels 
Sepals 3, petal-like. Petals 3, similar to the sepals, but auricled near the base. Stamens 
6, inserted with the petals: filaments subulate: anthers extrorse. Pistils 2-4, usually 3, 
inserted on a small receptacle: style short: stigma terminal, depressed. Ovules usually 
3, pendulous. Fruit leathery, indehiscent. Seeds 1-3 in each carpel. 

1. Cabomba Caroliniana A. Gray. Perennial, bright green. Stems submersed, 1-2 
m. long, branched: leaves of two kinds; submersed opposite or whorled, 4-7 cm. long ; 
blades petioled, cut into repeatedly forking narrowly-linear or ffliform segments ; floating 
leaves with peltate linear-oblong blades, 1.5-2 em. long, the ends obtuse : flowers on pedi- 
cels 3-6 em. long, arising from the upper axils, about 1-1.5 cm. broad: sepals and petals 
obovate, white or yellow at the base, or sometimes deep pink, truncate or retuse at the 
apex: stamens about 4 as long as the petals: fruit a cluster of 3 flask-shaped carpels. 

d oe and slow flowing water, Missouri to North Carolina, Florida and Texas. Spring and 


2. BRASENIA Schreb. 


Slender mucilage-coated perennial aquatic herbs, with long branching stems. Leaves 
mostly floating : blades peltate on elongated petioles, leathery. Flowers small, dull purple, 
solitary at the ends of long axillary pedicels: sepals 3, colored within. Petals 3, narrow, 
recurving. Stamens 12-18: filaments filiform or subulate. Pistils 4-8, distinct, inserted 
on a small receptacle. Style subulate. Ovules 2-3, pendulous. Fruit leathery, indehis- 
cent. Seeds 1-2 in each fruit. WaAtTER-SHIELD. 

l. Brasenia purpürea (Michx.) Casp. Rootstocks slender, the submersed foliage 
mucilage-coated. Leaf-blades on delicate petioles, leathery, centrally peltate, oval, ob- 
long or elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, rounded at each end, floating, bright green and shining 
above, often purple beneath: flowers purple, long-pedicelled : sepals linear or linear- 
lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, obtuse or acutish : petals like the sepals: stamens exserted : 
fruit 5-8 mm. long, the body rounded, the beak angled. [Brasenia peltata Pursh. ] 


; In ponds, lakes and slow streams, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Summer. Also 
in Cuba and Central America, and on the Pacific slope. 


FAMILY 7. NELUMBONACEAE Lindl! Lorus FAMILY. 


Perennial aquatic herbs, with large creeping rootstocks. Leaves alternate: 
blades suborbicular, centrally peltate, concave, floating or emersed on long stout 
petioles. Scapes arising with the petioles, stout, each terminated by a single per- 
fect showy flower. Sepals and petals similar, hypogynous, numerous, imbri- 
cated, inner larger and more highly colored than the outer, all deciduous. An- 
droecium of numerous long hypogynous stamens. Anthers narrow, extrorse, 
the connective prolonged into an incurved appendage. Gynoecium of several 
carpels separately immersed in an obconic enlargement of the receptacle. Ovary 
l-celled. Style very short. Stigma umbilicate. Ovules solitary or rarely 2, 
suspended. Fruit several nuts immersed in the accrescent receptacle. Seeds 
without endosperm. Embryo consisting of 2 thick cotyledonary bodies, enclos- 
ing a plumule of 2-3 developing leaves. 


1. NELUMBO Adans. 


Characters of the family. WATER CHiNQUAPIN. Duck ACORN. 

1. Nelumbo lütea ( Willd.) Pers. Rootstock horizontal, stout. Foliage bright green. 
Emersed leaves with centrally peltate orbicular strongly ribbed blades, sometimes stand- 
ing high above the water on stout petioles, or floating, the margins more or less turned up- 
ward: peduncles stout, 1-2 m. tall: flowers pale yellow, 1-2.5 dm. broad: petals obovate 
ies ee sharp 


! Originally spelled NELUMBIACE. 


456 NYMPHAEACEAE 


to elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, concave, obtuse : appendages of the anthers 4-7 mm. 
long : fruit turbinate-hemispheric or nearly hemispheric, becoming hard, 7-10 cm. broad : 
nuts subglobose, 10-12 mm. in diameter. 


In ponds and slow streams, locally, Ontario to Michigan, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


FAMILYS. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. WATER LILY FAMILY. 


Perennial acaulescent herbs, with more or less elongated often tuber-bearing 
rootstocks. Leaves alternate: blades leathery or those of submersed leaves 
membranous and delicate, all with a sinus at the base, petioled. Flowers per- 
fect, terminating elongated scapes. Sepals 4—6, often green. Petals numerous, 
usually passing into staminodia or stamens, decaying. Androecium of numer- 
ous stamens. Anthers introrse, adnate. Gynoecium of several carpels more 
or less united into a compound ovary. Stigmas united into a disk with radiat- 
ing stigmatic lines. Ovules very numerous on the walls of the ovary. Fruit a 
leathery many-seeded berry. Seeds often shining, with the embryo enclosed in 
a sac at the base of the fleshy endosperm. 


Petals small, filament-like : stamens hypogynous. 1. NYMPHAEA. 
Petals as large as the sepals: stamens epigynous. 2. CASTALIA. 


1 NYMPHABA L. 

Aquatic herbs, perennial by large horizontal rootstocks. Leaves numerous: blades 
long-petioled, with a sinus at the base; those erect or floating, leathery ; those submersed 
membranous. Flowers yellow, erect at the ends of the elongated scapes. Sepals 5-6, 
leathery, concave. Petals 10-20, small, filament-like. Filaments flattened. Carpels sev- 
eral, united into a several-celled ovary: stigmas forming an 8-24-radiate disk. Ovules 
numerous, pendulous. Fruit leathery. [Nuphar Sibth. & Smith.] Sparrer Dock. 
BONNETS. 

Leaf-blades elongated, fully 5 times as long as the sinuses. 1. N. sagittaefolia. 
Leaf-blades ovate, oval or suborbicular, less than 4 times as long as the sinuses. 


Leaf-blades manifestly longer than broad, ovate or oval or somewhat oblong. 
Stigmatic disk with lines terminating remote from the edge: leaf-blades ob- 


. long-ovate. : 2. N. macrophylla. 
Stigmatic disk with lines terminating near the edge: leaf-bladesovate or oval. 3. N. advena. 
Leaf-blades suborbicular. 4. N. orbiculata. 


1. Nymphaea sagittaefòlia Walt. Perennial by thick rootstocks, the foliage gla- 
brous. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged numerous, with membranous, crisped, lanceo- 
late or ovate-lanceolate blades : emersed leaves leathery ; blades narrowly ovate to almost 
linear, 1.5-4 dm. long, undulate, obtuse, the sinus open: flowers yellow, 2.5-3 cm. in di- 
ameter: sepals 5: stamens in 4-5 rows: stigmatic disk with 11-15 lines, crenate : berry 
ovoid, about 2.5 cm. long, constricted into a neck. 


In ponds and slow streams, southern Indiana and Illinois to North Carolina and Florida. Spring 
and summer. 


2. Nymphaea macrophylla Small. Perennial from very thick horizontal root- 
stocks, bright green. Foliage glabrous or nearly so: emersed leaves leathery ; petioles 
short, sometimes sparingly pubescent ; blades oblong-ovate, 3-8 dm. long, obtuse, notched 
at the apex, 1-2.5 dm. broad at the middle, the sinus V-shaped, or rarely closed : flowers 
erect, subglobose, 3-5 em. in diameter: sepals leathery, 2.5-3 em. long, concave : petals 
yellow, slightly longer than the sepals : stamens numerous: stigmatic disk becoming 3-3.5 
em. broad, often deeply crenate, the coarse stigmatic lines not approaching the edge: 
7z ovoid, 3-4 cm. high, coarsely ribbed above the middle : seeds subglobose, 5-6 mm. 
in diameter. 


In ponds, creeks and slow streams, Florida to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


3. Nymphaea ádvena Soland. Perennial by thick rootstocks, light green. Leaves 
glabrous or nearly so, of two kinds, the submerged with suborbicular membranous blades on 
short petioles; emersed with long petioles; blades leathery, erect or rarely floating, oval 
or nearly so, 1-3 dm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, the sinus open or rarely closed : 
flowers yellow, erect on stout scapes, depressed-globose : sepals obovate, rounded at the 
apex: petals obovate, rarely tinged with purple: anthers and filaments about equal in 
length : stigmatic disk yellow or pale red, with 12-24 lines, which terminate near the 


NYMPHAEACEAE 457 


edge : berry ovoid, 3-4 cm. long, slightly constricted under the disk : seeds globose, about 
4 mm. in diameter, shining. [Nuphar advena (Soland.) R. Br. ] 

In ponds, pools and slow streams, New Brunswick to the Rocky Mountains, Georgia and Ala- 
bama. Spring to fall. 

4. Nymphaea orbiculata Small. Perennial by thick rootstocks, robust, pubescent, 
except the upper surface of the leaf-blades, bright green. Emersed leaves leathery ; blades 
orbicular, floating, 3-5 dm. in diameter, somewhat crisped, the lobes at the base often 
conspicuously overlapping, the upper surface very smooth, the lower surface pubescent 
with short shining silvery hairs, marked with numerous secondary nerves ; petioles vari- 
able in length, faintly striate, clothed with silky pubescence, like the lower surface of 
the leaf-blades : flowers about 6 cm. in diameter: sepals oblong-obovate, 5 em. long, ob- 
tuse, somewhat eroded, faintly ribbed : stigmatic disk 2 cm. in diameter : berry subglobose, 
4-5 cm. in diameter : seeds ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, ridged on one side. 

In ponds, southern Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 


2. CASTALIA Salisb. 

Perennial aquatic succulent herbs, with stout branching horizontal rootstocks. Leaves 
peltate, cleft at the base, with elongated submersed petioles : blades floating. Flowers per- 
fect, showy, white, yellow, pink or blue, solitary and floating at the end of elongated pedun. 
cles. Sepals 4. Petals numerous, imbricated in many series, grading into the epigynous 
stamens. Carpels several, united into a several-celled ovary. Stigmas terminal. Ovules 
numerous, pendulous. Berry with a leathery outer coat, maturing under water. Seeds im- 
mersed in a pulp, each surrounded by a membranous aril. Water Linv. Ponp Lity. 
Carpels combined only dorsally and ventrally. 1. C. ampla. 


Carpels combined into a many-celled ovary. 
Corolla white or of a faint blue, pink or a violet tint, sometimes yellowish in the center. 


Outer anthers appendaged : corolla of a blue or violet tint. 2. C. elegans. 
Outer anthers unappendaged : corolla white or pink-tinged. 
Leaf-blades 0.5-1.5 dm. broad : corollas less than 17 cm. broad. 3. C. odorata. | 
Leaf-blades 2-6 dm. broad : corollas over 17 em. broad. 4. C. reniformis. 
Corolla yellow. 5. C. flava. 


1. Castalia ámpla (DC.) Small. Perennial by short, tuber-bearing rootstocks. 
Leaves with long petioles ; blades suborbicular or oval-orbicular, 1-2 dm. long, acute-den- 
tate, glabrous, or pubescent beneath, reticulated on the lower surface, the sinus narrowly 
V-shaped or closed : flowers 7-12 em. broad : sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 
green, without purple streaks : petals bright white, like the sepals in shape or varying to 
elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish : anthers tipped with the linear connective: berry sub- 
globose, 2.5-3 cm. broad : seeds subglobose, 1 mm. in diameter. [Nymphaea ampla DC.] 
rA im lagoons, southern Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies and tropical America. Spring 

2. Castalia élegans ( Hook.) Greene. Perennial from short slender or stoutish root- 
stocks. Leaves with slender petioles ; blades floating, oval to suborbicular, 1.5-2 dm. long, 
obtuse, nearly entire or crenate-repand, glabrous, ribbed and coarsely reticulated beneath : 
flowers 6-8 em. broad : sepals lanceolate or oblong, often purplish without and streaked 
with deep purple lines, obtuse : petals shaped like the sepals or sometimes elliptic, cream 
colored, the tips blue: anthers tipped with the oblong connective : berry depressed, 2-3.5 
em. broad : seeds subglobose, about 5-6 mm. in diameter. 

In ponds and lagoons, Texas to adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 


. ,9. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood. Perennial by stout, simple or spar- 
ingly branched rootstocks. Leaves with slender petioles ; blades floating, suborbicular or 
oval, 5-15 em. long, rounded or notched at the apex, more or less conspicuously undulate, 
purple beneath ; sinus V-shaped or closed : flowers 7-15 cm. broad, fragrant : sepals oblong 
or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, green or purplish : petals white or pink, rape like the sepals 
or elliptic: berry Seiad oboe 2.5-3 cm. broad: seeds subglobose, 1.5 mm. in 
diameter. [Nymphaea odorata Dryand. ] 


In ponds, lakes and slow rivers, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 
4. Castalia renifórmis (Walt. ) Nash. Perennial by very stout rootstocks destitute 


of tubers. Leaves with very thick petioles; blades floating, suborbicular, 2-6 dm. broad, 
undulate, glabrous, sometimes purple beneath, the nerves prominent or impressed on the 
ower surface, the basal lobes acuminate ; sinus V-shaped or closed : flowers apple-scented, 
18-25 em. broad : sepals green, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes scarious-margined : 
petals white, shaped like the sepals or varying to narrowly-elliptic. 


In lakes and lagoons, Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 


458 PODOPHYLLACEAE 


5. Castalia flava (Leitner) Greene. Perennial by a stout rootstock. Leaves with 
slender petioles ; blades floating, oval, suborbicular or sometimes slightly ovate, 6-20 cm. 
long, obtuse, more or less undulate, glabrous, bright green above, crimson or purple be- 
neath, the nerves impressed beneath; sinus V-shaped or closed: flowers 6-10 cm. 
broad : sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, often reddish without: 
petals bright yellow, like the sepals in shape or varying to oblanceolate: berry subglo- 
bose, 2-2.5 cm. broad: seeds subglobose. [Nymphaea flava Leitner. ] 

In lakes, lagoons and slow streams, Florida. Spring to fall. 


FAMILY 9. PODOPHYLLACEAE DC. BaRBERRY FAMILY. 


Perennial, sometimes acaulescent herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, some- 
times all basal, with or without stipules: blades simple or compound, often 
petioled. Flowers perfect, regular, solitary or in racemes. Sepals and petals 
usually six, imbricated, in 2 series each (except the sepals in Jeffersonia), the petals 
opposite the sepals. Androecium of 6-18 stamens. Filaments sometimes flat- 
tened. Anthers extrorse, opening by valves, except in Podophyllum. Gynoecium, 
of a single carpel in our genera. Ovules 2-many, anatropous. Fruit a berry or 
capsule. Seeds with endosperm. Embryo straight or nearly so. 

Herbs: leaves with simple or ternately compound blades. 
Anthers opening lengthwise. 1. PoDOPHYLLUM. 


Anthers opening by valves hinged at the top. 
Leaf-blades simple : seeds enclosed. 


Flower solitary : stamens 8: fruit a capsule. 2. JEFFERSONIA. 
Flowers several, cymose : stamens 6: fruit baccate. 3. DIPHYLLEIA. 
Leaf-blades ternately compound : seed naked, drupe-like. 4. CAULOPHYLLUM. 
Shrubs: leaves with pinnately compound blades, sometimes 1-foliolate. 5. BERBERIS. 


1 PODOPHYLLUM L. 


Strong-scented glabrous herbs, with elongated poisonous rootstocks. Flowering stems 
erect, simple below, bearing 2 flat peltate many-lobed leavesat the top. Flower white and 
showy, solitary, nodding on a short pedicel on the top of the stem. Sepals 6, petal-like. 
Petals 6-9, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6-18: filaments distinct: anthers opening 
lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, sessile: stigma peltate, sessile. Ovules numerous. Berry 
large, many-seeded, edible. Seeds immersed in the pulp. MAY APPLE. INDIAN APPLE. 


1. Podophyllum peltàtum L. Rootstock horizontal. Foliage glabrous, bright 
green: sterile stems simple, 2-4 dm. long, surmounted by a centrally peltate umbrella- 
like, 7-9-lobed leaf-blade 1-3 dm. broad, the lobes cuneate at the base, 2-3-cleft at the 
apex, the segments usually toothed : fertile stems erect, simple, 2-4 dm. long, surmounted 
by usually 2 petioled leaf-blades similar or nearly similar to that of the sterile stem, but 
attached at or near the margin: pedicel stout, 2-4 cm. long, arising between the petioles : 
flower nodding: bractlets 3, green, caducous: sepals 6, fugacious: petals 6-9, obovate, 
2.5-4 em. long, wax-like, white: berry obliquely oblong or ovoid, 4-5 cm. long, greenish 
yellow, tipped with the black remains of the style. 

In woods and on hillsides, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring. WILD MANDRAKE. 


2. JEFFERSONIA Bart. 


Acaulescent herbs with short rootstocks and glabrous foliage. Leaves basal: blades 
2-parted, long-petioled. Flower perfect, white, solitary at the end of a long scape. Sepals 
4, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 8, larger than the sepals. Stamens 8: filaments distinct : 
anthers opening by 2 valves. Ovary 1-celled: style wanting: stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 
numerous, in many rows. Capsule leathery, broadest at the top, opening bya terminal lid. 
Seeds numerous, each with a fleshy cleft aril. "TwriN-LEAF. 

1. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. Foliage glabrous, more or less glaucous. Leaves 
basal, tufted; petioles erect, 1-3 dm. tall; blades 2-parted, the segments obliquely reni- 
form, 5-10 cm. long, nearly entire or coarsely crenate, becoming deep green above, 
glaucous beneath : scapes erect, about equalling the petioles in length or a little longer at 
maturity, simple: sepals oblong-oblanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long, obtuse : petals white, similar 
to the sepals, often a little longer: capsule obovoid or obconie, 1.5-2 cm. long, short- 


pq rupi somewhat curved at the base, opening by a transverse lid : seeds 4-7 mm. 
ong, red. 


In woods and thickets, Ontario and Wisconsin to Virginia and Tennessee. Spring. 


PODOPH YLLACEAE 459 


3. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. 


Large herbs, with stout horizontal rootstocks and glabrous foliage. Leaves few : blades 
peltate, suborbicular in outline, palmately lobed, all basal except the two near the top of 
the stem. Flowers white, in terminal umbel-like cymes. Sepals 6, petal-like, deciduous. 
Petals 6, somewhat larger than the sepals. Stamens 6: filaments distinct: anthers open- 
ing by two valves. Ovary 1-celled: stigma orbicular or nearly so or 2-lobed. Ovules 
numerous, in many rows. Berries oblique, pedicelled. Seeds 2-4, erect, curved. 

1. Diphylleia cymósa Michx. Foliage bright green. Stem stout, erect, 6-12 dm. 
tall, simple below: leaves few, the basal with long erect petioles and nearly centrally pel- 
tate, membranous, 2-cleft, many-lobed blades, the lobes acuminate, finely toothed ; cauline 
leaves similar but smaller, laterally peltate, shorter-petioled: cymes many-flowered : 
sepals 6, obovate, white, nearly 1 cm. long, undulate at the apex: petals 6, similar to the 
sepals but usually a little longer: berries subglobose, 10-12 cm. in diameter, blue, with a 
bloom, sessile. 


In and about mountain brooks, Virginia to Georgia. Spring. UMBRELLA-LEAF. 


4. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. 


Caulescent herbs, with thick rootstocks. Leaves few: blades ternately compound, 
large, mostly basal, 2 usually near the top of the stem. Flowers perfect, greenish yellow 
in a terminal racemose cyme. Sepals 6, above 3-4 bractlets. Petals 6, gland-like, shorter 
than the sepals, hooded. Stamens 6: filaments distinct: anthers opening by 2 valves. 
Ovary l-celled: style short: stigma l-sided. Ovules 2, erect. Capsule rupturing and 
withering before maturity. Seed globose, drupe-like, naked, on a stout stalk. Endo- 
sperm horny. BLUE ConosH. 

1. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Foliage glabrous, glaucous. Stem 
erect, 3-9 dm. tall, simple or branched above, sheathed at the base by several membranous 
scales : leaves usually 2, a large one at the first node of the stem and a smaller one sub- 
tending the panicle ; blades triternately compound, the divisions ternate, their segments 
pinnate or ternate, the leaflets of various shapes, 2-3-lobed at the apex, rounded or cordate 
at the base: panicle 4-10 cm. long, erect: flowers greenish or purplish : sepals 6, oval to 
suborbicular, short-clawed, 5-6 mm. long : petals gland-like : seeds drupe-like, about 1 cm. 
in diameter, dark blue, with more or less bloom, on short stalks 5-7 mm. long. 

In damp woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, South Carolina, Tennessee and Nebraska. Spring. 


5. BERBERIS L. 


Unarmed or spiny shrubs, with a yellow wood. Leaves alternate, often clustered : blades 
firm or leathery, 1-foliolate or pinnate, more or less prominently spiny-toothed, often 
changed into forking spines. Flowers perfect, yellow, solitary or in peduncled racemes. 
Sepals 6, accompanied by 2 or 3 bractlets, broad, the outer ones much smaller than the peta- 
loid inner ones. Petals 6, commonly smaller than the sepals, imbricated in 2 rows, often 
with 2 glands near the base. Stamens 6, irritable: filaments distinct : anthers opening by 
2 valves. Ovary 1-celled, sessile: stigma peltate. Ovules few, erect or ascending. 
Berries pulpy, 1-few-seeded, rarely dry. Seeds with a crustaceous testa. BARBERRY. 


Leaf-blades unifoliolate, deciduous: racemes drooping : berries scarlet. 1. B. Canadensis. 
Leaf-blades pinnate, persistent: racemes erect: berries white. 2. B. Swazeyi. 


1. Berberis Canadénsis Mill. A glabrous spiny shrub, 0.5-2 m. tall, the branches 
angled. Leaves firm, clustered ; leaflet 1, the blade spatulate, oblong-spatulate, or rarel 
oval, 2-8 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, spiny-serrate : racemes drooping, 6—10-flowered, 
2-6 em. long: flowers yellow, about 8-11 mm. broad: sepals oval, mostly 4-5 mm. 
long: petals 2-3 mm. long, notched at the apex, eroded, narrowed into stout claws, 
[D 2 en orange-colored glands near the base: berries oval or subglobose, 6-8 mm. 

ong, scarlet. 


On hillsides, in the mountains from Virginia to Georgia. Alsoin Missouri. Spring. 


. 2. Berberis Swazeyi Buckl. An evergreen shrub, 6-9 dm. tall with erect or spread- 
ing branches. Leaves pinnate, 0.5-1 dm. long, leaflets 7-9, the blades leathery, oval to 
oblong, 1-2 cm. long, with 5-11 spine-like teeth, finely reticulated : bracts foliaceous, but 


460 PAPAVERACEAE 


rather small, ovate to suborbicular: berries subglobose, white, and transluscent with a red- 
dish tinge, 10-12 mm. in diameter, of a pleasant taste, but slightly acid. 
On limestone hills, central Texas. Spring. 


Order 12. PAPAVERALES. 

Herbs or rarely shrubs or trees, often with pungent properties or colored 
juices. Leaves various, usually normal: blades often dissected. Flowers per- 
fect, sometimes irregular. Calyx and corolla present, the members distinct and 
separate. Androecium of several hypogynous stamens. Gynoecium of 2 or 
several united carpels. Ovary superior. Fruit capsular or baccate. 

Sepals 2, or very rarely 3 or 4: endosperm present. 


Flowers regular: stamens 8 or numerous : juice usually milky or colored. Fam. 1. PAPAVERACEAE. 
Flowers irregular: stamens 6: juice usd watery. Fam. 2. FUMARIACEAE. 
Sepals 4-8: endosperm wanting. 

Capsules 2-celled : stamens 6, tetradynamous. Fam. 3. BRASSICACEAE. 
Capsules 1-celled : stamens when 6 not tetradynamous. 

Gynoecium 2-carpellary : leaves with simple or palmately compound 

blades. Fam. 4. CAPPARIDACEAE. 
Gynoecium 3-carpellary : leaves with pinnately compound blades. Fam. 5. MORINGACEAR. 


FAMILY 1. PAPAVERACEAE Juss. Poppy FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial caulescent or acaulescent herbs, or rarely shrubby plants, 
with usually a colored sap and narcotic or acrid properties. Leaves alternate or 
sometimes opposite or whorled, without stipules: blades entire, toothed or di- 
vided. Flowers perfect, regular, variously disposed. Calyx of 2 or rarely 3 cadu- 
cous sepals. Corolla of 4, 8, 12 or rarely more deciduous petals. Androecium 
usually of many stamens. Filaments distinct, sometimes dilated. Anthers in- 
nate. Gynoecium of 2-several carpels united into a 1-celled ovary with parietal 
placentae. Ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit a depressed or elongated cap- 
sule. Seeds often numerous, each with a very small embryo at the base of the 
fleshy or oily endosperm. 

Acaulescent herbs: petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud : stigmas over the valves of the capsule. 
1. SANGUINARIA. 
Caulescent herbs: petals 4-6, mostly crumpled: stigmas over the placentae. 
Capsule splitting to the base. 
Capsule pubescent. 2. STYLOPHORUM. 
Capsule glabrous, 
Stigma mitre-shaped, with a deflexed or spreading base on each side: cap- 


_ Sule leathery, 2-celled by a spongy partition. 3. GLAUCIUM. 
Stigma simple: capsules membranous, 1-celled. 4. CHELIDONIUM. 
Capsule dehiscent at the top or only to the middle. 
Leaf-blades unarmed. 5. PAPAVER. 
Leaf-blades spiny-toothed. 6. ARGEMONE. 


1. SANGUINARIA L. 


Perennial acaulescent herbs, with thick horizontal rootstocks containing a red juice. 
Leaves basal: blades petioled, 5-7-lobed : scape erect, 1-flowered, simple. Flowers white, 
showy. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, in 2 or 3 series, flat. Stamens numerous : filaments dis- 
tinct. Ovary slightly elongated: stigmas 2, over the valves of the capsule. Capsule elon- 
gated, short-stalked, 2-valved, the valves completely separating from the persistent placenta. 
Seeds numerous, crested, the testa smooth. Endosperm oily. Embryo minute. 

1. Sanguinaria Canadénsis L. Foliage glabrous. Leaves 1 or 2, basal; blades thick- 
ish, orbicular or reniform in outline, 6-25 em. broad, 5-9-lobed, cordate, more OF, less 
glaucous, especially beneath, the lobes repand or again lobed ; petioles stout, 2-3 times 
longer than the blades: scape finally overtopped by the leaves: corolla white, 4-6 cm. 


broad : petals 8-12, oblong, elliptic or rarely oval, thin, obtuse : capsule narrow, fusiform, 
acuminate at both ends, 3-5 cm. long. 


In woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Arkansas. Spring. BLOODROOT. PUOCOON. 
2. STYLOPHORUM Nutt. 
Perennial caulescent herbs, with an orange-yellow juice. Leaves mainly alternate, the 


basal with pinnatifid blades, the cauline with lobed or dissected blades. Flowers perfect, y i 
low or red, long-peduncled, solitary or clustered. Sepals 2, pubescent. Petals 4, decidu- 


PAPAVERACEAE 461 


ous. Stamens numerous: filaments slender. Ovary with 3-4 nerviform placentae : style 
manifest, the dilated tip 2-4-lobed: stigmas black: ovules numerous. Capsule elon- 
gated, often stalked, bristly. Seeds numerous, crested : scrobiculate-reticulated. Endo- 
sperm oily. Embryo minute, basal. CELANDINE Poppy. YELLOW Poppy. 

1. Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. Foliage glaucous, sparingly pubescent. 
Stem 2-5 dm. tall, often simple: leaves basal and cauline, 1-2.5 dm. long; blades 
petioled, 2-pinnatifid, the segments broadened upward, lobed or crenate-undulate : flowers 
2-4 at the top of the stem: sepals 2, hirsute: corolla deep yellow, 2-3 cm. broad: petals 
obovate, rounded at the apex : capsule ovoid or oval, about 2-5 em. long, hirsute, acute at 
each end. 

In low woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, Tennessee and Missouri. Spring. 


4. CHELIDONIUM L. 

Biennial or perennial caulescent herbs, with a yellow sap, and erect branching stems. 
Leaves alternate : blades pinnately dissected, pubescent. Flowers perfect, yellow, numer- 
ous. Sepals 2. Petals 4, relatively small, very deciduous. Stamens numerous : filaments 
slender. Ovary 1-celled with 2 placentae: styles 2, distinct : stigmas barely dilated, 
2-lobed. Ovules numerous, inserted on the 2 nerviform placentae. Capsule narrow, 
2-valved, the valves separating to the base. Seeds numerous, crested, the testa shining. 
Endosperm oily. Embryo minute. 

1. Chelidonium majus L. Foliage bright green, sparingly pubescent below. Stem 
erect, 2-7 dm. tall, branching, succulent : leaf-blades pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, 1-3 dm. 
long, the segments with rounded lobes or teeth, the lower petioles elongated, the upper 
ones very short: cymes peduncled : pedicels 1-5 em. long: sepals 2, boat-shaped, about 7 
mm. long, villous below the apex: petals 4, yellow, suborbicular, rounded or emarginate 
at the apex : filaments clavate, a little more than 4 as long as the petals : capsules slender, 
3-5 cm. long, constricted between the seeds. 

In waste places, common in eastern North America. Naturalized from Europe. Spring to fall. 


Rock Poppy. CELANDINE. 
5. PAPAVER L. 

Annual or perennial glaucous or pubescent herbs, with milky sap, and erect, usually 
branched stems. Leaves alternate, sometimes mainly basal: blades usually lobed or dis- 
sected. Buds drooping. Flowers perfect, showy, variously colored, on elongated pedun- 
cles. Sepals 2 or rarely 3. Petals 4 or rarely 6, broadened upward. Stamens numerous : 
filaments slender. Ovary with 4-20 septiform placentae: stigmas united into a disk-like 
or variously shaped crown-like body. Ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose to oblong, 
opening by 4-20 pores or cracks under the stigma. Seeds naked, crestless. Poppy. 


Plants hirsute: leaf-blades pinnately divided: capsule oblong-obovoid. 1. P. dubium. 
Plants glaucous: leaf-blades lobed : capsule subglobose. 2. P. somniferum. 

1. Papaver dübium L. Annual, slender, hirsute. Stem erect, often branched at 
the base and above, 2-7 dm. tall: leaf-blades pinnately divided, the divisions entire, 
toothed, or pinnatifid, the ultimate segments acute: flowers scarlet, 5-7 cm. broad, on 
long slender stalks : sepals oblong or oval, about 1.5 cm. long: petals undulate or crisped : 
filaments filiform : capsule oblong-obovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, AR brune 

In fields and waste places, Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer. Naturalized 
from Europe. 

2. Papaver somníferum L. Annual, stoutish, glabrous, glaucous. Stem erect, 3-10 
dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades oblong to ovate, 6-20 cm. long, in- 
curved, lobed and toothed, the lobes toothed, sessile, the cordate base clasping: flowers 
long-stalked, white to purple, often variegated, 4-10 cm. broad: petals about as broad as 
long, undulate : filaments somewhat club-shaped : capsule subglobose or slightly narrower 
above the middle, 2-3 cm. long, glabrous. 

In waste places, naturalized or adventive in the eastern United States. Native of the Mediterra- 
nean region. OPIUM POPPY. GARDEN Poppy. 

6. ARGEMONE L. 

: Annual or biennial herbs, with glaucous foliage and a yellow sap. Stems erect, branch- 
NE Leaves alternate: blades sessile or clasping, incised, pinnatfid, the segments tipped 
with bristle-like spines. Buds erect. Flowers perfect, showy, white or yellow. Sepals 
2-3, hooded or horned. Petals 4-6, broadened upward. Stamens numerous: filaments 


462 FUMARIACEAE 


slender. Ovary with 4-6 nerviform placentae: stigma sessile, depressed, the lobes spread- 
ing or recurved. Ovules numerous. Capsule slightly elongated, opening at the top by 
4-6 valves. Seeds numerous, subglobose, pitted, not crested. Endosperm oily. Embryo 
minute, basal. PRICKLY Poppy. 


Inflorescence and capsules spineless. 1. A._leiocarpa. 
Inflorescence and capsules spine-armed. 
Corolla yellow: leaf-blades blotched. 2. A. Mexicana. 


Corolla white: leaf-blades not blotched or sometimes slightly so. 
Stems unarmed or spiny, but not hispid-pubescent. 
Horns of the sepals erect or nearly so, the terminal spine 1-1.5 mm. long: 
flowers manifestly pedicelled. 3. A. alba. 
Horns of the sepals diverging, the terminal spine 2-4 mm. long: flowers ses- 
sile or nearly so. 
Horns of the sepals smooth and glabrous. 


Plants tall: capsule-valves veiny all over. 4. A. intermedia. 

Plants low: capsule-valves not veiny, or slightly veiny near the edges. 5. A. delicatula. 

Horns of the sepals bristly. 6. A. platyceras. 
Stems hispid-pubescent as well as spine-armed. 7. A. hispida. 


1. Argemone leiocárpa Greene. Resembling A. Mexicana but more glaucous, devoid 
of spines except on the margins of the leaf-blades, which are rather more copiously spinescent : 
calyx unarmed : petals yellow, 3-4 em. long: capsules smooth and glabrous, 3-4 cm. long. 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Spring to fall. 


2. Argemone Mexicana L. Foliage glaucous. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, more or less 
spiny: leaves 10-25 em. long; blades runcinate-pinnatifid, blotched, spiny-toothed and 
commonly spiny along the midrib, sessile and clasping : flowers sessile or nearly so: sepals 
acuminate and bristle-tipped : corolla yellow, 2.5-7 cm. broad: capsules oblong, 2.5-3 
em. long, spine-armed. 

In waste places, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Naturalized from tropical 
America. Spring to fall. MEXICAN Poppy. THORN APPLE. 

3. Argemone álba Lestib. Foliage pale or somewhat glaucous, spine-armed. Stems 
rather stout, 3-5 dm. tall, not pubescent : leaves 3-15 em. long; blades pinnately lobed or 
pinnatifid, sometimes whitish along the veins, the midrib slightly prickly : flowers pedi- 
celled : sepals 1.5-2 cm. long, the horns erect or nearly so, the terminal spine 1-1.5 mm. 
long, distinctly flattened : corolla white, 7-10 cm. broad : capsules oval or oblong, 2.5-4 
em. long. 

In dry or sandy soil, Missouri to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


4. Argemone intermédia Sweet. Quite similar to A. alba. Stems more prickly, 
3-10 dm. tall: leaves 4-16 long ; blades pinnately toothed or pinnatifid : flowers sessile : 
sepals 2-2.5 cm. long, the horns diverging, the terminal spine 2-4 mm. long, scarcely flat- 
tened : corolla white, 6-9 em. broad : capsules cylindric or oblong cylindric, 3-4 cm. long. 

On plains, South Dakota to Idaho, Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


5. Argemone delicátula Small. Foliageconspicuously spiny. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, 
sometimes sparingly branched : leaves 5-15 cm. long: leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, 
the spines of the lobes spreading in all directions: flowers short-pedicelled : sepals about 
2 cm. long, the smooth and glabrous horns diverging, the terminal spine 2-4 mm. long: 
corolla white, 6-9 cm. broad: capsules oblong-obovoid, 1.5-2 em. long. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring. 

6. Argemone platyceras Link & Otto. Foliage usually conspicuously spiny : stems 
3-11 dm. tall, mostly branched, often almost completely covered with spines: leaves 4-14 
em. long ; blades pinnately lobed or pinnatifid : flowers sessile or nearly so : sepals 2-2.5 
long, spiny, the horns bristly at the base : corolla white, 6-9 cm. broad : capsules oblong 
or ovoid-oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, completely covered with spines. 

On plains and prairies, Texas to California and Mexico. Spring and summer. 

7. Argemone híspida A. Gray. Foliage usually copiously spine-armed. Stems 3-8 
dm. tall, hispid-pubescent as well as spine-armed : leaves 5-9 cm. long, often numerous ; 
blades pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid : flowers short-pedicelled : sepals 2-3 cm. long, the horns 
triangular-lanceolate, more or less bristly and hispid: corolla white, 7-10 cm. broad : 
capsules oblong or oblong-conie, 2.5-3.5 cm. long. 

On plains or prairies, Kansas to California, Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 


FAMILY 2. FUMARIACEAE DC. Fumirory FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial acaulescent or caulescent herbs with a watery Sap, 
sometimes with corms. Leaves alternate, often all basal: blades compound, 
usually rather finely dissected, very delicate. Flowers perfect, irregular, often 


FUMARIACEAE 463 


in racemes, panicles or cymes. Calyx of 2 scale-like sepals. Corolla of 4 petals : 
outer (lateral) spreading above, both or one saccate or spurred at the base: 
inner smaller, thickened at the tips, enclosing the stigma. Androecium of 6 
stamens. Filaments diadelphous: anthers various, middle one 2-celled, lateral 
1-celled. Gynoecium of 2 carpels united into a single pistil. Ovary 1-celled, 
with 2 perietal placentae. Stigma flattened contrary to the placentae, 2-lobed 
or 2-horned. Ovules amphitropous or anatropous, numerous or rarely solitary. 
Fruit a silique-like capsule or rarely indehiscent. Seeds with a minute embryo 
in fleshy endosperm. 

Each of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base. 


Petals permanently united and enclosing the capsule: seeds crestless: vines. 1. ADLUMIA. 

Petals lightly united, deciduous : seeds mostly crested : acaulescent herbs. 2. BICUCULLA. 
One of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base. 

Ovules several or many : fruit an elongated capsule. 3. CAPNOIDES. 

Ovule solitary : fruit a glabrous nutlet. 4. FUMARIA. 


1. ADLUMIA Raf. 


Biennial or perennial tender climbing vines. Stems slender and elongated. Leaves 
alternate : blades decompound, very delicate. Flowers perfect, irregular, white or pink, 
in terminal racemes or panicles or these opposite the leaves. Sepals 2. Petals 4, perma- 
nently united into a tube and enclosing the fruit, the two outer swollen below. Stamens 
6, in 2 groups opposite the outer petals : filaments monadelphous below, diadelphous above. 
Ovary elongated : style filiform: stigma 2-lobed. Capsule in the remains of the corolla, 
opening by 2 valves. Seeds crestless. 

1. Adlumia fungósa (Ait.) Greene. A delicate vine climbing over various objects 
by the tendril-like petioles. Stem slender, several meters long: leaf-blades decompound, 
the primary divisions slender-stalked, the secondary divisions stouter-stalked, the ultimate 
segments very thin, entire or lobed : cymes many-flowered, often dense: pedicels filiform, 
0.5-1 em. long: sepals scale-like: corolla 15-18 mm. long, pink or whitish: petals 4, the 
2 outer with rounded bases and spreading or converging tips, the two inner with subor- 


bicular blades about 1.5 mm. broad: capsule slender, 1.5-2 cm. long, few-seeded. [A. 
cirrhosa Raf. ] 


In woods, New Brunswick to Michigan, Kansas and North Carolina. Summer and fall. ALLE- 
GHENY VINE. CLIMBING FUMITORY. 


2. BICUCULLA Adans. 


Perennial acaulescent herbs, with horizontal, granular or tuberous rootstocks. Leaves 
basal: blades long-petioled, ternately divided and many-cleft, their texture delicate. 
Scapes erect, simple, or branched above, naked. Flowers of various colors, perfect, irreg- 
ular, in terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals 2, scale-like. Petals 4, the two outer spurred 
at the base, loosely united, deciduous, the tips often spreading, the 2 inner crested, 
clawed, their tips cohering. Stamens 6, in 2 groups opposite the outer petals : filaments 
more or less diadelphous at the base. Ovary with two placentae: style filiform : stigma 
2-4-lobed. Capsules elongated, opening by two valves. Seeds 10-20 in each capsule 
crested. — [ Diclytra Borck. Dicentra Bernh.] DUTCHMAN’S BREECHES. 

Racemes simple. 
Rootetocks with yellow tubers: spurs rounded : inner petals conspicuously crested. 1. B. Canadensis. 
ootstocks without tubers : spurs spreading: inner petals minutely crested. 2. B. Cucullaría. 
acemes compound. 3. B. eximia. 

1. Bicuculla Canadénsis (Goldie) Millsp. Rootstocks slender, bearing numerous 
pea-like tubers. Foliage bright green: leaves basal ; petioles 1-2 dm. long; blades ter- 
nately compound, the divisions delicately dissected, the ultimate segments linear or nearly 
So: scapes erect, 2-3 dm. long, usually overtopping the leaves, simple: racemes 2-7 cm. 
long, 2-10-flowered : pedicels 5-10 mm. long: corolla 1.5-2 cm. long, greenish white or 
purplish tinged : petals 4, the outer produced into rounded sacs, the bases of which are 
much shorter than the upper part, the apex hooded and recurved, the inner petals with 
claws as long as the blades, their crests crisped, conspicuous. 

In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri. Spring. SQUIRREL CORN. 

2. Bicuculla Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. Rootstocks bulb-like. Foliage often glauces- 
cent: leaves basal, nearly similar to those of the preceding species : scapes erect, 1-3 dm. 
tall, usually overtopped by the leaves: racemes 3-10 cm. long, 4-12-flowered : pedicels 


464 ‘FUMARIACEAE 


5-12 mm. long: corolla white or pale pink: petals 4, the 2 outer produced at the base into: 
horn-like spreading spurs, which are about as long as the other part, the apex hooded and 
reflexed, the inner petals with claws as long as the blades, their inconspicuous crests hardly 
crisped. 

In woods and on banks, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Nebraska and Georgia. Spring. SOLDIER’s CAP. 


3. Bicuculla exímia (Ker.) Millsp. Rootstocks scaly. Foliage dark green : leaves 
basal; blades 2-4 dm. broad, the ultimate segments oblong or ovate : scapes erect or ascend- 
ing, 3-6 dm. tall, longer or shorter than the leaves: panicles 5-12 cm. long, rather lax, 
several-many-flowered : corolla deep pink: petals 4, the 2 outer produced into rounded 
sacs at the base, the boat-like tops spreading, the 2 inner petals cohering at the apex, the 
blades auricled at the base, longer than the claws, their crests crisped. 


In woods and on cliffs, western New York and in and near the Alleghenies to Georgia. Summer. 
BLEEDING-HEART. . 


3. CAPNOIDES Adans. 


Annual or biennial caulescent herbs, with erect or prostrate, usually branched, some- 
times diffuse, stems. Leaves alternate : blades bipinnately dissected, commonly delicate in 
texture. Flowers perfect, irregular, white, pink or yellow, in terminal or lateral racemes. 
Sepals 2, usually scale-like. Petals 4, distinct, the 2 outer dissimilar, the one flat, the 
other more or less spurred at the base, the 2 inner narrower than the outer, often cohering 
at the apex, keeled or winged. Stamens 6, in two groups opposite the exterior petals : fila- 
ments united above the middle. Ovary narrow, with 2 placentae: style filiform: stigma 
dilated or lobed. Ovulesnumerous or several. Capsule silique-like, sometimes torulose. 
Seeds crested. [Corydalis Vent. ] 


Corolla pink or purple, yellow at the tip. 1. €. sempervirens. 
Corolla yellow. 
Corolla less than 12 mm. long. 
Capsules ascending: seeds with blunt margins. 2. C. micranthum. 
Capsules drooping or spreading : seeds with acute winged margins. 3. C. flavulum. 
Corolla over 12 mm. long. 
Hood or sac of the outer petals with a wing-like crest. 


Capsules eopiously eovered with transparent vesicles. 4. C. crystallinum. 
Capsules smooth; sometimes glaucous. E 
Spur nearly as long as the corolla-body : pods strongly curved. 5. C. curvisiliquum. 


Spur about 14 as long as the corolla-body : pods straight or nearly so. 6. C. Halei. 

Hood or sae of the outer petals merely keeled. 

Spur 15 as long as the body of the corolla: capsules spreading or drooping. 7. C. aureum. 
Spur about as long as the body of the corolla: capsules ascending. 8. C. montanum. 

1. Capnoides sempérvirens (L.) Borck. Annual or biennial, glaucous, glabrous. 
Stems erect, finally much branched, 3-12 dm. tall, the branches ascending : leaves 3-25 cm. 
long ; blades pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments obovate or cuneate: panicles 
open, few-flowered: bracts variable, the lower ones dissected like the leaves, the upper 
entire: pedicels 5-10 mm. long: corolla pink, tinged with yellow at the tip, 1.5 cm. long, 
the spur much shorter than the body of the corolla: capsules slender, 3-4 cm. long, smooth : 
seeds shining, finely reticulated. [Corydalis glauca Pursh. ] 

In rocky places, Nova Scotia to Alaska, British Columbia and Minnesota and along the mountains 
to Georgia. Spring and summer. 

2. Capnoides micránthum (Engelm.) Britton. Annual, very slender, glalgrous. 
Stems 1-3 dm. long, more or less branched, the branches weak : leaves delicate, sometimes 
ara ait the ultimate segments lobed or toothed : racemes or panicles 1-8 cm. long: 

owers sometimes cleistogamous, short-pedicelled : corolla pale yellow, less than 1 em. long, 
the spur much shorter than the body of the corolla, the crest small, entire : capsules ascend- 
ing, 1-2 em. long, torulose, smooth : seeds smooth or nearly so, shining, the edges obtuse. 

In woods, Minnesota to Missouri, Virginia and Florida. Spring. i 


3. Capnoides flávulum (Raf.) Kuntze. Annual, slender, glabrous, bright green. 
Stem 1-5 dm. long, erect or ascending, sometimes diffusely branched, the branches spreading : 
leaves delicate; blades finely dissected, the ultimate segments toothed or lobed, the divisions 
acute: racemes few-flowered : bracts elliptic or ovate, acute or acuminate: corolla yellow, 
1 em. long or slightly longer, the spur rounded, much shorter than the body of the corolla, 
the crest toothed: capsules drooping, 1.5-2.5 em. long, torulose, smooth: seeds sharp- 
margined, finely reticulated, shining. 

In rocky woods, Ontario to Minnesota, Virginia, Louisiana and Kansas. Spring. 

4. Capnoides crystallinum (T. & G.) Kuntze. Annual or biennial, stoutish, bright 
green. Stem usually branched at the base: branches tufted, erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. 
tall, simple or branched above : leaves relatively few ; blades finely dissected, the ultimate 


BRASSICACEAE 465 


segments narrowly oblong or cuneate: racemes spike-like, 3-10 cm. long: bracts ovate to 
lanceolate, acuminate : corolla bright yellow, 1.5-2 cm. long, the spur usually a little shorter 
than the rest of the corolla: crest large, toothed : capsules 1.5-2 cm. long, erect, or as- 
cending, densely granular: seeds shining, minutely tuberculate-reticulated. 

In dry soil, Missouri to Arkansas, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 


5. Capnoides curvisiliquum (Engelm. ) Kuntze. Annual, stoutish, the foliage glau- 
cescent. Stems erect or ascending, simple or branched chiefly at the base: leaves delicate ; 
blades dissected into mostly cuneate segments : racemes spike-like, 3-10 cm. long: pedicels 
stoutish, 2-6 mm. long: bracts ovate: corolla bright yellow, 1.5 cm. long, the spur about 
as long as the rest of the corolla, straight : capsules 2-3 em. long, 4-angled, curved upward : 
seeds turgid, finely muriculate, shining, sharp-margined. 

In dry soil, Kansas to Texas. Spring. 


6. Capnoides Halei Small. Annual, glabrous, bright green. Stems branched at the 
base, the branches spreading or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, simple or sparingly branched : 
leaves glaucescent beneath, the lower ones with petioles longer than the blades, the upper 
ones sessile, all dissected ; segments rather coarse, acute: racemes erect, peduncled, 2-5 
cm. long: bracts ovate to elliptic, acuminate: pedicels 2-5 mm. long, stout: corolla yel- 
low, about 1.5 cm. long, the spur obtuse, much shorter than the body, the outer petals 
with thin incised-toothed crests: capsules stoutish, 2 em. long, straight, erect or nearly so, 
on short, almost erect pedicels. 

In dry soil, Florida to Louisiana. Spring. 

. 7, Capnoides atreum ( Willd.) Kuntze. Annual, glabrous. Stems diffusely branch- 
ing, the branches 1.5-3 em. tall, sometimes decumbent : leaves often numerous ; blades rather 
finely dissected : racemes relatively short, few-flowered : pedicels slender, 3-6 mm. long : co- 
rolla golden yellow, 11-13 mm. long ; thespur barely 4 as long as the body, slightly decurved, 
the hood or sac merely keeled: capsules spreading or drooping, hardly 10 mm. long, toru- 
lose, terete : seeds 10-12, plump, shining but obscurely reticulated, obtuse along the margin. 

In woods or on rocky banks, Nova Scotia to Yukon Territory and Texas. Spring. 

8. Capnoides montanum (Engelm.) Britton. Annual, slender, bright green. Stems 
branched, sometimes diffusely so, the branches erect or ascending: leaves dissected, 5-13 
em. long ; blades rather finely dissected, the ultimate segments narrow: racemes 2-8 cm. 
long, sometimes dense: bracts oval or ovate: pedicels spreading, 2-6 mm. long: corolla 
bright yellow, about 1.5 cm. long, the spur straight, as long as the body of the corolla or 
longer: capsules stout, slightly curved, 2-3 cm. long, smooth, slightly torulose : seeds 
smooth and shining, slightly acute along the margin. 

In dry soil, South Dakota to Montana, Texas, Utah and Arizona. Spring and summer. 


4. FUMARIA L. 

Annual glaucous herbs, with delicate foliage. Stems erect, prostrate or climbing, 
sometimes diffusely branched. Leaves alternate : blades finely dissected. Flowers perfect, 
irregular, white or pink, in terminal or lateral racemes. Sepals 2, scale-like. Petals 4, 
the 2 outer dissimilar, the one flat the other spurred at the base, the 2 inner narrower, 
often cohering at the apex. Stamens 6, in 2 groups opposite the outer petals. Ovary as 
broad as long, with 2 nerviform placentae, one of which is sterile and the other with 1 
ovule at the base: style filiform, topped by a slender stigma. Nut subglobose, 1-seeded. 
Seed not crested. FUMITORY. 

1. Pumaria officinalis L. Foliage glabrous. Stem slender, usually much branched 
ae base, the branches ascending or spreading, 2-10 dm. long, simple or branched : leaf- 

ades dissected, the ultimate segments linear or nearly so: racemes slender, 2-10 cm. 
long, axillary or terminal : pedicels 2-4 mm. long: corolla purplish or flesh-colored, with 
crimson at the tip, 6-8 mm. long, the spur somewhat shorter than the body of the corolla : 
nuts slightly flattened, 2-2.5 mm. broad, roughened, emarginate at the apex. 


f In waste places, Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas and less abundant in the interior. Adventive 
rom Europe. Summer. 


FAMILY 3. BRASSICACEAE Lindl. MUSTARD FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial sometimes acaulescent herbs, or shrubby plants, with an 
acrid watery sap. Leaves alternate : blades entire, toothed or dissected. Flowers 
perfect, regular (except sometimes in Streptanthus), in spikes or racemes, or some- 
times cory mbose. Calyx of 4 mostly erect or appressed sepals, the inner pair 
eral, similar to the outer, or more saccate at the base. Corolla of 4 variously 


466 BRASSICACEAE 


colored hypogynous petals in a single series, or wanting, the spreading blades 
forming a cross. Androecium of 6 (or rarely 2 or 4) didynamous stamens, the 
2 outer ones lateral, opposite the inner sepals, the other 4 longer, almost oppo- 
site the petals. Filaments often dilated or toothed towards the base.  Anthers 
mostly 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Receptacle with honey glands. Gynoecium 
of 2 lateral united carpels. Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 1-celled, or falsely several- 
celled, superior cavities sometimes superposed. Style simple or wanting. 
Stigma terminal, depressed or 2-lobed. Ovules horizontal or pendulous, or when 
solitary erect. Fruit capsular, elongated (silique) or relatively short and broad 
(silicle), valved, or rarely indehiscent, terete, angled or variously flattened. 
Seeds without endosperm. Embryo usually curved. Cotyledons accumbent, 
incumbent or conduplicate. [CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. | 


Pods not stipitate. 
Pods flattened or compressed contrary to the narrow partition. 
Pods didymous, separating from the partition as 2 plump nutlets. 1. CORONOPUS. 
Pods flat, regularly dehiscent. 


Pods cuneate, wingless. 2. BURSA. 
Pods orbicular to elliptic or obovate, wing-margined at least at the apex. 
Pods orbicular or obovate: seeds 1 or 2. . LEPIDIUM. 


He Oo 


Pods elliptic-oblong: seeds several. . SYNTHLIPSIS. 
Pods neither compressed nor flattened contrary to the partition. 
Pods terete or prismatic. 
Pods regularly dehiscent. 
Length of pod less than twice the width. 
Seeds flat: plants pubescent with mostly branched hairs. 


Pods globular, the valves nerveless : cotyledons accumbent. 5. LESQUERELLA. 
Pods pyriform, the valves 1-nerved : cotyledons incumbent. 6. CAMELINA. 
Seeds turgid,: plants pubescent with simple hairs, or glabrous. 7. RORIPA. 


Length of pod over twice the width. 
Pods merely tipped with the short style, or style wanting, not beaked. 
Pods terete or nearly so. 
Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity of the pod. 7. RORIPA. 
Seeds in 1 row in each cavity of the pod. ; 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid or coarsely toothed. 


Outer sepals not horned: corollas yellow or white. 8. SISYMBRIUM. 
Outer sepals horned : corollas violet or purple. 9. IODANTHUS. 
Leaf-blades entire or slightly toothed. 
Stigmas discoid, barely lobed. 10. THELYPODIUM. 
Stigmas manifestly 2-lobed. 11. HESPERIS. 
Pods 4-sided or 4-angled. 
Corolla white. 12. STENOPHRAGMA. 
Corolla yellow. 
Seeds flat: leaf-blades pinnatifid. 13. BARBAREA. 
Seeds plump: leaf-blades entire or toothed. 14. ERYSIMUM. 
Pods markedly beaked. 
Beak flat and sword-like. 15. SINAPIS. 
Beak conic. 16. BRASSICA. 
Pods with transverse partitions, separating into joints. 17. CAKILE. 
Pods flattened or compressed parallel to the broad partition. 
Pods suborbicular or oval. 18. KONIGA. 


Pods oblong to narrowly linear. 
Valves of the pods nerveless. 
Seeds wingless. 
Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. 19, DRABA. 
Seeds in 1 row in each cavity. 
Seapose, with 2-4 leaf-like bracts subtending the peduncle: 


embryo with unequal cotyledons. 20. DENTARIA. 
Caulescent, with alternate leaves : embryo with equal cotyle- 
dons. 21. CARDAMINE. 
Seeds winged. 99. LEAVENWORTHIA. 
Valves of the pods nerved. 
Anthers not sagittate. 
Leaf-blades entire or merely toothed. 
Pods oval, oblong to broadly linear. 19. DRABA. 
Pods narrowly linear to linear-filiform. 23. ARABIS. 
Leaf-blades finely dissected. 24. SoPHIA. 
Anthers sagittate. 
Petals with blades much wider than the claws: calyx not cam- Us 
panulate. 25. STREPTANTHUS. 
Petals with narrow blades scarcely wider than the claws: calyx 
campanulate. 26. EUKLISIA. 


Pods stipitate. 
Leaf-blades pinnatisect: pods oblong: seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. 27. SELENIA. 
Leaf-blades entire: pods narrowly linear: seeds in 1 row in each cavity. 28. WAREA. 


1. CORONOPUS Gaertn. 


Annual or biennial caulescent herbs. Stems branched at the base, the branches dif- 
fusely spreading. Leaves alternate: blades entire or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, 1n sm: 


BRASSICACEAE 467 


lateral racemes. Sepals 4, spreading, equal. Corolla white to purple, the 4 petals larger 
than the sepals. Stamens often 2 or 4. Ovary sessile : style wanting : stigma barely lobed. 
Ovule usually solitary. Silicle laterally flattened, didymous, the valves crested, rugose or 
coarsely wrinkled. Seed solitary. Cotyledons incumbent or conduplicate. [Senebiera 
Poir.] Wart Cress, SWINE CRESS. 


Capsules finely wrinkled, crestless. 1. C. didymus. 
Capsules tuberculate-wrinkled, crested. 2. C. Coronopus. 

1. Coronopus didymus (L.) J. E. Smith. Sparingly pubescent. Branches ascend- 
ing or prostrate, 1-4 dm. long: basal leaves 3-10 cm. long, with margined petioles and 1-2- 
pinnatifid blades: stem-leaves similar to the basal but shorter and with much shorter 
petioles, or sessile : racemes 1-5 em. long : pedicels spreading, 1-2 mm. long: sepals ovate 
to oblong-ovate, about 0.5 mm. long: petals white, less than twice as long as the sepals : 
pods didymous, 2-2.5 mm. broad, notched, finely wrinkled. [Senebiera pinnatifida DC. ] 

In waste places, Newfoundland to Missouri, California, Florida and Texas. Naturalized north- 
ward. Spring and summer. 

2. Coronopus Corónopus (L.) Karst. Fleshy, usually glabrous. Branches as- 
cending or spreading, 0.5-3 dm. long: basal leaves 4-12 em. long, with margined petioles 
and pinnately-parted blades, the segments long and narrow : stem-leaves similar but smaller 
and with shorter petioles : racemes 0.5-3 em. long: pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long: sepals ob- 
long or oval, nearly 1 mm. long: petals white, barely twice as long as the sepals: pods 
not didymous, 3.5-4 mm. broad, apiculate, tuberculate-wrinkled. 


In waste places, New Brunswick to Florida and Texas. Also on the Pacific coast. Naturalized 
from Europe. Spring to fall. 


2. BURSA Weber. 


Annual caulescent herbs, with glabrous or pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate, often 
mainly basal: blades entire, lobed, or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, in elongated racemes. 
Sepals 4, spreading, equal. Corolla white, the petals much longer than the sepals. Ovary 
sessile: style short : stigma capitate. Ovules numerous. Silicles strongly flattened con- 
trary to the narrow septum, cuneate or obcordate, more or less deeply notched at the apex, 
the valves boat-shaped. Seeds numerous in each cavity, marginless. Cotyledons accum- 
bent. [Capsella Medic.] SHEPHERD’s PURSE. 

l. Bursa Bürsa-pastoris (L.) Britton. Annual, more or less pubescent below, gla- 
brous above. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, simple, or usually branching above: leaves mainly 
basal; petioles short; blades pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, rarely dentate or entire, 3-15 
cm. long: stem-leaves few, linear or lanceolate, auricled at the base : pedicels spreading 
or ascending, 1-1.5 em. long: sepals ovate or oval-oblong, about 1.5 mm. long: petals 
white, spatulate, about twice as long as the sepals: pods triangular-cuneate or cuneate, 5- 
8 mm. long, emarginate at the apex : seeds 10-12 in each cavity. 


,, In all situations, common nearly throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe and now 
widely distributed over the globe. Spring to winter. 


3. LEPIDIUM L. 

Annual or biennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades entire, lobed, incised 
or pinnatifid, sometimes clasping the stem. Flowers perfect, in racemes or panicles. 
Sepals 4, equal. Corollas white or greenish, the 4 petals small, or wanting. Stamens 
usually fewer than 6. Ovary sessile: style slender, or wanting: stigma emarginate. 
Ovule solitary, pendulous. Silicles oblong to orbicular, transversely flattened, sometimes 


margined. Seed solitary in each cavity. Cotyledons incumbent or rarely accumbent. 
PEPPERGRASS. 


Cotyledons accumbent. 1. L. Virginicum. 
Cotyledons incumbent. 
Capsules about 3 mm. broad : petals conspicuous. 2. L. medium. 


Capsules about 2 mm. broad : petals wanting or obsolete. 
‘ods as broad as long: pedicels glabrous or finely hirsute. 


Pedicels and pods glabrous. 3. L. apetalum. 
Pedicels and pods finely hirsute. 4. L. austrinum. 
Pods markedly longer than broad : pedicels puberulent. 5. L. interior. 


l. Lepidium Virgínicum L. Annual or biennial, more or less puberulent. Stems 
2-9 dm. tall, simple or widely branched: basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate; blades 


pinnatifid, the segments toothed or incised, the terminal one much longer than the others ; 
stem-leaves narrow, erect or ascending, sharply toothed or incised : pedicels finally spread- 


468 BRASSICACEAE 


ing, 3-4 mm. long : sepals oblong, about 1 mm. long, obtuse : petals white, spatulate, slightly 
longer than the sepals: silicles suborbicular or oval-orbicular, 3-4 mm. broad, margined 
above, notched at the apex. 

In all situations, Quebec to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Naturalized in 
Europe. Spring and fall. 

2. Lepidium médium Greene. Annual, glabrous or nearly so. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, 
simple, or more or less branched: basal leaves 2-8 cm. long: blades coarsely toothed or 
rarely 1-2-pinnatifid: stem-leaves narrow, more or less distinctly toothed or those of the 
branches entire: pedicels ascending, finally 2-3 mm. long: petals conspicuous, bright 
white: pods suborbicular, about 3 mm. broad, notched at the apex. 

In dry soil, Idaho to Vancouver Island, Texas and California. Spring and summer. 


3. Lepidium apétalum Willd. Annual or perhaps more persistent, glabrous or puber- 
ulent, odorless. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, more or less branched: basal leaves and sometimes 
the lower stem-leaves with pinnatifid blades: upper stem-leaves narrow, incised to entire, 
erect or ascending: pedicels erect or nearly so during anthesis, thereafter becoming 2-3 
. mm. long, curving out making the fruiting raceme much thicker than the top: petals 

minute and inconspicuous or obsolete: pods suborbicular, about 2 mm. broad, notched at 
the apex. 

In dry soil and waste places, Maine to the Northwest Territory, California, New York and Texas. 
Spring to fall. 

4. Lepidium austrinum Small. Annual or biennial, finely hirsute all over, at least 
during anthesis. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, branched above and sometimes also at the base: 
basal leaves spatulate, early deciduous: stem-leaves with spatulate or oblanceolate blades 
1.5-5 em. long : pedicels ascending during anthesis, spreading at maturity, becoming 2-3 
mm. long: petals minute or wanting: pods suborbicular, 2 mm. broad or slightly more, 
finely hirsute. $ 

In plains and prairies, Texas. Spring. 

5. Lepidium oblóngum Small. Annual or biennial, minutely pubescent. Stems 
usually much branched at the base, the branches radially spreading, more or less decum- 
bent, 0.5-2 dm. long, usually branched: leaves rather numerous ; blades pinnatifid, 1-2 
cm. long, the segments mostly 5-7, quite narrow, acute : pedicels puberulent : petals want- 
ing or obsolete : pods oblong or oval, about 3 mm. long, slightly winged at the apex. 

In dry ground, near Sapulpa, Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 


4. SYNTHLÍPSIS A. Gray. 


Annual caulescent herbs, with grayish pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades 
sinuate or pinnatifid, sometimes petioled. Flowers perfect, in loose racemes. Sepals 
oblong, spreading during anthesis. Petals surpassing the sepals, with flat blades and short 
claws. Stamens 6: filaments unappendaged. Ovary 2-celled : style slender : stigma entire. 
Ovules several. Pods relatively short, strongly compressed, on ascending or reflexed 
pedicels, the valves merely keeled. Seeds neither winged nor margined, about 10 in each 
cavity. Cotyledons accumbent. 

1. Synthlipsis Berlandiéri A. Gray. Foliage finely stellate-tomentose. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches spreading, simple or branched : basal leaves 3-8 cm. 
long, with short petioles and pinnatifid blades ; stem-leaves sessile, oblong, oblanceolate or 
oval, dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute: pedicels finally recurved, 1-1. 
em. long: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3 mm. long: petals yellow to purple, about twice as 
od as : sepals : pods suborbicular, about 6 or 7 mm. broad, reticulated, glabrous, usually 

eflexed. 

On plains and prairies, southern Texas. Spring.—The variety with hirsute stems is S. Berlandieri 
hispida S. Wats. Spring. 

5. LESQUERELLA S. Wats. 


Annual or perennial scapose or caulescent herbs, with stellate pubescence. ` Leaves 
alternate, sometimes mainly basal: blades entire or undulate. Flowers perfect, in racemes 
or panicles. Sepals 4, equal, or 2 saccate at the base. Corolla usually yellow or y ellow- 
ish, the 4 petals surpassingthe sepals, entire. Stamens 6. Ovary sessile or stalked : style 
slender: stigma capitate or 2-lohed. Ovules few. Silicles oblong or globose, inflated, the 
valves nerveless : septum nerved from the apex to the middle. Seeds flattened, sometimes 
narrow-margined. Cotyledons accumbent. |. BLADDER-POD. 


BRASSICACEAE 469 


Filaments more or less dilated below: foliage hispidly stellate. 
Seeds margined : filaments strongly dilated at the base. 


Capsules flattened, pubescent. 1. L. Lescurii. 
Capsules subglobose, glabrous. 
Filaments gradually dilated : style less than 2 mm. long at maturity. 22D. Map jo 
Filaments abruptly dilated : style over 2 mm. long at maturity. 3. L. auriculata. 
Seeds without margins : filaments slightly dilated. 
Capsules pubescent: filaments dilated ee, their length. 4. L. lasiocarpa. 
Capsules glabrous: filaments dilated for 15 their length. 5. L. densiflora. 


ene very slender or linear-subulate: foliage compactly canescent or scaly- 
stellate. 
Ovaries and capsules pubescent. 
Cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules: pods 2 mm. in diameter. 
Cavities of the ovarý with 4-6 ovules : pods 3-5 mm. in diameter. 
Ovaries and capsules glabrous. 
Capsules oblong or pear-shaped. 
Capsules oblong : pedicels ascending : style about as long as the capsule. 8. L. repanda., 
Capsules pyriform: pedicels spreading : style much shorter than the cap- 
sule., 9. L. Nuttallii. 
Capsules subglobose. 
Capsules pendent from recurved pedicels. 
Corollas white or pink : ovules 6 in a cavity : style one-half as long as the 


L. globosa. 
L. Berlandieri. 


o 


capsule. 10. L. pallida. 
Corollas yellow : ovules 2-4 in a cavity : style as long as the capsule. 11. L. recurvata. 
Capsules erect, or nearly so, from ascending often curved pedicels. 
Annuals. : 
Stem-leaves with pinnatifid-dentate blades. 12. L. Lindheimeri. 


Stem-leaves entire or merely repand blades. 
Ovules 4-8 in each cavity of the ovary. 
Pods 2-3 mm. in diameter. 


Pods stipitate. 13. L. gracilis. 
Pods sessile. 14. L. sessilis. 
Pods 4-5 mm. in diameter. 15. L. polyantha. 
Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. 16. L. angustifolia. 
Biennials or perennials. RE 
Capsules 6 mm. long. l7. L. Engelmannit. 
Capsules 4-5 mm. long. 18. L. argyrea. 


1. Lesquerella Lescürii (A. Gray) S. Wats. Annual, roughish with stellate hairs. 
‘Stems branched at the base ; branches erect, ascending or decumbent, 1-3 dm. long, sim- 
ple or branched : basal-leaves longer than the cauline: stem-leaves oblong-oval or oblong- 
ovate, 1-4 cm. long, repand-dentate, sessile and clasping by the auricled bases: pedicels 
ascending, 5-10 mm. long: sepals 2-2.5 mm. long: petals yellow, broadly spatulate, 4-6 
mm. long: pods oval or ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, flattened, pubescent, the style about j as 
long as the body. 


On hillsides, near Nashville, Tennessee. Early spring. 


2. Lesquerella grandifldra (Hook.) S. Wats. Annual, thinly pubescent or some- 
what hispid. Stems branched at the base; branches erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. long, 
commonly simple: basal leaves oblanceolate, deeply sinuate or pinnatifid: stem-leaves 
shorter than the basal; blades oblanceolate, oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, 1-3.5 cm. 
long, entire or sinuate, sessile and somewhat clasping : pedicels ascending or spreading, 
1-1.5 em. long: sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long: petals obovate, twice 
or thrice as long as the sepals: pods subglobose, 5 mm. in diameter, glabrous. 

On plains or prairies, Texas. Spring. 

. 3. Lesquerella auriculàta (Engelm. & Gray) S. Wats. Annual, hirsute. Stems 
simple and erect or usually branched at the base ; branches ascending or decumbent, 1-3 
dm. long, commonly simple: basal leaves oblanceolate, repand, 2-5 cm. long: stem- 
leaves with oblong or oblong-lanceolate blades, 1-3 dm. long, entire or repand, sessile, 
clasping by the auricled bases: pedicels ascending, 1-1.5 em. long: sepals oblong to ob- 
long-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long : petals yellow, narrowly obovate, about twice as long as the 
sepals: pods subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, glabrous, narrowed at the base, the style 4 
as long as the body. 

On dry prairies, Texas. Winter and spring. 

4. Lesquerellalasiocárpa (Hook. ) S. Wats. Annual, finely hispid. Stems branched 
at the base; branches ascending or spreading, 1-7 dm. long, simple or branched : basal 
leaves oblanceolate in outline: blades pinnatifid, 3-8 cm. long, the segments entire or 
toothed : stem-leaves oblong or oval, 1-3 em. long, pinnatifid or coarsely toothed, sessile, not 
auricled : pedicels spreading or slightly recurved, 1-1.5 em. long: petals obovate, about 6 
mm. long: filaments slightly dilated below the middle: pods spheroidal, 5-6.5 mm. long, 
the style 4 as long. 

In, valleys, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring. 

5. Lesquerella densiflóra (A. Gray) S. Wats. Annual, more or less densely canes- 
cent. Stems branched at the base; branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, often 


470 BRASSICACEAE 


simple: leaf-blades spatulate to lanceolate or oblong, entire or repand, the lower with 
petioles, the upper sessile: corymbs rather densely flowered : pedicels finally 6-10 mm. 
long, ascending: sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 4-4.5 mm. long: petals broadly 
spatulate, about twice as long as the sepals: filaments slightly dilated for 3 their length : 
pods subglobose, 4 mm. in diameter, rather crowded, glabrous. 

In valleys and dry soil, central Texas. Spring. 


6. Lesquerella globósa ( Desv.) S. Wats. Annual or biennial. densely pubescent with 
fine stellate hairs. Stems erect, or usually branched at the base, with ascending branches 
2-4 dm. tall, more or less branched : basal leaves with oblong or obovate-oblong blades 
1.5-4 em. long: stem-leaves oblanceolate, narrowly oblong or linear, 1-2 cm. long, sessile 
or nearly so, rarely undulate-repand : racemes elongating, sometimes paniculate : pedicels 
finally spreading, 5-10 mm. long, very slender: sepals ovate-oblong or oblong, about 3 
mm. long : petals yellow, spatulate, about twice as long as the sepals: cavities of the ovary 
re is : pods subglobose, 2 mm. in diameter, glabrous, the style much longer than 
the body. 


On open banks, Wisconsin to Kentucky and Tennessee. Early spring. 


7. Lesquerella Berlandiéri (A. Gray) S. Wats. Annual or biennial, rather sparsely 
pubescent. Stems usually branched ; branches slender, 1-3 dm. long: basal leaves with 
lyrate-pinnatifid blades several cm. long : stem-leaves few ; blades oblanceolate, oblong-lan- 
ceolate or ovate, shorter than those of the basal leaves, repand, petioled : petals spatulate, 
about 6 mm. long: cavities of the ovary with 4-6 ovules: pods globose or ellipsoidal, 3-5: 
mm. in diameter, the style longer than the body. 

On plains and prairies, along or near the Rio Grande, Mexico, not yet definitely known from the: 
Texan side. 

8. Lesquerella repánda (Nutt.) S. Wats. Annual, finely scurfy-pubescent. Stems. 
simple or sparingly branched, 2-3 dm. long, often spreading: leaves various; basal with 
lyrately pinnatifid blades 5 cm. long: stem-leaves spatulate to linear-spatulate, entire: 
racemes several-many -flowered : pedicels ascending, 1.5-2 cm. long: petals spatulate, about 
6 mm. long: pods oblong, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous, acutish, slightly narrowed to the very 
short stipe, the style about as long as the body. 

On the banks of the Red River, Arkansas. Spring. 


9. Lesquerella Nuttallii (A. Gray) S. Wats. Annual, quite similar to L. repanda. 
Basal leaves and flowers unknown: racemes many-flowered, elongating: pedicels spread- 
ing, 1-2 cm. long : pods 5 mm. long, erect, pyriform, slightly constricted above the abruptly 
contracted base, short-stalked, glabrous, the style 2-4 mm. long. 

On prairies near the Red River, Arkansas. Spring. 


10. Lesquerella pallida (T. & G.) S. Wats. Annual, rather thinly seurfy-pubescent. 
Stems branching ; branches erect or spreading, 2-3 dm. long : leaves mainly with oblanceo- 
late repand blades 1-3.5 cm. long: pedicels recurving, about 1 cm. long : sepals 1-1.5 mm. 
long: petals white or pink, spatulate, 1 mm. long: cavities of the ovary with 6 ovules : 
pods subglobose, nodding, 4 mm. in diameter, short-stalked, the style about 2 mm. long. 

On prairies, eastern Texas. Spring. 


11. Lesquerella recurvàta (Engelm.) S. Wats. Annual, slender, thinly pubes- 
cent. Stems branched at the base; branches ascending or spreading, 0.5-3 dm. long, 
often branched : leaf-blades varying from spatulate to obovate or linear, 0.5-3 cm. long, 
acutish, entire, the lower ones with petioles sometimes as long as the blades : pedicels re- 
curving, about 1 em. long: sepals oblong, 2-3 mm. long: petals yellow, spatulate, 4-6 mm. 
long: cavities of the ovary with 2-4 ovules: pods subglobose, 2.5-3 mm. thick, not 
stipitate, glabrous. 

Inlight soil, Texas. Spring. 


12. Lesquerella Lindheimeri (A. Gray) S. Wats. Annual, finely but densely pubes- 
cent with stellate hairs. Stems branched at the base; branches ascending, 1-3 dm. long, 
simple or branched : leaf-blades varying from oblanceolate to lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, 
more or less prominently repand: pedicels finally spreading, 10-12 mm. long: sepals 
oblong, 3-3.5 mm. long, obtuse: petals yellow, obovate, spatulate, about twice as long as 
the sepals: cavities of the ovary with 6-8 ovules: pods subglobose, 3-4 mm. long, barely 
stipitate. 

Inlightsoil, Texas. Spring. 


_ 13. Lesquerella gracilis (Hook.) S. Wats. Annual, sparsely pubescent with stellate 
hairs. Stems branched at the base ; branches erect or ascending, sometimes spreading, i 
dm. long, simple or branching : leaf-blades linear or oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, entire or 
repand : pedicels ascending or spreading, 1-2 cm. long: sepals oblong, 3-3.5 mm. long = . 


BRASSICACEAE |. 471 


petals yellow, spatulate, about twice as long as the sepals: cavities of the ovary with 4-6 
ovules: pods subglobose, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, stipitate, glabrous. 
On prairies, Nebraska to Texas. Spring. 


14. Lesquerella séssilis (S. Wats.) Small. Quite similar to L. gracilis, but usually 
larger and with more densely pubescent foliage. Leaves erect or ascending; blades un- 
dulate or repand, more or less silvery or lustrous beneath: pods globular, 2.5-3 mm. in 
diameter, sessile. |Z. gracilis var. sessilis S. Wats. ] 

On plains or prairies, Texas Summer. 


15. Lesquerella polyántha Schlecht. Annual, more or less densely stellate-pubes- 
cent. Stems branched at the base ; branches ascending or spreading, 1-4 dm. long, simple 
or branched : basal leaves 1.5-5 cm. long, with lanceolate or oblanceolate lyrate blades and 
short petioles : stem-leaves with oblanceolate or oblong, or linear or rarely spatulate, obtuse 
or acutish, entire or undulate blades: pedicels finally spreading or recurving, 8-20 mm. 
long: sepals oblong, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: petals yellow, spatulate, about twice as long as 
the sepals: cavities of the ovary with 6-8 ovules: pods subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter, 
stipitate, glabrous. 

On plains and prairies, Texas and the Indian Territory. Spring. 4 


16. Lesquerella angustifolia (Nutt.) S. Wats. Annual, finely scaly-pubescent. 
Stems simple or branched, 2-3 dm. long, slender: leaves various; basal with lyrate-pin- 
natifid blades 1.5-4.5 cm. long: stem-leaves shorter, narrowly linear, racemes few-several- 
flowered : pedicels slender, ascending or spreading or almost wanting: sepals 3.5-4 mm. 
long : petals yellow, spatulate, 5 mm. long: cavities of theovary with 2 ovules: pods sub- 
globose, 4-5 mm. in diameter, glabrous, the style shorter than the body. 

On prairies, near the Red River, Arkansas. Spring. 


17. Lesquerella Engelmánnii (A. Gray) S. Wats. Biennial or perennial, densely 
pubescent with stellate hairs. Stems branched at the base ; branches erect or ascending, 
2-4 dm. tall, simple or branched : basal leaves 2-6 cm. long; blades linear-spatulate or 
narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse ; petioles sometimes as long as the blades: pedicels spread- 
ing or ascending, fully 1 cm. long at maturity: sepals about 6 mm. long: petals yellow, 
broadly spatulate, 6-12 mm. long: cavities of the ovary with 6-8 ovules: pods almost 6 
mm. long, barely stipitate, the style as long as the body or longer. 

In dry soil, Kansas to Colorado and Texas. Spring. 


18. Lesquerella argyréa (A. Gray) S. Wats. Biennial or perennial, more or less 
densely stellate-pubescent. Stems usually much branched at the base; branches decum- 
bent or prostrate, 1-4 dm. long: basal leaves 1.5-3 cm. long; blades elliptie, or linear- 
elliptic, entire or repand ; petioles shorter than the blades: stem-leaves similar to the 
basal but with shorter petioles or oblanceolate : pedicels finally spreading, 8-12 mm. long, 
more or less curved : sepals linear-oblong, 3-4 mm. long: petals yellow, turning purple, 
nearly twice as long as the sepals: cavities of the ovary with 6-10 ovules: pods sub- 
globose, 3 mm. broad, not stalked, the style as long as the body or shorter. 


Spite: dry soil, Texas, between the Colorado River and the Rio Grande. Also in adjacent Mexico. 


6. CAMELINA Crantz. 


Annual caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage, or pubescent with branching hairs. 
Stems erect, terete. Leaves alternate: blades entire or toothed, often clasping, the lower 
Ones sometimes pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, in elongated racemes. Sepals 4, equal. 
Corolla yellowish or greenish, the 4 petals longer than the sepals. Stamens 6. Ovary 
sessile: style slender : stigma capitate. Ovules few or numerous. Silicles short, inflated, 
nearly terete or flattened, the valves 1-nerved. Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity, marginless. 
Cotyledons incumbent. FALSE FLAX. 

Pant pubescent : silicles 4-6 mm. long. 1. C. microcarpa. 
ant glabrous or nearly so : silicles 6-8 mm. long. 2. C. sativa. 

. 1. Camelina microcárpa Andrz. Foliage pubescent, at least below. Stems erect, 
simple or with a few elongated branches : leaves few ; blades lanceolate, 1.5-7 cm. long, ses- 
sile, auricled or the lower ones narrowed at the base, acute or acuminate : pedicels slender, 
spreading : racemes elongating, often 2-3 dm. long: silicles slightly flattened, 4-6 ‘mm. 
long, broader above the middle, strongly margined. 


In fields and waste places, Rhode Island to Idahoand British Columbia, West Virginia, Tennessee 
and Kansas. Spring. 


Ll 


472 BRASSICACEAE 


2. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, 
3-9 dm. tall, simple or branching above: basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, undu- 
late, or repand : stem-leaves with sagittate-lanceolate blades 2-7 em. long, acutish, entire, 
sessile, clasping by the auricled bases : pedicels ascending, 1-1.5 cm. long, enlarged at the 
apex: sepals oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long: petals yellowish, nearly twice as long as the sepals : 
silicles pyriform, 6-8 mm. long, somewhat flattened, each tipped with the acute style, the 
sutures margined. 

In fields and waste places, southern British America and the eastern United States. Naturalized 
from Europe. Spring. 


` 


7. RORIPA Scop. 


Aquatic or terrestrial herbs, with erect or creeping stems and glabrous or pubescent 
foliage, the hairs simple. Leaves alternate: blades toothed, lobed or pinnately dissected. 
Flowers perfect, in terminal or axillary racemes. Sepals 4, equal, spreading during anthe- 
sis. Corolla yellow or white: petals 4 (or rarely wanting), usually small, without very 
manifest claws. Stamens 1-6. Ovary sessile: styles stout or slender: stigmas 2-lobed. 
Pods of various lengths, terete or nearly so, rarely didymous, the valves commonly 1-nerved. 
Seeds in 2 rows, turgid. Cotyledons accumbent. [Nasturtium R. Br.] WaTER-CRESS. 
SrURSHUM. 

Corolla white. 


Blades of all leaves similar: sepals 2-2.5 mm, long: pods fully 1 em. long. 1. R. Nasturtium. 
Blades of submersed leaves unlike those of emersed leaves: sepals 3 mm. long: $ 
pods less than 1 em. long. 2. R. Americana. 


Corolla yellow. : 
Annual or perennial from fibrous roots: petals mostly shorter than the sepals. 
Flowers and pods sessile or nearly so. 


Leaf-blades bipinnatifid : style 2 mm. long: pods 4-7 mm. long. 3. R. Walteri. 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid : style almost wanting: pods 3-4 inm. long. 4. R. scssiliflora. 


Flowers and s manifestly pedicelled. 
Stems upright: pedicels 4-8 mm. long. 
Pods subglobose or oval, shorter than the pedicels: stem pubescent. 5. R. hispida. 
Pods linear or narrowly oblong, as long as the pedicels or longer: stem 
glabrous or nearly so. 6 
Stems diffuse: pedicels 2-4 mm. long. 
Pods subglobose, about 2 mm. in diameter. 7 
Pods oblong, 4-8 mm. long. 8 
Perennial by creeping or horizontal stems: petals mostly surpassing the sepals. : 

Leaf-blades pinnatifid : style slender. 9. R. sinuata, 

Leaf-blades pinnately parted: style short and stout. 0. K. sylvestris. 

1. Roripa Nasturtium (L.) Rusby. Perennial, aquatic, glabrous. Stems floating, 
or decumbent and creeping, 1-6 dm. long, simple or branched: leaves alternate; blades 
unequally pinnate, 2-15 em. long; leaf-segments 3-9, irregular, obtuse, the lateral ones 
sometimes much reduced, the terminal one larger, usually truncate or cordate at the base: 
racemes elongating in fruit: pedicels finally spreading, 5-15 mm. long: sepals oblong, 
2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse : petals white, about twice as long as the sepals: pods linear, 1-2.5 
em. long, nearly terete, more or less strongly curved upward. [Nasturtium officinale R. Br.] 

In swampy places or in brooks, Nova Scotia to Idaho, Georgia and Texas. Naturalized from 
Europe. Spring to fall. WATER-CRESS. 

‘2. Roripa Americana (A. Gray) Britton. Perennial, aquatic, glabrous or nearly so. 
Stems 3-8 dm. long, zigzag, branching above: leaves alternate ; submersed with finely pin- 
nately dissected blades, readily deciduous ; emersed, oblong-elliptic or linear-oblong, 3-10 
em. long, undulate, serrate or pinnatifid : pedicels spreading, 5-15 mm. long, slender : sepals 
oblong, 3 mm. long, obtuse: petals white, about twice as long as the sepals: pods oblong 
or oval-oblong, 5-6 mm. long, nearly 1-celled. [Nasturtium lacustre A. Gray. ] 

In ponds or in sluggish streams, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


3. Roripa Wálteri (Ell.) Mohr. Annual or biennial, glabrous. Stems more or less 
diffusely branched at the base ; branches ascending or spreading, 1-4 dm. long, branched : 
leaves basal and cauline, 2-10 em. long ; blades bipinnatifid, the segments of various shapes : 
racemes elongating in fruit: pedicels spreading or ascending, 1-5 mm. long: sepals about 
1 mm. long: petals slightly longer than the sepals : pods oblong, 8-14 mm, long, slightly 
curved, erect or ascending. [Nasturtium tanacetifolium (Walt. ) Hook. : 
d In low ground and ditches, South Carolina to Florida, the Indian Territory, Texas and Mexico. 

pring. 

'4. Roripa sessiliflora (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchcock. Annual or biennial, glabrous. 
Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, branching above: leaves alternate ; blades lanceolate or ovate 
to obovate or oblanceolate, 3-15 em. long, obtuse, coarsely toothed, lobed or pinnatifid, 
the lower ones petioled, the upper often sessile: racemes elongating : pedicels mostly 1-2 


5. R. palustris. 


. R. sphaerocarpa. 
. R. obtusa. 


_ 


BRASSICACEAE 473 


mm. long: sepals oblong or nearly so, obtuse, 1 mm. long: petals yellow, about twice as 
long as the sepals: pods oblong, 6-14 mm. long, ascending or spreading. 

In damp places or on shaded banks, Iowa to Kansas, Tennessee, Florida and Texas. Spring and 
summer. 

5. Roripa hispida (Desv.) Britton. Annual or biennial, with more or less densely 
hirsute or hispid foliage. Leaves alternate ; blades oblong, elliptic, or oblanceolate in out- 
line, 2-18 em. long, pinnatifid or rarely only shallowly toothed, the lobes repand or toothed, 
or the large terminal one again lobed : racemes elongating : pedicels 2-2.5 mm. long, finally 
spreading: pods subglobose to oval, 2-3 mm. long, shorter than the pedicels. 

In damp soil, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Florida and New Mexico. Summer. 


6. Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. Annual or biennial, glabrous or minutely pubescent. 
Leaves alternate ; blades oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, 2-20 cm. long, pinnatifid, 
or the upper repand or coarsely toothed, the lower ones petioled and upper ones sessile or 
nearly so, the lobes more or less deeply toothed : racemes elongating at maturity : pedicels 
finally spreading, 2-6 mm. long: pods linear, or narrowly oblong, longer than the pedicels 
or about equalling them in length, more or less strongly curved. 
oe In swampy soil, throughout North America, except the extreme north. Springandsummer. Also 
in Europe. 

7. Roripa sphaerocarpa (A. Gray) Britton. Annual or perennial, glabrous. Stems 
erect or decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, 1-4 dm. long: leaves alternate, 3-8 
em. long ; blades thinnish, the lower incised or lyrate-pinnatifid, the upper undulate or 
shallowly toothed, all obtuse: pedicels slender, 2-6 mm. long, recurving: sepals oblong 
or oblong-ovate, barely 1 mm. long : petals yellow, somewhat longer than the sepals : pods 
subglobose, about 2 mm. in diameter, nodding. 

In low grounds, Illinois to Kansas, California and Texas. Summer. 


8. Roripa obtusa (Nutt.) Britton. Annual or biennial, glabrous. Stems 2-5 
dm. long, nearly simple and erect or diffusely branched : leaves alternate ; blades oblong 
to oblanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnately-divided, 3-15 cm. long, petioled, the segments 
angular, variously toothed or lobed, the terminal one largest : pedicels 1-3 mm. long, erect 
or ascending : sepals about 1 mm. long: petals yellow, somewhat surpassing the sepals: 
pods oblong, 4-8 mm. long, erect or ascending. 

In low grounds or on wet banks, Michigan to Vancouver Island and Texas. Spring and summer. 

9. Roripa sinuata (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchcock. Perennial, pale green, glabrous or 
nearly so. Stems procumbent or prostrate or sometimes decumbent, 2-6 dm. long, diffusely 
branched : leaves numerous ; blades oblanceolate,oblong or lanceolate in outline, pinnatifid, 
the segments nearly equal, entire or sparingly toothed: pedicels slender, spreading, 4-10 
mm. long: sepals 2.5-3 mm. long: petals yellow, 4.5-6 mm. long: style slender: pods 
linear to oblong, 6-10 mm. long, curved, acute at both ends. 

On banks, Saskatchewan to Minnesota, Arkansas, New Mexico and Oregon. Summer. 

10. Roripa sylvéstris (L.) Bess. Perennial, glabrous. Stems ascending or decum- 
bent, 2-7 cm. long, sometimes creeping at the base, more or less branched : leaves alternate, 
4-15 cm. long; blades often ovate or oblong in outline, pinnately divided, the segments 
distant, entire or toothed : pedicels 4-10 mm. long, spreading : sepals oblong, 1-1.5 mm. 
long, obtuse: petals bright yellow : style short and thick: pods linear, nearly terete, 8- 
15 mm. long. 

__, In waste places and moist soil, Massachusetts to Ohio, Virginia and Alabama. Summer to fall. 
Naturalized from Europe. 
8. SISYMBRIUM L. 

Annual or biennial herbs, with erect branching stems. Leaves alternate, sometimes 
mainly basal : blades entire, lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, in racemes. Sepals 4. 
Corolla white, pink or yellow: petals 4, usually with claws. Stamens 6: filaments unap- 
pendaged. Ovary sessile: style short or wanting: stigma sometimes 2-lobed. Ovules 
numerous. Pods elongated, nearly terete, often constricted between the seeds. Seeds in 
1 row in each cavity, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. HEDGE MUSTARD. 

1. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 
Stems 3-12 dm. tall, branched above, the branches widely spreading : se variable, 2-20 
em. long; blades runcinate-pinnatifid, the segments 5-13, irregular, entire, toothed or 
lobed, the terminal one largest ; petioles sometimes as long as the blades at the base of the 

lant, decreasing in length above: pedicels 1-2 mm. long, erect or appressed : sepals ob- 
ong, 1.5-2 mm. long: petals yellow, spatulate, about twice as long as the sepals: pods 
slender, 10-15 mm. long, each narrowed into a slender beak. 

In waste places, throughout cultivated North America. Naturalized from Europe. Spring to fall. 


474 BRASSICACEAE 


9. IODANTHUS T. & G. 


Perennial herbs, with erect branching stems and glabrous foliage. Leaves alternate : 
blades toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid, with auricled bases. Flowers perfect, in terminal pan- 
icles or in axillary racemes or panicles. Sepals 4, equal or nearly so, the lateral pairs more 
or less appendaged near the apex. Corollas white or violet, the 4 petals with long claws. 
Stamens 6, strongly tetradynamous. Ovary sessile : stigma nearly capitate, sessile. Ovules 
numerous. Pods elongated, linear-cylindric, slightly constricted between the seeds, the 
valves stiff, nerveless. Seeds in 1 row in each cavity, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. 
PURPLE ROCKET. 

1. Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx. ) Steud. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, branching above: 
leaves variable, 3-20 cm. long ; blades of the lower ones often pinnatifid, with several basal 
segments and a large terminal segment which is distinctly toothed or incised, the teeth flar- 
ing; blades of the upper leaves elliptic, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, dentate or incised ; 
petioles broadly winged, clasping, often surpassing the blades on the lower part of the 
stem, thence gradually reduced and very short above : pedicels finally 5-10 mm. long, spread- 
ing : sepals oblong, about 3 mm. long: petals white or violet, spatulate, nearly thrice as 
long as the sepals, even their claws surpassing them: pods elongated, 3-4 cm. long, 
spreading. [J. hesperioides T. & G.] 


On river banks, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Tennessee, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 


10. THELYPODIUM Endl. 


Annual or mostly biennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades often sagittate 
or clasping at the base. Flowers in relatively dense racemes. Sepals somewhat spreading 
during anthesis, rather short. Corolla white, purple or rarely yellow. Petals flat, some- 
times with well-expanded blades. Stamens 6, exserted : filaments slender : anthers narrow, 
sagittate at the base, curved or coiled. Ovary mostly sessile : stigma orbicular or 2-lobed. 
Pods usually spreading, slender, terete or nearly so, often torulose. 

1. Thelypodium Vaseyi Coulter. Stems branched near the base, the branches sev- 
eral dm. tall, slender, glabrous, glaucous: stem-leaves several; blades obovate or oblong- 
obovate, thin, repand-dentate, each narrowed to a clasping base : corolla white, inconspicu- 
ous: petals about 3 mm. long: pods in loose racemes, very slender, about 5 cm. long, 
almost erect, terminating pedicels 6-8 mm. long. 

In dry soil, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 


11. HESPERIS L. 

Biennial or perennial herbs, the foliage pubescent with simple or forked hairs, some- 
times glandular. Stems erect, usually branched. Leaves alternate : blades entire or toothed, 
or rarely lyrate. Flowers perfect, in racemes or panicles, sometimes fragrant. Sepals 4, 
erect, equal or 2 gibbous at the base. Corolla white to purple, the 4 petals with claws. 
Stamens 6. Ovary sessile: stigma 2-lobed, the lobes erect. Ovules numerous. Pods elon- 
gated, nearly terete or 4-angled, keeled. Seeds in 1 row in each cavity, marginless and 
wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. ROCKET. 

1. Hesperis matronàlis L. Biennial or perennial, roughish pubescent. Stems 
erect, 3-12 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched above: leaves 2-15 em. long; blades 
of the lower ones elliptic-oblanceolate, those of the upper oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate, denticulate or rarely slightly pinnatifid; petioles about 4 as long as 
the blades at the base of the plant, very short above: pedicels stout, ascending, finall 
10-15 mm. long: sepals oblong, 5-6 mm. long, rounded at the apex: petals white, pin 
or purple, about thrice as long as the sepals; blades suborbicular or obovate ; claws 


longer than the blades: pods elongated, 5-10 cm. long, spreading or ascending, swollen 
about the seeds. 


In fields and waste places, Massachusetts to Iowa and North Carolina. Spring and summer. 


12. STENOPHRÁGMA Celak. 

Annual or perennial herbs, more or less densely pubescent with branching hairs. 
Leaves alternate, sometimes mainly basal: blades entire, toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers 
perfect, in racemes. Sepals 4. Corolla white: petals 4, surpassing the sepals. Stamens 


BRASSICACEAE 475 


6. Ovary sessile : style short: stigma 2 lobed. Ovules numerous. Podsslender, slightly 
angled, the valves nerveless. Seeds in one row in each cavity, or sometimes in two rows. 
Cotyledons incumbent. WALL Cress. MovsE-EAR CRESS. 

1. Stenophragma Thaliana (L.) Celak. Annual, slender. Stems erect, 0.3-5 dm. 
tall, branched throughout or sometimes simple, glabrous above, pubescent with stiff short 
hairs near the base: leaves mainly basal, 1-5 cm. long; blades oblong, elliptic or 
oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or shallowy-toothed ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter ; 
stem-leaves similar to the basal but narrower and sessile : pedicels very slender, 4-8 mm. 
long, spreading or ascending: sepals oblong, 1 mm. long, obtuse: petals white, twice as 
long as the sepals: pods linear-filiform, 1-1.5 cm. long, spreading or ascending. [Sisym- 
brium Thaliana (L.) Gay.] 


In sandy soil and waste places, Ontario to Minnesota, Massachusetts, Georgia and Missouri. Spring. 


13. BARBAREA R. Br. 

Biennial or perennial herbs, with upright angled stems. Leaves alternate: blades 
thickish, lyrate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4, equal, erect 
or nearly so. Corolla yellow, the 4 petals with claws. Stamens 6. Ovary sessile: style 
short: stigma 2-lobed or nearly capitate. Ovules numerous. Pods elongated, 4-angled, 
the valves ribbed or keeled. Seeds in 1 row in each cavity, flattish, marginless. Coty- 
ledons accumbent. ScuRvv-GRAss. WINTER CRESS. ROCKET. 
Capsules slender-pedicelled, obtusely 4-angled : leaf-segments 3-9. 

Capsules spreading or ascending. 1. B. Barbarea. 
Capsules erect and appressed. 2. B. stricta. 
Capsules stout-pedicelled, acutely 4-angled : leaf-segments 9-17. 3. B. praecox. 

l. Barbarea Barbarèa (L.) MacM. Glabrous or nearly so. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, 
more or less freely branched : leaves numerous ; those near the base of the stem with pin- 
natifid blades 5-15 cm. long, the terminal segments much larger than the several lateral 
ones, mostly repand ; upper leaves mostly sessile or clasping, toothed or incised : racemes 
many-flowered, elongating : corolla bright yellow, 6-8 mm. broad : petals about twice as 
long as the narrow sepals : pods spreading or ascending, 2-2.5 cm. long, obscurely 4 angled. 
[Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.] 

In fields and waste places, Labrador to New York and middle Georgia ; also locally in the interior 
and on the Pacific coast. Spring. 

2. Barbarea strícta Andrz. Glabrous. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, simple below or branched 
at the base and above : leaves alternate, 5-15 cm. long ; blades oblong tò oblanceolate in out- 
line, pinnatifid, the segments 3-8, entire or repand, the terminal one much larger than the 
lateral ones : pedicels erect, 2-5 mm. long : sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm. 
long, obtuse : petals yellow, spatulate, twice as long as the sepals : pods slender, obtusely 
4-angled, 2-2.5 cm. long, erect or appressed against the rachis. 

In waste places and fields, Quebec to the Northwest Territory, Florida and Nebraska. Spring. 

3. Barbarea praècox (J. E. Smith) R. Br. Glabrous or nearly so. Stems usually 
branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 1-6 dm. tall, simple or branched : 
leaves alternate, 2-15 cm. long ; blades pinnatifid, the segments 9-17, variable in shape, 
more or less strongly toothed, the terminal one much larger than the rest ; petioles often 
ciliate: pedicels 2-5 mm. long, spreading or ascending, very stout : sepals oblong to oblong- 
lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long, obtuse : petals yellow, spatulate, at least twice as long as the 
sepals : pods stoutish, 3.5-8 cm. long, ascending or spreading, sharply 4-angled, not much 
thicker than the pedicels. 

In fields and waste places, New York to Washington, Florida and California. Spring, 


14. ERYSIMUM L. 

Annual or biennial herbs, the foliage usually pubescent with forked hairs. Stems 
erect, often branching. Leaves alternate: blades entire, toothed or lobed. Flowers per- 
fect, in terminal racemes. Sepals 4, erect, equal, 2 gibbous at the base. Corolla yellow, 
the petals 4, with spreading blades. Stamens 6: filaments free and unappendaged. Ovary 
sessile : style short or elongated: stigma 2-lobed. Ovules numerous. Pods elongated, 
flattish, nearly terete or 4-angled, the valves often keeled by a strong nerve. Seeds in 1 row 
in each cavity, marginless, or margined at the top. Cotyledons incumbent or nearly 
accumbent. 


Corolla 4-8 mm. high : pods 1-2 7. chei ; 
` : : -2 cm. long. 1. E. cheiranthoides. 
Corolla 20-25 mm. high: pods 3-8 em. M 2. E. Arkansanum. 


476 BRASSICACEAE 


1. Erysimum cheiranthoides L.  Minutely strigillose. Stems erect, 1-7 dm. tall, 
simple or much branched : leaf-blades lanceolate to linear or rarely oblong, 2-10 cm. long, 
acute or obtuse at the apex, entire or repand-dentate, tapering at the base, the lower ones 
with short petioles : racemes slender, elongating : pedicels 5-12 mm. long, ascending or 
slightly reflexed : sepals oblong, 2 mm. long: petals yellow, twice as long as the sepals: 
pods linear, 1-2 em. long, glabrous, erect, ascending or spreading. 

In dry soil or on river banks, Newfoundland to Alaska, North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer. 
WoRMSEED MUSTARD. 

2. Erysimum Arkansanum Nutt. More or less densely scabrous and canescent with 
2 3-pronged hairs. Stems erect, 6-10 dm. tall, simple or branched : leaf-blades lanceolate, 
linear or oblong, 3-15 cm. long, entire, repand or the lower ones sometimes pinnatifid : 
pedicels spreading or ascending, stout, finally 5-10 mm. long: sepals linear-oblong, 10-12 
mm. long, rather thin: petals orange-yellow ; blades suborbicular or obovate, 9-11 mm. 
in diameter ; claws longer than the blades: pods elongated, spreading or ascending, 4- 
sided, 8-10 cm. long, scabrous. J 


In dry soil or on prairies, Ohio to Illinois and Texas. Spring. 


15. SINAPIS L. 


Annual or biennial caulescent herbs, with rough-pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate : 
blades lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, in racemes or panicles. Sepals spreading. 
Corolla mostly yellow, the 4 petals surpassing the sepals. Stamens 6: filaments not 
toothed. Ovary sessile: style persistent. Ovules numerous. Pods elongated, nearly 
terete, constricted between the seeds, often hispid, each prolonged into a sword-like beak, 
which sometimes contains one seed. Seeds thick or subglobose, marginless and wingless. 
Cotyledons conduplicate. WHITE MUSTARD. 

1. Sinapis álba L. Pubescent with rigid spreading hairs. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, 
branched: leaves variable, the basal with obovate pinnatifid blades and long petioles, the 
upper stem-leaves with narrow, oblong to lanceolate, pinnatifid or coarsely-toothed blades 
and shorter petioles, or those near the top of the stem sessile : pedicels ascending or spread- 
ing, stout, 5-10 mm. long: sepals 4-5 mm. long: petals yellow, much longer than the 
sepals: pods hispid, the body 8-15 mm. long, constricted below the seeds, the beak flat, as 
long as the body or longer. 

In waste places, cultivated North America. Adventive from Europe and Asia. Summer. 


16. BRÁSSICA L. 


Annual biennial or perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous glaucous or pubescent 
foliage. Leaves alternate: blades lobed or pinnatifid, or the upper ones nearly entire. 
Flowers perfect, in racemes. Sepals 4, sometimes equal at the base. Corollas bright yel- 
low or white, the four petals manifestly clawed. Stamens 6: filaments free, unappen- 
daged. Ovary sessile : style persistent: stigma truncate or 2-lobed. Ovules numerous. 
Pods elongated, terete or 4-angled, each prolonged into a conic indehiscent beak, the valves 
1-3-nerved. Seeds in one row in each cavity, often subglobose, marginless. Cotyledons 
conduplicate. 


Upper leaf-blades merely sessile. 


Pods erect or appressed, short-beaked, less than 2 em. long: pedicels appressed. 1. B. nigra. 
Pods more or less spreading, long-beaked, over 2 em. long: pedicels not appressed. 
Stem glabrous, more or less glaucous: pedicels over 6 mm. long at maturity. 2. B. juncea. 
Stem hispid : pedicels less than 5 mm. long at maturity. 3. B. arvensis. | 
Upper leaf-blades clasping. 4. B. campestris. 


1. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems 1-2 m. tall, 
usually widely branched: leaves 5-20 cm. long ; blades more or less deeply lyrate-pinnatifid, 
petioled, the segments 3-5, various, the terminal one largest, or the upper leaves sim 
ply toothed or entire, narrow: racemes slender: pedicels slender, 2-4 mm. long, erect : 
sepals narrowly oblong, 4 mm. long : petals bright yellow, about twice as long as the sepals ; 
blades broadened upward ; claws slender, longer than the blades: pods erect or appressec; 
1-1.5 em. long, somewhat constricted between the seeds, each abruptly constricted into à 
slender beak. [Sinapis nigra L.] 


In waste places and fields, southern British America and the United States. Naturalized from 
Europe. Summer and fall. BLACK MUSTARD. 


BRASSICACEAE 477 


2. Brassica jüncea (L.) Cosson. Glabrous, more or less glaucous. Stems 3-17 dm. 
tall, usually sparingly branched : leaves 5-17 cm. long or shorter on the upper part of the 
plant ; blades oblong to oval on the lower part of the plant, narrower above, all coarsely 
toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid, none of them clasping: racemes elongated: pedicels 6.5-10 
mm. long, not appressed : sepals narrow, 3.5-4.5 mm. long: petals yellow, fully twice as 
long as the sepals: pods slender, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, the subulate beak about 4 or } as long 
as the body. 


In waste places, New Hampshire to Michigan, Kansas and Georgia. Adventive or naturalized 
from Asia. Spring and summer. 


3. Brassica arvénsis (L.) B.S.P. Hispid. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, more or less 
branched above: basal and lower leaves coarsely toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid, the terminal 
segment several times longer than the others; upper leaves ovate, lanceolate, or obovate, 
coarse-toothed, sessile or nearly so, not clasping: pedicels ascending or erect, 3-5 mm. 
long: sepals spreading, oblong, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse: petals yellow, spatulate, twice as 
long as the sepals: pods slender, 2-3.5 cm. long, the body slightly constricted between 
the seeds, the beak nearly > as long as the body, sometimes 1-seeded, the valves strongly 
nerved. [Sinapis arvensis L.] 


In waste places and fields, throughout North America, except the extreme north. Adventive 
from Europe. Spring to fall. CHARLOCK. WILD MUSTARD. 


4. Brassica campéstris L. Glabrous, more or less glaucous. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, 
simple or widely branching: lower leaves 1-3 dm. long, with short petioles and lyrate-pin- 
natifid blades; upper leaves shorter than the lower, sessile, clasping, entire or toothed : 
racemes elongating : pedicels ascending, 1-2 cm. long: sepals'oblong, 3-5 cm. long : petals 
bright yellow, twice or thrice longer than the sepals: pods slender, terete, 3-7 cm. long, 
each narrowed into a beak often 1 em. long : seeds dark brown. 


. In waste places and cultivated grounds, southern British America and the United States. Adven- 
tive from Europe. Spring to fall. TURNIF. 


17. CAKiLE Gaertn. 

Annual chiefly maritime fleshy caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades entire or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, in racemes. Sepals erect, somewhat 
gibbous at the base. Corolla white to purple, the 4 petals surpassing the sepals. Stamens 
6: filaments not toothed. Ovary sessile: style wanting: stigma entire. Ovule solitary. 
Pods indehiscent, 2-jointed, the joints 1-celled, 1-seeded, or the lower joint 2-seeded. Coty- 
ledons accumbent. The plants flower from spring to fall, or throughout the year in the 
South. Sra Rocker. 


Lower joint of the pod 2-seeded. ; 
Upper joint of the pod coarsely 8-ridged, over 1 cm. long. 1. C. geniculata. 
Upper joint of the pod delicately 4-ridged, less than 1 cm. long. C. fusiformis. 
Lower joint of the pod 1 -seeded. 
Upper joint of the pod slender, slightly, if at all, thicker than the lower. 
Upper joint of the pod swollen, markedly thicker than the lower. i 
Pod without lateral projections at the node, the upper joint not constricted. 


C. Americana. 


Pod with a 4-ridged upper joint. 4. C. edentula. 
Pod with a 6-10-ridged upper joint. 
Facial ridges of the upper joint 8, sharp. 5. C. Harperi. 
Facial ridges of the upper joint 6 or 10, rounded. 
Upper joint 6-ridged. 6. C. Chapmanii. 


. Upper joint 10-ridged. 7. C. Cubensis. 

Pod with 2 lateral projections at the node, the upper joint much constricted. 8. C. Cakile. 

l. Cakile geniculàta (Robinson) Millsp. Stout, glabrous. Stem branched and 
more or less spreading, 1-4 dm. long: leaves 3-7 cm. long ; blades oblanceolate or linear- 
oblanceolate, entire, or with a few coarse rounded teeth, tapering into short petioles: ra- 
cemes becoming 1-2 dm. long, the rachis strongly geniculate : pedicels very stout, spreading 
or somewhat ascending, 3-6 mm. long: sepals narrowly oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse : 
pods stout, about 2.5 cm. long ; lower joint narrowly turbinate, with a prominent border 
at the top ; upper joint lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline, usually curved, twice as 
long as the lower one, both joints prominently 8-ribbed. 

In sand, on the coast of Texas. 

2. Cakile fusifórmis Greene. Not especially fleshy. Stems erect or branched and 
spreading, 3-7 dm. long, of rather firm tissues : leaves 5-15 cm. long ; blades ovate in outline, 
laciniate-pinnatifid, obtuse, the segments linear, ascending or spreading ; petioles shorter 
than the blades: racemes greatly elongating, finally 2-4 dm. in length : pedicels ascending, 
1-4 mm. long: sepals linear-oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long, obtuse: pods slender, 1.5-2.5 cm. 
long; lower joint turbinate to cylindric-turbinate; upper joint subulate or lanceolate- 
subulate, longer than the lower, delicately 4-ridged, the lower joint nearly terete. 

In sand, Florida Keys to Mississippi. Also in Cuba. 


478 BRASSICACEAE 


3. Cakile Americana Nutt. Rather stout. Stem simple or branched throughout, 
zigzag: leaves 2.5-7 cm. long; blades oblanceolate to spatulate, toothed near the apex, or 
sometimes slightly incised : racemes somewhat elongating at maturity: pedicels ascending, 
3-6 mm. long: sepals 3-4 mm. long: pods relatively slender, 1.5-2 cm. long; lower joint 
oblong-clavate, 4-angled and with delicate facial ridges; upper joint fusiform, slender- 
beaked, 8-angled by the prominent facial ridges, thin-walled, larger than the lower joint. 

In sand on the Atlantic coast, Connecticut to South Carolina; also along the Great Lakes. 


4. Cakile edéntula (Bigel.) Hook. Fleshy. Stems erect or decumbent, 1-3 dm. 
long, more or less diffusely branched, the branches spreading below, ascending or erect 
above: leaves succulent ; blades oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, or rarely obovate, 2-15 
em. long, obtuse, coarsely toothed or lobed : pedicels stout, ascending, 1-5 mm. long: sepals 
oblong, about 4 mm. long: petals light purple; claws slender, longer than the blades: 
pods 1.5-2 cm. long; lower joint oblong or obovoid, 4-angled or 4-ribbed ; upper joint 
ovoid or oblong-ovoid, usually longer than the lower, 4-angled near the base, more or less 
flattened above, the apex truncate or retuse. 

In sand, chiefly on beaches, Labrador to Florida, and along the Great Lakes to Minnesota. Also 
in California. : 

5. Cakile Harperi Small. Similar to C. edentula in habit, but often more robust. 
Leaves succulent ; blades spatulate to oblanceolate, 3-11 cm. long, crenate or incised-cre- 
nate : pedicels very stout, 1-2 mm. or rarely 3 mm. long : sepals 2-2.5 mm. long : pods 2-2.5 
em. long ; lower joint slightly broadened upward, finely several-ridged ; upper joint oblong- 
conic, often twice as long as the lower one, the faces with 8 sharp ridges. 

On sandy beaches, South Carolina to Florida. 


6. Cakile Chapmanii Millsp. Fleshy. Stems more or less branched, ascending or 
prostrate, 2-7 dm. long, the branches spreading : leaves 2-10 cm. long; blades oblong or 
oblanceolate, obtuse, undulate or sometimes coarsely-toothed, mostly longer than the 
petioles: pedicels ascending or spreading, rather stout, 4-6 mm. long: sepals narrowly 
oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long: petals pale purple; blades cuneate-obovate: pods 1.5-2 cm. long; 
lower joint enlarged upward, sometimes globular, nearly terete ; upper joint fusiform-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate and acute, 6-ridged, 4 longer than the lower one. ` [C. maritima var. 
aequalis Chapm., not L’ Her. ] 

In drifting sand, Florida to Mississippi. BEACH-SAP. 

7. Cakile Cubénsis Kunth. Relativelyslender. Stem widely branched : leaves few ; 
blades oblanceolate to broadly linear, 3-8 em. long or longer, entire or crenate to dentate : 
pedicels 1-2 mm. long: pods quite slender, about 1.8 cm. long ; lower joint nearly terete, 
obconie to turbinate : upper joint conic or ovoid-conic, mostly over 1 cm. long, 10-ridged, 
not constricted at the base. 

In sand, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies and Central America. 

8. Cakile Cakile (L.) Karst. Stem spreading: leaves with pinnatifid blades, the 
segments linear: pods about 2 cm. long, lower joint dilated at the top, flattened ; upper 
joint mitre-like, about 1.5 cm. long, constricted near the base, with broad ridges and a 
slender beak. 


About seaports, New Jersey and North Carolina. Adventive from Europe. 


18. KONIGA! Adans. 

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubs, the foliage pubescent with branched 
hairs. Stems erect or decumbent. Leaves alternate: blades entire, narrow. Flowers per- 
fect, in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4. Corolla white: petals 4, entire, with claws, sur- 
passing the sepals. Stamens 5: filaments with two small glands at the base. Ovary sessile : 
style slender. Ovule usually solitary in each cavity. Silicles flat, ovate to suborbicular. 
Seed solitary. Cotyledons accumbent. SWEET ALyssuM. 

1. Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br. Annual, pubescent with minute appressed hairs. 
Stems usually branched at the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, more or less forked : 
basal leaves oblanceolate ; stem-leaves narrowly oblanceolate, linear or linear-lanceolate, 
1-5 em. long, acute, entire, sessile: flowers fragrant : pedicels spreading, or ascending, 

8 mm. long: sepals oblong or ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, obtuse: petals white, broadly spat- 
ulate, twice or thrice longer than the sepals: pods oval to suborbicular, 2-3 mm. long; 
acute. [Alyssum maritimum (L.) Lam. ] 


In waste places, southern British America and the United States generally. Summer. Naturalized 
from Europe. j 


l Originally spelled Konig; latinized by R. Brown in 1826. 


BRASSICACEAE 479 


19. DRABA L. 


Low annual or perennial scapose or caulescent herbs, often clothed with stellate pubes- 
cence. Leaves alternate or basal : blades entire or toothed. Flowers perfect, in racemes. 
Sepals 4, equal. Corolla white or yellow, sometimes pink or purple: petals 4, longer 
than the sepals. Stamens 6. Ovary sessile: style short or elongated: stigma capitate. 
Ovules 2-several in each cavity. Silicles elliptic to linear, flat : valves nerveless. Seeds 
in 1 row in each cavity. Cotyledons usually accumbent. WHITLOW GRASS. 


Annuals or often winter-annuals: pods not spirally twisted : petals about twice as long as the sepals. 
Petals 2-cleft. 1. D. verna. 
Petals entire, erose or emarginate. 

Leaf-blades entire. 


Pods glabrous. . Caroliniana. 


giro 
SN 


Pods pubescent. . micrantha. 
Leaf-blades toothed. 
Pods 5-15 mm. long : sepals 2 mm. long. 
Pods linear, oblong-linear or narrowly oblong. 
Racemes elongated : pods over 7 mm. long. 4. D. cuneifolia. 
Racemes umbel-like or corymbose : pods less than 7 mm. long. Da O Helleri: 
Pods elliptic. 6. D. platycarpa. 
Pods 2-3 mm. long: sepals barely 1 mm. long. 7. D. brachycarpa. 
Perennial: pods spirally twisted : petals thrice as long as the sepals. 8. D. ramosissima, 


1. Draba vérna L. Annual, acaulescent, bright green. Leaves basal; blades spat- 
ulate, oblanceolate or narrowly oblong, 5-15 mm. long, obtuse or acute, entire or with sey- 
eral teeth near the apex, pubescent with stellate hairs: scapes erect or ascending, usually 
branched at the base, glabrous : pedicels filiform, ascending, 0.5-2 em. long : sepals oblong 
or oval, 1 mm. long, obtuse : petals white, cuneate, 2-cleft, twice as long as the sepals : pods 
elliptic or oblong-elliptic, or sometimes oval, 5-9 mm. long. 

. In fields and waste places, widely distributed in southern British America and the United States. 
Winter and spring. 

2. Draba Caroliniana Walt. Annual, more or less hispid, especially below. Leaves 
approximate ; blades oblong, obovate, spatulate or suborbicular, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, obtuse, 
entire, or with several shallow teeth : scapes erect or ascending, often glabrous above, 2-10 
em. long: pedicels ascending or spreading, 1-8 mm. long: sepals oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, 
obtuse : petals white, spatulate-obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, about twice as 
long as the sepals : pods linear, 7-18 mm. long, glabrous. 

In sandy soil and on rocks, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas, Spring. 


S. Draba micrántha Nutt. Similar to D. Caroliniana in habit, but commonly more 
branched at the base. Leaves mostly at the base of the plant ; blades spatulate to cuneate 
or oblong, entire: scapes erect or spreading, longer than the stems : racemes abbreviated : 
pedicels 2-4 mm. long : sepals ovate or oblong-ovate : petals white, about as large as those 
of D. Caroliniana, or those of the later flowers much smaller or obsolete : pods linear, 12-18 
mm. long, often slightly curved, pubescent. 

In sandy soil, Illinois to Washington, Texas and California. Spring. 


4. Draba cuneifdlia Nutt. Annual, pubescent with stellate hairs. Stems 1-10 em. 
long, simple or branched : leaves approximate ; blades cuneate, obovate or the lower some- 
times spatulate, 1-3 em. long, obtuse or acutish, entire or coarsely toothed above: pedun- 
cles erect or spreading, 3-20 cm. long: pedicels finally 2-7 mm. long, spreading or some- 
what ascending : sepals oblong, 2 mm. long, obtuse’: petals white, broadly spatulate, with a 
broad sinus at the apex: pods linear-oblong, 8-15 mm. long, minutely pubescent with 
simple hairs. 

In fields and on cliffs, Illinois to California, Florida and Texas. Spring. - 


5. Draba Hélleri Small. Annual, dwarf, scabrous-pubescent or merely puberulent 
above. Leaves mainly basal, rather crowded ; blades spatulate to oblong, 4-11 mm. long, 
slightly toothed, acute or acutish : scapes spreading or ascending, 1-4 cm. long, usually 

8 together, rough puberulent to the top : racemes abbreviated or congested : pedicels as- 
cending or spreading, 1-3 mm. long, puberulent like the scape: sepals oblong or ovate- 
oblong, about 1 mm. long: petals white: pods narrowly oblong, 2-6 mm. long, minutely 
pubescent. 

In dry or sandy soil, near Corpus Christi, Texas. Spring. 

6. Draba platycárpa T. & G. Annual, finely pubescent all over. Leaves on the 
lower part of the plant, but not crowded ; blades 1-2 cm. long, those of the basal and-lower 
cauline leaves cuneate to oblong, those of the upper cauline oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 
acute or acutish, all more or less serrate, usually rather coarsely so : scapes slender, longer 


480 BRASSICACEAE 


than the stems, simple or branched, 5-25 cm. high : racemes elongated : pedicels spreading 
or somewhat ascending, 4-9 mm. long: sepals oblong, about 1.5 mm. long: petals white: 
pods elliptic, 6-7.5 mm. long, finely pubescent. 

In dry soil, Texas to Arizona. Spring. 

7. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Annual, thinly pubescent with stellate hairs. Stems 
simple or usually branched at the base ; branches erect or ascending, 2-20 cm. long, leafy 
to the racemes : leaves 5-15 mm. long ; blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, or the basal with 
ovate to obovate blades : racemes narrow, 1-10 cm. long, pedicels 1-3 mm. long, ascending 
or nearly divaricate : sepals oval or oblong, less than 1 mm. long: petals white, longer 
than the sepals or wanting : pods oblong, about as long as the pedicels, glabrous, acute. 

In fields and dry soil, Virginia to Missouri, Georgia and Texas. Spring. 


8. Draba ramosíssima Desv. Perennial, more or less densely pubescent with stellate 
hairs. Stems decumbent or creeping, the branches erect, 1-3 dm. tall, simple below, corym- 
bose above : leaves mainly basal; blades narrowly oblong, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblance- 
olate, 1-4 cm. long, acute, remotely dentate with spreading teeth : racemes in terminal 
corymbs : pedicels ascending, 5-10 mm. long : sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3 mm. long, obtuse : 
petals white, spatulate, about thrice as long as the sepals, rounded at the apex : pods nar- 
rowly oblong, 5-12 mm. long, spirally twisted at maturity, acuminate. 

On clifis or rocky banks, Virginia to Kentucky, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring. 


20. DENTÀRIA L. 


Erect scapose herbs, perennial by horizontal rootstocks. Leaves basal. Bracts usually 
similar to the leaves, opposite or 3 or 4 in a whorl or approximate above the middle of the 
scape : blades palmately cleft or 3-divided, the segments toothed or incised. Flowers per- 
fect, in terminal racemes or corymbs. Sepals 4, equal at the base. Corolla white or purple : 
petals with spreading blades and slender claws. Stamens 6. Ovary sessile : style slender : 
stigma entire or rarely 2-lobed. Ovules numerous. Pods elongated, flattish or nearly terete, 
the valves nerveless, or with a faint midnerve, elastically dehiscent from the base. Seeds 
in 1 row in each cavity, not margined, somewhat flattened. Cotyledons accumbent. The 
plants flower in the spring. Toormwonr. 


Blades of basal and stem-leaves similar, 
Leaf-segments linear. 
Leaf-segments 1-2-parted. 1. D. multifida. 
Leaí-segments entire, toothed or merely incised. . D. furcata. 
Leaf-segments not linear. 
Rootstocks tuberous, moniliform, not scaly: leaf-segments laciniate. 
Rootstocks elongated, continuous, scaly : leaf-segments toothed or incised. 


2 

3. D. laciniata. 
Leaf-segments incised, with narrow, very acute, often flaring teeth. 4. D. incisa. 

5 

6 


Leaf-segments not incised, with broad, blunt or merely mucronate teeth. . D. diphylla. 
Blades of basal and stem-leaves very dissimilar. . D. heterophylla. 


1. Dentaria multifida Muhl. Rootstocks continuous. Foliage glabrous or nearly 
so : leaves nearly 3-foliolate, with long petioles and once or twice pinnately parted segments, 
the ultimate segments linear, entire or sparingly toothed : scapes erect, 2-3 dm. tall, 
simple: bracts 2, with short petioles, and blades similar to those of the leaves: pedicels 
ascending, 1.5-2 cm. long: sepals oblong, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse: petals white, almost 
twice as long as the sepals : pods slender, ascending, 3 cm. long, long-beaked. 

In rocky woods, North Carolina to Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. 


2. Dentaria furcata Small. Rootstocks moniliform. Foliage sometimes pubescent : 
leaves with long petioles and 3 linear entire toothed or merely incised segments: scapes 
erect, 2-3 dm. tall, simple : bracts 3, the blades similar to those of the leaves : pedicels 1-2.5 
em. long: sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: petals pink or whitish, 12-14 
mm. long: pods narrowly fusiform, fully 3 cm. long, the slender beak nearly 1 cm. long. 

In moist or rich woods, Ohio to Tennessee and Alabama. 


3. Dentaria laciniàta Muhl. Rootstocks jointed. Foliage glabrous or sometimes 
finely pubescent: leaves with long petioles and 3 linear-lanceolate or oblong coarsely ser- 
rate or incised segments : scapeserect, 1-3.5 dm. tall : bracts 3, the blades similar to those of 
the leaves: pedicels ascending, stout, 1-2 em. long: sepals oblong, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse: 
petals pink or purple, twice or thrice as long as the sepals: pods slender, 3-5 cm. long, 
long-beaked. 


In woods, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. PEPPER-ROOT. 


4. Dentaria incisa Small. Rootstocks continuous, scaly. Foliage glabrous: leaves 
with long petioles and 3 ovate or lanceolate segments conspicuously incised with narrow 


BRASSICACEAE 481 


more or less flaring acute teeth : scapes erect, 2-3 dm. tall: bracts 3, with blades similar 
to those of the leaves: pedicels ascending, 1-1.5 cm. long, or longer at maturity: sepals 
oblong, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse: petals about twice as long as the sepals: pods not seen. 

In open woods, Tennessee. Spring. : 

5. Dentaria diphylla Michx. Rootstockscontinuous. Foliage glabrous: leaves with 
long petioles and 3 ovate or lanceolate crenate-serrate segments: scapes erect, 1-3 dm. 
tall: bracts 2, with blades similar to those of the leaves: pedicels 2-3 cm. long, ascending : 
sepals oblong, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse: petals white, twice as long as the sepals : pods slender, 
2-3 em. long. 

In rich woods and damp soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, South Carolina and Kentucky. Spring. 

6. Dentaria heterophylla Nutt. Rootstocks jointed. Foliage glabrous or sparingly 
pubescent: leaves with long petioles and ovate or obovate coarsely crenate or lobed seg- 
ments, the teeth or lobes mucronulate : scapes 2-3 dm. tall : bracts usually 2, with blades 
very unlike those of the leaves, divided into linear or linear-lanceolate entire or serrate seg- 
ments: pedicels ascending, 2-2.5 cm. long: sepals oblong, about 5|mm. long, obtuse: 
petals light purple, twice as long as the sepals : pods slender, about 2.5 cm. long, narrowed 
at each end, beaked. 

In woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Georgia and Tennessee. Spring. 


21. CARDAMINE L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with erect or weak and creeping stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades entire or pinnately dissected. Flowers perfect, in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4, 
equal or nearly so. Corolla white or pink, or purple : petals 4, narrowed into claws. Sta- 
mens 6 or rarely 4. Ovary sessile : style short or elongated : stigma capitate or 2-lobed. 
Ovules numerous. Pod elongated, narrow, flattened, often erect, the valves nerveless or 
nearly so, elastically opening at maturity. Seeds in 1 row, not margined. Cotyledons 
accumbent, one sometimes overlapping the radicle. BITTER Cress. 


Leaf-blades entire or undulate. 
Stems erect from a tuberous base. 
Btems decumbent from a creeping base. 
Leaf-blades, at least those of cauline leaves, pinnately divided. 
Basal leaves with entire or repand blades. 
Stems decumbent: sepals 1-1.5 mm. long: petals 2-3 mm. long: pods 2-2.5 m 
em. long. 3. C. curvisiliqua. 
Stems erect : sepals 3-3.5 mm. long: petals 6-9 mm. long: pods 3-3.5cm. long. 4. C. Clematitis. 
Basal leaves with pinnately divided blades. 
Stems leafy, 


. C. bulbosa. 
. C. rotundifolia. 


Nor 


Pods spreading or ascending, over 1 mm. broad. 5. C. flexuosa, 
Pods erect, less than 1 mm. broad. : 
Corolla 3 mm. wide or narrower. 6. C. parviflora. 
Corolla 4 mm. wide or broader. A 
Sepals about 1 mm. long. 7. C. arenicola. _ 
Sepals about 2 mm. long. 8. C. Pennsylvanica. 
Stems scape-like : leaves basal or mainly so. 9. C. hirsuta. 


l. Cardamine bulbósa (Schreb.) B.S.P. Perennial. by tuberous rootstocks, gla- 
brous. Stems erect, 1-5 dm. tall, simple or branching above, destitute of runners: leaves 
few ; basal and lower stem-leaves with suborbicular, often cordate, entire or angled blades 
and long petioles ; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, with more or less elongated entire 
angled or coarsely toothed blades : pedicels ascending, 1-2 em. long: sepals oblong, 2.5- 
3.5 mm. long, obtuse : petals white or pink, about thrice as long as the sepals or sometimes 
four times longer : pods slender, linear, 2.5 em. long. [Cardamine rhomboidea DC. ] 

In swampy meadows and low grounds, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring. 

2. Cardamine rotundifdlia Michx. Annual or perennial, glabrous. Stems weak, 
ascending, or prostrate and creeping, 1-4 dm. long, producing runners : leaves few ; blades 
ovate, oval or suborbicular, 1-4 em. long, entire, undulate or angled, rarely accompanied 

y two small lateral segments, petioled : pedicels ascending, 1-2.5 cm. long, slender: sepals 
oblong, 2 mm. long, obtuse: petals white, about 4 times as long as the sepals: pods slender, 
linear, 2-3 em. long, beaked. 

In springy places, New Jersey to Ohio, North Carolina and Kentucky. Spring and summer. 

3. Cardamine curvisiliqua Shuttl. Perennial, aquatic, glabrous. Stems weak, de- 
cumbent, 3-8 dm. long, creeping, branching: leaves various, the lower onessimple, with sub- 
orbicular blades and long petioles, the upper ones pinnate; segments 3-7, oval or obovate, 1-3 
em. long, undulate or slightly lobed, attenuate at the base : raceme elongating, with a zigzag 
rachis: pedicels ascending orspreading, 5-10 mm. long: sepals oblong, 1-1.5 mm. long, obtuse: 
petals white, 2-3 mm. long: pods slender, 2-2.3 cm. long, nearly terete, curving upward. 


In om and slow streams, Florida. Spring to fall. 
1 


482 BRASSICACEAE 


4. Cardamiae Clematitis Shuttl. Perennial by elongated rootstocks, glabrous, dark 
green. Stems erect, 1-3 dm. tall, often tufted, simple or rarely sparingly branched above : 
leaves various, the lower ones with entire suborbicular or reniform more or less angular 
blades, or sometimes 3-foliolate ; upper leaves entire or nearly 3-foliolate, the segments 
various: pedicels ascending, 5-12 mm. long: sepals oblong or ovate-oblong, 3-3.5 mm. 
long, obtuse: petals white, twice or thrice as long as the sepals: pods slender, narrowly 
linear, 3-3.5 cm. long, beaked, ascending. 

In springy places at high altitudes, Virginia to North Carolina and Alabama. Spring and summer. 

5. Cardamine flexuósa With. Annual or perennial, glabrous, dark green. Stems 
ascending or spreading, often weak, 1-4 dm. long, leafy, simple or usually branching: 
leaf-blades pinnately divided or pinnatifid, 1-7 cm. long, the segments broadest above the 
middle, the terminal one cuneate or cordate at the base: pedicels spreading or ascending, 
5-10 mm. long: sepals oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long: petals white, about twice as long as the 
sepals: pods narrowly linear, 1.5-2 cm. long, slightly flattened, ascending or irregularly 
spreading, beaked. 

In mountain swamps ‘and woods, Maine to Michigan and North Carolina. Also in Europe and 
Asia. Spring and summer. 

6. Cardamine parviflora L. Annual, slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 
Stems erect, 0.5-3 dm. tall, often zigzag, more or less branched, sometimes nearly filiform : 
leaves few ; blades 1-5 cm. long, pinnate, the segments narrow, broadest above the mid- 
dle, the terminal one sometimes suborbicular: pedicels ascending, 4-10 mm. long: sepals 
oblong, 1 mm. long, scarious-margined, obtuse: corolla barely 3 mm. broad: petals white, 
about twice as long as the sepals: pods narrowly linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, short-beaked. 

In dry soil and on rocky banks, Quebec to Oregon, south ward on the mountains to Georgia. Also 
in Europe and Asia. Spring. 

7. Cardamine arenícola Britton. Annual, glabrous. Stems usually much branched 
at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. tall, leafly to the inflorescence: leaf- 
blades pinnately divided, 1-4 cm. long, the segments linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or acut- 
ish, entire or with 1-2 small teeth: pedicels ascending, 4-6 mm. long: sepals oblong, 
about 1 mm. long: corolla fully 4 mm. broad: petals white, nearly twice as long as the 
sepals, obtuse: pods slender, linear, 2 cm. long, erect. 

In moist, usually sandy soil, Connecticut to Kentucky, Florida and Tennessee. Spring. 

8. Cardamine Pennsylvánica Muhl. Annual, fleshy, glabrous or nearly so. 
Stems erect, 2-10 dm. tall, more or less branched, leafy, the branches ascending : leaves varl- 
able ; blades 4-15 cm. long, pinnate, the segments undulate, toothed or lobed, the termi- 
nal one much the largest, more or less cuneate at the base: pedicels 4-10 mm. long, 
ascending : sepals oblong, about 2 mm. long, obtuse: corolla fully 4 mm. broad: petals 
pos twice as long as the sepals: pods linear-filiform, ascending, 2-2.5 cm. long, 

eaked. 

In swamps and low grounds, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. Spring. 

9. Cardamine hirsüta L. Annual, slender, more or less densely pubescent. Stems 
erect, 0.5-2.5 dm. long, simple or branched throughout: leaves mainly basal, 1-6 cm. 
long; blades pinnate, the segments broadest above the middle, entire or slightly lobed, 
the terminal one cuneate or subcordate at the base: pedicels erect or ascending, 4-8 mm. 
long: sepals oblong, 1-1.5 mm. long, obtuse, usually pubescent at the apex : petals white, 
about twice as long as the sepals : pods narrowly linear, 2-2.5 cm. long, erect, not beaked. 

In dry or moist soil, Massachusetts to Michigan, North Carolina and Georgia. Also in Europe and 
Asia. Spring. 

22. LEAVENWORTHIA Torr. 

Low annual or biennial herbs, with scape-like, often tufted, stems and glabrous foliage, 
or the pubescence, if present, of simple hairs. Leaves mainly basal : blades lyrate-pinnatifid. 
Flowers perfect, solitary or a few in racemes. Sepals 4, narrow, equal at the base. Cor- 
olla white, yellow or purplish: petals 4, broadened upward. Stamens 6: filaments few, 
unappendaged. Ovary short-stalked: style slender: stigma 2-lobed. Ovules numerous 
or few. Pods elongated, somewhat inflated, often contracted between the seeds, the valves 
nerveless. Seeds flattened, in 1 row in each cavity, winged. Embryo straight or nearly 
so. Cotyledons as broad as long. The plants flower in the spring. 


Cotyledons orbicular, cordate : radicle straight. 1. L. aurea. 
Cotyledons, oval : radicle oblique. 
Capsules not constricted between the seeds. ‘fora. 
etals with white or purplish blades: styles less than 3 mm. long. 2. L. rae a : 
Petals with yellow blades: style over 3 mm. long. 3. L. stylosa. 
Capsules constricted between the seeds. 4. L. torulosa. 


BRASSICACEAE 483 


l. Leavenworthia aurea Torr. Foliage glabrous. Stems erect or decumbent, 
4-15 em. long, often branched at the base: leaves mainly basal, a few on the stems ; blades 
divided into 5-9 angular-toothed segments, the terminal one largest: pedicels 1-4 cm. 
long, ascending, often curved : sepals oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long, obtuse: petals yellow, or 
purplish with a yellow base, twice as long as the sepals, narrowly cuneate, retuse at the 
apex: pods linear-oblong, not torulose, 1.5-2 cm. long, each tipped with a slender style 
1-2 mm. long: seeds-4-14: cotyledons orbicular, cordate ; radicle straight. 

On rocks, Arkansas to Tennessee, south to Alabama and Texas. 

2. Leavenworthia unifldra (Michx.) Britton. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. 
Stems 2-15 cm. long, erect or ascending, simple or sparingly branched: leaves mainly 
basal, 2-10 em. long ; blades divided into 5-17 unequal toothed or angular segments, the 
terminal one ‘larger than the rest: pedicels 2-15 cm. long, erect or ascending: sepals 
oblong, obtuse : petals white or purplish, with a yellow base, cuneate-oblanceolate, retuse at 
the apex: pods linear-oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, each tipped with a stout style 1 mm. 
long : seeds 4-18: cotyledons oval; radicle oblique. [L. Michauxii Torr. ] 

In dry soil, Indiana to Missouri, Tennessee and Alabama. 

3. Leavenworthia stylósa A. Gray. Foliage glabrous. Stems 2-12 cm. long, as- 
cending or prostrate : leaves mainly basal, 2-8 cm. long ; blades divided into 3-7 entire or 
angular segments, the terminal one much larger than the rest: pedicels ascending, 4-10 
cm. long : sepals oblong, about 5 mm. long, obtuse : petals yellow, emarginate, about twice 
as long as the sepals: pods oblong, 4-8 mm. long, each tipped with a slender style 4-6 
mm. long, not torulose : seeds 6-8: cotyledons oval; radicle oblique. 

In cedar woods, Tennessee. 

4. Leavenworthia torulósa A. Gray. Foliage glabrous. Stems 2-15 cm. long, 
erect or ascending, sometimes almost wanting : leaves mainly basal, 2-10 cm. long; blades 
pinnately-divided into entire angled or lobed segments, sometimes represented by a large 
terminal segment and two small lateral ones: pedicels erect or ascending, 4-10 cm. long: 
sepals narrowly oblong, 5 mm. long, obtuse: petals purplish, with a yellow base, nearly 
twice as long as the sepals, emarginate: pods linear, 2-3 cm. long, conspicuously con- 
stricted below between the seeds, each tipped with a slender style 2-3 mm. long: seeds 
4-14: cotyledons oval ; radicle oblique. 

In wet soil, cedar barrens, Kentucky and Tennessee. 


23. ARABIS L. 
_ Annual or perennial herbs, with glabrous or glaucous foliage, or pubescent with fork- 
ing or stellate, or rarely simple hairs. Leaves alternate, sometimes mainly basal : blades 
entire, toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, in terminal or axillary racemes. Sepals 
4, equal or nearly so, sometimes saccate at the base. Corolla white, pink, purple or yellow- 
ish : petals 4, entire or emarginate, often with claws. Stamens 6: filaments free, unap- 
pendaged. Ovary sessile : stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Ovules numerous. Pods elongated, 
flat, the valves sometimes nerved or keeled, not dehiscent. Seeds in 1 row in each cavity, 


marginless, margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent or incumbent. Rock CRESS. 
Basal leaves with pinnatifid blades. ? 
Sepals 1-2 mm. long: seeds winged. 
Pods 2-2.5 cm, long, the valves obscurely nerved'at the base: seeds narrowly winged. 
1. A. Virginica. 
Pods 5-7.5 cm. long, the valves nerved below the middle: seeds broadly winged. 2. A. petiolaris. 


Sepals 2-2.5 mm. long : seed 
Basal leaves with toothed blades. eo 3 ui 
s wingless. Ad T 


8 winged or margined. 
Capsules erect or nearly so, sometimes appressed. 


Corollas over 7 mm. broad : capsules not appressed : style 1 mm. lon 5. A 
Corollas less than 7 mm. bn " g fe ie. . A. hi 1 
Ca ules recurved. broad : capsules appressed : stigma sessile. 6. A. hirsuta. 
ants glabrous, glaucous : pods 1-2 mm. wide. 7. A. laevigata. 

Plants pubescent, at least below: pods 2.5-3.5 mm. wide. 8. A. nikah. 
po Arabis Virgínica (L.) Trelease. Annual or biennial, sparingly hirsute or nearly 
y P nos Stems usually branched at the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 1-4 
A simple or branched : basal and stem-leaves quite similar, 2-7 cm. long ; petioles 


alei gi than the blades, margined ; blades deeply pinnatifid into uniform entire or 
$6 Maas: nearly oblong or linear segments: pedicels finally spreading or ascending, 
9.95 m. rudi sepals narrowly oblong, 1 mm. long, obtuse: petals white: pods linear, 
[A tabs long, straight, ascending or somewhat spreading: seeds in 1 row, winged.. 
s viciana, (Hook. ) C. A. Meyer.] 
In sandy or rocky soi], Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


484 BRASSICACEAE 


2. Arabis petiolaris A. Gray. Annual or biennial, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent 
with reflexed simple hairs. Stems erect, 4-9 dm. tall, simple or branched above: basal 
leaves few, 12-20 em. long, with somewhat lyrate-pinnatifid blades ; segments 5-7, sinuate : 
stem-leaves various; blades all petioled, lower ones pinnatifid or hastately lobed, upper 
entire or merely sinuate: pedicels becoming 6-10 mm. long: petals purplish : pods as- 
cending, 5-7.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, slender-beaked, the valves 1-nerved below the 
middle : seeds broadly winged. : 

On plains or prairies, Texas, mainly between the Colorado River and the Rio Grande. Spring. 

3. Arabis lyrata L. Biennial or perennial, glabrous, or pubescent near the base. 
Stems solitary or tufted, erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. tall, often diffusely branched : basal 
leaves 1-4 cm. long, with short margined petioles ; blades spatulate or oblanceolate in 
outline, lyrate-pinnatifid : stem-leaves 1-3 cm. long, linear and entire or some of the 
lower ones broader and irregularly toothed : pedicels ascending, 5-10 mm. long: sepals 
oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse: petals white, twice or thrice as long as the sepals: pods 
narrowly linear, 2-3 cm. long, ascending, straight or slightly curved : seeds in 1 row, wingless. 

On cliffs and in sandy soil, Ontario to Manitoba, North Carolina and Missouri. Spring. 

4. Arabis dentàta T. & G. Biennial, pubescent with fine rigid stellate hairs. 
Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, branching from the base, the branches ascending or decumbent : 
basal leaves spatulate, 5-12 em. long ; petioles winged, shorter than the remotely dentate 
blades: stem-leaves quite numerous ; blades sessile, clasping, more finely toothed than the 
basal, usually oblanceolate to oblong: pedicels 1-3 mm. long, finally spreading: sepals 
oblong, 1.5 mm. long, obtuse: petals white, nearly twice as long as the sepals: pods 
linear, 2-2.5 cm. long, straight, spreading: seeds in 1 row, marginless. 

In moist soil, New York to Minnesota, Virginia (?), Tennessee and Missouri. Spring. 

5. Arabis pàtens Sulliv. Biennial, more or less densely hirsute with simple or 
branched hairs, or rarely glabrous above. Stems solitary or loosely tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, 
simple or sometimes sparingly branched : basal leaves 3-10 cm. long ; blades oblanceolate, 
spatulate or obovate, on winged petioles : stem-leaves shorter than the basal; blades oblan- 
ceolate or obovate to ovate or lanceolate, sessile, serrate or dentate like the basal, but the 
teeth usually more prominent : pedicels finally spreading, 1-2.5 em. long: sepals oblong, 
4-5 mm. long, obtuse, scarious-margined : petals white, twice as long as the sepals: pods 
Sis linear, spreading or erect-spreading, 2.5-4 em. long : seeds in 1 row, narrowly 
winged. 

On river banks, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Alabama and Missouri. Spring and summer. 

6. Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Biennial, finely hirsute throughout with simple or 
forking hairs. Stems erect, 2-9 dm. tall, simple or nearly so, sometimes branched at the 
base: basal leaves 2-4 cm. long, with short winged petioles, and obovate, elliptic or spat- 
ulate repand or shailowly dentate blades: stem-leaves 1-6 cm. long ; blades sessile, clasp- 
ing by the auricled bases, oblong to lanceolate, or rarely linear, nearly entire, or dentate : 
pedicels erect or nearly so, finally 4-12 mm. long : sepals oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse : 
petals greenish white, or nearly white, about twice as long as the sepals: pods narrowly 
linear, 2.5-3 em. long, erect or appressed : seeds in one row, narrowly margined. 

In rocky or poor soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Georgia and California. Also in Europe 


and Asia. Spring to fall. 

7. Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Biennial, glaucous. Stems erect, 3-10 dm. tall, 
simple, or virgately branched above: basalleaves with varying petioles and spatulate or 
obovate dentate blades: stem-leaves 3-15 cm. long; blades oblong, lanceolate or linear, 
entire or coarsely toothed, sessile, clasping by the strongly auricled bases: pedicels ascend- 
ing, finally spreading, 8-10 mm. long: sepals narrowly oblong, about 5 mm. long, obtuse : 
petals white or greenish white, about twice as long as the sepals: pods narrowly linear, 
6-10 cm. long, partially drooping : seeds in 1 row, broadly winged. 

In rocky soil, Quebee to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas. Spring. 

8. Arabis Canadénsis L. Annual or biennial, more or less pubescent. Stems erect, 
2-9 dm. tail, simple, or virgately branched above : basal or lower leaves with short petioles 
and toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid blades: upper stem-leaves 3-12 cm. long ; blades thin, 
lanceolate or oblanceolate, nearly entire or shallowly toothed, acute: pedicels epreenuns 
or recurved at maturity, 5-12 mm. long: sepals oblong, 4 mni. long, obtuse: petals 
greenish white, about twice as long as the sepals: pods scythe-shaped, narrowly linear, 
5-7 em. long, drooping: seeds in 1 row, winged. 

In rocky woods, Ontario to Minnesota, middle Georgia and Texas. Spring and summer. 


24. SOPHIA Adans. 
Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants, more or less densely mue 
with short branched hairs. Leaves alternate: blades 2-pinnatifid, or finely dissected. 


BRASSICACEAE 485 


Flowers perfect, in elongating racemes. Sepals 4, narrow, early deciduous. Corolla yel- 
low or yellowish, the 4 petals slightly longer than the sepals. Ovary sessile: style short : 
stigma minute. Ovules numerous. Pods linear or narrowly oblong, flattish, the valves 
l-nerved. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cavity. Cotyledons incumbent. Tansy Mvs- 
TARD. The plants flower mainly in the spring and summer. 


Pods narrowly linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, curved upward. 1. S. Sophia. 
Pods oblong or linear-oblong, 5-14 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, straight or nearly so. ; 
Foliage densely canescent: pedicels horizontal: pods ascending. 2. S. pinnata. 
Foliage glabrate or sparingly canescent. : 2 
Pedicels and pods horizontal. 3. S. millefolia. 
Pedicels ascending: pods nearly erect. : : 
Pods mostly shorter than the pedicels. 4. S. intermedia. 
Pods mostly longer than the pedicels. 5. S. brevipes. 


1. Sophia Sóphia (L.) Britton. Foliage minutely hoary-canescent. Stems 3-7.5 
dm. tall, usually much branched: leaves 3-14 cm. long; blades 2-3-pinnatifid into nar- 
rowly linear or oblong-linear segments: flowers numerous: pedicels slender, 12-16 mm. 
long, ascending, glabrous or nearly so: pods narrowly linear, 1.5-2.5 em. long, curved up- 
ward : seeds in 1 row in each cavity. 

In waste places, New Brunswick to Ontario, Nebraska, New York and about the northern sea-ports. 
Naturalized from Europe. FLAXWEED. 

2. Sophia pinnàta ( Walt.) Britton. Annual, canescent with pale hairs and sometimes 
glandular. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, simple, or branched above, the branches ascending : 
leaves with short petioles and 2-pinnatifid blades, the segments oblong : racemes elongating, 
sometimes paniculate : pedicels slender, spreading, 8-15 mm. long: sepals oblong, about 
1 mm. long: petals spatulate, equalling or somewhat surpassing the sepals: pedicels hori- 
zontal, 10-14 mm. long: pods oblong, straight, 6-8 mm. long, glabrous, ascending : seeds 
in 2 rows in each cavity. [Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. ] 

In dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. 

3. Sophia millefólia Rydb. Rather taller and less leafy than SS. pinnata and nearly 
glabrous. Leaves 2-9 cm. long; blades oval or oblong-oval in outline, very thin, less 
dissected : pedicels 12-20 mm. long: pods club-shaped, less than 1 em. long, with a very 
short style: seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. [S. myriophylla Rydb., not Sisymbrium 
myriophyllum DC. ] 

In dry soil, Kentucky to Texas. 

4. Sophia intermédia Rydb. Annual, nearly glabrous or thinly stellate-pubescent 
and glandular. Stems erect, 2-7 dm. tall, more or less branched above: leaves with short 
petioles and pinnate or bipinnatifid blades : segments linear or oblong : racemes elongating, 
simple or branched : pedicels filiform, 10-20 mm. long, widely ascending: sepals oblong, 
1-2 em. long at maturity : petals sometimes nearly twice as long as the sepals : pods linear- 
oblong, straight, 8-15 mm. long, acute, glabrous or nearly so, erect or nearly so: seeds in 
1 row in each cavity. 
POE dry soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, British Columbia, Tennessee, Texas and Cali- 
5. Sophia brévipes (Nutt.) Rydb. Foliage minutely canescent or puberulent. 
Stems 5-6 dm. tall : leaves 2-7 cm. long ; blades pinnately divided into 5-7 segments, these 
pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes : pedicels erect-appressed, 3-8 mm. long, mostly shorter than. 
the pods: pods erect or nearly so, linear, 8-10 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide : seeds in 1: 
Tow 1n each cavity. [Sisymbrium canescens € brevipes Nutt. ] 

In dry soil, Minnesota to British Columbia and Texas. 


25. STREPTÁNTHUS Nutt. 

Annual or biennial caulescent herbs, with often glaucous foliage. Leaves alternate : 
blades entire or toothed or rarely pinnatifid, the cauline sagittate and clasping at the base. 
Flowers perfect, in terminal racemes. Calyx not campanulate. Sepals often purplish, 
barely saccate at the base. Petals purple or white or rarely yellowish, with narrow claws 
and broad well developed blades. Stamens 6: filaments of the longer pairs sometimes 
united below : anthers sagittate. Ovary sessile on the enlarged receptacle. Ovules several 
or numerous. Pods oblong to narrowly linear, flattened. Seeds flattened, margined or 
winged. Cotyledons accumbent. 


Flower-stalks with conspi 1. S. bracteatus. 
i picuous scales. 
Flower-stalks without scales or these minute. 
Pedicels naked : pods 10-13.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide. 2. S. maculatus. 


Pedicels often with minute scales: pods 5-7.5 cm long, 4-5 mm. wide. 3. S. platycarpus. 


486 BRASSICACEAE 


1. Streptanthus bracteatus A. Gray. Foliage glabrous. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, 
simple, or branching above: basal and lower stem-leaves with short petioles and blades 
varying from entire to lyrate-pinnatifid ; upper stem leaves ovate or oblong, 2-10 cm. 
long, entire, clasping : pedicels ascending, 5-10 mm. long, the scales ovate, cordate: sepals 
oblong-ovate, about 8 mm. long: pods 10-15 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, spreading, tipped with 
the broad stigma: seeds oblong, broadly winged. 

In dry soil, southwestern Texas. Spring. 

2. Streptanthus maculatus Nutt. Foliage glabrous, glaucous. Stems 2-6 dm. 
tall, often simple: leaves various, the cauline with oblong, elliptic or ovate entire blades, 
sessile, deeply cordate and clasping: pedicels 4-9 mm. long, naked : sepals purplish : pods 
slender, 10-15 cm. long, straight or curved, erect or ascending, beaked : seeds oblong, 
winged. 

On plains and prairies, Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 

3. Streptanthus platycárpus A. Gray. Foliage glabrous. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, 
branching from near the base: basal and lower stem-leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; upper stem- 
leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong, 2-8 cm. long, entire, or pinnatifid, sessile, clasping : 
pedicels stout, ascending, finally about 1 cm. long, often with minute scales: sepals 
purplish, oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long: pods linear, ascending, 5-8 cm. long, 4-5 
mm. broad: seeds winged, suborbicular. 

In valleys, Texas to Sonora. Spring. 


26. BUKLISIA Rydb. 


Annual or biennial mainly glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate, sometimes mostly basal : 
blades various, entire, toothed or pinnatifid, those of the cauline sometimes clasping at the 
base. Flowers perfect, in terminal racemes. Calyx campanulate. Sepals mainly purple, 
with somewhat thickened spreading tips, the outer pair at least, strongly saccate at the base. 
Petals white or purple, the blade scarcely wider than the claw. Stamens 6: filaments 
slender: anthers sagittate. Ovary sessile. Ovules several. Podsnarrow. Seeds flattened, 
mostly winged. Cotyledons accumbent. 

1. Euklisia hyacinthoides (Hook.) Small. Foliage glabrous. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, 
simple or sparingly branched : leaves several ; blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 3-15 cm. 
long, acute, entire, or slightly toothed, half-clasping: pedicels ascending, 3-5 mm. long : 
sepals linear, about 8 mm. long, acute, saecate: pods 2.5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, ascend- 
ing, beaked : seeds oblong, winged.  [Streptanthus hyacinthoides Hook. ] 

On plains or prairies, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring. 


27. SELENIA Nutt. 

Low annual caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Stems often branching at the 
base. Leaves alternate: blades pinnatisect, the segments entire or toothed. Flowers 
perfect, in loose racemes. Sepals 4, spreading, equal or nearly so, somewhat sulcate at 
the base. Corolla yellow, the four petals erect, narrowed into claws. Stamens 6, accom- 
‚panied by 10 hypogynous glands. Ovary sessile or nearly so: style slender : stigma capl- 
tate. Ovules several. Pods flat, oblong, or elliptic, abruptly narrowed at each end, stipi- 
tate, the thin valves with a nerve. Seeds in two rows in each cavity, orbicular, mar- 
gined or broadly winged. Cotyledons accumbent. 

Pedicels spreading: capsula elliptic: the stile beak gis mm long, ne 2. S aperta. 

1. Selenia aürea Nutt. Foliage bright green. Stems with erect or ascending 
branches 5-20 cm. long: leaves conspicuous; blades narrow, 2.5-7 em. long, pinnati- 
sect, the segments entire or with 1 or 2 coarse teeth : racemes several-flowered : bracts sim1- 
lar to the leaves, but smaller: pedicels erect or ascending, 1-2.5 cm. long: sepals narrow, 
unappendaged : petals yellow, about twice as long as the sepals: pods oblong, 12-20 mm. 
long, 4-6 mm. wide, each tipped with a very slender style-beak about 4 mm. long. 

On wet plains and prairies, Missouri to Kansas and Texas. Spring. 


_ 2. Selenia apérta (S. Wats.) Small. Similar to S. aurea in habit. Racemes with 
divaricate pedicels at maturity: pods elliptic, usually broadly so, 12-16 mm. long, the 
- slender style-beak 8-12 mm. long. [ S. aurea var. aperta S. Wats.] 


On plains or prairies, Texas. Spring. 


CAPPARIDACEAE 487 


28. WAREA Nutt. 


Annual glabrous herbs, with branching stems. Leaves alternate, without stipules : 
blades entire, sessile, obtuse, retuse or rarely acutish. Flowers white, rose or purple, 
perfect, in terminal naked corymbose racemes. Sepals 4, spatulate, imbricated, often 
petaloid. Receptacle dilated, with a pair of glands before the shorter stamens. Petals 4, 
the blades broad, abruptly narrowed into long slender claws which are granular-toothed, 
serrulate or pectinate-fimbriate. Stamens 6, exserted: filaments filiform, more or less 
spreading: anthers curved or coiled. Ovary elongated, 2-celled, shorter than its stipe: 
style wanting : stigma emarginate. Ovules numerous, in one row in each cavity. Pods 
narrowly linear, long-stalked, curved, spreading and somewhat pendulous, flattened, the 
two valves each one-ribbed and delicately nerved, the septum nerveless. Seeds numerous, 
pendulous, on slender funiculi, flattened, not margined. Embryo conduplicate, with nar- 
row thick incumbent or oblique and nearly accumbent cotyledons. 

Leaf-blades cuneately narrowed at the base: claws of the petals pectinate-fimbriate. 1. W. cuneifolía. 
Leaf-blades rounded or auricled at the base. 
Leaves not auricled at the base: claws of the petals granular-toothed. 2. W. sessilifolia. 
Leaves auricled and clasping : claws of the petals serrulate. 3. W. amplezifolia. 

1. Warea cuneifólia (Muhl.) Nutt. Plant scarcely glaucescent. Stems 3-7 dm. 
tall, branched above, the branches ascending: leaf-blades obovate, oblanceolate, or linear- 
oblong, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse or retuse, entire, cuneately narrowed.at the base: racemes 
dense, 1-3 cm. long: pedicels filiform, spreading: sepals spatulate, 3-4 mm. long, faintly 
ribbed : petals white or purplish ; blades suborbicular, about 2 mm. in diameter, crisped, 
undulate, delicately nerved, subcordate; claws dilated towards the base, pectinate-fim- 
briate : anthers curled when dry : stalk of the ovary shorter than the claws of the petals: 
pods linear-filiform, 3.5-4 cm. long, slightly curved : seeds oblong, 1 mm. long. 

On sand hills, near the coast, Georgia to Florida. Summer to winter. 

2. Warea sessilifólia Nash. Plant glaucescent. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, branched, 
sometimes diffusely so, the branches wiry, ascending or spreading: leaf-blades ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 em. long, erect or ascending, obtuse, entire, sessile, not auricled: 
racemes dense, 1-3 cm. long: pedicels filiform, 6-10 mm. long: sepals spatulate, 7- 8 mm. 
long, faintly ribbed, purple below, greenish near the apex: petals deep purple ; blades or- 
bicular-ovate, about 5 mm. long, abruptly narrowed into filiform claws which are 5-6 mm. 
long and granular-toothed, especially the lower half: filaments purple except the ends, 
1.5 em. long: anthers linear, 2 mm. long, coiled when dry: stalk of the ovary as long as 
or longer than the petals: pods (rather immature) filiform, slightly curved, 2 em. long. 

On sand hills, western Florida. Summer to winter. 

. 3. Warea amplexifólia ( Nutt.) Small. Plant glaucous above. Stem 3-7 dm. tall, 
simple or branched above, the branches very slender : leaf-blades ovate, 1-3 cm. long, acutish, 
entire, ascending or spreading, sessile, auricled at the base, clasping: racemes rather dense, 
1-1.5 em. long: sepals spatulate, about 6 mm. long: petals purplish ; blades orbicular- 
ovate, about 4 mm. long, each abruptly narrowed into a filiform claw which is about 5 mm, 
long and serrulate: anthers coiled when dry, 1 mm. long: stalk of the ovary shorter 
than the petals: pods nearly similar to those of the next preceding species. 

On sand hills, eastern Florida. Summer to winter. 


FAMILY 4. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl. CAPER FAMILY. 


: Annual or perennial caulescent, often viscid, usually pungent herbs, or some- 
times shrubs or trees, with a bitter nauseous and sometimes poisonous principle. 
Leaves alternate, or rarely opposite: blades simple or palmately compound : 
stipules wanting or represented by spines. Inflorescence terminal, usually race- 
mose. Flowers perfect, regular or irregular, white, yellow or purple, in terminal 
racemes or rarely solitary. Sepals usually 4, distinct or more or less united, 
imbricated, or rarely valvate. Receptacle depressed or elongated. Petals 4 or 
rarely more, or sometimes wanting, often unequal, mostly narrowed into slender 
claws. Androecium of 6 stamens or more. Filaments distinct or united at the 
base and sometimes adnate to the stalk of the ovary. Anthers introrse, attached 
at or near the base. Gynoecium 2-carpeilary. Ovary free, sessile to long- 
stalked, l-celled, commonly elongated, with 2 parietal placentae. Style want- 
ing or filiform, terminal. Stigma depressed or acute. Ovules numerous, in 2 
TOWS on each placenta. Fruit a 1-celled, often stalked, capsule or berry. Seeds 


488 CAPPARIDACEAE 


usually numerous, conduplicately bent, with a membranous leathery or crus- 
taceous testa. Endosperm wanting. Embryo bent, with flat or convolute 
cotyledons. 
Herbs or herbaceous plants: fruit a 2-valved capsule. 
Receptacle neither elevated nor elongated, with or without an appendage. 
Appendage present: filaments distinct. 
Appendage tubular: petals with laciniate or dissected blades. 
Appendage solid : petals entire or notched at the apex. | 
Petals very unequal, barely clawed : capsules with deciduous valves. . ALDENELLA. 
Petals nearly equal, long-clawed : capsules opening near the apex. . POLANISIA. 


1. CRISTATELLA. 
2 
3 
Appendage wanting: filaments united below and adnate tothe stalk of the ovary. 4. PEDICELLARIA. 
5 
6 
7 


Receptacle elevated or elongated. 
Appendage wanting: petals sessile: capsule thicker than broad. . 
Appendage present: petals short-clawed : capsule broader than thick. 
Shrubs or trees: fruit baccate, or a pulpy capsule, sometimes opening irregularly. 


1. CRISTATELLA Nutt. 

Slender viscid-glandular herbs. Leaves alternate, without stipules: blades palmately 
3-foliolate : leaflets narrow, entire. Flowers small, irregular, white or yellow, in terminal 
leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals 4, united at the base, deciduous. Receptacle developed 
between the posterior petal and ovary into a tubular appendage (gland) as long as the 
anterior petals. Petals 4, hypogynous : blades strikingly unequal, more or less fan-shaped 
and cuneately narrowed into slender claws, of 2 forms, the anterior small, dissected into 
5-9 narrow lobes which are 2-3-cleft at the apex, the posterior larger, toothed or laciniate 
at the apex. Stamens 6-14, declined: filaments filiform, unequal (when more than 6), 
distinct: anthers sagittate. Ovary elongated, somewhat declined, short-stalked : style 
slender, short: stigma blunt. Capsule elongated, silique-like, slightly flattened, with 2 
reticulated valves. Seeds numerous, conduplicate. 

Blades of large petals about 3mm. long: mature stipe only slightly longer than the gland. 1. C. Jamesit. 
Blades of large petals about 6 mm. long: mature stipe twice as long as the gland. 2. C. erosa. 

1. Cristatella Jamésii T. & G. Foliage glandular-pilose. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, 
simple, or branching above: leaf-blades 3-foliolate ; petioles much shorter than the leaflets ; 
leaflets 1-2.5 cm. long, with linear obtuse entire, more or less revolute, nearly sessile 
blades: racemes 3-8 cm. long: bracts mostly like the leaves but smaller: sepals oblong, 
about 2 mm. long, obtuse: petals 4; claws shorter than the blades; blades various, the 2 
upper with incised, the 2 lower laciniate at the apex: capsules linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 
densely glandular, much longer than the pedicels. 

In sandy soil, Nebraska to Louisiana and Texas. Spring to fall. 

2. Cristatella erdsa Nutt. Foliage glandular-pubescent. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, 
simple below, branching above : leaf-blades 3-foliolate ; petioles shorter than the leaflets, 
swollen at the base ; leaflets 1-2 em. long, with linear obtuse or acutish, entire, often short- 
petioluled blades: racemes 2-10 cm. long: bracts like the leaves but smaller: sepals 
oblong, 3-3.5 mm. long, obtuse: petals 4, the 2 upper with claws, longer than the many- 
parted blades: capsules linear, 2.5-3 mm. long, about twice as long as the pedicels. 

In dry or sandy soil, Arkansas to the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 


2. ALDENELLA Greene. 

Annual caulescent herbs, with somewhat glandular foliage. Leaves alternate, without 
stipules : blades 3-foliolate : leaflets with very narrow blades. Flowers irregular, in term1- 
nal racemes. Sepals 4, imbricated, reflexed. Receptacle developed into a solid gland on 
the upper side. Petals 4, very unequal, those of the smaller pair scarcely à as large as 
those of the larger pair, entire, spreading, barely clawed. Stamens 9-11; filaments un- 
equal, slightly declined: anthers introrse. Ovary elongated, short-stipitate : style de- 
clined and curved : stigma capitate. Capsule elongated, very narrow, silique-like, the two 
valves readily deciduous. Seeds numerous, conduplicate. 

1. Aldenella tenuifdlia (T. & G.) Greene. Foliage glandular. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, 
branching, often diffusely so: leaf-blades 3-foliolate ; petioles filiform’; leaflets with linear- 
filiform entire blades somewhat longer than the petioles: racemes 0.5-2.5 dm. long: bracts 
like the leaves, or the upper ones 1-foliolate: sepals oblong to oblong-ovate, 2-2.5 mm. 
long, acute: petals white, oval to ovate, 6-8 mm. long, entire, unequal, the claws very 
short: stamens usually 9-11; filaments filiform-clavate: capsules linear, 4-6 cm. o 
sharp-pointed, short-stipitate, several times longer than the pedicels : seeds 0.6 mm. broad, 
minutely wrinkled. [Polanisia tenuifolia T. & G.] 

In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 


. CLEOMELLA. 
. CLEOME. 
. CAPPARIS. 


CAPPARIDACEAE 489 


3. POLANISIA Raf. 

Annual often clammy-glandular fetid herbs, with erect stems. Leaves alternate, 
without stipules: blades simple or 3-foliolate, the upper ones often reduced. Flowers 
somewhat irregular, in terminal bracted racemes. Sepals 4, imbricated, spreading, some- 
times purplish, deciduous. Receptacle inconspicuous, developed into a solid gland on the 
upper side. Petals 4, hypogynous, deciduous : blades imbricated in aestivation, entire or 
notched at the apex, narrowed into very slender claws, turned toward the appendage on 
the receptacle. Stamens 12-32: filaments filiform, purple, more or less declined, the outer 
ones shorter: anthers introrse. Ovary elongated, viscid-glandular, sessile or short-stalked : 
style filiform, deciduous: stigma depressed. Capsule elongated, silique-like, flattened, 
sessile, 2-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous, conduplicate. CLAMMY-WEED. 


Stamens slightly longer than the petals. 1. P. graveolens. 
Stamens much surpassing the petals. 
Petals 10 mm. long or shorter: filaments 10-12 mm. long. 2. P. trachysperma. 
Petals 12 mm. long or longer: filaments 30-50 mm. long. 3. P. uniglandulosa. 


1. Polanisia gravéolens Raf. Heavy-scented, clammy-pubescent. Stems 1-8 dm. 
tall, branching, rarely spreading : leaf-blades 3-foliolate ; petioles about as long as the ter- 
minal leaflet, slender; leaflets 1.5-3.5 cm. long, the blades elliptic to oblong or ob- 
ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire, nearly sessile: racemes 1-3 dm. long: lower bracts 3- 
foliolate, upper bracts 1-foliolate : sepals oblong, 3 mm. long, abruptly acuminate: petals 
white to pink, 4-5 mm. long; claws shorter than the suborbicular blades, which are 
notched at the apex: stamens hardly longer than the petals: capsules linear-oblong, 3-5 
cm. long, erect: seeds 2 mm. broad, minutely roughened. 

On gravelly or sandy shores, Quebec to the Northwest Territory, New York, Tennessee and Colo- 
rado. Summer. 

2. Polanisia trachyspérma T. & G. Stout, clammy-pubescent. Stems simple or 
branching : leaf-blades 3-foliolate ; petioles longer than the leaflets, stoutish ; leaflets 1—4 
em. long, the blades elliptie, oval or obovate, obtuse or acutish, entire, sessile: racemes 
3-10 mm. long: bracts 1-foliolate, ovate, 0.5-1 cm. long: sepals lanceolate, 5 mm. long, 
ciliate, acuminate : petals 4, 8-10 mm. long ; claws as long as the notched blades or longer: 
stamens long-exserted : capsules erect, linear, 4-6 cm. long, about twice as long as the ped- 
icels : seeds 2 mm. broad, pitted and wrinkled all over. 

In dry soil, Iowa to British Columbia, Texas, Arizona and Nevada. Summer and fall, 

. S. Polanisia uniglandulósa (Cav.) DC. Foliage clammy-pubescent. Stems erect, 
2-7 dm. tall, simple or branching: leaf-blades 3-foliolate ; petioles about as long as the 
leaflets or longer; leaflets 1-3 cm. long, the blades elliptic, oval, ovate or obovate, ob- 
tuse or acutish, entire, sessile or nearly sessile: racemes 0.5-3 dm. long: bracts chiefly 
1-foliolate, ovate : sepals lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, acuminate, glandular and-eiliate : 
petals 4, about 1 em. long; claws longer than the obovate or cuneate notched-blades : 
stamens conspicuously exserted : capsules linear-oblong, erect, 3-7 cm. long, hardly stipi- 
tate, about twice as long as the pedicels: seeds 2 mm. broad, minutely wrinkled. 

In dry soil, along the Rio Grande, Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


4. PEDICELLARIA Schrank. 

Glabrous pubescent or glandular herbs. Leaves alternate, without stipules: blades 
palmately[3—7-foliolate, commonly petioled. Flowers nearly regular, white or purplish, in 
terminal leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals 4, spreading, deciduous. Receptacle depressed- 
hemispheric. Petals 4, hypogynous, often imbricated, entire or crenulate, narrowed into 
slender claws, inserted under the receptacle. Stamens 6: filaments filiform, distinct above, 
united below and adnate to the stalk of the ovary for at least its length. Ovary long- 
stalked : style wanting: stigma depressed. Ovules numerous. Capsule elongated, silique- 
like, somewhat flattened, its stalk apparently jointed at the junction of the filaments. 
Seeds conduplicate, with a rugose or tuberculate testa. [Gynandropsis DC. ] 


1. Pedicellaria pentaphylla (L.) Schrank. Annual, bright green, clammy-pubes- 
Cent. Stem 5-10 dmi? tall, branching : leaf-blades palmately 3-5-foliolate ; petioles longer 
than the leaflets ; leaflets 2-6 cm. long, the blades oval to obovate, acute or short-acumi- 
nate, serrulate: racemes 1-4 dm. long: bracts suborbicular, oval or broadly obovate : 
sepals lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acuminate : petals white or pink, 5-10 mm. long: blades 
uborbicular, longer than the claws: capsules linear, 4-6 cm. long, surpassing the glandu- 
ar pedicel in length: seeds 1-5 mm. broad, coarsely rugose and muricate. Pamanot 
pentaphylla ( L.) DC.] 
nally from te Places. Georgia Wed Florids to Louisiana. Naturalized from tropical America, but origi- 


490 CAPPARIDACEAE 


5. CLEOMELLA DC. 

Glabrous herbs, with odd-shaped capsules. Leaves alternate, without stipules: blades 
3-foliolate, petioled: leaflets narrow, usually petiolulate. Flowers small, yellow, regular 
or nearly so, in terminal leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals 4, thin, distinct, imbricated, de- 
ciduous. Receptacle elongated, without an appendage. Petals 4, hypogynous, entire, 
sessile, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the top of the receptacle: filaments filiform, 
equal, distinct. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, long-stalked : style wanting : stigma blunt. Ovules 
4-8, usually 2 above the middle of each placenta, amphitropous, becoming campylotropous. 
Capsule short, thicker than broad, inflated, long-stalked, with 2 helmet-like valves. Seeds 
usually 2 on each placenta, pendulous, conduplicate, the crustaceous testa rugose. 

1. Cleomella angustifdlia Torr. Annual, slender, glabrous. Stem 2-7 dm. tall, 
branching, often reddish: leaves alternate ; blades 3-foliolate ; petioles shorter than the 
leaflets; leaflets 1-4 cm. long, with entire, acute or apiculate blades: racemes 3-10 cm. 
long: bracts unifoliolate, linear: sepals ovate, 2mm. long, acuminate: petals oblong, 
obtuse, concave : filaments shorter than the petals or equalling them in length: anthers 
acute, about 8 mm. broad: capsule rhomboidal, commonly broader than long, the two 
valves conic or cap-like, the stipe shorter than the pedicel : seeds 3 mm. long, papillose. 

In dry soil, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 


6. CLEOME L. 

Glabrous or glandular herbs, sometimes slightly woody. Leaves alternate: blades 
palmately 3-7-foliolate, or rarely simple, petioled. Flowers nearly regular, solitary or in 
terminal leafy-bracted racemes, white, yellow or purple. Sepals 4, valvate, nearly dis- 
tinct or more or less united, sometimes rather persistent. Receptacle elevated, with an 
appendage opposite the upper sepal. Petals 4, hypogynous, nearly equal, narrowed into 
short claws, convolutely imbricated. Stamens 6 or rarely 4, inserted on top of the recep- 
tacle: filaments filiform, distinct, unequal, more or less declined. Ovary 1-celled, more 
or less stalked : style wanting or nearly so: stigma blunt. Ovules numerous, campylotro- 
pous. Capsule elongated, silique-like, flattened, 2-valved. Seeds usually numerous, pen- 
dulous, conduplicate. 

1. Cleome spinósa L. Annual, bright green, clammy-pubescent. Stem erect, 3-9 
dm. tall, simple or branched: leaves alternate; blades palmately 5-7-foliolate ; petioles 
longer than the leaflets, commonly with stipular spines; leaflets with elliptic to obovate 
or rarely oblanceolate blades 2-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends, entire, 
sessile racemes 1-3 dm. long, leafy below, bracted above: bracts ovate to lanceolate, 
truntate to cordate at the base: sepals linear-lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long: petals purple or 
rarely white, 2.5-3.5 em. long; blades suborbicular to oval, shorter than the claws: 
stamens 2-3 times longer than the blades: capsule linear, 6-10 cm. long, usually about as 
long as the stipe, much longer than the pedicel : seeds pale, finely reticulated. 

In waste places, New Jersey to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. Summer. SPIDER FLOWER. 


7. CÁPPARIS L. 

Glabrous pubescent or scurfy shrubs or trees, with an acrid often pungent watery sap. 
Stems erect, climbing or prostrate. Leaves alternate, or rarely opposite, very rarely want- 
ing: blades simple, entire, membranous or leathery: stipules bristle-like or spiny. 
Flowers white, regular or irregular, axillary or nearly so, sometimes in terminal cymes or 
racemes. Sepals 4 or rarely 5, distinct or united at the base, valvate or imbricated, naked 
or with a gland or ligule within. Petals 4 or rarely more, imbricated, inserted on the 
base of the short unappendaged receptacle. Stamens numerous, inserted on the recep- 
tacle, in several series: filaments filiform, distinct. Ovary 1-4-celled, long-stalked, with 
2 parietal placentae : style wanting : stigma depressed. Berry or capsule more or lesselon- 
gated, staked, indehiscent or rarely opening irregularly. Seeds usually numerous, reni 
form, immersed in a pulp, with a leathery or crustaceous testa. : 

Foliage glabrous : leaf-blades reticulated : sepals imbricated : capsule glabrous. 1. C. ophallophora. 
Foliage densely scaly : leaf-blades not reticulated : sepals valvate: capsule scaly. 2. C. amaáicensis. 

1. Capparis cynophallóphora L. A glabrous shrub or small tree sometimes several 
m. tall. Leaf-blades oblong or oblong-cuneate, 5-8 cm. long, abruptly pointed, obtuse OF 
notched at the apex, entire, reticulated on both sides; petioles stout, 2-6 mm. long: 
flowers white, 5.5-7.5 cm. broad, few ina cluster: sepalssuborbicular, 6-8 mm. in diameter, 


DROSERACEAE 491 


imbricated : petals 1.5-2 cm. long : stamens numerous, 5-6 cm. long, naked : fruit linear, 
10-20 cm. long, flat, knotty, short-pedicelled, 2-3 times longer than the stipe, glabrous. 

Along the coast, peninsular Florida and the Keys. 

2. Capparis Jamaicénsis Jacq. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 7 m. tall, the 
twigs, lower leaf-surfaces and inflorescence densely scaly. Leaf-blades elliptic, oblong or 
oval, 4-10 em. long, obtuse or notched at the apex, usually shining above, entire, acute at 
the base; petioles stout, 8-12 mm. long: flowers white, about 3 cm. broad, usually 2 at 
the end of a flattened peduncle: sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, 
acutish : petals about 1 em. long: stamens 16-32; filaments villous near the base: fruit 
slender, 2-3 dm. long, on a stout angled pedicel 3-5 times longer than the stipe, scaly. 

On the coast, peninsular Florida and the Keys. 


FAMILY 5. MORINGACEAE Dumort. HORSERADISH TREE FAMILY. 


Trees, with a gummy bark. Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades 2-3-pin- 
nate, the divisions and leaflets opposite, the latter entire, freely deciduous: stip- 
ules wanting or mere glands. Flowers perfect, slightly irregular, in axillary 
panicles. Calyx of 5 unequal imbricated reflexed-spreading sepals on the edge 
of the short cup-like hypanthium. Corolla of 5 petals resembling the sepals, the 
lower petal reflexed, the upper one more or less erect. Andreocium of 5 stamens 
inserted on the margin of the hypanthium and 5 staminodia. Filaments distinct. 
Anthers 1-celled, opening lengthwise. Gynoecium 3-carpellary, stalked. Ovary 
1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Styles united. Stigma minute. Ovules 
numerous, anatropous, pendulous, in two series on each placenta. Capsule elon- 
gated, 8-6-angled, somewhat torulose, beaked, 3-valved. Seeds relatively large, 
3-winged or wingless. Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight with large half- 
globose cotyledons and a very small radicle. 


1. MORINGA Juss. 
Characters of the family. HORSERADISH TREE. - 

_1. Moringa Morínga ( L.) Small. Atree3-9 m. tall. Leaves 3-6 dm. long ; blades 2- 
3-pinnate, the leaflets cuneate to oval or oblong, mostly 1-2 cm. long, entire, obtuse : pani- 
cles several, many-flowered : sepals linear to linear-oblong, 9-13 mm. long, reflexed : petals 
slightly larger than the sepals, white or nearly so: capsules 2.5-3.5 dm. long, 3-angled : 
seeds 3-winged, 2.5-3 em. long, the body fully 1 em. long. [Guilandina Moringa L.] 
éa Tarn soil, southern peninsular Florida. Introduced from the West Indies. Native of south- 


Order 13. SARRACENIALES. 

Insectivorous, usually scapose, herbs, with viscid-fluid secreting tissues. 
Leaves various, filiform, or with dilated sometimes sensitive blades, or hollow. 
Flowers usually perfect and regular. Androecium of few or many stamens. 
Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, with several parietal or basal 
placentae, or 3-5-celled. Fruit capsular. Endosperm fleshy. 

Ovary 1-celled, with a basal placenta or parietal placentae, not surmounted by a peltate disk: leaves 


with filiform or dilated blades. 
Styles distinct : stigmas 2-lobed : placentae parietal: stamens 4-8,usually 5. Fam. 1. DROSERACEAE. 


E eii es united : stigmas pinnatifid : placentae basal: stamens 10-20. Fam. 2. DIONAEACEAE. 
- 3-5-celled, with central placentae, surmounted by a peltate disk : 
eaves with hollow blades. Fam. 3. SARRACENIACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. DROSERACEAE S. F. Gray. SUNDEW FAMILY. 


Biennial or perennial often acaulescent herbs, with glandular-pubescent 
foliage, exuding a viscid secretion. Leaves alternate, often all basal, circinate 
in the bud, merely filiform, or with broad blades, conspicuously ciliate. Flowers 
perfect, often in spikes or racemes. Calyx of 4-8 imbricated persistent sepals. 
Corolla of 4-8 convolute hypogynous usually distinct petals. Androecium of - 
usually 5 perigynous or hypognous stamens. Filaments distinct. Anthers 
usually versatile. Disk wanting. Gynoecium a compound pistil. Ovary 
l-celled with 3-5 parietal placentae, or 2-3-celled, free or nearly so. Styles 
2-5, entire or cleft. Ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit usually a 1-celled 
capsule, loculicidally 3-5.valved. Seeds several or numerous. 


492 DIONAEACEAE 


1. DROSERA L. 

Perennial sometimes scapose herbs, with elongated or corm-like rootstocks, the pubes- 
cence glandular. Leaves alternate, usually basal : blades varying from filiform to peltate, 
circinate in vernation : stipules a scarious dilation at the base of the petiole or wanting. 
Sepals 4-8, withering. Petals 4-8, white or pink, broadened upward. Stamens 4-8 : 
filaments subulate or filiform: anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled, superior, sessile: styles 
2-5, distinct. Capsule 2—5-valved. Seeds minute, the testa loose, reticulated. SuNDEW. 
Leaf-blades suborbicular or broader than long. 1. D. rotundifolia. 
Leaf-blades filiform, linear, spatulate or cuneate. 

Corolla white or pink : leaves with dilated blades. 
Leaf-blades cuneate, usually longer than the petioles : scapes glandular-pubescent. 


2. D. brevifolia. 
Leaf-blades spatulate, usually shorter than the petioles: scapes glabrous. 


Leaf-blades broadly spatulate: corolla pink. 3. D. capillaris. 
Leaf-blades linear-spatulate: corolla white. 4. D. intermedia. 
Corolla purple (rarely white): leaves with filiform blades. 5. D. filiformis. 


1. Drosera rotundifdlia L. Annual, or perennial by short rootstocks. Leaves basal, 
2-4 cm. long; blades suborbicular, much shorter than the flat glandular-pilose petioles: 
scapes erect, solitary or tufted, glabrous, 5-30 cm. tall. wiry, few-many-flowered : sepals ob- 
long, 4-5 mm. long, obtuse: corolla white, 5-6 mm. broad: petals white, expanding in 
sunshine, somewhat longer than the sepals: capsule about 5 mm. long: seeds slender-fusi- 
form, 1.5 mm. long, with a loose wrinkled testa, acute at both ends. 


In bogs or wet sandy swamps, Labrador to Alaska, Florida, Alabama and California. Also in 
Europe and Asia. Summer. 


2. Drosera brevifdlia Pursh. Biennial, or perennial by short rootstocks, glandular- 
pilose. Leaves basal, flimsy, 1-1.5 cm. long ; blades cuneate, mostly longer than the pet- 
loles: scapes erect, solitary or several together, 5-15 cm. tall, 2-6-flowered, glandular- 
pilose : sepals oblong, 3-10 mm. long, acute, united below: coralla white, 1.5 em. broad : 
capsule about as long as the calyx : seeds oblong, 0.3 mm. long, minutely tuberculate all 
over. 

In damp sandy pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. $ 

3. Drosera capillàris Poir. Biennial, or perennial by short rootstocks. Leaves 
basal, 3-6 em. long; blades spatulate, much shorter than the slender, elongated, glabrous 
petioles: scapes erect, 5-40 cm. tall, wiry, solitary or several together, glabrous, 5-20- 
flowered : sepals oblong, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse : corolla pink, 8-9 mm. broad : capsule sur- 
passing the calyx : seeds oval, 0.5 mm. long, minutely tuberculate all over. 

In and about ponds, South Carolina to Florida. Spring. 

4. Drosera intermédia Hayne. Perennial by elongated rootstocks. Leaves slender, 
2-6 cm. long ; blades spatulate, much shorter than the slender glabrous petioles : scapes 
usually decumbent, wiry, 5-20 cm. tall, 6-14-flowered, glabrous : sepals oblong, about 4 
mm. long, obtuse, united at the base: corolla white, 10-12 mm. broad : capsule obovoid, 
4—4.5 mm. long: seeds oblong, with a close roughened testa. 


In sandy swamps or ponds, Anticosti to Manitoba, south to Florida and Louisiana. Also in the 
West Indies and Europe. Summer. 


5. Drosera filifórmis Raf. Perennial by short rootstocks. Leaves basal, filiform, 
without distinction between blade and petiole, 1-4 dm. long, conspicuously glandular- 
villous throughout, erect: scapes erect, solitary or several together, 1-6 dm. tall, gla- 
brous, few-many-flowered : sepals 5, oblong to oval, about 4 mm. long, united below, 
glandular-pubescent like the pedicels, which are longer or shorter than the calyx: corolla 
bright purple or rarely white, 2.5-3 cm. broad : petals 5, cuneate-obovate, erose at the 
apex: capsules oblong-ovoid, about 5 mm. high : seeds 0.6 mm. long, oblong, papillose. 


In wet pine lands or sandy swamps, Massachusetts to Florida, chiefly near the coast. Spring and 
summer. 


FAMILY 2. DIONAEACEAE Lindl. VENUS! FLYTRAP FAMILY. 


Perennial glabrous herbs, with corymbosely branched scapes. Leaves beer 
with dilated petioles and short 2-lobed blades with coarsely ciliate margins an 
irritable, the two lobes folding together when stimulated. Sepals 5, spreading. 
Petals 5, hypogynous, white, the broad tip eroded. Androecium of 10-20, often 
15, stamens, inserted with the petals: filaments filiform, united at the les : 
anthers extrorse. Gynoecium of 5 united carpels. Ovary sessile, Lon ‘ 
nearly superior: styles united : stigmas 5, pinnatifid. Ovules on a basal p di 
centa. Capsule sessile, opening irregularly. Seeds numerous, with a smoo 
shining testa. 


SARRACENIACEAE 493 


1. DIONAEA Ellis. 

Characters of the family. FLyTrap. VENUS FLYTRAP. 

1. Dionaea muscípula Ellis. Foliage deep green. Leaves thickish, 4-8 cm. long ; 
petioles spatulate or obovate, naked ; blades suborbicular in outline, cordate at the base, 
notched at the apex, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, fringed with long bristles: scape erect, 1-3 dm. 
tall, simple below, sometimes branched above: cymes 8-10-flowered : pedicels stout, 1-2 
em. long: sepals ovate or elliptic-ovate, 7-9 mm. long, acute, serrulate : petals cuneate, 
11-13 mm. long, truncate and erose at the apex: stamens hardly å as long as the petals: 
capsule broadly ovoid, 3-4 mm. high. 

In sandy bogs, near the coast, eastern North Carolina and South Carolina. Spring. 


FAMILY 3. SARRACENIACEAE La Pylaie. PrrcHER-PLANT FAMILY. 


Perennial acaulescent herbs, inhabitants of bogs and swamps, living to some 
extent on decaying organic matter which has fallen into their leaves. Leaves 
basal, in the form of variously shaped trumpets or pitchers, often highly colored. 
Flowers perfect, solitary or rarely several at the end of a scape. Perianth 
of 2 series. Calyx of 5 persistent sepals, subtended by 3 bracts. Corolla of 
5 hypogynous colored deciduous petals. Androecium of numerous hypogynous 
stamens. Filaments very short. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium a compound 
pistil. Ovary 3—-5-celled, superior. Styles united into a 5-angled peltate cov- 
ering. Ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit a 5-valved capsule with placentae 
projecting into each cavity. Seeds numerous, minute. 


1. SARRACENIA L. 


Marsh herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves basal, erect or procumbent, hollow, 
often variegated, winged or margined on one side, sticky and pubescent within with de- 
flexed hairs. Scapes erect, naked, 1-flowered. Flowers often showy, nodding, of various 
colors. Sepals 5, leathery, spreading, persistent. Petals 5, usually broadest above the 
middle, converging or drooping, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Styles united into a 
five-angled umbrella-like body, the projections from the angles recurved, introrsely 
stgmatose. Capsule very much wrinkled or echinate-papillose, locudicidally 5-valved. 


A . LI 
Seeds anatropous, with a reticulated coat. PrTCHER-PLANT. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. 
TRUMPET-LEAF. 


Petals maroon or reddish brown, rarely varying to yellowish green. 
Leaves decumbent or ascending, with broad ventral wings. 
Leaves decumbent ; hood inclined: petals 3-4 em. long. 1. S. psittacina. 
Leaves ascending; hood erect: petals 4-5 em. long. : 2. S. purpurea. 
Leaves erect with ventral margins. 


Hood acute or acuminate, the margin entire: sepals 2-2.5 em. long: petals 
3-4 em. long. 3. S. rubra. 


Hood round i rs : it. 
Petala sellos ed, the margin wavy: sepals 5-6 cm. long : petals 5-7 cm. long. 4. S. Drummondii 


ood of the leaf erect, not conspicuously reticulate-variegated without. 
Capsules with processes much less than 0.5 mm. high: seeds over 2 mm. long, 
not verrucose. 5. S. flava. 


Capsules with processes 0.5 mm. high: seeds less than 2 mm. long, verrucose. 6. S. Catesbaei. 
ood of the leaf arching over the orifice, conspicuously reticulated on the back. 7. S. minor. 


1. Sarracenia psittacina Michx. Leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, decumbent, in a basal 
Tosette, variegated, especially above, with white spots and purple veins ; tube club-shaped, 
with a broad half-obovate wing, contracted at the orifice ; Ed strongly incurved, in- 
flated, subglobose : scapes erect, 2-4 dm. tall: flowers 3-5 cm. broad : sepals ovate, 2-2.5 
cm. long, obtuse: petals oblanceolate or spatulate, 3-4 dm. long, rounded or retuse at the 
apex : style-disk about 3.5 cm. broad, the lobes 2-cleft : capsule 10-14 mm. in diameter. 

In pine-land swamps, Georgia to Florida and Alabama. Spring. 

.2. Sarracenia purpürea L. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, ascending, in a basal rosette, often 
variegated with purple; tube inflated, with a half-obovate or half-oblanceolate wing, 
the orifice not contracted ; hood reniform, often notched at the apex, erect or nearly so: 
Scapes erect, 2-4 dm. tall: flowers 5-6 cm. broad : sepals ovate, about 3 cm. long. obtuse : 
petals fiddle-shaped, 4-5 cm. long, obtuse, purple: style-disk 3-4 cm. broad, the lobes 
notched : capsule about 1.5 cm. broad. 

In sphagnous swamps, Labrador and Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains, south to Florida 


and Alabama. Spring. SIDE-sSADDLE FLOWER. 


H 


494 SARRACENIACEAE 


3. Sarracenia rübra Walt. Leaves erect, tubular or trumpet-shaped, 1-3 dm. long, or 
sometimes slightly longer, narrowly winged, hardly expanded at the throat, the slenderest 
in the genus, slightly paler above, and, like the ovate acute or acuminate finally erect hood, 
faintly reticulated with purple: scapes erect, longer than the leaves: flowers 3-5 cm. 
broad : sepals ovate, 2-2.5 cm. long, obtuse: petals 3-4 cm. long, reddish purple, with 
obovate blades : style-disk 3-3.5 em. broad, the lobes notched at the apex: capsules about 
1.5 cm. in diameter. 

In swamps, away from the coast, North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


4. Sarracenia Drummóndii Croom. Leaves erect, elongated, narrowly trumpet- 
shaped, 4-12 dm. long, slightly winged, the upper part gradually expanding, white, retic- 
ulated with purple, like the erect ovate or suborbicular hood, whose margins are undulate 
above and recurved below, the edges of the trumpet revolute : scapes erect, scarcely longer 
than the leaves: flowers 7-10 cm. broad : sepals ovate, 5-6 cm. long, obtuse : petals fiddle- 
shaped, 5-7 cm. long, purple : style-disk 5-6 cm. broad, the lobes 2-cleft : capsule 2.5-3.5 
cm. in diameter. 

In sandy bogs, southwestern Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


5. Sarracenia flàva L. Leaves erect, elongated, trumpet-shaped, 5-9 dm. tall, grad- 
ually expanding above, the edges revolute, the upper part of the trumpet as well as the 
suborbicular apiculate hood which is 8-12 cm. broad, often bright yellow, more or less re- 
ticulated with reddish or purple veins: scape about as long as the leaves: flowers 10-12 
em. broad: sepals widest at the middle, 4-5 cm. long, rounded at the broad apex : petals 
yellow, much thinner than the sepals, 7-10 cm. long ; blades obovate, obtuse, abruptly nar- 
rowed to the oblong claw, scarcely widened at the base: style-disk 7-9 cm. broad, the 
lobes 2-cleft at the apex : capsule about 2 cm. in diameter. 

In pine-land swamps, and in meadows near the mountains, Virginia to Florida. Spring 
WATCHES. TRUMPETS. 

6. Sarracenia Catesbaéi Ell. Leaves erect, rather slender, narrowly trumpet- 
shaped, 2-5 dm. long, slightly expanding above ; hood ovate, with relatively straight 
inconspicuous veins, these much less branched than those of S. flava: scapes about as tall 
as the leaves: sepals widest near the base, tapering to the narrow but blunt apex, resemb- 
ling the petals in texture: petals greenish yellow, 5-6 cm. long, fiddle-shaped ; blades 
rhombic-ovate, the abruptly widened basal portion nearly 2 cm. long, rhombic-obovate : 
capsule similar to those of Č flava, but with longer processes. 

In swamps, South Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


7 Sarracenia minor Walt. Leaves erect, 2-4 dm. long, narrowly trumpet-shaped, 
gradually expanding from the base, variegated at and near the top with green and pur- 
ple veins and white or yellowish scar-like blotches; hood ovate, arching, incurved over 
the orifice of the trumpet : scapes erect, shorter than the leaves or slightly longer: flow- 
ers 4-6 cm. broad : sepals ovate, about 2.5 cm. long, obtuse : petals narrowly fiddle-shaped, 
about 4 cm. long, rounded at the apex: style-disk 2.5-3 cm. broad, the lobes notched : 
capsule 1.5 cm. broad. [S. variolaris Michx. ] 


In pine-land swamps and low woods, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


Order 14. ROSALES. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, rarely wholly aquatic plants, or vines. Leaves with 
simple or compound blades. Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx and corolla present 
and sometimes irregular, or the latter occasionally, or both rarely wanting. 
Sepals distinct or partially united, commonly confluent with the hypanthium. 
Androecium of several mostly epigynous or perigynous stamens. Gynoecium 
of 1 or several distinct or united carpels. Fruit various. 

Aquatic alga-like fleshy herbs, with spathe-like involucres: perianth nuu OO PTEMAQNAN- 
Terrestrial or swamp plants, without spathe-like involueres: perianth 
A" Endosperm present, usually copious and fleshy: stipules mostly 
&. Herbs. 
*Carpels as many as the sepals: stamens as many as the sepals 
or twice as many. ae i 
"-— Ai Pup distinct or united at the base, open- dcm: 4i secs 


Plants not succulent: carpels united to the middle, circum- 
scissile. d Fam. 3. PENTHORACEAE- 


PODOSTEMACEAE 495 


** Carpels fewer than the sepals. . ; : 
Staminodia present: carpels 3 or 4, wholly united into a 1-celled gynoecium. 
Fam. 4. PARNASSIACEAE. 
Staminodia wanting}: carpels mostly 2, distinct or partially 


united. Fam. 5. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 
b. Shrubs or trees. 
Leaves opposite. Fam. 6. ESCALLONIACEAE. 
Leaves Pi T per 
Fruit a 2-celled capsule. 
Capsule thin-walled, almost free from the hypanthium. Fam. 7. ITEACEAE, 
Capsule woody or thick-walled, manifestly adnate to the 
hypanthium. Fam. 8. ALTINGIACEAE. 
Fruit a 1-celled berry. Fam.’ 9. GROSSULARIACEAE. 


B. Endosperm wanting or scant (copious in Opulaster in ROSACEAE): 
stipules mostly present. 

Flowers monoecious, in dense capitate clusters. Fam. 10. PLATANACEAE. 

Flowers perfeet,orif monoeciousor dioecious,not in capitate clusters. 

Flowers regular. 
Carpels several or numerous, or if solitary becoming an achene. 
Carpels distinet, rarely adnate to the hypanthium: fruit 
achenes or follicles. 


Sepals and petals 5: leaves mostly alternate. Fam. 11. ROSACEAE. 
Sepals and petals numerous: leaves opposite. Fam. 12. CALYCANTHACEAE. 
Carpels united, enclosed by the hypanthium and adnate to : 
it : fruit a pome. Fam. 13. MALACEAE. 
Carpel solitary, not becoming an achene. 
Ovary with 2 ovules: leaf-blades simple: fruit a drupe. Fam. 14. AMYGDALACEAE. 
Ovary with several ovules: leaf-blades 2-3-pinnate: fruitia 
legume. 
Petals valvate in the bud. Fam. 15. MIMOSACEAE. 
Petals imbricated in the bud, Gleditsia and Gymnocladus 
in CASSIACEAE. Fam. 16. CASSIACEAE. 


Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in Gleditsia and Gym- 
nocladus in CASSIACEAE.) 

Fruit indehiscent, armed with barbed spines: leaf-blades|sim- 

_ple: stipules wanting. Fam. 17. KRAMERIACEAE. 
Fruit a legume or loment: leaf-blades compound: stipules 
usually present. 
Upper petal enelosed by the lateral] ones in the bud. Fam. 16. CASSIACEAE. 
Upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud. Fam. 18. FABACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. PODOSTEMACEAE Lindl. RrvER-WEED FAMILY. 


Annual aquatic herbs, with poorly differentiated vegetative organs, com- 
monly resembling the thallus of an alga or hepatic. Leaves alternate: blades 
often divided. Flowers usually perfect, incomplete, subtended by a spathe-like 
involucre. Perianth wanting, or when present of 3-5 membranous sepals. An- 
droecium of 2 or sometimes many hypogynous stamens. Anthers 2-celled, open- 
ing lengthwise. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels. Ovary 2-3-celled. Styles 
2 or 3, short. Ovules several or numerous, anatropous. Fruit a 2-3-celled rib- 
bed capsule. Seeds often numerous. Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight. 


1. PODOSTEMON Michx. 


Fresh-water caulescent herbs, various in habit, usually resembling algae. Leaves al- 
ternate : blades divided or dissected. Flowers inconspicuous, sessile or nearly so in the 
spathe-like involucre. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2: filaments united to near the top. 
Staminodia 2, slender. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2, narrow, nearly erect. Capsule lon- 
ger than thick, 2-valved, 6-10-ribbed. Seeds very small. 

NET: capele oval. 8-ribbed : leaf-segments flattened. ; 1. P. Ceratophyllum. 

er: capsules oblong, 10-ribbed : leaf-segments almost capillary. 2. P. abrotanoides. 

1. Podostemon Ceratophyllum Michx. Plants olive green, glabrous. Stems 0.5-2 
dm. long, attached to stones in running water by disk-like expansions: leaves rigid ; 
blades divided into many narrow segments, the base sheathing the stem : flowers solitary, 
slender-pedicelled, about 1.5 mm. broad, bursting from the spathes : united filaments much 
onger than the ovary : capsules oval, 2.5 mm. long, obtuse at both ends, 8-ribbed. 

id ser Bine WMer, on rocks, Ontario to Minnesota, New York, Georgia, Alabama and Kentucky. 

2. Podostemon abrotanoides Nutt. Similar to the preceding species in habit, but 
larger, the stems sometimes becoming 6 or 7 dm. long. Leaves often numerous : blades 
much divided into almost capillary segments : flowers 2 or 3 together, short-pedicelled : 
capsules oblong, 10-ribbed. 

On gravelly river bottoms, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Summer. 


496 SEDACEAE 


FAMILY 2. SEDACEAE Neck. ORPINE FAMILY. 


Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants, various in habit, with mostly succulent 
tissues. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, without stipules: blades thick. 
Flowers perfect or dioecious, solitary, or usually in cymes. Perianth usually of 
2series. Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent sepals, or rarely fewer or more. Corolla of 
as many imbricated, sometimes united petals as there are sepals, or wanting. 
Androecium of as many stamens as there are petals, or twice as many. Anthers 
opening lengthwise. Receptacle with a scale at the base of each carpel. Gy- 
noecium of as many distinct or partially united carpels as there are sepals. 
Styles terminal. Ovules in 2 rows along the ventral suture. Fruit membran- 
ous or leathery follicles, opening along the ventral suture. Seeds minute, nu- 
merous. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo terete. [Crassulaceae DC. ] 

Sepals and petals distinct or nearly so: calyx not inflated. 


Stamens as many as the sepals. 1. TILLAEA. 
Stamens twice as many as the sepals. 
Carpels distinet. 2. SEDUM. 
Carpels partially united. 3. DIAMORPHA. 
Sepals and petals united : ealyx inflated. 4. BRYOPHYLLUM. 


1. TILLABA L. 


Low fleshy usually mud-inhabiting glabrous caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite, terete 
or flattish, entire. Flowers white or reddish, solitary in the axils, or in simple axillary 
or terminal cymes. Sepals 3-5, united below. Petals 3-5, distinct, or united at the base. 
Stamens 3-5: filaments filiform: scales 3-5, narrow, or obsolete. Carpels 3-5, distinct. 
Ovary 1-celled: styles subulate or wanting: stigmas minute. Ovules several or rarely 1 
in each cavity. Follicles 3-5, distinct. 


Flowers sessile or nearly so: corolla greenish : follicles with 8-10 seeds. 1. T. aquatica. —— 
Flowers manifestly pedicelled : corolla reddish: follicles with 12-20 seeds. 2. T. Drummond. 


1. Tillaea aquatica L. Stems simple or widely branching, 2-7 em. long, sometimes 
creeping: leaves opposite and connate, linear-oblong, 4-6 mm. long, acutish or obtuse: 
flowers solitary and sessile in the axils or nearly so: corolla greenish, about 1 mm. broad : 
petals about twice as long as the sepals: follicles ovoid, surpassing the calyx: seeds 8-10 
in each follicle. [T. simplex Nutt. | 

On muddy banks, Nova Scotia to Massachusetts, Maryland and Alabama. Summer. 

2. Tillaea Drummóndii T. & G. Stems usually much branched at the base, the 
branches 1-3 cm. long, often rooting at the lower nodes, mostly forking above: leaves 
linear-oblong or spatulate, 2-4 mm. long, obtuse, the bases connate : flowers mostly solitary 
in the axils : pedicels finally as long as the leaves : sepals ovate, 0.5 mm. long, rather obtuse : 
petals reddish, twice as long as the sepals: follicles 1 mm. long, obtuse: seeds oval, 
12-20 in each follicle. 

On muddy shores of ponds, Washington to Colorado, Louisiana, Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


2. SEDUM L. 

Fleshy commonly glabrous caulescent herbs or rarely shrubby plants. Stems solitary, 
or often tufted. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled: blades flat or terete, entire or 
toothed. Flowers perfect or dioecious, white, yellow, pink or blue, in terminal or axillary 
cymes or rarely solitary. Sepals 4 or 5, distinct. Petals 4 or 5 or rarely more, distinct. 
Stamens 8-10, or rarely more: filaments subulate or filiform, often adnate to the petals. 
Carpels 4 or 5, distinct or nearly so. Ovary 1-celled: styles subulate: stigmas minute. 
Ovules usually numerous in each cavity. Follicles 4 or 5, erect or spreading. 


Stem-leaves with terete or nearly terete blades. 


t. MEN. 1. S. Nuttallianum. 

Corolla white, pink or purple. 

Corolla purple. p 9. S. pulchellum. 
Corolla white or pink. 3. S. pusillum. 


Stem-leaves with flat blades. 
Relatively low plants with decumbent or creeping stems. 


Corolla less than 13 mm. broad : follicles 2.5-4.5 mm. long: bracts linear. 4. S. Net. 
Corolla over 13 mm. long: follicles 5.5-8 mm. long: bracts oblong. 5. S. ternatum. 
— tall plants with erect stems. 

Leal-blades toothed : flowers in dichotomous or corymb-like cymes. hioides 
Flowers perfect: sepals and petals 5: corolla white or pink. 6. S. telep Y 
Flowers dioecious : sepals and petals 4 or rarely 5: corolla purple. TA. Roana 

Leaf-blades entire: flowers in spike-like, raceme-like or panicle-like cymes. 8. S. Texanum. 


SEDACEAE 497 


1. Sedum Nuttalliànum Raf. Annual, slender, glabrous. Stems 3-5 cm. tall, often 
branched at the base or above: leaves scattered ; blades nearly terete, obtuse, 3-9 mm. 
long, sessile: branches of the cymes 3-5, 1-6 cm. long: flowers rather few : sepals oblong- 
ovate, nearly 2 mm. long, obtuse: petals yellow, broadly lanceolate, 3 mm. long, acutish : 
follicles 3.5 mm. long, diverging, each tipped with the subulate style. 

In dry soil, Missouri to Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 

2. Sedum pulchéllum Michx. Annual or perennial, bright green. Stems usually 
branched at the base, the branches 5-30 cm. tall, leafy above : leaves numerous ; blades terete 
or nearly so, linear, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse: branches of the cymes 2-6 cm. long: flowers 
numerous: sepals linear or linear-oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse: petals deep or pale 
purple, oblong, hardly twice as long as the sepals: stamens 8 or those of the central 
flowers sometimes 10: follicles slender, about 5 mm. long, tapering into the subulate styles. 

On rocks, Virginia to Missouri, Georgia and Texas. Spring and summer. 

3. Sedum pusíllum Michx. Annual, glabrous, pale green. Stems 2-10 cm. tall, 
simple or branched, the branches corymbose: leaves alternate; blades nearly terete, 2-6 
mm. long, obtuse, sessile : cymes open, the branches 1-3 em. long : flowers several : sepals 
5, broader than long: petals white or pink, ovate, 2.5 mm. long, obtuse often hooded at the 
apex: stamens 8 : follicles spreading, 4 mm. long, acute. 

On granite rocks, South Carolina and Georgia. Spring. 

4. Sedum Névii A. Gray. Perennial, pale green, forming wide mats. Stems de- 
cumbent, 2-14 em. long, very leafy, simple or branched, the flowering stems longer than 
the sterile ones: leaves alternate; blades club-shaped or spatulate, 5-15 mm. long, obtuse: 
flowers several, about 1 em. broad: branches of the cyme usually 2-6 cm. long: sepals 
linear-lanceolate, acutish: petals white, lanceolate, acute, as long as the sepals or slightly 
longer: stamens 8, shorter than the petals: anthers purple-brown: follicles slender, 2.5- 
4.5 mm. long, each terminating in the bristle-like style. 

On banks in woods, Virginia to Alabama. Spring. 

5. Sedum ternatum Michx. Perennial, matted, bright green. Stems decumbent, 
3-15 em. long, often creeping, branching below: leaves mostly in whorls of 3's, those on 
sterile branches crowded, those on fertile branches distant ; blades varying from spatulate 
to suborbicular, sessile or nearly so: flowers perfect: branches of the cymes 3-10 cm. 
long, spreading or recurved : sepals linear, 4 mm. long, obtuse: petals white, oblong- 
lanceolate, about 7 mm. long, obtuse : stamens 8, or in the central flowers 10: follicles di- 
verging, 5.5-8 mm. long, each tipped with the subulate style. 

On rocks or shady banks, New York to Indiana and in or near the mountains to Georgia and Ten- 
nessee. Spring. 

6. Sedum telephioides Michx. Perennial, stout, glaucous. Stems sometimes 
tufted, 1-4 dm. tall, simple below, corymbosely branched above : leaves not approximate ; 
blades oval to ovate, 2-7 cm. long, coarsely toothed or nearly entire, the lower ones usually 
short-petioled, the upper ones sessile: cymes terminal, corymbose: flowers several, not 
crowded : sepals linear-lanceolate, nearly 3 mm. long, acute : petals white or pink, oblong, 
about 5 mm. long, acute: stamens 10: follicles 3.5-4 mm. long, erect, slender-beaked. 

On dry rocks, western New York to Indiana, Maryland and Georgia. Summer. 

7. Sedum Roanénse Britton. Perennial, stout, deep green. Stems tufted, 1-4 dm. 
tall, simple: leaves approximate ; blades elliptic, narrowly cuneate or almost linear, 1-3.5 
cm. long, acutish or obtuse, entire or nearly so, sessile: flowers dioecious, in dense terminal 
cymes, purple, the staminate with 8 or rarely 10 stamens, the pistillate with 4-5 carpels: 
sepals 4 or rarely 5, linear, about 1 mm. long, obtuse: petals oblong-linear, 3 mm. long, 
obtuse : follicles nearly erect, 8-12 mm. long, the tips slightly spreading. [S. Rhodiola 
Chapm., not DC. ] 

On cliffs, Roan Mountain, North Carolina. Spring and summer. 

8. Sedum Texanum J. G. Smith. Perennial, glabrous. Stems 1.5-2 dm. tall, 
sparingly branched from near the base: leaves few, alternate ; blades fleshy, obovate to 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. long, entire, acute or acuminate, or some of them 
blunt, sessile: flowers in spike-like, raceme-like or panicle-like cymes, the individual 

owers or the flower-clusters remote: sepals 5, oblong, acute: petals 5, pinkish yellow, 
ete mm. long, often slightly broadened upward, thickened and apiculate at the apex : 
icles inflated, subulate-tipped. 

In chapparal, Corpus Christi, Texas. Summer and fall. 


3. DIAMÓRPHA Nutt. 


Low, annual or biennial herbs. Stems usually highly colored, branched. Leaves al- 
ternate or scattered, nearly terete, sessile. Flowers perfect, pink or pinkish, in corymbose 


32 


498 PARNASSIACEAE 


cymes. Sepals 4. Petals 4, distinct. Stamens 8, inserted at the base of the petals: fila- 
ments filiform: anthers dark-colored. Scales minute, suborbicular. Carpels 4, united be- 
low the middle. Ovary 1-celled: styles subulate, short: stigmas minute. Ovules numer- 
ous in each carpel, crowded on axile placentae. Follicles 4, the tips spreading at maturity. 

1. Diamorpha cymósa (Nutt.) Britton. Plants glabrous, reddish throughout. 
Stems 2-10 cm. tall, simple or branched at the base or above: leaves nearly terete, 2-5 
mm. long, obtuse, ascending, sometimes incurved, sessile: pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long: sepals 
triangular, acute or acutish, slightly spreading: petals oblong-ovate, boat-shaped, nearly 3 
mm. long, obtuse: stamens shorter than the petals: anthers black: follicles 1.5-2 mm. 
long, with curved or hooked tips. [D. pusilla Nutt. ] 

On rocks, chiefly granite, North Carolina and Tennessee to middle Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


4. BRYOPHYLLUM Salisb. 


Upright herbs, with ashrubby base and fleshy tissues. Leaves opposite: blades simple 
or pinnately compound ; leaflets mostly toothed. Flowers perfect, often showy, nodding, in 
cymes or panicles which are opposite the branches. Sepals 4, united into an often inflated 
calyx. Corolla nearly campanulate, or urn-shaped, the narrow limb with 4 spreading 
lobes. Stamens 8, in 2 rows, adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube: filaments 
filiform: anthers mostly exserted. Glands of the disk 4, oblong. Carpels 4, distinct or 
partially united. Ovules many in each cavity. Follicles 4. Seeds numerous. 

1. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) S. Kurz. Perennial, glabrous. Stems 4-15 dm. 
tall, more or less widely branched: leaf-blades often pinnately compound, 1-3 dm. long ; 
leaflets oblong, oval or elliptic, obtuse, crenate, the terminal one several times longer than 
the lateral ones: panicles 1-4 dm. long, conspicuous: calyx bladder-like when growing, 
finally oblong-campanulate, 3-3.5 cm. long, glabrous: corolla reddish, twice as long as 
the calyx or shorter ; lobes lanceolate or narrowly ovate, acute. [B. calycinum Salisb. ] 

In waste places, Florida. Introduced from tropical America. 


FAMILY 8. PENTHORACEAE Rydb. VIRGINIA STONECROP FAMILY. 


Perennial herbs, with relatively firm tissues and erect stems. Leaves alter- 
nate; blades thinnish, serrate. Flowers perfect, greenish, in terminal cymes, 
secund on the.branches. Sepals 5. Petals 5, inconspicuous, or wanting. Sta- 
mens 10, hypogynous: filaments filiform. Scales wanting.  Carpels 5, united 
to about the middle: styles very short, abruptly pointed, diverging : stigmas 
capitate. Ovules numerous in each carpel, on axile placentae.  Follicles united 
into a 5-celled, 5-lobed depressed circumscissile capsule with wide-spreading or 
recurved persistent styles. 


1. PENTHORUM L. 


Characters of the family. DITCH or VIRGINIA STONECROP. 

1. Penthorum sedoides L. Foliage bright green, glabrous, or glandular pubescent 
above. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, simple or branched above, terete below, angled above: leaf- 
blades narrowly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, ser- 
rate; petioles 0.5-2 cm. long: branches of the cymes 2-8 cm. long, spreading : flowers 
greenish white, 4 mm. broad: sepals ovate, 1.5 mm. long, acute: petals generally want- 
ing : capsule depressed, 4-5 mm. broad, each lobe tipped with a stout slightly recurved style. 

In swamps and wet soil, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


FAMILY 4. PARNASSIÀCEAE Dumort. GrAss-oF-PARNASSUS FAMILY. 


Acaulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves basal: blades ed 
entire: petioles usually elongated, erect, dilated at the base. Scapes usually 
solitary, simple, each bearing a bract. Flowers perfect, white or pale yo 
solitary. Perianth in 2 series. Calyx persistent: sepals 5, imbricated. Cor 
of 5 variously shaped imbricated entire or fimbriate, often conspicuous y 
nerved, deciduous petals. Androecium of 5 hypogynous or perigynous stamens 
alternating with entire or tufted staminodia. Filaments subulate. d 
introrse. Gynoecium of 3 or4 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, superior or ha 


SAXIFRAGACEAE 499 


inferior, with 3 or 4 parietal placentae. Styles very short. Stigmas 3-4, over the 
plaventae. Ovules anatropous, numerous. Capsule membranous, 1-celled, 
loculicidally 3—4-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous, winged, the testa loose. 
Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight, terete. 


1. PARNASSIA L. 


Characters of the family. Grass-oF-PARNASSUS. 

Leaf-blades longer than broad : petals sessile. 1. P. grandifolia. 
Leaf-blades broader than long: petals with claws. 2. P. asarifolia. 

1. Parnassia grandifélia DC. Leaf-blades suborbicular to ovate, rounded or obtuse 
at the apex, narrowed or cordate at the base, entire; petioles as long as the blades or 
longer: scapes erect, solitary or several together, 3-6 dm. tall, with a bract at the middle 
or much below it: sepals reflexed, ovate, obtuse, striped : petals white or cream-colored 
with dark parallel nerves and dark reticulated veins on either side near the base, oval to 
elliptic, 2-2.5 em. long, sessile: staminodia 3-5 in each set, filiform, about 1 cm. long, 
mo longer than the stamens: filaments recurved at maturity: capsule oval, 1-1.5 mm. 

ong. 

In wet soil, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

2. Parnassia asarifolia Vent. Leaf-blades reniform to orbicular-reniform, 5-10 cm. 
broad, rounded at the apex, entire, cordate at the base, deeper green above than beneath ; 
petioles somewhat longer than the blades or much longer: scapes erect, solitary or tufted, 
2-4 dm. tall, bearing a clasping bract below the middle: sepals ovate or oblong, 4-5 mm. 
long, obtuse : petals cream-colored striped with green, 1.5-2 cm. long, the blades broadly 
ovate to suborbicular, obtuse or notched at the apex ; claws about 3 as long as the blades or 
shorter : staminodia 3 in each set : stamens about as long as the staminodia : capsule ovoid, 
6-10 em. long. 


In wet mountain brooks, Virginia to middle Georgia. Summer and fall. 


FAMILY 5. SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 


Caulescent or acaulescent herbs, with glabrous or variously pubescent foli- 
age. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades often thick. Flowers perfect or 
polygamo-dioecious, solitary, racemose, paniculate or cymose. Perianth usually 
of 2 series. Calyx of 5, or rarely 4 or more sepals, usually persistent. Corolla 
of usually 4-5 distinct petals, or wanting. Disk normally present. Androecium 
of as many or twice as many epigynous or perigynous stamens as there are petals, 
or in apetalous species as many or twice as many as there aresepals. Filaments 
distinct, thickest below the middle or above it. Gynoecium of 1 or several dis- 
tinct or united carpels. Styles as many as there are carpels, or cavities in the 
ovary. Ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit a capsule or folliele. Seeds com- 
monly numerous, with copious fleshy endosperm. Embryo terete. 


Leaf-blades 3-ternate : flowers ; 
2 : polygamous. 1, ASTILBE. 
Leaf-blades simple, lobed or ternate: flowers perfect. 
Capsules 2-celled: placentae axile. 
Stamens 5. 2. THEROFON. 
Stamens 10. 
Corolla regular : petals all alike or nearly so. 3. MICRANTHES, 
Corolla irregular: petals various, 2 with narrow blades, 3 with sagittate 
or lanceolate blades. 4. SPATULARIA. 
Capsules 1-celled : placentae basal or parietal. 
Placenta basal. 5. TIARELLA. 
Placentae parietal. 
Placentae 3: styles 3. 6, LEPUROPETALON. 
Placentae 2: styles 2. 
Petals present: terrestrial plants. 
Stamens 5: petals entire. 7. HEUCHERA. 
Stamens 10: petals 3-cleft or pinnatifid. 8. MITELLA. 
Petals wanting: aquatic plants. 9. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. 


1. ASTÍLBE Hamilt. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, resembling Aruncus. Leaves alternate : blades thrice com- 
pound, petioled; leaflets toothed. Flowers usually polygamo-dioecious, in terminal 
panicled spikes or racemes. Sepals 5, or rarely 4, imbricated. Petals 5, or rarely 4, or 
wanting, narrow, inserted at the base of the calyx. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals : 


500 SAXIFRAGACEAE 


filaments elongated: anthers cordate. Ovary partly inferior. Carpels 2-3, more or less 
united. Ovules numerous in each cavity, on axile placentae. Fruit of 2-3 carpels. Seeds 
small, usually numerous. Testa membranous. FALSE GOAT’S-BEARD. 
Leaflets sharply toothed or lobed: fruit 4 mm. high. 1. A. biternata. 
Leaflets crenately toothed or lobed: fruit 3 mm. high. 2. A. erenatilobata. 
1. Astilbe biternàta (Vent.) Britton. Foliage bright green. Stem 1-2 m. tall, 
branching or sometimes simple: leaves ample; blades mostly thrice ternate, longer than 
the petioles ; leaflets acuminate, sharply serrate or incised, often lobed, cordate at the base, 
the lateral ones oblong to ovate, the terminal ones oval to suborbicular in outline, sharply 
3-lobed, all sparingly pubescent beneath: panicle 1-3 dm. long, finely glandular-pilose : 
sepals ovate, less than 1 mm. long, obtuse: petals narrowly spatulate, 2-3.5 mm. long, 


shorter or wanting in the perfect flowers: fruit oblong-ovoid, 4 mm. high, the follicles 
distinct. [A. decandra D. Don.] 

In rich woods in and near the mountains, Virginia to Tennessee, and Georgia. Spring. 

2. Astilbe crenatilobàta (Britton) Small. Foliage deep green. Stem about 1 m. 
tall, more or less branched : leaves ample; blades thrice ternate; petioles usually shorter 
than the blades ; leaflets thin, crenately toothed or lobed, the teeth or lobes apiculate, the 
lateral leaflets ovate or oval, cordate at the base, the terminal leaflet, ovate or suborbicular 
in outline, usually 3-lobed, cordate or acute at the base: fruit ovoid, 3 mm. high, the 
follicles distinct. [A. decandra crenatilobata Britton. ] 

In deep woods, North Carolina. Summer. 


2. THÉROFON Raf. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with glandular-pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate, chiefly 
basal: blades suborbicular, toothed, lobed or cleft, petioled, with narrow sometimes cleft 
stipules. Flowers perfect, white, in terminal panicles or corymbose cymes. Sepals 5, 
valvate. Petals 5, surpassing the sepals, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted near the sepals. 
Ovary 2-3-celled, partly inferior: styles 2-3, short. Ovules numerous, borne on axile 
placentae. Capsule urn-shaped or subglobose, erect or drooping, opening between the 
styles. Seeds minute, numerous, the coat somewhat punctate. [Boykinia Nutt. ] 

1. Therofon aconitifdlium (Nutt.) Millsp. Stem erect, 2-10 dm. tall, simple below: 
leaves alternate; blades suborbicular or reniform in outline, 4-18 cm. broad, palmately 
5-7-lobed, the lobes incised-serrate or lobed, the segments acute ; petioles glandular-pilose, 
the lower ones longer than the blades, the upper shorter: bracts leaf-like, incised : corymb 
glandular-pubescent: sepals 5, triangular-ovate or broadly lanceolate, acute, glandular- 
ciliate, longer than the hypanthium during anthesis : corolla white, 5-7 mm. broad : petals 
3-3.5 mm. long, eroded ; blades oval, narrowed into short claws: capsules 3-4 mm. long, 
adnate to the hypanthium up to the distinct beaks: seeds 0.5 mm. long, black. 


In and along streams chiefly on mountain slopes, Virginia to North Carolina, Tennessee and 
Georgia. Spring and summer. 


3. MICRANTHES Haw. 


Perennial scapose herbs, with short rootstocks and glabrous or glandular-pubescent 
foliage. Leaves basal: blades thick, entire or variously toothed, mostly petioled. 
Flowers perfect, in terminal panicled or head-like cymes. Sepals 5. Corolla regular : 
petals 5, equal or nearly so, scarcely clawed. Stamens 10: filaments subulate or club- 
shaped. Carpels normally 2, slightly united below: styles erect or recurved. Ovules 
numerous. Follicles 2, more or less narrowed above, often diverging. Seeds variously 
roughened. SAXIFRAGE. MOUNTAIN LETTUCE. 


Filaments subulate or filiform-subulate. : 
Sepals 1.5-4.5 mm. long: petals oblong, elliptic, oval or suborbicular. 
Petals oblong, oval or suborbicular, wholly white. 
Petals over twice as long as wide, much longer than the sepals: ped- 


z cca pubescent. : : 1. M. Virginiensis. 
etals less than twice as long as wide,slightly surpassing the sepals: 
pedicels glabrous. S wi 2. M. Texana. PAS 
Petals lanceolate, each with 2 yellow spots. 8. M. Tenner 
Sepals 1 mm. long : petals elliptic. 4. M. Careyana. 
rece egy fae : 5. M. Grayana 
etals with 2 yellow spots, ovate or oblong-ovate: follicles 4-6 mm. long. . M. OT :difolia. 
Petals white throughout, oblong: follicles 7-8 mm. long. 6. M. mier anthidifoka 


SAXIFRAGACEAE 501 


1. Micranthes Virginiénsis ( Michx.) Small. Foliage pubescent. Leaf-blades 2-20 
em. long, ovate to obovate or spatulate, crenate or crenate-dentate, obtuse, each narrowed 
into a winged petiole shorter or longer than the blade: scapes solitary or tufted, 1-4 dm. 
tall, strict: branches of the inflorescence much elongated at maturity : sepals as long as 
the hypanthium, 1.5 mm. long, triangular, or triangular-ovate, sometimes nearly lance- 
late, each terminating in a black gland : corolla white, 5-8 mm. broad: petals nearly equal, 
3.5-6 mm. long, oblong or nearly so: filaments subulate: follicles distinct or nearly so, 
4-5 mm. long, inflated. [Saxifraga Virginiensis Michx. ] 

On banks and rocks, New Brunswick to Minnesota, middle Georgia and Tennessee. Spring. 

2. Micranthes Texàna (Buckl.) Small. Resembling S. Virginiensis, but glabrous, 
at least the inflorescence. Leaf-blades 1-2.5 em. long, ovate or obovate, obtuse, entire or 
shallowly toothed, sessile or short-petioled : scapes 0.5-1.5 dm. tall, sparingly branched 
above: branches of the inflorescence terminating in congested cymules : sepals oblong to 
ovate, slightly shorter than the hypanthium : corolla white, 4-6 mm. broad : petals nearly 
equal, 2-3 mm. long, suborbicular or obovate : filaments subulate: follicles united at the 
base, 3-4 mm. high, slightly surpassing the sepals, the style-beaks not diverging.  [Sazi- 
fraga Texana Buckl. ] 

On hillsides, Texas. Spring. 

3. Micranthes Tennesseénsis Small. Leaf-blades ovate or sometimes suborbicular, 
2-6 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, but usually terminated by a tooth, coarsely 
crenate-dentate, abruptly narrowed at the base ; petiole winged, longer or shorter than the 
blade: scapes erect or assurgent, 1-2.5 dm. tall: branches of the panicles subtended by 
linear or spatulate bracts: cymules open: sepals triangular-ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, acute, 
spreading, longer than the hypanthium : corolla white, 8-9 mm. broad : petals lanceolate, 
3.5-4 mm. long, obtuse or slightly notched at the apex, sessile, or nearly so, each with 2 
yellow spots and 2 lateral nerves which arise below the middle and converge at the apex : 
filaments subulate, slightly longer than the sepals: follicles somewhat inflated, 4 mm. long, 
Sma each terminating in a slender divergent style-beak. [Saxifraga Tennessensis 

mall. 


On rocky bluffs of the Tennessee River, Knoxville, Tennessee. Spring. 

. 4. Micranthes Careyàna (A. Gray) Small. Leaf-blades broadly ovate or or- 
bicular-ovate, 1-4 em. long, obtuse, crenate, truncate or subcordate at the base ; petioles 
slender, equalling the blades or thrice exceeding them in length: scapes erect, 1-2 dm. 
tall, slender, paniculately branched above : pedicels filiform : sepals ovate, obtuse, spread- 
ing: corollas white, 5-6 mm. broad: petals twice longer than the sepals, elliptic, faintly 
bimaculate, rather cuneately narrowed at the base: filaments filiform-subulate : follicles 
distinct or nearly so, 3-3.5 mm. long, widely spreading, each terminating in a slender 
style-beak. [Saxifraga Careyana A. Gray.] : 

On cliffs of high mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring. 

5. Micranthes Grayana (Britton) Small. Leaf-blades 2-12 cm. long, oblong, 
oval or orbicular, crenate with mucronate teeth, truncate at the base or narrowed 
into winged petioles which are usually shorter than the blades: scapes erect, 2-5 dm. 
E. paniculately branched, the branches widely spreading : sepals oblong or ovate-oblong, 
2-2.5 mm. long, reflexed, obtuse, twice longer than the hypanthium : corolla white, 7-9 
ae broad: petals 5, the blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, obtuse, strongly 
imaculate, contracted into stout claws: filaments club-shaped : follicles 4-6 mm. long, 
united at the base, at length widely diverging : seeds oblong, 0.7-1 mm. long, strongly 
papillose in lines. [Saxifraga Grayana Britton. ©. Caroliniana A. Gray, not Schleich. ] 
On banks and cliffs in the mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. Summer. 
bus oe micranthidifdlia (Haw.) Small. Leaf-blades oblong or oblanceo- 
ia m. long, coarsely dentate, crenate or sometimes serrate, narrowed into broad 

inged petioles: scapes erect, 2-9 dm. tall, usually solitary, paniculately branched, the 
PER subtended by leaf-like braets : pedicels slender or filiform : sepals oblong-lanceo- 
ie oe much longer than the hypanthium, reflexed : corolla white, 6-7 mm. broad : 
P Rs ong, surpassing the calyx: filaments club-shaped, longer than the petals : follicles 
ell; im. long, united at the base, each terminating in a slender style-beak : seeds oblong- 
Iptic, 1 mm. long, longitudinally ribbed. [Sazifraga erosa Pursh. ] 
In mountain brooks and swamps, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


4. SPATULARIA Haw. 


23 Perennial scapose herbs, with short rootstocks and glandular-pubescent foliage. 
Nis ke basal: blades narrow, broadened upward, coarsely or incisely toothed, with petiole- 
ike bases. Flowers perfect, in spreading panicles. Sepals 5, slightly united, recurved at 


502 SAXIFRAGACEAE 


maturity. Corolla irregular: petals 5, various, 2 narrow, tapering into slender claws, 3 
with short claws and sagittate or lanceolate blades. Stamens 10: filaments filiform: 
anthers small. Carpels 2, partially united : styles diverging at maturity. Ovules numer- 
ous. Follicles rather plump, with diverging tips. Seeds with longitudinal striations. 

1. Spatularia Michaüxii (Britton) Small. Foliage glandular-villous. Leaf-blades 
oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, 3-30 cm. long, coarsely dentate-serrate, each narrowed 
into a winged petiole-like base as long as the blade or commonly shorter: scapes erect, 
2-9 dm. tall, usually flexuous, paniculately branched above: flowers irregular, white, 7-9 
mm. broad ; sepals oblong, rather acute, reflexed: petals various, 2 spatulate, 1-nerved, 
with long slender claws, 3 lanceolate or sagittate, 3-nerved, bimaculate, all thrice longer 
than the sepals: filaments filiform: follicles 5-6 mm. long, united for about 4 their length, 
the tips widely diverging: seeds oblong, 1 mm. long, with longitudinal papillose ridges. 
[Saxifraga leucanthemifolia Michx., not Le Peyr. ] 

On cliffs and steep banks in the mountains, Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee. Summer. 


5. TIARÉLLA L. 


Perennial scapose herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves chiefly basal: blades 
simple or 3-foliolate, long-petioled : petioles with small adnate stipules. Flowers perfect, in 
simple or branched terminal racemes. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, entire, white. 
Stamens 10: filaments elongated. Ovary 1-celled, flattened, 2-lobed at the apex, partly 
inferior: styles 2. Ovules numerous, borne on basal placentae. Capsules flattened, 1- 
celled, opening by 2 unequal valves between the styles. Seeds numerous, at the base of the 
capsule, smooth. FALSE MiTREWORT. 

Leaf-blades 3-6 cm. in diameter, the terminal lobes longer than the others: sepals 


2.5 mm. long: petals with elliptic blades: capsules 7-8 mm. long. 1. T. cordifolia. 
Leaf-blades 15-20 em. in diameter,the terminal lobes not longer than the others: sepals 
2 mm, long: petals with lanceolate blades: capsules 8-10 mm. long. 2. T. macrophylla. 


1. Tiarella cordifdlia L. Leaf-blades 3-6 cm. broad, ovate to suborbicular in out- 
line, 3-5-lobed, sparingly pubescent on both sides, cordate, the lobes becoming rounded, 
crenate with mucronulate teeth, the terminal one much larger than the others ; petioles erect 
or nearly so, retrorsely pubescent, much longer than the blades: scapes erect, solitary 
or tufted, 1-3 dm. tall: raceme 3-20 cm. long: pedicels 5-10 mm. long, subtended by 
minute bracts : hypanthium minutely glandular-pilose : sepals oblong-spatulate to obovate, 
2.5 cm. long, obtuse : petals 3 mm. long : blades narrowly elliptic, acuminate at the apex, 
narrowed into shortclaws : filaments club-shaped : capsule slender-beaked, the valves striate, 
the larger one 7-8 mm. long: seeds 1-1.3 mm. long. 

In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Indiana, and along the mountains to Georgia and Ala- 
bama. Spring. 

2. Tiarella macrophylla Small. Leaf-blades 15-20 cm. broad, 5-lobed, glabrous, 
except a few hairs on the nerves beneath, deeply cordate, the lobes acute or acne 
lobed again and coarsely toothed, the terminal lobe not longer than the others; petio - 
glabrous, longer than the blades: scapes erect, 2-4 dm. tall: raceme 1.5-3 dm. long ue z 
icels 5-10 mm. long, solitary or several together, subtended by linear bracts : hypant qy 
minutely glandular-pilose : sepals oblong or oblong-ovate, 2 mm. long, obtuse : petals w h b. 
2.5 mm. long; blades lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed into short claws : filaments : u 
shaped : capsules short-beaked, the larger valve 8-10 mm. long: seeds about 1 mm. ong. 


In woods, in or near the mountains, North Carolina. Spring. 


6. LEPUROPÉTALON Ell. 

Diminutive annual caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades broadened upward, 
entire. Flowers perfect, solitary and terminal. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, gc. 
broadened upward. Stamens 5: filaments very short. Carpels 3, united. onc : 
with 3 parietal placentae: styles 3. Ovules numerous. Capsule 1-celled, opening PY 
valves at the apex. Seeds numerous. 

1. Lepuropetalon spathulàtum (Muhl.) Ell. Glabrous, 0.5-1.5 cm. tall. puce 
angled, branching from the base, the branches tufted : leaf-blades spatulate, 2-6 pnr 5 
obtuse, entire, sessile: flowers terminal, solitary, 1.5-2 mm. broad : sepals abes eo i 
persistent: petals spatulate, longer than the sepals: filaments much shorter than 
sepals : anthers yellow : seeds numerous, oval, 0.3 mm. long, punctate. 

In clay soil, South Carolina and Georgia. Spring. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE 503 


7. HEUCHERA L. 

Perennial, mostly scapose herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and pubescent or glandu- 
lar foliage. Leaves chiefly basal: blades thickish, coarsely toothed or lobed, long- 
petioled : petioles with adnate stipules. Flowers perfect, in rather narrow panicled cymes. 
Sepals 5, unequal, imbricated. Petals 5, or very rarely wanting, inserted at the top of the 
hypanthium, entire. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals: filaments slender. Ovary 
mostly inferior, l-celled : styles 2, elongated. Ovules numerous, borne on 2 parietal 
placentae. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-valved at the top between the styles. Seeds numerous 
with a muricate or hispidulous testa. ALUM-ROOT. Rock GERANIUM. : 


Flowering stems with 1-3 or rarely 4-5 leaves. 
Stamens slightly, if at all exceeding the petals: hypanthium decidedly turbinate at maturity. 
Leaf-blades with rounded lobes and crenate teeth: petals spatulate, 2-2.5 


mm. long, obtuse. 1. H. pubescens. 
Leaf-blades with sharp lobes and very sharp teeth: petals oblanceolate, 2.5-3 
mm. long, acute. 2. H. aceroides. 


Stamens about twice as long as the petals: hypanthium campanulate during 
anthesis or slightly turbinate at maturity. 
Stems and petioles glabrous or puberulent: hypanthium and calyx 3-4 mm. 
long during anthesis. 3. H. Curtisit. 
Stems and petioles villous : hypanthium and calyx2mm.longduringanthesis. 4. H. crinita. 
Flowering stems scape-like: leaves reduced to scales. 
Ec: hypanthium and calyx 2-5 mm. long during anthesis, slightly 
oblique. 
Petioles and stems hirsute or villous, rarely glabrate. 
Leaf-blades deeply lobed, the lobes acute. 
Leaves with ovate or suborbicular blades, the lobes triangular. 
Petioles sparingly pubescent or glabrate at maturity: pedicels"less 
pubescent than the hypanthium : middle lobe of the leaf-blade 
. relatively narrow. 
Petioles densely and shaggy pubescent : pedicels more pubescent than 
the hypanthium : middle lobe of the leaf-blade relatively broad. 


. H. villosa. 


. H. macrorhiza. 


Leaves with broadly reniform blades, the lobes broadly ovate. H. crinita. 
Leaf-blades shallowly lobed, the lobes obtuse. : ; 
Hypanthium and calyx about 2 mm. long during anthesis: petals white. . H. parviftora. 


gotten and calyx 4-5 mm. long during anthesis: petals greenish 
2 or purple. 
Petioles glabrous or puberulent : stems rarely slightly hirsute. 
Petals spatulate to oblong, shorter than the sepals. 
Hypanthium fully 1 mm. long during anthesis, this together with the 
ealyx becoming 4-5 mm. long. 9. H. Americana. 
Hypanthium barely 1 mm. long during anthesis, this together with the 
ealyx becoming 3 mm. long. 10. H. calycosa. 
Petals oblanceolate, twice as long as the sepals. 11. H. lancipetala. 
Flowers large: hypanthium and calyx 6-10 mm. long during anthesis, decidedly 
oblique. 12. H. longiftora. 

1. Heuchera pubéscens Pursh. Stems erect, 3-10 dm. tall, usually bearing several 
leaves, densely glandular-pubescent, at least above : leaf-blades suborbicular, varying from 
orbicular-ovate to orbicular-reniform, 5-10 em. broad, ciliate, 5-7-lobed, sparingly pubes- 
cent on both sides, or glabrous, the lobes rounded, crenate: panicle 1-4 dm. long, lax: 
flowering hypanthium campanulate, slightly oblique, together with the calyx 5-6 mm. 
long, minutely glandular: sepals ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse: petals firm, spatulate, 
2-2.5 mm. long, entire, slightly exceeding the sepals, eroded, obtuse : stamens slightly if at 
all exserted. 

In woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 

2. Heuchera aceroides Rydb. Similar to H. pubescens in habit. Leaf-blades ovate, 
sharply lobed, the lobes dentate or serrate-dentate with very sharp teeth: flowering 
hypanthium long-campanulate, very oblique, together with the calyx 6-8 mm. long : sepals 
oblong : petals delicate, oblanceolate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, manifestly surpassing the sepals, 
acute, eroded : stamens included. 

On hillsides, near Asheville, North Carolina. Spring. 

3. Heuchera Curtisii T. & G. Stems erect, 5-10 dm. tall, glabrous below, puberu- 
s above: basalleaves with suborbicular or reniform blades 3-8 cm. broad, with rounded 
obes and crenate, sometimes hispidulous above, ciliate: stem-leaves with orbicular or 
broadly ovate blades and acuminate teeth : panicle open, with diverging branches: hy- 
panthium puberulent : sepals oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse: petals purple, spatulate, 
scarcely surpassing the sepals, puberulent. 


ue In rich woods, Virginia and North Carolina. Spring and early summer.—The variety in which the 
oit T ieri 3-5 leaves with cordate crenate blades and terminates in a narrow panicle, and whose 
ota consists of minute petals is H. Curtisii crendta Rydb 


1 4. Heuchera crinita Rydb. Stems stout, 5-8 dm. tall, with several scales or 1-3 
eaves, like the petioles villous with brownish hairs. Leaves mainly basal; blades sub- 
orbicular and more or less reniform, 9-22 cm. broad, glabrous or sparingly hispidulous 


co uy AA C 


. H. hirsuticaulis. 


504 SAXIFRAGACEAE 


above, more or less pubescent beneath, especially on the nerves : hypanthium campanulate, 
nearly regular, strigose-villous: sepals ovate or oval-ovate, 1 mm. long, obtuse: petals 
spatulate, pinkish, slightly longer than the sepals: stamens conspicuously exserted. 

In rocky soil, Virginia to Illinois and Tennessee. Summer. 

5. Heuchera villósa Michx. Foliage quite glabrous or villous.  Rootstocks rela- 
tively slender: stems erect, usually tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, naked or bearing a few scales: 
leaf-blades 5-10 cm. broad, suborbicular or orbicular-ovate in outline, slightly ciliate, 
aeutely 7-9-lobed, the surfaces sparingly pubescent, or bristly on the nerves beneath, the 
lobes toothed ; petioles loosely villous or nearly glabrous: pedicels as long as the flower or 
longer: hypanthium and calyx 3-4 mm. long at maturity, slightly hairy: sepals ovate: 
petals linear-spatulate, 2-2.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the sepals, white or nearly 
$0: stamens much exserted : capsule much exceeding the calyx. 

On cliffs and rocks, in and near the mountains, Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and Ten- 
nessee. Summer and fail. 

6. Heuchera macrorhiza Small. Foliage often copiously villous. Rootstocks 
stout, woody, 1-3 dm. long, scaly : stems erect or nearly so, 2-5 dm. tall, naked or with 
several scales, surpassing the leaves: leaves basal; petioles 1-3 dm. tall, densely villous ; 
blades suborbieular in outline, 8-20 em. in diameter, shallowly 5-9-lobed (lobes much 
broader than long), sharply, closely and irregularly dentate with apiculate teeth pubescent 
on both sides, sparingly so above, densely ciliate, cordate: panicles 5-12 cm. long, nearly 
cylindric : hypanthium and calyx densely pubescent, 2-2.5 mm. long at maturity: sepals 
oblong or ovate-oblong : petals linear with a filiform base, fully twice as long as the sepals: 
capsule about equalling the calyx at maturity. 

On river bluffs, Kentucky and Tennessee. Summer. 


7. Heuchera parviflora Bartl. Foliage rather bright green to hoary. Stems erect, 
solitary or tufted, pubescent like the petioles, 1-6 dm. tall, sometimes bearing small scales: 
leaf-blades orbicular-reniform or reniform, 5-14 cm. broad, shallowly 5-9-lobed, the lobes 
crenate, the surfaces sparingly pubescent to densely hoary ; petioles slender, longer than 
the blades, glandular-hirsute to villous-lanate: hypanthium campanulate, nearly 2 mm. 
long, beset with scattered soft hairs: petals linear-spatulate, about 2.5 mm. long, thrice 
longer than the ovate sepals: stamens conspicuously exserted. [H. Rugelii Shuttlw. ] 


On cliffs or in rocky places, Kentucky to Missouri, North Carolina, middle Georgia and Alabama. 
Summer and fall. 


8. Heuchera hirsuticaülis (Wheelock) Rydb. Foliage hirsute. Stems stout, 5-6 
dm. tall, like the nerves of the leaf-blades thickly beset with spreading whitish or yellowish 
hairs: leaves mainly basal; blades suborbicular or reniform, 2.5-10 em. broad, with 5-7 
obtuse crenate-apiculate ciliate lobes, glaucous above, pale green beneath, the sinus broad 
and deep; petioles mostly longer than the blades, pubescent like the stems: panicle- 
branches spreading: hypanthium about 4 mm. long, campanulate, minutely glandular: 
sepals somewhat unequal, obtuse, about as long as the hypanthium : petals spatulate, green- 
ish or pinkish, not surpassing the sepals, minutely glandular: seeds about 0.5 mm. long. 

On shaded banks, Indiana and Missouri to Louisiana. Spring. 

9. Heuchera Americàna L. Foliage sparingly glandular-pubescent or nearly gla- 
brous. Stems erect, 3-8 dm. tall, naked or with a few small scales, glandular-pubescent : 
leaves basal ; blades ovate to suborbieular, 5-10 em. broad, cordate, 7-9-lobed, glabrous or 
with a few scattered hairs on both surfaces, the lobes rounded, crenate; petioles pubescent 
like the stem: panicles 1-3 dm. long: hypanthium broadly campanulate, fully 1 mm. long 
during anthesis: sepals ovate, obtuse: petals spatulate, clawed, about 2 mm. long, about 
equalling the sepals, entire: stamens much exserted. 

In woods or rocky soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


10. Heuchera calycósa Small. Resembling H. Americana, but more slender. Stems 
and petioles more or less puberulent: leaf-blades ovate or orbicular-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, 
shallowly lobed, ciliate and pubescent near the margins: pedicels very slender: hypap- 
thium turbinate, barely 1 mm. long during anthesis: sepals broadly ovate, about 2 mm. 
long, rounded at the apex: petals oblong or spatulate-oblong, much surpassed by the 
sepals, acute or apiculate, entire. 

In mountain woods, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 

11. Heuchera lancipétala Rydb. Foliage sparingly glandular-hirsute. Stems stout, 
5-7 dm. high, naked or nearly so: leaf-blades orbicular-reniform, 4-8 cm. broad, glabrous 
except the ciliate margins and the nerves beneath: panicle narrower and more simple 
than that of H. Americana: hypanthium open-campanulate beyond the turbinate base, 
nearly equilateral : sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse, ciliolate: petals 
oblanceolate, whitish or pinkish : stamens about twice as long as the petals. 

In woods, Kentucky and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


ESCALLONIACEAE 505 


12. Heuchera longifldra Rydb. Foliage nearly glabrous except the leaf-blades. 
Stem 4-6 dm. tall, glandular-puberulent above, sometimes with a few scales: leaf-blades 
reniform or orbicular-reniform, 5-8 cm. broad, merely ciliate: hypanthium oblique, 
deeply campanulate, glandular-puberulent, gibbous on the shorter side: sepals oblong, 
obtuse: petals spatulate, with slender claws, purple at the apex, yellowish at the base, 
about equalling the sepals: stamens included. 

On hillsides, Kentucky and Tennessee. Spring. 


8. MITELLA L. 


Perennial herbs, with slender rootstocks. Stems scape-like. Leaves chiefly basal, with 
adnate stipules: blades membranous, toothed or lobed, long-petioled. Flowers white or 
greenish, in slender, interrupted, often secund racemes. Calyx persistent. Sepals 5, spread- 
ing, valvate. Petals 5, 3-cleft or pinnatifid, the segments hair-like. Stamens 10: filaments 
short: anthers reniform or cordate. Ovary superior, l-celled : styles 2, short: stigmas 
capitate. Ovules numerous, borne on parietal placentae. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. 
Seeds numerous with a smooth and shining testa. MrrREWORT. 

1. Mitella diphylla L. Leaves basal; blades thin, ovate to orbicular-ovate in out- 
line, 3—5-lobed, 3-8 cm. broad, sparingly pubescent on both sides, cordate, the lobes cre- 
nate, obtuse, except the terminal one ; petioles erect or nearly so, pubescent with retrorse 
hairs, much longer than the blades: scapes solitary or several together, 2-4 dm. tall, 
simple, 2-bracted above the middle: bracts opposite, ovate, crenate or 3-lobed, sessile, 
smaller than the leaves: inflorescence finely glandular-pubescent : raceme 4-15 cm. long : 
pedicels 1-2 mm. long: hypanthium campanulate, 3 mm. broad: sepals ovate, about as 
long as the hypanthium, obtuse: petals 2.5-3 mm. long, pinnatifid, the segments subulate : 
capsule flattened, broader than high, minutely pubescent, 2-beaked, 2-valved at the apex. 

in woods, Quebec to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri. Spring. BisHop’s CAP. 


9. CHRYSOSPLENIUM L. 


Annual or perennial, often fleshy, diminutive herbs. Stems erect or creeping. Leaves 
alternate or opposite, without stipules: blades crenate or lobed. Flowers green, axillary 
or terminal, solitary or several together. Calyx persistent. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated. 
Petals wanting. Stamens 8-10 or rarely 4, inserted on the margin of the epigynous disk : 
filaments short. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, 2-3-lobed above: styles 2, recurved. Ovules 
numerous, borne on 2 or rarely 3 parietal placentae. Capsule membranous, unequally 
2-lobed above. Seeds with a smooth or papillose, sometimes pubescent testa. GOLDEN 
SAXIFRAGE. WATER-CARPET. 

1. Chrysosplenium Americànum Schwein. Perennial, glabrous, bright green. 
Stems prostrate or decumbent, 2-20 cm. long, creeping: leaves mainly opposite; blades 
suborbicular to orbicular-reniform, 0.5-1.5 cm. broad, crenate or nearly entire, commonly 
truncate at the base ; petioles much shorter than the blades: flowers axillary, about 3 mm. 
broad, yellowish, sometimes tinged with purple: sepals 4, ovate, becoming reniform, ob- 
tuse : petals wanting: stamens erect, commonly 4: anthers orange-red: capsule 3 mm. 


high, with two inflated lobes each tipped by a divergent beak: seeds 0.7 mm. broad, 
minutely pubescent. 


In brooks or wet shady places, Nova Scotia to Saskatehewan, Ohio and on or near the mountains 
to Georgia. Spring. . 


FAMILY 6. ESCALLONIACEAE Dumort. HYDRANGEA FAMILY. . 


Shrubs or trees, or sometimes vines. Leaves mostly opposite : blades sim- 
ple, often toothed. Flowers commonly perfect, in raceme-like or panicled 
cymes. Calyx of mostly 4—10 small sepals surmounting the often ribbed hypan- 
thium, in sterile flowers often conspicuously enlarged. Corolla of 4-10 petals 
valvate or convolute in the bud. Androecium of 8-many stamens. Filaments 
subulate or linear. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Styles rarely united. 
Ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit capsular, sometimes opening through the 
sides. Seeds numerous. 


Stamens 8-12, 1. HYDRANGEA. 
Stamens 2040. 
Upright shrubs: styles distinct or rarely united: capsules 3-5-celled. 2. PHILADELPHUS. 


ines : styles united : capsules 5-10-celled. 3. DECUMARIA. 


506 ESCALLONIACEAE 


1. HYDRANGEA L. 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, without stipules: blades entire, toothed, or lobed. 
Flowers perfect, except a few conspicuous ones around the edge of the corymb or thyrse. 
Sepals united into a truncate or 4—5-toothed border, or in sterile flowers of 4-5 spreading 
petal-like lobes. Petals 4-5, valvate. Stamens 8-10, inserted at the base of an epigynous 
disk : filaments filiform. Ovary inferior, completely or partially 2-4-celled : styles 2-4, 
distinct or slightly united at the base. Ovules numerous, borne on axile placentae. 
Capsule 2-4-celled, membranous, opening at the top between the styles. Seeds numerous, 
minute. Testa membranous, reticulated. The plants flower during the spring and summer. 
Leaf-blades merely toothed : inflorescence corymbose. 


Leaf-blades glabrous or inconspicuously pubescent beneath. 1. H. arborescens. 
Leaf-blades conspicuously and copiously pubescent beneath. 
Leaf-blades membranous, light gray beneath. 2. H. cinerea. 
Leaf-blades leathery, bright white beneath. 3. H. radiata. 
Leaf-blades deeply lobed : inflorescence thyrsoid. . 4. H. quercifolia. 


1. Hydrangea arboréscens L. A branching, sometimes straggling shrub 1-3 m. tall. 
Leaf-blades ovate, oval or elliptic, 0.5-2 dm. long, short-acuminate, serrate, acute, rounded 
or cordate at the base, glabrous or sometimes minutely pubescent beneath ; petioles shorter 
than the blades: corymbs 5-20 cm. broad, usually with few sterile ray-flowers or these 
wanting, commonly pubescent: hypanthium campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. broad : sepals minute, 
triangular: petals deciduous, concave, ovate, about 1 mm. long: stamens conspicuously 
exserted : stigmas reddish : capsules 2 mm. broad, 8-ribbed, broader than high, each tipped 
with the 2 spreading styles. 

In woods or along streams, New York to Iowa, Florida and Louisiana. 

2. Hydrangea cinérea Small. A spreading shrub, 1-2 m. tall, with deep green 
foliage. Leaf-blades thinnish, oval, elliptic, narrowly ovate or orbicular-ovate, 6-15 cm. 
long, acuminate, serrate, obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base, bright green above, gray- 
tomentose and not reticulated beneath ; petioles somewhat more than one-half as long as 
the blades or shorter: corymbs 5-15 em. broad, rather round-topped : sterile ray-flowers 
commonly present: hypanthium campanulate, ribbed : sepals triangular, acute: petals 5, 
ovate, boat-shaped, 1.5 mm. long, hooded at the apex: stamens conspicuously exserted : 
capsules urn-shaped,. about 2 mm. in diameter, usually higher than broad, strongly ribbed, 
each tipped with the 2-3 spreading styles. 

On the slopes of the Alleghenies, North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. 

3. Hydrangea radiàta Walt. A branching shrub, 1-2.5 m. tall. Leaf-blades leathery, 
ovate, varying to oval or ovate-lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, acuminate, serrate or crenate- 
serrate, acute, rounded or subcordate at the base, bright green and glabrous above, densely 
silvery white-tomentose and reticulated beneath ; petioles about 3 as long as the blades or 
shorter: corymb round-topped, 4-12 cm. broad: sterile flowers always present: hypan- 
thium urn-shaped, ribbed: sepals triangular or usually somewhat acuminate: petals 5, 
ovate, concave, nearly 1 mm. long, apiculate: stamens much exserted: capsules urn- 
shaped, 2 mm. broad, strongly ribbed, shorter than their pedicels, each tipped with the 2 
spreading swollen styles. 

On rocky slopes, North and South Carolina. 

4. Hydrangea quercifólia Bartr. A stout shrub, 1-2 m. tall, with densely tomentose 
twigs and branches. Leaf-blades oval or suborbicular in outline, usually 5-lobed, 6-20 
cm. long, tomentose beneath, the lobes serrate and often slightly lobed ; petioles ri M 
long as the blades : panicles 1-2 dm. long : sterile flowers numerous, white, turning purple : 
hypanthium urn-shaped, longer than the pedicel: sepals ovate, about 4 as long as the 
hypanthium: petals 5, oblong, 1.5 mm. long, slightly concave: stamens conspicuously 
exserted : capsules urn-shaped, 2.5 mm. in diameter, ribbed, each tipped with the spreading 
much enlarged styles. 

On river banks, middle Georgia to Florida and Mississippi. GRAY-BEARD. OLD MAN’s-BEARD. 


2. PHILADÉLPHUS L.! 

Shrubs, with branching stems. Leaves opposite, deciduous: blades simple, petioled : 
stipules wanting. Flowers solitary, corymbose or racemose, either terminal or axillary. 
Hypanthium turbinate, adnate with the ovary. Sepals 4 or 5, persistent. Corolla white 
or cream-colored. Petals 4 or 5, obovate or rounded, convolute in the bud. Stamens 
numerous, inserted on the disk : filaments slender. Styles 3-5, united, at least at the base : 


! Contributed by Mr. C. D. Beadle. 


ESCALLONIACEAE 507 


stigmas distinct or united. Capsule 3-5-celled, at maturity loculicidally dehiscent by 
as many valves. Seeds very numerous, the membranous testa prolonged at the ends. 
SYRINGA. Mock ORANGE. 
Stigmas distinct. 
Flowers solitary or few, never more than five: bark of last year's shoots brown, exfoliating. 
Pedicels and hypanthium glabrous. 
Base of the capsule attenuate to the pedicel, the point of union obscure. 
Leaf-blades ovate or oval, the borders entire or with minute distant 
teeth : sepals acute. 
Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, the borders with sharp remote 
teeth : sepals acuminate. 
Base of the capsule abruptly contracted, the pedicel sharply differentiated. 
Pedicels, hypanthium and exterior surface of the sepals pubescent. 
Flowers racemose, numerous: bark of last year's shoots gray or ochre-color, not 
exfoliating. 
Leaf-blades pubescent on the lower surface : hypanthium and sepals pubescent. 5. P. latifolius. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so: hypanthium and exterior surface of the 
sepals glabrous. 6. P. intectus. 
Stigmas united. 7. P. hirsutus. 


1. Philadelphus inodórus L. A shrub 2-3 m. high, the bark of the shoots brown, 
exfoliating. Leaf-blades ovate, broadly ovate or oval, acute at the apex, rounded or 
slightly narrowed at the base, 3-10 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. broad, glabrate or with short ap- 
pressed hairs either scattered or more copious, especially on the lower surface, prominently 
3-nerved, entire or with minute distant teeth : sepals acute : corolla 3-4 em. wide. 

On banks of streams and moist woods, North Carolina to Mississippi and Tennessee. Spring.—A 
form, possibly specifically distinct, P. inodorus strigósus Beadle, may be recognized by the thick covering 


id "ns rather stiff hairs on the lower surface of the leaves and frequently on the exterior of 
e sepals. 


2. Philadelphus grandifldrus Willd. A shrub 2-3 m. tall, the bark of the shoots 
brown, exfoliating. Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, sharply dentate, 
either rounded or narrowed at the base, 4-12 em. long, 1.5-4 cm. broad, glabrate or with 
short appressed pubescence, 3-nerved : sepals acuminate: corolla 4-5 cm. wide: capsule 
attenuate to the pedicel. 

_ On banks of streams and moist rocky slopes, Virginia to Florida, mainly along the mountains. 
Spring.—P. lazus Schrad., similar to the last, but with much narrower leaf-blades more densely 
appressed pubescent on the lower surface, and smaller and usually solitary flowers, is unknown to the 
writer in a wild state, although apparently of eastern American origin. 

3. Philadelphus gloridsus Beadle. A shrub 2-3 m. high, the bark of the previous 
season's growth dark brown, exfoliating. Leaf-blades ovate or elliptic, acute at the apex, 
either rounded or narrowed at the base, 4-10 cm. long, 1.5-5 em. broad, glabrate or with 
short appressed hairs, remotely dentate, 3-nerved : hypanthium and sepals glabrous: corolla 
3-4 em. broad: stigmas distinct : capsules abruptly contracted at the base, about 1 cm. long. 

On roeky banks of the Coosa River, northwestern Georgia. Spring. 

4. Philadelphus fldridus Beadle. A shrub 2-3 m. high, the bark of last year's 
shoots dark brown, exfoliating. Leaf-blades oval or elliptic, acute, remotely toothed, 
either rounded or narrowed at the base, 4-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad, sparsely pubescent 
on the lower surface, glabrate above, prominently 3-nerved : pedicels, hypanthium and exte- 
rior surface of the acuminate sepals appressed pubescent : corolla 3-4 cm. broad: stigmas 
not united. 

On rocky slopes and banks of streams, Floyd County, Georgia. Spring. 

5. Philadelphus latifdlius Schrad. A shrub 2-3 m. high, the bark of the shoots 
gray or yellowish, not exfoliating. Leaf-blades broadly ovate or elliptic, acute at the 
apex, rounded or contracted at the base, 3-10 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, mostly dentate, 
softly and densely pubescent on the lower surface, glabrate or glabrous above, 3-5-nerved : 

owers racemose, the lower pair axillary : pedicels, hypanthium and exterior of the sepals 
pubescent : corolla 3-4 cm. wide: stigmas not united. 


On rocky banks of streams, especially near Nashville, Tennessee. Spring.— JP. pubescens Loisel., 
E the last but with brown bark and more numerous flowers, the lower two or three pairs of 
Which are axillary, is unknown in a wild state, but usually regarded of eastern American origin. 


6. Philadelphus intéctus Beadle. A shrub 2-3 m. tall, the bark of the shoots gray 
or ochre-color, not exfoliating. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or elliptic, acute or acuminate at 
the apex, either rounded or narrowed at the base, 3-12 em. long, 1-5 cm. broad, glabrous 
or glabrate on both surfaces, prominently 3-nerved, either entire or remotely dentate : 

owers racemose, the lower pair axillary : pedicels, hypanthium and exterior of the sepals 
glabrous : corolla 3-4 cm. wide: stigmas distinct. 

On bluffs of the Cumberland River, below Nashville, Tennessee. Spring. 

7. Philadelphus hirsütus Nutt. A shrub 1-2.5 m. tall, the bark of the previous 
season's growth brown, exfoliating. Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-acuminate, either rounded 


. P. inodorus. 


. P: grandiflorus. 
. P. gloriosus. 
. P. floridus. 


moh M 


508 ALTINGIACEAE 


or narrowed at the base, gray-pubescent on the lower surface, appressed pubescent or 
eventually glabrate or glabrous above, 3-8 cm. long, 1-4 cm. broad, dentate, prominently 
3-nerved : flowers solitary or in twos and threes: pedicels, hypanthium and sepals pubes- 
cent: corolla 2-3 em. wide: stigmas united. 
ae On rocky slopes and banks of streams, North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia and Alabama. 
Spring. 

3. DECUMARIA L. 

Climbing evergreen shrubby vines, with terete stems. Leaves opposite, without 
stipules: blades thick, entire or sparingly toothed. Flowers white, in terminal 
corymbose ‘panicles. Calyx 7-10-toothed. Petals 7-10, narrow, valvate. Stamens 20-30, 
inserted under the edge of the disk: filaments subulate. Ovary 5-10-celled, inferior : 
style thick, 5-10-ribbed : stigma capitate, 5-10-lobed. Ovules numerous, pendulous. 
Capsule turbinate, many-ribbed, opening between the ribs. Seeds narrowly club-shaped, 
pendulous. Testa thin, reticulated. 

1. Decumaria barbara L. A vine, with climbing stems 1-10 cm. thick which attach 
themselves by rootlets. Leaf-blades leathery, elliptic or oval, varying to ovate or rarely to 
obovate, 5-10 em. long, usually acute or abruptly short-acuminate, more or less strongly 
toothed above the middle, acute to subcordate at the base, glossy, sometimes slightly 
pubescent on the nerves beneath; petioles i-i as long as the blades: corymb 5-10 em. 
broad, round-topped : hypanthium campanulate to turbinate, about 2 mm. broad: sepals 
triangular, acute: petals oblong to linear-oblong, 3-4 mm. long, concave, obtuse, shorter 
than the petals: capsules urn-shaped, 6-8 mm. long, strongly ribbed, surrounded above 
ea middle by the persistent calyx-limb, the clusters pendent : seeds very numerous, 2 mm. 

ong. 

On river banks and in low woods, Virginia to Louisiana and Florida. Spring. 


FAMILY 7. ITEÀCEAE Agardh. VIRGINIA WILLOW FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees with upright stems. Leaves alternate: blades simple, 
toothed, the teeth sometimes glandular-tipped : stipules wanting. Flowers 
perfect, white, in simple terminal narrow racemes or axillary panicles. Hy- 
panthium turbinate, or campanulate. Sepals 5, erect. Petals 5, narrow, val- 
vate, the tips inflexed. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge of an epigynous 
disk. Filaments slender. Anthers oblong. Gynoecium of 2 carpels united to 
the apex or near it. Ovary superior or nearly so, elongated, 2-celled. Styles 
united, a groove showing the line of union. Stigmas capitate. Ovules numerous, 
in two rows on the placenta. Capsule elongated, 2-grooved lengthwise, open- 
ing septicidally by 2 valves. Seeds flattened, with the testa produced at both 
ends, and copious endosperm. 


1. ITEAL 


Characters of the family. VrRGINIA WILLOW. 

1. Itea Virginica L. A straggling shrub, 1-3 m. tall, with pubescent twigs and 
racemes. Leaf-blades elliptic to oval or obovate, 5-14 em. long, acute or short-acuminate, 
bristly-serrate, usually acute at the base, glabrous above, often sparingly pubescent be- 
neath ; petioles 0.5-1 cm. long: racemes terminal, 3-15 cm. long: pedicels 1.5-3 cm. 
long: hypanthium broadly campanulate, 2-2.5 mm. broad: sepals lanceolate, about 1 
mm. long, acute: petals linear or linear-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, erect or finally spreading, 
acutish : stamens finally as long as the petals : capsules narrow, 6-8 mm. long, seated in the 
hypanthium, pubescent, 2-grooved. 2 

In or near swamps, New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


FAMILY 8. ALTINGIACEAE Hayne. WrrcH HAZEL FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, the bark often aromatic and sometimes exuding à fragrant 
balsam. Stem or branches occasionally furnished with corky wings. Leaves 
alternate: blades simple, entire, toothed or lobed. Flowers perfect, or often 
polygamous or monoecious, in terminal or axillary spikes, clusters or oe 
Perianth of 1 or 2 series, or wanting. Calyx of 4 or 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla 
of 4 or 5, elongated or strap-shaped, valvate petals inserted at the base of the 
sepals, sometimes wanting. Androecium various: stamens twice as many a 


ALTINGIACEAE 509 


the petals, and one-half of them sterile, or numerous and the petals wanting. 
Filaments distinct, dilated at the base. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium of 2 
partially united carpels which cohere to the base of the calyx. Styles 2, distinct. 
Stigmas simple. Ovules solitary and suspended or several and horizontal. 
Fruit a capsule, often opening elastically. Testa shining. Embryo straight in 
the fleshy cartilaginous or bony endosperm. [Hamamelidaceae Lindl.] 


Calyx or calyx and corolla present: ovule solitary in each cavity, suspended. 


Petals wanting: stamens about 24: filaments club-shaped, elongated. 1. FOTHERGILLA. 
Petals 4, ribbon-shaped : stamens 4: staminodia 4: filaments short. 2. HAMAMELIS. 
Calyx and corolla wanting: ovules several or numerous, horizontal. 3. LIQUIDAMBAR. 


1. FOTHERGILLA L. 

Low monoeeious shrubs, with erect or underground stems. Leaves alternate: blades 
membranous or leathery, more or less coarsely toothed, short-petioled, deciduous. Flowers 
white, fragrant, appearing before the leaves or with them, in terminal bracted spikes. 
Hypanthium campanulate. Calyx truncate or obscurely 5-7-lobed. Petals wanting. 
Stamens numerous, inserted in 1 row, very conspicuous: filaments clavate-filiform. Ovary 
2-3-celled, partly inferior: styles 2-3, subulate-filiform. Ovule 1 in each cavity. Capsule 
2-3-lobed, 2-3-valved at the apex. Seed solitary in each cavity. Testa bony. The 
plants flower in the spring. DWARF ALDER. 

Flowers appearing before the leaves: leaf-blades stellate-pubescent above : filaments mostly less than 

10 mm. long: capsules 6-10 mm. long. 

Leaf-blades cordate at the base, about as broad as long, toothed from below the 

middle to the apex. 1. F. parvifolia. 
Leaf-blades cuneate or rounded at the base, much longer than broad, toothed only 
near the apex. 2. F. Carolina. 
Flowers appearing with the leaves: leaf-blades glabrate above : filaments mostly over 

11 mm. long: capsules 11-13 mm. long. 3. F. major. 

l. Fothergilla parvifólia Kearney. A low shrub, forming patches by underground 
stems, its twigs, leaves and inflorescence canescent. Branches 3-6 dm. tall, simple below, 
branched above: leaf-blades leathery, suborbicular or oval, 2-6 cm. long, coarsely crenate 
above the middle, dull green and stellate-pubescent above, canescent beneath when mature, 
cordate at the base, short-petioled : flowers appearing before the leaves: spikes 2-3 cm. 
long, dense: hypanthium canescent : filaments 6-7 mm. long: capsules about 6-8 mm. 
long, turbinate at the base, acute at the apex. 

In sandy oak or pine lands, in the low country, North Carolina to Florida. 

_ 2. Pothergilla Carolina (L.) Britton. A low shrub, with erect branching stems, its 
twigs and petioles finely pubescent. Stems becoming stout near the base: leaf-blades usu- 
ally leathery, oblong, or nearly so, undulate or sharply toothed near the apex, paler and 
more densely pubescent beneath than above, varying from cuneate to rounded at the base, 
short-petioled : flowers appearing before the leaves: spikes 1-4 cm. long, dense: hypan- 
thium very densely pubescent : filaments 8-10 mm. long : capsules 8-10 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia. 

3. Fothergilla major Lodd. A tall shrub, its twigs, petioles and peduncles downy. 
Stems erect, much branched : leaf-blades membranous, suborbicular, oval or obovate, 6-8 
cm. long, coarsely crenate above the middle, cuneate or subcordate at the base, bright 
green on both sides, glabrous above, paler beneath, and pubescent on the nerves ; petioles 
9-10 mm. long: flowers appearing with the leaves: spikes 4-7 mm. long, dense above 
looser below : hypanthium downy : filaments 11-15 mm. long: capsules 11-13 mm. long 

On mountain slopes, North and South Carolina to Alabama. 


2. HAMAMEDLIS L. | 
Slightly aromatic shrubs or small trees, with a scaly bark and flexuous terete branch 
lets. Leaves alternate : blades simple, slightly leathery, crenate, inequilateral at the base: 
stipules acute, deciduous. Flowers perfect or polygamous, appearing in fall or winter, in 
terminal 3-flowered clusters, on short lateral bracted peduncles, each flower subtended by 
bractlets, Hypanthium campanulate, persistent. Sepals 4, reflexed. Petals 4, ribbon-like; 
persistent, or wanting in fertile flowers. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, alternating with 
4 strap-shaped staminodia: filaments subulate, each prolonged into a stout connective, 
shorter than the calyx : anther-sacs separated by the connective, opening by persistent 
valves attached on the outer edge. Ovary of 2, 1-celled carpels united at the base: 
styles 2, subulate : stigma terminal, minute. Ovules 1-2 in each cavity, suspended. Cap- 


510 GROSSULARIACEAE 


sule woody, 2-beaked, opening loculicidally by two valves at the top and elastically dis- 
charging the seeds. Seeds solitary in each cavity, elongated, with a crustaceous shining 
testa. Endosperm fleshy. WircH HAzeL. WircH Erw. 

1. Hamamelis Virginiàna L. A shrub or small tree, reaching a maximum height 
of 10 m., with a trunk diameter of about 1 dm. Leaf-blades rather leathery, suborbicular, 
oval, elliptic or obovate, 4-15 cm. long, acute or obtuse, coarsely crenate, truncate or cor- 
date at the very oblique base, glabrous or sometimes pubescent above, more or less pubes- 
cent beneath: sepals triangular, spreading or recurved: petals linear, strap-like, bright 
yellow, more or less crisped, much exserted : stamens included : filaments subulate : ovary 
villous: capsules ovoid or subglobose, 12-15 cm. long, densely tomentulose : seeds oblong 
or elliptic, 7-9 mm. long, beetle-like, nearly black, smooth and shining. 


In low woods or on moist hillsides, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Ontario and Nebraska, 
south to Florida and Texas. Flowers in the fall and matures its fruit during the next summer. 


3. LIQUIDAMBAR L. 


Usually monoecious trees, with a balsamic sap, a soft scaly bark, terete and often corky- 
winged branchlets. Leaves alternate : blades palmately lobed, thickish, long-petioled, the 
lobes glandular-serrate : stipules acute, caducous. Flowers monoecious or rarely perfect, 
_ in peduncled heads subtended by 4 deciduous bracts. Perianth wanting. Staminate flowers 
in terminal racemed heads: stamens numerous, accompanied by numerous minute scales: 
filaments slender, shorter than the anthers. Pistillate flowers in solitary long-peduncled 
axillary heads: staminodia 4. Ovary of 2 united 1-celled carpels, partly immersed in the 
receptacle, surmounted by 2 stout styles, stigmatose on the inner faces. Ovules numerous, 
pendulous, anatropous. Capsules armed with the accrescent, incurved, horn-like styles, 
united into a globose head, septicidally 2-valved at the apex. Seeds 1 or 2, flattened, with 
a crustaceous testa which is produced into an obovate wing. Endosperm fleshy. 

1. Liquidambar Styraciflua L. A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 45 m. 
and a trunk diameter of 1.5 m. Bark with broad ridges and deep fissures, the branchlets 
often corky-winged : leaf-blades suborbicular in outline, palmately 5-lobed, deep green, 
shining and glabrous, except the nerves beneath, truncate or subcordate at the base, the 
lobes triangular or lanceolate, serrate, more or less acuminate ; petioles slender, about as 
long as the blades: flowers monoecious, in globose clusters, the staminate heads racemose, 
the pistillate heads solitary on long dropping peduncles : fruiting heads globose, 3-4 cm. 1n 
diameter, the bodies of the capsules somewhat longer than the horns. 


In low woods, Connecticut to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Flowers in spring, matures its fruit in 
the summer. SWEET GUM. RED GUM. BILSTED. STAR-LEAVED GUM. ALLIGATOR-TREE. 


FAMILY 9. GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. GoosEBERRY FAMILY. 


Smooth or spiny shrubs, sometimes copiously furnished with resin glands. 
Leaves few or numerous and clustered : blades usually lobed or cleft: stipules, 
if present, adnate to the petiole. Flowers sometimes imperfect, of various colors, 
solitary in the axils or in loose axillary racemes. Perianth of 2 series.  Hypan- 
thium oblong or subglobose. Calyx of 4 or5sepals. Corolla 4 or 5 scale-like petals 
inserted at the base of the calyx. Androecium of 4 or 5 stamens inserted with the 
petals. Filaments variable in length. Gynoecium a compound pistil. Ovary 
inferior, 1-celled or very rarely 3 or 4-celled. Styles mostly united or 2-lobed. 
Ovules usually numerous, borne in 2 or more rows on 2 parietal placentae. 
Fruit a globose or oblong berry crowned by the more or less persistent calyx, 
pulpy within. Seeds somewhat angled. Testa gelatinous without, crustaceous 
within. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo terete, at the base of the endosperm. 


1. RIBES L. 
Characters of the family. GoosEBERRY. CURRANT. The plants flower in the spring 


Plants usually armed with firm spines: peduncles 1-3-flowered. (Gooseberries.) 

A. Calyx-lobes longer than the limb: berry smooth and glabrous. is 
Hypanthium glandular-pubescent : petals lanceolate, with 2 lateral teeth. 1. R. curvatum. 
Hypanthium glabrous: petals cuneate or spatulate, toothless. : 

Filaments pubescent: spines slender and relatively long: bark reddish or 


ia paren ‘ oo 2. R. gracile. 
ilaments glabrous: spines stout or short: bark gray. ; AME 
Filaments slightly longer than the sepals: species Alleghenian. 3. R. rotundifolium 


Filaments conspicuously longer than the sepals: species campestrian. 4. R. Missouriense. 


GROSSULARIACEAE 511 


B. Calyx-lobes shorter than the limb: berry prickly. 5. R. Cynosbati. 
Plants unarmed : racemes many-flowered, or more than 3-flowered. (Currants.) 
Sepals distinct to the top of the ovary. 
Foliage viscid with glandular-pubescence: bracts longer than the pedicels. 6. R. resinosum. 
Inflorescence only glandular-pubescent : bracts shorter than the pedicels. 7. R. prostratum. 
Sepals united for at least 1 cm. 8. R, aureum. 

1. Ribes curvàtum Small. A diffusely branched glabrate shrub, 5-8 dm. tall, armed 
with subulate spines 4-6 mm. long, the stem with a loose exfoliating bark, the branches 
purplish, the recurved or drooping branchlets reddish. Leaf-blades suborbicular, 1-2 cm. 
in diameter, 3-lobed, the lobes toothed, the terminal lobe often mucronate ; petioles slender, 
as long as the blade or shorter, usually somewhat villous: peduncles 7-8 mm. long, mostly 
1-flowered : pedicels twisted, nearly as long as the peduncles, subtended by two 3-lobed 
ciliate bractlets : hypanthium glandular-pubescent : sepals linear or linear-spatulate, 6 mm. 
long, whitish, reflexed and recurved, the edges hyaline, obtuse : petals lanceolate, 1.5 mm. 
long, white, obtuse with lateral teeth and one or two nerves: stamens conspicuous, 7 mm. 
long, erect: filaments villous: berry globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, crowned by the per- 
sistent stamens. 

In dry or stony soil, Georgia and Alabama. 


2. Ribes gracile Michx. A rather rigid shrub, 1-1.5 m. tall, armed with slender 
spines, the shoots sometimes densely clothed with prickles, the bark reddish or purplish. 
Leaf-blades 2-4 cm. broad (often larger on the shoots), more or less pubescent, 3-5-lobed, 
the lobes rounded, toothed, the teeth obtuse or rarely acute ; petioles villous, shorter 
than the blades: peduncles usually 3-flowered, about as long as the pedicels: bracts ovate, 
glandular-ciliate : hypanthium glabrous: sepals linear-spatulate, 24-3 times longer than 
the hypanthium : petals obovate or spatulate, about 2 mm. long: filaments pubescent : 
style exserted : berries globose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter. 

In dry or rocky soil, Illinois to Kansas, Tennessee, Louisiana and Texas. 


.. 9. Ribes rotundifdlium Michx. A straggling shrub, 1-2 m. tall, clothed with a red- 
dish or purple bark, the spines 5-10 mm. long, the young shoots without prickles. Leaf- 
blades 2-3.5 cm. in diameter, glabrate or finely pubescent, especially on the nerves be- 
neath, 3-5-lobed, toothed ; petioles slender, more or less villous, much shorter than the 
blades: peduncles mostly 1-2-flowered, longer than the pedicels: hypanthium glabrous: 
sepals linear-spatulate, obtuse : petals cuneate, 1.5-2 mm. long, undulate, at length 
crisped : filaments glabrous: berries globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, reddish purple. 

In rocky woods, on or near the mountains, Massachusetts to New York and North Carolina. 


..*. Ribes Missouriénse Nutt. A spreading shrub, with short branches clothed 
with a gray shreddy bark, the spines stout, 8-15 mm. long, young shoots with numerous 
prickles. Leaf-blades 2-6 cm. in diameter, more or less pubescent, especially when young ; 
petioles stout, usually shorter than the blades : hypanthium glabrous: sepals narrowly ob- 
long or oblong-spatulate : petals cuneate, 2-2.5 mm. long: filaments glabrous : berries 
10-15 mm. in diameter, purple. 

In thickets and on river banks, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, South Dakota, Kansas and Tennessee. 


_ 9. Ribes Cynósbati L. A straggling shrub, 1-2 m. tall, with spine-armed and often 
prickly stems. Leaf-blades 3-5 cm. in diameter, pubescent when young, mostly glabrate 
1n age, 3-5-lobed, the lobes rounded or the terminal one acute, crenate ; petioles somewhat 
shorter than the blades, villous with simple or glandular hairs: peduncles and pedicels of 
about the same length: bracts suborbicular, glandular-toothed : hypanthium glabrous : 
sepals oblong, ‘obtuse: petals minute, reniform, about 0.5 mm. high: filaments subulate, 
about j as long as the anthers : berries globose, about 1-1.5 em. in diameter, armed with 
stout prickles. 

In rocky woods and on hillsides, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Alabama and Missouri. DoGBERRY. 


6. Ribes resinósum Pursh. A shrub about 1 m. tall, with clammy glandular-pube- 
scent foliage and inflorescence. Leaf-blades thickish, 3—5-lobed, cordate at the base, thelobes . 
rounded or obtuse, crenate toothed ; petioles stout, shorter than the blades, furnished with 
broad stipules which are early deciduous : racemes ascending, many-flowered : bracts ob- 
long: flowers short-pediceled. 

In woods, southern Alleghenies, probably in North Carolina. Not recently collected. 

. , 7. Ribes prostratum L’Her. A low shrub, with spreading decumbent stems, the 
inflorescence glandular-pubescent. Leaf-blades 5-12 cm. broad, sparingly pubescent when 
young, finally glabrate, ciliate, dark green above, paler beneath, cordate, angularly 5- 
lobed, the m acute, serrate or serrate-crenate ; petioles finely pubescent, often about as 
long as the blades, the dilated stipules fringed : racemes 6-14 cm. long, spreading, long- 
peduncled : pedicels 5-10 mm. long, subtended by ovate bracts 1-1.5 mm. long : hypan- 
thium bristly and densely glandular-pubescent: sepals rhomboidal-obovate, sometimes 


512 ROSACEAE 


constricted at the middle, about 3 mm. long, spreading: petals cuneate, about 1 mm. long: 
stamens shorter than the sepals: berries globose, 5-8 mm. in diameter. 


In deep woods, common on the mountains, Labrador to the Northwest Territory south to North 
Carolina, Michigan and Colorado. FETID CURRANT. 


8. Ribes aüreum Pursh. A glabrous or glabrate shrub, 1-4 m. tall, with bright 
green or glaucous foliage. Leaf-blades firm, 2-6 em. broad, 3-5-lobed, rounded, truncate 
or rarely subcordate at the base, the lobes slightly toothed near the apex ; petioles gla- 
brous or puberulent, shorter than the blades: racemes 1-5 em. long, drooping, few-many- 
flowered: pedicels 5-10 mm. long, subtended by somewhat leafy bracts: hypanthium 
elongated, 1.2-2 em. long: sepals oblong-obovoid, rounded at the apex, spreading or re- 
curved: petals spatulate-obovate, 3 mm. long, eroded, erect: stamens shorter than the 
petals, erect: filaments shorter than the anthers: berries globose, smooth, 8-12 mm. in 
diameter, varying from yellow to black. 

In valleys, Northwest Territory to Minnesota, Texas and California. Cultivated eastward. BUF- 
FALO, GOLDEN Or MISSOURI CURRANT. 


FAMILY 10. PLATANACEAE Lindl.  PLANE-TREE FAMILY. 


Handsome trees, with a watery sap and a thin pale smooth exfoliating 
bark. Leaves alternate: blades membranous-leathery, palmately lobed : peti- 
oles subtended by thin, entire or toothed, sheathing stipules. Flowers monoe- 
cious, minute, inserted on globose receptacles, in dense pedunculate solitary, 
spicate or racemose heads. Perianth much reduced. Staminate heads red: 
calyx of 3-6 scale-like sepals: corolla of 3-6 scale-like petals, longer than the 
sepals : stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them ; filaments nearly ob- 
solete: anthers elongated, each surmounted by a large connective.  Pistillate 
heads green: calyx of 3-6, or usually 4 sepals: corolla of 3-6, or usually 4 
rounded petals: carpels as many as the sepals, 1-celled, mingled with staminodia 
which are pilose at the apex, surrounded by long-jointed persistent hairs: style 
terminal, stigmatose to below the middle on the ventral suture. Ovules solitary 
or rarely 2, horizontal, orthotropous : fruit an elongated achene, surrounded by 
rigid hairs, with a thin leathery pericarp, crowded in dense globose heads. 
Seed pendulous, elongated, with a thin membranous testa. Endosperm fleshy. 
Embryo straight in the axis of the endosperm. 


1. PLATANUS L. i 

Characters of the family. PLANE-TREE. BurroN-woop. BUTTON-BALL. 

1. Platanus occidentalis L. A forest tree, reaching a height of 55 m., with a trunk 
diameter of 3m. Bark thin, pale, scaly : leaves conspicuous ; blades suborbicular in out- 
line, 3-5-lobed, 10-20 cm. in diameter, becoming glabrous, except the woolly-pubescent 
nerves beneath, truncate or cordate at the base, the lobes more or less prominently toothed, 
the teeth acuminate: petioles J or 4 as long as the blades, pale, tomentose: fruiting heads 
globose, 2-4 cm. in diameter, solitary at the ends of, or rarely spicate on, slender drooping 
tomentose or glabrate peduncles which vary from 8-15 cm. in length. : 

Along streams and in moist woods, Maine to Ontario and Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


FAMILY 11. ROSACEAE Juss. Rose FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs or trees, or rarely vines, various in habit. Leaves mostly 
alternate: blades simple or compound : stipules often present, sometimes P 
_spicuous. Flowers perfect, or rarely dioecious, variously disposed. Calyx of 
or rarely 4-9 sepals, surmounting the more or less highly developed hypanthium, 
often accompanied by as many scale-like bractlets. Corolla of as many distinct 
petals as there are sepals, or wanting. Androecium of 1 or more series of sta- 
mens. Filaments distinct. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 1 ormany a 
on a depressed or elongated receptacle. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled t 
Style terminal, lateral or basal. Ovules 1, 2 or several in each cavity. Frui 
various, mostly follicles, drupelets or achenes, these sometimes raised on a COD" 
spicuously acerescent receptacle. Endosperm wanting or rarely present. 


A. Fruit not enclosed in a depressed or hollow hypanthium. 

a. Pistils few, rarely more than 5, maturing into 2-4-seeded follicles. ASTER 
Follicles opening along both sutures: seeds shining. 1, OPUL $ 
Follicles opening along one suture : seeds dull or granular. 

* Pistils alternating with the sepals. 


ROSACEAE 513 


Flowers perfect: shrubs with simple leaf-blades. 2. SPIRAEA. 
Flowers dioecious : herbs with 2-3-pinnate leaf-blades. 3. ARUNCUS. 
** Pistils opposite the sepals. 4. PORTERANTHUS. 


b. Pistils numerous or rarely few, maturing into achenes or 1-2-seeded drupelets. 
Pistils ripening into drupelets crowded on a receptacle. 
Receptacle flat: ovary pubescent above: drupelets crowned by a hairy 
cushion. 5. RUBACER. 
Receptacle convex or conic: ovary glabrous: drupelets glabrous. 6. RUBUS. 
Pistils ripening into achenes. 
Style deciduous. 


Style basal. 7. DRYMOCALLIS. 
Style lateral. 
Achenes pubescent : low shrubs. 8, SIBBALDIOPSIS. 
Achenes glabrous: herbs. 
Receptacle pulpy, edible: petals white. 9, FRAGARIA. 
Receptacle neither pulpy nor edible: petals yellow. 10. DUCHESNEA. 
Style terminal nearly so. 
Pistils numerous : ovules pendulous: plants caulescent. 11. POTENTILLA. 
Pistils 2-6: ovules erect: plants acaulescent. 12. WALDSTEINIA. 


Style persistent on the achene. 
Pistils numerous. 


Styles jointed, the upper part deciduous. 13. GEUM. 
, Styles not jointed. 14. SIEVERSIA. 
Pistils 5-15, at maturity resembling follicles, but indehiscent. 15. ULMARIA. 


B. Fruit consisting of several achenes enclosed in the persistent hypanthium. 
Achenes 1-4 within the dry hypanthium. 


Shrubs: leaf-blades simpie, merely toothed. 16. NEVIUSIA. 
Herbs : leaf-blades pinnate, or digitately lobed or divided. 
Receptacle accompanied by 4-5 braetlets. 17. ALCHEMILLA. 
Receptacle without bractlets. 
Receptacle bearing hooked prickles: petals 5. 18. AGRIMONIA. 
Receptacle without prickles: petals wanting. 19. SANGUISORBA. 
Achenes numerous, within the fleshy hypanthium. 20. Rosa. 


1. OPULASTER Medic. 

Wide-branching shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades simple, palmately lobed. Flowers 
perfect, white, in terminal corymbs. Hypanthium campanulate, or flattened in age. 
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens numerous, 20-40. Disk clothing the 
hypanthium. Pistils 1-5, short-stalked: stigmas capitate. Ovules several. Follicles 
1-5, inflated, opening along both sutures. Seeds thick, 2-4 in each cavity, shining. Testa 
crustaceous. Endosperm copious. NINKBARK. 


Leaf-blades densely stellate-pubescent. 1. O. stellatus. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or sometimes slightły pubescent with simple hairs. 
Follicles 2-4, pubescent. 2. O. intermedius. 
Follicles mostly 5, glabrous. 3. O. opulifolius. 


. 1. Opulaster stellàtus Rydb. A low branching shrub, with decidedly pubescent 
foliage, the hairs mostly branched. Leaf-blades ovate to orbicular-ovate, 1-4 cm. long, 
slightly lobed and crenate, stellate-pubescent on both sides, especially so beneath, rounded 
at the apex or merely obtuse: inflorescence densely stellate-pubescent : follicles mostly 4, 
pubescent, about 5 mm. long. [Spiraea opulifolia var. ferruginea Nutt. ] 

In sand or sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 

2. Opulaster intermédius Rydb. A much branched shrub, 1-1.5 m. tall, with 
sparingly pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades orbicular or broadly ovate, 2-6 cm. long, bluntly 
obed and crenate, rounded or subcordate at the base : pedicels, hypanthium and calyx 
finely pubescent : follicles 3 or 4, or rarely 2, pubescent, united below, 6-7 mm. long, rounded 
or obtuse at the apex. 

On river banks, South Dakota to Illinois, Alabama and Colorado. Spring. 

3. Opulaster opulifdlius (L.) Kuntze. A shrub, 1-3 m. tall, with wide-spreading or 
Tecurving branches, and glabrous or nearly glabrous foliage. Leaf-blades ovate to sub- 
orbicular, 3-8 cm. long, acutely 3-lobed, with unequally serrate margins, broadly cuneate 
i cordate at the base: corymbs 3-6 cm. broad: hypanthium glabrous or nearly so: fol- 
ae ie dni: shining, inflated, 8-10 mm. long, acute. [Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) 

In rocky soil and on river banks, Quebec to Kentueky and Georgia. Spring and summer. 


2. SPIRAEA L. 

: Shrubs or perennial herbs, usually with branching stems. Leaves alternate : blades 
simple, often lobed : stipules present. Flowers perfect, in terminal or axillary corymbs or 
panicles. Hypanthium turbinate, campanulate or urn-shaped. Sepals 4 or 5, erect or re- 
flexed. Petals 4 or 5, imbricated. Stamens 20-60.  Pistils usually 5, or sometimes 1-18, 

33 


514 ROSACEAE 


sessile or short-stalked : styles terminal: stigmas capitate or disk-like. Ovules 2-many in 
each cavity. Follicles 5, or rarely more or fewer, not inflated, opening along one suture. 
Seeds 1-10, narrow. Testa dull. Endosperm wanting, or very scant. 
Flowers in terminal panicles. 
Foliage glabrous or nearly so: panicle broad: follicles glabrous. 1. S. salicifolia. 
Foliage tomentose(except upper leaf-surfaces): panicle narrow: follicles tomentose. 2. S. tomentosa. 
Flowers in terminal corymbs. 


Leaf-blades 3-4 times as long as broad: sepals triangular. 3. S. Virginiana. 
Leaf-blades as broad as long or twice as long as broad: sepals triangular-ovate. 4. S. corymbosa. 


l. Spiraea salicifolia L. An erect glabrous or nearly glabrous shrub, 3-12 dm. 
tall, with reddish branching stems. Leaf-blades thinnish, oval, elliptic or narrowly ob- 
long, or often ranging from obovate to oblanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, sharply serrate, except 
the more or less cuneate base: panicle broad, densely flowered, 5-20 cm. long: hy- 
panthium campanulate, 2 mm. broad, shorter than the pedicel: sepals triangular, rather 
obtuse, spreading : petals white or pinkish, suborbicular to deltoid-orbicular, 2 mm. long: 
follicles 3 mm. high, glabrous, the tips recurved. 

In swamps and low grounds, Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains, Georgia and Missouri. 
Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. MEADOW-SWEET. MEADOW QUEEN. 

2. Spiraea tomentosa L. An erect shrub, 3-12 dm. tall, with tomentose foliage, 
the stem simple or nearly so, cobwebby below, closely tawny-pubescent above. Leaf-blades 
leathery, oblong or oval, varying to ovate or oblong-ovate, 1.5—7 cm. long, sharply serrate 
except at the cuneate or rounded base, glabrous above, white- or tawny-tomentose be- 
neath : panicles narrow, densely flowered, 5-30 cm. long : hypanthium campanulate, 1.8 mm. 
broad, longer than the pedicel : sepals triangular, recurved : petals pink, purple or rarely 
white, orbicular-ovate, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter: follicles 2-2.5 mm. high, pubescent, the 
tips spreading. 

In swamps and damp soil, Nova Scotia to Manitoba. northern Georgia and Kansas. Summer. 
HARDHACK. STEEPLE-BUSH. 

3. Spiraea Virginiana Britton. A straggling glabrous shrub, with a much branched 
stem and wide-spreading often wand-like branches. Leaf-blades thinnish, cuneate, oblance- 
olate or elliptic, or rarely lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, acute or rounded at the apex, undulate, 
serrate above the middle, glaucous beneath, cuneate or rarely rounded at the base: corymbs 
3-9 em. broad, naked or leafy-bracted : hypanthium turbinate or campanulate-turbinate, 
2 mm. broad : sepals triangular, spreading: petals white, suborbicular, more than 2 mm. 
in diameter, crisped : follicles about 2 mm. high, glabrous. 

On rocky banks, in the mountains, West Virginia to Tenttessee. Spring and summer. 

4. Spiraea corymbósa Raf. An erect glabrous or glabrate shrub, with erect simple 
or little branched dark red stems. Leaf-blades thinnish, oval, elliptic or suborbicular, 
varying to ovate or obovate, 2-10 cm. long, sharply or coarsely-serrate above the middle, 
with sharp or mucronate teeth or rarely slightly lobed, rounded or subcordate at the base 
or rarely acute : corymbs 5-15 em. broad, naked or leafy-bracted : hypanthium broadly- 
campanulate, 2 mm. broad : sepals triangular-ovate, spreading: petals white, suborbicular, 
nearly 1.5 mm. in diameter, more or less curled back : follicles erect, 1.5 mm. high, glabrous. 


On rocky banks or in poor soil, in the mountains, New Jersey to Georgia. Spring to summer. 


3. ARUNCUS Adans. 
Large perennial herbs, with erect terete sparingly branched stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades twice or thrice pinnately compound : leaflets many, the blades toothed, membranous : 
stipules minute or none. Flowers dioecious, in slender panicled many-flowered racemes. 
Hypanthium persistent, spreading in age. Sepals mostly 5, narrowed upward. Petals 
usually 5, narrow. Stamens numerous. Pistils commonly 3, alternating with the sepals : 
stigma terminal. Ovules several. Follicles mostly 3, finally deflexed. Seeds 2 in each 
cavity. Testa dull. Goat’s-BEARD. 
1. Aruncus Arüncus (L.) Karst. Foliage bright green, glabrous. Stems erect, 
1-2 m. tall: leaflets numerous, the blades ovate, oval or oblong, 4-10 cm. long, acuminate, 
finely and unequally serrate and incised, acutish to subcordate at the base : racemes slen- 
der, in plume-like panicles varying from 1-5 dm. in length: pedicels less than 1 mm. 1n 
length : sepals ovate, about as long as the hypanthium : petals cuneate or obovate, 1 mm. 
long, obtuse: filaments glabrous: follicles deflexed, 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous, the tips 
spreading. [Spiraea Aruncus L.] 


In woods or clearings. Pennsylvania to Iowa, northern Georgia 'and Missouri. Alsoin nort 
Europe and Asia. Spring and summer. 


hern 


ROSACEAE 515 


4. PORTERANTHUS Britton. 


Perennial herbs, with erect, simple or sparingly branched stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades 3-parted or 3-foliolate, subtended by narrow or leaf-like stipules: leaflets toothed or 
incised. Flowers perfect, in loose terminal panicles. Hypanthium campanulate or 
evlindric, longer than the 5 sepals. Petals 5, narrow, convolute in the bud, slightly un- 
equal. Stamens 10-20: filaments very short.  Pistils 5, opposite the sepals: styles slen- 
der. Ovules 2-4, ascending from the base of the cavities. Follicles 5, leathery, partially 
included. Seeds 1-4, in each follicle. Testa leathery. Endosperm striate. The plants 
flower in the spring and summer. __[ Gillenia Moench. ] 


Lower leaflets serrate: stipules subulate or linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so. 1. P. trifoliatus. 
Lower leaflets incised-pinnatifid : stipules leaf-like, incised or serrate. 2. P. stipulatus. 


1. Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton. Stems erect, 3-12 dm. tall, usually some- 
what branched: stipules subulate or linear-lanceolate: leaflets 3, the blades elliptic or 
oblong, varying to lanceolate or oblanceolate, or rarely obovate, acute or acuminate at the 
apex, irregularly serrate and incised or lobed, acute or obtuse at the more or less oblique 
base: panicles open: sepals glandular-ciliate, lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the elon- 
gated ribbed hypanthium : petals linear-elliptic, about 1-5 cm. long, acuminate : follicles 
glabrous, 5-6 mm. long. 


In woods and on hillsides or river banks, New York to Michigan, middle Georgia and Missouri. 
INDIAN PHYSIC. BOWMAN'S-ROOT. 


2. Porteranthus stipulàtus (Muhl.) Britton. Stems erect, 1-12 dm. tall, simple 
below, sparingly branched above: stipules leaf-like, serrate or incised: leaflets 3, the 
blades elliptic or narrowly-elliptie, varying to lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acuminate, the 
lower ones incised-pinnatifid, the upper irregularly but sharply serrate: panicles few- 
flowered : sepals ovate, glandular-ciliate, acute, longer than the tubular-campanulate hy- 
panthium: petals narrowly-elliptie, 1-1.5 em. long: follicles glabrous, 6-7 mm. long. 


1 In rich woods, New York to Missouri and the Indian Territory, Georgia and Alabama. AMERICAN 
PECAC. 


5. RUBACER Rydb. 


Perennial caulescent herbaceous shrubs, with more or less glandular-pubescent foliage. 
Leaves alternate: blades simple, prominently lobed and toothed, petioled. Flowers per- 
fect, in terminal corymbs or racemes. Hypanthium flat. Sepals 5, not accompanied by 
bractlets, with long-acuminate tips. Corolla showy. Petals rose-purple or white, not 
clawed, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Pistils numerous, on a flat receptacle. Ovary 
pubescent above: style terminal, but to one side of the center, filiform. Drupelets rather 
dry, each furnished with a cushion of hairs covering the top and part of the dorsal side. 

1. Rubacer odoratum (L.) Small. An erect, unarmed, branching shrub, 1-2 m. 
tall, the foliage more or less densely glandular-pubescent and clammy. Leaf-blades simple, 
0.5-3 dm. broad, 3-5-lobed, cordate, the lobes irregularly serrate, sometimes angled, acumi- 
nate; petioles shorter than the blades: flowers showy : sepals ovate or oblong-ovate, with 
a slender terminal appendage longer than the body, tomentose within: petals rose-purple, 
or rarely white, suborbicular, 1.5-2 em. broad, undulate: fruit depressed-hemispheric, red, 
1.5-2 em. broad, rather dry, and insipid. [Rubus odoratus L.] 

In woods or on rocky banks, Nova Scotia to Michigan, Georgia and Alabama. Spring to summer. 


6. RUBUS L.' 


Perennial herbs or shrubs, with erect or trailing stems, often bristly or armed with 
prickles. Leaves alternate: blades usually lobed or 3-7-foliolate : stipules adnate to the 
petiole. Flowers perfect or dioecious, solitary or disposed in corymbs, racemes or pani- 
cle. Hypanthium persistent, broad. Sepals 5, not augmented by bractlets. Petals 5, 
sessile or short-clawed, deciduous. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Pistils usually 
numerous on a convex or conic receptacle. Ovary glabrous: styles slender, glabrous, nearly 
terminal. Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous. Drupelets destitute of hairy cushions, 
crowded together. Seed pendulous, the testa membranous. RASPBERRY. BLACKBERRY. 


’ Prepared with the assistance of Dr. Per Axel Rydberg. 


516 ROSACEAE 


Fruit falling away from the dry receptacle: petals erect. (Raspberries. ) 
Stems ee: glaucous: fruit purple-black or black. 
Stems bristly, not glaucous: fruit light red. 
Fruit persistent on a fleshy receptacle: petals spreading. ( Blackberries.) 
Stems erect, ascending or recurved. 
Leaf-blades white-woolly beneath, 3. R. cuneifolius. 
Leaf-blades not white-woolly beneath. 
MONETA of the inflorescence and the petioles distinctly glandular-pu- 
escent. 
Fruit broadly oval or nearly spherical, very juicy. 
Fruit narrowly oblong or thimble-shaped, comparatively dry. 
Branches of the inflorescence and petioles villous, strigose or nearly 
glabrous, scarcely glandular. 
Pubescence copious in the inflorescence. 
Terminal leafiet 14 longer than the lateral ones, oblong or oblong- 


. R. occidentalis. 
. R. strigosus. 


Noe 


. R. nigrobaccus. 
. R. Allegheniensis. 


Sus 


an 


ovate. . R. ostryifolius. 
Terminal leaflet slightly longer than the lateral ones, obovate to 
rhombic. 
Prickles of thestem flattened only at the base, straight or slightly 
curved. 7. R. frondosus. 
Prickles of thestem much flattened throughout, strongiy hooked. 8. R. floridus. 
Pubescence sparse in the inflorescence. 
Plants low, almost herbaceous, weakly prickly. 9. R. Rand. 
Plants tall and shrubby. 
Plants strongly prickly. 


Leaflets pubescent beneath, doubly serrate. 10. R. argutus. 
Leaflets glabrous beneath, singly serrate. 11. R. betulifolius. 
Plants unarmed or with few weak prickles. 12. R. Canadensis. 


Stems trailing, creeping or decumbent. 
Leaflets thin, membranous: leaves deciduous. 
Stems merely prickly. 
Inflorescence usually several-many-flowered. 
Corolla generally over 3 em. broad: inflorescence usually glandu- 
liferous: terminal leafiets of the shoots rounded at the base. 
Leaflets simply serrate. 13. R. invisus. 
Leafiets doubly serrate. 14. R. roribaccus. 
Corolla generally less than 3 em. broad: inflorescence not glandu- 
liferous : terminal leaflets of the shoots cuneate or obtuse at 
the base. 
Terminal leaflet 14 longer than the lateral ones, oblong or oblong- NS 
ovate, acute. 6. R. ostryifolius. 
Terminal leaflet slightly longer than the lateral ones, ovate, acu- 
minate. 
Leaflets mostly acute or acuminate, glabrous or somewhat 
pubescent beneath : peduncles slightly villous. 15. R. procumbens. 
Leaflets mostly obtuse, tomentulose beneath: peduncles 
densely tomentulose or tomentose. 6. R. rhodophyllus. 
Inflorescence usually 1-2-flowered. 
Lateral leaflets cuneate at the base, glabrous. 


Leaflets sharply serrate with triangular teeth. 17. R. subunifiorus. 
Leaflets crenate-serrate with ovate teeth. 18. R. Enslenü. 
Lateral leaflets rounded at the base, pubescent beneath. 19. R. Baileyanus. 


Stems bristly and prickly, sometimes merely bristly. 
Flowering branches and petioles bristly or glabrous: terminal leaflets, 


d n å i 20. R. hispidus. 
owering branches and petioles prickly : terminal leaflets oblong-el- ERE 
liptic. E 5 : E 21. R.;carpinifolius. 
Leaflets leathery : leaves persistent, evergreen. : mcn 
Corolla 1-1.5 em. broad. 20. R. hispidus. 


Corolla 2-3.5 em. broad. 
Flowering branches usually simple and 1-flowered. 
Fiowering branches usually corymbosely branched and several-flow- 
ered. 
Pedicels not bristly under the hypanthium : stems with recurved ; 
i y vs 23. R. persistens. 


. R. trivialis. 


B 


prickles. 
Pedicels densely bristly under the hypanthi : stems with straight 
$ pers aid sic Maan rtd ae sewer! cari ie ji 24. R. rubrise = . 

1. Rubus occidentalis L. A straggling shrub, with cane-like glaucous prickle- 
armed branches 1-3 m. long, curved, sometimes rooting at the end. Leaves pinnately 2- 
foliolate, or rarely 5-foliolate: blades of the leaflets ovate to obovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute 
or acuminate, incised-serrate, sometimes lobed, cuneate or subcordate at the base : flowers 
not showy, in terminal corymbs: sepals oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. Rages 
acuminate : petals white, spatulate or cuneate-spatulate, 4-5 mm. long, obtuse: fruit de 
pressed-hemispheric, black or purple-black, 8-12 mm. broad. 

On the borders of woods and in rocky thickets, Quebec to Ontario, northern Georgia, Alabama 
and Missouri. Spring. BLACK RASPBERRY. BLACK-CapP. 

2. Rubus strigdsus Michx. A branching shrub, 1-2 m. tall, with curved beer 
and more or less densely bristly foliage. Leaves pinnately 3-5-foliolate: blades 0 ; 
leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rarely elliptic, 2-8 cm. long, —— 
acuminate, slightly serrate, sometimes slightly lobed, glabrous above or nearly so, W » i 
tomentose beneath, usually rounded at the base: flowers in loose racemes or panic e: 


ROSACEAE 517 


hypanthium bristly : sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 5-6 mm. long, spreading: petals white, 
cuneate or oblanceolate, about 5 mm. long, ascending, obtuse: fruit high-hemispheric, 
light red, or rarely white, 8-10 mm. broad. 

In rocky soil, Newfoundland to Labrador and British Columbia, North Carolina and New Mexico. 
Spring and summer. RED RASPBERRY. 

3. Rubus cuneifdlius Pursh. An erect much-branched armed shrub, 0.5-1 m. tall. 
Leaves 3-foliolate, or those on the shoots 5-foliolate, with stout prickly petioles: blades of 
the leaflets leathery, acute or abruptly acuminate, glabrous or nearly so and rugose above, 
densely tomentose beneath, sharply serrate, the terminal one cuneate : flowers usually few, 
in terminal corymbs : hypanthium woolly : sepals ovate or oval, about 4 mm. long: petals 
white or pink, cuneate: fruit oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, black or nearly so, sweet. 

In sandy soil, Connecticut to Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


4. Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. A straggling branched shrub, with glandular-pilose 
young foliage, armed with recurved prickles, the stems 1-3 m. long, angled in age. Leaves 
3-foliolate, or sometimes 5-foliolate : blades of the leaflets thickish, ovate, oval or obovate, 
5-11 em. long, acute or acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate, softly pubescent at least . 
beneath : flowers in terminal or axillary racemes: hypanthium glandular: sepals elliptic- 
lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, acuminate: petals white or pink, 1-2 em. long, obovate to sub- 
Sie fruit oval to globose-oval, 12-25 mm. long, black, juicy. [R. villosus A. Gray, 
not Ait. 

In dry soil, chiefly in thickets, New England to Florida and Arkansas. Spring. 


5. Rubus Allegheniénsis Porter. Resembling R. nigrobaccus, but with more densely 
glandular foliage, the stems rather more slender, erect or spreading, 6-25 dm. long, copiously 
prickly, red or purple. Leaves 3—5-foliolate : blades of the leaflets relatively narrow, ovate- 
lanceolate to ovate, elliptic, oblong or oval: corolla 2.5-3 cm. broad: fruit cylindric, 
16-28 mm. long, much less juicy than that of related species but of a peculiar spicy flavor. 

In dry, usually stony soil, Ontario to New York and North Carolina. Spring and early summer. 


6. Rubus ostryifélius Rydb. An ascending or depressed shrub, with brownish pur- 
ple stems 6-12 dm. long, armed with stout prickles, these broad and flat at the base, the 
young foliage villous. Leaves 5-foliolate: blades of the leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, 
4-8 em. long, rather simply serrate, glabrate or slightly pubescent above, finely villous 
beneath : inflorescence villous and somewhat prickly : corymbs 1—5-flowered : sepals ovate, 
with short subulate tips: corolla 1-2 cm. broad: fruit hemispheric, less than 1 cm. high, 
black, rather dry. 

Along or near the coast, New Jersey to North Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


_ 7. Rubus frondósus Bigel. An erect or spreading shrub, with closely pubescent 
foliage, armed with straight or slightly curved prickles, the stems 0.5-2 m. long. Leaves 3- 
or rarely 5-foliolate : blades of the leaflets elliptic to oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 
1.5-6 em. long, usually acute or acuminate, sharply but rather finely serrate and incised: 
flowers in terminal leafly-bracted racemes: petals white or pinkish, obovate to oblong- 
cuneate, 1-1.5 cm. long: fruit oblong-cylindric, 1-1.5 em. long, fleshy. [R. villosus var. 
frondosus Torr. ] 

In dry or rocky soil, Prince Edward’s Island to Michigan and North Carolina. Spring and summer, 


8. Rubus flóridus Tratt. Similar to R. frondosus in habit, the stem armed with flat 
hooked prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate : blades of the leaflets ovate, obovate or rhombic, 3-6 
cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, coarsely and mostly doubly serrate, silky-villous 
when young, glabrate in age, except the nerves beneath: inflorescence silky-villous, the 
corymbs several-flowered : corolla 3-3.5 cm. broad. 

In thickets, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 

.9. Rubus Rándii (Bailey) Rydb. A low and diffuse shrub, with almost glabrous 
foliage, the stems 5-6 dm. long, with few weak prickles or commonly unarmed and chiefly 
herbaceous. Leaves 3-foliolate, or 5-foliolate on the shoots : blades of the leaflets thin, ovate 
to ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, the terminal one slender- 
stalked : inflorescence bristly, but not glandular, elongated: flowers numerous: corolla 
1.5-2.5 em. broad : fruit globose-hemispheric, less than 1 cm. long. 

In woods and thickets, Maine to the Lake Superior region and North Carolina. Spring and summer. 

10. Rubus argütus Link.  Resembling R. Randii, but stems 1-2 m. long, purple, 
angled, armed with stout slightly recurved prickles. Leaves various, those of flowering 
branches relatively small and the upper ones often 1-foliolate : inflorescence corymbose, 
short, many-flowered : corolla 2-3 cm. broad: petals oval or obovate: fruit hemispheric, 
about 1 cm. high. 

In dry soil, Prince Edward's Island to Georgia and Alabama. Spring and early summer. 


518 ROSACEAE 


11. Rubus betulifdlius Small. Resembling R. ostryifolius in habit, the foliage gla- 
brous or nearly so, the stem, branches and petioles armed with flat recurved prickles. Leaves 
3-foliolate : blades of the leaflets oblong to oval, the terminal one 4-10 cm. long, usually 
much longer than the lateral ones, all rather coarsely and mostly simply serrate, sometimes 
slightly puberulent on the veins beneath, smooth and somewhat shining above: flowering 
branches slightly strigillose when young: corolla 2.5-3 cm. broad : fruit rounded-oblong, 
10-12 mm. long, black. 

In thickets, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 

12. Rubus Canadénsis L. An unarmed or slightly prickly shrub, with ascending 
or spreading wand-like stems, and branches 1-4 m. long, the foliage glabrous, or the shoots 
scurfy pubescent. Leaves pedately 5-foliolate or rarely 3-foliolate: blades of the leaflets 
thin, oval, elliptic or ovate, sometimes obovate, usually glabrous, acuminate, sharply ser- 
rate : flowers in large leafy-bracted racemes: petals white or pink, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: fruit 
cylindric-oblong, 1.5-2.5 em. long, black, juicy. 

In woods and thickets, mountains of New England to Georgia and Alabama. Spring to fall. 

13. Rubus invisus Bailey. A low shrub, with stout ascending or decumbent terete 
stems armed with straight slightly reflexed prickles. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, those 
of shoots 5-foliolate, those of flowering branches 3-foliolate: blades of the leaflets broadly 
ovate to oblong or oval, 2-8 cm. long, acuminate, especially on sterile shoots: corymbs 
few-flowered, with rather elongated pedicels : sepals with slender tips : fruit globose-oblong, 
1-1.5 em. long. 

In dry soil, New York to Kansas and Alabama. Summer. 

14. Rubus roribáccus (Bailey) Rydb. A stocky shrub,'with terete stems 1-2 m. 
long, armed with straight weak prickles, the young foliage glandular-villous. Leaves re- 
sembling those of R. invisus, but the blades of the leaflets less acuminate, sharply doubly 
serrate, thinner and lighter green: inflorescence many-flowered, leafy-bracted : sepals 
with a lanceolate base, foliaceous : corolla 3-5 em. broad: petals usually broadly obovate : 
fruit globose-oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long. 

In thickets, Pennsylvania to Virginia and North Carolina. Spring and summer. 


15. Rubus procümbens Muhl. A trailing shrub, with prickle-armed or nearly 
naked stems 1-3 m. long, the foliage thinly pubescent, the branches erect or ascending, 1-3 
dm. tall. Leaves often clustered, with bristly or prickly petioles, 3-7-foliolate : blades of 
the leaflets elliptic-oval, suborbicular or sometimes ovate or cuneate, 2-8 cm. long, sharply 
dentate-serrate and often incised, usually acute or acuminate: flowers solitary or few 1n 
loose racemes: petals white or pink, obovate or cuneate, fully 10 mm. long, rounded or 
retuse at the apex : fruit suborbicular to oval, 2-2.5 em. long, black, very sweet and juicy. 
[R. Canadensis T. & G., not L.] 

. In dry open soil, Ontario to Minnesota, North Carolina, Louisiana and the Indian Territory. 
Spring. DEWBERRY. 

16. Rubus rhodophyllus Rydb. Resembling R. procumbens in habit, but with much 
shorter branches and denser tomentuiose or tomentose pubescence, the stems armed with 
rather weak slightly recurved prickles flattened only at the base. Leaves 3-foliolate: blades 
of the leaflets broadly ovate to obovate, rather finely and mostly simply serrate, 1-3 cm. 
long, generally obtuse, closely tomentulose beneath, slightly silky above or glabrate at 
maturity: corolla about 2.5 cm. broad. 

In dry soil or fields, Mississippi and Alabama. Spring. 


17. Rubus subuniflorus Rydb. Resembling R. procumbens but early glabrate or 
glabrous throughout, with very weak prickles. Branches very slender: flowers mostly 
solitary on long axillary peduncles at maturity fully as long as the leaves: corolla white, 
3-4 cm. broad: fruit globose-hemispheric, 1 cm. long or shorter, of few large drupelets. 
[.R. villosus Ait., not Thunb.] 


In dry or sandy soil, near the coast, Maine to South Carolina. Spring and summer. 


18. Rubus Enslénii Walt. A slender trailing vine, with glabrous foliage, sparingly 
armed with reflexed prickles. Leaves 2-4 cm. long: blades of the leaflets obovate-cuneate, 
or the terminal one rhombic-cuneate, crenate-dentate or crenate-serrate above the entire 
base, usually acute: flowers solitary or 2 together: sepals narrowly ovate, mucronate : 
corolla 2.5-3 em. broad: fruit 1-1.5 em. long, of few drupelets. 

In open woods, Kansas to Alabama and Mississippi. Spring. ER 

19. Rubus Baileyànus Britton. A prickle-armed shrub, with ascending or ue 
stems 3-15 dm. long, the foliage more or less pubescent or glabrate in age. d : 
foliolate, or the upper ones usually simple: blades of the leaflets elliptic to suborbicular 
varying to ovate or obovate, often acute or acuminate, sharply serrate or incised, common:y 
rounded or cordate at the base: flowers solitary or few in corymbs: petals white or pink, 


ROSACEAE 519 


cuneate or obovate-cuneate, 1.5-2 cm. long: fruit subglobose, or oval, 1-1.5 cm. high, 
rather dry, black. 

In dry woods or rocky soil, Maine to New York and Georgia. Spring. 

20. Rubus hispidus L. A slender bristly or prickly shrub, with trailing stems, the 
branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves relatively few, mostly 3-foliolate: blades 
of the leaflets rather leathery, 1-4 cm. long, usually obtuse at the apex, unequally serrate, 
the terminal one narrowly or broadly cuneate, the lateral ones oval or suborbicular varying 
to ovate or obovate: flowers solitary, or a few in corymbs : petals white or pinkish, spatu- 
late to cuneate-obovate, 5-8 mm. long: fruit of few drupelets about 1 cm. in diameter, 
black, sour. 

In woods, thickets or damp places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia and Kansas. Spring and 
summer. 

21. Rubus carpinifodlius Rydb. A slender trailing shrubby vine, with bristly and 
weak-prickly stems, the flowering branches 2-3 dm. long, armed with flatter and more re- 
curved prickles than the stem, the lower leaves 5-foliolate, the upper 3-foliolate : blades 
of the leaflets very thin, the terminal one oblong to elliptic-oblong, 4-6 cm. long, somewhat 
longer than the lateral ones, the lateral ones ovate to cuneate, all glabrous, rather coarsely 
and mostly doubly serrate with ovate teeth: inflorescence few-flowered, the peduncles elon- 
gated: corolla about 2.5 cm. broad: fruit oblong, about 1.5 cm. long. 

In dry soil, Arkansas and Louisiana. Spring. 

22. Rubus trivialis Michx. An evergreen trailing or procumbent shrub, with 
prickle-armed and more or less bristly stems 1-2 m. long, the flowering branches erect, usu- 
ally 2-10 cm. tall, the prickles hooked. Leaves often numerous, 3-foliolate or rarely 5- 
foliolate: blades of the leaflets thickish, elliptic or oval, or sometimes ovate-lanceolate, 
sharply serrate, the terminal one often cuneate at the base : flowers usually solitary : sepals 
ovate to oval or lanceolate: petals white, broadly or narrowly obovate, 10-12 mm. long: 
fruit oblong, 2.5 em. long, black, sweet and juicy. 

In sandy soil, Virginia south to Florida and Texas. Spring. 

23. Rubus persístens Rydb. Similar to R. trivialis in habit, but the flowering 
branches more leafy and terminated by several-flowered corymbs, the stems prickle-armed, 
the prickles somewhat flattened and more or less recurved. Leaves 3-foliolate : blades of the 
leaflets thickish, the terminal ones cuneate, oblong-obovate or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-4 
em. long, all glabrous or sparingly pubescent about the veins beneath, serrate or slightly 
incised-serrate: flowering branches armed like the stem, terminated by several-flowered 
corymbs : corolla 2-2.5 em. broad : fruit oblong. 

In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring. 

24. Rubus rubrisétus Rydb. An evergreen shrub, the stems trailing, 6-12 dm. 
long, prickly and densely clothed with red or purplish bristles. Leaves 5-foliolate or on 
flowering branches sometimes 3-foliolate: blades of the leaflets thick, obovate or oval, 2-6 
cm. long, acute or acuminate, smooth and shining, dentate with broad teeth : inflorescence 
bristly and prickly : flowers 3-7 in each corymb: sepals ovate, with short subulate tips: 
corolla 1.5-2.5 em. wide. 

In sandy soil, Missouri to Louisiana. Winter and spring. 


7. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr. 

: Perennial caulescent herbs, with villous or viscid foliage. Leaves alternate: blades 
pinnate. Flowers in irregular cymes. Hypanthium nearly flat. Sepals 5, accompanied 
by bractlets. Corolla yellow or white. Petals not notched. Stamens 20-30, in 5 clusters 
on the thickened margin of the 5-angled disk around the hemispneric receptacle. Pistils 
numerous: style basal, usually thickened near the middle. Seed orthotropous, ascending 
from its attachment near the base of the style. 


.,, l. Drymocallis argüta (Pursh) Rydb. Stems stout, 3-10 dm. tall, glandular and 
villous. Basal leaves with pinnately 7-11-foliolate blades ; leaflets ovate, oval or rhombic, 
obtuse and sharply incised-serrate, the terminal one cuneate at the base: stem-leaves 
much reduced: flowers in dense cymes: sepals ovate, acute: corolla white, 10-18 mm. 
broad : achenes glabrous. 

a or rocky hills, New Brunswick to the Rocky Mountain region, Tennessee and Kansas. 


Summ 
8. SIBBALDIOPSIS Rydb. 

Low perennial caulescent shrubby plants, with horizontal rootstocks and short caudices. 

Leaves alternate: blades 3-foliolate, petioled : leaflets leathery, the blades broadened up- 


520 ROSACEAE 


ward. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Hypanthium persistent, rather flat. Sepals 5, 
nearly as broad as long. Bractlets 5, narrower than the sepals. Petals 5, white, sessile, 
without claws. Stamens about 20, in 3 series: filaments filiform. Receptacle hemispheric. 
Pistils numerous. Styles slender, lateral. Stigma truncate. Ovule ascending, amphit- 
ropous. Achenes turgid, pubescent. 

1. Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Soland.) Rydb. Foliage pubescent, bright green. 
Caudices decumbent, scaly below, sometimes creeping: leaves often clustered ; stipules 
lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long; leaflets 3, the blades 1-3 cm. long, cuneate or obovate-cuneate, 
3-toothed at the apex, appressed-pubescent : peduncles 0.5-3 dm. tall, topped by few- 
flowered corymbose cymes : bractlets mostly oblong : sepals triangular-ovate or ovate, acute, 
surpassing the bractlets : corolla white, about 1 cm. broad : petals obovate or elliptic-obovate, 
fully twice as long as the sepals. 


In rocky soil, Greenland to Manitoba, New Jersey and along the mountains to northern Georgia. 
Spring and summer. 


9. FRAGARIA L. 


Perennial acaulescent often stoloniferous herbs, the foliage usually silky or villous. 
Leaves basal, with long petioles: blades 3-foliolate. Scapes simple or branched above. 
Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in terminal cymes. Hypanthium persistent, turbinate. Sepals 
5, spreading or reflexed, valvate, accompanied by 5 bractlets. Petals 5, white, or rarely 
reddish, short-clawed. Stamens about 20, in 3series. Pistils numerous, glabrous, inserted 
on a conic or hemispheric accrescent receptacle: style lateral, rather persistent: stigma 
capitate. Ovule solitary, ascending. Achenes crustaceous, numerous, imbedded in or 
seated on the more or less elongated fleshy receptacle. STRAWBERRY. 


Leaflets sessile or nearly so: achenes superficial. 1. F. Americana. 
Leaflets stalked : achenes in pits. 2. F. Virginiana. 


1. Fragaria Americana (Porter) Britton. Rootstock rather slender. Runners long 
and slender: leaves erect ; petioles 5-10 em. long, silky or glabrate ; leaflets 3, the blades 
rhombic-obovate, 3-8 cm. long, mostly acute, sharply and deeply serrate, the lateral pair 
oblique: scapes slender, mostly less than 1.5 dm. tall, silky or the hairs finally spreading : 
corolla white, 1-1.5 em. broad : fruit conic-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long, red : achenes superficial. 

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to North Carolina and New Mexico. Spring. 


2. Fragaria Virginiana Duchesne. Rootstock thick. Runners long and stout; 
leaves mostly erect; petioles 2-30 cm. long, villous ; leaflets 3, the blades rather thick, ob- 
ovate to oblong, 3-10 em. long, coarsely toothed, obtuse, deep green, glabrate in age, not 
glaucous : scape erect, stout, 1.5-5 dm. long, but usually less than 2 dm., villous : sepals 
and bractlets lanceolate, acute or acuminate: corolla 1.5-2.5 em. broad : petals obovate, 
about twice as long as the sepals: fruit hemispheric, 1-1.5 cm. long: achenes in pits. 

In dry soil, Prince Edward’s Island to Minnesota, Georgia and the Indian Territory. Spring.—A 


smaller form 3-8 cm. high, with more copiously pubescent foliage, leaflets 2-4 em. long, almost sessile 
and broader, and the sepals more acuminate, is F. Virginiana austrális Rydb. 


10. DUCHÉSNEA J. E. Smith. à 
Perennial caulescent herbs, with trailing, often creeping branches. Leaves alternate: 
blades 3-foliolate, petioled. Flowers perfect, pedicelled, axillary. Hypanthium flattish. 
Sepals 5, accompanied by as many toothed or incised bractlets, which are longer than the 
sepals. Petals 5, yellow, fugaceous. Stamens numerous. Pistils numerous, inserted on 4 
depressed-hemispheric receptacle: style lateral. Ovule solitary, ascending. Achenes 
crustaceous, seated on the dry receptacle. YELLOW or INDIAN STRAWBERRY. 


1. Duchesnea Indica (Andr.) Focke. Stem usually branched at the base, po 
branches hirsute or silky with partially appressed hairs, prostrate or ascending, 1-9 am. 
long, often creeping : leaflets 3, the blades ovate to obovate, 1-4 cm. long, crenate or Ser- 
rate-crenate, the terminal one cuneate at the base, the lateral ones inequilateral, their nerves 
prominent beneath : peduncles as long as the subtending bracts or longer: flower sod 
sepals ovate-lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, abruptly acuminate : bractlets 3-5-toothed : er : 
1.6-2 cm. broad : petals 5, yellow, obovate, truncate or retuse at the apex : fruit ovol o 
subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. [Fragaria Indica Andr.] 


In waste places, New York to Florida and Alabama. Naturalized from India. Spring to fall. 


ROSACEAE 521 


11. POTENTILLA L. 


Herbs orshrubby plants, with erect or creeping stems. Leaves alternate: blades pin- 
nately or digitately divided. Flowers perfect, in terminal corymbose cymes or solitary and 
axillary to leaf-like bracts. Calyx erect or drooping. Sepals usually 5, persistent. Bract- 
lets 5. Petals usually 5, white, yellow, red or purple, mostly sessile. Stamens mostly 20, 
(5-30) in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle hemispheric or conic. Pistils mostly numerous : style 
terminal. Ovule pendulous, anatropous. Achenes smooth or wrinkled. CINQUEFOIL. 


Flowers axillary to the leaf-like bracts : stems creeping or spreading: perennials. 
Stems silky-villous: first flower at the second node of the stem or a succeeding 
node. 1. P. Canadensis. 
Stems silky-strigillose : first flower at the first node of the stem. 2. P. pumila. 
Flowers in terminal cymes: stems erect or ascending: annuals or biennials. 
Upper leaf-blades digitately 3-7-foliolate. 


Corolla 10 mm. broad : stamens 20: petals as long as the sepals. 3. P. Monspeliensis. 
Corolla 5 mm. broad : stamens 5-8: petals much shorter than the sepals. 4. P. pentandra. 
Upper leaf-blades pinnately 3-11-foliolate. 5. P. paradoza. 


1. Potentilla Canadénsis L. Perennial, bright green. Stems branched at the base, 
the branches 3-6 dm. long, becoming decumbent or prostrate, silky-villous : basal leaves 
few ; petioles 4-6 cm. long, silky ; blades digitately 5-foliolate, or 3-foliolate with the 
lateral leaflets nearly divided ; blades of the leaflets obovate or cuneate-oblong, 2-4 cm. 
long, coarsely and usually doubly serrate : stem-leaves similar to the basal but with shorter 
petioles: flowers solitary in the axils: pedicels 3-10 cm. long: sepals ovate or lanceolate, 
about as long as the lanceolate bractlets: corolla yellow, 10-12 mm. broad : petals obcor- 
date, about d longer than the sepals: achenes with a few transverse wrinkles. 

In dry soil, Maine to Quebec, Minnesota, northern Georgia and the Indian Territory. Spring and 
summer.—A larger form with more elongated branches, more appressed pubescence and glabrate 
larger leaflets 5-6 cm. long, is P. Canadensis simplex (Michx.) T. & G. 

2. Potentilla pumila Poir. Perennial, pale green. Stems erect, less than 1.5 dm. 
tall, producing elongated runner-like densely silky-strigillose branches: basal leaves few; 
petioles 2-4 em. long, pubescent like the stem ; blades digitately 5-foliolate : blades of the 
leaflets obovate, about 2 cm. long, coarsely serrate : stem-leaves similar to the basal, but 
with shorter petioles: flowers solitary in the axils, the first one accompanying the first 
stem-leaf: pedicels 3-5 cm. long: sepals lanceolate, about as long as the similar bractlets : 
corolla yellow, 6-10 mm. broad : petals obcordate, little surpassing the sepals. 

In dry woods, New England to North Carolina and Georgia. Spring. 

3. Potentilla Monspeliénsis L. Annual or biennial. Stems solitary or several to- 
gether, 3-8 dm. tall, branched above, hirsute: leaf-blades digitately 3-foliolate (or the 
lower ones in robust plants digitately or pinnately 5-foliolate): stipules ovate, 1-4 cm. 
long, toothed ; blades of the leaflets obovate, 3-10 cm. long, serrate with broad teeth : hy- 
panthium hirsute, becoming 1 cm. broad : sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, about as long as 
the similar bractlets: corolla light yellow, about 1 cm. broad: petals obovate, almost as 
long as the sepals: stamens 20. 

In dry soil and cultivated grounds, Labrador to Alaska, Georgia, Texas and Mexico. Spring and 
summer. Also in Europe and Asia.—The form with oblong leaflets and fine pubescence, rarely with 
some longer hairs, is P. Monspeliensis Norvégica (L.) Rydb. 

4. Potentilla pentándra Engelm. Annual or biennial. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, hirsute, 
much branched above : blades of the basal and lower stem-leaves 3-foliolate, with the lower 
pair of leaflets parted so as to simulate a 5-foliolate blade, slender-petioled ; blades of the 
leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, 3-5 cm. long, obtuse, incised-dentate : cyme flat-topped : 
sepals ovate, acute: corolla pale yellow, less than 5 mm. broad : petals spatulate, much 
surpassed by the sepals: stamens 5-8. 

On prairies, Manitoba to Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas. Summer. 

5. Potentilla paradóxa Nutt. Annual or biennial. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, softly 
poaa, rather much branched : blades of the lower leaves pinnately 7-11-foliolate ; 

lades of the leaflets obovate or oval, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, sparingly pubescent : 
cymes loose : sepals ovate, acute : corolla 7-8 mm. broad : petals obovate-cuneate, about as 

long as the sepals : stamens about 20. 
On river banks or in low grounds, New York to Ontario, Oregon, Tennessee and Mexico. Summer. 


12. WALDSTEINIA Willd. 

Perennial acaulescent herbs, resembling Fragariae, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves 
basal, with long petioles: blades simple, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-foliolate, the lobes or leaflets 
With toothed or incised blades: stipules membranous. Scapes erect, branched above. 
Flowers perfect, in terminal corymbs. Hypanthium turbinate. Sepals 5, valvate, often 


522 ROSACEAE 


augmented by 5 bractlets. Petals 5, surpassing the sepals. Stamens numerous, in several 
series on the throat of the receptacle: filaments distinct, rigid. Pistils 2-6, on a short 
pubescent receptacle: style nearly terminal, filiform, glabrous. Ovule 1 in each cavity, 
ascending. Achenes 2-6, oblique, dry or somewhat fleshy. BARREN STRAWBERRY. 


Leaf-blades 3-lobed. 1. W. lobata. 
Leaf-blades 3-foliolate. 
Petals as long as the sepals or shorter: 2. W. parviflora. 
Petals twice as long as the sepals or longer. 3. W. fragarioides. 


1. Waldsteinia lobàta (Baldw.) T. & G. Foliage slightly bristly with delicate 
spreading hairs. Leaves 1-2 dm. tall; petioles longer than the blades, slender ; blades 
suborbicular in outline, 2.5-6 cm. in diameter, cordate, 3-lobed, the lobes crenate with 
mucronulate teeth : scapes filiform, about as long as the leaves, simple or corymbosely 
branched above: sepals triangular-lanceolate, acute, somewhat longer than the hypan- 
thium: petals narrowly oblong or narrowly elliptic, as long as the sepals or shorter: 
achenes usually 2, densely pubescent. 

On the banks of the Flint and the Chattahoochee Rivers, southwestern Georgia. Spring. 

2. Waldsteinia parvifldra Small. Foliage glabrous or villous-hirsute. Leaves 1-3 
dm. tall; petioles much longer than the blades, usually less pubescent than the scapes; 
blades compound : leaflets 3, the blades cuneate, obovate or broadly rhomboidal, 2-8 cm. 
long, coarsely and irregularly crenate or lobed: scapes solitary or several together, com- 
monly shorter than the leaves, more or less extensively corymbosely branched : sepals tri- 
angular-lanceolate or lanceolate-acuminate, often shorter than the hypanthium : petals 
linear-oblong or narrowly elliptic, as long as the sepals or slightly shorter. 

In woods or shaded places, Pennsylvania to North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. Spring. 

3. Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. Foliage glabrous or with few spread- 
ing hairs. Leaves basal, 0.5-3 dm. tall; petioles as long as the blades or longer ; blades 
compound : leaflets 3, the blades 2-4 cm. long, broadly cuneate or obovate, or sometimes 
suborbicular in outline, crenate, crenate-lobed or incised : scapes solitary or tufted, shorter 
than or mostly longer than the leaves, simple or corymbosely branched above: bracts 
lanceolate to ovate : sepals ovate to ovate-triangular, longer than the hypanthium, acute or 
Aa : petals bright yellow, ovate or oval, 8-10 mm. long, twice as long as the sepals or 

onger. 

In woods or on shaded banks, Ontario (?) to New York, New Jersey, Virginia and Georgia. Spring. 


13. GEUM L. 


Perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and upright stems. Leaves alternate, 
sometimes all basal: blades 3-foliolate or pinnately divided, the divisions alternate, the 
terminal one larger than the rest. Flowers of various colors, solitary or in cory mbs 
orcymes. Hypanthium turbinate to hemispheric. Sepals 5, valvate or imbricated, usually 
augmented by as many bractlets. Petals 5, longer than the sepals. Stamens numerous, 1n 
several series : filaments distinct. Pistils numerous, inserted on a short or elongated recep- 
tacle: style filiform, jointed, more or less angled : stigma minute. Ovule 1 in each cavity, 
ascending. Achenes dry, sessile or short-stalked. AVENS. 

Heads of achenes sessile: sepals accompanied by bractlets. 


Corolla yellow or cream-yellow. 1. G. flavum. 
Corolla white. 
Plant glabrate or softly pilose: receptacle glabrous. 2. G. Canadense. 
Plant hirsute: receptacle bristly. UPPERS 
Petals shorter than the sepals : achene-body 2.5-3 mm. long. 8. G. Lol jte 5 
Petals as long as the sepals or longer: achene-body 3.5-4.5 mm. long. 4. G. genicw ; 
Heads of achenes stalked : sepals not accompanied by bractlets. 5. G. vernum. 


1. Geum flavum (Porter) Bicknell. Foliage dingy green. Stems 3-12 dm. eat 
hirsute below, corymbosely branched above : leaf-blades variable, those of the basal Ve 
lower stem-leaves usually pinnately divided (rarely only lobed), the divisions toothed o 
incised, the terminal one much larger than the rest; upper stem-leaves with less divi " 
and shorter-petioled blades: sepals lanceolate, entire, reflexed : petals yellow or Cream 
yellow, oblong or oblong-cuneate, 3-4 cm. long, usually shorter than the sepals : achene 
body about 3 mm. long, with a few bristles especially above the middle. 

In woods and on banks, New York to North Carolina. Spring and summer. ] 

2. Geum Canadénse Jacq. Foliage bright green. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, pae 
pubescent or glabrate, corymbosely branched above : leaf-blades variable ; those of pnr -: 
leaves lobed, 3-divided or pinnate, the divisions toothed, lobed or incised ; stem- hi 
similar, but the upper with less divided and with shorter petioled blades: hypanthiu 


ROSACEAE 523 


glabrous or finely canescent: sepals lanceolate, longer than the hypanthium, reflexed : 
petals white, obovate to suborbicular, as long as the sepals, or shorter: fruiting heads 
8-11 mm. long: achene-body 2.5-3 mm. long, bristly above the middle.  [G. album 
Gmel. | 

On banks and in shaded soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Spring and summer. 

3. Geum Virginiànum L. Stems more or less densely pubescent with retrorse hairs, 
3-9 dm. tall, branched above: leaves variable, the basal with long petioles and lobed, 3- 
divided, or pinnate blades, the divisions lobed or incised ; stem-leaves with short-petioled 
or sessile 3-5-lobed or parted blades: hypanthium hirsute: sepals lanceolate, acuminate : 
petals white, obovate or cuneate, shorter than the sepals: fruiting heads 12-16 mm. long : 
achene-body 2.5-3 mm. long, sparingly pubescent near the apex. 


In thickets or low places, New Brunswick to Minnesota, North Carolinaand Missouri. Spring and 
summer. 


4. Geum geniculatum Michx. Stems hirsute, the hairs sometimes retrorse, 5-9 
dm. tall, corymbosely branched above: leaves various, the basal with long petioles ; blades 
toothed or 3-divided, the divisions 5-8 cm. long, coarsely toothed ; the stem-leaves similar, 
but with shorter petioles, the terminal segment of the upper ones often acuminate: pe- 
duncles densely pubescent: sepals lanceolate, acuminate: petals white, conspicuously 
nerved, as long as the sepals or longer : achene-body 3.5-4.5 mm. long, tawny, bristly near 
the edges. 

On high mountain slopes, North Carolina. Summer. 

5. Geum vérnum (Raf.) T. & G. Stems branched at the base, the branches decum- 
bent or ascending, 2-9 dm. long, glabrous or finely pubescent : leaves mainly basal, 5-20 
em. long, very variable, with long petioles; basal with both lobed and pinnate blades, the 
segments incised ; stem-leaves similar to the pinnate basal ones, but shorter-petioled : pe- 
duncles commonly glabrous: sepals ovate or triangular-ovate, reflexed : petals broadly 
cuneate, about as long as the sepals: fruiting heads 7-9 mm. in diameter: achene-body 3 
mm. long, glabrous or nearly so. 

In shaded ground and thickets, Ontario to New Jersey, Tennessee and Texas. Spring. 


14. SIEVERSIA R. Br. 

Low perennial caulescent herbs, but the stems often scape-like. Leaves mainly basal : 
blades odd-pinnate. Flowers solitary, or few in cymes. Hypanthium hemispheric or ob- 
conic. Sepals 5, generally accompanied by 5 bractlets. Corolla yellow or purplish. 
Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous on a hemispheric receptacle. Style 
terminal, not jointed, pubescent or plumose, generally elongating at maturity, persistent. 
Seed basal, erect. 


. 1. Siervesia radiàta (Michx.) Greene. Foliage hirsute. Stems erect, 1-6 dm. tall, 
simple below, corymbosely branched above, often tufted : leaves of two kinds, the basal with 
lyrate-pinnate blades, and long petioles, the terminal division suborbicular to reniform, 
4-15 em. broad, unequally toothed, obscurely 5-7-lobed, and crisped, cordate ; lateral 
leaflets small or wanting; stem-leaves with sessile orbicular or cuneate, many-cleft or 
incised blades 2-6 cm. long: hypanthium broadly turbinate, 7-9 mm. broad: sepals tri- 
angular or lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the hypanthium: bractlets linear or nearly 
so: corolla 3-4 em. broad: petals deep yellow, broadly and deeply obcordate: styles straight: 
achene-body 3-4 mm. long, pubescent. [Geum radiatum Michx. ] 
In rocky soil, on the summits of high mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer 


15. ULMARIA Hill. 

Perennial herbs, with erect stems. Leaves alternate : blades pinnate, petioled : leaflets 
variously toothed or lobed. Flowers perfect, white, pink or purple, in terminal corymbose 
cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens numerous, inserted on the concave or flat 
disk : filaments club-shaped. Pistils 5-15, often 10, distinct: style short. Ovules 2 in 
each cavity, pendulous. Fruit capsular, indehiscent. Seed usually solitary, pendulous. 

1. Ulmaria rübra Hill. Foliage deep green. Stems 5-24 dm. tall, usually branched : 
leaf-blades pinnate, petioled, the lower ones 3-9 dm. long, the upper successively shorter ; 
stipules leaf-like, serrate : leaflets glabrous above, pubescent beneath, the lateral ones oppo- 
site, the blades palmately 3-5-lobed, the terminal one larger, 7-9-lobed, its segments sharply 
serrate : corymbs compound, 1-sided : hypanthium glabrous : sepals almost half-orbicular, 
reflexed : petals suborbicular, pink to purple, 2-3 mm. in diameter: follicles 6-7 mm. 
high, club-shaped, eurved below. [Spiraea lobata Gronov. ] 


In swamps and low grounds, Pennsylvania to Michigan and Iowa, Georgia and Kentucky. Spring 
and summer, QUEEN OF THE PRAIRIE. 7 


524 ROSACEAE 


16. NEVIUSIA A. Gray. 

Shrus, with spreading terete branches. Leaves alternate : blades membranous, simple, 
doubly serrate: stipules slender. Flowers perfect, white, solitary or in open clusters. Hy- 
panthium bractless, flattish. Sepals 5, petal-like, imbricated, spreading, incised-serrate, 
persistent. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous, persistent, in several series: filaments 
glabrous. Pistils 2-4, sessile. Style nearly terminal, stigmatose onthe inner side. Ovules 
solitary in each cavity, pendulous. Achenes drupe-like, with a thin fleshy epicarp and a 
crustaceous endocarp. 


1. Neviusia Alabaménsis A. Gray. A branching shrub 6-15 dm. tall, with minutely 
pubescent young foliage. Leaves numerous; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. 
long, acute or acuminate, doubly serrate, rounded or subcordate at the base, sparingly 
pubescent on both sides or glabrous in age; petioles 3-8 mm. long: pedicels slender, 
1.5-2 em. long: hypanthium minutely pubescent without: sepals leaf-like, obovate or 
oblong-cuneate, 8-12 mm. long, sharply serrate above the middle : petals wanting: filaments 
filiform-clavate, longer than the sepals. 

On cliffs, near Tuscaloosa and on Sand Mountain, Alabama. Summer. 


17. ALCHEMILLA L. 

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades digitately lobed or 
compound, petioled : stipules a dilation of the base of the petiole. Flowers perfect, small, 
in open or congested cymes. Hypanthium urn-shaped. Sepals 4-5, valvate, augmented by 
4-5 bractlets. Disk often almost closing the throat of the hypanthium. Petals wanting. 
Stamens 1-4: filaments very short, distinct. Pistils 1-4, sessile or short-stalked: style 
lateral or basal, glabrous: stigma capitate. Ovule solitary, ascending. Achenes 1-4, 
included. 


1. Alchemilla arvénsis (L.) Scop. Annual, strigillose or somewhat villous. Stems 
simple and erect or usually branched at the base, the branches ascending, 2-15 mm. long: 
leaf-blades 3-parted, 4-10 mm. long, the segments cuneate, 2-4-cleft, the lobes obtuse: 
stipules leaf-like, cleft or rarely nearly entire : flowers in sessile axillary clusters: calyx 
greenish, 2-3 mm. broad: sepals shorter than the hypanthium, ovate, obtuse or obtusish. 


In sandy fields, Virginia to Tennessee, North Carolina and middle Georgia. Naturalized from 
Europe. Also on the Pacific slope and in Nova Scotia. Early spring. 


18. AGRIMONIA L.! 


Perennial pubescent and often glandular herbs, with erect stems. Roots sometimes 
tuberous. Leaves alternate, with leaf-like stipules: blades unequally pinnate, the rachis 
often bearing interposed small leaflets between the larger ones. Flowers perfect, in wand- 
like racemes. Hypanthium persistent, campanulate or turbinate, more or less distinctly 
grooved, armed above with hooked bristles. Sepals 5, converging. Petals yellow, 5, 
longer than the sepals. Stamens 5-15, in one series : filaments distinct. Pistils 2, sessile, 
included: style slender: stigmas 2-lobed. Ovule solitary, pendulous. Achenes 1 or 2, 
included in the hardened accrescent hypanthium. Seed pendulous. AGRIMONY. 


Leaflets incised-toothed, the teeth few, salient or recurved. 1. A. incisa. 
Leaflets serrate, dentate or crenulate, the teeth several or many. 
Lower surfaces of the leaves, and racemes softly and closely pubescent. 


Roots not tuberous-thickened : leaves mostly with over 11 narrow leaflets. 2. A. parvifiora. 

Roots tuberous-thickened : leaves mostly with less than 9 broader leaflets. a ila 
Leaflets 3-5. 8. A. pumud. 
Leaflets 5-9 or rarely more. 4. A. mollis. 


Lower surfaces of the leaves, and racemes glabrous or with loosely spreading hairs. 
Roots tuberous-thickened : fruit 2.5-3.5 mm. high, hemispheric, with few ascend- : 
ing bristles. : 5. A. striata. 
Roots not tuberous-thickened: fruit 6-12 mm. high, turbinate, with many radiat- 
ing bristles. 1 
1. Agrimonia incisa T. & G. Stems shaggy-villous below the inflorescence, 3-1 
dm. tall simple or branching above, the branches ascending: leaves 5-16 cm. Tei 
stipules incised-laciniate; leaflets 7-11 or fewer in the upper leaves, the blades is 
cuneate, obovate or oblong-obovate, coarsely incised, the teeth salient or recurved, a red 
pair and 1 or 2 smaller pairs of small leaflets on the rachis in each interval: racemes 1 


! Revised by Mr. E. P. Bicknell. 


6. A. hirsuta. 


ROSACEAE 525 


terrupted, 1-4 dm. long: corolla 4-5 mm. broad: hypanthium granular : fruit 4 mm. long 
the body campanulate, with hooked ascending or erect bristles. 

In dry pine woods, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 

2. Agrimonia parvifldra Soland. Roots fibrous. Stems 5-18 dm. tall, usually 
shaggy-pubescent below the racemes, often widely branched above : leaves numerous, 1-3 
dm. long, stipules (excepting the lower ones) clasping, incised ; leaflets 11-19 or rarely 27, 
the blades narrowly elliptic to oblong, varying to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2.5-10 cm. 
long, acute or acuminate at both ends, serrate, often coarsely so, accompanied by 4-5 small 
pairs or fewer in each interval: racemes many-flowered, 2-7 dm. long, erect or spread- 
ing: hypanthium ribbed: sepals oblong-ovate, acute: coroHa 6-10 mm. broad: petals 
pale yellow: fruit spreading or drooping, 2-4 mm. long, the body varying from subglobose 
to turbinate, the bristles hooked, the outer reflexed, the inner erect and longer. 

_ [n damp thickets and on borders of woods, New York to Missouri, middle Georgia and Missis- 
sippi. Summer. : 

3. Agrimonia pümila Muhl. Roots tuberous-thickened. Stems pubescent with 
spreading hairs, 2-6 dm. tall, slender, prolonged into wand-like, simple or sparingly 
branched racemes: leaves mostly on the lower part of the stem, 3-8 cm. long (the upper 
ones much reduced and often 2-foliolate) ; stipules clasping, incised; leaflets mostly 3-5, 
the blades oval to elliptic or the terminal one cuneate, 2.5-3 cm. long, crenate or crenate- 
dentate, the interposed leaflets few and small: racemes much interrupted, 1-5 dm. long: 
hypanthium campanulate: corolla 4-6 mm. broad: petals yellow: fruit turbinate or 
turbinate-campanulate, 4 mm. long, the hooked bristles erect and ascending. 

In open woods, Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 

4. Agrimonia móllis (T. & G.) Britton. Roots tuberous-thickened, elongated. 
Stems loosely tomentose and somewhat villous, 3-18 dm. tall, sparingly branched, or some- 
times in robust plants widely branched : leaves 10-15 cm. long or sometimes 3 dm. long, 
rather numerous ; stipules varying from lanceolate and entire to broad and incised ; leaflets 
5-9, usually 5, the blades firm, oblong, elliptic or oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 3-7.5 
em. long, coarsely crenate or serrate-crenate, cuneate at the base, at least as to the terminal 
one, sometimes rounded : racemes interrupted, wand-like, 1-4 dm. long: hypanthium rib- 
bed : corolla 6-10 mm. broad: petals deep yellow: fruit turbinate, sometimes broadly so, 
4-5 mm. long, the hooked bristles erect or ascending. [A. Eupatoria var. mollis T. & G.J]. 

, In woods and on hillsides, Connecticut to Michigan, Kansas and Georgia. Summer and fall.—A 
variety, A. mollis Bicknéllii Kearney, is smaller and less branched, has 7-13 oblong or narrowly oblong 
broadly serrate-dentate leaflets, the terminal one often cleft or lobed at the base, and fruit with longer 
and more spreading bristles ; it ranges from Connecticut to North Carolina and Tennessee. 

5. Agrimonia striàta Michx. Roots tuberous-thickened, elongated. Stems nearly 
glabrous to loosely pubescent with spreading hairs, 2-15 dm. tall, simple or delicately 
branched above : leaves 5-20 cm. long ; stipules lanceolate or broader, more or less deeply 
incised ; leaflets 3-9, usually 5, the blades thinnish, obovate, oval or elliptic, 3-8 cm. 
long, coarsely crenate-serrate or crenate, usually cuneately narrowed at thebase, accom- 
panied by few small interposed leaflets: racemes simple or compound, 7-15 cm. long, 
slender : hypanthium granular, hemispheric : sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, canescent within 
at the apex: corolla 4-6 mm. broad: fruit 2.5-3.5 mm. long, spreading of recurved, 
the body hemispheric, the hooked bristles erect or ascending, equalling the terminal 
process or shorter. 

In shaded soil or on wooded hillsides, Connecticut to Missouri and Georgia. Summer and fall. 

6. Agrimonia hírsüta (Muhl.) Bicknell. Roots fibrous. Stems more or less pubes- 
cent with spreading hairs, 5-15 dm. tall, usually branching above, the branches ascending, 
zigzag: leaves 5-30 cm. long; stipules often 2-3 cm. long, coarsely incised, the margins 
of each pair often overlapping ; leaflets 5-9, usually 7, the blades rather thin, elliptic to 
oval, sometimes varying to obovate, 2-12 cm. long, coarsely serrate or serrate-crenate, 
cuneate at the base or sometimes rounded, accompanied by 3 pairs of interposed leaflets or 
Sometimes fewer : racemes simple or mostly branched, 1-4 dm. long: hypanthium granu- 
lar, turbinate : sepals ovate, acuminate : corolla 8-12 mm. broad: petals 5, bright yellow, 
oblong or obovate : fruit 6-12 mm. long, the body strongly fluted, the hooked Teisti 
spreading. 

In thickets and open woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota and North Carolinas. Summer. 


19. SANGUISÓRBA L. 

Perennial or rarely annual caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, furnished with con- 
spıcuous stipules : blades unequally pinnate, petioled : leaflets with serrate blades. Flowers 
perfect or polygamo-dioecious, in dense peduncled spikes or heads. Hypanthium very 
small, constricted at the throat. Sepals 4, imbricated, petal-like, deciduous. Petals wanting. 


526 ROSACEAE 


Stamens 4, or numerous: filaments elongated.  Pistils solitary or 2-3, included: style 
filiform : stigma brush-like. Ovule solitary, pendulous. Achenes mostly solitary, leathery, 
included in the dry angled or variously roughened hypanthium. 

1. Sanguisorba Canadénsis L. Perennial, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems 
3-18 dm. tall, simple or somewhat branched above : leaf-blades pinnate, those on the lower. 
part of the stem 2-6 dm. long, long-petioled with 7-15 leaflets, the upper ones gradually 
reduced ; stipules leaf-like, inequilateral: blades of the leaflets oblong, varying to ovate- 
oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-8 em. long, sharply serrate, rounded or cordate at the 
base, petioluled : spikes cylindric, 3-15 cm. long: calyx corolloid, white, 3-4 mm. broad : 
sepals oblong or cuneate, acute or mucronate at the apex, spreading: filaments club-shaped. 
[ Poterium Canadense (L.) A. Gray. ] 


In swamps and low grounds, Newfoundland to Michigan and Georgia. Summer and fall. 


20. ROSA L. 

Usually prickly shrubs, with erect trailing or climbing stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades unequally pinnate or rarely 2-foliolate: stipules adnate to the petioles. Flowers 
solitary or in corymbs, showy, white, pink, yellow or red, fragrant. Hypanthium accres- 
cent, urn-shaped. Sepals usually 5, imbricated, sometimes leaf-like, deciduous or persistent- 
Petals usually 5, spreading, deciduous. Stamens numerous, inserted near the edge of the 
disk : filaments filiform. Pistils numerous, distinct, sessile at the base of the hypanthium : 
gtyles lateral, distinct or united above. Ovule solitary, pendulous. Achenes numerous, 
corky to bony in texture, included in the berry-like accrescent hypanthium. Rose. 


Styles cohering and forming a column, exserted. 1. R. setigera. 
Styles distinct, included. 
Sepals persistent. 
Hypanthium densely silky, subtended by an involucre of bracts: sepals 
merely acuminate. 2. R. bracteata. 
Hypanthium glabrous or nearly so, not subtended by bracts: sepals with 
somewhat dilated tips. 
Infrastipular spines usually wanting. i 
Leaflets 3-9, often resinous, the blades obtuse at the base: flowers soli- 


tary : sepals erect. 3. R. Engelmanni. 
Leaflets 7-11, not resinous, the blades narrowed at the base: flowers 
corymbed : sepals spreading. A T Arkansana. 
Infrastipular spines present. 5. R. Woodsit. 


Sepals deciduous. 
Deciduous-leaved : leaflets normally 5-13: stems erect or ascending: hypan- 
thium often pubescent or glandular. 
Leafiets with serrulate or finely serrate blades. 


Blades of the leaflets lanceolate, leathery. 6. R. lancifolia. 
Blades of the leaflets elliptic to oblanceolate, membranous. 7. R. Carolina. 
Leaflets with coarsely serrate blades. . 

Fruit subglobose. : 
Leaflets 7-11: hypanthium hispid. 8. R. foliosa. 
Leaflets 5-7: hypanthium glandular-pubescent. 9. R. humilis. 

Fruit oval to narrowly ovoid. mor 
Blades of the leaflets doubly serrate. 10. R. rubiginosa. 

> DN af the ica simply pare x i d 11. R. canina. 
vergreen: leaflets normally 3: stems climbing or trailing: anthium , 
spinescent. : plane 12. R. Cherokeensus. 


1. Rosa setígera Michx. A climbing orreclining shrub, with glabrous or dier 
pubescent young foliage. Stems 2-5 m. long, armed with recurved prickles: leaves 5- 
em. long; leaflets 3-5, the blades elliptic or oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 2-8 cm. 
long, acute or somewhat acuminate, serrate, often lustrous above : flowers showy, a a ba 
terminal corymbs : hypanthium glandular-pubescent, often glaucous: sepals iene a 
acuminate, reflexed at maturity, deciduous: corolla red, 4-6 em. broad : petals obcordate : 
styles cohering : fruit subglobose, 5-10 mm. in diameter, red. 5 a 

In thickets and low ground, Ontario to Wisconsin, West Virginia, Florida and Texas. Spring on 
ummer. PRAIRIE OR CLIMBING ROSE. liage 

2. Rosa bracteata Wendl. An evergreen spreading shrub, with?deep green fo ea 
Stems and branches diffuse, 2-6 m. long, armed with recurved prickles : leaves png , 
3-6 cm. long ; leaflets 5-11, the blades leathery, obovate, cuneate or oval, 1-2 cm. E 
retuse, truncate or apiculate at the apex, serrate, lustrous above, glabrous = sai 
pubescent beneath : flowers showy, solitary or a few together: sepals elliptic or wee or 
lanceolate, acuminate, reflexed at maturity: corolla cream-colored or yellow, se : 
broad : petals retuse or notched at the apex: styles distinct : fruit 1.5-2 cm. thick. dc 

In waste places or in pine woods, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi. Spring tand SumT"* 
Naturalized from China. lender. 

3. Rosa EngelmAnnii S. Wats. A bushy shrub 2-5 dm. tall. Stems very Sen"? 


ROSACEAE 527 


sparingly branched, closely armed with straight prickles: leaves 4-11 cm. long; stipules 
relatively broad ; leaflets 5-9, the blades oval or oval-lanceolate, 3-5 em. long, obtuse, 
sharply and doubly serrate, very thin, pale beneath, more or less copiously resinous-pubes- 
cent: flowers normally solitary : sepals lanceolate, acuminate or somewhat dilated above, 
entire or with few teeth: corolla 6-7 cm. broad: fruit about 2 cm. long, elongated, with 
a conie base and manifest neck. 

In open woods, Michigan to South Dakota, Texas and Colorado. Summer. 

4. Rosa Arkansana Porter. A branching shrub 3-6 dm. tall. Stems and branches 
more or less densely armed with bristle-like prickles : leaves 5-10 cm. long, often numer- 
ous ; stipules rather narrow ; leaflets 7-11, the blades oval, obovate or cuneate, 1-2.5 cm. 
long, rounded at the apex, simply serrate, sometimes tomentose beneath: flowers in ter- 
minal corymbs, rarely solitary: hypanthium glaucous: sepals lanceolate, acuminate, glan- 
dular without, tomentose within, spreading or reflexed at maturity, persistent : corolla 4-5 
em. broad : styles distinct : fruit subglobose, red, 10-12 mm. long, glabrous. 

On prairies, Minnesota to Colorado, Missouri, Texas and New Mexico. Spring and summer. 

5. Rosa Woddsii Lindl. A bushy shrub 3-10 dm. tall. Stems with slender, mostly 
straight, prickles, or unarmed above: leaves 3-10 cm. long ; stipules entire, rather broad ; 
leaflets 5-9, the blades oval or obovate, 1-2 cm. long, rather obtuse, simply serrate, cuneate 
or narrowed at the base, somewhat glabrous beneath : sepals erect at maturity: corolla 3-5 
em. broad : fruit globose or ovoid-globose, 8-10 mm. high, glabrous and sometimes glaucous. 

On prairies, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, Missouri, Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 

6. Rosa lancifdlia Small. A branching shrub 1-2 m. tall. Stems and branches 
terete, armed with short, stout, straight prickles: leaves 5-8 cm. long; leaflets 3-7, the 
blades leathery, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, 
finely serrate, glabrous, somewhat lustrous above, the lateral ones sessile : flowers clustered : 
hypanthium somewhat glandular-pubescent: sepals narrowly linear-lanceolate, slightly 
dilated at the apex, often with 1 or 2 lateral teeth : fruit somewhat depressed. 

About cypress swamps, central peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 

7. Rosa Carolina L. A bushy shrub 1-3 m. tall. Stems and branches armed with 
rather stout recurved prickles : leaves 6-14 cm. long; leaflets 5-9, commonly 7, the blades 
membranous, elliptic to elliptic-obovate or oblanceolate, 2.5-7 cm. long, acute or obtuse at 
the apex, finely serrate, glabrous or pubescent beneath: flowers in terminal corymbs, or 
rarely solitary : hypanthium glandular: sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
often dilated at the apex, rarely lobed, spreading or reflexed at maturity, deciduous: style 
distinct : fruit subglobose or depressed, 7-9 mm. in diameter, red, more or less glandular. 

In swamps and low situations, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 

8. Rosa foliosa Nutt. A branching shrub, about 1 m. tall. Stems and branches 
armed with straight or slightly curved prickles: leaves 3-7 cm. long; leaflets 7-11, the 
blades firm, usually acute, serrate, glabrous or nearly so: flowers solitary, ora few in cor- 
ymbs: hypanthium hispid: sepals lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-pubescent, often lobed, 
spreading at maturity, deciduous: corolla 3-4 cm. broad : styles distinct: fruit subglobose, 
8-10 mm. in diameter, red, glabrous or nearly so. 

On plains or prairies, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. Spring and summer. 

,.9. Rosa humilis Marsh. A bushy shrub 2-24 dm. tall. Stems and branches armed 
with straight prickles: leaves 5-15 cm. long; leaflets 5-7, usually 5, the blades rather 
leathery, elliptic, oval or ovate-lanceolate, or sometimes cuneate, 1.5-5 cm. long, acute or 
rarely rounded at the apex, serrate, sometimes pubescent beneath: flowers solitary, or few 
in corymbs: hypanthium more or less densely glandular-pubescent: sepals lanceolate, 
acuminate, dilated or lobed above, spreading deciduous: corolla 4-6 cm. broad : styles 
distinct : fruit subglobose or depressed, 12-15 mm. in diameter, red. 

In dry soil, Ontario to Wisconsin, Georgia and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 

10. Rosa rubigindsa L. A straggling aromatic shrub. Stems and branches often 
wand-like, 1-3 m. long, armed with recurved prickles: leaves 2-8 cm. long; leaflets 5-7, 
the blades elliptic, oval or suborbicular, sometimes varying to ovate or obovate, 1.5-3 cm. 
long, acute or obtuse at both ends, sharply serrate, resinous beneath : flowers solitary, or few 
in corymbs : hypanthium glabrous or bristly : sepals lanceolate, with an acuminate pinnatifid 
apex: corolla white or pink: styles distinct : fruit oval to narrowly ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, 
deep red, shining. 

In waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario, Georgia and Tennessee. Spring and summer. Natural- 
ized from Europe. SWEETBRIER. 

,,tl Rosa canina L. A straggling shrub. Stems and branches 1-3 m. long, armed 
with slightly curved prickles: leaves 5-8 cm. long ; leaflets 5-7, the blades usually ovate 
or oval, 1-3 em. long, often obtuse at both ends, sometimes acuminate at the apex, serrate, 
glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath : flowers solitary, or a very few in corymbs: sepals 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, lobed near the apex, reflexed at maturity, 


528 CALYCANTHACEAE 


deciduous: corolla pink, often 4-5 cm. broad: styles distinct : fruit ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, 
dark red, glabrous or nearly so. 


In waste places, Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Tennessee. Spring and summer. Naturalized 
from Europe. Doc ROSE. 


12. Rosa Cherokeénsis Donn. An evergreen shrub. Stems and branches trailing oF 
climbing, 2-4 m. long, armed with short recurved prickles: leaf-blades mostly 3-foliolate : 
leaflets 2-8 cm. long, the blades leathery, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or slightly 
acuminate, finely serrate, glabrous, lustrous: flowers solitary : hypanthium bristly : sepals 
leaf-like, dilated into a blade above, entire or toothed, reflexed at maturity : corolla white, 
4-6 cm. broad or sometimes larger: styles distinct: fruit obovoid, 1.5-2 cm. broad, con- 
tracted into a stipe-like base. 

In waste places and along roadsides, Georgia to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 12. CALYCANTHACEAE Lindl. SrraAwBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY. 


Slender shrubs, with an aromatic bark. Leaves opposite: blades usually 
entire: stipules wanting. Flowers perfect, terminal, purplish or yellow, fragrant. 
Receptacle cup-like, short-peduneled. Calyx of numerous sepals, imbricated in 
many series. Corolla of petals similar to the sepals and inserted like them on 
the edge of the receptacle. Androecium of numerous stamens inserted on the 
receptacle, the outer 5-12 fertile, the rest reduced to staminodia. Gynoecium of 
numerous distinct carpels borne on the inside of the hypanthium. Ovary 1- 
celled, sessile : style simple, filiform: stigma simple, terminal. Ovules solitary 
or 2, one above the other, anatropous. Fruit capsular, including few or many 
achenes each with a crustaceous pericarp. Seed erect, solitary. Testa mem- 
branous. Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight, with convolute cotyledons. 


1. BUTNERIA Duham. 


Aromatic shrubs, with opposite branches. Leaves opposite : blades glabrous, but usu- 
ally scabrous above, often glaucous or pubescent beneath. Flowers brownish purple, usu- 
ally strawberry-scented, terminal. Sepals in several series, imbricated.  Petals like the 
sepals, inserted in several series on the edge of the receptacle. Stamens numerous, in many 
series, the outer 12 fertile, the rest reduced to staminodia. Capsular fruit nodding 
leathery. The plants flower in the spring and early summer. STRAWBERRY-SHRUB. 
Leaf-blades not tomentose beneath. 

Lower surface of the leaf-blades glabrous, not glaucous. 1. B. nana. 
Lower surface of the leaf-blades glaucous. 2. B. fertilis. 
Leaf-blades tomentose beneath. 
Blades of the leaves of an ovate type, obtuse or subcordate at the base. 3. B. Mohrit. 
Blades of the leaves of an elliptic or oval type, acute or acuminate at the base. 4. B. florida. 

1. Butneria nàna (Loisel.) Small. An aromatic shrub 1-3 m. tall, with little or no 
pubescence. Leaf-blades membranous, oblong-lanceolate, elliptic or oval, 7-16 cm. long, 
acuminate, deep-green and more or less scabrous above, slightly lighter green and glabrous 
beneath ; petioles glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 0.5-1 em. long : flowers brownish purple, 
short-peduncled, fragrant or inodorous: sepals and petals linear or linear-oblanceolate, 
0.5-3 cm. long, acute, sparingly pubescent : capsule oblong-obovoid, glabrous or sparingly 
pubescent, 4-6 cm. long: seeds oblong, 10-12 mm. long, not flattened, sparingly hirsute. 

Along streams, chiefly in or near the mountains, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Alabama. 

2. Butneria fértilis (Walt.) Kearney. An aromatic shrub 1-3 m. tall, with almost 
glabrous foliage. Leaf-blades thin but rather firm, oblong-elliptic, elliptic or oval, 7- 
cm. long, mostly long-acuminate, bright green and scabrous above, smooth and glaucous 
beneath, acutish or rounded at the base ; petioles sparingly pubescent, 0.5-1.5 cm. long : 
flowers short-peduncled, purple, fragrant: sepals and petals pubescent, linear or nearly 80, 
acute or acuminate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: capsule irregularly obovoid, glaucescent, 4-0 of 
long: seeds oblong, 12-14 mm. long, slightly flattened, sparingly hirsute. 

In woods and along streams, in the mountains, Virginia to Kentucky, Georgia and Alabama. : 

3. Butneria Móhrii Small A branching shrub, 1-2 m. tall, with pubescent TE 
and leaves. Leaf-blades firm, oblong-obovate to broadly ovate, 6-20 cm. long, EPEE 
on both sides when young, when mature, bright green and scabrous above, tomentose : 
neath, acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base ; petioles stout, pubem 
8-10 mm. long: flowers purple, stout-peduncled : sepals and petals pubescent, linear 


MALACEAE 529 


linear-oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2-3 cm. long, often with green tips: capsule 
unknown. 

On rocky ridges and mountains, southern Tennessee and northern Alabama. 

4. Butneria flórida (L.) Kearney. An aromatic shrub 0.5-3 m. tall, with pubes- 
cent twigs and leaves. Leaf-blades firm, elliptic or oval, 4-14 cm. long, short-acuminate 
at both ends or rarely obtuse at the apex, entire or rarely lobed, pubescent on both sides 
when voung, when mature dark green and very scabrous above, tomentose beneath ; peti- 
oles pubescent, 0.5-1 em. long: flowers short-peduncled, dull purple, fragrant : sepals and 
petals pubescent, linear-oblanceolate or oblanceolate, 1.5-2 em. long, acutish: capsule 
oblong-obovoid, 4-6 cm. long, finely tomentose, ribbed: seeds obovoid, 1 em. long, more 
or less hirsute. 

On hillsides and along streams, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. 


FAMILY 13. MALACEAE Small.! APPLE FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs, with upright stems. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately 
veined or pinnate, petioled, the small deciduous stipules free from the petiole. 
Flowers regular, perfect, racemed, cymose or solitary. Calyx superior. Sepals 
mostly 5. Hypanthium adnate to the ovary. Petals mostly 5, usually clawed. 
Stamens numerous or rarely few, distinct. Anthers small, 2-celled : sacs longi- 
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1—5-celled, usually 5-celled, composed of 1-5 wholly 
or partly united carpels. Ovules 1-2 (rarely several) in each carpel, anatropous, 
ascending. Styles 1-5. Stigma small. Fruit a more or less fleshy pome, con- 
sisting of the thickened hypanthium, enelosing the bony, papery or leathery 
carpels. Endosperm wanting. Cotyledons fleshy. [Pomaceae L.] 


Carpels papery or leathery at maturity. 
Leaf-blades pinnately compound. 1. SORBUS. 
Leaf-blades simple, entire, toothed or lobed. 
Cavities of the ovary (earpels) as many as the styles. 


Flesh of the pome with grit-cells. 2. PYRUS: 
Flesh of the pome without grit-cells. 
Cymes simple. 3. MALUS. 
: Cymes compound. " 4. ARONIA. 
Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many as the styles. 5. AMELANCHIER. 
Carpels bony at maturity. 
vules solitary in each carpel, or, if 2, dissimilar. 6. CRATAEGUS. 

Ovules 2 in each carpel, alike. 7. COTONEASTER. 


1. SÓRBUS L. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnate leaves: leaflets several, the blades toothed : 
stipules deciduous. Flowers perfect, regular, white, in terminal compound cymes. Hypan- 
thium urn-shaped, not bracteolate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, spreading, with short claws. 
Stamens 8. Ovary inferior. Styles usually 3, distinct: stigmas truncate. Ovules 2 in 
each cavity. Fruit a small red berry-like pome, its carpels not cartilaginous. 

1. Sorbus Americana Marsh. A small tree, with smooth bark, reaching a maximum 
height of about 9 m. and a trunk diameter of 5 dm. Leaf-buds acute : leaf-blades petioled ;. 
leaflets 11-17, the blades lanceolate, long-acuminate, glabrous on both sides or sli htly 
pubescent when young, bright green above, generally paler beneath, 3.5-10 cm. long, 
sharply serrate with mucronate teeth : cymes densely compound, 8-15 em. broad : corolla 
4-6 mm. broad : pomes globose, bright red, 4-6 mm. in diameter. 


In low woods or moist ground, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south, especially along the mountains, 
to North Carolina, and Michigan. Spring and summer. MOUNTAIN ASH. 


2. PYRUS L. 


, Trees, or some species shrubs, with simple petioled leaf-blades. Flowers large, showy, 
in simple terminal cymes. Hypanthium urn-shaped. Sepals 5, acute. Petals 5, white or 
pink, rounded, with short claws. Stamens usually numerous. Styles mostly 5, distinct, 
or united only at the very base. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Carpels cartilaginous or 
leathery. Fruit a pome, usually pear-shaped, its flesh abounding in grit-cells. PEAR. 


. 1. Pyrus commünis L. A tree, sometimes 17 m. high, with a trunk 2-6 dm. in 
diameter, or commonly much smaller, the branches usually thorny.  Leaf-blades ovate, 


34 


530 MALACEAE 


elliptic or obovate, finely serrulate or entire, slender-petioled, 3-8 em. long, downy and 
ciliate when young, becoming glabrous or nearly so when old, the apex acute or acuminate, 
the base usually rounded ; petioles sometimes as long as the blades or longer: cymes few- 
several-flowered, borne at the ends of short twigs of the preceding year: pedicels 1.8-5 
em. long, at first downy: sepals about as long as the hypanthium : corolla white, 2.5 cm. 
broad : styles distinct to the base: pome, in the wild form, seldom over 5 cm. long, in the 
numerous cultivated forms often much larger. 


In thickets and woods, Maine to New York and Florida. Escaped from cultivation. Native of 
Europe and Asia. Spring. 


3. MALUS Juss. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, their blades toothed or lobed. Flowers showy 
in simple terminal cymes. Hypanthium urn-shaped or campanulate. Sepals 5. Petals 
5, pink or white, rounded, with claws. Styles 2-5, usually united at the base. Ovules 2 
in each cavity. Carpels papery or leathery. Fruit a pome, usually depressed-globose, 
mostly hollowed at the base,its flesh not containing grit-cells. APPLE. CRAB APPLE. 


Leaf-blades glabrous at least at maturity. Bins! 
Leaf-blades oblong or lanceolate: styles nearly distinct. 1. M. angustifolia, 
Leaf-blades ovate: styles manifestly united at the base. 2. M. coronaria. 

Leaf-blades persistently pubescent, often tomentose beneath. 

Leaf-blades gradually or abruptly narrowed at the base: pomes less than 4.5 em. thick. 


Pediceis slender, over 2.5 em. long. 3. M. Ioensis. 
IPedicels stout, less than 2.5 em. long. 4. M. Soulardi. 
-Leaf-blades rounded or subcordate at the base: pomes over 4.5 em. thick. 5. M. Malus. 


1. Malus angustifdlia (Ait.) Michx. A small tree, sometimes 6 m. high, with the 
‘trunk 3 dm. in diameter. Leaf-blades oblong, or lanceolate, thick, shining and dark green 
above, dentate or often entire, rather obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 
2.5-5 cm. long: cymes few-flowered : pedicels 2.5-4 em. long, slender: flowers fragrant: 
-corolla pink, mostly less than 2.5 em. broad: styles nearly separate: pome about 2.5 em. 
-in diameter. 

In thickets, New Jersey to Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Louisiana. Early spring. 

_ 4. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. A small tree, sometimes reaching a height of 7 m. 
"and a trunk diameter of 3 dm. Leaf-blades petioled, ovate to triangular-ovate, sparingly 
pubescent beneath along the veins when young, glabrous when old, sharply serrate and 
often somewhat lobed, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 2.5- 
7.5 cm. long: flowers very fragrant: pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long, glabrous: corolla rose- 
colored, 2.5-5 em. broad: pome globose or depressed, 2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter, greenish 
yellow, fragrant, very acid. 

In thickets, Ontario to Michigan, New Jersey and South Carolina. Early spring. : 

3. Malus Ioénsis (Wood) Britton. A small tree, resembling Malus coronarta. Leaf- 
blades simple, firm, white-pubescent beneath, at length glabrous above, obtuse at the apex, 
mostly narrowed at the base, ovate, oval or oblong, dentate, crenate or with a few rounded 
lobes, 2.5-5 cm. long, or on young shoots much larger; petioles pubescent, 1.7-3.5 em. 
long: flowers much like those of M. coronaria: pedicels pubescent, slender, 2.6-3.5 cm. 
long. 

an woods, Minnesota and Wisconsin to Kentucky, Louisiana and the Indian Territory. Spring. 

4. Malus Soulárdi (Bailey) Britton. A small upright stout-growing tree, resembling 
the two preceding species. Leaf-blades ovate, elliptic or obovate, mostly obtuse or branci 
at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, rugose and densely tomentose beneat , 
irregularly crenate-dentate or sometimesfew-lobed ; petioles 2.5 em. long or less, tomentose : 
flowers smaller than those of M. coronaria : cymes dense: pedicels stout, white-tomentose, 
12-24 mm. long: pome 2.5-6 cm. in diameter. 

In woods, Minnesota to Missouri and Texas. Spring. :mes 

5. Malus Malus (L.) Britton. A tree with spreading branches, the trunk some 
zeaching a diameter of 1 m. in cultivation. Leaf-blades petioled, broadly ovate or oval, n 
tuse or abruptly pointed at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 2.5-7.5 cm. a 
‘dentate or nearly entire, glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent and often woolly prn 
especially when young: pedicels generally tomentose, 2.5-5 cm. long: calyx nd as 
«corolla pink or white, 3.5-7.5 cm. broad: fruit depressed-globose or elongated, hoto 
zt the base, 3.5-7.5 cm. in diameter. : th to 

In woods and thickets, frequent in southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 8 also of 


Georgia. Our common apple, introduced from Europe and escaped from cultivation. Nati 
western Asia, Spring. 


MALACEAE 531 


4. ARONIA Pers. 

Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves: blades petioled, finely serrate, the upper side of 
the midrib glandular, the narrow stipules early deciduous. Flowers small, in terminal com- 
pound cymes. Hypanthium urn-shaped. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white or pink, concave, 
spreading. Stamens numerous. Styles 3-5, united at the base. Ovary woolly. Pome 
small, globose or somewhat top-shaped, its carpels rather leathery. CHOKEBERRY. 

Cymes and lower surfaces of the leaf-blades woolly : fruit red or purple-black. 


Fruit broadly pyriform, bright red. 1. A. arbutifolia. 
Fruit oval or globose, purple-black. j 2. A. atropurpurea. 
Cymes and surfaces of the leaf-blades glabrous: fruit black or purplish. 3. A. nigra. 


1. Aronia arbutifdlia (L.f. ) Ell. A branching shrub, sometimes reaching a height 
of 3.5 m., but usually lower. Leaf-blades oval, oblong or obovate, obtuse or abruptly 
short-pointed at the apex, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 
serrulate-crenulate, glabrous above, generally densely tomentose beneath : cymes terminal, 
but at length overtopped by the young sterile shoots, compound : hypanthium and pedicels 
tomentose : corolla white or purplish tinged, 8-12 mm. broad: pome 4-6 mm. in diameter, 
broadly pyriform, and bright red when mature, long persistent. [Pyrus arbutifolia L.f.] 

In swamps and wet woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 

2. Aronia atropurpürea Britton. A branching shrub, reaching a height of 4 m. 
Leaf-blades quite similar to those of the preceding species, tomentose beneath: cymes 
tomentose : flowers quite similar to those of A. arbutifolia: pome oval to globose, 6-10 mm. 
long, purple-black. 

In low grounds or wet soil, Nova Scotia to Florida. Spring. 

3. Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britton. A shrub resembling the preceding species, but 
larger, sometimes 5 m. tall. Leaf-blades obovate or oval, obtuse, acute, or abruptly acu- 
minate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, short-petioled, crenulate, dark green 
above, paler beneath, glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces : flowers similar to those of the 
cag species: hypanthium and pedicels nearly glabrous: fruit globose or oval, nearly 

lack, or purplish black, 6-8 mm. in diameter. 

In swamps or low woods, or in dryer soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Florida and Michigan. Spring 


5. AMELANCHIER Medic. 


Shrubs or trees, the branches unarmed. Leaves alternate: blades simple, petioled, 
serrate or entire. Flowers racemose or rarely solitary, white. Hypanthium campanulate, 
more or less adnate to the ovary. Sepals 5, narrow, reflexed, persistent. Petals 5. Sta- 
mens 8, inserted on the throat of the hypanthium : filaments subulate. Styles 2-5, connate, 
pubescent at the base. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, the cavities becoming twice as 
many as the styles. Ovule one in each cavity, erect. Pome small, berry-like, 4-10-celled. 
Testa of the seeds cartilaginous. JUNE-BERRY. SERVICE-BERRY. May CHERRY. 
Leaf-blades acute or acuminate at the apex; top of the ovary glabrous or nearly so. 

Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or cordate at the base, glabrous at maturity. 
1. A. Canadensis. 
Leaf-blades oblong, oval, ovate or obovate, rarely subcordate at the base: densely 
white-woolly beneath at least when young. 2. A. Botryapium. 
M n ae obtuse or merely airuptly pointed at the apex: top of the 
ry woolly. 
Low shrub, 3-6 dm. tall: petals 4-8 mm. long. 3. A. spicata. — 
Tree or tall shrub: petals 10-16 mm. long. 4. A. rotundifolia. 

1. Amelanchier Canadénsis (L.) Medic. A tree, sometimes reaching the height of 
17 mm., with a trunk diameter of 6 dm. but usually lower, seldom over 8 m. high. Leaf- 
blades ovate or oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 
sharply and finely serrate, sometimes sparingly pubescent when young, soon entirely 
glabrous, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, or larger on young shoots: racemes spreading or drooping : 

edicels long, slender : bracts silky, purplish, deciduous : petals linear, linear-spatulate or 
inear-oblong, 12-18 mm. long, 3-4 times the length of the nearly or quite glabrous calyx 
and hypanthiüm : pome globose, red or purple, sweet, about 6 mm. high. 


Indry woodlands, Newfoundland to Ontario, Floridaand Louisiana. Early spring. 


. .2. Amelanchier Botryàpium (L. f.) DC. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 9 m. 
high, the foliage and inflorescence densely white-woolly when young, often nearly or quite 
glabrous when old. Leaf-blades oval, oblong, elliptic or obovate, acute at the apex, 
rounded, or sometimes narrowed or subcordate at the na finely and sharply serrate nearly 
all around: racemes short, usually rather dense: pedicels short, seldom over 2-5 em. 


532 MALACEAE 


long: hypanthium usually densely white-woolly : petals spatulate or linear-spatulate, 6-14 
mm. long, 2-3 times as long as the sepals: pome globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. 

In swamps and moist soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 

3. Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) Dec. A shrub usually 3-6 dm. tall, the foliage and 
inflorescence glabrous at maturity. Leaf-blades oval or broadly elliptic, 2-4 cm. long, 
serrulate or dentate-serrate, sometimes toothed only above the middle, rounded at both 
ends, or sometimes abruptly pointed at the apex, or subcordate at the base : racemes 4-10- 
flowered : pedicels 1-2.5 em. long : sepals nearly triangular: petals 4-8 mm. long: pomes 
about 6 mm. in diameter. 

In rocky places, New York to North Carolina. Spring. 

4. Amelanchier rotundifdlia (Michx.) Roem. A tall shrub, or a small tree, gla- 
brous throughout, at least at maturity. Leaf-blades broadly oval, ovate or suborbicular, 
4-8 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at both ends, or sometimes abruptly pointed at the apex or 
often cordate, serrate, the teeth often incurved : racemes several-flowered : pedicels 2-4 
em. long: sepals lanceolate: petals 10-16 mm. long: pomes 6-8 mm. in diameter. 

In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Minnesota and North Carolina. 


6. CRATAEGUS L.! 


Small trees or shrubs, usually armed with thorns or spines. Leaves alternate: blades 
simple, petioled. Flowers terminal, eymose or corymbose. Hypanthium cup-shaped or 
campanulate, adnate to the carpels. Sepals 5, reflexed after anthesis. Corolla white or 
pink. Petals 5, spreading, rounded, inserted on the margin of the disk in the throat of the 
hypanthium. Stamens 5-25, inserted in 1-3 rows on the edge of the hypanthium: fila- 
ments slender, incurved : anthers oblong or suborbicular, white, yellow, pink or purple. 
Ovary inferior, or its summit free, composed of 1-5 carpels: styles 1-5, not united, per- 
sistent: stigmas terminal. Pome globose, pyriform or oval, yellow, orange-red, blue or 
black, containing 1~5 bony carpels, each usually l-seeded. Seed erect, the testa mem- 
branous. Haw. The plants bloom in the spring. 


Lateral or ventral faces of the nutlets grooved or hollowed. I. TOMENTOSAE. 
Lateral or ventral faces of the fertile nutlets plane or plano-convex. 
Hypostyle short and broad, upwardly and dorsally extended over 
the apex of the nutlets. 
Fruit small, bright scarlet at maturity. E CORDATAE. 
Fruit about 1 cm. in diameter, blue at maturity. UI. BREVISPINAE. 


Hypostyle confined to the ventral or lateral surfaces of the nutlets, 
abruptly terminated at the apex. 
a. Corymbs simple, 2-5-flowered, glabrous, expanding in Febru- 
ary and early March : fruit globose, red or orange-red, ripen- 
ing from May to July. IV. AESTIVALES. 
b. Corymbs compound, many-flowered, usually glabrous (pilose 
in nos. 13 and 16), stamens normally 20: fruit red or yellow, 


z less pn 1 ee Y: P dep T : V. VIRIDES. 
c. Corymbs simple, 3-7-flowered, glabrous or sparsely pubescent : 
PM — 10: fruit gone pe 5 : : VI. SILVICOLAE. 
. Corymbs few-many-flowered, glabrous or pubescent: stamens 
20: fruit globose or oval, red or set VII. PUNCTATAE. 


e. Corymbs 4-10-flowered, glabrous: stamens 10: fruit glabrous, 

at maturity red, red and yellow or clear yellow, the flesh 

firm: leaf-blades broadly ovate, oval or obovate, those of IANAE. 

the shoots frequently deltoid-ovate, eventually glabrous. VIII. BOYNTON 
f. Corymbs 4-10-flowered, glabrous or very nearly so: stamens 

20: fruit glabrous, 15 mm. in diameter or less, at maturity 

yellow, orange, green or red, the flesh firm: leaf-blades gla- a 

Le Pg grown, Pipe forint eed tic = pic bg 

obova IT. n i incised in 

A Oy” serrate and shallowly incised (deeply ine IX. SARGENTIANAE. 
g. Corymbs similar to those of the next preceding section : fruit 

ne oval, Urbini ge or globose : Lends d 9 us 

acutely incised or with nu rrate rounded 1o ike 

eei. ipae X. PULCHERRIMAE. 
h. Corymbs 1-, 2- or 3-flowered, or frequently 5-7-flowered, the 

pedicels and hypanthium either glabrous, pubescent or to- 

mentose: fruit glabrous, yellow, green, orange or red, the 

flesh usually soft, and pleasant to the taste: leaf-blades 

various in outline, serrate, crenate, dentate or entire, pubes- 

cent or glabrous: branches often pendulous. 


esented 18 


!Contributed by Mr. C. D. Beadle.— The treatment of the genus here pr es taken 


based only on the material at the Biltmore Herbarium, supplemented by brief not 
at several of the leading herbaria. C. D. B. 


MALACEAE 533 


T 


Stamens 10. XI. EUFLAVAE. 
Stamens more than 10. 
Flowers produced in few-flowered, mostly 5-7-flowered 
corymbs: pedicels and hypanthium pubescent or gla- 
brous (densely white-tomentose in no. 78): leaf-blades 
serrate, dentate or crenate, pubescent or glabrous: 
branches os or ascending or occasionally droop- 
ing as in the VISENDAE. 
Leaf-blades sharply serrate and pointed. XII. IGNAVAE. 
Leaf-blades serrate or coarsely and irregularly dentate. XIII. SORORIAE,. 
Leaf-blades crenate. XIV. SEGNES. 
Leaf-blades finely dentate or glandular-dentate, usually 
with several tooth-like lobes. XV. VISENDAE. 
Flowers produced in few-flowered, mostly 3-5-flowered 
corymbs: pedicels and hypanthium tomentose or 
Pe sereni (glabrous or nearly so in the ATTRITAE): 
eaf-blades dentate, erenate or entire, or occasionally 
serrate as in the SENTAE, either tomentose, pubescent 
or glabrous : branches mostly drooping. 
Mature fruit globose, subglobose or oval. 
Fruit averaging 1 em. in diameter or more. 
Leaf-borders glandular, entire, dentate or crenate. 
often with blunt or sharp tooth-like lobes. 
Inflorescence tomentose or pubescent. 
Mature leaves densely tomentose beneath. XVI. MICHAUXIANAE. 
Mature leaves less tomentose, sometimes 
merely pubescent or glabrous. 


Leaf-blades entire or nearly so. XVII. INTEGRAE. 
Leaf-blades toothed, often lobed. XVIII. DENTATAE. 
Inflorescence glabrousor with a few weak hairs. XIX. ATTRITAE. 
Leaf-borders serrate or serrate-dentate and incisely 
lobed. XX. SENTAE. 
Fruit averaging less than 1 em. in diameter. XXI. ANISOPHYLLAE. 
Mature fruit pyriform. 
Fruits 1.5-2 em. long, over 1 cm. thick. XXII. COLONICAE. 
Fruits smaller. XXIII. RECURVAE. 


Flowers solitary, 2 or 3 together (usually more in no. 132): 
prom and hypanthium glabrous or pubescent: 
eaves small; blades cuneate or spatulate, or sometimes 
with abruptly contracted bases: spines usually numer- 
> ous : sepals narrow. XXIV. LEPIDAE. 
i. Corymbs with a single flower each, or 2 or 3 flowers, or occa- 
sionally more: sepals long and usually conspicuously in- 
cised : fruit globose or pyriform, at maturity red, yellow or 
greenish, the flesh firm: leaves relatively small; blades 
spatulate, elliptic or ovate: spines usually numerous, long 
_ , and slender. XXV. UNIFLORAE. 
j. Corymbs several-many-flowered, tomentose or pubescent: 
Stamens 10-20: fruit pubescent, at maturity red, orange or 
yellowish: leaf-blades tomentose or pubescent at least 
beneath and on the petioles. 
Margins of the petioles without glands: corymbs compound, 


many-flowered. XXVI. MOLLES. 
Margins of the petioles glandular or bearing stalked glands. 
Sepals about 5 mm. long. XXVII. BILTMOREANAE. 
Sepals 7-10 mm. long. 
Corymbs 2-5-flowered. XXVIII. TRIFLORAE. 
Corymbs many-flowered. XXIX. HARBISONIANAE. 


k. Corymbs 5-12-flowered, glabrous : stamens 5-20: fruit ntn 
at maturity red, dull greenish red or scarlet, usually pruin- 
ose, the flesh firm or succulent; leaves Lila: when fully 
grown (slightly scabrous or roughened in no. 158): blades 
serrate and incised, those of leaves of the shoots truncate 
or cordate at the base. 


Flesh of the mature fruit firm. XXX. PRUINOSAE. 
Flesh of the mature fruit succulent. ` XXXI. TENUIFOLIAE. 


l Corymbs several-many-flowered, pubescent or glabrous: sta- 
mens 7-20: fruit red, green and red or yellow, the flesh firm 
orsucculent: leaf-blades mostly shining, obovate, spatulate, 
oval or elliptie, glabrous or nearly so when fully wn: 
branches frequently armed with numerous large spines, or 
occasionally unarmed. 
Corymbs more or less pubescent, at least during anthesis. XXXII. BERBERIFOLIAE. 
Corymbs glabrous. XXXIII. CRUS-GALLI. 


I. TOMENTOSAE. 
"Corymbs densely pubescent. i 
"a dfe p oval or pyriform. 5 a Fang i 

ght red, globose or subglobose. . €. Chapmanii. 

"Corymbs glabrous ot ginbrate, e 3. C. neofluvialis. 


II. CORDATAE. 


Leaf-blades broadly ovate, cordate, truncate or abruptly contracted at the base. 4. C. cordata. 
Iuflorescence glabrous. ; 
Inflorescence villose-pubescent. 5. C. apiifolia. 
Leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate, narrowed or cüneate at the base. 6. C. spathulata. 


534 MALACEAE 


III. BREVISPINAE. 
A single species in our range. 


IV. AESTIVALES. 


Shoots, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves rufous tomentose. 
Shoots, petioles and leaves glabrous or nearly so. 

Leaf-blades with abruptly contracted bases. 

Leaf-blades with cuneate or narrowed bases. 


V. VIRIDES. 


Ripe fruit red, or at least with ruddy cheeks. 
eaf-blades ovate-lanceolate, elliptic or obovate, either narrowed or con- 
tracted at the base. 
Leaf-blades coarsely and irregularly serrate, often with blunt or acute 
shallow lobes. 
Leaf-blades ample, 2-4 em. wide. 
Leaf-blades (exclusive of those on the shoots) 1-2 em. wide : twigs very 


spiny. 
fest bindes all sharply serrate and incisely lobed. 
Inflorescence pilose-pubescent: terminal leaves of the shoots with 
broadly ovate blades, broad, rounded or truncate at the base. 
Inflorescence glabrous : terminal leaves of the shoots with broadly ovate 
blades, mostly broad, rounded at the base. 
Leaf-blades all broadly ovate or oval, rounded and very abruptly contracted 


at the base: fruit yellowish green flushed with red, 7-9 mm. in diameter. 


Ripe fruit bright canary yellow. 
VI. SILVICOLAE. 


Inflorescence and young shoots glabrous. 
Inflorescence and young shoots sparsely pubescent. 


VII. PUNCTATAE. 


Fruit large, at maturity more than 1 em. thick. 
Anthers pink : fruit 18-25 mm. wide. 
Anthers yellow or almost white: fruit 11-15 mm. wide 
Petioles and leaf-bases less glandular or nearly so. 
Petioles and leaf-bases conspicuously glandular. 
Fruit not exceeding 1 cm. in diameter. 
Inflorescence pubescent. 
aoe ee or light yellow: leaf-blades sharply serrate and very incisely 
obed. 
Anthers pink or purple: leaf-blades serrate and shallowly incised. 
Inflorescence glabrous or with a few weak hairs. 
Leaf-borders sharply serrate and shallowly incised. 
Leaf-borders coarsely serrate and deeply incised. 


VIII. BOYNTONIANAE. 
Fruit globose or nearly so. 


Anthers yellow : sepals without stalked glands. 
Anthers purplish : sepals with stalked glands. 
Large shrub or small tree: nutlets 7.5-9 mm. long. 
Low shrub: nutlets smaller. 
Fruit pyriform. 
Fruit yellow or greenish yellow. 
Fruit red. 


IX. SARGENTIANAE. 


Mature fruit yellow, orange-yellow or green sometimes cheeked with red. 
BM fruit often 1 em. in diameter or more. 
eaf-blades acuminate : e e long and broad. 
Leaf-blades acute: sepals s narrow. 
Fruit subglobose or oval. 
Fruit globose. 
pe fruit smaller. 
Anthers pale purple: leaf-blades elongated. 
Anthers dark purple: leaf-blades not conspicuously elongated. 
Mature fruit red or ruddy. 
Ripe fruit oval or pyriform. 
Fruit 1 em. thick or more. 
Fruit smaller. 
Ripe fruit globose or nearly so. 
Leaf-blades incised or incisely lobed. 
Corolla 20-25 mm. wide: anthers yellow: leaf-blades acuminate. 
Corolla smaller: anthers purplish. 
Fruit 10-13 mm. in diameter. 
Fruit depressed ; leaf-blades shallowly incised. 
Fruit not depressed. 
Leaf-blades Mos hd incised. 
Leaf-blades shallowly incised. 
Fruit smaller. 
Anthers pale purple: fruiting pedicels 1-2 cm. long. 
Anthers dark purple: fruiting pedicels very short. 
Leaf-blades slightly if at all incised. 


ort an 


ts 


C. brachyacantha. 


. C. aestivalis. 


. C. maleoides. 
. C. luculenta. 


. €. viridis. 


. C. paludosa. 


. C. subviridis. 
. C. interior. 

. C. vulsa. 

. C. Brazoria. 


. C. silvicola. 
. €. aemula. 


. C. punctata. 


. C. collina. 
. C. rigens. 


22. C. amnicola. 


. C. ingens. 


. C. penita. 
. C. Margaretta. 


j. C. Boyntonii. 
. €. Buckleyi. 


C. communis. 


C. straminea. 
C. rubella. 


. C. Sargentii. 


C. pallens. 
C. austrína. 


. C. gilva. 


C. contrita. 


(Ad venusta. 
C. inanis. 


C. eximia. 


. C. tecta. 


. C. ancisa. 
. C. alma. 


. C. pinetorum- 
os Pracilenta. 
. C. mendosa. 


MALACEAE 


X. PULCHERRIMAE. 


Fruit oval at maturity, the flesh attenuate with the pedicels. 


Anthers dark : leaf-blades elongated. 


Fruit 6-8 mm. long. 
Fruit 10-12 mm. long. 


Anthers light: leaf-blades short. F A 
* Fruit globose or nearly so, the flesh not attenuate with the pedicel. 
Leaves more than 2 cm. wide. 


Leaf-blades conspicuously elongated, 5-8 em, long. 

Leaf-blades shorter. 
Pomes depressed-globose: leaves 3-5 em. broad. 
Pomes not depressed : leaves narrower. 


Leaves (exclusive of those on the shoots) mostly less than 2 em. wide. 


Fruit pyriform or globular-pyriform. 
Leaf-blades dentate or crenate-dentate. 


Anthers dark purple. 
Anthers pale purple. ; 
Leaf-borders with round, usually sharp-pointed lobes. 


Leaf-borders with acute lobes. 


XI. EUFLAVAE. 


Leaf-blades very sharply serrate and incisely lobed. 
Fruit globose. 


Leaf-blades serrate : anthers purple. 


Leaf-blades dentate or crenate-dentate: anthers yellow. 


XII. IGNAVAE. 


Inflorescence glabrous or with a few weak hairs. 


Fruit subglobose or oval. 


Spines 2-3.5 em. long: anthers purple. 
Spines 3.5-5 em. long: anthers yellow. 
Fruit pyriform. 


Inflorescence decidedly pubescent. 


Leaf-blades longer than broad. 
Anthers yellow, white or cream color. 


XIII. SORORIAE. 


Fruit about 1 em. in diameter or more. 


Fruit yellow and red, or orange-red with ruddy cheeks. 
Fruit acen or bright red. 
Pedicels short, pubescent, at least at flowering time. 
Fruit 5-8 mm. in diameter. 
Anthers purple or purplish. 
Inflorescence pubescent or slightly tomentose: leaf-blades su borbicular, 


Pedicels 1 cm. or more long, white-tomentose. 


slightly pointed. 


Cavity 3-4 mm. wide: pomes 9-12 mm. in diameter. 


Cavity 4-6 mm. wide: pomes 12-15 mm. in diameter. 
Inflorescence glabrous: leaf-blades more elongated, acutely pointed and 
with several tooth-like lobes. 
Leaf-blades broader than long. 


A single species in our range. 


Fruit pyriform, yellow or orange-yellow, often flushed or cheeked with red. 


XIV. SEGNES, 
XV. VISENDAE. 


Leaf-blades with very acute tooth-like lobes. 
Leaf-blades subentire or with blunt or rounded lobes. 


Leaf-blades suborbicular, abruptly contracted at the base. 


,, Leaf-blades elongated, the base cuneiform. 
Fruit subglobose or oval. 
Fruit red or scarlet, anthers very small, bright purple. 
Fruit orange-red. 
Leaf-blades with large blunt or rounded lobes. 
Leaf-blades with numerous small, tooth-like lobes. 
Branches droo 


ing 
Anthers pink or pale purple: inflorescence pubescent. 
Leaf-blades glandular-dentate and with tooth-like lobes. 


Leaf-blades dentate and cleft. 


Anthers white: inflorescence densely white-woolly. 


Branches spreading or ascending. 


Inflorescence pubescent. 
Inflorescence glabrous. 


XVI. MICHAUXIANAE. 


Leaf-blades abruptly contracted at the base. 


Leaf-blades with long cuneate bases. 


Fruit red. 


XVII. INTEGRAE. 


Anthers light yellow : calyx deciduous. 


Anthers 


pale purple: calyx persistent. 


it yellow, orange or orange-red, the cheeks often flushed. 


a 


` Fruit 


cence of the corymbs copious but thin. : 
it subglobose, the flesh attenuate with the pedicel. — 
Fruit depressed globose, the flesh depressed about the pedicel. 


45. 


46. 


47. 


48. 
49. 


GES 


SF 


535 


C. pulcherrima. 
C. abstrusa. 

C. lenis. 

C. incilis. 


C. illustris. 


. C. opima. 


. C. assimilis. 
. €. robur. 
. C. concinna. 


C. flava. 


. C. Allegheniensis. 


. C. frugiferens. 
. €. aprica. 


. C. ignava. 
59. 
. C. agrestina. 
61. 


C. impar. 


C. extraria. 


C. sororia. 


C. galbana. 
C. abdita. 
C. exilis. 


C. consanguinea.. 
C. valida. 


68. C. limata. 


C. mira. 


. C. segnis. 


. C. visenda. 


. C. sodalis. 
. C. furtiva. 


. C. arrogans. 


. C egregia. 


. C. tristis, 
. C. quaesita. 
. C. egens. 


. C. annosa. 


C. calva. 


. C. Michauxii. 
. C. lanata. 


. C. integra. 
. € adunca. 


. C. constans. 


C. panda. 


536 MALACEAE 


b. Pubescence of the corymbs densely white-woolly. 


Vernal leaves bright green: pedicels at maturity 1 cm. long or more. 
Mature leaf-blades subcoriaceous, conspicuously margined with black 


glands. 
Mature leaf-blades thinner, not very glandular. 
Vernal leaves gray-green: pedicels very short. 


XVII. DENTATAE. 
Fruit red at maturity. 
Corolla 2-2.5 em. broad : sepals 6-8 mm. long. 
Pomes oval, 1.5-2 em. long: anthers yellow. 
Pomes subglobose, 1-1.5 em. thick: anthers pale purple. 
Corolia smaller: sepals shorter. 


Inflorescence densely woolly : leaf-blades contracted at the base. 


Inflorescence pubescent: leaf-blades cuneate. 
Fruit yellow, orange or orange-red, the cheeks often red. 


Pedicels clothed with white spreading hairs: flowers 2-2.5 cm. wide. 


Leaf-blades sharply dentate, mostly pointed. 
Leaf-blades crenate-dentate, mostly obtuse. 
Pedicels white-woolly. 
Anthers very small, less than 1 mm. long. 
Leaf margins very glandular: petioles short. 
Leaf margins slightly glandular: petioles long. 
Anthers larger: flowers 2-2.5 em. broad. 
Nutlets 6-7 mm. long. 
Nutlets 7-9 mm. long. 


XIX. ATTRITAE. 


Spines 1-2 cm. long: leaves very irregularly and coarsely dentate. 
Spines longer: leaves finely serrate-dentate. 


XX. SENTAE. 
Leaf-blades with long cuneate bases. 
Fruit red. 4 
Fruit orange with ruddy cheeks, 
Leaf-blades suborbicular with rounded or abruptly contracted bases. 


XXI. ANISOPHYLLAE. 


Fruit orange, often with flushed cheeks. 
Fruit red or reddish. 
Vernal leaves slightly pubescent or glabrate. 
Leaf-blades subentire. 
Leaf-blades lobed and toothed. 
Vernal leaves scurfy-tomentose. 
Anthers yellow: fruit globose or subglobose. 
Leaf-blades conspicuously lobed, toothed and crisped. 
Leaf-blades subentire or with shallow lobes and teeth. 
Anthers white: fruit subglobose or oval. 


XXII. COLONICAE. 
Leaf-blades entire or nearly so, gland-margined. 
Leaf-blades dentate, glands less conspicuous. 

XXIII. RECURVAE. 
ge A eed (exclusive of those on the shoots) less than 2 em. wide. 


B 


Fruit yellow, orange or orange red, cheeked or splotched with red. 
Prevailing leaves with the blades abruptly contracted at the base. 


Fruit 8-12 mm. tick : spines mostly 1-2 em. long. 
Leaf-blades conspicuously dentate and glandular. 
Leaf-blades subentire, the glands less conspicuous. 

Blades obovate or suborbicular. 
Blades much more elongated. 
Fruit smaller: spines numerous, 1.5-3.5 cm. long. 


Prevailing leaves with the blades cuneate at the base, or with long- 


winged petioles. 
Leaf-blades acute or very sharply pointed, toothed or lobed. 


Leaf-blades abruptly pointed or obtuse, either toothed, lobed or entire. 


Mature leaves more than 1 em. wide. 


Vernal leaves long, conspicuously DK the flowers. 


Petioles mostly short, never as long as the blades. 
Nutlets 6-7 mm. long. 


Nutlets 7-9 mm. long. 


Petioles mostly elongated, sometimes as long as the blades. 


Flowers large : sepals 4-5 mm. long. 
Flowers small : sepals very small. 


Vernal leaves less than 2 em. long, the petioles white-woolly. 


Mature leaves less than 1 em. wide. 


Some or all of the leaves (exclusive of those on the shoots) 2 em. wide. 


Pubescence of the inflorescence copious but thin. 
Pubescence of the inflorescence densely white-woolly. 


105. 


106. 
107. 


108. 
109. 
110. 


TE 
112. 


113. 


. C. dapsilis. 
. C. dolosa. 
. C. rava. 


. C. Alabamensis. 
. C. fortis. 


. C. compitalis. 
. C. insidiosa. 


. C. florens. 
. C. clara. 


. C. pulla. 
. C. inops. 


. C. amica. — 
. C. Ravenelii. 


. C. attrita. 
. C. teres. 


. C. senta. ) 
. €. Cullasagensis. 
. C. dispar. 


C. anisophylla. 


C. frugalis. 
C. viaria. 


C. cirrata. 
C. arguta. 
C. laxa. 


C. colonica. 
C. vicana. 


C. recurva. 


. C. rimosa. 


. C. inopina. 
. €. villaris, 
. €. curva. 


. C. resima. 


. C. lassa. 
. C. adusta. 


. C. illudens. 
. C. versuta. 
. €. incana. 
. C. crocea. 


. C. audens. 
. C. meridiana. 


MALACEAE 


XXIV. LEPIDAE. 


Spines less than 3 cm. long. 
Fruit globose at maturity. 
Inflorescence tomentose: leaf-blades abruptly contracted below. 
Inflorescence glabrous: leaf-blades cuneate or spatulate. 
Fruit pyriform or nearly so. 
Leaf-blades crenate. 
Leaf-blades dentate or lobed. 
Spines long and slender. 
Fruit globose. 
Fruit pyriform or nearly so. 
Sepals 3-4 mm. long: corymbs few-several-flowered. 
Sepals 4-6 mm. long: flowers solitary or in 2’s and 3’s. 
Leaf-blades toothed : pedicels and shoots soon becoming glabrous. 
Leaf-blades finely toothed and lobed: pedicels and shoots tomentose. 


XXV. UNIFLORAE. 


Mature fruit globose or nearly so. 
Leaf-blades obovate or cuneate, mostly obtuse. 
Fruit yellow, orange or greenish yellow. 
Fruit red. 
Leaf-blades oval. ovate or elliptic, mostly acute. 
Leaves frequently lobed or incised : fruit red at maturity. 
Leaves (exclusive of those on the shoots) not lobed ; fruit yellow, orange 
or greenish yellow. 
Mature fruit pyriform. 
Leaf-blades prevailingly oval, ovate or elliptic. 
Leaf-blades prevailingly obovate or cuneate. 
Sepals broad and incised. 
Sepals narrow, entire or serrulate. 


XXVI. MOLLES. 


Hypanthium tomentose or pubescent. 
Corolla at least 2 cm. broad: fruit not depressed globose. 
Anthers yellow. 
Fruit subglobose, ripening in August or September. 
Fruit oblong or obovoid, ripening in October. 
Anthers dark red or purplish. 
Corolla about 15 mm. broad: fruit depressed globose. 
Hypanthium glabrous. 
Anthers yellow: leaf-blades finely serrate. 
Anthers red or purple: leaf-blades coarsely serrate. 


XXVII. BILTMOREANAE. 


Stamens normally 10: fruit yellow or orange, often cheeked red. 
Stamens normally 20: fruit red or ruddy. 


XXVIII. TRIFLORAE. 


Stamens normally 20: leaf-blades ovate, obovate or BE. 
Stamens normally 10: leaf-blades broadly oval or round-ovate. 


XXIX. HARBISONIANAE. 


Corymbs compound, many-flowered. 
Corymbs 3-10-flowered, subsimple. 


XXX, PRUINOSAE. 


Fruit globose, subglobose or oval. 
Stamens normally 20. 
Fruit angled, conspicuously swollen below the middle. 
Anthers white or light YEON 
Anthers purple or purplish. 
Fruit neither angled nor swollen below the middle. 
Aot e purp eor purpiian. 
ers w 4 
Sine I e or pale yellow. 
Fruit pyriform. 


XXXI. TENUIFOLIAE. 


Fruit 10-18 mm. thick at maturity, subglobose, oblong or oval. 
Stamens normally 20. 
Stamens normally 10. 
ruit 6-8 mm. thick at maturity, subglobose or oval. 
Stamens normally 20. 
Stamens fewer. 


127. 


128. 


129. 
130. 


131. 
132. 


133. 
134. 


135. 
136. 


137. 
138. 
139. 


140. 
141. 


NA RAK 


537 


C. lepida. 
C. lacrimata. 


C. condigna. 
C. geniculata. 


C. pexa. 
C. Yadkinensis. 


C. munda. 
C. invicta. 


. uniflora. 
. armentalis. 


C. 

C. 

C. Vailiae. 
€. Raleighensis. 
C. bisulcata. 


C. gregalis. 
C. Earlei. 


mollis. 
Arkansana. 
Texana. 
gravida. 


cibaria. 
lacera. 


. C. Biltmoreana. 
. €. Craytonit. 


C. triflora. 


. C. austromontana. 


. €. Harbisonii. 
. €. Ashei. 


. C. rustica. 
. C. arcana. 


. C. Georgiana. 
. C. callida. 

. C. iracunda. 
. C. vicinalis. 


. C. basilica. 
. C. macrosperma. 


. C. nubicola. 
. €. Roanensis. 


538 MALACEAE 


XXXII. BERBERIFOLIAE, 
Fruit globose or very nearly so. 
Stamens 15-20. 
Mature fruit 1 cm. or more in diameter. 


Ripe fruit yellow, orange, orange-red or green, often with red cheeks. 


Corymbs and shoots densely hirsute or pubescent. 164. C. berberifolia. 
Corymbs and shoots finely pubescent. 165. C. edita. 
Ripe fruit red or scarlet. 166. C. fera. 
Mature fruit smaller. 
Anthers yellow or nearly white. 
Pedicels and branches of the corymbs long and flexuous. 167. C. Mohrii. 
Pedicels short. the corymbs congested. 168. C. edura. 
Anthers purple or purplish. 169. C. tersa. 
Stamens fewer. 
Mature fruit 1 cm. or more in diameter. 
Corymbs and shoots densely hirsute or pubescent. 170. C. tetrica. 
Corymbs sparsely pubescent: the shoots glabrous or nearly so. 171. C. arta. 
Mature fruit smaller. 
Nutlets 1-3. 172. C. torva. 
Nutlets 3-5. 173. C. denaria. 
Fruit oval or oblong. 
Stamens normally 20. 174. C. crocina. 
Stamens fewer. 
Mature fruit yellow, orange or orange-red, often with red cheeks. 
Spines few or wanting: fruit succulent, yellow. 175. C. albicera. 
Spines numerous: fruit hard, ruddy on the cheeks. 176. C. sinistra. 
Mature fruit red. 177. C. signata. 
XXXIII. CRUS-GALLI. 
Stamens 7-12. 
Fruit subglobose or oval. 
Anthers rose-color or purplish. 
Inflorescence of ample spreading corymbs: fruit 8-13 mm. broad. 178. C. Crus-Galli. 
Inflorescence of small short corymbs: fruit 5-8 mm. broad. 179. C. macra. 
Anthers yellow or nearly white. 
Leaf-blades oval, broadly oval or elliptic. 180. C. regalis. 
Leaf-blades obovate or cuneiform. 181. C. algens. 


Fruit globose, 5-8 mm. in diameter. A 
Ripe fruit bright, shining red : spines slender, 1-4 cm. long. 182. C. pyracanthoides. 
Ripe fruit pruinose, dull red : spines stout, 3-5 cm, long. 183. C. armata. 
Stamens more numerous. : 
Anthers light yellow. 184. C. arborea. 
Anthers bright rose-color. 185. C. Bushit. 


. l. Crataegus tomentósa L. A tree 5-7 m. in height, or frequently a large shrub 
with several stems, the bark fissured and scaly ashy gray or dark brown. Leaf-blades 5-10 
cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, oval, ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or occasionally rounded at the 
apex, narrowed at the base into broad margined petioles, serrate or serrate-dentate and in- 
cisely lobed, slightly scabrous or eventually smooth above, pubescent, especially along the 
veins below: corymbs compound, many-flowered, pubescent : corolla 10-14 mm. broad : 
stamens normally 20, the anthers purplish: pedicels, hypanthium and the lanceolate sepals 

ubescent : fruit oval or pyriform, 10-15 mm. long, dull red: nutlets 2-3, the ventral or 
ateral faces grooved or hollowed. 

In low rich soil, usually near watercourses, Ontario to North Carolina, Michigan and Missouri. 

2. Crataegus Chapmánii (Beadle) Ashe. A tree 4-6 m. high, or more frequently a 
large shrub with several stems, the bark fissured and scaly, ashy gray or brown. Leaf- 
blades 5-10 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, broadly ovate, oval or oblong-ovate, acute or occa- 
sionally rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base into margined petioles, serrate or serrate- 
dentate, incisely lobed, eventually glabrous or glabrate above, below varying from sparingly 
to densely pubescent, especially along the veins: corymbs compound, many-flowered, pu- 
bescent: corolla about 15 mm. wide: stamens about 20, the anthers purplish: pedicels, 
hypanthium and the lanceolate sepals pubescent : fruit globose or subglobose, 8-10 mm. 
long, bright red : nutlets 2-3, the ventral or lateral faces grooved or hollowed. 

In low. rich soil and on banks of streams, Virginia to Georgia, Tennessee and Texas. x 

3. Crataegusneofluviàlis Ashe. A small tree, oralarge much-branched shrub, 3-9 
m. tall, with gray scaly bark. Leaf-blades obovate, elliptic or rhombic-ovate, 4-8 cm. 
long, 1.5-5 em. broad, pointed at the apex, below narrowed into margined petioles, sharply 
and often doubly serrate and incisely lobed, glabrous above, sparingly pubescent or B? 
brate beneath : corymbs compound, many-flowered, glabrous or very nearly so: coro la 
12-15 mm. broad : stamens normally 20, the small anthers rose-color or purplish : pedi- 
cels, hypanthium and lanceolate usually incised glandular sepals glabrous or the former 
with a few weak hairs: fruit globose, 6-10 mm. in diameter, red, green and red, or orange 
Mes = cheeks, the flesh thin and firm: nutlets 3-5, the lateral faces grooved or hol- 
owed. s 

On banks of streams in the mountains of Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee. 


MALACEAE 539 


4. Crataegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. A tree 5-10 m. tall, with grayish brown scaly 
bark, or more often a large spreading shrub. Leaf-blades 2-7 cm. long, broadly ovate, 
serrate and incisely 3-7-lobed, acute at the apex, truncate or cordate at the base, glabrous : 
corymbs compound, many-flowered, glabrous: pedicels and hypanthium glabrous : sepals 
short, triangular, hairy on the margins: stamens 20: fruit depressed-globose, 4-6 mm. in 
diameter, bright red or scarlet : nutlets 3-5, the hypostyle upwardly and dorsally extended 
over the apex. 

In moist rich soiland on banks of streams, Virginia to Georgia, Illinois, Missouri and Tennessee. 

5. Crataegus apiifolia ( Marsh.) Michx. A shrub, or a small tree, 2-6 m. tall, with 
smooth gray bark, usually with several crooked stems. Leaf-blades broadly ovate or orbic- 
ular, 2-4 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, acute at the apex, mostly truncate or cordate at the 
base, pubescent, at least when young, pinnately and deeply 5-7-cleft, the lobes sharply 
serrate: corymbs subsimple, 3-10-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium pilose-pubescent : 
sepals lanceolate, usually glandular-serrate and colored at the tips: corolla 10-12 mm. 
broad: stamens about 20, the anthers pink or purplish: fruit oblong or oval, 4-7 mm. 
long, scarlet: nutlets 1-3, the hypostyle upwardly and dorsally extended over the apex. 

In low rich soil, swamps and on banks, Virginia to Florida, Missouri and Texas. PARSLEY HAW. 

6. Crataegus spathulata Michx. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 6-8 m. tall, with 
gray or brown smooth or minutely scaly bark and. usually several stems. Leaf-blades 
spatulate or oblanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, narrowed into winged petioles, 
obtuse or subacute at the apex, the borders crenate or crenate-serrate and frequently in- 
cisely 2-3-lobed, glabrous or very nearly so, shining above: corymbs compound, many- 
flowered, glabrous: pedicels, hypanthium and short triangular sepals glabrous: corolla 
7-10 mm. broad : stamens about 20: fruit globose, red at maturity, 4-6 mm. in diameter: 
nutlets 3-5, the hypostyle upwardly and dorsally extended over the apex. 

In moist rich soil and on banks of streams, Virginia to Florida, Missouri and Texas. 

7. Crataegus brachyacántha Engelm. & Sarg. A tree 10-15 m. tall, with dark 
brown rough scaly bark. Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, elliptic or ovate, 1-5 cm. long, 

-20 mm. wide, crenate-serrate, glabrous when fully grown, acute or sometimes blunt at 
the apex, contracted at the base, shining above: corymbs many-flowered, compound, gla- 
brous : pedicels, hypanthium and the exterior surface of the short triangular sepals, gla- 
brous : corolla 10-12 mm. broad : stamens 15-20 : fruit subglobose, at maturity bright blue 
with a glaucous bloom : nutlets 3-5, the hypostyle dorsally extended over the apex. 

In moist soil and on borders of swamps and streams, Louisiana and Texas. c 

8. Crataegus aestivàlis (Walt.) T. & G. A tree 5-9 m. tall, or a large shrub with 
several stems, the bark dark reddish brown, fissured and scaly. Leaf-blades elliptic, 
oblong, oblong-cuneate or obovate, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-3 em. wide, either acute or rounded 
at the apex, narrowed or contracted below into winged petioles, dentate, sinuate or crenate- 
serrate, tomentose with a pale or rufous covering when young, becoming in age glabrate or 
glabrous above, below rufous-tomentose, especially along the midrib and veins: corymbs 
2-5-flowered, simple: pedicels and hypanthium glabrous : sepals triangular, usually colored 
near the tips, minutely serrate or entire: stamens about 20, the anthers purple: fruit de- 
pressed-globose, red at maturity, punctate, 12-15 mm. in diameter : nutlets 3-5, the hypo- 
style confined to the lateral faces and terminated at the ventral apex. 
hee mE. in the pine lands and on low banks of streams, South Carolina to Texas and 

9. Crataegus maleoides Sarg. A small tree 4-5 m. tall, or more frequently a large 
shrub with several stems. Leaf-blades oval, obovate or nearly orbicular, those of the 
'shoots usually ovate, 1.5-5 cm. long, 1-4 em. broad, glabrous or with tufts of hairs in the 
im of the veins beneath, acute or rounded at the apex, narrowed or contracted below into 
Mt winged petioles, serrate, and at least on the shoots shallowly incised : corymbs sim- 
ple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals lanceolate, usually colored ; 
stamens 15-20, the anthers purple : fruit subglobose or slightly oval, at maturity red, 8-12 
mm. thick: nutlets 3-5, the hypostyle confined to the lateral surfaces. 

In wet or moist soil bordering streams, Volusia County, Florida. 

Tad a OMBRA luculénta Sarg. A slender tree 4-5 m. tall, with ashy gray or dark 
a ia 1 brown bark. Leaf-blades spatulate or cuneiform, frequently ovate or obovate on 
t shoots, 2-4 em. long, 1-3 em. broad or larger on vigorous branches, cuneate or con- 
racted at the base into margined petioles, acute or bluntly pointed at the apex, irregularly 
"Taie! and incised, glabrous when fully grown, or with tufts of pale hairs in the axils of 

€ principal veins beneath : corymbs 2—5-flowered, simple: pedicels, hypanthium and 
Ee sepals glabrous : corolla 15-18 mm. broad: stamens 15-20, the anthers purple: 
£d o ose or subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, orange-red when ripe: nutlets 3-5, 4-6 

m. tong, the hypostyle 3-4 mm. long. 

In swampy woods, Volusia County, Florida. 


540 MALACEAE 


11. Crataegus viridis L. A tree often 6-10 m. tall, with gray or reddish brown fis- 
sured and frequently exfoliating bark. Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate, elliptic or oblong- 
obovate, rarely ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, or larger on the shoots, acute or bluntly 
pointed at the apex, narrowed or abruptly contracted at the base, irregularly serrate and 
often with acute or blunt shallow lobes, glabrous or with tufts of pale hairs in the axils 
of the veins beneath: corymbs compound, many-flowered, glabrous: corolla 10-14 mm. 
wide: stamens normally 20: fruit globose or subglobose, 4-7 mm. in diameter, red or 
orange-red when ripe: nutlets usually 5, the hypostyle three-fourths as long as the ventral 
angle. 

In low grounds and moist woods, Virginia and North Carolina to Florida, Texas and Missouri. 


12. Crataegus paludósa Sarg. A small tree 4-5 m. tall, with gray or reddish 
brown bark, or more frequently a large shrub with several stems and spiny branches. Leaf- 
blades oval, elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, or on the shoots ovate, 2-4 cm. long, 7-30 mm. 
wide, mostly acute at the apex, cuneate, contracted or on the shoots rounded at the base, 
glabrous or with tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the veins beneath, serrate, occasionally 
cleft or incised, especially on vigorous shoots: corymbs several-many-flowered : stamens 
about 20, the anthers purple : fruit subglobose or short-oval, 5-8 mm. in diameter, red or 
orange-red at maturity : nutlets 3-5, the hypostyle three-fourths the length of the ventral 
angle. 

In low grounds and on banks of streams, Volusia County, Florida. 

13. Crataegus subviridis Beadle. A tree 6-8 m. tall, with gray bark. Leaf-blades 
ovate, obovate or oval, 2.5-6 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, or larger on the shoots, acute or 
acuminate, rarely rounded at the apex, contracted or narrowed at the base, or on the shoots 
rounded and truncate, glabrous or glabrate when fully grown, the borders serrate and in- 
cisely lobed : corymbs compound, many-flowered, pilose-pubescent: pedicels and hypan- 
thium sparsely pilose : sepals narrowly lanceolate, entire or minutely serrate, pubescent on 
the inner surface, at least at flowering time: corolla 12-15 mm. wide: stamens normally 
20: fruit globose, 5-7 mm. in diameter: nutlets 3-5, about 5 mm. long, the hypostyle 
three-fourths as long as the nutlet. 

In low woods and on banks of streams, Chattahoochee, Florida. 


14. Crataegus intérior Beadle. A small tree about 5 m. tall, with dark gray flaky 
bark. Leaf-blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 2-6 cm. long, 1-4 em. wide, glabrous 
or glabrate when old, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or abruptly contracted at 
the base, the borders serrate and deeply incised ; petioles margined, slightly hairy on the 
upper surface, at least when young: corymbs compound, many-flowered, glabrous: pedi- 
cels, hypanthium and exterior surface of the sepals glabrous: corolla about 15 mm. wide: 
stamens usually 20, the anthers yellow: fruit globose, bright red at maturity, 7-8 mm. 
wide: nutlets 3-5, about 5 mm. long, the hypostyle occupying about two-thirds of the 
ventral angle. 

In flat woods, near Chattanooga, Tennessee. 


15. Crataegus vülsa Beadle. A tree4-6 m. high, with a trunk 1-2 dm. in diameter, 
clothed with gray or brownish fissured bark. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or round-ovate, 
1.5-7 em. long, 1-6 em. broad, glabrous or with a few hairs along the veins and in their 
axils, sharply and irregularly serrate and incised, acuteat the apex, either rounded or 
abruptly narrowed at the base into margined petioles : corymbs glabrous, compound, 3-10- 
flowered: pedicels, hypanthium and exterior surface of the nearly or quite entire sep 
glabrous: corolla about 15 mm. wide: stamens normally 20, the anthers pale yellow or 
nearly white: fruit globose, 7-9 mm. in diameter, at maturity yellow-green flushed with 
red : nutlets 3-5, about 5.5 mm. long. 
retos flat woods and on banks of streams, northeastern Alabama to Floyd County, northwestern 

ia. 

. 16. Crataegus Brazória Sarg. A tree about 6 m. tall, with a trunk 1.5 dm. in 
diameter and ashy gray scaly bark. Leaf-blades 4-6 cm. long, 2-3.5 em. wide, oval or eee 
vate, acute or acuminate at the apex, cuneate or narrowed, or on vigorous shoots rounde a 
the base, coarsely serrate above the middle, glabrous when fully grown ; petioles wingec, 
peni, at least when young: corymbs compound, many-flowered, pilose : peer 

ypanthium and the lanceolate-acuminate sepals pilose-pubescent: corolla M 
mm. wide: stamens 20, the small anthers dark red : fruit subglobose or short oval, when 
ripe 6-7 mm. in diameter, bright canary-yellow : nutlets usually 5, about 6 mm. long. 

In the valley of the Brazos River, Brazoria, Texas. 

runk 2 


17. Crataegus silvícola Beadle. A tree 6-10 m. tall and sometimes with a e: vis 
dm. in diameter covered with a close or slightly fissured and scaly bark. Leaf-bla a 
ovate, round ovate, or on vigorous shoots deltoid, 2-7 em. long, 2-6 cm. wide, glabrous 


MALACEAE 541 


maturity, acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed, or occasionally truncate or subcordate 
at the base, sharply serrate and incisely lobed ; petioles 5-30 mm. long, usually glandular : 
corymbs simple, 3-7-flowered : pedicels, hypanthium and lanceolate sepals glabrous : corolla 
about 15 mm. wide: stamens 10, the anthers purple: fruit globose, when ripe 10-11 mm. 
in diameter, red or rarely greenish with red cheek, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. 
long, the hypostyle about three-fourths as long as the ventral angle. 

In flat woods, northern Alabama and northwestern Georgia. 

18. Crataegus aémula Beadle. A shrub or small tree 3-5 m. tall, with dark gray, 
either smooth or scaly bark. Leaf-blades broadly ovate, oval or suborbicular, 3-5 cm. 
long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, acute at the apex, rounded or contracted at the base, the borders 
serrate and incised, glabrous or glabrate at maturity ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, glandular: 
corymbs subsimple, 5-10-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium sparsely pubescent : sepals 
lanceolate, about 4 mm. long, glandular-serrate or pectinately-glandular: corolla 14-18 
mm. wide: stamens 10, the anthers purple: fruit globose or subglobose, 10-13 mm. in 
diameter, at maturity red, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 5-7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 
two-thirds as long as the ventral angle. 

In low woods and uplands, north western Georgia to Mississippi. 


..19. Crataegus punctàta Jacq. A tree occasionally 9 m. tall, with dark gray or red- 
dish brown scaly bark or oftener a large shrub with spreading branches.  Leaf-blades 
obovate, 3-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. broad, either obtuse or pointed at the apex, cuneate or 
more abruptly contracted at the base, irregularly and usually doubly serrate and incised, 
when fully grown glabrous on the upper surface, the prominent midrib and ascending 
veins deeply impressed, pubescent below: corymbs compound, many-flowered, pilose- 
pubescent : pedicels and hypanthium pilose: sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. 
long, pubescent: corolla about 2 cm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers purplish: fruit sub- 
globose or oval, 1-2 cm. broad, red or yellow when ripe: nutlets 2-3, about 7-9 mm. long, 
the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

On hillsides and in rocky soil, Quebee to Wisconsin,the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. 


20. Crataegus collina Chapm. A small tree 4-6 m. tall, with dark gray scaly bark, 
Leaf-blades obovate or oval, 2.5-7 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, or some larger on leading shoots. 
acute at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the base into margined glandless or minutely, 
glandular petioles, glabrous or glabrate when fully grown, the borders serrate and fre- 
quently incised : corymbs subsimple or compound, pubescent: pedicels and hypanthium 
pubescent : sepals lanceolate, pubescent and glandular: corolla 15-20 mm. broad: stamens 
normally 20, the anthers light yellow or nearly white : fruit globose, about 1 cm. in diam- 
eter, dull red at maturity, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle 
about 4-5 mm. long. [C. collicola Ashe. ] 

SE Slate! ia on borders of fields and streams, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama, westward to 

21. Crataegus rigens Beadle. A small tree 4-6 m. tall, with dark gray scaly bark, 
or more frequently a large much-branched shrub with one or several stems. Leaf-blades 
obovate, broadly oval or occasionally nearly round, 2-5 em. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, mostly 
pointed at the apex, contracted or narrowed at the base into margined glandular petioles, 
glabrous or glabrate when fully grown, the borders sharply and irregularly serrate and 
occasionally shallowly incised, especially on leading shoots: corymbs simple or subsimple : 
Dens and hypanthium pubescent : sepals lanceolate, pubescent, glandular: stamens 20, 
f ied d nearly white: fruit subglobose or slightly pyriform, 9-12 mm. thick, red when 
5 i, ripe, ripening about a month earlier than that of C. collina, the flesh firm : nutlets 3- 

» about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle occupying two-thirds of the ventral angle. 

In woods and on banks of streams, Georgia and Alabama. 

Td Pe Crataegus amnícola Beadle. A tree occasionally 8 m. tall, with dark gray or 

» brown scaly bark and a diameter of trunk of 2-3 dm. Leaf-blades obovate, oval 
vr ovate, 2-6 em. long, 1.5-4 em. wide, acute at the apex, contracted or narrowed at the 
"wei into margined, glandless or sparingly glandular petioles, glabrous or nearly so when 
m y cli the borders sharply and irregularly serrate and incised : corymbs compound, 

à a owered, pubescent : pedicels and hypanthium pubescent: sepals 4-5 mm. long, 
= ular or pectinately glandular : corolla about 15 mm. wide : stamens 20, the anthers 
mier y white: fruit subglobose, 7-10 mm. in diameter, red at maturity, the flesh firm: 

utlets 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle two-thirds the length of the ventral angle. 


ond ME grounds and on banks of streams, eastern Tennessee and adjacent stations in Georgia 


utt Crataegus ingens Beadle. A tree 5-8 m. tall, with dark gray or brownish scaly 
hae Leaf-blades obovate, oval or ovate, 2.5-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. broad, glabrate at 
urity, or with some pubescence along the midrib and principal veins beneath, mostly 


542 MALACEAE 


pointed at the apex, contracted at the base into winged petioles 1-2 cm. long, the borders 
serrate or crenate-serrate and shallowly lobed or incised: corymbs compound, many-flow- 
ered, pubescent : pedicels and hypanthium pubescent: sepals linear-lanceolate, glandular : 
corolla 10-13 mm. wide: stamens normally 20, the anthers bright purple: fruit globose 
or subglobose, 7-9 mm. wide, red when fully ripe, the flesh firm : nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. 
long, the hypostyle three-fourths as long as the ventral angle. 

In moist woods and on banks of streams, southeastern Tennessee and adjacent Georgia. 

24. Crataegus penita Beadle. A tree 4-6 m. tall, with brownish gray bark and a 
wide-spreading crown, the twigs sparsely pubescent or eventually glabrous. Leaf-blades 
broadly obovate, oval or ovate, 2.5-6 cm. long, 2-5 em. wide, glabrous or nearly so, acute 
at the apex, contracted or rounded at the base, the borders serrate and shallowly incised : 
petioles 5-20 mm. long, slightly pubescent, at least when young: corymbs compound, 
usually many-flowered, glabrous or glabrate : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous or bearing 
a few weak hairs: sepals triangular-lanceolate, glandular-serrate or entire: corolla 15-18 
mm. wide: stamens about 20, the anthers faintly pink or almost white: fruit globose or 
depressed-globose, 8 10 mm. wide, at maturity red, with firm flesh: nutlets 3-5, about 6 
mm. long, the hypostyle occupying two-thirds of the ventral angle. 

In Jow woods and on banks of streams, southeastern Tennessee. 

25. Crataegus Margarétta Ashe. A small tree 4-5 m. tall, or more freqently a large 
shrub, with ascending or spreading branches. Leaf-blades obovate, broadly rhombic or 
nearly orbicular, sometimes broader than long, 3-4 cm. long, 2.5-5 em. wide, glabrous at 
maturity, acute or bluntly terminated at the apex, narrowed or abruptly contracted at the 
base, the borders serrate and shallowly incised, especially above the middle ; petioles 1-2.5 
em. long, slightly margined: corymbs glabrate, 5-12-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium 
glabrous or with scattering, weak hairs : sepals triangular, entire or slightly serrate : corolla 
14-17 mm. wide: stamens 15-20, about the length of the styles: fruit globose, 8-10 mm. 
in diameter, ruddy when ripe, the flesh firm: nutlets usually 2-3, about 5-6 mm. long, the 
lateral or ventral faces nearly plane, the hypostyle 3-3,5 mm. long. 

In woods and on banks of streams, Missouri to Tennessee. 

26. Crataegus Boyntónii Beadle. A tree about 6 m. tall, with dark gray or brown- ° 
ish smooth or sometimes scaly bark, or oftener a lafge branching shrub 2-4 m. in height. 
Leaf-blades broadly ovate or oval, 2.5-6 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, glabrous when fully 
grown, aeute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base and prolonged into margined, 
glandular petioles 1-2.5 cm. long, or on leading shoots deltoid-ovate with truncate, sub- 
cordate or even cordate bases, the borders serrate and incised : corymbs short, 4-10-flow- 
ered: pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 4-6 mm. long, entire or serrate near the 
tip, without glands below the middle: corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 10, the anthers 
yellow: fruit globose or depressed-globose, 10-15 mm. wide, at maturity yellow-green 
flushed with red : nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, 4-5 mm. measured dorso-ventrally, the 
hypostyle about 4 mm. long. 

In woods and on banks of streams at elevations between 400 and 900 m. in the mountains of North 
Carolina and Tennessee. 

27. Craetagus Buckleyi Beadle. A tree sometimes 8 m. tall, with dark gray, brown 
or nearly black fissured scaly bark, or more often a large much-branched shrub with one or 
more stems. Leaf-blades 1.5-5 em. long, 1-5 em. wide, or even larger on vigorous shoots, 
ovate or round ovate, acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base into margin 
and glandular petioles, serrate and incisely lobed, glabrous when fully grown : corymbs 
3-7-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3-5 mm. long, glandular-serrate 
and with stalked glands below the middle: corolla 15-20 mm. wide : stamens normally 10, 
the anthers purplish : fruit subglobose, usually angled, at maturity red or russet-red, 8-12 
mm. in diameter : nutlets 3-5, 7.5-9 mm. long, 4-5 mm. thick from back to inner angle, 
the hypostyle about 3 mm. long. 

In woods and on banks in the mountains, Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee. i : 

28. Crataegus commünis Beadle. A shrub 1-2 m. tall, frequently growing Jn 
clumps or patches of considerable area. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or broadly oval, 2-5.5 cm. 
long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, acutely or bluntly pointed at the apex, rounded or contracted at the 
base into margined petioles 5-20 mm. long, glabrous when fully grown, the borders serrate 
and incised : corymbs simple, 2—5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 
triangular-lanceolate, serrate and glandular: corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 10, the 
anthers pale purple or nearly white : fruit globose or subglobose, 9-13 mm. in diameter, 
red when ripe, the flesh firm : nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 3 mm. long. 

On the limestone formation in the Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee. A 

29. Crataegus stramínea Beadle. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, frequently growing in large 
patches. Leaf-blades oval, ovate or round-ovate, 2-6 cm. long, 1.5-6 cm. broad, acute at 


MALACEAE 543 


the apex, abruptly contracted or rounded, or on vigorous shoots truncate or subcordate at 
the base, serrate and acutely incised, glabrous in age; petioles winged, 7-35 mm. long, 
bearing several or many glands: corymbs 3-6-flowered: pedicels and hypanthium gla- 
brous: sepals 4-6 mm. long, glandular-serrate or with a few stalked glands below the 
middle: corolla 15 20 mm. wide: stamens 10, the anthers purplish : fruit more or less 
pyriform, 9-11 mm. wide, at maturity yellow or greenish yellow, the flesh firm : nutlets 
3-5, 7-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. deep, the hypostyle 3-3.5 mm. long. 
In woods, especially in the mountains, northern Alabama and eastern Tennessee. 


30. Crataegus rubélla Beadle. A shrub 1-4 m. tall, clothed with gray or reddish 
brown, smooth or sometimes fissured and scaly bark. Leaf-blades oval, ovate or obovate, 
2-7 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 em. wide, glabrous at maturity, acute at the apex, narrowed or 
contracted at the base, the borders sharply serrate and incised ; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long, 
margined, sparingly glandular: corymbs simple, 3-6-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium 
glabrous: sepals 4-6 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 10, 
the anthers light purple: fruit more or less pyriform, 10-12 mm. wide, at maturity red, 
ne flesh firm : nutlets 2-5, about 6.5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. deep, the hypostyle about 4 mm. 

ong. 
m woods, especially in the mountains, northern Alabama to eastern Tennessee and western North 
a. 

31. Crataegus Sargéntii Beadle. A tree sometimes7 m. tall, with ashy gray or 
brownish smooth or scaly bark, or more frequently a large shrub with one or more stems. 
Leaf-blades glabrous at maturity, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or round-ovate, 2-9 em. long, 
1-6 cm. wide, or occasionally larger on leading shoots, acute at the apex, rounded or 
abruptly contracted at the base into a margined or winged petiole 5-35 mm. long, the 
borders irregularly serrate and incised: corymbs 3-5-flowered : sepals 6-9 mm. long, like 
the pedicels and hypanthium, glabrous or with a few weak hairs: corolla 17-20 mm. wide: 
stamens 20, the anthers pale purple: fruit globose or subglobose, 10-13 mm. broad, at 
maturity yellow or orange-yellow flushed with red, the flesh thin and firm: nutlets 3-5, 
7-9 mm. long, 4-6 mm. thick measured dorso-ventrally, the hypostyle 3-4 mm. long. 

In rocky woods and on bluffs, northern Alabama and adjacent Georgia and Tennessee. 


32. Crataegus pállens Beadle. A tree 5-7 m. tall,.with scaly dark gray bark, or a 
much-branched shrub with one or more stems. Leaf-blades 2-5 em. long, 1.5-5 em. wide, 
ovate, round-ovate or occasionally obovate in outline, acute at the apex, contracted at the 
base into margined and glandular petioles, glabrous when fully grown, the borders serrate 
and incisely lobed : corymbs simple, 5-7-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: 
sepals 3-5 mm. long, glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer surface: stamens about 20, 
the anthers purple : fruit subglobose or oval, 8-15 mm. wide, yellow or, greenish yellow 
when ripe: nutlets usually 3, 7-9 mm. long, 3.5-5 mm. thick, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In upland woods, Buncombe County, North Carolina. 


33. Crataegus austrina Beadle. A small tree 4-6 m. tall, with dark gray or 
brownish scaly bark, or oftener a large shrub with one or more stems. Leaf-blades ovate, 
oval or oblong-oval, 2-5 cm. long, 1-4 em. wide, or larger on leading shoots, glabrous, 
pointed at the apex, rounded or contracted at the base, or on the shoots truncate, the bor- 
ders serrate and incised ; petioles margined, 5-15 mm. long: corymbs simple, 5-8-flow- 
ered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3-4 mm. long, glandular-serrate: corolla 
15-18 mm. wide: stamens normally 20, the anthers small, bright purple: fruit globose, 
about l em. in diameter, green or greenish yellow at maturity, the flesh firm : nutlets 3-5, 
about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle 4 mm. long. 

In woods, near Greenville, Alabama. 


34. Crataegus gílva Beadle. A shrub 1-4 m. tall, with dark gray scaly bark and 
spreading branches. Leaf-blades elliptic, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 
iur vide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the base, glabrous 

= fully grown, the borders serrate and incised; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long, margined, 

ae rlandular: corymbs glandular-bracteate, 3-7-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium 

E igh sepals about 4 mm. long, glandular-serrate: corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 

rate : e anthers pale purple: fruit subglobose or short-pyriform, 6-8 mm. wide, at ma- 

zi y yellow or greenish yellow, rarely with a flushed cheek, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 
out 5 mm. long, the hypostyle about 2 mm. long. 

In rocky woods, Marshall County, Alabama. 


a 35. Crataegus contrìta Beadle. A tree sometimes 6-7 m. tall, with ashy gray or 
ownish scaly bark, or more frequently a large shrub with spreading branches. Leaf- 
ee E ovate, oval or oblong, rarely short-obovate or suborbicular, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-5 em. 
oad, glabrous at maturity, acute or bluntly terminated at the apex, rounded or contracted 


544 MALACEAE 


at the base, the borders serrate and incised ; petioles 5-20 mm. long, margined : corymbs 
simple, glandular-bracteate, 3-7-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3-5 
mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 12-17 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers dark pur- 
ple: fruit subglobose, 7-9 mm. in diameter, at maturity yellow-green or orange, often with 
ruddy cheek, the flesh firm: nutlets 2-3, rarely 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle 
occupying a trifle more than half of the ventral angle. 

In dry woods and uplands, southwestern Georgia and adjacent Florida. 

36. Crataegus venüsta Beadle. A tree seldom more than 8 m. tall, with ashy gray 
or light brown, fissured and scaly bark, or more frequently a large branching shrub. Leaf- 
blades obovate or ovate, occasionally round-ovate on leading shoots, 2-8 cm. long, 1-6 cm. 
wide, acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base into narrowly winged and re- 
motely glandular petioles 7-40 mm. long, the borders irregularly or doubly serrate and 
incised : corymbs 3-6-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 4-6 mm. long, 
glandular-serrate or pectinately-glandular below the middle: corolla 2-2.5 cm. wide: 
stamens 20, the anthers nearly yellow: fruit oval or slightly so, 9-13 mm. wide, at maturity 
dull red to greenish red, or, when more exposed, bright red, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 
7-9 mm. long, the hypostyle occupying about half of the ventral angle. 

On Red Mountain, near Birmingham, Alabama. 

37. Crataegus inanis Beadle. A shrub 2-4 m. tall, with dark gray or brownish 
black smooth or scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate, broadly ovate or oval, or suborbicular in 
outline, 2-5 em. long, 1.5-5 em. broad, glabrous at maturity, acute or short pointed at the 
apex, rounded or abruptly contracted at the base, the borders serrate and incised ; petioles 
1-2 cm. long, winged: corymbs 3-6-flowered: pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 
3-4 mm. long, serrate and glandular near the apex: corolla 14-18 mm. wide: stamens 
normally 20, the anthers yellow : fruit short oval or slightly pyriform, 6-8 mm. wide, red 
or ruddy at maturity, the flesh firm > nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle occu- 
pying about half of the ventral angle. 

In rocky woods and glades, Marshall County, Alabama. 


38. Crataegus eximia Beadle. A shrub 2-4 m. tall, with dark gray scaly bark and 
spreading branches which sometimes bear spines fully 7 em. long. Leaf-blades ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, glabrous at maturity, acute or acuminate at 
the apex, rounded or contracted, or on leading shoots sometimes truncate at the base, the 
borders serrate and incised ; petioles 1-3 cm. long, margined, remotely glandular : corymbs 
simple, glandular-bracteate, 3-6-flowered : pedicels 1-2 em. long, glabrous, as is the hypan- 
thium: sepals 5-6 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 2-2.5 cm. wide: stamens 20, the 
anthers yellow: fruit globose, 8-12 mm. wide, at maturity red, the flesh firm : nutlets 35, 
6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 3 mm. long. 

In rocky woods and glades, Sand Mountain, Alabama. 


39. Crataegus técta Beadle. A shrub 2-5 m. tall, with dark ashy gray scaly bark. 
Leaf-blades 2-6 cm. long, 1.5-6 cm. broad, ovate or round-ovate, acute at the apex, 
rounded or contracted at the base into margined gland-bearing petioles, sharply an 
irregularly serrate and incised, glabrous or with a few hairs at the time of unfolding: 
corymbs 3-6-flowered, simple: pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3-4 mm. long, 
serrate or nearly entire: stamens usually 20, the anthers light purple: fruit globose or 
subglobose, red at maturity, 10-13 mm. in diameter: nutlets 3—5, 6-7 mm. long, 3.5-4.5 
mm. deep, the hypostyle 2-3 mm. long. 

In rocky woodlands, Marshall County, Alabama. 


40. Crataegus ancisa Beadle. A small tree 4-5 m. tall, with dark gray scaly bark, 
or more frequently a much-branched shrub with ascending or spreading branches. eaf- 
blades ovate or oval, 2.5-6 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, glabrous at maturity, acute at the apex 
contracted or rounded, or on leading shoots truncate at the base, the borders serrate an 
deeply incised: petioles 1-3 cm. long, margined, remotely glandular: corymbs simplé 
glandular-bracteate, 3-6-flowered: pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3-4 mm. 
long, glandular-serrate: corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers pale ae s 
fruit globose or subglobose, 10-12 mm. in diameter, at maturity red or ruddy, the fles 
she : nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle occupying about two-thirds of the vent 
angle. 

On hillsides and in upland woods, Mississippi and Alabama. 

41. Crataegus álma Beadle. A shrub 2-4 m. tall, with dark gray, either smooth pei 
scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or obovate, 2-6 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, pointed at 
the apex, rounded, contracted or narrowed at the base, the borders serrate and inc , 
petioles 1-2 em. long, margined: corymbs glabrous, glandular-bracteate, 3-7-flowerec : 
pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals glandular-serrate or subentire, about 4 mm. 


ral 


MALACEAE 545 


long: corolla 15-20 mm. wide: fruit subglobose, 10-12 mm. in diameter, red when fully 
ripe, the flesh firm : nutlets 3-5, 7-8 mm. long, the hypostyle about half the length of the 
nutlet. 

On gravelly hills, near Meridian, Mississippi. 

42. Crataegus pinetórum Beadle. A shrub 1-5 m. tall, frequently with several 
stems, clothed with dark gray, either smooth or scaly bark.  Leaf-blades ovate, oval or 
obovate, 2-6 cm. long, 1.5-5 em. wide, glabrous when fully grown, acute at the apex, nar- 
rowed or rounded at the base, the borders serrate and incised ; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long, 
margined, sparsely glandular: corymbs simple, glandular-bracteate, 3-6-flowered : pedi- 
cels 1-2 cm. long, glabrous: hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3-5 mm. long, glandular-ser- 
rate: corolla 14-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers pale purple: fruit subglobose, 
7-10 mm. wide, at maturity red or ruddy, the flesh thin and firm : nutlets 2-3, sometimes 
5, about 6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. deep, the hypostyle about half the length of the nutlet. 

In dry or rocky woods, Marshall County, Alabama. 

43. Crataegus macilénta Beadle. A shrub 3-5 m. tall, with dark gray smooth or scaly 
bark. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or obovate, 2-6 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, glabrous at ma- 
turity, acute at the apex, rounded or contracted at the base, the borders serrate and 
incised ; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long, margined, usually bearing a few small glands : corymbs 
simple, 3-7-flowered : pedicels 5-10 mm. long, glabrous, as is the hypanthium : sepals 
about 4 mm. long, glandular-serrate: corolla 15-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers 
dark purple: fruit globose or subglobose, 7-9 mm. in diameter, red when fully ripe, the 
flesh firm : nutlets 3-5, 5-6 mm. long, the hypostyle a little less than half the length of the 
ventral angle. 

In rocky woods and glades, Marshall County, Alabama. 

44. Crataegus mendósa Beadle. A shrub or small tree 3-6 m. tall, with dark gray scaly 
bark and spreading or ascending branches. Leaf-blades oval, ovate or elliptic, occasion- 
ally ovate-lanceolate or slightly oblanceolate, 3-6 em. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide, glabrous at 
maturity, bluntly pointed or even rounded at the apex, rounded or contracted at the base, 
the borders serrate, rarely very shallowly and bluntly incised ; petioles 1-3.5 cm. long, 
winged, remotely glandular: corymbs 3-6-flowered: pedicels 1 cm. long, or less glabrous, 
as is the hypanthium: sepals 3-4 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 15-18 mm. wide: 
stamens about 20, the anthers very faintly tinged with purple: fruit globose or subglobose, 
8-10 mm. in diameter, red at maturity, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 5-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. 
deep, the hypostyle about 3 mm. long. 

In rocky woods and glades, Marshall County, Alabama. 

45. Crataegus pulchérrima Ashe. A small tree 4-6 m. tall, with dark rough or scaly 
bark, or oftener a large shrub with one or several stems. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or slightly 
obovate, 2-5 em. long, 1.5-4 em. wide, glabrous at maturity, mostly acute at the apex, 
narrowed or contracted, or on leading shoots rounded or truncate at the base, the borders 
serrate and deeply incised or 3-7-lobed; petioles slender, 5-20 mm. long, margined : 
corymbs simple, glandular-bracteate, 3-7-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium Siebel: 
sepals 3-4 mm. long, entire or glandular-serrate : corolla 15-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, 
the anthers dark purple: fruit oval, 5-7 mm. thick, 6-8 mm. long, at maturity yellow- 
green, sometimes with flushed cheeks, the flesh thin and firm : nutlets usually 2-3, rarely 
more, 4-5 mm. long, the hypostyle about half the length of the ventral angle. 

In woods and on banks, south western Georgia and adjacent Florida. 

" 46. Crataegus abstrüsa Beadle. A shrub or small tree 2-5 m. tall, with gray or 
L5 nish scaly bark. Leaf-blades oval, ovate, obovate or orbicular, 2-4.5 cm. long, 
-5-3.5 em. broad, glabrous, obtuse or slightly pointed at the apex, contracted at the base, 

rders serrate and with shallow rounded, lobe-like incisions ; petioles 5-20 mm. long, 
5.14 ned, remotely glandular : corymbs glandular-bracteate, simple, 3-7-flowered : pedicels 
s mm. long, glabrous, as is the hypanthium: sepals triangular-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. 
ud serrate or entire: corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers dark purple: 
ix s or short-pyriform, 7-9 mm. thick, 10-12 mm. long: the flesh firm: nutlets 
etd d more, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle occupying about half of the 

In woods, usually in sandy soil, Tallahassee, Florida. 
is 47. Crataegus lénis Beadle. A shrub or small tree 2-6 m. tall, with dark ray or 
ee scaly bark, frequently with several stems. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or suborbic- 
uc .9-5 em. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, glabrous, mostly pointed at the apex, rounded or 
ae gp or on leading shoots truncate or subcordate at the base, the borders serrate and 

1 d y lobed ; petioles 7-20 mm. long, margined, remotely glandular: corymbs ipid d 
&Eandular-bracteate, 3-7-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals triangular- 


35 


546 MALACEAE 


lanceolate, serrate or nearly entire: corolla 15-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers 
nearly yellow: fruit oval or subpyriform, 6-8 mm. thick, 8-11 mm. long, at maturity red 
or ruddy, the flesh firm : nutlets 2-3, rarely more, 5-6 mm. long, the hypostyle about half 
as long. . 

On wooded slopes, near Greenville, Alabama. 

48. Crataegus incilis Beadle. A tree 5-7 m. tall, with a trunk sometimes 1.5 dm. 
in diameter, or often a large shrub with one or several stems. Leaf-blades ovate, ovate- 
oblong or oval, 2-7 cm. long, 1-5.5 cm. wide, glabrous, acute at the apex, narrowed or 
abruptly contracted at the base, or those of the shoots rounded or truncate, the borders 
irregularly serrate, incisely 6—-10-lobed or cleft : corymbs 5-10-flowered, subsimple : pedicels 
and hypanthium glabrous : sepals 3-4 mm. long, usually serrate near the summit : corolla 
14-18 mm. wide: stamens about 20, the anthers purple: fruit globose, 5-9 mm. in diam- 
eter, at maturity red or red and green, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 5-6 mm. long, the 
hypostyle about half the length of the ventral angle. 

On borders of swamps and in low grounds, usually in clay soil, Evergreen, Alabama. 

49. Crataegus illástris Beadle. A small tree or shrub 3-6 m. tall, with scaly rough 
bark of a dark gray or brownish color. Leaf-blades broadly ovate or oval, 3-5 em. long, 
2.5-5 em. broad, glabrous, acute or obtusely pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, the 
borders serrate and mostly with rounded, lobe-like incisions ; petioles 1-2.5 em. long, mar- 
gined: corymbs simple, 3-6-flowered : pedicels glabrous, 7-13 mm. long: hypanthium gla- 
brous: sepals triangular-lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, serrate or nearly entire: corolla 
14-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers dark purple: fruit depressed-globose, about 1 
cm. in diameter, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle about half as long. 

On gravelly hills, near Meridian, Mississippi. 

50. Crataegus ópima Beadle. A tree 4—7 m. tall, sometimes with a trunk 2 dm. 
in diameter, clothed with ashy gray scaly bark, or frequently a much-branched shrub with 
one or more stems. Leaf-blades oval, ovate or orbicular, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-5 em. broad, 
glabrous when fully grown, acute at the apex, contracted, or on leading shoots rounded or 
subtruncate at the base, the borders serrate and incisely lobed : corymbs simple, bracteate, 
3-7-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 2-3.5 mm. long, entire or spar- 
ingly glandular-serrate: corolla 14-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers dark purple: 
fruit globose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, at maturity bright red, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 
3.5-4.5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. deep, the hypostyle about 2 mm. long. 

In low woods and moist soil, Greenville, Alabama. 

51. Crataegus assimilis Beadle. A small tree or large shrub 3-6 m. tall, with dark 
gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate or oval, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. vide, 
glabrous, acute at the apex, contracted or rounded at the base, the borders serrate and with 
rounded, lobe-like incisions; petioles 7-20 mm. long, margined: corymbs simple, 3-6- 
flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous : sepals triangular-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, 
serrate or nearly entire: corolla 15-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers pale purple : 
fruit globose, 7-9 mm. wide, the flesh firm : nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle 
occupying a trifle more than half the ventral angle. 

On hills and in dry woods, near Chattahoochee, Florida. 

52. Crataegus rdbur Beadle. A tree, sometimes 7-8 m. tall, with a trunk 1-1.5 EU 
in diameter, clothed with gray or brownish scaly bark, or more often a large shrub wit 
one or more stems.  Leaf-blades ovate, oval or short obovate, 3-6 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. 
broad, or wider on leading shoots, glabrous, acute at the apex, narrowed or contracted, ir 
on vigorous shoots rounded or subtruncate at the base, the borders serrate and incisely 
lobed or acutely cleft : corymbs simple or subsimple, 3-10-flowered, glandular-bracteate : 
pedicels 1-2 cm. long, like the hypanthium, glabrous: sepals lanceolate, 3-4 mm. veis 
entire or sparingly serrate : corolla 15-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers pale purp d 
fruit subglobose, 7-9 mm. wide, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 5-6 mm. long, the hyposty'e 
about 4 mm. long. 

In woods and on borders of fields, Tallahassee, Florida. k 

53. Crataegus concínna Beadle. A shrub 2-4 m. tall, with dark gray scaly bark 
Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate, oblong or elliptic, those of the shoots ovate, 2-5 cm. paci d 
mm.-2 em. wide or on the shoots 3-4 em. wide, glabrous, acute or bluntly pointed at t 
apex, narrowed or contracted or on leading shoots, rounded at the base, the borders pene and 
more or less incised, the lobes or incisions rounded or on the larger leaves, acutely cun M 
corymbs simple, glandular-bracteate, 3-6-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium gla get 
sepals triangular-lanceolate, mostly serrate, 3-4 mm. long: corolla 15-18 mm. wide Pur 
mens 20, the anthers purple: fruit subglobose, 7-8 mm. thick, the flesh firm : nutlets 3-2, 
about 5 mm. long, the hypostyle about half the length of the ventral angle. 

In woods and about borders of swamps, western Florida. 


MALACEAE 547 


54. Crataegus flava Ait. A tree sometimes 8 m. tall, with spreading or ascend- 
ing branches and scaly bark. Leaf-blades oval, ovate or obovate, 2-5.5 cm. long, 1.5-4 
em. wide, glabrous at maturity, pointed at the apex, narrowed or contracted, or on leading 
shoots rounded and abruptly prolonged at the base into margined or winged glandular 
petioles 5-15 mm. long, the borders crenate-serrate or dentate and shallowly incised : 
corymbs simple or subsimple, 3-7-flowered : pedicels 5-15 mm. long, pubescent, at least at 
flowering time: hypanthium glabrous or nearly so: sepals 5-6 mm. long, glandular, 
pubescent on the inner surface: corolla 15-18 mm. wide: stamens 10, the anthers pur- 
plish : styles 3-5: fruit pyriform, 8-12 mm. thick, 12-16 mm. long, at maturity yellow 
or yellow-green, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 7.5-9 mm. long, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 

Commonly cultivated in Europe and doubtless of east American origin. The description is based 
on specimens from the Kew gardens. 

55. Crataegus Allegheniénsis Beadle. A small tree or large shrub 2-5 m. tall, 
with gray or brownish, scaly or rough bark and spreading or ascending branches. Leaf- 
blades ovate, oval or nearly orbicular, 1-6 cm. long, 1.5-6 cm. broad, glabrous in age, 
aeute at the apex, abruptly narrowed or rounded, or on leading shoots truncate or subcor- 
date at the base, the borders sharply serrate and incisely lobed ; petioles 5-20 mm. long, 
margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-6-flowered : pedicels 1-2 cm. long, glabrous as is 
the hypanthium : sepals 4-6 mm. long, glandular-serrate: stamens 10, the anthers purple : 
fruit globular-pyriform, 9-14 mm. long, 8-12 mm. broad, at maturity red, the flesh soft : 
nutlets 2-5, usually 3-4, 5-7 mm. long, about 3 mm. deep, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In woods and on rocky exposures, Lookout Mountain, northeastern Alabama. 

56. Crataegus frugiferens Beadle. A shrub or small tree 1-5 m. tall, with dark 
gray rough or scaly bark. Leaf-blades obovate, oval or round-ovate, 1-6 cm. long, 1.5-6 
cm. wide, glabrous or glabrate in age, mostly acute at the apex, rounded or abruptly con- 
tracted at the base into petioles 5-20 mm. long, the borders sharply and irregularly ser- 
rate and. incised : corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels 7-15 mm. long, bearing a few 
weak hairs: hypanthium glabrous: sepals about 4 mm. long, sparingly glandular-serrate 
or entire: stamens 10, the anthers purple: fruit globose or ab 9-13 mm. in diam- 
eter, at maturity red, the flesh yellow or orange: nutlets 3-5, 7-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. 
deep, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 

In sandy or rocky soil, northern and upper central Alabama. 

57. Crataegus áprica Beadle. A small tree or shrub 3-7 m. tall, with dark gray or 
nearly black, rough or scaly bark. Leaf-blades obovate, rhombic-ovate or orbicular, 
1.5-5 cm. long, 1-5 cm. broad, glabrous at maturity, acute at the apex, usually narrowed 
but sometimes rounded at the base, the borders dentate or crenate-dentate, more or less 
toothed or lobed above the middle, or on leading shoots deeply lobed even to below the 
middle ; petioles 7-20 mm. long, margined and, like the base of the blade, bearing numer- 
ous black glands: corymbs 3-6-flowered, simple: pedicels 1-2 cm. long, pilose-pubescent : 
hypanthium sparingly pilose, at least near the base: sepals 3-5 mm. long, glandular-ser- 
rate or pectinately-glandular: stamens 10, the anthers yellow: fruit globose, 9-14 mm. in 
diameter, at maturity red or orange-red, the flesh thick, orange-yellow : nutlets 3-5, about 
‘mm. long, 3-4 mm. deep, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

On sunny exposures in the mountains, western North Carolina and adjacent Tennessee to Georgia. 


58. Crataegus ignava Beadle. A small tree 3-4 m. tall, with gray or brownish 
scaly bark, or more frequently a much-branched shrub with two or more stems. Leaf- 
pies obovate, ovate or round-ovate, 2-5 cm. long, 1-3 em. wide, glabrous or with a few 

airs along the midrib and principal veins, acute at the apex, wedge-shaped or more 
uptly contracted at the base, the margins sharply serrate and incised ; petioles 5-15 mm. 

ong, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, glandular-bracteate, 3-5-flowered : pedicels 
glabrous or with a few weak hairs : hypanthium glabrous: sepals 4.5-5 mm. long, serrate 
di glandular-serrate : stamens 20, the anthers purplish: fruit subglobose, 8-12 mm. in 

ameter, at maturity red or orange-red, the flesh soft : nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, 3 mm. 
deep, the hypostyle about 3 mm. long. 
a hate rl rocky bluffs, Lookout and Sand Mountains, Alabama and adjacent stations in 

59. Crataegus impar Beadle. A large shrub 2-4 m. tall, with many stems and 
weed or ascending branches clothed with dark gray or brownish, rough or scaly 

ark. Leaf-blades obovate or oval, or on leading shoots broadly ovate, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5—4 
m broad, glabrous when fully grown, acute at the apex, narrowed or contracted, or on 
t s oe sometimes rounded at the base, the borders sharply serrate and incised ; petioles 
= d Spas long, margined, remotely glandular: corymbs simple, 3-6-flowered : pedicels 
15 1 y panthium glabrous or with several weak hairs : sepals 4-5 mm. long, serrate : corolla 

2-18 mm. wide : stamens varying in number, usually 12-15, the anthers nearly yellow: 


548 MALACEAE 


fruit oval, 10-13 mm. thick, red at maturity : nutlets mostly 2-3, 8-10 mm. long, 4-5 mm. 
deep, the hypostyle about half the length of the nutlet. 

On hillsides in clay soil, northwestern Georgia. 

60. Crataegus agrestina Beadle. A small tree 4-5 m. tall, with dark gray or 
brownish bark and spreading branches, or a shrub with one or more stems. Leaf-blades 
ovate, oval or obovate, 2-5 cm. long, 1-3.5 em. wide, glabrous at maturity, acute at the 
apex, narrowed or contracted at the base, the borders sharply serrate and incised ; petioles 
5-20 mm. long, margined: corymbs simple, glandular-bracteate, 3—5-flowered: pedicels 
5-10 mm. long, sparsely pubescent: hypanthium glabrous or with a few weak hairs at 
the base: sepals 3-4 mm. long, glandular: corolla 15-18 mm. wide: stamens about 20, 
the anthers nearly yellow: fruit pyriform, 7-9 mm. thick, 9-12 mm. long, red at ma- 
turity, nutlets mostly 2-3, 5-6 mm. long, the hypostyle a trifle less than half the length of 
the nutlet. 

In woods and about margins of swamps, southern Alabama. 

61. Crataegus extraria Beadle. A largeshrub 2-4 m. tall, with spreading or ascend- 
ing branches, and dark gray or brownish, rough or scaly bark. Leaf-blades oval, obovate, 
or on leading shoots ovate or suborbicular, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, glabrous, acute 
at the apex, narrowed or contracted, or on the shoots rounded at the base, the borders 
sharply serrate and incised: corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered, glandular-bracteate: pedicels 
and hyanthium pilose-pubescent : sepals 4-5 mm. long, usually glandular-serrate : corolla 
16-20 mm. wide: stamens usually 12-15, the anthers pale purple : fruit subglobose or oval, 
9-12 mm. thick, red at maturity: nutlets mostly 2-3, 8-10 mm. long, 4-5 mm. deep, the 
hypostyles 4-5 mm. long. 

On hillsides, mostly in red clay soil, northwestern Georgia. 


62. Crataegus sorória Beadle. A tree 5-7 m. tall, with dark gray or brownish black, 
rough or scaly bark, or more often a large much-branched shrub with spreading or ascend- 
ing branches. Leaf-blades 1-4.5 cm. long, 1-4 em. wide, or larger on leading shoots- 
glabrous in age, obovate, round-ovate or nearly orbicular, or on the vigorous shoots fre, 
quently broader than long, acute or sometimes scarcely pointed at the apex, abruptly con, 
tracted or narrowed, or on the shoots truncate at the base, the borders irregularly serrate- 
dentate ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-6-flowered- 
glandular-bracteate : pedicels 5-15 mm. long, sparsely pubescent: hypanthium glabrous 
or with a few weak hairs: sepals about 6 mm. long, glandular-serrate : stamens 20, the 
anthers nearly yellow : fruit globose, 12-18 mm. in diameter, at maturity red or red and 
yellow, the flesh thick and succulent: nutlets mostly 3, 7-9 mm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, the 
hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

` On wooded hills and rocky exposures, north western Georgia and adjacent Alabama. 


63. Crataegus galbàna Beadle. A small tree 5-6 m. tall, with a short trunk some- 
times 1-1.5 dm. in diameter, clothed with dark gray or brownish black bark, or more fre- 
quently a large shrub with one or more stems. Leaf-blades oval, obovate or round-ovate, 
1-4 em. long, 1-3 em. wide, glabrous at maturity, acute or rounded at the apex, rounde 
or contracted at the base, the margins irregularly dentate: corymbs simple, 1—5-flowered : 
pedicels short, like the hypanthium, pubescent : sepals 3-5 mm. long, serrate and glandu- 
lar: corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow or nearly white: fruit 
globose, 9-13 mm. in diameter, at maturity red, the flesh orange-yellow, succulent : nut- 
lets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, 3.5-4.5 mm. deep, the hypostyle about half the length of the 
ventral angle. 

In woods and on borders of swamps, River Junction, Florida. 


64. Crataegus ábdita Beadle. A shrub or small tree 3-6 m. tall, with dark ashy 
gray or brownish bark. Leaf-blades obovate, oval or suborbicular, or on leading shoots 
sometimes broadly ovate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 1-3 em. wide, glabrous or glabrate at maturity, 
rounded or abruptly pointed at the apex, narrowed or contracted, or occasionally round 
at the base, the margins irregularly dentate: corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels 
mostly 10-15 mm. long, like the hypanthium, white tomentose: sepals 5-6 mm. long, ser- 
rate and glandular: corolla 15-20 mm. wide: fruit globose, 10-15 mm. in diameter, at 
maturity red, the flesh orange or orange-yellow, succulent: nutlets 3-5, 7-9 mm. long, 
3.5-5 mm. deep, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 


In woods, mostly in sandy soil, River Junction, Florida. 


65. Crataegus éxilis Beadle. A largeshrub orsmall tree 3-6 m. tall, with dark gray 
or brownish, rough or scaly bark. Leaf-blades obovate, oval or elliptic, or on the shoots 
rhombic-ovate, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-3.5 em. wide, glabrous at maturity, acute or abruptly 
pointed at the apex, cuneate or contracted, rarely rounded at the base, the borders serrate 
and incised, or on leading shoots deeply lobed ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, mi- 


MALACEAE 549 


nutely glandular: corymbs simple or subsimple, 3-7-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium 
pilose-pubescent: sepals 3-4 mm. long, lanceolate, serrate or entire, glandular: corolla 
about 15 mm. wide : stamens 20, the anthers pale yellow: fruit globose or subglobose, 5-7 
mm. wide, at maturity red or ruddy, the flesh thin: nutlets 3-5, 4-5 mm. long, the hypo- 
style about 3 mm. long. 

In sandy soil and on banks of streams, southwestern Georgia. 


66. Crataegus consanguinea Beadle. A tree 5-7 m. tall, with a trunk 1-2 dm. in 
diameter, clothed with ashy gray or brownish black, scaly bark, or often a large shrub with 
one or more stems. Leaf-blades obovate, round-ovate or nearly orbicular, 1-4.5 cm. long, 
1-4 em. broad, or larger on the shoots, glabrous at maturity, acute or abruptly pointed at 
the apex, contracted or rounded at the base, the margins serrate or serrate-dentate and 
shallowly incised ; petioles 1-2 cm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 1-5- 
flowered : pedicels and hypanthium pubescent : sepals 4-5 mm. long, glandular: corolla 
about 2 cm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers purplish: fruit globose, 9-12 mm. broad, at 
maturity red or orange flushed with red, the flesh succulent: nutlets 3-5, 7-8 mm. long, 
the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In woods, mostly in sandy soil, Tallahassee, Florida, westward to the Apalachicola River. 


67. Crataegus valida Beadle. A large shrub or small tree 2-5 m. tall, with gray or 
brownish, rough or scaly bark and spreading or ascending branches. Leaf-blades obovate, 
oval or orbicular, 2-5 em. long, 1.5-5 em. broad, or larger and broader than long onthe 
shoots, glabrous or very nearly so at maturity, rounded or abruptly pointed at the apex, 
contracted or rounded, or on strong shoots truncate or subcordate at the base, the margins 
irregularly dentate ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs 3-5-flowered : 
pedicels and hypanthium sparsely pilose-pubescent : sepals 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, 
serrate, glandular: corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers purple: fruit sub- 
ear 12-15 mm. thick, the cavity 4-6 mm. wide: nutlets 3-5, 8-9 mm. long, 4-5 mm. 

eep, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

On hills and rocky exposures, northwestern Georgia. 


68. Crataegus limata Beadle. A large shrub or small tree 2-5 m. tall, with one or 
more stems clothed with dark gray or brownish, rough or scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate, 
elliptic, obovate or suborbicular, 2-4.5 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. broad, acute or abruptly 
pointed at the apex, contracted or rounded at the base, the borders finely serrate and 
incised or with tooth-like lobes; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular : corymbs 
simple, glandular-bracteate, 3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 
lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, serrate, glandular: stamens 20, the anthers purplish: fruit 
globose, 10-13 mm. in diameter, at maturity red, the flesh orange-yellow, succulent: nut- 
lets 3-5, about 6 mm. long and 3 mm. deep, the hypostyle a little more than half the 
length of the ventral angle. 

On hills and in dry woods, western and northwestern Georgia. 


69. Crataegus mira Beadle. A large shrub 2-3 m. tall, with one or more stems 
clothed with dark gray, rough or scaly bark. Leaf-blades orbicular or very broadly ovate, 
mostly broader than long, 2-4 cm. long, 2-5.5 cm. broad, glabrous when fully grown, 
abruptly pointed at the apex, rounded or contracted, or on leading shoots, truncate or cor- 
date at the base, the borders dentate or serrate-dentate and incised or with tooth-like lobes ; 

tioles 4-12 mm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-6-flowered : pedicels and 

Misses sparingly pilose: sepals 4-6 mm. long, serrate, glandular: corolla 16-20 mm. 
Wide: stamens varying, but usually 12-17, the anthers nearly yellow: fruit subglobose, 
10-12 mm. in diameter: nutlets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

On hills and in upland woods, north western Georgia. 
ba 70. Crataegus ségnis Beadle. A tree 5-7 m. tall, with very rough dark colored 
: rk. Leaf-blades obovate, oval or nearly orbicular, 2-4 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. wide, gla- 

rous at maturity, acute or abruptly pointed at the apex, contracted or rounded at the 

dul? the margins crenate or crenate-dentate ; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. long : margined, glan- 

ular : corymbs simple, 3-7-flowered : pedicels 5 mm.-1 cm. long, sparingly pilose, as is 

the hypanthium : sepals 3-5 mm. long, serrate, glandular: corolla 12-16 mm. wide: 

"trt normally 20: fruit globose, 8-12 mm. in diameter, red at maturity : nutlets 3-5, 
7 mm. long, 3.5-4.5 mm. deep, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In elay soil, Greenville, Alabama. 

d 71. Crataegus visénda Beadle. A tree sometimes 10 m. tall, with à trunk 2.5-3 
m. in diameter, clothed with dark gray or brownish rough bark. Leaf-blades ovate, ob- 
ovate or orbicular, 2-4 cm. long, 1-3.5 em. broad, glabrous in age, acute or abruptly 
Li or occasionally rounded at the apex, contracted at the base, the borders finely den- 
te and usually with several acute tooth-like lobes ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, 


550 MALACEAE 


glandular : corymbs simple, 3-6-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium pubescent : sepals 4-5 
mm. long, glandular, serrate: corolla 16-20 mm. broad: stamens 20, the anthers pale 
purple: fruit pyriform, 10-12 mm. thick, 12-15 mm. long, at maturity orange, diffused or 
cheeked with red, the flesh yellow or orange-yellow, soft: nutlets 3-5, mostly 3, 7-8.5 
mm. long, the hypostyle two-thirds as long as the ventral angle. 

In sandy soil, near Bristol, Florida. 


72. Crataegus sodalis Beadle. A small tree or large shrub 3-5 m. tall, often with 
two or more stems, with dark gray or brownish black rough bark, and somewhat recurved 
branches. Leaf-blades obovate, oval or orbicular, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 8 mm.-2.5 cm. wide, 
or larger on leading shoots, pa or glabrate, rounded or abruptly pointed at the 
apex, rounded or contracted, or on leading shoots, truncate at the base, the borders 
minutely dentate and glandular, frequently with small tooth-like projections, especially on 
the larger leaves ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, pubescent, glandular : corymbs simple, 3-5- 
flowered : pedicels 5 mm.-1 cm. long, pilose-pubescent: hypanthium pubescent : sepals 
3-4.5 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, glandular, serrate: stamens normally 20: fruit pyri- 
form, 8-12 mm. thick, 12-15 mm. long, at maturity orange-red, the flesh orange-yellow, 
soft: nutlets mostly 3, about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 

fin dry woods and on gravelly ridges, Girard, Alabama. 


73. Crataegus furtiva Beadle. A large shrub 2-4 m. tall, with dark rough bark 
and drooping branches. Leaf-blades obovate, or on leading shoots broadly ovate, 1-3 cm. 
long, 7 mm.-3 cm. wide, glabrate in age, narrowed or contracted at the base, pointed at 
the apex, the margins finely dentate or glandular, usually with a few short tooth-like 
lobes; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. long, pubescent, winged, glandular: corymbs simple, few- 
flowered : pedicels 5 mm.-1 cm. long, pubescent or tomentose-pubescent, as is the hypan- 
thium : sepals 3-4.5 mm. long, glandular, mostly serrate: stamens normally 20: fruit 
pyriform, 7-12 mm. thick, 12-15 mm. long, at maturity orange, usually flushed with red, 
cias flesh orange-yellow, soft: nutlets mostly 2-4, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 4 mm. 

ong. 

In sandy soil, near Albany, Georgia. 

74. Crataegus árrogans Beadle. A tree 4-5 m. tall, with dark, rough bark and 
somewhat drooping branches. Leaf-blades oval, elliptic, obovate or cuneate, or on leading 
shoots nearly orbicular, 1-3.5 cm. long, 7 mm.-3 em. broad, glabrous or glabrate at ma- 
turity, acute or abruptly pointed at the apex, contracted or narrowed, or on the shoots 
rounded at the base, the borders finely dentate or glandular, usually with several short acute 
tooth-like projections or lobes; petioles 3-10 mm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs 
simple, few-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium pubescent: sepals 3-4 mm. long, glandu- 
lar, mostly serrate: stamens 20, the anthers small, bright purple: fruit short-oval or 
slightly pyriform, 9-12 mm. thick, 11-13 mm. long, red at maturity, the flesh orange- 
yellow, soft: nutlets mostly 3-4, about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In woods and on ridges, east-central Alabama and north western Georgia. 


75. Crataegus egrégia Beadle. A small tree 4-6 m. tall, with dark and very rough 
bark. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or obovate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 7 mm.-3 cm. broad, glabrous 
at maturity, acute at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the base, the borders glandular, 
broken by several large, shallow, blunt or rounded lobes ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, mar- 
gined, glandular: flowers produced in simple few-flowered corymbs: pedicels and hypan- 
thium sparsely pilose-pubescent : sepals about 3 mm. long, entire or sparingly serrate, 
glandular: stamens 15-20: fruit subglobose, 10-12 mm. in diameter, at maturity yellow 
or orange, sometimes flushed with red, the flesh orange-yellow, soft: nutlets 3-5, about 8 
mm. long, 4-5 mm. deep, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Bristol, Florida. 


76. Crataegus tristis Beadle. A large shrub or small tree 3-7 m. tall, with dark 
rough or rimose bark and drooping branches, Leaf-blades obovate, cuneate or prose 
oval or suborbicular, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, glabrate or pubescent along the mid- 
rib and in the axils of the veins beneath, pointed or rounded at the apex, narrowed or con- 
tracted or on leading shoots sometimes rounded at the base, the margins dentate and glan- 
dular ; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. long, margined, pubescent, glandular : corymbs simple, 
glandular-bracteate, 3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium pubescent : sepals 4-5 mm. 
long, glandular-serrate : corolla. 16-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers pink : fruit 
oval or short oval, 10-12 mm. thick, red or orange-red at maturity, the flesh soft : nutlets 
3-5, 8-9 mm. long, the hypostyle 6-7 mm. long. 

On wooded slopes, northwestern Georgia. 


77. Crataegus quaesìta Beadle. A tree occasionally 5-7 m. tall, with a short pr 
1-1.5 dm. in diameter, clothed with ashy gray or brownish black rough bark, the branches 


MALACEAE 551 


drooping, or oftener a large shrub with one or more stems. Leaf-blades obovate or cuneiform, 
1.5-5 em. long, 1-3 em. wide, or larger on leading shoots, glabrous or glabrate at ma- 
turity, abruptly pointed at the apex, cuneate or more abruptly contracted at the base, the 
borders dentate, serrate-dentate or crenate-dentate and with tooth-like lobes; petioles 
5 mm.-2 em. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered: pedicels and 
hypanthium pubescent: sepals 3.5-5 mm. long, glandular-serrate: corolla 15-20 mm. 
wide: stamens 20, the anthers light purple: fruit subglobose, 8-11 mm. in diameter, at 
maturity orange-red, often with deeper colored cheeks, the flesh soft : nutlets 3-5, about 7 
mm. long, the hypostyle occupying about two-thirds of the ventral angle. 
On sandy uplands, Apalachicola River basin, Florida. 


78. Crataegus égens Beadle. A tree 4-7 m. tall, with a trunk sometimes 2dm. in 
diameter, covered with dark rough bark, the branches crooked and recurved. Leaf-blades 
obovate, cuneate or spatulate, 1-3 em. long, 5 mm.-2.5 em. wide, glabrate at maturity, 
abruptly pointed at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the base, the borders dentate, 
glandular and with tooth-like lobes above the middle ; petioles 3-15 mm. long, glandular : 
corymbs simple, 2-4-flowered or flowers solitary : pedicels and hypanthium densely white- 
woolly : sepals 3-4 mm. long, glandular-serrate: corolla 14-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, 
the anthers almost white: fruit subglobose or slightly oval, 9-11 mm. thick, at maturity 
orange-red with ruddy cheeks, the flesh succulent: nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, the 
hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, near Bristol, Florida. 


. 79. Crataegus annósa Beadle. A tree sometimes 8 m. tall, with a trunk 3 dm. in 
diameter clothed with dark rough or rimose bark, and spreading or ascending branches. 
Leaf-blades obovate, oval or oblanceolate, or on leading shoots orbicular, 2-4.5 cm. long, 
1-4 cm. wide, mostly pointed at the apex, cuneate or more abruptly contracted or on 
strong shoots rounded at the base, glabrous or glabrate at maturity, the borders dentate 
and glandular, mostly with several sharp, tooth-like lobes; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. long, 
glandular, margined: corymbs simple, glandular-bracteate, 3-5-flowered: pedicels and 
hypanthium pubescent : sepals 3-4.5 mm. long, serrate, glandular: corolla 15-20 mm. 
wide: stamens 20, the anthers nearly white: fruit subglobose or oval, 10-12 mm. in diam- 
eter, orange-red or red and orange when ripe, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 7-8 mm. long, 
the hypostyle occupying about two-thirds of the ventral angle. 

In woods and on hills, east-central Alabama. 


80. Crataegus cálva Beadle. A shrub 2-4 m. tall, with rough bark and ascending 
or spreading branches. Leaf-blades obovate, oval or elliptic, 1.5-3 cm. long, 7 mm.-2 em. 
broad, glabrous when fully grown, mostly pointed at the apex, narrowed or contracted, or 
occasionally rounded at the base, the borders dentate, glandular and usually with several 
tooth-like lobes ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-5- 
flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3-4 mm. long, entire or glandular- 
serrate : corolla 16-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow or nearly white : 
fruit globose, 7-10 mm. in diameter, at maturity yellow or orange-red, the cheeks often 
bright red : nutlets 3-5, 5-6 mm. long, the hypostyle about 4 mm. long. 

In. woods and on ridges, Ozark, Alabama. 


81. Crataegus Michaüxii Pers. A small tree or large shrub 2-5 m. tall, with dark 
rough or rimose bark and crooked and drooping branches. Leaf-blades obovate, spatulate 
or suborbicular, 1-4 em. long, 5 mm.-4 em. wide, tomentose, at least on the lower surface, 
pointed or rounded at the apex, abruptly contracted at the base, the borders glandular, 
m broken above the middle, especially on leading shoots, by one or several small 
rund petioles 3-15 mm. long, margined, glandular, tomentose : corymbs 2-3-flowered, or 

Owers solitary : pedicels and hypanthium densely white-woolly : sepals 4-5 mm. long, 
almost linear, glandular, serrate: stamens 20: fruit subglobose, 8-12 mm. thick, red or 
ruddy at maturity : nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 

In dry woods and sandy barrens, North Carolina to Georgia. à 


82. Crataegus lanàta Beadle. A large shrub or small tree 2-5 m. tall, with dark 
2n or rimose bark and drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneate, 2-4 em. long, 7 mm.- 
fee wide, or on leading shoots often larger and broader than long, tomentose at least on 

€ lower surface, mostly pointed at the apex, cuneate at the base, the borders glandular 
and usually broken by one or more short point-like lobes ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, winged, 
glandular, tomentose : corymbs simple, mostly 2-4-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium 

ensely tomentose : sepals 4-5 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate or almost linear, glandular, 
serrate : stamens 20, the anther light yellow or nearly white: fruit globose, 8-11 mm. in 
mm. in diameter: nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 


In rocky woods and sandy soil, northern Georgia to western North Carolina. 


552 MALACEAE 


83. Crataegus intégra (Nash) Beadle. A small tree 4-5 m. tall, with a trunk 1-2 
dm. in diameter, ashy gray or dark rough bark and drooping branches. Leaf-blades obo- 
vate or cuneate, 1.5-4. cm. long, 7 mm.-2.5 em. wide, pubescent on the lower surface, 
pointed or occasionally rounded at the apex, contracted or narrowed at the base, the mar- 
gins glandular, bluntly or undulately lobed ; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. long, margined, glan- 
dular, pubescent : corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium densely white- 
tomentose : sepals 4-5 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, 
the anthers light yellow : fruit globose, 10-15 mm. in diameter, at maturity red, the flesh 
soft: nutlets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 

In sandy woods and old fields, central peninsular Florida. 

84. Crataegus adünca Beadle. A large shrub or small tree 2-5 m. tall, with ashy 
gray or dark scaly or rough bark. Leaf-blades obovate, 2-3 cm. long, 7 mm.-2.5 cm. 
wide, orlarger on leading shoots, glabrous or glabrate at maturity, abruptly pointed or 
rounded at the apex and with a small tooth-like point, contracted or narrowed at the base, 
the borders minutely dentate or nearly entire, glandular, sometimes with shallow tooth- 
like lobes; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : 
pedicels and hypanthium tomentose-pubescent : sepals 4-5 mm. long, serrate, glandular: 
corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers pale purple : fruit globose, 12-15 mm. in 
diameter, red at maturity, the flesh orange, soft: nutlets 3-5, 7-8 mm. long, the hypostyle 
4-5 mm. long. 

In sandy woods, about Tallahassee, Florida. 

85. Craetagus cónstans Beadle. A shrub 2-4 m. tall, with dark gray scaly or rough 
bark and crooked recurved branches. Leaf-blades obovate or cuneate, 1.5-4 cm. long, 
7 mm.-3 cm. wide, glabrate or pubescent, abruptly pointed at the apex, narrowed or con- 
tracted at the base, the borders glandular, minutely dentate or entire ; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. 
long, margined, glandular, pubescent : corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels 1-2.5 cm. 
long, like the hypanthium, pubescent: sepals 4-5 mm. long, serrate, glandular : corolla 
16-20 mm. wide : stamens 20, the anthers nearly yellow : fruit subglobose or slightly pyri- 
form, 10-12 mm. thick, orange-red at maturity, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. 
long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In woods, mostly in sandy soil, Columbus, Mississippi. 

86. Crataegus panda Beadle. A tree sometimes 6-7 m. tall, with dark rough bark 
and crooked recurved branches. Leaf-blades obovate or cuneate, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2. 
cm. wide, or broader on leading shoots, glabrous or glabrate at maturity, pointed or 
rounded and with an abrupt sharp point ag the apex, contracted or narrowed at the base, the 
borders nearly entire, glandular; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular : corymbs 
simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels En hypanthium pubescent : sepals 4-5 mm. long, serrate, 
glandular: corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers almost white: fruit globose 
or depressed globose, 10-15 mm. in diameter, at maturity orange-yellow, often tinged or 
cheeked with red, the flesh orange-yellow, soft: nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, the hypo- 
style about 5 mm. long. 

In dry sandy soil, about Tallahassee, Florida. 

87. Crataegus dápsilis Beadle. A shrub or small tree 2-5 m. tall, with ashy gray 
rough bark and drooping or recurved: branches. Leaf-blades obovate or cuneate, 1.5 
em. long, 7 mm.-2.5 cm. wide, or larger on the shoots, more or less pubescent at maturity, 
especially on the lower surface along the midrib and in the axils of the veins, rounded or 
slightly and abruptly pointed at the apex, contracted or narrowed, or on leading shoots 
sometimes rounded at the base, the borders entire, glandular; petioles 5-15 mm. long; 
margined, glandular: corymbs 2-4-flowered or flowers solitary : pedicels and hypanthium 
densely white-tomentose : sepals 4-5 mm. long, glandular, slightly serrate : corolla 15-20 
mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow : fruit globose or subglobose, 10-15 mm. 
in diameter, yellow or orange, cheeked with red, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 8-9 mm. long, 
the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. . 

In sandy soil, central peninsular Florida. 

88. Crataegus doldsa Beadle. A shrub or small tree 2-6 m. tall, with ashy gray 
rough or scaly bark. Leaf-blades obovate, or on leading shoots, broadly ovate or orbicular, 
1.5-4 cm. long, 1-3 em. wide, or broader on the shoots, glabrous or nearly so at maturity, 
rounded or abruptly pointed at the apex, contracted or narrowed, or on vigorous shoots 
rounded at the base, ika borders minutely dentate or nearly entire ; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. 
long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium 
tomentose: sepals 4-5 mm. long, serrate, glandular : corolla 18-20 mm. wide : stamens 
20, the anthers light yellow or, nearly white: fruit subglobose or short oval, 9-12 mm. 
thick, yellow or orange at maturity, sometimes with flushed cheeks : nutlets 3-5, 7-8 mm. 
long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In dry woods, Abbeville, Alabama. 


MALACEAE 553 


89. Crataegus rava Beadle. A shrub or small tree 2-5 m. tall, with ashy gray 
rough or scaly bark and crooked, slightly drooping branches. Leaf-blades obovate, cuneate 
or spatulate, 1-3 em. long, 7 mm.-2.5 cm. wide, pubescent or glabrate at maturity, rounded 
and mostly with a short abrupt point at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the base, the 
borders glandular and nearly entire; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular : 
corymbs 2-4-flowered or flowers solitary : pedicels very short, like the hypanthium densely 
tomentose : sepals 4-5 mm. long, serrate, glandular: corolla 15-20 mm. wide : stamens 20, 
the anthers light yellow or almost white: fruit globose or subglobose, 10-12 mm. in diam- 
eter, when ripe yellow or orange-yellow cheeked or splotched with red, the flesh soft: nut- 
lets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In open woods, mostly in sandy soil, Tallahassee, Florida. 

90. Crataegus Alabaménsis Beadle. A tree 4-6 m. tall, or more often a large 
branching shrub with one or more stems, clothed with rough dark gray or brownish black 
bark, the branches pendulous. Leaf-blades obovate or obovate-cuneiform, 1.5-5 em. long, 
1-3.5 em. wide, pubescent on the lower surface at maturity, especially along the midrib and 
principal veins, rounded at the apex and often with a short, abrupt point, or occasionally 
abruptly contracted into an acute tip, narrowed or contracted at the base, the borders irreg- 
ularly dentate; petioles 7 mm.-2.5 cm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple or 
subsimple, 3-9-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium tomentose-pubescent: sepals 6-8 mm. 
long, serrate, glandular: corolla 2-2.5 em. broad: stamens 20, the anthers yellow : fruit 
oval, 1.5-2 cm. long, 1-1.5 em. wide, red when fully ripe, the flesh soft: nutlets mostly 
2-3, 8-10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. deep, the hypostyle 6-7 mm. long. 

In open woods and clearings, mostly in clay soil, Montgomery, Alabama. 

.. 91. Crataegus fórtis Beadle. A large shrub or occasionally a small tree 2-5 m. tall, 
with ashy gray or brownish, rough or scaly bark. Leaf-blades obovate or obovate-cunei- 
form, 2-4 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, or broader on leading shoots, glabrate at maturity, 
rounded or abruptly pointed at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the base, the borders 
dentate; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : 
pedicels and hypanthium tomentose-pubescent : sepals 6-8 mm. long, serrate, glandular : 
corolla 2-2.5 em. wide: stamens 20, the anthers pale purple: fruit subglobose or short- 
oval, 10-15 mm. thick, red at maturity, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, the 
hypostyle about three-fourths the length of the ventral angle. 

Insandy woods bordering the Tombigbee River, northeastern Mississippi. 


92. Crataegus compitalis Beadle. A small tree, or oftener a large shrub, 2-5 m. 
tall, with dark gray or brownish rough bark and recurved branches. Leaf-blades obovate 
or obovate-cuneiform, 2-4 cm. long, 1-3 em. wide, nearly or quite glabrous in age, rounded 
or with a small abrupt point at the apex, usually contracted at the base, the borders den- 
tate or serrate-dentate ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 
3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium densely tomentose : sepals 4-5 mm. long, serrate, 

landular : corolla 15-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow or nearly white : 
ruit subglobose or oval, 10-13 mm. thick, red when fully ripe, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 
8-9 mm. long, the hypostyle 6-7 mm. long. 

On roadsides, near Gainesville, Florida. 

93. Crataegus insidibsa Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree 4-7 m. tall, with 
dark gray or brownish, rough or rimose bark and crooked, recurved branches. Leaf-blades 
cuneate, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 em. wide, or broader on leading shoots, pubescent or glabrate 
at maturity, blunt or abruptly pointed, or sometimes shallowly lobed at the apex, wedge- 
shaped at the base, the borders glandular and dentate near the apex ; petioles 5 mm.-2 em. 
ong, margined glandular: corymbs mostly 2-4-flowered, simple or flowers solitary : 
Pedicels and hypanthium pubescent : sepals 4-5 mm. long, glandular, usually serrate: 
corolla 16-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow or almost white : fruit oval 
or subglobose, 9-12 mm. thick, at maturity red, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 7-8 mm. long, 
the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In dry woods and on slopes, southeastern Alabama and western Georgia. 

. 94. Crataegus flórens Beadle. A small tree, or a large shrub 3-6 m. tall, with dark 
meg bark and crooked, recurved branches. Leaf-blades obovate, oblong-cuneate or on 
eading shoots suborbicular, 2-5.5 cm. long, 1-3 em. wide, or broader on the shoots, pubes- 
ier or glabrate in age, pointed or rounded at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the base, 

e borders dentate or serrate-dentate ; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. long, margined, glandular : 
corymbs simple or subsimple, 3-6-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium pilose-pubescent : 
d 6-8 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 2-2.5 cm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers 
ight yellow : fruit subglobose, 10-15 mm. thick, orange-red at maturity, the flesh soft: 
nutlets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 

On sandy flats along the Tombigbee River, eastern Mississippi. 


554 MALACEAE 


95. Crataegus clara Beadle. A small tree 4-6 m. tall, with dark gray or brownish 
rough bark, or oftener a large much-branched shrub. Leaf-blades obovate or obovate- 
cuneate, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, or larger on vigorous shoots, shining above, slightly 
pubescent below, even in age, rounded or pointed at the apex, narrowed or sometimes 
more abruptly contracted at the base, the borders dentate or crenate-dentate ; petioles 5-15 
mm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium 
pubescent : sepals 4—5 mm. long, serrate, glandular: corolla 15-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, 
the anthers faintly tinged with purple: fruit globose, 9-12 mm. in diameter, orange-red 
when ripe: nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil in oak woods, Apalachicola River basin, Florida. 

96. Crataegus pülla Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree 3-5 m. tall, with dark 
rimose bark and pendulous branches. Leaf-blades obovate, cuneate, elliptic or on leading 
shoots suborbicular, 1.5-3 em. long, 7 mm.-3 em. wide, pubescent, either pointed, rounded 
or lobed at the apex, narrowed or contracted, or on the shoots rounded at the base, the 
border dentate, glandular; petioles 5-12 mm. long, pubescent, margined, glandular: 
corymbs simple, 2-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium tomentose : sepals 4-6 mm. long, 
glandular-serrate : corolla 14-17 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow: fruit 
subglobose or oval, 9-12 mm. thick, 10-14 mm. long, at maturity yellow or orange-yellow 
flushed with red, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle occupying 
about three-fourths of the ventral angle. 

In sandy soil along the Tombigbee River, eastern Mississippi. 

97. Crataegus ínops Beadle. A small tree sometimes 6-7 m. tall, with a trunk 2 
dm. in diameter, clothed with rough or rimose bark. Leaf-blades cuneate, 1.5-3.5 cm. 
long, 7 mm.-2.5 cm. wide, or broader on leading shoots, pubescent on the lower surface, 
especially along the midrib and principal veins, rounded, abruptly pointed or lobed at the 
apex, wedge-shaped or more abruptly contracted at the base, the margins dentate above 
the middle; petioles 5 mm.-2.5 cm. long, pubescent, margined, glandular: corymbs 
simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium tomentose : sepals 3-4 mm. long, serrate, 
glandular : corolla 18-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow or nearly white: 
fruit globose, 10-14 mm. in diameter, at maturity orange, flushed or diffused with red, the 
flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In sandy oak woods, southeastern Alabama. : 

98. Crataegus amica Beadle. A small tree, or a large shrub 3-6 m. tall, with 
dark rough or rimose bark and recurved branches. Leaf-blades cuneate or oblong-cunei- 
form, or on leading shoots broadly ovate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 7 mm.-2.5 cm. broad, or 
wider on the shoots, mostly pointed or lobed at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the 
base, the borders glandular, dentate above the middle ; petioles 5 mm.-2.5 cm. long, mar- 
gined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium densely tomen- 
tose : sepals about 5 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla about 2 em. wide: stamens 20, 
the anthers light yellow : fruit subglobose, 10-13 mm. thick, at maturity orange blotched 
or cheeked with red, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle occupying 
three-fourths of the ventral angle. 

In sandy woods and on borders of roads, Ocala, Florida. : 

99. Crataegus Ravenélii Sarg. A shrub, or a small tree 2-8 m. tall, with ashy 
gray or brownish rough bark. Leaf-blades obovate or spatulate, 1.5-3.5 em. long, 1-3 cm. 
wide, glabrate at maturity or with some pubescence persistent along the midrib and in the 
axils of the principal veins beneath, either rounded or pointed at the apex, narrowed or 
contracted at the base, the margins dentate or serrate-dentate, the teeth glandular ; petioles 
5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular : corymbs simple, 3-7-flowered : pedicels and hypan- 
thium tomentose : sepals 4-5 mm. long, serrate, glandular : corolla 16-20 mm. wide : sta- 
mens 20, the anthers pale yellow: fruit globose or subglobose, 10-12 mm. in diameter, 
orange-red at maturity : nutlets 3-5, 7-9 mm. long, the hypostyle about three-fourths the 
length of the ventral angle. 

In woods and on slopes, South Carolina and Georgia. : k 

100. Crataegus attrita Beadle. A shrub, or a small tree 2-5 m. tall, with dar 
rough or rimose bark and recurved branches. Leaf-blades cuneate or obovate-cuneiform, 
2-3.5 em. long, 7 mm.-3 cm. broad, glabrous or glabrate at maturity, blunt or sharp- 
poe at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the base, the margins coarsely and re 

arly dentate ; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. long, pubescent, margined, glandular : corymbs uA 
flowered or flowers solitary: pedicels and hypanthium bearing a few weak hairs: € 
about 5 mm. long, glandular-serrate or nearly entire: corolla 20-22 mm. wide: stamen’ 
20, the anthers light yellow or nearly white: fruit subglobose, 10-14 mm. thick, at ma 
turity yellow, splashed with red, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 7-9 mm. long, the hypostye 
two-thirds as long as the ventral angle. 

In sandy upland woods, southeastern Alabama. 


MALACEAE 555 


101. Crataegus téres Beadle. A tree 5-6 m. tall, or more often a large much- 
branched shrub with one or more stems, clothed with dark ashy gray or brownish black 
rough bark. Leaf-blades obovate or broadly cuneiform, or on leading shoots broadly obo- 
vate or oval, 2-5 cm. long, 1-4 em. wide, smooth and shining at maturity, either rounded 
or with a short, abrupt point or even truncate at the apex, cuneate or more abruptly con- 
tracted at the base. the margins dentate or serrate-dentate ; petioles 5 mm.-1.5 cm. long, 
margined, glandular : corymbs subsimple or compound, 3-10-flowered : pedicels and hypan- 
thium glabrous or with a few weak hairs: sepals 4.5-6 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 
about 15 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow: fruit oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, 
8 mm.-l cm. thick, red at maturity, the flesh soft: nutlets usually 2-3, 8-9 mm. long, 
3-4 mm. deep, the hypostyle about 4 mm. long. 

In pine woods, near Montgomery, Alabama. 


102. Crataegus sénta Beadle. A small tree 5-6 m. tall, or more frequently a large 
shrub with one or more stems, clothed with dark gray or brownish black rough bark, the 
branches recurved. Leaf-blades obovate, obovate-cuneiform, or on leading shoots round- 
ovate, or nearly orbicular, 2-5 cm. long, 7 mm.-5 em. wide, glabrate at maturity, either 

ointed or lobed at the apex, wedge-shaped or more abruptly contracted at the base, the 
orders irregularly and deeply dentate or serrate-dentate ; petioles 5 mm.-2.5 cm. long, 
margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-6-flowered: pedicelsand hypanthium tomentose : 
sepals 4-6 mm. long, glandular-serrate, pubescent : corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 20: 
fruit globose, 10-14 mm. in diameter, red at maturity : nutlets 3-5, 7-9 mm. long, 4-5 mm. 
deep, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In woods and on dry hills, North Carolina. 


103. Crataegus Cullasagénsis Ashe. A small tree 4-7 m. tall, with dark rough 
bark and drooping branches. Leaf-blades obovate or elliptic or on leading shoots ovate, 
2-4 cm. long, 7 mm.-3 em. wide, pubescent on the lower surface, especially along the mid- 
rib and in the axils of the veins, or glabrate in age, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate 
or contracted at the base, the borders serrate or serrate-dentate, 3-5-notched or lobed above 
the middle; petioles 5 mm. -2 cm. long, winged, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-6-flowered : 
pedicels and hypanthium pubescent : sepals 4-6 mm. long, glandular-serrate : stamens 20 : 
fruit subglobose or short-oblong, 10-14 mm. thick, at maturity orange or orange-red with 
ruddy cheeks: nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, the lateral faces plane. 

In dry woods and on slopes, Macon County, North Carolina. 


104. Crataegus díspar Beadle. A small tree, with drooping branches sometimes 6 
m. tall, with furrowed dark gray or nearly black bark, or more frequently a shrub with one 
or several stems. Leaf-blades obovate or orbicular, sometimes on vigorous twigs broader 
than long, 1.5-4 em. long, 1-4 cm. wide, rounded or short pointed at the apex, either 
rounded or narrowed at the base into glandular, tomentose pedicels, densely tomentose 
when young, becoming glabrate on the upper surface, below permanently tomentose, espe- 
cially on the midrib and prominent veins, the borders sharply and irregularly serrate and 
incisely lobed, especially above the middle: corymbs densely white-tomentose, 3-7-flowered : 
pedicels, hypanthium and sepals tomentose or pubescent: stamens about 20: fruit sub- 
globose or oval, 8-12 mm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, red when fully ripe: nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. 
long, smooth or slightly ridged on the back, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, South Carolina and Georgia, near Aiken and Augusta. 


. 105. Crataegus anisophylla Beadle. A large shrub, or a tree sometimes 6 m. tall, 
Mp a short trunk 1.5-2 dm. in diameter, clothed with dark brown rough or rimose bark, 

le branches drooping. Leaf-blades spatulate or cuneate, 2-4 cm. long, 5 mm.-1.5 cm. 
wide, or a little broader on the shoots, glabrous in age, rounded, pointed or lobed at the 
apex, wedge-shaped at the base ; petioles 5 mm.-3 em. long, winged, remotely glandular : 
oe bs simple, 2-4-flowered or flowers solitary: pedicels and hypanthium tomentose : 
Le s 2-4 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla about 15 mm. wide: stamens about 20, 
-e carnal yellow : fruit globose or subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, orange flushed or 
cheeked with red when fully ripe, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, the hypo- 
style about 3 mm. long. 

In sandy soi] and on banks of the St. Johns River, northeastern Florida. 


a pes. Crataegus frugàlis Beadle. A small tree, or a large shrub 3-5 m. tall, with 
ar rum bark and slightly drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneate or obovate-cuneate, 

is E - em. long, 7 mm.-2 em. wide, or broader on leading shoots, glabrous or glabrate in 
De or with a short abrupt point at the apex, wedge-shaped or more abruptly con- 
n at the base, the borders glandular, dentate or nearly entire; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. 
"ig winged, glandular : corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium tomen- 
: sepals 3-4 mm. long, glandular-serrate or nearly entire: corolla 12-17 mm. wide: 


556 MALACEAE 


stamens 20, the anthers yellow: fruit subglobose, 7-9 mm. thick, red at maturity: nutlets 
3-5, 5-6 mm. long, the hypostyle 3-4 mm. long. 

On banks of the Flint River, near Albany, Georgia. 

107. Crataegus viaria Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree 2-5 m. tall, with 
dark rough bark and drooping branches. Leaf-blades spatulate, cuneate or obovate- 
cuneiform, 1.5-3.5 em. long, 1-2 em. wide, glabrate or pubescent along the midrib and in 
the axils of the principal veins beneath at maturity, pointed or lobed at the apex, wedge- 
shaped or more abruptly contracted at the base, the borders dentate, glandular, and usually 
shallowly lobed above the middle; petioles 7 mm.-2 cm. long, winged, glandular: corymbs 
simple, 2-4-flowered or flowers solitary : pedicels and hypanthium tomentose : sepals 3-4 
mm. long, glandular-serrate or nearly entire: corolla 10-13 mm. wide: stamens 20, the 
anthers yellow: fruit globose, 7-9 mm. in diameter, red at maturity : nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. 
long, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, northeastern Florida. 


108. Crataegus cirrata Beadle. A large shrub, or frequently arborescent, 2-6 m. 
tall, with dark rough bark and crooked drooping branches. Leaf-blades spatulate, cune- 
ate or obovate-cuneiform, variously curled and crisped, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 7 mm.-2 em. 
wide, or broader on leading shoots, pubescent, pointed or lobed at the apex, narrowed or 
contracted at the base, the borders dentate, glandular, lobed above the middle ; petioles 
5 mm.-2 em. long, pubescent, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : pedi- 
cels and hypanthium tomentose: sepals 4—5 mm. long, serrate, glandular: corolla about 
15 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow: fruit globose or subglobose, 7-9 
mm. in diameter, red at maturity : nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle about 
two-thirds as long as the ventral angle. 

On gravelly hills at Girard, Alabama. 


109. Crataegus argüta Beadle. A small tree, or a large shrub 2-6 m. tall, with 
dark rough bark and drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneate or obovate-cuneiform, 1.5-3 
em. long, 8 mm.-2.5 cm. wide, pubescent, at least on the lower surface at maturity, rounded 
or abruptly short-pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or more abruptly contracted at the 
base, the borders dentate, glandular, or shallowly lobed, especially above the middle; 
petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. long, winged, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels 
and hypanthium tomentose: sepals 4-5 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla about 15 mm. 
wide: stamens 20, the anthers yellow: fruit globose when fully ripe, 7-9 mm. in diameter, 
red, nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle 4 mm. long. 

In dry woods and on slopes, east-central Alabama and southwestern Georgia. 


110. Crataegus láxa Beadle. A small tree, or a large shrub 3-6 m. tall, with dark 
gray or brownish black rough bark. Leaf-blades cuneate or obovate-cuneiform, 1.5-5 cm. 
long, 7 mm.-3 cm. wide, or broader on leading shoots, pubescent, rounded, abruptly 
pointed or lobed at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the base, the borders dentate, 
glandular; petioles 7 mm.-2.5 em. long, winged, glandular, pubescent: corymbs sim le, 
3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium tomentose : sepals 3.5-5 mm. long, serrate, g1an- 
dular : corolla 14-18 mm. wide: stamens 90, the anthers white : fruit subglobose or short- 
oval, 7-9 mm. thick, 9-11 mm. long, red at maturity : nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, the 
hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In dry woods and on ridges, east-central Alabama. 


111. Crataegus colónica Beadle. A small tree, ora large shrub 3-6 m. tall, with ashy 
gray rough or rimose bark and drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneate or obovate-cunel 
orm, 1-3 em. long, 7 mm.-3.5 cm. wide, glabrate in age or pubescent on the lower sur- 
face, especially along the midrib and in the axils of the prominent veins, rounded or 
abruptly pointed at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the base, the borders glandular, 
usually dentate or shallowly-lobed above the middle ; petioles 5-20 mm. long, marginee, 
glandular: corymbs simple, mostly 2-4-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium tomentose : 
sepals 3-4.5 mm. long, serrate, glandular: stamens 20: fruit pyriform, 10-13 mm. thick, 
1.5-2 em. long, orange-red at maturity, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, the 
hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

On bluffs of the May River, Beaufort County, South Carolina. 


112. Crataegus vicana Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree 2-4 m. tall, with 
ashy gray or brownish, rough or rimose bark and drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneate 
or oblong- or obovate-cuneiform, 1.5-3.5 em. long, 7 mm.-2 em. wide, or on leading sri = 
sometimes 4.5 cm. wide, glabrate or somewhat pubescent beneath at maturity, either 
pointed or rounded, occasionally truncate at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the base, 
the margins dentate or shallowly lobed near the apex ; petioles 7 mm.-2.5 cm. long, mar- 
gined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium tomentose : 


MALACEAE 557 


sepals 4-5 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 15-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers 
light yellow: fruit pyriform or oblong-pyriform, 10-14 mm. thick, about 1.5 cm. long, 
yellow or orange at maturity, blotched or cheeked with red, the flesh soft: nutlets mostly 
3, 8-10 mm. long, the hypostyle 6-7 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Tavares, Florida. 


113. Crataegus recurva Beadle. A shrub, or a small tree 3-5 m. tall, with ashy 
gray or brownish, rough or rimose bark and pendulous branches. Leaf-blades cuneate or 
spatulate or on leading shoots obovate-cuneiform, 1.5-3 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, or 
broader on the shoots, glabrous or glabrate at maturity, wedge-shaped or more abruptly 
contracted at the base, pointed or rounded at the apex, the margins glandular, dentate or 
lobed ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 2-3-flowered or 
flowers solitary: pedicels and hypanthium tomentose: sepals 4-5 mm. long, glandular- 
serrate : corolla 12-15 mm. wide: stamens about 20, the anthers light yellow: fruit pyri- 
form or short-pyriform, 7-9 mm. thick, red at maturity, the flesh soft : nutlets 3-5, 6-7 
mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Ocala, Florida. 

. 114. Crataegus rimdsa Beadle. A small tree, or a large shrub 2-4 m. tall, with 
rimose bark and slender drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneate, spatulate or oblong- 
cuneiform, 1-2.5 cm. long, 7 mm.-2 cm. wide, or broader on leading shoots, glabrate or 
pubescent on the lower surface, especially along the midrib and in the axils of the princi- 
pal veins, usually abruptly contracted, but occasionally wedge-shaped at the base, either 
rounded, abruptly pointed or lobed at the apex, the borders glandular, dentate above the 
middle ; petioles 5 mm.-2 em. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 3-4-flowered, 
or flowers solitary : pedicels and hypanthium tomentose: sepals 3-4 mm. long, glandular- 
serrate : corolla 12-15 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow: fruit short-pyri- 
form, 9-12 mm. thick, at maturity yellow or orange-yellow flushed or cheeked with red, 
the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide 
on each side of the ventral angle. 

In sandy soil, Citra, Florida. 

115. Crataegus inopina Beadle. A small tree, or a large shrub 3-5 m. tall, with 
dark rough or rimose bark and recurved branches. Leaf-blades obovate-cuneiform, some- 
times suborbicular, 1.5-2.5 em. long, 1-2 em. wide, or larger on leading shoots, glabrate at 
maturity or with some pubescence on the lower surface and in the axils of the large veins, 
usually abruptly contracted, but occasionally wedge-shaped at the base, either rounded, 
pointed or lobed at the apex, the borders entire or denticulate ; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. long, 
margined, glandular, mostly scurfy-tomentose: corymbs simple, 2-4-flowered, or flowers 
solitary : pedicels and hypanthium tomentose: sepals 3-4.5 mm. long, glandular-serrate : 
corolla 12-15 mm. wide : stamens 20, the antherslight yellow or almost white : fruit pyri- 
form, 8 -11 mm. thick, 12-14 mm. long, at maturity yellow or orange-yellow, sometimes 
cheeked with red, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Ocala, Florida. 

116. Crataegus villaris Beadle. .A small tree, or a large shrub 3-5 m. tall, with 
dark rough or rimose bark and drooping branches.  Leaf-blades cuneate or oblong-cunei- 
form, 1.5-3.5 em. long, 5 mm.-2 em. wide or broader on leading shoots, glabrous or glabrate 
at maturity, usually abruptly centracted, but occasionally wedge-shaped at the base, rounded 
or abruptly pointed at the apex, the borders glandular, entire or nearly so ; petioles 5 mm.— 

em. long, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 2-4-flowered, or flowers solitary : pedi- 
cels and hypanthium tomentose : sepals 3-4 mm. long, glandular-serrate: corolla 12-16 
mm. wide: fruit pyriform, 8-11 mm. thick, at maturity yellow or orange-yellow, cheeked 
ua Ue with red, the flesh soft: nutlets mostly 3—4, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 

. long. 

In sandy soil, Citra, Florida. 


., 117. Crataegus curva Beadle. A shrub, or a very small tree 2-4 m. tall, usually 
with several trunks clothed with dark rough bark, and crooked, drooping, very spiny 
idees Leaf-blades obovate or obovate-cuneiform, 1-2 em. long, 5 mm.-2 cm. wide, 
gla rate at maturity or with some conspicuous pubescence along the midrib and in the axils 
: the prominent veins beneath, rounded or abruptly pointed at the E. ped 
racted at the base, the borders subentire or denticulate and shallowly lobed ; petioles 5-15 
e jong, margined, glandular: corymbs simple, 2-4-flowered, or flowers solitary : pedi- 
ce s and hypanthium tomentose: sepals 3-4 mm. long, serrate, glandular: corolla 12-15 
a wide : stamens 20, the anthers light yellow : fruit pyriform, 6-9 mm. thick, at ma- 

rity orange-red or orange with red cheeks, the flesh very thin: nutlets usually 3-4, 6-7 
mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide near the top of each lateral surface. 

In sandy soil, notheastern Florida. 


558 MALACEAE 


118. Crataegus resima Beadle. A small tree, or a large shrub, 2-4 m. tall, with 
rough bark and drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneate or spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 
7 mm.-1.5 em. wide, pubescent or glabrate, pointed or variously lobed at the apex, wedge- 
shaped at the base, the border glandular, dentate or irregularly notched above the middle ; 
petioles 5 mm.-2 em. long, winged, glandular : corymbs simple, 2—5-flowered : pedicels and 
hypanthium tomentose: sepals 3-4 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla about 12 mm. 
wide : stamens 20, the anthers pale yellow: fruit pyriform, 9-11 mm. thick, at maturity 
orange-yellow, blotched with red, the flesh soft: nutlets mostly 3, about 7 mm. long, the 
hypostyle 4-5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide on each lateral surface. 

In open woods and fieids, mostly in sandy soil, Albany, Georgia. 

119. Crataegus lássa Beadle. A large much-branched shrub, or a small tree some- 
times 5 m. tall, with ashy gray or brownish rough bark and drooping branches. Leaf- 
blades cuneiform, 1.5-3 cm. long, 7 mm.-2 em. wide, or on leading shoots much dilated or 
frequently broader than long and with rounded bases, glabrate in age, or with some pubes- 
cence persistent along the midrib and in the axils of the prominent veins, rounded at the 
apex and with a short abrupt point or nearly truncate with one or more short points or 
shallow lobes, the borders roughened with black glands; petioles7 mm.-2 cm. long, mar- 
gined, glandular, pubescent: corymbs simple, 2-5-flowered: pedicels and hypanthium 
tomentose : sepals about 5 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 15-18 mm. wide : stamens 
20, the anthers yellow : fruit pyriform, 8-10 mm. wide, 10-13 mm. long, at maturity orange- 
red, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In sandy oak barrens, near Selma, Alabama. 

120. Crataegus adüsta Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree 2-5 m. tall, with 
dark gray or brownish rough bark and drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneiform, 1.5-3 
cm. long, 7 mm.-2 cm. wide or larger and obovate-cuneiform on the leading shoots, glabrate 
at maturity, rounded or with a short, abrupt point at the apex, the borders glandular, sub- 
entire, or dentate near the apex ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular : corymbs 
simple, 2-4-flowered or flowers solitary: pedicels and hypanthium tomentose : sepals 3-5 
mm. long, glandular-serrate: corolla 14-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers almost 
white : fruit short-pyriform, 9-11 mm. thick, at maturity orange-red, usually spotted and 
crea with red, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. 

ong. 

In sandy woods, Gainesville, Florida. 

121. Crataegus illüdens Beadle. A small tree, or a large shrub with dark gray or 
brownish rough bark and drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneiform, 1.5-3.5 em. long, 7 
mm.-2 cm. wide, or broader on vigorous shoots, glabrous or glabrate at maturity, rounded, 
pointed or lobed at the apex, the borders entire or denticulate, glandular, sometimes obed 
above the middle, especially on leading shoots ; petioles 7 mm.-3 cm. long, winged, gland- 
ular: corymbs 2-4-flowered, or flowers occasionally solitary: pedicels and hypanthium 
tomentose : sepals 3.5-5 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 14-18 mm. wide: fruit pyri- 
form, 8-11 mm. thick, yellow at maturity, the flesh soft : nutlets mostly 3, about 7 mm. 
long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Citra, Florida. : 

122. Crataegus versüta Beadle. A shrub, or a small tree 3-6 m. tall, with dark 
rough bark and drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneiform, 1-3 cm. long, 5 mm.-2 cm. 
wide, or broader on leading shoots, pubescent or tomentose at maturity, at least on the 
lower surface along the midrib and in the axils of the principal veins, rounded, pointed or 
lobed at the apex, the borders glandular, dentate or lobed above the middle ; petioles 5 
mm.-3 em. long, winged, glandular, pubescent: corymbs simple, 2-4-flowered, or flowers 
solitary: pedicels and hypanthium tomentose: sepals 2-3 mm. long, glandular: corolla 
10-12 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow: fruit short-pyriform, 6-9 mm. 
thick, at maturity orange or greenish yellow with ruddy cheeks : nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. 
long, the hypostyle 3-4 mm. long. 

In woods and on banks, southwestern Georgia. 

123. Crataegus incana Beadle. A large shrub 2-4 m. tall, with dark gray or brown- 
ish, rough or scaly bark and crooked recurved branches. Leaf-blades cuneate or poo 
cuneate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 7 mm.-2 cm. wide, pubescent, abruptly pointed or rounded at t "a 
apex, wedge-shaped or more abruptly contracted at the base, the margins glandular, su 
entire or shallowly lobed; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, densely white-tomentoss 
when young, glandular: corymbs simple, 2-4-flowered, or flowers solitary : pedicels gr 
hypanthium densely white-tomentose : sepals 4-5 mm. long, glandular : corolla about " 
mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers nearly white: fruit pyriform, 8-9 mm. thick, at m 
turity orange-yellow, flushed or cheeked with red : nutlets 3—5, about 7 mm. long, the hypo- 
style about 5 mm. long. 

In sandy oak woods, Apalachicola River basin, Florida. 


MALACEAE 559 


124. Crataegus crócea Beadle. A small tree, or a large shrub 3-6 m. tall, with 
dark rough bark and slender drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneiform, 1-2.5 em. long, 
5-15 mm. wide, or broader on leading shoots, at maturity smooth above, more or less pubes- 
cent beneath, especially along the midrib, either pointed or rounded at the apex, the borders 
glandular, denticulate above the middle ; petioles 7 mm.-2 cm. long, margined, glandular, 
mor or glabrate: corymbs simple, 2-4-flowered, or flowers solitary : pedicels and 

ypanthium tomentose: sepals 3-4 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 15 mm. wide: 
stamens 15-20, the anthers nearly white : fruit pyriform, 9-12 mm. thick, at maturity yel- 
low or orange-yellow, rarely cheeked with russet-red, the flesh soft: nutlets 3—5, about 6 
mm. long, the hypostyle 4—5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Citra, Florida. 

125. Crataegus aüdens Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree, with dark gray or 
brownish rough orscaly bark. Leaf-blades obovate or obovate-cuneiform, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 
1-3.5 em. wide, at maturity glabrate and shining on the upper surface, pubescent beneath 
especially along the midrib and principal veins, abruptly pointed, rounded or lobed at the 
apex, contracted or narrowed at the base, the margins dentate and shallowly lobed ; petioles 
5-15 mm. long, margined, glandular, pubescent: corymbs simple, 2—5-flowered, or flowers 
occasionally solitary : pedicels and hypanthium pubescent : sepals 4-5 mm. long, glandular- 
serrate : corolla 15-16 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers almost white: fruit pyriform, 
9-12 mm. thick, at maturity orange-yellow, flushed or cheeked with red, the flesh soft : 
nutlets mostly 3, 7-8 mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

On dry hills, near Chattahoochee, Florida. 

,.126. Crataegus meridiàna Beadle. A small tree, or a large shrub 3-7 m. tall, 
with dark rough or rimose bark and recurved branches. Leaf-blades cuneate, obovate- 
cuneiform, or on vigorous shoots broader than long, 2-3 em. long, 7 mm.-3 em. wide, at 
maturity glabrate above, more or less pubescent beneath, especially along the midrib and 
the axils of the prominent veins, abruptly pointed or lobed at the apex, narrowed or con- 
tracted at the base, the borders dentate, glandular, shallowly lobed above the middle ; 
petioles 7 mm.-3 em. long, winged, glandular, pubescent : corymbs simple, 3-5-flowered : 
pedicels and hypanthium tomentose: sepals 5-6 mm. long, glandular serrate: corolla 
18-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow or nearly white: fruit pyriform, 
7-9 mm. thick, 12-15 mm. long, at maturity orange-yellow, sometimes flushed or streaked 
with red, the flesh soft : nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle about 4 mm. long. 

In sandy oak woods, southeastern Alabama. 

127. Crataegus lépida Beadle. A small very spiny shrub, seldom more than 1-1.5 
m. tall, with drooping branches.  Leaf-blades obovate, round-ovate, suborbicular or spat- 
ulate, 5 mm.-2 em. long, 4 mm.-2 em. wide, at maturity glabrous and lustrous above, 
more or less pubescent beneath, especially along the principal veins and in their axils, 
rounded, truncate or short-pointed at the apex, abruptly contracted at the base, or some- 
times cuneate, the margins denticulate or crenate-dentate, glandular ; petioles 2mm.-1 em. 
long, margined, glandular : corymbs 2-3-flowered, or flowers solitary : pedicels and hypan- 
erue tomentose : sepals 2-3 mm. long, glandular-serrate : stamens 20 ; fruit subglo- 

ose, 7-11 mm. in diameter, at maturity orange or orange-red : nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, 
3-4 mm. deep, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil and open woods, southeastern Georgia and northeastern Florida. 

128. Crataegus lacrimàta Small. A small tree, sometimes 4-5 m. tall, or more 
frequently a large shrub with several stems clothed with ashy gray often scaly bark, the 
Pc drooping. Leaf-blades cuneate-spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, or 

roader on vigorous leading shoots, glabrous in age, rounded, truncate or pointed at the 
urs wedge-shaped at the base, the borders dentate above the middle, glandular ; petioles 

» mm. long, pubescent, glandular : corymbs simple, 2-4-flowered, or flowers solitary : 
pedicels and hypanthium glabrous : sepals 2.5-3 mm. long, entire or nearly so, glabrous: 
stamens 20, the anthers light yellow: fruit globose, or subglobose, at maturity yellow or 
orange, mostly with ruddy cheeks, the flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 5-6 mm. long, the hypostyle 
oceupying about two-thirds of the ventral angle. 

In sandy woods and on borders of streams, western Florida. 

di 129. Crataegus condígna Beadle. A large shrub, with one or more stems, or some- 
Vis ^ small tree 5 m. tall, with ashy gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades cuneate, 
"eb rani: or on vigorous shoots broadly obovate, 1-3 cm. long, 7 mm.-2.5 cm. 
sión 8 abrate in age, rounded or abruptly pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or more 
an y narrowed at the base, the borders crenate or crenate-dentate ; petioles 3 mm.-1 
Uia q^ : corymbs simple, mostly 2-3-flowered, or flowers solitary: pedicels and hypan- 
sta omentose : sepals 3.5-5 mm. long, serrate, glandular : corolla about 16 mm. wide : 

mens 20, the anthers almost white: fruit pyriform or nearly so, 7-9 mm. wide, 8-11 


560 MALACEAE 


mm. long, at maturity yellow-green or orange, flushed with red: nutlets 3-5, 5-6 mm. 
long, about 4 mm. deep, the hypostyle about 4 mm. long. 
In sandy soil, southwestern Georgia and adjacent Florida. 


130. Crataegus geniculata Ashe. A shrub 1-4 m. tall, with dark rimose bark and 
drooping branches. Leaf-blades cuneate or spatulate, or on vigorous shoots obovate, 1-3 
em. long, 5 mm.-2 cm. wide, in age glabrate or pubescent on both surfaces, especially 
along the midrib and principal veins beneath, rounded or pointed at the apex, wedge- 
shaped or more abruptly contracted at the base, the borders dentate and often broken b 
shallow lobes; petioles 5-15 mm. long, glandular: corymbs 2-3-flowered or flowers soli- 
tary: pedicels and hypanthium tomentose : sepals 4-5 mm. long, glandular-serrate : sta- 
mens 20: fruit pyriform, 7-12 mm. thick, 8-14 mm. long, at maturity yellow or orange, 
blotched or cheeked with red : nutlets 3-5, 5-6 mm. long, the hypostyle about 4 mm. long. 

On dry hills, middle North Carolina. 


131. Crataegus péxa Beadle. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with spiny branches. Leaf- 
blades cuneate or spatulate, 1-2 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, or larger on vigorous shoots, 
and varying from obovate to broadly ovate, frequently broader than long, pubescent, 
rounded, pointed or lobed at the apex, wedge-shaped or more abruptly contracted at the 
base, the margins dentate or crenate ; petioles very short, 1-10 mm. long, glandular, 
pubescent : corymbs 2-3-flowered, or flowers solitary : pedicels and hypanthium tomentose : 
sepals about 4 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 10-15 mm. wide: stamens about 20: 
fruit globose, 7-9 mm. in diameter : nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle about 4 
mm. long. 

In dry woods and on ridges, Rowan County, North Carolina. 


132. Crataegus Yadkinénsis Ashe. A shrub, or a small tree 3-7 m. tall, with ashy 
gray or brownish bark. Leaf-blades obovate, spatulate or cuneiform, 1.5-3 cm. long, 7 
mm.-2 cm. wide, or on vigorous shoots larger and suborbicular in outline with rounded or 
truncate bases, either rounded or short-pointed at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the 
base, the borders denticulate, glandular, often shallowy lobed above the middle ; petioles 
3 mm.-1 cm. long, pubescent, glandular: corymbs mostly 2-5-flowered : pedicels and 
hypanthium pilose-pubescent : sepals 3-4 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla 12-15 mm. 
wide: stamens about 20: fruit pyriform or nearly so, 7-10 mm. thick, at maturity red or 
orange-red : nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle occupying about three-fourths of 
the ventral angle. 

In dry woods and on ridges, Rowan County, North Carolina. 


133. Crataegus münda Beadle. A small shrub, 1-1.5 m. tall, with spiny, drooping 
branches. Leaf-blades obovate, spatulate or cuneate, 1-2 cm. long, 4 mm.-1.5 cm. wide, 
glabrate in age, rounded or abruptly pointed at the apex, narrowed or contracted at the 
base, the borders dentate, glandular; petioles very short, 2-7 mm. long, glabrous or with 
a few hairs at maturity : corymbs 2 or 3-flowered, or flowers solitary : pedicels and hypan- 
thium pubescent : sepals 3.5—5 mm. long, serrate or glandular-serrate : stamens normally 
20: fruit pyriform, 7-9 mm. thick, 9-12 mm. long: nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, 
mm. deep, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In sandy pine lands, South Carolina and Georgia. 


134. Crataegus invicta Beadle. A shrub 1-1.5 m. tall, with zigzag, recurved and 
very spiny branches. Leaf-blades cuneate or spatulate, or on vigorous shoots obovate OF 
broadly ovate, 5 mm.-2 cm. long, 3 mm.-1 cm. broad, or wider on the shoots, glabrate 
or slightly pubescent above, pubescent, especially along the veins beneath, either rounded, 
pointed or shallowly lobed at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, the borders dentate, 
glandular; petioles very short, 2-7 mm. long, pubescent, glandular: corymbs 2- or 3-flow- 
ered, or flowers solitary: pedicels and hypanthium tomentose: sepals 3-4.5 mm. Jong; 
glandular-serrate : stamens normally 20: fruit pyriform, 6-8 mm. wide, 8-11 mm. long: 
nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, 3-4 mm. deep, the hypostyle about 6 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, southeastern Georgia. 


135. Crataegus unifldra Muench. A shrub 1-3 m. tall. Leaf-blades obovate or jaf 
long-cuneiform, 1.5-4 cm. long, 7 mm.-2 cm.. wide, glossy on the upper surface, p 
beneath, especially along the midrib and principal veins, mostly obtuse at the apex, br ge 
shaped or contracted at the base, the borders crenate or crenate-serrate; petioles very § raid 
pou : flowers mostly solitary: pedicels and hypanthium hirsute-tomentose : s 

anceolate, deeply incised, glandular, 6-9 mm. long: corolla 10-15 mm. wide: stame 
20, the anthers almost white: fruit globose, 10-14 mm. in diameter, yellow or greenis 
yellow at maturity : nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In woods and on slopes, or in old fields and sandy flats, southern New York to Florida and Louisiana. 


MALACEAE 561 


136. Crataegus armentàlis Beadle. A shrub3 dm.-1 m. tall, usually forming small 
clumps or covering patches of considerable area. Leaf-blades cuneate or spatulate, 1-2 
em. long, 5-15 mm. wide, slightly pubescent at maturity, rounded or pointed at the apex, 
wedge-shaped at the base, the borders serrate; petioles very short, pubescent: corymbs 
2-3-flowered, or flowers solitary: pedicels and hypanthium densely hirsute-tomentose : 
sepals narrowly lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, serrate, glandular: corolla 10-15 mm. wide: 
stamens 20, anthers pale yellow or nearly white: fruit globose, about 1 cm. in diameter, 
red at maturity, nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In shallow soil in rocky glades, Marshall County, Alabama. 

137. Crataegus Vailiae Britton. A shrub 1-4 m. tall. Leaf-blades mostly oval or 
ovate, 1.5—4 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, often lobed, at maturity smooth and shining above, 
pubescent below, especially along the midrib and principal veins, mostly pointed at the 
apex, contracted at the base, the borders serrate ; petioles 3-10 mm. long: corymbs 2-6- 
flowered : pedicelsand hypanthium hirsute-tomentose: sepals 5-8 mm. long, deeply incised, 
glandular: corolla 10-15 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers almost white : fruit globose, 
8-10 mm. in diameter, red at maturity: nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle 
about 4 mm. long. 

In woods and thickets, Virginia and North Carolina. 

138. Crataegus Raleighénsis Ashe. A shrub 1-4 m. tall. Leaf-blades prevailingly 
oval, ovate or elliptic, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-3 em. wide, more or less pubescent, especially 
along the veins beneath, usually pointed but sometimes rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped 
or more abru»tly contracted, or occasionally, especially on vigorous shoots, almost rounded 
at the base, the borders sharply serrate ; petioles 3-10 mm. long, margined: corymbs 
simple, 2-4-flowered, or flowers solitary : pedicels and hypanthium hirsute-pubescent : 
sepals 5-8 mm. long, incised: stamens 20: fruit globose, 8-10 mra. in diameter, at ma- 
mur yellow or greenish yellow: nutlets 3-5, 6—7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. 
ong. 

On dry hills and in old fields, North Carolina to Georgia. 

139. Crataegus bisulcàta Ashe. A shrub 1-3 m. tall. Leaf-blades prevailingly 
ovate, oval or elliptic, 1.5-3 cm. long, 1-3 em. wide, at maturity smooth and lustrous on 
the upper surface, glabrate or pubescent beneath, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or 
contracted at the base, the borders sharply and coarsely serrate and incisely lobed ; peti- 
oles 3 mm.-1 cm. long, margined, pubescent: corymbs simple, 2-4-flowered, or flowers 
solitary : pedicels and hypanthium hirsute-pubescent : sepals 5-8 mm. long, serrate : sta- 
mens 20: fruit pyriform, 9-10 mm. thick, at maturity yellow, orange or greenish yellow : 
es 3-5, about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle about two-thirds the length of the ventral 

gle. 


In woods and fields, North Carolina to Stone Mountain, Georgia. 


140. Crataegus gregàlis Beadle. A shrub 1-3 m. tall. Leaf-blades prevailingly 
obovate or oblong-cuneiform, 1.5-3.5 em. long, 7 mm.-2 cm. wide, or broader on leadin 
shoots, pubescent on the lower surface at maturity, mostly rounded but occasionally point 
at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, the borders crenate or bluntly serrate ; petioles 
very short, pubescent : corymbs 2-3-flowered, or flowers solitary : pedicels and hypanthium 
densely hirsute-pubescent : sepals 5-6 mm. long, incised: corolla about 15 mm. wide: 
stamens 20, the anthers nearly white: fruit pyriform, 10-16 mm. thick, 12-15 mm. long, 
at maturity red or ruddy : nutlets 3-5, about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In sandy flats of the French Broad River, western North Carolina. 

141. Crataegus Earlei Ashe. A shrub 1-3 m. tall. Leaf-blades cuneate or obovate- 
or oblong-cuneiform, 1-2.5 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, or broader on leading shoots, 
pubescent on the lower surface at maturity, especially along the midrib and veins, either 
a nig or pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, the borders serrate, at least 
above the middle; petioles 1-10 mm. long, pubescent : corymbs 2-3-flowered, or flowers 
solitary : pedicels and hypanthium tomentose: sepals narrow, 5-7 mm. long, serrate or 
a : corolla about 15 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers nearly white: fruit pyriform, 

h mm. wide, 8-11 mm. long: nutlets 3-5, 5-7 mm. long, the hypostyle occupying about 
three-fourths of the ventral angle. 

On dry hills and in sandy soil, Alabama to Florida. 

k 142. Crataegus móllis (T. & G.) Scheele. A tree 6-10 m. tall, with dark gray or 
ed paa fissured and scaly bark. Leaf-blades broadly ovate, 4-9 cm. long, 2.5-8 cm. 
rim ; or even larger on leading shoots, at maturity softly pubescent or tomentose on the 
ra REA, glabrous or slightly pubescent above, acute at the apex, rounded, truncate, 
x cordate at the base, the borders sharply serrate and incisely lobed ; petioles 1-5 cm. 

ng, pubescent : corymbs compound, densely tomentose, many-flowered: pedicels and 


36 


562 MALACEAE 


hypanthium tomentose: sepals 5-7 mm. long, serrate, glandular, tomentose: corolla 2-2.5 
cm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers pale yellow : fruit subglobose, 13-18 mm. thick, eventu- 
ally bright red, ripening in August and early September: nutlets 3-5, 7-8 mm. long, the 
hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

Mostly in rich soil, Michigan to middle Tennessee and Missouri. 


143. Crataegus Arkansana Sarg. A tree 5-7 m. tall, with gray scaly bark. Leaf- 
blades oval or oblong-ovate, 4-10 cm. long, 2.5-8 cm. wide, at maturity glabrous on the 
upper surface, glabrate beneath or with some pubescence along the midrib and in the axils 
of the veins, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, sharply serrate 
and usually incised above the middle into 6-8 short acute lobes ; petioles 1.5-4 cm. long, 
winged above, ultimately glabrous or glabrate: corymbs compound, many-flowered, vil- 
lous: pedicels and hypanthium villous-tomentose : sepals 4-5 mm. long, incised, glandu- 
lar: corolla 2-2.5 cm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers pale yellow : fruit oblong or obovoid, 
13-18 mm. thick, at maturity bright crimson, the flesh thick and dry: nutlets 3-5, about 
7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm long. 

Mostly in rich soil, southern Arkansas. 


144. Crataegus Texana Buckl. A tree, sometimes 10 m. tall, with a trunk 3 dm. 
in diameter clothed with scaly bark. Leaf-blades broadly ovate, 5-10 em. long, 3-7.5 em. 
wide, at maturity lustrous on the upper surface, pubescent or tomentose beneath, especially 
along the midrib and principal veins, acute or sometimes rounded at the apex, cuneate or 
on leading shoots truncate at the base, the borders coarsely serrate and usually incisely 
8-10-lobed ; petioles 1-3 cm. long, winged above, tomentose or glabrate: corymbs com- 
pound, many-flowered, tomentose: pedicels and hypanthium tomentose: sepals 5-8 mm. 
long, incised, glandular, villous-tomentose: corolla about 2 em. wide: stamens 20, the 
anthers dark red: fruit short oblong or obovate, 12-18 mm. thick, at maturity bright ' 
er the flesh thick, soft: nutlets usually 5, 7-9 mm. long, slightly grooved on the 

ack. 

In rich bottom lands, central and western Texas. 

145. Crataegus gravida Beadle. A wide-spreading tree, sometimes 6-7 m. tall, 
with a trunk 2 dm. in diameter covered with dark brown scaly bark. Leaf-blades broadly 
ovate, 4-9 em. long, 3-8 cm. wide, at maturity lustrous on the upper surface, pubescent 
beneath, mostly acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, the borders 
serrate and shallowly incised ; petioles 1.5-3 cm. long, pubescent : corymbs compact, sub- 
simple or compound, hirsute-tomentose, many-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium hirsute- 
tomentose : sepals 3-5 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla about 15 mm. wide: stamens 
about 20: fruit depressed-globose, 12-15 mm. in diameter, red at maturity : nutlets mostly 
5, about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

On hills, near Nashville, Tennessee. 


146. Crataegus cibaria Beadle. A shrub or small tree 3-6 m. tall, with dark gray 
scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate, broadly ovate or oval, 3-9 em. long, 2-7 cm. wide, at ma- 
turity glabrous above, pubescent along the midrib and principal veins beneath, acute or 
acuminate at the apex, rounded or contracted at the base, the margins sharply serrate an 
incised ; petioles 1-4 cm. long, pubescent: corymbs ample, many-flowered, pubescent: 
pedicels pubescent: hypanthium glabrous: sepals 5-6 mm. long, incised, glandular : 
corolla 2 cm. broad or more: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow : fruit short-oblong or 
obovate, 10-14 mm. wide, 12-15 mm. long, at maturity red, the flesh soft and edible : nut- 
lets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

On hills, near Nashville, Tennessee. 


147. Crataegus lácera Sarg. A tree 6-8 m. tall, with a trunk sometimes ldm. in 
diameter, clothed with gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate or rhombic, or on 
leading shoots broadly ovate, 2.5-9 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide, glabrous at maturity, acute at 
the apex, broadly cuneate or on leading shoots subtruncate at the base, the margins 
coarsely serrate and incised ; petioles 1-4 cm. long, margined, ultimately nearly glabrous : 
corymbs compound, sparingly villous, many-flowered : pedicels sparingly villous: se 
panthium glabrous: sepals linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, serrate, glandular: corolla 
15 mm. wide: stamens 20, anthers rose-color: fruit oblong, 7-10 mm. thick, 10-13 mm. 
long, at maturity bright red: nutlets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 

In low woods, near Fulton, Arkansas. 


148. Crataegus Biltmoreàna Beadle. A shrub 1-5 m. tall, with gray or reddish 
brown scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate or round-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, pubes- 
cent on both surfaces, acute at the apex, contracted, rounded, or on leading shoots truncate 
at the base, the margins serrate and incised ; petioles 1-3 cm. long, margined, glandular : 
corymbs simple, pubescent, 3-7-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium pubescent : sepals 


MALACEAE 563 


about 5 mm. long, glandular: corolla 2-2.5 cm. wide: stamens 10, the anthers pale yel- 
low: fruit subglobose, 10-15 mm. thick, 10-12 mm. long, at maturity yellow, greenish 
yellow or orange, often cheeked with red : nutlets 3-5, 5-7 mm. long, 3-5 mm. deep, the 
hypostyle about 4 mm. long. 

In dry or rocky woodlands, Pennsylvania to South Carolina and Tennessee. 


149. Crataegus Craytónii Beadle. A shrub 1-2 m. tall, with dark gray or brownish 
scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate, oblong-ovate or oval, 3-7 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad, pubes- 
cent, acute at the apex, rounded or contracted at the base, the borders serrate and incised ; 
petioles 1-2.5 cm. long, margined, glandular, pubescent: corymbs simple, 3-7-flowered : 
pedicels and hypanthium pubescent : sepals 4-5 mm. long, glandular-serrate : corolla about 
2 em. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow: fruit oblong or obovate, 9-12 mm. 
thick, 10-14 mm. long, at maturity red or ruddy : nutlets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, the hy- 
postyle 3-4 mm. long. 

On bluffs along the French Broad River, western North Carolina. 


150. Crataegus tiifldra Chapm. A large shrub, or a small tree2-7 m. tall. Leaf- 
blades ovate, elliptic or slightly obovate, 2-7 cm. long, 1-5 em. wide, or on leading shoots 
even larger, pubescent, acute at the apex, rounded or abruptly contracted at the base, the 
borders serrate and often with short acute lobes ; petioles 8 mm.-3 em. long, margined, 

landular, pubescent: corymbs mostly 3-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium Rd - 

escent: sepals 7-9 mm. long, pubescent, glandular, serrate: corolla 2.5-3 em. wide: 
stamens 20, the anthers pale yellow: fruit globose, 12-15 mm. in diameter, pubescent, red 
at maturity : nutlets 3-5, 7-9 mm. long, about 5 mm. deep, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 

On rocky- banks, northwestern Georgia and Alabama. 


151. Crataegus austromontana Beadle. A straggling shrub 1-4 m. tall. Leaf- 
blades broadly oval or round-ovate, 3-9 em. long, 2.5-7.5 cm. wide, pubescent, acute at the 
apex, contracted, rounded or truncate at the base, the borders serrate and often with short, 
acute lobes; petioles 1-4 cm. long, margined, glandular, pubescent : corymbs simple, 2-5- 
(mostly 3-) flowered : pedicels and hypanthium hirsute-pubescent : sepals 6-10 mm. long, 
serrate, glandular, pubescent : corolla 2.5 cm. wide: stamens 10, the anthers light-yellow : 
fruit globose, 12-15 mm. in diameter, bright red at maturity, pubescent, the flesh soft : 
nutlets 3-5, 8-10 mm. long, 4-5 mm. deep, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In rocky woods and on banks, Alabama and Tennessee. 


152. Crataegus Harbisdnii Beadle. A tree 5-8 m. tall, with ashy gray or brownish 
black bark. Leaf-blades obovate, oval or broadly ovate, 2.5-10 cm. long, 2-9 cm. wide, 
pubescent, acute at the apex, narrowed, contracted or rounded at the base, the borders ser- 
rate and incised ; petioles 6 mm.-2 cm. long, margined, glandular, pubescent : corymbs 
broad, pubescent or pilose, compound : pedicels and hypanthium pilose-pubescent : sepals 
lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, serrate, glandular: corolla AM 2 cm. wide: stamens 20, the 
anthers light yellow: fruit globose, 10-13 mm. in diameter, red at maturity: nutlets 3-5, 
about 8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. deep, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 


On limestone hills and ridges, near Nashville, Tennessee. 


.,193. Crataegus Ashei Beadle. A large branching shrub, or a small tree 3-6 m. tall, 
with light gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate, round-ovate or occasionally 
obovate, 2.5-7 em. lon , 2-6 cm. wide, at maturity pubescent on the lower surface, espe- 
cially along the ia and veins, rounded or acute at the apex, abruptly contracted or 
broadly wedge-shaped at the base, the borders serrate; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. long, mar- 

ned, ubescent, glandular : corymbs subsimple or branched, 3-10-flowered : pedicels and 

ypanthium pilose-pubescent : sepals 7-10 mm. long, serrate, glandular: corolla about 2 
cm. wide : stamens 20, the anthers light yellow: fruit subglobose or short-oval, 10-14 mm. 
thick, red at maturity : nutlets 3-5, about 8 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In abandoned fields and woodlands, generally in clay soil, Montgomery County, Alabama. 


ti 154. Crataegus rustica Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree 2-6 m. tall, some- 
ears with a trunk 2 dm. in diameter clothed with dark gray or brownish black scaly bark. 
af-blades ovate, or oval, 2-5 em. long, 1.5-5 em. wide, glabrous when fully grown, acute 

at the apex, rounded, narrowed, or on leading shoots truncate or cordate at the base, the 
uri serrate and incisely lobed ; petioles 1.5-3 em. long, glabrous: corymbs simple, 
-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3-4 mm. long, mostly entire: 
UN 15-18 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow : fruit subglobose, 7-11 mm. 
ick, obtusely angled and conspicuously swollen below the middle, at maturity dull red, 
vie, and green, the flesh firm : nutlets 3—5, about 7 mm. long, the hy postyle about 4 mm. 

In old fields and woodlands, near Biltmore, North Carolina. 


564 MALACEAE 


155. Crataegus arcana Beadle. A shrub or small tree 2-6 m. tall, with a short 
trunk sometimes 2 dm. in diameter, clothed with dark gray or brownish black scaly 
bark. Leaf-blades ovate or oval, 2.5-6 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, glabrous when fully 
grown, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or contracted, or on leading shoots trun- 
cate or subcordate at the base, the borders sharply serrate and incised ; petioles 1-3 cm. 
long, glabrous: corymbs simple or subsimple, 4-10-flowered: pedicels and hypanthium 
glabrous: sepals 4-5 mm. long: corolla 16-20 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light 
purple : fruit subglobose, 8-12 mm. thick, obtusely angled and conspicuously swollen be- 
low the middle, at maturity red or ruddy, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, the 
hypostyle about half the length of the ventral angle. 

In woods and old fields near Biltmore, North Carolina. 


156. Crataegus Georgiana Sarg. A tree sometimes 8-10 m. tall, with a trunk 3 dm. 
in diameter, covered with dark gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate, 3.5-5.5 
cm. long, 2.5-3.5 em. wide, or larger on leading shoots, glabrous when fully grown, acute 
or acuminate at the apex, contracted or rounded at the base, the borders serrate and with 
short acute lobes; petioles 1.5-3 cm. long, glabrous: corymbs subsimple or compound, 
5-10-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3-5 mm. long, entire or obscurely 
serrate : corolla about 20 mm. wide : stamens 20, the anthers purplish': fruit globose, 10-13 
mm. in diameter, at maturity dull russet-green, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long. 

In low woods and meadows, near Rome, Georgia. 


157. Crataegus cállida Beadle. A shrub or small tree 2-5 m. tall, the trunk or 
stems covered with dark gray or brownish scaly bark.  Leaf-blades ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 
2-6 cm. wide, glabrous, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at 
the base, the borders serrate and with several pairs or short point-like lobes; petioles 1-3 
em. long, glabrous: corymbs subsimple or compound, 5-10-flowered : pedicels and hypan- 
thium glabrous : sepals 3-5 mm. long, mostly entire: corolla about 20 mm. wide : stamens 
20, the anthers very pale yellow or almost white: fruit depressed-globose, 8-10 mm. wide: 
at maturity red or green and red often with russet surfaces, the flesh firm : nutlets 3-5, 
about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle occupying about two-thirds of the ventral angle. 

In flat woods, northeastern Alabama. 


158. Crataegus iracünda Beadle. A large shrub, or a slender tree 2-5 m. tall, with 
ashy gray, either smooth or scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate or deltoid, 1.5—6 cm. long, 1-6 
em. wide, scabrous above, glabrous beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate, Cor 
date or occasionally broadly cuneate at the base, the borders sharply serrate and incised ; 
petioles 7 mm.-2 cm. long, glabrous, glandular: corymb simple, 3-7-flowered : pedicels 
and hypanthium glabrous : sepals 3-4 mm. long, entire or glandular-serrate : corolla about 
15 mm. wide: stamens 10, the anthers purple : fruit subglobose, 8-10 mm. thick, at ma- 
turity red or red and green, the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, about 6 mm. long, the hyposty le 
3-4 mm. long. 

In flat woods, northwestern Georgia. . 2 

159. Crataegus vicinàlis Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree 3-6 m. tall, with 
dark gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, gla- 
brous, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate, or sometimes broadly 
cuneate at the base, the margins serrate and with short, acute lobes ; petioles 7 mm.-2 cm. 
long, glabrous : corymbs simple, 3-7-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: Mim 
2-4 mm. long, entire or serrate : corolla 14-16 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers white 
or cream-color : fruit pyriform, 7-9 mm. thick, 9-12 mm. long, at maturity red or ruddy, 
the flesh firm: nutlets 3-5, 6.5-7.5 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In woods and on slopes, southeastern Tennessee and Georgia. 


160. Crataegus basilica Beadle. A shrub or small tree 4—7 m. tall, with dark gray 
or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide, glabrous, acute 
or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate, rounded or truncate at the base, the borders 
serrate and with several pairs of short, acute lobes; petioles 1-3 cm. long, glabrous : 
corymbs subsimple or compound, glabrous, 5-15-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium gh- 
brous: sepals 4-5 mm. long, entire or serrate: corolla 14-17 mm. wide : stamens 15-20, ines 
anthers purple: fruit subglobose, 12-15 mm. thick, at maturity red or pruinose-red, the 
flesh soft: nutlets 3-5, 7-8 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In woods and on slopes in the mountains, western North Carolina. : k 

161. Crataegus macrospérma Ashe. A shrub or small tree 3-7 m. tall, with dar 
gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate or oval, 2.5-6 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wld, 
glabrous, acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, sharply serrate an 
with several pairs of short, acute lobes ; petioles 1-3 cm. long, glabrous: corymbs simple pad 
subsiraple, 4-9-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3-5 mm. long, serra 


MALACEAE 565 


or entire: corolla 14-17 mm. wide: stamens normally 10, the anthers purple: fruit short- 
oblong or obovate, 9-15 mm. thick, red at maturity, the flesh soft : nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. 
long, the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 

Mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. 


162. Crataegus nubicola Beadle. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with ashy gray scaly bark. 
Leaf-blades ovate, 2-5 em. long, 2-5 cm. wide, glabrous, acute at the apex, rounded or 
truncate at the base, the borders sharply serrate and with 3-5 pairs of short acute lobes; 

etioles 1-2.5 em. long, glabrous: corymbs subsimple or compound, 5-10-flowered, gla- 
Toi : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 4-5 mm. long, entire or slightly serrate : 
stamens 20: fruit subglobose, 7-9 mm. thick, red at maturity: nutlets 3-5, 6-7 mm. long, 
the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 

On the high mountains of western North Carolina, at elevations above 1750 m. 


163. Crataegus Roanénsis Ashe. A shrub or small tree 2-6 m. tall, with ashy gray 
scaly bark. Leaf-blades ovate, 2.5-6 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, glabrous, acute at the apex, 
rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, the margins serrate and with 3-5 pairs of short 
acute lobes ; petioles 1-3 cm. long, glabrous: corymbs subsimple or compound, glabrous : 
pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3.5-5 mm. long, entire or slightly serrate: 
corolla 14-16 mm. wide: stamens normally 10, the anthers purple: fruit oblong, 7-9 mm. 
wide, 9-11 mm. long, at maturity red, pruinose, the flesh soft: nutlets 2-5, 6-8 mm. long, 
the hypostyle 5-6 mm. long. 

On the high mountains of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, mostly above 1400 m 
elevation. 

164. Crataegus berberifólia T. & G. A tree, sometimes attaining a height of 8 m., 
with dark gray scaly bark. Leaf-blades oblong-cuneiform or spatulate, 2-6 cm. long, 1-2.5 
cm. wide, or on leading shoots obovate-cuneate and frequently 3.5 cm. wide, at maturity 
dark green or scabrous or eventually smooth above, pale or even whitened and pubescent 
beneath, especially along the midrib and principal veins, rounded or obtuse at the apex, 
gradually or sometimes abruptly contracted at the base, the borders serrate above the mid- 
dle; petioles 2-12 mm. long, pubescent, at least when young: corymbs compound or sub- 
simple, ample, densely hirsute: pedicels and hypanthium hirsute-pubescent : sepals 3.5-5 
mm. long, serrate or entire: corolla 10-15 mm. wide: stamens 16-20, the anthers yellow: 
fruit subglobose, 10-13 mm. thick, at maturity yellow or orange with flushed cheeks : nut- 
lets mostly 2-3, about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In woods and open grounds, southern Louisiana. 


, 165. Crataegus édita Sarg. A tree sometimes 12 m. tall, with a trunk 4 dm. in 
diameter covered with dark scaly bark. Leaf-blades oblong-obovate or oval, 3-5 cm. long, 
1.5-2.5 em. wide, or on leading shoots longer and broader, at maturity glabrous or glabrate 
on the upper surface, usually with some persistent pubescence beneath, especially along the 
midrib, acute at the apex, gradually narrowed or slightly contracted at the base, the bor- 
ders serrate above the middle ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined : corymbs few-flowered, 
compound, slightly villose: pedicels and hypanthium villose : sepals 3-4 mm. long, entire 
or obscurely serrate : corolla 12-16 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers rose colored : fruit 
short oblong, about 1 cm. thick, at maturity dull green tinged with red, the flesh thin and 
firm : nutlets 2-3, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 m. long. 

In low grounds and on hills, Louisiana and Texas. 


, 166. Crataegus féra Beadle. A tree 5-7 m. tall, with a trunk sometimes 2 dm. in 
diameter, covered with dark gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades oblong or obovate- 
cuneiform, 2.5-5 em. long, 1.5-8 em. wide, at maturity dark green, lustrous and slightly 
scabrous on the upper surface, pale or whitened beneath and with some persistent pubes- 
cence, especially along the midrib, rounded or obtuse or rarely nearly truncate at the apex, 
gradually narrowed or sometimes contracted at the base, the borders serrate above the 
middle ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined : corymbs pilose-pubescent, compound, ample : 
pedicels and hypanthium pilose-pubescent, or the latter pubescent only at the base: sepals 

.9 mm. long, entire or serrate: corolla 12-15 mm. wide: stamens 16-20, the anthers 
yellow or eream-color : fruit globose or subglobose, about 1 em. wide, at maturity bright 
red or scarlet: nutlets mostly 2-3, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle about 4 mm. long. 

In low woods, southern Louisiana. 


167. Crataegus Mohri Beadle. A tree, sometimes 10 m. tall, but oftener a large 
shrub or very small tree clothed with dark gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades 
obovate-cuneiform, oval or elliptic, or on leading shoots broadly oval or suborbicular, 2-5 
em. long, 1.5-4 em. wide, glabrous in age, or with traces of pubescence in the axils of the 
veins beneath, acute or rounded at the apex, contracted or gradually narrowed at the base, 
the margins serrate to near the base ; petioles 7 mm.-2 em. long, margined : corymbs more 


566 MALACEAE 


or less pilose, compound, many-flowered : pedicels 8 mm.-2.5 em. long, pilose or glabrous : 
hypanthium usually glabrous: sepals 2-5 mm. long, entire or slightly glandular-serrate : 
corolla about 15 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers light yellow: fruit globose, 7-9 mm. 
in diameter, at maturity red or greenish red, frequently with black spots and blotches: 
nutlets 3-5, 5-7 mm. long, ihe hypostyle occupying about two-thirds of the ventral angle. 

In woods and fields, northwestern Georgia to Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee. 

168. Crataegus edüra Beadle. A tree sometimes 7-8 m. tall, with a trunk 2 dm. in 
diameter covered with ashy gray or brownish scaly bark.  Leaf-blades cuneate or ob- 
long- or obovate-cuneiform, 2.5-6 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, at maturity glabrate or slightly 
scabrous on the upper surface, usually with some pubescence along the midrib beneath, 
mostly rounded or obtuse, but occasionally acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, the bor- 
ders serrate or crenate-serrate above the middle; petioles 2-10 mm. long, pubescent, at 
least when young : corymbs small, congested, compound, 5-12-flowered : pedicels sparingly 
pilose: hypanthium glabrous or with a few hairs at the base: sepals 3-4.5 mm. long, en- 
tire orslightly serrate: corolla 10-14 mm. wide : stamens 16-20, the anthers light yellow 
or almost white : fruit subglobose, 8-9 mm. thick, at maturity orange-yellow with red or 
ruddy cheeks : nutlets mostly 2-3, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle about two-thirds the length 
of the nutlet. 

In upland woods, southern Louisiana. 


169. Crataegus térsa Beadle. A tree 4-6 m. tall, with dark gray or brownish scaly 
bark. Leaf-blades oblong- or obovate-cuneiform, 2-6 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide, at ma- 
turity lustrous and glabrous or slightly scabrous on the upper surface, more or less pubescent 
beneath, rounded or obtuse, or on leading shoots slightly pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped 
or more abruptly contracted at the base, the borders serrate or crenate-serrate above the 
middle ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, pubescent, at least when young: corymbs com- 
pound, many-flowered, pilose-pubescent: pedicels and hypanthium pilose-pubescent : 
corolla 15-18 mm. wide: stamens 18-20, the anthers purplish : fruit subglobose, 8-9 mm. 
me ruddy at maturity : nutlets mostly 2-3, about 6 mm. long, the hypostyle about 4 mm. 

ong. 

In upland woods, southern Louisiana. 

170. Crataegus tétrica Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree 4-7 m. tall, with a 
short trunk 1-2 dm. in diameter covered with dark brown scaly bark. Leaf-blades oval 
or obovate, 2.5-6 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 em. wide, bright green and glabrous or glabrate on the 
upper surface, pale and pubescent beneath, especially along the midrib and principal 
veins, rounded or on vigorous shoots pointed at the apex, abruptly contracted or narrowed 
at the base, the borders serrate above the middle or sometimes nearly to the base ; petioles 
5 mm.-1 em. long, margined, pubescent : corymbs compound, hirsute or pilose-pubescent, 
10-20-fowered: pedicels and hypanthium pilose-pubescent: sepals about 4 mm. long, 
entire or nearly so: stamens normally 10, the anthers purplish : fruit globose, about 1 cm. 
in diameter, red or yellow-green with red cheeks: nutlets mostly in pairs, 6-8 mm. long, 
3-4 mm. deep, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

On limestone hills, middle Tennessee. 

171. Crataegus árta Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree 3-4 m. tall, the trunk 
or main stems clothed with dark gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades cuneate, obo- 
vate- or oblong-cuneiform, rarely elliptic, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, or larger on lead- 
ing shoots, glabrous or with a few hairs along the midrib, especially on the upper surface, 
rounded or pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or more abruptly contracted at the base, the 
borders serrate above the middle; petioles 2-10 mm. long, sparingly pubescent when 
young, mainly on the upper surface and margins: corymps narrow, close, 4-8-flowered : 
pedicels 4-10 mm. long, more or less pubescent : hypanthium glabrous or with a few hairs 
near the base: corolla 15 mm. wide: stamens normally 10, the anthers purplish : fruit 
subglobose or short ovoid, about 1 cm. thick, at maturity yellow-green or orange with red 
cheeks: nutlets mostly 2-3, 7-8 mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

On limestone hills, middle Tennessee. : 

172. Crataegus tórva Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree 3-4 m. tall, with dark 
gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades obovate, elliptic or cuneiform, or on leading 
shoots sometimes oval, 2-5 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, or larger on the shoots, glabrous = 
glabrate at maturity, eitber pointed or rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped or more abruptly 
contracted at the base, the borders serrate above the middle: corymbs compound, many à 
flowered, more or less pilose-pubescent: pedicels and hypanthium pilose or glabrate : 
sepals 3-4 mm. long, entire or sparingly serrate: corolla about 15 mm. wide: spin 
7-10, the anthers purplish: fruit subglobose, 7-9 mm. in diameter : nutlets mostly 2-5, 
6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle about two-thirds as long as the ventral angle. 

In woods and on hills, Georgia and Alabama. 


MALACEAE 567 


173. Crataegus denaria Beadle. A tree 5-7 m. tall, with a trunk sometimes 2 dm. 
in diameter covered with dark gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades oval, oblong- 
obovate or elliptic, or on leading shoots broadly oval, ovate or obovate, 2.5-6 cm. long, 
1-4 cm. wide, glabrous at maturity, mostly pointed at the apex, contracted or narrowed at 
the base, the borders serrate; petioles 5 mm.-2 cm. long, margined, glabrous or with a 
few hairs on the upper side, especially when young: corymbs compound, many-flowered, 
more or less pilose: pedicels and hypanthium sparingly pilose or glabrous: sepals 4-6 
mm. long, entire or slightly serrate: corolla 13-16 mm. wide: stamens normally 10: fruit 
globose or subglobose, 6-9 mm. thick, the flesh thin and firm: nutlets 3-5, 5-6 mm. long, 
the hypostyle about two-thirds as long as the ventral angle. 

On banks of streams, eastern Mississippi. 


174. Crataegus crocina Beadle. A tree 4-6 m. tall, with a short trunk covered 
with ashy gray or brownish black scaly bark. Leaf-blades oblong or obovate-cuneiform, 
2-5.5 em. long, 1-3 em. wide, glabrous or glabrate on the upper surface at maturity, pale 
or whitened and pubescent beneath, especially along the midrib and principal veins, either 
rounded or pointed at the apex, cuneate at the base, the borders serrate, except near the 
base; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined, pubescent, at least when young: corymbs sub- 
simple or compound, few- or many-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium pilose-pubescent : 
sepals 3.5-5 mm. long, entire or slightly serrate: corolla 12-16 mm. wide: stamens nor- 
mally 20, the anthers yellow: fruit oval or oblong, 8-11 mm. thick, ripening in October, 
yellow at maturity: nutlets 2, about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle 4-5 mm. long. 

In low woods, southern Louisiana. 


. ,175. Crataegus albicera Beadle. A tree sometimes 7-8 m. tall, with a trunk 2 dm. 
in diameter clothed with dark gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades oval, elliptic or 
oblong, sometimes obovate- or oblong-cuneiform, 2-6 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, at maturity 
dark green and glabrate on the upper surface, pale or whitened and pubescent beneath, the 
pubescence dense and more persistent along the midrib and principal veins, mostly pointed 
at the apex, contracted or narrowed at the base, the borders serrate, mostly above the 
middle ; petioles 2-10 mm. long, pubescent: corymbs hirsute-pubescent, compound : pedi- 
cels and hypanthium hirsute-pubescent : sepals 3-4 mm. long, slightly serrate or entire: 
stamens 10-14, the anthers purple: fruit oblong, 8-12 mm. thick, 10-14 mm. long, ripen- 
ing in August, at maturity pale yellow, the flesh soft and edible: nutlets solitary or in 
pairs, about 7 mm. long, the hypostyle about 4 mm. long. 
In open, rich woods, southern Louisiana. 


176. Crataegus sinistra Beadle. A small tree, or a large much-branched shrub 3-5 
m. tall, with one or more stems clothed with dark gray or brownish black scaly bark. 
Leal blades obovate, oval or elliptic, 2-5 cm. long, 8 mm.-3 cm. wide, glabrous or gla- 
rate 1n age on the upper surface, pubescent beneath, especially along the midrib and 
principal veins, mostly rounded but occasionally pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or 
more abruptly contracted at the base, the borders serrate above the middle, or rarely 
entire; petioles 3-7 mm. long, margined, pubescent: corymbs compound, pilose-pubes- 
cent, 7-15-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium pilose-pubescent: sepals 3-4 mm. long, 
mostly entire: stamens normally 10, the anthers purple: fruit oval, 9-12 mm. long, 6-8 
mm. thick, at maturity reddish, red and green or with yellowish surfaces where not ex- 
osed and brownish red cheeks, the flesh thin and firm: nutlets 1-2, 7-8 mm. long, the 
ypostyle about 4 mm. long. 
On limestone hills, middle Tennessee. 


hé ci Crataegus signàta Beadle. A tree 5-6 m. tall, or frequently a large much- 
zm nched shrub with one or more stems. Leaf-blades obovate or obovate-cuneiform, or 
wn oval on leading shoots, 2-4 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, pubescent, either rounded 
si pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or contracted at the base, the borders sharply serrate 

pecially above the middle, or on the shoots more sharply serrate and frequently incised ; 
m 3-15 mm. long, margined, pubescent, glandular: corymbs pilose-pubescent, com- 
"imum : pedicels and hypanthium pubescent: sepals 4-6 mm. long, glandular-serrate : 
ue gd ME 10: fruit oval or oblong, 9-14 mm. long, tae "E gn red at = 

, ess pruin : 3-5, 7- i . 
hypostyle Fa oes Tc ose, punctate: nutlets 3-5, 7-8 mm. long, mm. deep, the 
In open, mostly dry copses, southern Alabama. 


(pian Crataegus Crás-Gálli L. A tree sometimes 8-9 m. tall, with a trunk 3-4 dm. in 
“oe covered with dark gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades obovate or ob- 
faa ate, 2-5 em. long, 1-3 em. wide, or on leading shoots frequently oval and of 
a glabrous, obtuse or pointed at the apex, cuneate at the base, the borders 

Ply serrate above the middle; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined : corymbs compound, 


568 MALACEAE 


glabrous, many-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3.5-5 mm. long, 
linear-lanceolate: corolla 12-14 mm. wide: stamens about 10, the anthers rose-color or pur- 
plish : fruit oval or oblong, 8-13 mm. thick, dull red at maturity ; nutlets mostly 2, about 
8 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In woods and thickets, Canada and New England to North Carolina and Missouri. 


179. Crataegus mácra Beadle. A small tree, or a large spreading shrub 2-5 m. 
tall, with one or more stems covered with dark gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades 
euneate or oblong- or obovate-cuneiform, 2-5 cm. long, 8 mm.-2 cm. wide, glabrous, 
rounded or pointed at the apex, cuneate at the base, the borders serrate above the middle ; 
petioles 3-10 mm. long, margined : corymbs small, short, compound, glabrous: pedicels 
and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 3-4.5 mm. long, mostly entire: corolla about 12 mm. 
wide: stamens about 10, the anthers purplish : fruit subglobose or oval, 5-8 mm. broad, 
red at maturity : nutlets 1-3, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle 3-4 mm. long. 

In flat woods, north western Georgia. 


180. Crataegus regàlis Beadle. A tree, sometimes 10 m. tall, with a trunk 2-3 dm. 
in diameter covered with ashy gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades oval, broadly 
oval or elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, glabrous, acute or acuminate at the apex, 
contracted or broadly cuneate at the base, the borders serrate, and on leading shoots often 
incised ; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined : corymbs glabrous, compound, many-flowered : 
pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 4-5 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, entire or re- 
motely serrate: corolla 12-14 mm. wide: stamens about 10, the anthers yellow: fruit 
oblong, about 8 mm. thick and 1 cm. long: nutlets mostly 2-3, 7-8 mm. long, the hypo- 
style 5-6 mm. long. 

In low woods, north western Georgia and northern Alabama. 


181. Crataegus álgens Beadle. A large shrub, or a small tree 2-5 m. tall, the 
trunk clothed with dark gray or brownish black scaly bark. Leaf-blades obovate- or 
oblong-cuneiform, sometimes broadly obovate or elliptic, 2-6 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, 
glabrous, either rounded or pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or more abruptly contracted 
at the base, the borders serrate, at least above the middle; petioles 5-15 mm. long, mar- 
gined : corymbs compound, glabrous, many-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous ; 
sepals 4-5.5 mm. long, entire or remotely serrate : corolla 12-14 mm. wide : stamens about 
10, the anthers yellow: fruit subglobose or somewhat ovoid, 8-10 mm. thick, dull red at 
maturity : nutlets mostly 1-2, 7-8 mm. long, the hypostyle about 5 mm. long. 

In woods and fields, North Carolina to Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. 


182. Crataegus pyracanthoides Beadle. A shrub, or a small tree 2-5 m. tall, with 
ashy gray or brownish smooth or scaly bark. Leaf-blades obovate, oblanceolate or elliptic, 
1.5-5 em. long, 7 mm.-3 em. wide, glabrous, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate at the 
base, the margins serrate above the middle; petioles 2-10 mm. long, margined: corymbs 
compound, glabrous, many-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 2.5-4 cm. 
long, entire or remotely serrate : stamens 7-12, the anthers purplish : fruit globose or nearly 
so, 5-8 mm. in diameter, bright red at maturity : nutlets mostly 2, 5-6 mm. long, the hypo- 
style about half the length of the nutlet. 

Banks of the Chipola River, near Marianna, Florida. 


183. Crataegus armata Beadle. A shrub, or a small tree 2-5 m. tall, with ashy 
gray or brownish scaly bark. Leaf-blades oblong- or obovate-cuneiform, 2-4 cm. long, 
1-2 em. wide, or on leading shoots oval, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, glabrous, rounded, miueronsie 
or even acute at the apex, wedge-shaped, or more abruptly contracted at the base, the 
margins serrate above the middle, or occasionally subentire ; petioles 5-10 mm. long, mar- 
gined : corymbs compound, glabrous, many-flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous : 
sepals 2.5-4 mm. long, entire or slightly serrate: stamens 7-10: fruit globose or nearly 80, 
5-8 mm. wide, dull red, pruinose: nutlets 1-2, 6-7 mm. long, the hypostyle 3-4 mm. long. 

On limestone hills, middle Tennessee and northern Alabama. 


184. Crataegus arbórea Beadle. A tree, sometimes 8-10 m. tall, with a trunk z 
dm. in diameter covered with dark gray fissured exfoliating bark. Leaf-blades = 
cuneiform or oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, 12 mm.-4 em. wide, glabrous, rounded or poin E 
at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, the margins serrate except at the base or below the 
middle; petioles 5-15 mm. long, margined : corymbs glabrous, compound, many eer 15 
pedicels and hypanthium glabrous: sepals 2.5-4 mm. long, mostly entire : corolla 1 49 
mm. wide: stamens about 20, the anthers light yellow: fruit globose or subglobose, | le 
mm. thick, red or ruddy at maturity : nutlets mostly 2, about 7 mm. long, the hyposty 
4-5 mm. long. 

In pine woods, mostly in clay soil, Montgomery, Alabama, 


AMYGDALACEAE ‘ 569 


185. Crataegus Bushii Sarg. A large shrub, or a small tree 4-7 m. tall, with a 
trunk sometimes 2-2.5 dm. in diameter covered with dark brown fissured and scaly bark. 
Leaf-blades obovate or elliptic, or on leading shoots sometimes suborbicular, 2-7 cm. long, 
1-3.5 cm. wide, glabrous or glabrate in age, either rounded or pointed at the apex, wedge- 
shaped or more abruptly contracted at the base, the margins serrate above the middle ; 
petioles 5-15 mm. long, eventually glabrous: corymbs broad, compound, glabrous, many- 
flowered : pedicels and hypanthium glabrous : sepals 4-5 mm. long, mostly entire: corolla 
2-2.5 mm. wide: stamens 20, the anthers bright rose-color: fruit oblong, 7-10 mm. long, 
s maturity green tinged with dull red, the flesh thin and firm : nutlets 2-3, about 6 mm. 

ong. 

Upland woods, Fulton, Arkansas. 


7. COTONEASTER Medic. 

Shrubs, with much branched stems. Leaves alternate, stipulate: blades simple. 
Flowers in corymb-like cymes or rarely solitary. Sepals 5, persistent. Corolla white. 
Petals 5, scarcely clawed. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-5-celled, the carpels more or less 
distinct above : styles 2-5. Ovules 2 in each cavity or carpel, erect. Pome ovoid, globose 
or turbinate, the carpels bony at maturity. 

1. Cotoneaster Pyracántha (L.) Spach. An evergreen shrub, 1-2.5 m. tall, with 
slender spines, 1-2.5 cm. long. Leaves persistent ; blades oval or slightly oblanceolate, 
2-5 cm. long, obtuse, crenulate, glabrous, short-petioled : cymes many-flowered : pedicels 
and hypanthium pubescent : sepals ovate: corolla about 6 mm. broad: pomes depressed- 
globose, about 4 mm. high, scarlet, bitter. 


In thickets and cultivated grounds, Pennsylvania to Tennessee and Alabama. Naturalized from 
Europe and Asia. Spring. 


FAMILY 14. AMYGDALACEAE Reichenb. PLUM FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees more or less manifestly imbued with prussie acid, with a 
smooth or flaky bark which often exudes gum. Leaves alternate, deciduous or 
persistent, with deciduous stipules: blades various, simple, leathery or mem- 
branous, mostly toothed. Flowers perfect, in clusters, corymbs or racemes. 
Calyx of 5 sepals, inferior, deciduous. Corolla of 5 distinct petals inserted on 
the hypanthium. Disk annular. Androecium of numerous stamens inserted 
with the petals. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of a single carpel or rarely of 2 
or 3 carpels. Ovary 1-celled. Style simple. Stigmas truncate or peltate. 
Ovules 2, pendulous. Fruit a drupe. Seed solitary. Endosperm wanting. 
Embryo with fleshy cotyledons. 

Style basal : ovules erect. 1. CHRYSOBALANUS. 


Style terminal: ovules pendulous. 
s adit ds pulpy exoearp: leaves deciduous: flowers in clusters or terminal 
Calyx sessile or nearly so: stone coarsely wrinkled and pitted. W AMETHPRIAM 
Calyx manifestly pedicelled : stone neither wrinkled nor grooved. 
Flowers in corymbs from scaly buds of the branches of the preceding 


year, before the leaves. 3, PRUNUS. 
D Flowers in racemes terminating branches of the year, after the leaves. 4. PADUS. 
rupe with a dry exocarp: leaves persistent: flowers in axillary racemes. 5. LAUROCERASUS. 


1. CHRYSOBÁLANUS L. 

Shrubs or trees, with erect or underground stems. Leaves alternate: blades simple, 
leathery , often lustrous. Flowers perfect, white or greenish, in cymes, pedicelled. Hypan- 
thium campanulate or turbinate. Sepals 5, nearly equal, imbricated. Petals 5, deciduous. 
Stamens numerous, sometimes 15, inserted with the petals: filaments distinct or united at 
the base, glabrous or pubescent. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, sessile: style basal, filiform. 
Ovules 2, erect. Drupe pulpy, often edible, the stone 5-6-ridged. Seeds solitary. 
Leaf-blades several times longer than broad : inflorescence terminal : filaments and ovary glabrous. 
Leaf-blades as long as 1. C. oblongifolius. 


broad or nearly so: infl ence axill : filaments and 
Ovary pubescent, y aam — 2. C. Icaco. 


ie l. Chrysobalanus oblongifdlius Michx. A low shrub, forming wide patches by the 
i oe of underground stems, the branches erect, 1-3 dm. tall, simple or sparingly 
ranched. Leaf-blades oblanceolate to oblong, or cuneate, 3-12 cm. long, subulate-tipped, 


570 . AMYGDALACEAE 


glabrous, lustrous on both sides, but paler above, undulate, short-petioled, the nerves 
prominent: corymbs or panicles minutely pubescent: hypanthium campanulate, 3 mm. 
broad : sepals triangular-ovate or triangular, rather obtuse, shorter than the hypanthium. 
petals oblong or oblong-obovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse, whitish green, pubescent within 
near the base : filaments and ovary glabrous: drupe ovoid to obovoid, 2.5-3.5 cm. long. 

In dry sandy pine lands. Georgia to Florida and Mississippi. GROUND OAK. GOPHER APPLE. 

2. Chrysobalanus Icàco L. An erect shrub 1-10 m. tall. Leaf-blades leathery, 
broadly obovate, oval or suborbicular, 3-8 cm. long, glabrous, somewhat lustrous, truncate 
or notched at apex, entire, usually broadly cuneate at the base, short-petioled : panicles 
axillary, few-flowered : hypanthium turbinate, 4-5 mm. broad: sepals ovate or oblong- 
ovate, obtuse or abruptly pointed: petals spatulate, 5-6 mm. long, rounded at the apex, 
white: filaments and ovary villous: drupe globular or oval, 3-4 cm. in diameter,fyellow, 
purple or black. 


In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies and tropical America. 
GOPHER PLUM. Cocoa PLUM. 


2. AMYGDALUS L. 


Shrubs or trees pervaded with prussic acid. Leaves alternate: blades simple, toothed, 
conduplicate. Flowers perfect, from scaly buds of the preceding year, appearing before 
the leaves, pedicelled. Sepals 5. Corolla white or pink. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 
20-30: filaments slender, distinct. Ovary 1-celled, sessile: style simple. Ovules 2, pen- 
dulous. Drupe subglobose or oval, with a fleshy velvety-pubescent exocarp and_a bony 
wrinkled and pitted endocarp (stone). Seed solitary. PEACH. 

1. Amygdalus Pérsica L. A tree several m. high, with glabrous almond-scented 
foliage. Leaves numerous ; blades thinnish, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate or rarely ob- 
long-obovate, bright green, shining above, sharply serrate, acuminate at both ends or acute 
at the base; petioles 0.5-1 cm. long: flowers few or numerous, fragrant: petals pink, 8-20 
mm. long, rounded : filaments usually colored like the petals : drupe subglobose, 4-10 cm. 
in diameter, grooved on one side, soft-velvety : stone elliptic or ovoid-elliptic, pointed 
especially at one end, coarsely wrinkled and pitted. 

In waste places and cultivated grounds, throughout the United States. Spring; fruit ripening in 
summer and fall. Originally from western Asia. 

3. PRUNUS L. 

Low shrubs or lofty trees, slightly if at all pervaded with prussic acid, sometimes armed 
with thorns. Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades thin or leathery, simple, usually toothed. 
Flowers perfect, white or pink, solitary, in cluster-like corymbs from scaly buds. Sepals 
5, deciduous, imbricated. Petals 5, imbricated, spreading, inserted in the throat of the 
hypanthium. Stamens 15-30, inserted with the petals: filaments filiform, distinct. 
Ovary sessile, 1-celled : style simple, terminal: stigma truncate or peltate. Ovules 2, side 
by side, pendulous. Drupe with a pulpy exocarp, often glaucous: stone bony, smooth, 
more or less flattened, indehiscent. Seed solitary. Testa membranous. The plants flower 
in the spring. 

Drupe velvety. 


Leaf-blades 1-2 em. long, entire or with glandless teeth : sepals not glandular-toothed. 
E E XE * 1. P. minutiflora. 


Leaf-blades 2-2.5 em. long, conspicuously glandular-toothed : sepals glandular- 
toothed. : T Vues 2. P. glandulosa. 


Drupe glabrous. 
Inflorescence med drag drupes 4-7 mm. in diameter. 3. P. Pennsylvanica. 
Inflorescence umbel-like: drupes 8-30 mm. in diameter. 


Leaves conduplicate in vernation. 
Low shrubs: corolla about 1 em. broad: leaf-blades appressed-serrate : 
drupes mostly less than 10 mm. in diameter. 4, P. cuneata. 
Large trees : corolla 1.5-3 em. broad : leaf-blades sharply serrate: drupes 
mostly over 10 mm. in diameter. 
Drupe sour : leaves glabrous. 5. P. Cerasus. 
Drupe sweet: leaves pubescent. 6. P. Avium. 
Leaves convolute in vernation. 
A. Drupe purple with a bloom (variously colored in P. tarda), mostly less 
than 15 mm. thick. 


Drupe globose: stone globular: leaves glabrous. 7. P. umbellata. 
Drupe oblong or oval: stone manifestly elongated : leaves pubescent. 
Twigs glabrous. 
Stone acute at the base: drupe purple: species of the Gulf States E 
east of the Mississippi River. 8. P. mitis. 


Stone rounded at the base: drupe variously colored: species of 
the Gulf States west of the Mississippi River. 9. P. tarda. 


AMYGDALACEAE 571 


Twigs closely pubescent. 
Corolla 6-8 mm. broad : drupe 8-10 mm. long. 10. P. normalis. 
Corolla 14-20 mm. broad: drupe 12-15 mm. long. 11. P. injucunda. 

B. Drupe red or orange, without bloom, mostly over 20 mm. thick. 
Sepals glandular-ciliate or glandular-serrate or merely ciliate. 
Sepals ciliate or glandular-ciliate, otherwise glabrous: leaf-blades 
minutely toothed. 

Leaf-blades with acuminate tips, serrate : drupe 15-20mm.long. 12. P. rivularis. 
Leaf-blades obtuse or merely acute, serrulate: drupe 20-26 mm. 


long. 
Sepals ciliate with simple hairs: drupe thick-skinned. 18. P. Watsonii. 
Sepals ciliate with glandular hairs: drupe thin-skinned. 14. P. angustifolia. 


Sepals glandular-serrate, pubescent, at least within: leaf-blades 
rather coarsely toothed. 


Sepals pubescent on both sides. 15. P. hortulana. 
Sepals pubescent within. 16. P. nigra. 
Sepals entire, not glandular-ciliate. 17. P. Americana. 


1. Prunus minutiflóra Engelm. A low rigid intricately-branched shrub 3-7 dm. 
tall. Leaf-blades leathery, obovate or cuneate, 1-2 cm. long, clustered on shortened 
branches, rounded or obtuse at the apex, entire or coarsely toothed with glandless teeth, 
minutely pubescent beneath or glabrous, cuneately narrowed into short petioles: flowers 
usually solitary, very short-pedicelled : sepals not glandular-toothed : drupes ovoid or 
globose-ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, velvety. 

On prairies, Texas. 


2. Prunus glandulósa Hook. A low diffuse, somewhat thorny shrub, with zigzag 
branches. Leaf-blades oblong or oblong-elliptic, 2-2.5 em. long, obtuse at the apex, ser- 
rate with gland-tipped spreading teeth, rather acute at the base, pubescent on both sides, 
short-petioled : clusters usually 2-flowered, or the flowers sometimes solitary : pedicels 
mostly less than 1 cm. long, finely pubescent: sepals oblong, about as long as the hy- 
panthium, conspicuously glandular-toothed : petals obovate, much longer than the sepals : 
drupes subglobose, velvety. 

On prairies, Texas. 

3. Prunus Pennsylvánica L. f. A small tree, with a smooth aromatic bark and 
glabrous foliage. Leaf-blades thinnish, oblong-elliptic to nearly oval or lanceolate, 8-15 
cm. long, acuminate at the apex, doubly serrate, acute or rounded at the base ; petioles 
slender, 1-1.5 em. long: flowers in lateral sometimes peduncled clusters: pedicels 
slender, 1-2.5 cm. long or 3 em. long at maturity: corolla 10-12 mm. broad: drupes 
globose, 4-7 mm. in diameter, red, without bloom, with thin sour flesh : stone subglobose, 
or slightly elongated. 

xb "d CET SEP mo. Sorondo] to the Rocky Mountain region, south to Georgia. WILD 

4. Prunus cuneàta Raf. A low spreading shrub 3-12 dm. tall, with glabrous foliage. 
Leaf-blades firm, oblong, oval or somewhat obovate, 3-8 cm. long, sometimes acute at both 
ends, cuneate at the base, bright green above, glaucous beneath, rather coarsely serrate 
With appressed teeth ; petioles 8-20 mm. long: flowers in clusters appearing with the 
leaves : pedicels 1-1.5 em. long: corolla about 1 cm. broad, white or nearly so: drupes 
subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. 

Carolina ie, Sometimes rocky soil or meadows, New Hampshire to Wisconsin, Minnesota and North 

5. Prunus Cérasus L. A relatively small tree. Leaf-blades ovate, oval-ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, 4-11 em. long, abruptly acute or:acuminate, serrate-dentate, glabrous, 
resinous when young: flowers in lateral clusters from scaly buds: pedicels about 8 cm. 
ong during anthesis: corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. broad : drupes nearly globose, 8-10 mm. in di- 
ameter, or larger in cultivation, sour, red or black, without bloom : stone subglobose. 


In woods and thickets, N ltivation. Native 
of Europe. Soun hating ew York to Pennsylvania and Georgia, escaped from cu 


6. Prunus Avium L. A tree becoming 23 m. high. Leaf-blades ovate to oval or 
pe orate, 5-10 cm. long, abruptly short-acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, sometimes 
É y on the nerves : flowers in lateral clusters from scaly buds : pedicels slender, 25-36 mm. 

ong during anthesis: corolla 2.5-3 cm. broad: drupes subglobose, 8-10 mm. in di- 
ameter, sweet, without bloom : stone globular. 


-.,, In open woods and thick i i rom cultivation. 
Native goal or et S ce cens to Pennsylvania and Georgia. Escaped from e 


en Pe Prunus umbellata Ell. A low shrub or small tree, sometimes 6 m. tall, with a 
MD er, erect or ascending trunk. Leaf-blades thinnish, oblong, elliptic or nearly oval, 
Virg broadest above or below the middle, short-acuminate, or merely acute, serrate, 
den ed or acute at the base, glabrous on both sides or sparingly pubescent beneath, on 

ort slender petioles: flowers expanding before the leaves, in lateral clusters: pedicels 


572 AMYGDALACEAE 


usually 1.5-2 em. long or longer at maturity : sepals pubescent within : drupes globose or 
nearly so, 12-15 mm. in diameter, nearly black beneath the bloom when mature, with an 
acid flesh : stone plump, acute at both ends. 

About river swamps and hammocks, South Carolina to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. Hoc 
PLUM. BLACK SLOE. BULLACE PLUM. 

8. Prunus mitis Beadle. A shrub or small tree, 4-8 m. tall, seldom spiny, with dark 
gray or reddish brown bark and glabrous shining twigs. Leaf-blades 2-9 cm. long, ellip- 
tic, oblong-lanceolate or rarely ovate or obovate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, nar- 
rowed or rounded at the base, finely pubescent on both surfaces and especially along the 
prominent midrib and veins beneath, biglandular at the base, or on the short pubescent 
petioles: hypanthium glabrous, at least the lower portion: sepals triangular, subacute, 
pubescent outside, densely so on the inner surface: drupe oblong, 10-14 mm. long, dark 
purple with a glaucous bloom : stone ovoid or oval, slightly compressed, about 1 cm. long, 
pointed at both ends and especially at the apex, crested on one margin. 

In dry soil, Georgia and Alabama. 

9. Prunus tarda Sarg. A tree often becoming 8 m. tall and 6 dm. in diameter at the 
base, with wide-spreading branches, the slender branchlets lustrous. Leaf-blades firm, 
oblong to obovate, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, finely serrate with 
minutely glandular teeth, becoming glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath along 
the yellow midrib and its branches, gradually narrowed and rounded or cuneate at the 
base ; petioles densely pubescent: flowers 2 or 3 together: pedicels glabrous, 2 cm. long 
or shorter: sepals acute, entire, pubescent on both surfaces: corolla 10-14 mm. broad : 
drupe broadly oblong to subglobose, 8-12 mm. long, yellow, purple, red, blue or black, 
send aa acid: stone slightly flattened, acute and apiculate at the apex, rounded at the 

ase. 

In open woods and thickets, Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas. 

10. Prunus normàlis (T. & G.) Small. A shrub 3-13 dm. tall, with spreading un- 
armed branches and densely pubescent young foliage. Leaf-blades thick, oblong to elliptic, 
2-3 cm. long, obtuse or merely acute at each end, sharply serrate with appressed teeth, 
sparingly pubescent above, densely tomentose and prominently nerved beneath, short- 
petioled : flowers in lateral clusters preceding the leaves : pedicels slender, 9-15 cm. long : 
sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, finely pubescent, obtuse: corolla 6-8 mm. broad: drupes 
globose-oval, 8-10 mm. long: stone suborbicular, slightly flattened. 

In dry or sandy soil, Kansas to Tennessee and Texas, Sow PLUM. 

11. Prunus injucünda Small. A shrub or tree of a somewhat straggling habit, 5-8 m. 
high, with a maximum trunk diameter of 2 dm., seldom spiny, clothed with a dull dark- 
gray bark which on the younger branches is covered with fine pubescence of a velvety tex- 
ture. Leaf-blades 2-6 em. long, 1-3 em. broad, oval or obovate, acute or somewhat acu- 
minate, finely but sharply serrate with apiculate teeth, acute or acuminate at the base, 
conspicuously and densely pubescent beneath, inconspicuously pubescent ‘and slightly rugose 
above, the midrib very prominent, its lateral branches less so ; petioles 0.5-1 cm. long, 
pubescent : drupe oblong, 12-15 mm. iong, dark purple, clothed with a lighter bloom : stone 
ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, much compressed, pointed at both ends, crested, and grooved on each 
side of the crest, also grooved on the opposite side. 

In sandy soilin the granite districts, Georgia and Alabama. Hoc PLUM. 

12. Prunus rivularis Scheele. A shrub 1-2 m. tall, with shining, glabrous, some- 
what, angled branchlets. Leaf-blades oblong or oblong-ovate, long-acuminate, serrate, 
glabrous above, sparingly pubescent beneath, short-petioled : clusters with usually 2 or 5 
flowers, or flowers sometimes solitary : pedicels 9-13 mm. long : sepals lanceolate, sparing!y 
pubescent: corolla mostly 12-13 mm. ond drupes subglobose, 15-20 mm. long, bright- 
red, shining. 

In river valleys, Texas. 

13. Prunus Watsdnii Sarg. A sparingly spiny shrub 2-3.5 m. tall, with glabrous 
‘foliage. Leaf-blades thickish, aloes or oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute at the apex, 
crenulate-serrate, acute or rounded at the base, lustrous above, pale and dull beneath ; pn 
oles slender, wiry, 1-1.5 cm. long : clusters few-flowered : pedicels 8-12 mm. long, red : sepais 
ciliate, but without glands: corolla 10-12 mm. broad, pure white : drupes subglobose or 
somewhat elongated, 20-22 mm. long, orange-red, without bloom, the flesh yellow : stone 
oval, slightly pitted, abruptly flattened near the apex. 

In sandy soil, Nebraska to Arkansas. SAND PLUM. A 

14. Prunus angustifdlia Marsh. A sparingly spiny shrub or small tree, sometime’ 
8 m. tall, with a slender trunk, often forming thickets. Leaf-blades rather thin, oblong be 
oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate at the apex, serrulate, acute or 
rounded at the base, short-petioled : flowers in lateral clusters, appearing before the leaves : 


AMYGDALACEAE 573 


pedicels about 1 em. long: corolla white or creamy, 10-15 mm. broad : drupes oval-globose, 
22-26 mm. long, red or yellowish, with a slight bloom : stone ovoid, hardly flattened, acute, 
one of the rounded edges slightly grooved. 

In dry soil or thickets, New Jersey to Florida, Alabama and the lower Mississippi Valley. CHICK 
ASAW PLUM. 

15. Prunus hortulàna Bailey. A small tree resembling P. Americana and P. nigra 
in habit, with a thin bark and spreading branches. Leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate 
or oval, 10-15 cm. long, long-acuminate, glandular-serrate ; petioles less than 2.5 em. long, 
usually with 2 or several glands near the blade: flowers in lateral clusters preceding the 
leaves: pedicels 1-2 em. long: sepals glandular-serrate : corolla 1.5-2 cm. broad : drupes 
subglobose or oval-globose, 20-23 mm. long, bright red, with a thin skin : stone somewhat 
swollen, roughened, neither margined nor crested. 

In thickets and woods, Illinois and Tennessee to Alabama, Arkansas and Texas.—A variety with 
thick, dull, coarsely serrulate sometimes oblanceolate leaf-blades prominently nerved beneath, and 
: pet stone is P. hortulana Mineri Bailey ; it occurs in Tennessee, Illinois and Missouri. WILD GoosE 

16. Prunus nigra Ait. A small tree, rarely 10 m. tall, with a trunk sometimes 3 dm. 
thick. Leaf-blades firm, elliptic to oval, 6-12 em. long, acuminate at the apex, sharply 
and mostly doubly serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, bright green and glabrous above, 
usually sparingly pubescent beneath ; petioles 1-2 cm. long, with two red glands near the 
blade: flowers 3-5 in lateral clusters : pedicels 1-2 cm. long: sepals glandular-serrate : corolla 
about 3 cm. broad: drupes oval or subglobose, 2.5-3 cm. long, orange-red, with a slight 
bloom and thick skin : stone oval, flattened, acutely crested on the ventral edge. 

In woods or clearings, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, Alberta and Georgia. HORSE PLUM. 


__ 17. Prunus Americana Marsh. A small, somewhat spiny tree, sometimes 10 m. tall, 
with a maximum trunk diameter of about 3dm. Leaf-blades firm, elliptic to oval, or 
oval-obovate, 4-10 cm. long, acuminate, sharply singly or doubly serrate, pubescent beneath 
especially near the nerves, acute or rounded at the slightly inequilateral base ; petioles 
0.5-2 cm. long, usually glandless : flowers 2-5 in lateral clusters appearing before the 
leaves: pedicels 1-2 em. long : sepals entire: corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. broad: drupes subglo- 
bose or barely elongated, 18-25 mm. long, with a tough skin and sometimes a slight bloom : 
stone ovoid or oval, flattened, not crested along the ventral suture. 


R In woods and thickets, New York to Montana, Florida and Colorado. WILD YELLOW PLUM. 
ED PLUM.—The variety with copiously pubescent leaves and twigs, is P. Americana landta Sudw. ; it 
occurs mainly in the Gulf States west of the Mississippi River and in the contiguous states. 


4. PADUS Borckh. 


Shrubs or trees, manifestly pervaded with prussic acid. Leaves alternate, deciduous : 
blades various, simple, usually toothed, petioled. Flowers perfect, in racemes terminating 
in leafy branches of the season, following the leaves, pedicelled. Hypanthium often cam- 
panulate. Sepals 5, short. Petals5, white, imbricated, inserted in the throat of the hypan- 
thium. Stamens 15-30, inserted with the petals: filaments slender, distinct. Ovary 
sessile, 1-celled. Style simple. Ovules 2, pendulous. Drupe with a pulpy exocarp, not 
glaucous, indehiscent : stone nearly as thick as broad, bony. Seed solitary. 


Sepals deciduous: leaf-blades mostl i irgini 

: ° y serrulate with very slender teeth. 1. P. Virginiana. 
Sepals persistent : leaf-blades mostly serrulate with relatively coarse teeth. 

png shoots, raceme-rachis and pedicels glabrous. PAT 

Sepals deltoid, aaa a broader than long: leaf-blades delicately reticulated. 2. P. eximia. 

Y pals ovate, longer than broad : leaf-blades not reticulated. 3. P. serotina. 
b pe shoots, raceme-rachis and pedicels pubescent. 
af-blades finely and rather sparingly pubescent beneath (except along the 
midrib), becoming glabrate int glaucous with age. 


peupe red : leat blades prevailingly obovate, blunt. : 4. P. Cuthbertii. | 
Le tps purple : leaf-blades ovate, oblong or elliptic, acute or acuminate. 5. P. Alabamensis. 
af-blades densely and permanently clothed with tawny or rufous tomen- à 
tum, not glaucous. 6. P. australis. 


l. Padus Virginiàna (L.) Roem. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 12 m. tall, with 
acing or drooping branches anda very bitter bark. Leaf-blades thinnish, oval or 
obovate, 5-10 em long, short-acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, usually rounded at the 
e | uum or nearly so on both sides; petioles 1-2 cm. long, slender: racemes rather 
hic long: sepals reflexed : corolla 8-10 mm. broad : drupes globose, 8-10 mm. 

lameter, red or almost black, or rarely yellow, very astringent. [Prunus Virginiana L.] 
Tina AL ky soil oron river banks, Newfoundland to Manitoba and British Columbia, south to Georgia, 

id Colorado. Spring. CHOKE CHERRY. WILD CHERRY. 
and * Padus exímia Small. A tree becoming 26 m. tall, with loosely spreading branches 
glabrous twigs. Leaf-blades relatively thin, mainly ovate, varying to oblong, oblong- 


574 AMYGDALACEAE 


lanceolate or oval, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse or slightly acuminate but blunt, glabrous, serrate 
with appressed teeth, bright green above, pale green beneath, slender-petioled : racemes 
drooping, 5-7 cm. long, glabrous: pedicels 4-8 mm. long, thickened upward: sepals del- 
toid, slightly broader than long : corolla 10-12 mm. broad : petals orbicular-ovate : drupes 
globular, 8-10 mm. in diameter, purple, sweet. [Prunus eximia Small. ] 

In river valleys, Texas. Spring. 


3. Padus serótina (Ehrh.) Agardh. A forest tree, reaching a height of 35 m., with 
a maximum trunk diameter of nearly 2 m., the bark aromatic and bitter. Leaf-blades firm, 
oblong or elliptic, varying to obovate, or lanceolate, 5-15 cm long, acuminate or acute at 
both ends, or rounded at the base, finely serrate with callous teeth, glabrous or nearly so ; 
petioles 1-1.5 cm. long: racemes often dense: pedicels less than 1 cm. long: sepals ovate, 
longer than broad : corolla 8-10 mm. broad : drupes globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, dark 
purple or nearly black, sweet but slightly astringent. 

In woods or clearings, Ontario to North Dakota, Florida and Texas. Spring and early sum- 
mer.—A variety with ample leathery coarsely serrate leaf-blades pale or whitish beneath, stout, few- 
flowered, diverging racemes and pubescent sepals and filaments, is P. serotina neomontàna (Sudw.) Small, 

Prunus serotina neomontana Sudw.]; it is confined to high summits in the southern Alleghenies. WILD 
HERRY. BLACK CHERRY. RUM CHERRY. 

4. Padus Cuthbértii Small. A tree6 m. tall and sometimes 1.5 dm. in diameter near 
the base, with tomentose twigs. Leaf-blades leathery, normally obovate, varying to oval or 
fiddle-shaped, 4-9 cm. long, blunt or notched at the apex, shallowy serrate, not markedly 
biglandular at the often cuneate base, dull green above, pale or glaucesent beneath, the 
midrib and petioles copiously tomentose and the lateral veins slightly so: racemes 5-8 cm. 
long, terminating short leafy branches, the rachis and pedicels pubescent like the e 
pedicels clavate, 3-5 mm. long during anthesis, becoming 8-11 mm. long : sepals broader 
than long, obtuse, shorter than the hypanthium : petals suborbicular, about 2 mm. in di- 
ameter, crisped : drupes subglobose, 8-9 mm. in diameter, red. [Prunus Cuthbertii Small. ] 

In rich or sandy woods, Georgia. Spring. 


5. Padus Alabaménsis (C. Mohr) Small. A tree rarely over 10 m. tall, with a 
maximum trunk diameter of about 1-5 dm., the bark rough. Leaf-blades leathery or 
thick, ovate, oblong to elliptic, 6-12 cm. long, short-acuminate but sometimes obtuse at the 
apex, serrate with blunt appressed gland-tipped teeth, paler beneath than above and finely 
pubescent with simple or forked hairs, rounded or slightly narrowed at the base : racemes 
10-15 cm. long, spreading, peduncled, the rachis and peduncles, like the calyx, pubescent. 

On mountain slopes, Alabama and Georgia. Spring. 


6. Padus australis Beadle. A tree 10-20 m. tall, the trunk sometimes 3-4 dm. in 
diameter near the base. Leaf-blades obovate, oval or elliptic, 4-10 cm. long, 2-6 cm. 
wide, abruptly and rather bluntly pointed at the apex, or occasionally obtuse, either 
rounded or obtusely narrowed at the base, finely serrate, dark green and glabrous above, 
densely and permanently clothed on the lower surface with tawny or rufous tomentum, not 
not at all glaucous ; petioles 1 cm. iong or less, tomentose : raceme-rachis and pedicels, 
like the young shoots, pubescent : drupes globose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, purple. 

In clay soil, Evergreen, Alabama. Spring. 


5. LAUROCERASUS Reichenb. 

Shrubs or trees manifestly pervaded with prussic acid. Leaves alternate, persistent : 
blades leathery, simple, entire or remotely toothed. Flowers perfect, in racemes from the 
axils of the persistent leaves. Hypanthium white. Sepals 5, various, deciduous. Petals 5, 
white, deciduous. Stamens 15-30: filaments slender, distinct. Ovary sessile, 1-celled : 
style simple. Ovules 2, pendulous.. Drupe subglobose or slightly elongated, with a dry 
exocarp, not glaucous, the stone turgid. Seed solitary. 

Drupe subglobose : petals larger than the sepals. 1. L. 
Drupe oblong or oval: petals smaller than the sepals. 2. L. 

l. Laurocerasus sphaerocárpa (Sw.) Roem. A small evergreen tree, sometimes 
12 m. tall, with glabrous foliage. Leaf-blades leathery, lustrous, elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, 
entire, acuminate at the apex, acute or rounded at the base ; petioles slender, about 1 cm. 
long: racemes shorter than the leaves, rather dense: pedicels slender, 4-8 mm. long, 
subtended by early deciduous bracts : sepals acute, laciniate, deciduous : petals much larger 
than the sepals, reflexed at maturity, yellowish near the base within: drupes subglobose, 
apiculate, 8-12 mm. in diameter, orange: stone subglobose. 


: In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida, also in the West Indies and Brazil. Fall, fruit ripening 
in the spring or summer. 


haerocarpa. 
Taroliniana. 


MIMOSACEAE 575 


2. Laurocerasus Caroliniana (Mill.) Roem. An evergreen tree, sometimes 12 m. 
tall, with a slender trunk rarely over 3 decimeters thick. Leaf-blades leathery, narrowly 
elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes remotely toothed, acuminate at both ends or acute 
at the base, slightly revolute, lustrous above, dull beneath ; petioles 5-8 mm. long: ra- 
cemes shorter than the leaves, rather dense: pedicels club-shaped, 2-4 mm. long, subterided 
by early deciduous scarious acute bracts: sepals suborbicular, reflexed, deciduous: petals 
boat-shaped, fully 1 mm. long, erect, smaller then the sepals: drupes oblong or oval, 10— 
13 mm. long, abruptly pointed, black, lustrous : stone ovoid. 


In river valleys and near the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Winter and spring, 
fruit persistent for a year. 


FAMILY 15. MIMOSACEAE Reichenb. Mimosa FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs or trees, with erect or prostrate stems. Leaves alternate: 
blades usually compound, commonly 2-3-pinnate: stipules various, sometimes 
spine-like. Flowers mostly perfect, sometimes polygamous, relatively small. 
Calyx of 3-6 valvate partially united sepals. Corolla regular, of 3-6 distinct or 
partially united valvate petals. Androecium of as many stamens as there are 
petals or twice as many, or numerous, usually conspicuously exserted.  Fila- 
ments distinct or monadelphous. Gynoecium of a single carpel. Ovary supe- 
rior, 1-celled. Style simple. Ovulesseveralornumerous. Fruit a legume (pod). 
Seeds with thick cotyledons. Endosperm wanting. 

Stamens numerous, more than 10. 
Filaments partially united into a tube. 
Valves of the pod not separating from the continuous margin. 
Pods with woody or thick-leathery valves. 


Leaves with 4 leaflets, or if more, few and relatively large: spikes 
head-like: ovary stipitate: pods contorted, with thick-leathery 


valves, 1. PITHECOLOBIUM. 
Leaves with many relatively small leaflets: spikes elongated: ovary 
sessile: pods straight or merely curved, with woody valves, 2. SIDEROCARPOS. 


Pods with membranous or thin-leathery very flat valves. 
Ovary stipitate: calyx very short and different from the corolla in 


texture. 3. HAVARDIA. 
Ovary sessile: calyx simulating the corolla, but much shorter, and 
uite similar in texture. 4. ALBIZZIA. 
5. LYSILOMA, 


Valves of the pod ise pea from the continuous margin. 
Filaments distinct, or the inner ones sometimes slightly united at the base. 
Ovary stipitate: petals distinct or united, commonly only to below the mid- 
dle: pods flat, dry. the seeds not in two distinct rows. 6. ACACIA, 
Ovary sessile: petals united into a tubular-funnelform, shallowly lobed co- 
rolla: pods nearly terete or broader than high, pulpy within, the seeds 
St in two separate rows. 7. VACHELLIA. 
amens as many as the petals or the corolla-lobes or twice as many. 
Anthers without glandular appendages at the top. 
Valves of the pod not separating from the continuous margin. 


Shrubs or trees : seeds transverse in the i 8. LEUCAENA. 
v Herbs : seeds lengthwise or oblique in the pod. 9. ACUAN. 
alves of the pod separating from the continuous margin. 
Pods slightly, if at all, flattened, 4-angled or with a broad margin, beaked, 
not jointed. 10. MORONGIA. 
ie UM paes Pe beaked. 11. Mimosa. 
, at least in the bud, topped by glandular appendages. 
Herbs : pods flat and thin, twice ned thrice ines cha broad. 12. NEPTUNIA. 
Shrubs or trees : pods relatively thick, many times longer than broad. 
Pods straight or merely curved, somewhat constricted between the seeds, 
in lax clusters. 13. PROSOPIS. 
Pods tightly coiled into a spiral, in bunch-like clusters. 14. STROMBOCARPA. 


1. PITHECOLOBIUM Mart. 


Shrubs or trees, usually armed. Leaves with 2-pinnate blades: leaflets few, often 4. 
Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous, in head-like spikes. Calyx 5-6-lobed. Corolla of 
5-6 partially united petals. Stamens numerous, long-exserted : filaments often well united. 
Ovary short-stalked. Ovules several or numerous. Pods narrow, contorted, often with 
mealy or pulpy partitions within, 2-valved, but not elastically so, sometimes tardily so. 

partially enclosed in highly colored arils. The plants often flower throughout the 
year. CATSCLAW. : 
Leaflets with leathery blades : petioles shorter than the petiolules: ovary pubescent. 1. P. Guadalupense. 


flets with membranous blad i i m 
es: 1 han the petiolules: ovary glabrous. 
Rae ees r 2. P. Unguis- Cati. 


576 MIMOSACEAE 


1. Pithecolobium Guadalupéase ( Desv.) Chapm. An unarmed shrub 1-2 m. tall. 
Leatlets 4, the blades obliquely obovate or oblong-obovate, 2-4 cm. long, leathery, mucro- 
nate, undulate, delicately nerved, lustrous above ; petioles shorter than the petiolules : 
heads yellow: peduncles solitary on the axils, 4-8 cm. long, surpassing the subtending 
bracts : calyx campanulate, pubescent, the triangular lobes shorter than the tube: corolla 
pubescent : stamens 3-4 times longer than the corolla, crisped: ovary pubescent: pods 
5-10 cm. long, contorted. 

In sand, Florida keys. Also in the West Indies. 


2. Pithecolobium Unguis-Cati (L.) Benth. An armed or unarmed straggling shrub 
or small tree, sometimes 8 m. tall. Leaflets 4, the blades thinnish, obliquely obovate or 
oval, rounded or mucronate at the apex, delicately reticulated; petioles slender, mostly 
much longer than the petiolules: heads in terminal axillary panicles: calyx turbinate- 
campanulate, glabrous, the triangular lobes much shorter than the tube: corolla glabrous 
or nearly so: stamens about twice as long as the corolla : pods 8-12 em. long, contorted. 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys, also in the West Indies and tropical America. 


2. SIDEROCARPOS Small. 


Trees, with spreading branches and zigzag twigs. Leaves alternate, but often clustered : 
blades 2-pinnate, with 4-6 pinnae: leaflets relatively few. Flowers mostly perfect, in 
cylindric spikes. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, very different from the corolla. Corolla 
5-lobed, the lobes longer than the tube. Stamens numerous: filaments united below. 
Ovary sessile: style filiform. Ovules numerous. Pods stout and turgid, very tardily de- 
hiscent, the valves woody, enclosing a soft tissue which separates the seeds from each other. 
Seeds transverse, on straight funicles. TEXAN EBONY. 

1. Siderocarpos flexicaülis ( Benth.) Small. An evergreen shrub or tree, reaching 
a height of 10 m., armed with short spines. Leaves with 4-6 pinnae; leaflets 6-8, the 
blades oblong, oval or obovate, 5-10 mm: long, usually obtuse, delicately reticulated 
beneath : peduncles 1-1.5 cm. long: spikes cylindric, 2-4 cm. long, often clustered in the 
axils: calyx campanulate, about 0.5 mm. high: corolla 4-5 times longer than the calyx, 
the lobes longer than the tube : pods narrowly oblong, 1-1.5 dm. long, thick and turgid, 
slightly curved, sessile. [ Pithecolobium flexicaule ( Benth.) Coulter. ] 

. On bluffs, Texas and Mexico. Summer. 


3. HAVARDIA &mall. 


Small evergreen trees, sometimes shrubby, armed with stipular spines. Leaves alter- 
nate : blades 2-pinnate, with 6-10 pinnae: leaflets numerous (20-40 in each pinna), rela- 
tively small. Flowers perfect, in head-like spikes. Calyx quite short, 5-lobed, very dif- 
ferent from the corolla in shape and texture. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes shorter than the 
tube. Stamens numerous: filaments united below. Ovary stipitate: style filiform. 
Ovules several. Pods flat, readily dehiscent, with membranous or thin-leathery valves. 
Seeds few.  HvAJILLO. 

1. Havardia brevifdlia (Benth.) Small. An evergreen shrub or small tree, some 
times 10 m. tall, armed with short spines. Leaves with 6-10 pinnae; leaflets 20-40, the 
blades oblong or narrowly oblong, 3-7 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, reticulated beneath : 
panicles 5-10 cm. long : peduncles 1-1.5 em. long : heads subglobose, about 2 cm. 1n diam- 
eter: corolla 6-8 times longer than the calyx, the ovate lobes shorter than the tube: xr 
mens between twice and thrice longer than the corolla: pods linear-oblong, flat, 7- 
em. long, acuminate at the apex, stipitate. —[ Pithecolobium brevifolium Benth. ] 

In valleys, southern Texas and northern Mexico. 


4. ALBÍZZIA Durazz. 

Unarmed shrubs or trees, with wide spreading branches. Leaves alternate, blades 2- 
pinnate : leaflets small, numerous, their glands, as well as the petiolar glands, more OF ~ 
conspicuous. Flowers perfect, or polygamous, in peduncled, sometimes panicled, capitate 
spikes. Calyx tubular to campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla funnelform, the lobes often 
shorter than the tube. Stamens numerous, exserted : filaments united at the base of br 
corolla-tube and sometimes adnate to it. Ovary often short-stalked. Pods linear, flattish, 
2-valved, the valves not separating from the margins, or indehiscent 


MIMOSACEAE 577 


1. Albizzia Julibríssin Durazz. An unarmed shrub or tree, reaching a height of 
10m. Bark scaly: leaves 2-4 dm. long, with 16-24 pinnae; leaflets 50-70, the blades 
oblong, inequilateral, acute: heads showy, pink, 4-6 cm. in diameter: corolla pink, 3-4 
times longer than the calyx; lobes ovate: stamens 3 3.5 cm. long: pod broadly linear, 
10-15 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, sometimes slightly constricted between the seeds. 

In sandy soil and woods, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Naturalized from Asia. Spring and 
summer. 


5. LYSILOMA Benth. 


Unarmed shrubs or trees, with slender branches. Leaves alternate: blades pinnate : 
each petiole often bearing a large gland : leaflets small and in many pairs, or large and in 
few pairs. Flowers often polygamous, subtended by 3-lobed bractlets, in globose or cylin- 
dric long-peduncled heads. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals united into a 5-lobed 
corolla. Stamens numerous: filaments united at the base. Ovary sessile or short-stalked : 
style filiform. Ovules several, anatropous. Pods flat, linear or oblong, straight or falcate, 
somewhat membranous. Seeds flattened, transverse. WILD TAMARIND. 

1. Lysiloma latisiliqua (L.) Benth. An unarmed tree 5-16 m. tall, with wide- 
poe branches. Leaves 8-14 em. long, with 4-8 pinnae; leaflets 20-40, the blades 
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 8-11 mm. long, acute : beads about 1 cm. in diameter, white : 
pods oblong, 8-15 cm. long, flat, undulate, each with a stipe 2-4 cm. long. 

In sandy soil, Florida Keys and the West Indies. Spring. 


6. ACACIA Adans. 


Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbs, usually armed. Leaves normal or sometimes reduced 
to phyllodes: blades usually 2-pinnate, the pinnae numerous: leaflets often very numerous. 
Flowers perfect or polygamous, in globose or cylindric spikes on axillary peduncles. Calyx 
mostly campanulate, 4—5-lobed, or wanting. Petals 4—5, distinct or somewhat united. 
Stamens numerous: filaments distinct, or the inner somewhat united at the base. Ovary 
often stalked. Ovules 2-many. Pod flat, straight or curved, 2-valved or indehiscent. 
Leaflets of each pinna mostly more than 20. 

Pods over 15 mm. broad : the ultimate divisions of the leaf-rachis puberulent. 1. A. Berlandieri. 


Pods less than 10 mm. broad: the ultimate divisions of the leaf-rachis glabrous 
or with few long hairs. 


Leaflets of each pinna 40-100, acute. 2. A. filicioides. 
Leaflets of each pinna 20-34, blunt. 3. A. cuspidata. 
Leaflets of each pinna mostly less than 20. 
Flowers in head-like spikes. 
Pods less than 8 mm. broad, constricted between the seeds: leaflets less than 
1mm. broad. 4. A. constricta. 
Pods over 15 mm. broad, not constricted between the seeds: leaflets over 2 
mm. broad. 5. A. Roemeriana. 
Flowers in elongated spikes or racemes. 
Pods over 10 mm. broad. 
Flowers slender-pedicelled. 6. A. Wrightit. 
Flowers sessile or nearly so. 7. A. Greggit. 
Pods less than 10 mm. broad. 8. A. amentacea. 


,,l, Acacia Berlandiéri Benth. A shrub, clothed with ashy pubescence, unarmed or 
ep few spines. Leaves 10-15 cm. long, with 10-18 pinnae ; leaflets 50-90, the blades 
ee onioni 4-6 mm. long, oblique, prominently nerved, acute or acutish: spikes glo- 

e, slightly over 1 em. thick : pods flat, linear, 10-15 em. long, 18-20 mm. broad, usually 
straight, obtuse or apiculate at he apex, each narrowed into a stipe at the base, the valves 
velvety-tomentose, fen: 

On dry bluffs, southern Texas and Mexico. Spring. 


2. Acacia filicioides (Cav. ) Trelease. An unarmed shrub, with more or less densely 
ute foliage, stems angled. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, with 8-30 pinnae or sometimes 
i hail leaflets very numerous, the blades oblong or narrowly oblong, 4-5 mm. long : spikes 
Í obose, about 1 em. thick, on hirsute peduncles 1-2 em. long : pods linear-oblong, 3-4 cm. 
ong, 6-9 mm. wide. [A. filicina Willd. ] 
s IM and in sandy soil, Missouri and Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico, also in Florida, 
ori a is 4 ri ^ Yee ee wholly or partially glabrous form, sometimes occurring in Texas and 
" . exénsis (T. & G.) Small. 
Pius Acacia cuspidata Schlecht. A low shrub, with sparingly pubescent foliage. 
hai es 5.97 cm. long, with 4-10 pinnae, the rachis and its divisions with few scattered 
airs; leaflets 20-34, or rarely some of the pinnae with fewer, the blades thick, linear- 
37 


hirs 
few 


578 / MIMOSACEAE 


oblong, 2.5-5 mm. long, mostly blunt: spikes globose, about 1.5 em. in diameter, the 
peduncle pubescent like the subtending rachis : pods broadly linear, 3-6 cm. long, 6-8 mm. 
wide, delicately veined, abruptly acuminate. 

In dry soil, Texas to Arizona. Spring and summer. 


4. Acacia constrícta Benth. A shrub, armed with spreading straight or slightly 
curved spines, the foliage often sticky. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, with 4-14 pinnae; leaflets 
12-20, the blades oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse, nerveless: spikes globose, 8-10 mm. 
thick, on pubescent peduncles 1-2 cm. long: pods elongated, linear, constricted between 
the seeds, glabrous, 5-13 cm. long, each narrowed into a stipe. 

In dry soil, southern Texas to New Mexico, and adjacent Mexico. Spring. 


5. Acacia Roemeriana Schlecht. A stout shrub, with spreading branches, armed 
with stout prickle-like spines. Leaves 3-10 cm. long, with 4-6 pinnae ; leaflets 8-16, the 
blades oblong, oval or cuneate, 8-10 mm. long, oblique, apiculate or retuse at the apex, 
prominently nerved : spikes globose, 8-10 mm. thick, on glabrous peduncles 1-2 cm. long: 
pods flat, oblong or linear-oblong, 5-15 cm. long, slightly curved, each narrowed into a 
stipe, the valves prominently nerved near the edges. 

In dry soil, southern Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Spring. 

6. Acacia Wrightii Benth. A shrub or small tree, with streaked branchlets armed 
with short prickles. Leaves numerous, 2-3.5 cm. long, usually with 4-6 pinnae; leaflets 
6-12, the blades oblong to obovate, 5-7 mm. long, often minutely pointed, prominently 
nerved beneath: racemes cylindric, 2-3 cm. long, not very dense: flowers slender-pedi- 
celled : pods 8-11 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad, curved, often irregularly undulate along the 
margins. 

In dry soil, Texas, New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. TEXAS CATSCLAW. 

7. Acacia Grégeii A. Gray. A shrub or small tree, commonly armed with short 
curved prickle-like spines. Leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, with 2-6 pinnae; leaflets 8-14, the 
blades firm, oblique, oblong to cuneate, 4-6 mm. long, apiculate, obtuse or truncate at the 
apex, prominently nerved : spikes long-peduncled, 2-4 em. long : pods flat, linear-oblong, 
8-12 cm. long, sometimes glaucous, irregularly constricted between the seeds. 

In dry or rocky soil, Texas and Mexico. Springand summer. DEVIL'SCLAWS. PARADISE FLOWER. 
CATSCLAW. 

8 Acacia amentacea DC. A glabrous shrub, with zigzag branches, armed with 
straight or slightly curved pale spines 1-2 cm. long. Leaves 1-2 em. long, with 2 pinnae; 
leaflets 4-8, the blades firm, obliquely oblong or obovate, 4-6 mm. long, truncate or retuse 
at the apex, prominently nerved: racemes oblong, 1-2 cm. long: pods linear, flat, 6-10 
em. long, curved, constricted between the seeds, usually acuminate at the apex, each attenu- 
ate at the base into a stipe. 

On hillsides, from the Guadalupe River to the Pecos, south to Mexico. Spring. 


7. VACHELLIA Wight & Arn. 

Shrubs or small trees, with spreading branches and straight spines. Leaves alternate : 
blades 2-pinnate, with 8-16 pinnae: leaflets numerous (20-50 in each pinna), relatively 
small. Flowers polygamous, in globular spikes. Calyx simulating the corolla hut only 
about 4 as long, shallowly 5-lobed. Corolla tubular-funnelform, shallowly 5-6-lobed, the 
lobes as broad as high. Stamens very numerous: filaments distinct. Ovary sessile : style 
filiform. Pod stout, turgid, nearly terete or usually broader than high, scarcely dehiscent, 
filled with a pulp which separates the two rows of seeds and the individual seeds from each 
other. HVUISACHE. CASSIE. 

l. Vachellia Farnesiàna (L.) Wight & Arn. A shrub or small tree, with eur 
ing branches and straight spines 5-15 mm. long. Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long, with en 
pinnae; leaflets 20-50, the blades linear-oblong, 2-4 mm. long, rather obtuse: §p} ^g 
globose, 8-12 mm. in diameter, on pubescent peduncles 1-2 em. long : pods cylindric, de 
7.9 em. long, straight or slightly curved, often slightly constricted between the seeds. 
[ Acacia Farnesiana (L.) Willd.] 

pring, fruit ripe 


On plains and prairies, southern Texas and Mexico, also naturalized in Florida. $S 
insummer. YELLOW OPOPANAX. 


8. LEUCAENA Benth. ue 
Evergreen shrubs or trees, usually unarmed. Leaves alternate: blades pu 
petioles often furnished with a gland, the leaflets subtended by setaceous stipels : lea 


MIMOSACEAE 579 


oblique, small and in many pairs or large and in few pairs: flowers mostly perfect, sessile, 
in dense heads. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Stamens 10, exserted. 
Ovary stalked. Style filiform. Ovules numerous. Pods broadly linear, flat. Seeds 
crosswise in the pod. 


Leaves with 14-18 pairs of pinnae: branches tomentose: leaflets less than 1.5 mm. broad. 
1. L. pulverulenta. 
Leaves with 2-10 pairs of pinnae: branches glabrous or glabrate: leaflets over 1.5 mm. broad 
Leaflets 20-40, mostly thrice as long as broad : pods with membranous valves. 2. L. glauca. 
Leaflets 12-16, mostly less than twice as long as broad: pods with leathery valves. 3. L. retusa. 


1. Leucaena pulverulénta Benth. A small tree, sometimes 18 m. tall, with finely 

een inflorescence. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, with 28-36 pinnae ; leaflets 60-120, the 
lades narrowly oblong, acute: peduncles often clustered, 1-3.5 cm. long: heads globose, 

1-1.5 em. in diameter: calyx campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. high; lobes obtuse: petals linear- 
spatulate, about thrice as long as the calyx, pubescent near the tip: stamens hardly twice 
as long as the petals : pods linear, 10-20 cm. long. 

In rich &oil, southern Texas and Mexico. Spring. 

2. Leucaena glaüca (L.) Benth. A small tree, sometimes 10 m. tall, with spread- 
ing branches and tomentose twigs. Leaves 1-3 dm. long, with 6-20 pinnae ; leaflets 20-40, 
the blades narrowly oblong to lanceolate, oblique, 6-12 mm. long, acute : peduncles tomen- 
tose, 1-4 cm. long: heads globose, 1-3 cm. in diameter: calyx obconic, 1 mm. long, sub- 
tended by peltate bracts; lobes obtuse: petals linear-oblong or linear-spatulate, erect, 
more than twice as long as the calyx, pubescent: stamens nearly thrice as long as the 
petals: pods linear, 10-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends. 

In sandy or rocky soil, Florida to Texas and Mexico. A native of tropical America, now widely 
distributed in alltropicalregions. Spring. 

.,9. Leucaena retüsa Benth. A shrub, with tomentose twigs. Leaves 1-2 cm. long, 
with 4-10 pinnae; leaflets 12-16, the blades leathery, oblique, obovate or ovate to oval or 
oblong, 1-3 cm. long, prominently nerved, usually apiculate : peduncles 5-8 cm. long: 
heads globose, about 2 cm. in diameter: calyx obconic, 3-3.5 mm. long: pods linear, 
15-25 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends. 

On plains and prairies, southern Texas and New Mexico. Spring. 


9. ÁCUAN Medic. 

Perennial unarmed herbs or somewhat shrubby plants. Leaves with 2-pinnate blades : 
leaflets numerous. Flowers in peduncled greenish or whitish head-like spikes, perfect, or 
the lower ones staminate or neutral, and sometimes apetalous. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla of 
5 distinct or slightly united petals. Stamens 5-10, exserted : filaments distinct or nearly 
so. Ovary nearly sessile. Ovules numerous. Pods very narrow or oblong, unarmed, 2- 
valved. Seeds lengthwise or oblique in the pod. [Desmanthus Willd.] 


Stamens 5. 


Pods 4-6 mm. wide, in compact heads: peduncles longer than the »* A darti rima 
ries og eg wide, in loose clusters : peduncles shorter than the s. 2. A. leptoloba. 
Leaves mostly with 8-12 pinnae. mesi 
Stems glabrous or nearly so: uncles 1-2 em. long. 9. A. Jani 
Stems velvety pubescent: peduncles 2.5-5 em. long. kim aseo 
Leaves mostly with 2-6 pinnae. 
Peduncles 1-2.5 em. long. 
Leaf-rachis and its branches glabrous: leaflets not ciliate. 5. A. depressa. 
-rachís and its branches pubescent : leaflets ciliate. 6. A. acuminata. 


Peduncles 4-12 em. long. 
Pinnae mostly with 12-18 leaflets : leaflets glaucous beneath, glabrous or nearly 
80: pods 3 mm. wide. 
Pinnae mostly with 20-28 leaflets: leaflets ciliate and pubescent beneath: 
pods 2 mm. wide. 8. A. fallax. 


1. Acuan Iliinoénsis (Michx.) Kuntze. Stems erect or ascending, 3-10 dm. tall, 
pea branched, glabrous or nearly so: leaves with 20-28 pinnae; leaflets numerous, 
i e blades linear-oblong, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, acute, not reticulated : peduncles 2.5-8 cm. 
ong, usually shorter than the subtending bracts : spikes less than 1 cm. in diameter : pods 
^s di numerous, 1.5-2 em. long, curved and slightly spirally twisted, in heads 2-3 em. 
m diameter. [Desmanthus brachylobus ( Willd.) Benth. ] 

PE soil, and on river banks, Minnesota to Tennessee, Florida, Colorado and Texas. Spring and 

2. Acuan leptóloba (T. & G.) Kuntze. Stems ascending, 3-10 dm. tall, sparingly 
branched, with scabrous AE ure with 10-20 pinnae ; yen Te numerous, the bladés 


-I 


. A. reticulata. 


580 MIMOSACEAE 


linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong, 2-5 mm. long, acute, not reticulated : peduncles 1.5-2 
em. long, shorter than the subtending leaves: spikes smaller than those of A. Illinoensis: 
pods few, linear, 5-8 cm. long, straight or nearly so, acuminate at the apex. 

On prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer. 

3. Acuan Jamésii (T. & G.) Kuntze. Stems branched at the base, the branches 
spreading, 1-5 dm. long, glabrous or nearly so: leaves with 4-12, usually 8-10 pinnae; 
leaflets 16-28, the blades oblong, 3-5 mm. long, not reticulated, more or less strongly apic- 
ulate: peduncles 1-2 em. long, much shorter than the subtending bracts: spikes about 1 
em. in diameter: pods linear, 3.5-8 cm. long, slightly curved, acuminate at the apex. 

In dry soil, the Indian Territory to Texas and Arizona. Spring and summer. 


4. Acuan velutina (Scheele) Kuntze. Stems branched at the base, the branches 
ascending or prostrate, 2-6 dm. long, finely canescent: leaves with 4-12 or usually 8-10 
pinnae ; leaflets numerous, the blades oblong, 2-5 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, not reticu- 
lated: peduncles 2.5-6.5 cm. long, shorter than the subtending leaves or longer: spikes 
about 1.5 cm. in diameter: pods linear, 2-6 cm. long, straight or nearly so, acuminate at 
both ends. 

In dry soil, southern and western Texas. Spring and summer. 

5. Acuan depréssa (Willd.) Kuntze. Stems branched at the base, the branches 
prostrate, 3-8 dm. long, glabrous or nearly so: leaves with 2-8 pinnae ; leaflets numerous, 
the blades narrowly oblong, 2-5 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, not reticulated : peduncles 
as long as the subtending bracts or shorter : pods linear, 4-6 mm. long, acuminate, straight. 

In sandy soil, near the coast, Florida to Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


6. Acuan acuminàta (Benth.) Kuntze. Stems branched at the base, the branches 
spreading or prostrate, sparingly pubescent: leaves with 4-8 pinnae; leaflets 14-20, the 
blades oblong, 2-4 mm. long, acute, not reticulated, ciliate: peduncles 1-1.5 cm. long, 
shorter than the subtending bracts: pods linear, 3-4 cm. long, slightly curved, acuminate. 

In dry soil, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 

7. Acuan reticulata (Benth.) Kuntze. Stems branched at the base, the branches 
ascending or prostrate, 2-8 dm. long, sparingly pubescent : leaves with 4-8, usually 6 pin- 
nae: leaflets 8-20, the blades oblong to obovate, 3-5 mm. long, very oblique at the base, 
prominently reticulated, acute or acutish : peduncles elongated, 7-10 cm. long, surpassing 
the subtending bracts: spikes few-flowered, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter: pods linear, straight, 
4-6 cm. long, acuminate. 

In dry soil, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 

8. Acuan fallax Small. Stems branched at the base, the branches spreading or 
prostrate, 1-2 dm. long, finely canescent, angled. Leaves with 4-8 pinnae: leaflets mostly 
20-28, the blades oblong, slightly inequilateral, 3-5 mm. long, rather obscurely reticulated, 
acutish : peduncles elongated, 3-7 cm. long, surpassing the subtending bracts : spikes 
about 1 cm. in diameter: pods linear, 3-4 cm. long, slightly curved, acute. 

In dry soil, San Diego, Texas. Spring and summer. 


10. MORONGIA Britton.! 

Perennial herbs, or shrubby plants, mostly with spreading or prostrate prickle 
stems. Leaves usually sensitive: blades 2-pinnate : leaflets numerous, relatively small : 
stipels setaceous. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in axillary head-like spikes. Calyx 
4—5-lobed. Corolla of 4-5 petals united to about the middle. Stamens 8-10, exserted : 
filaments distinct or nearly so. Ovary nearly sessile. Ovules numerous. Pods narrow, 
prickly all over, 4-angled, or with broad margins, finally 4-valved by the valves separating 
from the margins. [Schrankia Willd., not Medic. ] 


-armed 


Leaflets prominently nerved beneath. 1. M. uncinata. 
Leaflets scarcely, if at all, nerved. ata 
Sides and margins of the pods with similar or nearly similar prickles. 2. M. angustata. 


Sides and margins of the pods with conspicuously dissimilar prickles. 5 
Pods scarcely flattened, the sides with long and broad prickles, the margins 
m ei unarmed; ear ners mm. ong ith 
s markedly flattened, the sides with very fine prickles, the margins wi cant, 
stouter prickles; beak 4-5 mm. long. d a 4. M. EE 
1. Morongia uncinata (Willd.) Britton. Stems armed with recurved prickles, di : 
dm. long: leaves with 6-12 pinnae; leaflets many, the blades oblong, 3-7 mm. : 


: c : t 
1A Mexican species, Morongia aculeata, has been reported from Texas, but I pan 
yet been able to examine authentic or satisfactory specimens. Species additional to 
here recognized have been described by Michaux and Chapman. 


3. M. latidens. 


MIMOSACEAE 581 


apiculate or slightly acuminate, strongly nerved beneath: peduncles armed with slender 
prickles : pods 3-15 cm. long, beaked, densely prickly or sometimes sparingly so. : 

In dry soil, Virginia to Florida and South Dakota to Arkansas, Texas and the Gulf of Mexico. 
Spring and summer. 

2. Morongia angustàta (T. & G.) Britton. Stems sparingly armed with recurved 
prickles, the angles not conspicuously paler than the rest of the stem, 3-15 dm. long, 
simple or sparingly branched: leaves with 6-16 pinnae; leaflets many, the blades 
narrowly oblong, 1.5-7 mm. long, scarcely or not at all nerved ; peduncles armed like the 
stem : pods 5-15 em. long, beaked, densely or sparingly prickly. 

In dry soil, Virginia to Tennessee, Texas and Florida. Spring and summer. 


3. Morongia làtidens Small. Stems usually bright green, 3-10 dm. long, with 
conspicuously pale and sharp angles and still paler prickles: leaves with 4 pinnae or rarely 
some of them with only 2 pinnae; leaflets many, the blades thick, oblong, 3-8 mm. long, 
apiculate, not nerved : peduncles much stouter than the petioles, with few pale prickles : 
pods stout, 3-7 cm. long, the sides with broad prickles, the broad margins scarcely or only 
slightly armed ; beak 1-1.5 cm. long. 

In dry soil, Kenedy, Carnes County, Texas. Spring and summer. 


4. Morongia Roemeriàna (Scheele) Heller. Stemsarmed with very small prickles, 
3-12 dm. long, prominently but not conspicuously angled: leaves with 4-8 pinnae; 
leaflets many, the blades oblong, 4-5.5 mm. long, apiculate, not nerved, more or less 
ciliate: peduncles much stouter than the petioles, and armed like them, and with numer- 
ous smaller bristles crowded near the apex: pods flattened, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, the sides 
with very fine prickles, the margins with stouter prickles; beak 4-5 mm. long. 

Instony soil,southern Texas. Spring. 


11. MIMÓSA L. 


Shrubby plants or trees, or rarely herbs, usually thorny or prickly. Leaves often 
sensitive, with 2-pinnate blades : leaflets four or numerous. Flowers perfect or polygamous, 
in axillary, white or colored head-like or cylindric spikes. Calyx mostly 4—5-lobed, some- 
times obsolete. Corolla of usually 4-5 well united petals. Stamens 4-10, exserted : fila- 
ments distinct. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Ovules 2-several. Pods flat, sometimes 
conspicuously jointed, often prickle-armed, the valves separating from the persistent 
margins. 


Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes LH puc 
Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes. ar 
Shrubs or trees with hard wood. 
Branchlets and piiois or their divisions glabrous. 
Leaves usually with 2 pinnae); leaflets 6-10, the blades oval or orbicular- 


oval, 2-4 mm. long: pods armed. 2. M. borealis. 
Leaves usually with 4-6 pinnae; leaflets usually 12, the blades oblong or 
B oblong-obovate, 4-6 mm. long: pods unarmed or nearly so. 3. M. fragrans. 
es and petioles or their divisions puberulent or pubescent. 
I with 2-4 or rarely 6 pinnae; leaflets 4-12. 4. M. Texana. | 
Herbs i phn with 6-many pinnae ; leaflets numerous. 5. M. Lindheimeri. 


Chi > undershrubs or soft-woody climbing shrubs. 
er ing : foliage tomentose or puberulent: leaflets with blades less than 
m wice as long as broad. 6. M. malacophylla. 
ostrate and creeping or erect: foliage strigose or strigillose: leaflets with 
blades over twice as long as broad. ; 
LIÉ or ascending: peduncles becoming 1-2 em. long: pods 8-15-seeded. 7. M. Berlandiert. 
rostrate : peduncles becoming 5-20 cm. long: pods 2-4-seeded. 8. M. strigillosa. 


ES Pee püdica L. Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby, several dm. tall, the stems 
pairs se ranched, more or less hirsute with downy hairs. Leaves with 1 or 2 approximate 
valves Spire : peduncles 1-4 cm. long: pods often densely clustered, 1-2 cm. long, the 
glabrous, the margins armed with spreading bristles. 
In waste places, about the cities of the Gulf States. Naturalized from tropical America. 


th 2. Mimosa boreàlis A. Gray. A glabrous armed shrub usually over 1 m. tall, with 
a | OT beside the axils. Leaves inconspicuous, usually with 2 pinnae; leaflets 6-10, 
e blades oval, or orbicular-oval, 2-4 mm. long, thick, glaucescent: peduncles slender, 


elie mm. long: pods 2.5-5 em. long, usually armed on one or both margins, deeply con- 
ricted, the segments often 4. 
In dry soil, the Indian Territory and Texas. 


cae Mimosa fragrans A. Gray. A glabrous armed shrub, usually less than 1 m. tall, 
lead h € spines beside the axils. Stems much branched : leaves mostly with 2-6 pinnae ; 
ets 10-16, the blades oblong to oblong-obovate, 4-6 mm. long, usually obtuse, promi- 


582 MIMOSACEAE 


nently nerved: peduncles surpassing the subtending bracts: pods linear, 3-6 cm. long, 
curved, mostly unarmed, the segments often 5-8. 
In dry soil, Texas and New Mexico. 


4. Mimosa Texana (A. Gray) Small. A low rigidly branched shrub, with finely 
pee or puberulent foliage, armed with subaxillary spines, the branches zigzag. 
eaves inconspicuous, with 4-6 approximate pinnae, or rarely only a pair, the rachis 
pubescent ; leaflets usually 8-14, the blades oblong, 2-4 mm. long, veiny, ciliolate: pedun- 
cles becoming 1-2 em. long: pods broadly linear, 2-3 cm. long, not constricted between 
the seeds, but well armed around the margin. 
On plains and prairies, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. 


5. Mimosa Lindheimeri A. Gray. A puberulent shrub or small tree, armed with 
flattened spines beside and slightly below the axils, the branches zigzag. Leaves numer- 
ous, with 8-12 pinnae ; leaflets 16-24, the blades oblong, 2-3 mm. long: peduncles shorter 
than the subtending bracts: spikes globose, fully 1 cm. in diameter: pods linear, curved, 
2-4 cm. long, 3-4-jointed, glabrous, the margins armed with recurved prickles. 

In dry soil, western and southern Texas. 


6. Mimosa malacophylla A. Gray. A shrubby climber, with stems and branches 
1-5 mm. long, armed with recurved prickles, tomentose. Leaves numerous, with 8-14 
pinnae; leaflets relatively few, the blades oval to obovate, 6-16 mm. long, more or less 
oblique, rounded or apiculate at the apex : peduncles 1-1.5 em. long: spikes oblong, 1.5 
em. long, white or yellowish: pods broadly linear, 5-7 cm. long, curved, 6-8-jointed, 
glabrous, veiny. 

In dry soil, Texas to New Mexico and Nuevo Leon.—The form with merely puberulent stems and 
branches and rather larger glabrous leaflets is M. malacophylla glabrdta Benth. 

7. Mimosa Berlandiéri A. Gray. A sparingly strigose upright shrub, with sparingly 
prickle-armed branches. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, with 8-12 pinnae; leaflets numerous, 
40-80, the blades linear or linear-oblong, 4-5 mm. long, acute: peduncles shorter than 
the subtending bracts: spikes oblong or ovoid, 12-14 mm. long: pods linear-oblong, 
slightly curved, 4-9 cm. long, with 8-15 joints, rough-pubescent, each narrowed into a 
short stipe. 

In low ground, southern Texas to San Luis Potosi. 


8. Mimosa strigillosa T. & G. A perennial herb, with radially prostrate often creep- 
ing branches, the foliage more or less densely pubescent with rigid strigose hairs: leaves 
numerous, with 10-16 pinnae ; leaflets 20-28, the blades oblong or linear-oblong, 4-6 mm. 
long, obtuse or acutish, reticulated : peduncles surpassing the leaves: spikes pink, oblong, 
ae em. long: pods oblong or oval, 1-3 cm. long, 1-4-jointed, hispid, very oblique at 
the apex. 

On river banks and in moist soil, chiefly near the coast, Florida to Texas. 


12. NEPTUNIA Lour. 

Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with unarmed prostrate or diffuse stems, or some 
times floating. Leaves with 2-pinnate blades: leaflets relatively small. Flowers perfect 
or polygamous, in head-like or cylindric spikes on solitary axillary peduncles. Calyx 
5-lobed. Corolla of 5 distinct or partially united petals. Stamens 10, or rarely 5, 
exserted : filaments distinct. Ovary stipitate. Ovules several. Pod relatively broad, flat, 
oblique, 2-valved. 

Spikes about 50-flowered, oblong-cylindric. 1. N. lutea. 
atre EON: DA ed or oval. 

racts and calyx-lobes ciliolate. 

Pinnae 4-6 : leaflets merely ciliolate. 2. N. poar 

Pinnae 6-10: leaflets ciliolate and pubescent beneath. 3. N. Lin dana. 

Bracts and calyx-lobes not ciliolate. 4, N. Flori : 

1. Neptunia lütea (Leavenw.) Benth. Stems branched at the base, the branche 
prostrate, 5-15 dm. long, somewhat shaggy pubescent, usually branching : leaves bi 
6-10 pinnae ; leaflets 18-34, the blades crowded, oblong, apiculate, ciliate, pon 
nerved beneath : stipules ovate-lanceolate: peduncles finally longer than the subten hee 
bracts: spikes oblong, 1-2 em. long, usually nodding: pods oblong, 2-4 cm. long, hr 
abruptly pointed, contracted into a rather slender stipe often 8 mm. long: see z tue 

In moist or clay soil, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Florida and Texas. Spring samti. ) 
pr iia Texan form with nearly or quite glabrous branches and peduncles is N. lutea ténuis ( 

obinson. : 

2. Neptunia pubéscens Benth. Stems branched at the base, the branches 24 € 
long, spreading or trailing, sparingly pubescent: leaves usually with 4-6 pinnae; 


CASSIACEAE 583 


lets 30-70, the blades oblong, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, merely ciliolate, not prom- 
inently nerved : stipules ovate : peduncles commonly shorter than the subtending bracts or 
longer at maturity: spikes globose or nearly so, about 1 cm. in diameter: pods oblong, 
2-3 em. long, narrowed into stipes only 2-4 mm. long. 

In dry soil, southern Texas and tropical America. Spring to fall. 


3. Neptunia Lindheimeri Robinson. Stems branched at the base, the branches dif- 
fuse, persistently pubescent, several dm. long: leaves with 6-10 pinnae, leaflets 30-60, 
the blades conspicuously ciliate and pubescent on the lower surface, blunt or mucronulate : 

eduncles becoming 2.5-6.5 cm. long: pods oblong and cuneate at the base, 2.5-3.8 cm. 
ong, permanently pubescent, the stipes 4-5 mm. long : seeds 3-10. 
-On prairies, Texas. Spring and summer. 


4. Neptunia Floridana Small. Stems several from large roots, ascending or spread- 
ing, 3-7 dm. long, sparingly pubescent or glabrate, commonly branching, more or less 
roughish pubescent: leaves rather numerous, with 3-5 pairs of pinnae: stipules lanceo- 
late, acuminate ; leaflets numerous, the blades oblong or narrowly oblong, 4-5.5 mm. long, 
often mucronulate, ciliate, prominently 3-nerved, sessile: peduncles slender, much longer 
than the subtending leaves: spikes oval or oblong, 1-1.5 em. long: pods oblong, 2.5-3.5 
em. long, apiculate, rather lustrous, glabrous, the stipe 2-4 mm. long: seeds 5-10. 

In sand, Florida to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


13. PROSOPIS L. 

Shrubs or trees, often armed with axillary spines. Leavesalternate: blades 2-pinnate, 
with four pinnae : leaflets narrow, relatively few. Flowers perfect, in green or yellowish 
cylindric spikes. Calyx 5-lobed, sessile. Corolla of 5 distinct or slightly united petals. 
Stamens 10: filaments distinct. Ovary often stipitate. Ovules numerous. Pods in lax 
clusters, flattened, straight or slightly curved, indehiscent, the interior tissues more or 
less spongy. 

_ 1. Prosopis glandulósa Torr. A shrub or tree sometimes 15 m. tall, usually with 
zigzag branches, mostly armed with thorn-like spines. Leaves with 2-4 pinnae, long- 
petioled ; leaflets 12-60, the blades linear or nearly so, 1.5-4 cm. long, obtuse or acutish : 
peduncles 5-10 mm. long: spikes 4-8 cm. long: calyx campanulate, about 1 mm. high; 
lobes triangular, slightly shorter than the tube: petals erect, linear or nearly so, 4-5 times 
longer than the calyx, acute, pubescent within : stamens hardly twice as long as the petals: 
ovary pubescent : pods linear, 1-2 dm. long, straight or nearly so: seeds oblong. 

In plains or prairies, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. 


14. STROMBOCARPA A. Gray. 


Shrubs or trees, with axillary spines. Leaves alternate: blades 2-pinnate, short- 
petioled or sessile, with few pinnae: leaflets relatively few. Flowers perfect, in cylindric 
pd globular spikes. Calyx 5-lobed, campanulate or turbinate. Corolla of 5 distinct or 
slightly united petals. Stamens 10: filaments distinct. Ovules numerous. Pods in dense 
clusters, each tightly coiled into a spiral, woody without, pulpy within. 

1. Strombocarpa cineréscens A. Gray. A low shrub, armed with slender spines. 
Leaves with 2-4 pinnae, sessile or short-petioled ; leaflets 10-20, the blades crowded, 1.5-3 
mm. long, obtuse, reticulated: peduncles 1-3 em. long: heads globose, 1-1.5 cm. in 
diameter: calyx turbinate, nearly 2 mm. high: petals linear, fully twice as long as the 
calyx : pods 1.5-4 em. long, spirally twisted into a cylinder 5-7 mm. thick. 

In moist soil, along or near the lower Rio Grande, southern Texas and Mexico. 


FAMILY 16. CASSIACEAE Link. SENNA FAMILY. 


,, Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes prickle-armed. Leaves alternate, usually 
with stipules: blades simple or compound. Flowers mostly perfect, sometimes 
polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, variously disposed, regular or irregular. 
Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals. Corolla of usually 5 petals, imbricated, the 
upper one enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. Androecium of 10 stamens 
or fewer. Filaments distinct or united. Gynoecium of a single carpel. Ovary 
l-celled, sometimes stipitate. Style terminal. Ovules 1-many. Fruit a 
legume, 2-valved or indehiscent. Seeds with or without endosperm. 


584 CASSIACEAE 


Corolla apparently papilionaceous: leaves with 1-folioliate blades. 1. CERCIS. 
Corolla more or less irregular, sometimes nearly regular: leaves with pinnately 
compound blades. 
Leaves with simply pinnate blades. 
Corolla essentially regular, the 5 petals nearly equal: calyx-lobes obtuse. 2. CASSIA. 
Corolla very irregular, one of the lateral petals (standard) and the lowest 
petal large, the other 3 petals often greatly reduced: calyx-lobes acu- 
minate. 3. CHAMAECRISTA. 
Leaves with 2-pinnate blades. 
Flowers dioecious or polygamous. 
Flower with a very small receptacle: stamens surpassing the petais: 


vod leathery. 4. GLEDITSIA. 
Flower with a long receptacle: stamens shorter than the petals: pod 
woody. 5. GYMNOCLADUS. 


Flowers perfect. 3 8 i ae 
Leaf with a very short petiole which ends in a spine, each division with $ 
. PARKINSONIA. 


a long flat phyllode-like rachis. 6 
Leaf with a relatively long petiole, the rachises of the divisions not 
phyllode-like. 
Shrubs or trees. 
Calyx-lobes valvate. 
Armed shrubs or trees: leaf-divisions with few leaflets. 7. CERCIDIUM. 
Unarmed trees: leaf-divisions with very many leaflets. 8. DELONIX. 
Calyx-lobes imbricated. 
Pods smooth. 9. POINCIANA. 
Pods prickle-armed. 10. GUILANDINA. 
Herbs. 11. HOFFMANSEGGIA. 


1. CERCIS L. 


Unarmed shrubs or small trees, with a scaly bark. Leaves alternate, deciduous, 1- 
foliolate: leaflet with a simple entire long-petioled blade. Flowers perfect, in axillary 
clusters or racemes on the branchlets of a previous year. Sepals united into a campanu- 
late 5-lobed calyx which is swollen on one side and lined with a thin disk in the bottom. 
Corolla pink or rose: petals 5, nearly equal, clawed : standard smallest: wings obliquely 
truncate: keel-petals somewhat auricled on one side. Stamens 10, in 2 rows: filaments 
distinct, conspicuously enlarged and pilose below the middle, those opposite the petals 
shorter: anthers versatile, opening lengthwise. Ovary short-stipitate, oblique. Ovules 
anatropous. Pods narrow, very flat, leathery, 2-valved, the ventral suture with 2 narrow 
wings. Seeds flat, transverse, with a reddish brown crustaceous testa. Endosperm horny. 
The plants flower in the spring. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE. 


Blades of the leaflets not acuminate: pods sessile or nearly so. 1. C. occidentalis. 
Blades of the leaflets manifestly acuminate: pods manifestly stipitate. 2. C. Canadensis. 


1. Cercis occidentalis Torr. A slender small tree, sometimes 12 m. tall, with gla- 
brous foliage. Blades of the leaflets suborbicular varying to reniform, 4-12 cm. in diameter, , 
rounded or obtuse at the apex, cordate, lustrous above ; petioles stout, much shorter than 
the blades: pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long, or sometimes shorter: calyx 3-4 mm. long; lo! 
acute or acutish, much shorter than the tube: corolla similar to that of the following 
species: pods linear-oblong, 6-9 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, sessile or nearly so. 

In valleys, Texas and northern Mexico. Spring. 

2. Cercis Canadénsis L. A shrub or small tree rarely 15 mm. tall, with glabrous 
or sometimes pubescent foliage. Blades of the leaflets suborbicular in outline varying to 
broadly ovate or reniform, 6-12 cm. in diameter, acuminate at the apex, somewhat ]ustrous 
above, truncate or cordate at the base ; petioles shorter than the blades: pedicels slender, 
0.5-1.5 em. long: calyx 3-4 mm. high; lobes rounded, shorter then the tube: corolla 
pco ; standard with an oval blade, 7-8 mm. long; keel petals concave, about ] em. 
ong: pods linear-oblong, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, short-stipitate, often 
glaucous. ` 


In rich soil, Ontario to Minnesota, New Jersey, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


2. CÁSSIA L.! 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, various in habit, with evenly pinnate leaves, and mostly yellow 
flowers in terminal or axillary panicles or racemes. Petiole often with one or seve 
glands borne near the base or between the leaflets. Calyx-lobes 5, obtuse, somewhat 
leathery. Petals 5, spreading, nearly equal, imbricated. Stamens 5 or 10, all perfect or 
the 3 upper ones reduced to staminodia: filaments unequal: anthers opening by ap! 


1 Contributed by Mr. Charles Louis Pollard. 


CASSIACEAE 585 


pores. Ovules numerous. Pods turgid or somewhat compressed, often elongated. Seeds 
transverse or parallel with the septa. SENNA. 


Leaf-blades 2-foliolate. 
Peduncles 1-flowered. 
Peduncles 2-several-flowered. 
Gland conical, situated between the lowermost leaflets. 
Gland setaceous, below the lowermost leaflets. 
Leaf-blades 4-20-foliolate or rarely 2-foliolate. 
Pod less than 5 em. in length. 
Pod more than 5 em. in length. 
Petiolar gland at base of rachis. 
Stipules filiform. 
eaf-blades 8-12-foliolate. 5. C. occidentalis. 
Leaf-blades 12-20-foliolate. e C. Marylandica. 
8 


= 


. C. pumilio. 


C. Roemeriana. 
. C. bauhinioides. 


Aa Coto 


. C. Lindheimeriana. 


Stipules linear, foliaceous. . C. ligustrina. 

Petiolar gland between the lowermost pair of leafiets. 

Leaflets with obovate blades. . C. Tora. 
Leaflets with elliptic blades. 
Peduncles 2-flowered. 9. C. biflora. 
Peduncles several-flowered. 10. C. Bahamensis. 

l. Cassia pumilio A. Gray. Plant 8-15 cm. tall, the stems and leaves sparsely 
pubescent. Stems tufted from a long, branching rootstock : leaflets 2, the blades linear, or 
the earlier obovate, 3-3.5 em. long, 2cm. wide, slightly shorter than the elongated rhachis ; 
petiolar gland slender, setaceous, situated between the lowermost pair of leaflets: stipules 
acute, linear, membranaceous, persistent : flowers solitary on elongated axillary peduncles : 
calyx persistent ; lobes slightly shorter than petals: pods turgid, oblong, finely pubescent, 
1.5 cm. long, 7 mm. wide. 

On dry mesas, Texas and New Mexico to Mexico. 


2. Cassia Roemeriàna Scheele. Plant erect, villous, 4-5 dm. tall. Stems numer- 
ous, from a thick rootstock : leaflets 2, densely pubescent, the blades lance-linear, 3-6 cm. 
long, 7-12 mm. wide, asymmetrical at the base, borne on a somewhat elongated rhachis : 
stipules filiform, persistent : peduncles 2-4-flowered, forming terminal corymbose racemes : 
calyx-lobes ovate, membranaceous : petals strongly veined : pods nearly straight, turgid, 
mucronate, dehiscent along both sutures, 2.5-3 cm. long. 

On mesas, Texas and New Mexico to Mexico. 


3. Cassia bauhinioides A. Gray. Plant 3-4 dm. tall. Stem somewhat branching, 
densely pubescent, pilose or even tomentose: leaflets 2, the blades oblong-ovate, very 
asymmetrical at the base, canescent beneath, 2-3 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide: stipules fili- 
form, persistent : peduncles 2-flowered, forming corymbs at the ends of the branches: 
caly x-lobes thin, membranaceous, elliptic: pods villous, compressed, straight or subfaleate, 
acute, dehiscent along both sutures, 3-5 cm. long. i 

On mesas, western Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 


., 4. Cassia Lindheimeriàna Scheele. Plant erect, 0.5-1 m. tall. Stems branching, 
silky-pubescent : leaflets 8-12, the blades asymmetrical, oval or elliptical, acute or mucro- 
nate, canescent beneath, 2.7-3 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide : petiolar gland setaceous, situated 

tween the next to the lowermost pair of leaflets: stipules linear, membranaceous : 
racemes loosely many-flowered, becoming corymbose at the ends of the branches : calyx- 
in ovate-lanceolate, striate : pods straight, acute, apparently indehiscent, nearly gla- 

TOUS, very much compressed, 5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide. 

In dry ground, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 


l 5. Cassia occidentalis L. Plant annual, 0.5-1.5 m. tall, herbaceous, glabrous : leaf- 
hn -12, the blades lanceolate, becoming lance-elliptic, subglaucous beneath, 3.6-5 cm. 
lon ; 1-2 em. wide: petiolar glands 2, sessile, conical, between the lowermost pair of 
eallets : stipules filiform, caducous: flowers large m oe eee ee ee 
calyx-lobes rather short, oval or lance-ovate: pods linear, turgid, slightly compressed, 
glabrous, straight, or arcuate, with the septa externally prominent, 11 cm. long, 6 mm. 
wide : seeds numerous, transverse. 


oie ed Shem Virginia and Indiana to Florida and Mexico. Adventive or naturalized from 
b > Cassia Marylandica L. Plant perennial, 1-2 m. tall, branching, herbaceous, gla- 
rous : leaflets 12-20, the blades acute-elliptical, submucronate, glaucous heneath, slightly 
asymmetrical at the base, 4-5 cm. long, about 1.4 cm. wide: petiolar gland obconical, 
stipitate, situated a short distance above base of rhachis : stipules Aliform, ciliate, caducous: 
racemes short, many-flowered : calyx-lobes oval, more or less petal-like : pods falcate, flat, 
near, somewhat hispid, with undulate margins, 10-12 em. long, 6 mm. wide: seeds 
numerous, transverse, 


In moist or alluvial soil, Connecticut to Florida, Nebraska, Kansas and Louisiana. 


586 CASSIACEAE 


7. Cassialigustrina L. Plant perennial, 1-2 m. tall, herbaceous, glabrous. Stem 
grooved : leaflets 12-16, the blades lanceolate, glabrous, 4-4.2 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide: 
petiolar gland at base of rachis, elongated, stipitate: stipules linear, membranaceous, 
caducous: racemes few-flowered, forming a corymbose panicle: calyx-lobes oval, mem- 
branaceous, shorter than the petals: pods flat, glabrous, with slightly sinuate margins, 8 
cm. wide : seeds parallel with the valves. 

Inswamps or woods, peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies and tropical America. 


8. Cassia Tóra L. Plant annual, 0.5-1.5 m. tall. Stem glabrous, herbaceous: 
leaflets 4-6, the blades glabrous or pubescent beneath, obovate-elliptical or wedge-obovate, 
very slightly euspidate, the terminal pair much the largest, all symmetrical or nearly so at 
the base, 3-5 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. wide: petiolar glands slender, elongated, situated 
between the lowermost pair of leaflets: stipules persistent: racemes loose, few-flowered : 
flowers large: calyx-lobes oval, membranaceous: pods elongated, linear, acute, faleate, 
more or less tetragonal, glabrous, 16-18 cm. long, 3 mm. wide: seeds numerous, large, 
quadrate. 

In waste grounds, Virginia to Indiana, Floridaand Arkansas. Also in Cubaand tropical America. 


9. Cassia bifldra L. Plant shrubby. Stems branching freely, glabrous or pilose: 
leaflets 4-10, the blades usually pubescent or canescent beneath, sometimes glabrous, ob- 
long-elliptical, acute or obtuse at apex, 4 cm. long, about 1.6 cm. wide: petiolar gland 
stipitate, slender, acute, situated between lowermost pair of leaflets: stipules linear, mem- 
branaceous, caducous: peduncles 2-flowered, in close terminal racemes: flowers large: 
calyx-lobes oblong-elliptical, as long as the petals: pods faleate, narrowly linear, 9 cm. 
long, 5 mm. wide. 

An occasional escape in Florida. Abundant in the West Indies and Mexico. 


10. Cassia Bahaménsis Mill. Plant shrubby, tall. Stems often simple, glabrous 
or somewhat pilose : leaflets 6-10, the blades subcoriaceous, ovate or acutely elliptical, sub- 
mucronate, 3.5-5 cm. long, 1.6 em. wide: petiolar gland orbicular, depressed, varying 1n 
position from between lowermost pair of leaflets to near base of rachis: stipules linear, 
caducous : flowers corymbose-paniculate: sepals petal-like : pods linear, flat, with lateral 
depressions between the seeds, 9 cm. long, 5 mm. wide. 

In dry soil, Florida. Also in the Bahamas. 


3. CHAMAECRÍSTA Moench.! 

Herbs or shrubs, with pinnate leaves and axillary or supra-axillary flowers or flower- 
clusters. Rachis of the leaf bearing one or rarely two glands near the base. Flowers 
solitary or clustered, each borne on a twisted pedicel. Calyx-lobes 5, acuminate, mem- 
branaceous. Corolla irregular. Petals 5, one of the lateral ones (banner) and the lower- 
most petal (one of the wings) largest, the remaining three petals often greatly reduced. 
Stamens 10, all perfect, or occasionally some of them reduced to staminodia: anthers 
irregular in size, opening by apical pores: filaments short. Pods linear, flat, promptly 
dehiscent at maturity, the valves very elastic. Seeds compressed, ovoid or quadrate, 
oblique. SENSITIVE PEA. SENSITIVE PLANT. 


Corolla large, exceeding 1 cm. in diameter: petals only moderately unequal. 
Plants shrubby or woody, at least at the hee ‘ sf * ; 
Leaflets few, 3-8 pairs. 1. C. grammica. 
pt m par Ee GA airs. 1 
ants erect: leaf- es 20-40-foliolate. es i 
Leaflets 5 mm. long. 2. C. Mississippienss. 
Leaflets 1 cm. long. x 
Leaves cinereous-pubescent. 3. C. cinerea. 
Leaves glabrous. 4. C. brachiata. 
Plant prostrate or decumbent : leaf-blades 18-24-foliolate. 5. C. procumbens. 
Plants annual, herbaceous. ;culata 
Petiolar gland oblong, depressed-truncate: species northern. 6. C. fasciculata. 
Petiolar gland orbicular: species all southern. 
Plant robust, strongly hirsute. 7. 
Plants of low stature, glabrate or only slightly pubescent. 
Gland crateriform. 8. 
Gland discoid. 
Corolla 2-3 em. broad. 


C. robusta. 
C, bellula. 


C. chamaecristoides, 


Plant low and spreading : leaflets scattered on the rachis. 9. qnc 
Plant erect: leaflets crowded on the rachis. 10. C. littorans. 
Corolla 1-1.5 em. broad. 11. C. Tracyt. 


Corolla small, less than 1 em. in diameter, one petal much larger than the re- 
maining four. 
a. Plants copiously hirsute. 


! Contributed by Mr. Charles Louis Pollard. 


CASSIACEAE 587 


` 


Leaf-blades 40-54-foliolate. 12. C. aspera. 
Leaf-blades 16-24-foliolate. 13. C. Simpsonii. 

b. Plants glabrate or merely puberulent. 
Leaflets 20-25 pairs, the blades narrowly linear. 14. C. multipinnata. 
Leaflets 6-14 pairs, the blades broadly liñear. 15. C. nictitans. 


1. Chamaecrista grámmica (Spreng.) Pollard. Plant erect, branching. Stem 
herbaceous or suffruticose at base, densely pubescent: leaflets 6-16, the blades elliptical or 
subobovate, mucronate, subcoriaceous, canescent beneath, 1 cm. long, 3 mm. wide: 
petiolar gland obsolescent, sessile, compressed : stipules aculeate: peduncles 1-flowered : 
flowers large: pods pubescent, linear, mucronate, 3-4 cm. long, 4 mm. wide: seeds few. 

In sand, Florida Keys. Alsoin Cuba. 


2. Chamaecrista Mississippiénsis Pollard. Plant decumbent, branching, suffruti- 
cose. Stem glabrous: leaflets 18-28, the blades subcoriaceous, pubescent, small, elliptical 
or obovate, mucronate, basally asymmetrical, 5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide: petiolar 
gland minute, cupuliform, sessile: stipules linear, membranaceous, persistent : peduncles 
1 em. long, axillary, 1-flowered : flowers large: calyx-lobes lance-linear, slightly pubes- 
cent, not surpassing the petals: pods linear, sparsely pubescent, 2.5 cm. long, 4 mm. wide: 
seeds 4 or 5, ovoid, rather large. 

In sandy soil, Alabama and Mississippi. : 


3. Chamaecrista cinérea (Cham. & Schlecht.) Pollard. Plant suffruticose. Stem 
branching, puberulent: leaflets 20-40, clothed with cinereous pubescence, the blades 
narrow, linear-faleate, acute, 1 cm. long, 2 mm. wide: petiolar gland small, cupuliform, 
stipitate: stipules filiform or linear: peduncles 1-2-flowered, rather short, axillary or 
supra-axillary : flowers large: pods linear, pilose or sparsely pubescent, prostrate, some- 
what elongated, 5-5.5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide. 

In dry ground, Texas and Mexico. 


4. Chamaecrista brachiàta Pollard. Plant 1 m. high or less. Stem tough, freely 
branching, glabrate : leaflets 20-28, the blades linear, glabrous on both surfaces, the mid- 
vein somewhat excentric, the obtuse apex tipped with a slender cusp: petiolar gland very 
much depressed, discoid : stipules lanceolate, acuminate, striate, and strongly persistent : 
flowers large, 3 cm. in diameter, the broad yellow petals considerably exceeding the 
lanceolate scarious calyx-lobes : pods linear, 6-7 em. long, quite glabrous when mature: 
seeds quadrate, oblong, compressed on both sides. 

In sandy pine Jands, peninsular Florida. 


5. Chamaecrista procumbens (L.) Greene. Plant prostrate. Stem branching 
from a fruticose base : leaflets 18-24, pubescent, the blades very small, linear, acutely sub- 
faleate, 5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, on a stout rachis: petiolar gland minute: stipules 
cordate, foliaceous : peduncles rather long, 1-flowered, axillary: flower large: pods linear, 
puberulent, somewhat crisped, with prominent sutural margins, 3.5’cm. long, 4 mm. wide. 

In dry soil, Texas and Mexico. 


6. Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene. Plant erect or spreading. Stem 
herbaceous, glabrous: leaflets 16-28, the blades oblong-elliptical, acute or mucronate, 1.5 
em. long, 3 em. wide: petiolar gland sessile, compressed, truncate: stipules lance-linear, 
membranaceous : peduncles numerous, supra-axillary, 3-5-flowered : flowers large: sepals 
membranaceous, lanceolate, equalling or exceeding the petals: pods elongated-linear, 
subrostrate, pubescent, 5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide: seeds numerous. 

In fields and meadows, Maine to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida and Mexico. 


7. Chamaecrista robüsta Pollard. Plant erect, 1-2 m. tall. Stem branching, 
herbaceous, densely pubescent, stout : leaflets glabrate, 20-30, blades elliptical, obtuse, 
finely cuspidate, 2 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, occasionally an odd one terminating the 
rachis: petiolar gland orbicular, truncate, compressed, sessile: stipules foliaceous, 
broadly lanceolate : peduncles 1-3-flowered, supra-axillary : flowers large and conspicuous : 
calyx-lobes small, membranaceous, lanceolate, only half as long as the petals: pods nar- 
row, linear, pubescent, 4 cm. long, 5 mm. wide. 

In upland regions, Kentucky to northern Alabama and Louisiana. 

8. Chamaecrista béllula Pollard. Plant slender, erect, 3-4 dm. high, the branches 
ascending. Stems and rachises puberulent : leaflets 10-20, the blades linear-elliptical, 
glabrous, 6-10 mm. long, of thin texture, minutely apiculate, the midvein rather excentric, 
not prominent : petiolar gland crateriform, subsessile: stipules linear, acuminate, mem- 
branaceous, striate: peduncles 1-flowered, almost always bibracteolate, supra-axillary : 
corolla 2 em. broad: calyx-lobes linear, attenuate, nearly equalling the obovate petals : 
pods 6-7 cm. long, linear, puberulent : seeds ovoid, Boorse fle» oblique. 

In sand, St. Vincent, Florida. 


588 CASSIACEAE 


9. Chamaecrista chamaecristoides (Collad.) Greene. Plant low and spreading, but 
not prostrate. Stems divaricately much branched, obscurely strigose-pubescent: leaflets 
12-24, scattered, linear-elliptical, glabrous, 9 mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. broad : petiolar 
gland small, circular, sessile, depressed : flowers solitary on filiform mostly supra-axillary 
peduncles: calyx-lobes linear, scarious, strongly ciliate: petals large, obovate, much ex- 
ceeding the sepals, 1.5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad : pods not seen. [Cassia depressa. Pollard. ] 

In dry ground, Missouri to Florida. 


10. Chamaecrista littoralis Pollard. Plant erect. Stem diffusely branching, the 
branchlets and younger shoots finely puberulent : leaflets 12-24, the blades elliptic, prom- 
inently cuspidate, 5-8 mm. long, midvein more or less excentric : stipules persistent, lan- 
ceolate, sharply attenuate, 3-5-nerved, the margin usually hispidulous: petiolar gland 
cupuliform, practically sessile : flowers about 2-2.5 cm. wide, on slender solitary peduncles 
1-1.5 em. long: petals exceeding the linear-lanceolate scarious calyx-lobes : pods densely 
pubescent, not at all falcate, 4-5 cm. long: seeds quadrate, compressed, dark brown. 

Near the coast, Mississippi and Louisiana. 


11. Chamaeciista Tràcyi Pollard. Plant erect, herbaceous. Stem freely branching, 
the branches inclined to be lax and spreading, like the rest of the foliage densely clothed 
with a slight glandular pubescence: leaflets 8-18, the leaflets oblong or elliptical, very 
small, 5-8 mm. long: petiolar gland cupuliform, sessile near the base of the rachis: 
stipules setaceous : flowers solitary, on slender axillary or supra-axillary peduncles as long 
as the leaves or longer, upcurved in fruit: calyx-lobes narrowly linear, acuminate, about 
equalling the petals: corolla 1-1.5 cm. wide: pods pubescent, 4 em. long, rather moderately 
rostrate. 

In sandy soil, Koshtaw, Mississippi. 


12. Chamaecrista áspera (Muhl.) Greene. Plant tall, erect, herbaceous. Stem 
hispid with fulvous hairs : leaflets 40-54, the blades glabrous, narrowly linear, acuminate, 
1 em. long, 1.5 mm. wide: petiolar gland slender, erect, elongated : stipules linear, mem- 
branaceous, striated: peduncles 2-3-flowered, supra-axillary, very short: flowers rather 
larger than in C. nictitans, usually in pairs: pod hispid, somewhat obtusely linear, 2.8 em. 
long, 6 mm. wide : seeds few, oblique. 

In waste ground, Georgia to Florida.—A variety from Alabama, with hoary-pubescent leaflets, is 
Chamaecrista aspera Móhrii Pollard. 

13. Chamaecrista Simpsónii Pollard. Plant low, branching from a fruticose base. 
Stem more or less puberulent : leaflets 16-24, the blades glabrous or nearly so, small, nar- 
rowly linear, 5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, each tipped with a black rigid acuminate tip: 
petiolar gland minute, stipitate, obconical : stipules foliaceous, tipped with rigid acumi- 
nate tips similar to those on leaflets : flowers sessile or subsessile, somewhat supra-axillary, 
5-8 mm. broad: calyx-lobes lanceolate, membranaceous, equalling the petals : pods flat, 
linear, hirsute, subrostrate, 2 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide: seeds few. 

In sand, Big Pine and No Name Keys, Florida. 


14. Chamaecrista multipinnata (Pollard) Greene. Plant slender, tall, erect, 
more or less branched. Stem pubescent : leaflets 40-50, the blades 10 mm. long, 1.5 mm. 
wide, glabrous, narrowly linear, euspidate: petiolar gland minute, depressed-cupuliform, 
substipitate : stipules long-acuminate, striate, foliaceous: flowers scattered, sessile, the 
corolla quite irregular, its small yellow petals not much exceeding the narrow, scarious- 
edged sepals: pods linear, compressed, pubescent or even hirsute, dorsally and ventrally 
dehiscent, elastic, 2 to 2.5 cm. long: seeds 4 to 6. 

In sandy woods, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana.—The low diffusely spreading form is Chamae- 
crista multipinnata Náshii (Pollard) Greene. 

15. Chamaecrista níctitans (L. Moench. Plant low, herbaceous. Stems biana 
ing and spreading freely : leaflets glabrous, 12-28, the blades linear-elliptical, acute i 
mucronate, 1-1.4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide: petiolar gland urceolate, subsessile : stipu 
small, foliaceous, lanceolate, striate: peduncles 1-flowered, supra-axillary : flowers sma" 
inconspicuous, subsessile : pods pubescent, submembranaceous, acute, 3.5 cm. long, 6 mm. 
wide: seeds few. 

In woods and fields, New England, Kansas, Georgia and Louisiana. 


4. GLEDÍTSIA L. : 

Trees, usually armed with simple or branched thorns, the bark pale, often qe 
Leaves equally bipinnate or some of them merely pinnate, with stipules: leaflets smal, 
numerous, often crenulate. Flowers small, polygamous, greenish, clustered or in — 
or lateral racemes or panicles. Calyx-lobes 3-5, nearly equal, surmounting the campanu 


CASSIACEAE 589 


late-turbinate tube. Petals 3-5, nearly equal. Receptacle very small. Stamens 6-10, 
longer than the petals: filaments distinct: anthers uniform in size, opening lengthwise, 
Pod elliptic or elongated, flattened, more or less curved and twisted, indehiscent or tardily 
dehiscent, the valves leathery. Seeds flattened. The plants flower in the spring. Honry 
Locust. 


Ovary glabrous: pods oval or elliptic, 1-seeded, or rarely 2-seeded. 1. G. aquatica. 
Ovary pubescent: pods linear or oblong-linear, many-seeded. 
Trees unarmed : pods 10-13 em. long, not twisted, not pulpy within. 2. G. Texana. 
Trees usually armed : pods 20-30 cm. long, twisted, pulpy within. 3. G. triacanthos. 


1. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. A tree sometimes 20 m. tall, armed with simple or 
branching thorns. Bark dull gray : leaves numerous: leaflets 12-18, the blades leathery, 
oblong to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-4.5 em. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, obtuse'at 
the base, crenate, lustrous above, paler beneath : staminate racemes 5-8 cm. long, loosely 
flowered : calyx-lobes lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, sparingly pubescent: petals 
oblong or oval-oblong, rather longer than the calyx-lobes : pods oval or elliptic, oblique, 
3-5 em. long, abruptly acuminate at both ends: seed solitary, or rarely 2 seeds in a d 

In swamps, Indiana and Missouri to South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. WATER LOCUST. 

2. Gleditsia Texàna Sarg. A tree becoming 30-36 m. tall, unarmed. Bark 
pale, smooth : leaves numerous: leaflets 12-22, the blades mainly oblong-ovate, 1.2-2.5 
cm. long, obtuse or acute, and apiculate at the apex, firm, crenulate-serrate, deep green 
and lustrous above, pale beneath, obliquely rounded at the base: staminate racemes slen- 
der, 7-10 cm. long: calyx-lobes ovate, acute, villous : petals slightly longer than the 
calyx-lobes: stamens exserted : pods linear-oblong, flat, 10-13 cm. long, straight, puber- 
ulous, chestnut-brown : seeds several, oval, lustrous. 

In dry bottom lands, valley of the Brazos River, Texas. 

3. Gleditsia triacánthos L. A tree often 40 m. tall, usually armed with branching 
thorns. Bark pale: leaves numerous: leaflets 12-28, the blades firm, ovate-lanceolate 
varying to elliptie, 1-2.5 cm. long, inequilateral, crenulate, obtuse at both ends, like the 
rachis often pubescent beneath: staminate racemes solitary or clustered, short-peduncled, 
3-12 em. long : calyx-lobes unequal, narrowly oblong to lanceolate: petals greenish, oval 
to oblong-oval, considerably longer than the calyx-lobes: pods elongated, linear, 20-30 
em. long, somewhat curved and twisted, black, lustrous: seeds numerous. 

In rieb woods, Ontario to Kansas, Florida and Texas. 


5. GYMNÓCLADUS Lam. 


Unarmed trees, clothed with a rough deeply furrowed bark, the branches stout, pithy. 
Leaves alternate, unequally bipinnate, deciduous. Leaflets opposite or nearly so, the 
blades entire, membranous. Flowers polygamous, regular, in terminal racemes or thir- 
soid panicles. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, equal, erect or somewhat spreading, surmounting the 
long tube. Corolla greenish white. Petals 5, inserted on the edge of the disk, rather 
longer than the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10: filaments subulate, pubescent, those opposite 
the petals often shorter : anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovules numerous, pendu- 
lous, anatropous. Pod oblong, flattened, slightly curved, woody. Seeds more or less 
flattened, on slender funiculi, KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. 

1. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. A forest tree sometimes 33 m. tall, with a 
deeply furrowed bark. Leaves with 5-9 pinnae: leaflets in 3-7 pairs and terminal ones 
present or absent, the blades ovate or oval, 2-7 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, entire, 
rounded at the base, short-stalked : panicles 1-3 dm. long, the pistillate larger than the 
staminate : calyx pubescent within and without ; tube nearly cylindric, about 1 em. long; 
lobes linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: corolla nearly white: petals oblong, slightly longer 


mer o obe: pods oblong, 1-2 dm. long, flat, curved, thick: seeds lenticular, 


In rich woods, Ontario to Minnesota, Nebraska, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. Spring. 


6. PARKINSÒNIA L. 

Shrubs or trees, clothed with a thin smooth bark and armed with simple or 3-branched 
thorns. Leaves alternate, or fascicled : petioles very short, with 2-4 branches on which 
are borne many pairs of small leaflets. Flowers in slender axillary solitary or fascicled 
racemes. Calyx-lobes unequal, valvate or imbricated. Corolla bright yellow. Petals 5, 


590 CASSIACEAE 


with comparatively large blades, somewhat unequal, the standard larger than the rest and 
bearing a gland at its base, all spreading. Stamens 10: filaments distinct, villous below the 
middle, those opposite the petals shorter: anthers opening lengthwise. Pods narrow, 
leathery, tapering to both ends, tortulose. Seeds oblong, lengthwise, with a crustaceous 
brown testa. Endosperm horny. 

1. Parkinsonia aculeata L. A shrub or small tree sometimes 9 m. tall, with zigzag 
thorny branches. Leaves elongated, 2-4 dm. long, slender, the rachis winged ; leatlets 
numerous, more or less distant, the blades linear to linear-oblanceolate, 1-10 mm. long, 
inequilateral, on slender petiolules : racemes slender, 1-1.5 cm. long: calyx glabrous ; tube 
very short; lobes oblong, reflexed, surpassing the tube: petals yellow, 1-1.5 cm. long; 
blades suborbicular or oval, longer than the claws: stamens and ovary pubescent: pods 
narrow, 5-10 cm. long, contracted between the seeds, acuminate at both ends : seeds oblong. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Texas, California and Mexico. Also in tropical America. Spring. 


7. CERCIDIUM Tulasne. 


Shrubs or trees, with spine-armed more or less tortuous branches. Leaves bipinnate, 
relatively small. Leaflets few to each pinna, small. Flowers in short, often clustered, 
racemes. Calyx-lobes 5, slightly unequal, valvate. Corolla yellow. Petals 5, with broad 
imbricated blades. Stamens 10, slightly declined : filaments distinct, pubescent near the 
base : anthers opening lengthwise. Pods flattened, narrow, 2-valved. Seeds several. 
Ovary and pod pubescent: pods 5-6 mm. broad. 1. C. Texanum. 
Ovary and pod glabrous: pods 10-12 mm. broad. 2, C. floridum. 

1. Cercidium Texànum A. Gray. A thorny shrub 6-15 dm. tall, with rigid zigzag, 
often intricate, branches. Leaves early deciduous : leaflets 2-4, the blades leathery, oblong- 
obovate, 4-6 mm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, sessile: flowers solitary in the axils 
or racemose at the ends of the branchlets: calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, re- 
flexed : corolla yellow, 1.5-2 em. broad: petals spreading, slightly crisped, the standard 
with a suborbicular blade, the others with obovate blades: pods flat, linear, 3-5 cm. long, 
pubescent, slightly constricted between the seeds. 

On mesas, along and near the Rio Grande, Texas. Spring. 

2. Cercidium flóridum Benth. A thorny tree 4-6 m. tall, with a crooked trunk 
becoming 2.5 dm. thick and a wide top. Leaves deciduous: leaflets 4-6, the blades 
obovate or oblong-obovate, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse or slightly emarginate, minutely puberu- 
lent and sometimes slightly glandular, nearly sessile: flowers in lax racemes: calyx-lobes 
oblong, reflexed, deciduous: corolla golden-yellow, nearly 2 cm. broad : petals spreading, 
undulate, the standard with a reniform-obicular blade, the others with obovate-orbicular 
blades: ovary glabrous: pods flat, narrow, 4-6 cm. long, glabrous. 

On dry gravelly mesas, southern Texas and Mexico. Spring. 


8. DELONIX Raf. 

Trees, with spreading branches, unarmed. Leaves bipinnate, with several or many 
pinnae. Leaflets relatively small, numerous. Flowers in corymbose racemes. Calyx- 
lobes 5, nearly equal, valvate, much longer than the tube. Corolla showy, red or orange. 
Petals 5, with broad imbricated blades. Stamens 10, declined : filaments distinct : anthers 
opening lengthwise. Pod somewhat flattened, elongated, often solid between the seed, 
2-valved. Seeds several. ; 

1. Delonix régia (Boj.) Raf. A shrub or tree becoming 5 m. tall, with a mi 
hoe i top. Leaves spreading, the larger with 20-50 pinnae: leaflets numerous, the 
blades linear-oblong, 4-10 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: pedicels stout: corolla or 
orange : petals 5-7 cm. long, the blades undulate and crisped. [Poinciana regia Boj.] 

In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the tropics generally. 


9. POINCIANA L. 

Shrubs or trees, smooth or prickle-armed. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, with several 
or many pinnae. Leaflets few or many to each pinna, entire. Flowers in racemes or 
panicles. Bracts wanting or caducous. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid, imbricated, the lower 
lobe largest, overlapping the rest. Corolla often highly colored. Petals 5, unequal. = 
mens 10: filaments distinct: anthers opening lengthwise. Pods rather narrow, unarmed, 
straight or nearly so, wingless. 


CASSIACEAE 591 


Leaflets 6-12 mm. long: pedicels 1-1.5 em. long: petals 1-1.5 em. long. 1. P. pauciftora. 
Leaflets 15-25 mm. long: pedicels 4-9 em. long: petals 2-3 cm. long. 2. P. pulcherrima. 

l. Poinciana pauciflóra (Griseb.) Small. A slender shrub, 1-2 m. tall. Leaves 
spreading with 8-12 pinnae: leaflets relatively few, the blades oblong, sometimes broadly 
so, to obovate, 6-12 mm. long, 3.5-5.5 mm. wide : pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long: corolla yellow: 
petals 1-1.5 cm. long, the blades slightly crisped : pods oblong or elliptic-oblong, 2-3.5 
em. long. [Caesalpinia pauciflora (Griseb. ) Benth. & Hook. ] 

In sandy soil, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies. 

2. Poinciana pulchérrima L. A prickle-armed shrub or tree becoming 4 m. tall. 
Leaves spreading, the larger with 6-18 pinnae: leaflets relatively few, the blades oblong to 
cuneate, 15-25 mm. long, 5-11 mm. wide: pedicels 4-9 cm. long: corolla orange-red or 
rarely yellow: petals 2-3 cm. long, the blades crisped : pods broadly linear or slightly 
broadened upward, 9-13 cm. long. [Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.] 


In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the tropics generally. 


10. GUILANDINA L. 


Shrubs, with stout but weak stems, armed with recurved prickles. Leaves abruptly 
bipinnate, with several pinnae. Leaflets 10-16 to each pinna, pellucid-punctate. Flowers 
in racemes or panicles. Bracts narrow, deciduous. Calyx-lobes 5, imbricated, longer than 
the tube. Corolla yellow. Petals 5, nearly equal. Stamens 10: filaments pubescent near 
the base : anthers opening lengthwise. Pods little longer than broad, flattened, prickle- 
armed, 2-valved, 1-few-seeded. Seeds slightly flattened. 


Leaves with foliaceous stipules: seeds gray or lead-colored. 1. G. Crista. 
Leaves without stipules: seeds yellow. 2. G. major. 


1. Guilandina Crista (L.) Small. A straggling or sprawling shrub, armed with 
hooked prickles, the foliage finely pubescent. Leaves 2-5 dm. long, the leaflets numerous, 
the blades ovate to oblong-ovate or nearly oblong, mucronulate, 1.5-3.5 em. long, rounded, 
truncate or subcordate at the base: stipules foliaceous : racemes or panicles 1-4 dm. long: 
bracts surpassing the pedicels, recurved: corolla dull yellow, 1-1.5 cm. broad : pods oval 
or oval-oblong, 5-7 em. long, prickly all over, obliquely short-beaked : seeds gray or lead- 
colored. [Caesalpinia Crista L. Guilandina Bondue L. G. Bonducella L.] 

In pine lands and hammocks, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the tropics generally. 

. 2. Guilandina major (DC.) Small. Similar to G. Crista in habit. Leaves without 
stipules: leaflets with relatively large blades which vary from 4-8 cm. in length: seeds 
yellow. [G. Bonduc L., not L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 1. G. Bondue var. majus DC.] 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also widely distributed in the tropics. 


1l. HOFFMANSÉGGIA Cav. 


Herbs, sometimes a little woody at the base, the stem usually branched at the base. 
Leaves bipinnate. Leaflets several to many, often glandular-punctate. Flowers race- 
mose. Calyx-lobes 5, nearly equal, much longer than the tube. Corolla yellow or yellow- 
ish. Petals 5, imbricated. Stamens 10, slightly declined : filaments distinct, often glan- 
dular at the base : anthers opening lengthwise. Pods flat, narrow and more or less curved, 
or broad and straight or slightly curved along the upper edge, few-seeded. The plants 
flower mainly in the spring. 

Leaflets not : : 
Petals with long claws, the claw of the standard thick And dilated: style clavate 


1. H. Falcaría. 
Petals with very short claws, the standard essentially sessile: style cylindric. 


Pranches glabrous : filaments glandular: pods about 2 em. long. 2. H. Drummondii. 
Leaflet ree pubescent : filaments glandless : s about 1.5 cm. long. 3, H. Texensis. 
Le 0 andular-punctate or prominently veined : pods broad and short, not falcate. 
afets approximate, not veiny, obtuse. 4. H. Jamesii. 
ets separated, prominently veined, acute. 5. H. caudata. 


E Hoffmanseggia Falearia Cav. Stem usually branched at the base, the branches 
erect or ascending, 5-30 cm. tall, often pubescent and sometimes puberulent, simple or 
Sparingly branched : leaves with 5-9 pinnae: leaflets usually 10-20, the blades mainly ob- 
ong, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse, not landular-punctate: calyx glandular-pubescent ; lobes 
soils on 7-8 mm. long: corolla 1.5-2 cm. broad: pods linear, 3-4 cm. 
, . 


On plains and Prairies, Kansas to California and Texas. Also in Central and South America. 


592 KRAMERIACEAE 


2. Hoffmanseggia Drummóndii T. & G. Stem branched at the base, the branches 
more or less spreading, 10-20 cm. long, glabrous, much branched: leaves with 3 pinnae; 
leaflets usually 8-12, the blades oblong-cuneate or nearly oblong, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, obtuse, 
not glandular-punctate: calyx glabrous or nearly so, except the ciliate margins of the 
lobes; lobes narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long: corolla 1-1.2 em. 
broad: pods narrow, about 2 cm. long. 

On plains or prairies, southern Texas. 


3. Hoffmanseggia Texénsis E. M. Fisher. Stem branched at the base, the branches 
intricately branched, 15-30 cm. long, their gray bark finely pubescent: leaves with 3 
pinnae: leaflets 6-10, the blades mainly oblong, 1-2 mm. long: calyx finely pubescent or 
nearly glabrous ; lobes narrow, 2-2.5 mm. long: corolla mainly less than 1 cm. broad: 
pod narrow, about 1 cm. long. 

In rocky soil, southern Texas. 


4. Hoffmanseggia Jamésii T. & G. Stem branched at the base, the branches erect 
or ascending, 10-35 em. long, finely pubescent and more or less glandular: leaves with 
5-7 pinnae: leaflets approximate, 10-20, the blades oblong to ovate-oblong, 3-5 mm. long, 
obtuse, glandular-punetate : calyx strigillose; lobes narrowly oblong or linear-oblong, 7-9 
mm. long: corolla 10-12 mm. wide : pods about 2 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. wide, glandular, 
slightly curved along the upper edge. 

On plains and prairies, Kansas to Texas and New Mexico. 

5. Hoffmanseggia caudàta A. Gray. Stem often branched at the base, the branches 
ascending, 10-30 em. long, glabrous: leaves with 7-9 pinnae : leaflets separated, 8-22, the 
blades suborbicular to ovate, 2-5 mm. long, acute, prominently veined : calyx puberulent ; 
lobes oval to ovate, 5-6 mm. long: corolla about 1.5 em. wide: pods about 2 cm. long, 1 
em. wide, glandular. 

On plains, southern Texas. 


FAMILY 175. KRAMERIACEAE Dumort. KRAMERIA FAMILY. 


Shrubs or perennial herbs, generally with prostrate or spreading rigid branch- 
ing stems and silky pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate, without stipules : 
blades entire or trifoliate, relatively small. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx 
of 4-5 petal-like unequal sepals, deciduous. Corolla of 4-5 petals, shorter than 
the sepals, the posterior with long claws, thin, their claws often united, the 2 
anterior thick, sessile. Androecium of 3-4 stamens. Filaments united at the 
base or as far as the middle. Anthers 2-celled : sacs opening by terminal pores. 
Gynoecium of a single carpel. Ovary 1-celled or apparently 2-celled by the 
intrusion of the placentae. Style simple. Stigma truncate or acute. Ovules 2, 
collateral, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit indehiscent, woody, 1-celled, armed. 
Seed usually solitary. Endosperm wanting. Embryo with thick cotyledons 
including the radicle. 


1 KRAMERIA Loefl. 
Characters of the family. 


Herbs : branches prostrate or decumbent. 1. K. secundifiors. 
Shrubs: branches diffusely spreading. 
Plants canescent or somewhat tomentose. K. canescens. 
Spines on the fruit barbed. : K. ramosissima. 
Spines on the fruit not barbed. 4. K. parviflora. 


Plants silky-strigillose. 


1. Krameria secundiflòra DC. Herbaceous, from a stout underground d 
foliage strigose. Stems ascending or spreading, 1-4 dm. long, branching: A T init 
oblanceolate, linear-oblong or narrowly linear, 1-3 cm. long, pie with sma ti e pe- 
sessile : peduncles 2-3 em. long, slender, 1-flowered : pedicels much shorter ae 0 
duncles, subtended by 2 leaf-like bracts: flowers axillary : sepals avit its ate, fruit 
mm. long, aeute : petals 5, the 3 upper with united claws : stamens 4, monadelphous : 
subglobose, 7-9 mm. in diameter, the stout spines retrorsely scabrous. 

In sandy soil, Kansas to Florida, New Mexico and Mexico. Spring. 


2. Krameria canéscens A. Gray. Shrubby, tomentose-canescent. Stems ipeo 
leaf-blades linear-lanceolate to linear, 0.5-2 cm. long, acute, sessile, straight or bended 
peduncles about 1 cm. long: pedicels about as long as the peduncles or shorter, ine oni 
by 2 bracts: flowers axillary : sepals lanceolate, nearly 1 cm. long, the smaller on 


FABACEAE 593 


times linear, acute: fruit subglobose, 7-8 mm. thick, silvery-canescent, spiny, its spines 
barbed at the apex. 
In dry soil, Texas to California and Mexico. Spring. 


3. Krameria ramosissima (A. Gray) S. Wats. Shrubby, spiny, canescent. Stems 
erect, 2-7 dm. tall, rigidly much branched; branches spreading: leaf-blades linear, or 
linear-lanceolate, 2-5 mm. long, often clustered in the axils, obtuse, sessile : peduncles 3-6 
mm. long: pedicels about as long as the peduncles, subtended by 2 bracts : sepals lanceolate 
or ovate-lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long: le light maroon : fruit ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, silky, 
the slender spines unarmed. 


In dry soil, Texas, New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. Spring. 


4. Krameria parvifolia Benth. Shrubby, silky-pubescent and somewhat glandular. 
Stem erect, 2-7 dm. tall, rigid, diffusely branched ; branches spreading, sometimes spiny : 
leaves linear or nearly so, 0.5-1.5 em. long, the lower ones obtuse, the upper spine-tipped, 
sessile : peduncles 4-8 mm. long: pedicels longer than the peduncles, subtended by 2 
bracts: sepals 7-9 mm. long, strigose and often slightly glandular: fruit subglobose, 
cordate, 7-9 mm. long, the slender spines retrorsely barbed their whole length. 


In dry soil, Texas to California and Mexico. Spring. 


FAMILY 18. FABACEAE Reichenb. Prea FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees of vast and varied economic importance, Leaves 
alternate: blades mostly compound, sometimes 1-foliolate, or probably simple, 
occasionally perfoliate. Flowers perfect, or rarely polygamo-dioecious, solitary 
or variously disposed in a simple or co.ipound inflorescence, irregular. Calyx 
of 4 or 5 partially united sepals, sometimes 2-lipped. Corolla papilionaceous, 
hypogynous or perigynous. Petals 5, distinct or somewhat united, usually 
separable into 3 kinds ; a broadened upper one surrounding the rest in the bud 
(standard), 2 lateral ones (wings), and 2 united or cohering ones (keel). Androe- 
cium of 10 or sometimes 9 or rarely 5 stamens. Filaments monadelphous, dia- 
delphous or occasionally distinct. Gynoecium of a single carpel. Ovary 
superior, l-celled or 2-several-celled by cross partitions. Styles entire. Stigma 
terminal, oblique or lateral. Ovules 1 or many, anatropous or amphitropous. 
Fruit capsular, a 2-valved or indehiscent legume, or a loment. Seeds usually 
destitute of endosperm. Embryo with thick cotyledons. [Papilionaceae L.] 
Stamens 10: filaments distinct. 

Leaf-blades pinnate. TRIBE I. SOPHOREAE. 
z Leaf-blades digitately 3-foliolate, 1-foliolate or simple. TRIBE II. PODALYRIEAE. 
Stamens 10 or fewer: filaments monadelphous or diadelphous. 
Leaves destitute of tendrils. 
Herbs, shrubs, trees or woody vines. 


Fruit 2-valved or indehiscent, not a loment. 
Foliage not glandular-dotted (except in Glycyrrhiza). 


Anthers of 2 kinds: filaments monadelphous. TRIBE III. GENISTEAE, 
Anthers all alike: filaments diadelphous at least beyond . 
the middle. 
Leaf-blades 3-foliolate. 
Leaflets toothed. TRIBE IV. TRIFOLIEAE. 
Leaflets entire. TRIBE V. LOTEAE. 


Leaf-blades pinnately several-many-foliolate or 
rarely 1-foliolate. 


Pods dehiscent. TRIBE VI. GALEGEAE. 
: Pods indehiscent. TRIBE VII. DALBERGIEAE. 
ie e LADEN dodge, Tene IX. HEDYSAREAE 
oment. RIBE IX. 4 è 
Le Herbaceous vines or herbs. TRIBE X. PHASEOLEAE. 
aves bearing tendrils, TRIBE XI. VICIEAE. 


TRIBE I. SOPHOREAE. 


Tnflorescenes pas Pods moniliform. 2, CLADRASTIS. 
B ult TRIBE II. PODALYRIEAE. d 
Ovary manifestly stalked : pods inflated or turgid. 4. BAPTISIA. — 
Stipules ee ee E Vu adim un 

Stipules not decurrent. pe d ak Pe ee 8 ion. 


38 


594 FABACEAE 


TRIBE IV. TRIFOLIEAE. 


Pods curved or coiled. 7. MEDICAGO. 
Pods straight. 
Pod-valves leathery. i 8. MELILOTUS. 
Pod-valves membranous. 9. TRIFOLIUM. 
TRIBE V. LOTEAE. 
One genus within our range. 10. Lotus. 


TRIBE VI. GALEGEAE. 


Standard with the blade as broad as long or broader, commonly spreading. 
Leaf-blades unequally pinnate. 


Herbs. 
Pods 4-angled or very turgid. 11. INDIGOFERA. 
Pods flattened. 12. CRACCA. 
Shrubs or trees, or woody vines. 
Vines with high climbing woody stems. 13. BRADLEIA. 
Shrubs or trees. 
Flowers in recemes: pods margined on one side. 14, ROBINIA. 
Flowers solitary in the axils: pods marginless. 15. COURSETIA. 


Leaf-blades equally pinnate. 
Pods wingless, more or less compressed. 
Pods several-many-seeded, with thick margins, not in a bladdery 


envelope: 
Standard broad and longer than the keel petals: calyx with acute or 
acuminate lobes. 16. SESBAN. 
Standard narrow and shorter than the keel petals: calyx with broad, 
low lobes. 17. AGATI. 
Pods 2-seeded, the margins thin: seeds remaining in the bladdery inner 
art of the pod when the valves fall away. 18. GLOTTIDIUM. 
Pods 4-sided and 4-winged. 19. DAUBENTONIA. 


Standard with the blades relatively narrow, commonly erect. 
Pod 2-celled, with a perfect partition. 
Pod fleshy, indehiscent. 20. GEOPRUMNON. 
Pod membranous, leathery or woody, dehiscent. 
Pod ovoid to oblong, rarely almost didymous, terete or vertically flat- 
tened, leathery or woody. 21. ASTRAGALUS. 
Pod linear, somewhat laterally flattened, membranous. 22. HAMOSA. 
Pod 1-celled, the partition, if any, rudimentary : 
Lower suture strongly intruded or sometimes both sutures inflexed. 
Both sutures inflexed, each valve of the pod almost circular in cross- 
section. 23. HOLCOPHACOS. 
Upper suture prominent, the pod obcordate in cross-section. 24. TIUM. 
Neither suture intruded. 
Pod membranous, inflated : calyx campanulate: corolla mainly oehro- 


leucous. 25. PHACA. 
Pod woody, not inflated : calyx cylindric: corolla mainly purple. 26. XYLOPHACOS. 
TRIBE VII. DALBERGIEAE. 
Leaf-blades normally 1-foliolate : pods suborbicular, 1-seeded. 27. DALBERGIA. 
Leaf-blades pinnately several-foliolate: pods linear, several-seeded. 28. ICHTHYOMETHIA. 


TRIBE VIII. PSORALEAE. 


Leaf-blades digitately 3-5-foliolate or pinnately 3-foliolate. 29. PSORALEA. 
Leaf-blades mainly pinnately 5-many-foliolate. 
Stamens 9 or 10. 


Corolla of a single petal (standard). 30. AMORPHA. 
Corolla of 5 petals. TIA. 
Corolla with all petals free and distinct. 31. EYSENHARDTIA. 
a SOON with claws of all petals adnate to the filament tube. 32. PAROSELA. 
tamens 5. 
Spikes not subtended by an involucre: calyx-lobes narrow, shorter than 


the tube. 33. PETALOSTEMON. 


Spikes subtended by an imbricated involucre: calyx-lobes bristle-like, 


longer than the tube. 34. KUHNISTERA. 


TRIBE IX. HEDYSAREAE. 
Corolla yellow. 
Flowers perfect. 


Leaf-blades unequally pinnate: stamens diadelphous (5 and 5). 35. AESCHYNOMENE. 


Leaf-blades equally pinnate: stamens monadelphous. 36. ZORNIA. 
Flowers monoecious, at least some of them sterile, others fertile. HES 
Anthers of 2 kinds. 37. STYLOSANTT . 
AU alike. it i 38. CHAPMANIA. 
Corolla white, blue, violet or purple. 
Leaflets stipellate : loments of several joints. 39. MEIBOMIA. 


Leaflets not stipellate: loments of 1-2 joints. 40. LESPEDEZA- 


TRIBE X. PHASEOLEAE. 


A. Keel of the corolla neither curved nor coiled. 
&. Style glabrous or sparingly pubescent below. 
+ i vice noD at the base. 
orolla yellow. 
2 Flowers 1 or 2, or 3 together, axillary to the leaf-like bracts. 41. PITCHERIA. 


FABACEAE 595 


& Flowers in terminal or axillary clusters or racemes. 42. DOLICHOLUS. 
++ Corolia blue, purple, white or scarlet. 
Pods terete, torulose: corolla scarlet. 43. ERYTHRINA. 


Pods flattened, not torulose: corolla blue, purple or white. 
Calyx subtended by 2 bractlets. 


Standard and the filament opposite partially adnate. 44. DIOCLEA. 
Standard and the filament opposite free from each other. 45. GALACTEA. 
Calyx without bractlets. 46. FALCATA. 
** Standard spurred at the base. 47. BRADBURYA. 
b. Style bearded along the inner side. 48. CLITORIA. 


B. Keel of the corolla coiled or curved. 
Keel spirally twisted. 
Leaflets not stipellate 5 or more. 49. APIOS. 
Leaflets stipellate 3. . 50. PHASEOLUS. 
Keel incurved. 
Inflorescence capitate. 


Pods flattened. 51. STROPHOSTYLES. 
Pods nearly terete. 52. VIGNA. 
Inflorescence racemose. 53. CANAVALIA. 
TRIBE XI. VICIEAE. 
Style terete, with a tuft of hairs at the apex. . 54. VICIA. 
Style flattened, pubescent along the inner side. 55. LATHYRUS. 


1. SOPHORA L. 

Unarmed shrubs or trees, or rarely perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, deciduous or 
persistent, with minute deciduous stipules: blades unequally pinnate : leaflets opposite, 
sometimes with bristle-like stipels. Flowers perfect, in terminal or axillary racemes. 
Calyx pedicelled: tube campanulate, often oblique: lobes 5. Corolla white, yellow or 
violet. Petals 5, with claws, all of which are about equal in length: standard with a sub- 
orbicular blade notched at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the base: wings oblong- 
spatulate, slightly oblique, the blade auricled or truncate at the base : keel-petals much like 
the wings. Stamens 10. Filaments distinct or nearly so: anthers versatile. Ovary nar- 
row, short-stalked. Style subulate, incurved. Pod nearly terete, moniliform fleshy, 
leathery or woody, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent. Seeds globose, each in a separate 
cavity. 


Perennial herbs. Beles hee gs 
Shrubs or trees. sic 
Calyx less than 4 mm. long. Eh sa E 
Calyx over 4 mm. long. 
Leaflets smooth : racemes elongated, mostly over 20 em. long. 8. S. tomentosa. 
Leaflets reticulated : racemes thick, usually less than 10 cm. long. 4. S. secundiftora. 


, 1. Sophora sericea Nutt. Herbaceous, pubescent with silvery or silky appressed 
hairs. Stems branching at the base, the branches 1-3 dm. tall: leaves 3-8 cm. long; 
leaflets 7-25, the blades oblong, elliptic, or obovate, 5-12 mm. long, obtuse or notched at 
the apex: racemes 3-12 cm. long, peduncled : calyx oblong, 7-9 mm. long ; tube oblique 
at the base ; lobes ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the tube: corolla white ; standard 
with a dilated blade about 1 cm. broad : keel-petals 13-16 mm. long: pods leathery, 2.5-5 
cm. long, becoming hard, constricted between the seeds. 

On prairies, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Arizona. Spring and summer. 

2. Sophora affinis T. & G. An almost glabrous shrub or small tree sometimes 6 m. 
tall, with spreading branches. Leaves 1-2 dm. long; leaflets firm, 13-15, the blades 
elliptic or oval, 1-4 em. long, mucronate, somewhat lustrous above : racemes slender, 5-15 
cm. long, ascending : pedicels 1-10 mm. long : calyx campanulate, less than 4 mm. long, 
shallowly 5-lobed : corolla white or pink ; petals all with shox claws ; standard with a sub- 
orbicular blade 1-1.5 em. broad ; other petals with oblong-ovate blades : pods 3-8 cm. long, 
pubescent, more or less strongly constricted between the seeds. 

On limestone prairies, Arkansas to Texas. Spring and summer. 


1 3. Sophora tomentósa L. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with tomentose foliage. Leaves 
Bs dm. long ; leaflets 11-17, the blades leathery, oblong, oblong-obovate or oval, inequi- 
ateral, becoming glabrous and revolute : racemes elongating, 1-4 dm. long: pedicels 5-10 
mm. long: calyx oblong or oblong-funnelform, 5-8 mm. long, constricted at the base, the 
os undulate or indistinetly 5-lobed : corolla yellow ; standard with an ovate blade fully 

cm. broad, and over 1.5 cm. long : keel-petals 20 mm. long: pods 5-10 cm. long, strongly 
constricted between the seeds, long-stalked. 

Along or near the coast, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Spring to fall. 

., *- Sophora secundifldra (Ortega) DC. A shrub or small tree sometimes 10 m. tall, 

with upright branches. Leaves 1-1.5 dm. long ; leaflets leathery, 7-13, the blades oblong 


596 FABACEAE 


to oblong-oblanceolate or oval, 2-5 cm. long, mucronate or notched at the apex, reticulated 

and lustrous above: racemes 5-12 cm. long, densely flowered: pedicels 5-15 mm. long: 

calyx campanulate, 8-10 mm. long; tube oblique, turbinate at the base; lobes unequal, 

the 2 upper ones mostly united, the lower ovate to triangular: corolla violet ; standard 

with a suborbicular or ovate crisped notched blade 1-1.5 cm. long; other petals with 

oblong-obovate blades : pods 5-10 cm. long, 3-4-seeded, constricted between the seeds. 
Along limestone blufis, Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


2. CLADRÁSTIS Raf. 

Small trees, with watery sap and yellow wood. Leaves alternate, without stipules, 
deciduous : blades unequally pinnate : petioles stout, enlarged at the base : leaflets mostly 
alternate, with entire blades. Flowers perfect, in elongated terminal thirsoid panicles: 
calyx nearly tubular, somewhat oblique, puberulent: lobes 5, short and broad. Corolla 
white : petals 5, all with claws of about the same length : standard with an oblong-orbicu- 
lar blade, somewhat emarginate, undulate: wings with an oblong straight auricled blade, 
this blotched with yellow: keel-petals distinct, much like the wings. Stamens 10: fila- 
ments distinct, glabrous. Ovary narrow, stalked, villous. Style subulate, slightly incurved. 
Pod linear, flattened, glabrous, short-stalked, tardily dehiscing, slightly thickened at the 
margins. Seeds oblong, flattened. YELLOW-woop. 

1. Cladrastis litea (Michx.) Koch. A tree reaching a height of 17 m., witha 
smooth bark and almost glabrous foliage. Leaves 2-4 dm. long ; leaflets with membranous, 
oval to oblong or ovate or even suborbicular blades, or the terminal one sometimes cuneate, 
somewhat acuminate at the apex, the nerves and short stalk more or less pubescent: 
panicles loosely many-flowered, 1-5 dm. long: pedicels 1-2.5 cm. long: calyx tubular- 
campanulate, the base of the tube oblique and turbinate : lobes rounded, much shorter than 
the tube : corolla white : petals more or less crisped : pods linear-oblong, acute at each end, 
4-8 cm. long, short-stalked. [C. tinctoria Raf.] 

In rich soil, Kentucky to Tennessee and North Carolina. Spring and summer. 


3. THERMOPSIS R. Br. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves alternate, with leaf- 
like stipules: blades digitately 3-foliolate : leaflets nearly equal, with entire membranous 
blades. Flowers perfect, in terminal or lateral racemes. Calyx pedicelled : lobes nearly 
equal or the 2 upper wholly united. Corolla yellow or rarely purple: standard with a 
broad spreading blade, the sides reflexed : wing-petals with oblong blades: keel as long as 
the wings or longer. Stamens 10, distinct. Anthers nearly alike. Ovary sessile or 
nearly so, narrow. Style slightly incurved. Ovulesnumerous. Pod narrow, often linear, 
flat, 2-valved. 

Stems branched above the base: pods glabrous or nearly so. 
Peduncles and pedicels closely pubescent: calyx-tube pubescent. : 

Lower calyx-lobes triangular, much shorter than the tube. 1. T. mollis. 

Ded ei ant Dod ous PR EOD or se e s fae nt: calyx-tube glabrous 3. T. frazinifolia. 
Stems simple above ihe ee pods oliv E E r > E i 4. T. Caroliniana. 
1. Thermopsis móllis (Michx.) M. A. Curtis. Foliage pubescent with minute a 
ressed hairs. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, branching: stipules oblong-lanceolate : leaflets 3, the 
lades oblanceolate to elliptic, notched or acute at the apex, acute at the base: racemes 
erect, 1-3 dm. long, loosely flowered : pedicels 7-15 mm. long, subtended by lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate bracts : calyx campanulate ; lobes triangular, acute, 3 as long as the tube : 
corolla yellow : pods linear, 5-10 em. long, slightly curved. 
In dry soil, Virginia to North Carolina and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


2. Thermopsis Hügeri Small. Foliage minutely pubescent, but little changed in 
drying. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, branching : stipules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, Loa 
long, acute : leaflets 3, the blades elliptic, somewhat acuminate at both ends or those 0 ad 
lower leaves oblanceolate, 5-6 cm. long, somewhat lustrous above, the minute pie tia de 
often abundant at the conspicuous nerves : racemes about 1 dm. long, few-flowered : pe ree 
4 6 mm. long, with bracts similar to the stipules : calyx campanulate, 6-7 mm. long fae : 
except the upper one, lanceolate-acuminate, about as long as the tube: corolla rg 
yellow ; standard with a suborbicular notched blade about 12 mm. in diameter ; wine. 
nearly 2 cm. long, their blades almost oblong ; keel-petals similar to the wings, but owe 
obovate. [Baptisia Hugeri Small. ] 


On mountain slopes, North Carolina and Georgia. Spring. 


FABACEAE 597 


3. Thermopsis fraxinifólia (Nutt.) M. A. Curtis. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. 
Stems 3-9 dm. tall, widely branching : stipules linear to linear-lanceolate : leaflets 3, the 
blades oblanceolate to elliptic, oval or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, often mucronulate : 
racemes 1-3 dm. long, loosely flowered : pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, subtended by linear or 
lanceolate bracts : calyx campanulate ; lobes acuminate, less than j as long as the tube: 
corolla yellow ; keel-petals 12-15 mm. long; standard with a suborbicular notched blade 
fully 1 em. broad: pods linear, 5-10 em. long, long-acuminate. 

On dry mountain sides, North Carolina to Georgia. Spring and summer. 

4. Thermopsis Caroliniàna M. A. Curtis. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems 
6-15 dm. tall, wand-like, more or less zigzag : stipules oblong, ovate or oblong,obtuse, clasp- 
ing: leaflets 3, the blades oblanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, obtuse or mucron- 
ulate, more or less pubescent beneath : racemes terminal, 1-3 dm. long, erect, lanuginous : 
pedicels stout, 1-3 mm. long, subtended by broad acute bracts: calyx campanulate, 7-8 
mm. long; lobes triangular, less than 4 as long as the tube: corolla yellow ; keel-petals 
15-20 mm. long; standard with a reniform-orbicular notched blade fully 1 cm. broad: 
pods linear, 4-6 cm. long, tomentose, slender-beaked. 

On river banks, North Carolina to Tennessee and Georgia. Spring. 


4. BAPTISIA Vent. 


Perennial herbs, with large rootstocks and erect stems. Leaves alternate. Blades 
digitately 3-foliolate or sometimes simple: leaflets with entire blades commonly broadest 
above the middle. Flowers perfect, in terminal or lateral, simple or branched racemes 
or axillary. Calyx pedicelled : lobes nearly equal or the 2 upper wholly united. Corolla 
white, cream -colored, yellow or blue: standard broad, spreading, the sides reflexed : 
wings oblong or broadened upward: keel slightly curved, about as long as the wings. 
Stamens 10, distinct: anthers similar. Ovary stipitate. Style slightly incurved. Ovules 
lie or numerous. Pod cylindric or subglobose, more or less inflated, stalked. WILD 

NDIGO. 


Leaf-blades simple, rarely lobed : d vs wanting. 


Leaves with perfoliate blades: inflorescence axillary. 1. B. perfoliata. 

Leaves with merely sessile blades : inflorescence racemose. 2. B. simplicifolia. 
Leaf-blades 3-foliolate: stipules present. 

Upper leaflets and stipules more or less united : stipules persistent. 8. B. microphylla. 


paper leaflets, like the rest, distinct : stipules mostly deciduous or fugacious. 
lower-stalk distinguished into peduncle and pedicel. 
Foliage glabrous or minutely pubescent. 


Calyx-lobes triangular, about as long as the tube. 4. B. LeContei. 
Calyx-lobes vie iri several times longer than the tube. 5. B. calycosa 
Foliage copiously hirsute. 6. B. hirsuta. 
Flower-stalk not distinguished into peduncle and pedicel. 
mes terminal, often leafy bracted at least to the base. 
Corolla less than 1.5 cm. long. 
Pods with oval or oblong bodies gradually beaked. 7. B. tinctoria. 
Pods with globular bodies abruptly beaked. 8. B. Gibbesii. 
Corolla over 1.5 em. long. 
Terminal leaflets broadest above the middle. 
Leaflets 5-6 times as long as broad. 9. B. lanceolata. 
Leaflets about twice as fone as broad. 10. B. Nuttalliana. 
Terminal leaflets broadest at the middle, more or less distinctly os 
rhombic. 11. B. elliptica. 
Racemes opposite leaves, naked or with small bracts. 
Corolla yellow. 
Pods subglobose, with thick and hard walls. 12. B. sphaerocarpa. 
Pods more or less elongated, with thin walls. : a 
Pods conspiouousiy acuminate. 13. B. villosa. 
Pods blunt and apiculate or abruptly pointed. 
Stipules persistent. 14. B. sulphurea. 
Stipules deciduous. 
Corollas over 1.5 cm. long: pods about 2 em. thick. 15. B. megacarpa. 
Corollas less than 1.5 cm. long: pods less than 1 em. thick. 16. P. Serenae. 
Corolla of various colors, not yellow. 
A. Corolla white or cream-colored. 
Racemes naked, or with minute or obsolute bracts. 
Corolla less than 1.5 cm. long. E 
Racemes mostly longer than the peduncles: jcels'gla- 
brous : lower calyx-lobes triangular : corolla less than 
1.5 em. long. 17. B. alba. 
Racemes mostly shorter than the peduncles: pedicels pu- 
ent : lower calyx-lobes ovate: corolla over 1.5 em. 
s long. 18. B. albescens. 
Corolla over 1.5 cm. long. 19. B. leucantha. 


Racemes with manifest, sometimes almost leaf-like, bracts. 
&. Pedicels mainly less than 1.5 cm. long. 


598 FABACEAE 


Raceme-rachis and pedicles pubescent with spreading 
hairs: bracts mostly larger than the pedicels : species 
Georgian. 20. B. bracteata. 
Raceme-rachis and pedicels pubescent with appressed 
hairs : bracts mostly shorter than the pedicels: species 
Texan. 21. B. Bushii. 
b. Pedicels over 1.5 em. long. 
Foliage glabrous except sometimes the ciliate leaflets and 
the interior of the calyx. 
Stems glaucous: leaflets glabrous: calyx glabrous 


within. 22. B. cuneata. 
Stems glabrous: leaflets ciliate : calyx pubescent within. 23. B. laevicaulis. 
Foliage copiously or manifestly pubescent. 24. B. leucophaea. 
B. Corolla blue. 25. B. australis. 


1. Baptisia perfoliata (L.) R. Br. Foliage glabrous, more or less glaucous. Stems 
3-9 dm. tall, widely branching : leaves simple; blades entire, leathery, perfoliate, orbicular 
or oblong-oval, 5-10 em. long, rounded at each end, finely reticulated : flowers axillary : 
pedicels 5-10 mm. long, ascending : calyx campanulate, 6-7 mm. long ; lobes ovate, nearl 
aslong as the tube: corolla yellow ; standard with a suborbicular notched blade; keel- 
petals 11-13 mm. long: pods oval or oblong-oval, 1-1.5 cm. long, short-stipitate, constricted - 
at both ends. 

On sand hills, Georgia and South Carolina. Spring. 


2. Baptisia simplicifdlia Croom. Foliage glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, 3-9 
dm. tall, more or less branched, zigzag: leaves simple ; blades entire, firm, ovate to oval, 
3-10 em. long, obtuse or notched, lustrous above, sessile: racemes 1-3 dm. long: pedicels 
slender, 5-10 mm. long, subtended by oblong or oval bracts: calyx campanulate, 5 mm. 
long ; lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, about as long as the tube: corolla yellow ; standard with 
a broadly obcordate blade ; wings and keel-petals oblong, about 1.5 cm long : pods about 
1.5 cm. long, oval, constricted at both ends. 

In dry pine or oak lands, Florida. Summer. 


3. Baptisia microphylla Nutt. Foliage glabrous, green when dried. Stems 3-9 dm. 
tall, widely branched: leaves 3-foliolate or the upper ones simple and entire: stipules 
ovate, variable in size, partially or wholly united with the leaf-blades : leaflets 3, blades 
obovate, cuneate or broadly spatulate, 1-3 cm. long, rounded at the apex or apiculate: 
flowers axillary, sometimes racemose at the ends of the branches : pedicels 8-10 cm. long: 
calyx campanulate, 5-6 mm. long ; lobes triangular, shorter than the tube: corolla yellow ; 
standard much shorter than the other petals, with a blade about 1 cm. broad: pods sub- 
globose or oval, 1-1.5 cm. long, stipitate, constricted at both ends. 

On sand hills, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer, 


4. Baptisia LeCóntei T. & G. Foliage strigillose, green when dried. Stems 3-7 
dm. tall, much branched, zigzag : leaflets 3, the blades oblanceolate to cuneate, 1-4 cm. 
long, obtuse or apiculate: raceme-like panicles numerous, loosely flowered : peduncles 
slender, 1-3 cm. long, subtended by ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate bracts : pedicels 
shorter than the peduncles subtended by lanceolate bractlets: calyx campanulate, 5-6 mm. 
long ; lobes triangular, about as long as the tube : corolla yellow ; standard with a blade 
about 1 em. broad : pods slender-beaked, the body ovoid or oval, 1-1.2 em. long, stipitate. 

In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


5. Baptisia calycósa Canby. Foliage glabrous or nearly so, turning dark in dry- 
ing. Stems 4-11 dm. tall, much branched : stipules linear or linear-lanceolate : leaflets 3, 
the blades firm, cuneate to spatulate, 1-3.5 cm. long, retuse or apiculate : racemes numer- 
ous, 5-15 cm. long: peduncles slender, 1-4 em. long, subtended by oblong or oblong- 
lanceolate bracts: pedicels much shorter than the peduncles, subtended by bractlets similar 
to the bracts: calyx glabrous; tube campanulate ; lobes leaf-like, spatulate, several times 
longer than the tube: corolla yellow, hardly surpassing the calyx-lobes : pods longer than 
the calyx or shorter, the body ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, beaked. 

In sandy pine lands, eastern Florida. Spring. 


6. Baptisia hirsita Small. Foliage hirsute. Stems several dm. tall, much branched, 
stoutish : stipules oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic : leaflets 3, the blades oblanceolate, Spà 
ulate or cuneate, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, conspicuously ciliate: peduncles 1-?. 
em. long, shorter than their oblong-elliptic or lanceolate bracts: pedicels 1-2 mm. long, 
subtended by bractlets which are narrower than the bracts : calyx hirsute ; tube ampa 
late ; lobes leaf-like, longer than the tube, oblong-spatulate, acute : corolla yellow, 
tinctly surpassing the calyx-lobes. 

In dry pine woods, northwestern Florida. Spring. . $ 

7. Baptisia tinctòria ( L.) R. Br. Foliage glabrous, usually turning black in arree 
Stems 3-12 dm. tall, much branched : leaflets 3, the blades obovate or spatulate-cuneat®, 


FABACEAE 599 


1-3 em. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, delicately nerved beneath : racemes numerous, 
few-flowered : pedicels 5-8 mm. long: calyx campanulate, about 3 mm. long ; lower lobes 
triangular, acuminate, shorter than the tube: corolla yellow ; keel-petals less than 1.5 cm. 
in length ; standard with a blade 1 cm. broad or less: pods oval or oblong, long-stipitate, 
9-12 mm. long, exclusive of the slender beak. 

In dry soil, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


8. Baptisia Gibbésii Small. Similar to B. tinctoria in habit, glaucous. Stem often 
diffusely branched: leaflets 3, the blades cuneate to spatulate-cuneate, 1-1.5 cm. or rarely 
2 cm. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex, revolute especially near the base or 
throughout in age: racemes few-flowered : pedicels 1-4 mm. long : calyx campanulate, 2.5-3 
mm. long; lower lobes triangular, acute, much shorter than the tube: corolla yellow ; keel- 
petals 10-12 mm. long; standard with a suborbicular blade about 1 cm. broad: pods glob- 
ular, sometimes depressed-globose, slender-stipitate, the body 6-7 mm. long, exclusive of 
the subulate beak. 

In sandy soil, eastern South Carolina. Spring and summer. 


9. Baptisia lanceolàta Walt. Foliage pubescent when young, glabrate in age. 
Stems 3-9 dm. tall, widely branching : leaflets 3, the blades firm, oblanceolate to linear- 
oblanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, rounded or notched at the apex, scarcely lustrous above, 
reticulated, tapering to the base: flowers axillary, usually approximate at the ends of the 
branches: pedicels 4-5 mm. long: calyx campanulate, 7-8 mm. long; lower lobes rather 
triangular, shorter than the tube: corolla dull yellow, over 2 em. long; standard with a 
reniform blade about 2 cm. broad: pods leathery, the body ovoid, 2-2.5 em. long, spar- 
ingly pubescent, long-beaked, stipitate. 

In sandy pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 


10. Baptisia Nuttalliana Small. Foliage more or less densely pubescent. Stems 
4-11 dm. tall, branching: leaflets 3, the blades firm, cuneate or obovate-cuneate, 2-6 
cm. long, rounded or notched at the apex, reticulated : flowers in terminal racemes : pedi- 
cels 1-3 mm. long: calyx campanulate, 8-10 mm. long, silky ; lower lobes triangular or 
triangular-lanceolate, shorter than the tube : corolla yellow ; keel-petals fully 15 mm. long ; 
standard with a reniform blade 1.2-1.8 cm. broad : pods oval, firm, the body 1-1.7 em. long, 
long-stipitate, pubescent, the beak fully 4 as long as the body. — [ B. confusa Pollard & Ball. ] 


In dry soil, Arkansas to Louisiana, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


ll. Baptisia ellíptica Small. Foliage glabrous or minutely pubescent. Stems 3-9 
dm. tall, sometimes zigzag, branching: leaflets 3, variable, the blades of the lower ones ob- 
lanceolate, those of the upper leaves elliptic or sometimes broadened slightly above the 
middle, or below it, founded or notched at the apex, rarely acute, lustrous above, mostly 
tapering to both ends, especially to the base, reticulated : flowers solitary in the upper 
axils or approximate at the ends of the branches, sometimes in terminal racemes : pedicels 
9-10 mm. long : calyx campanulate, 6-8 mm. high ; lower lobes triangular, shorter than 
the tube : corolla yellow, about 2 cm. long ; standard with a nearly reniform blade notched 
at the apex, truncate or cordate at the base : pods firm, the body 1.5-2 em. long, slender- 
beaked, strigillose, long-stipitate. 

In dry pine lands, Florida. spring. 


12. Baptisia sphaerocárpa Nutt. Foliage glabrous or parts of it sparingly pubes- 
cent when young. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, solitary or several together, branching : leaflets 3, 
firm, the blades elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse at the apex: racemes 
opposite the leaves, elongated, 1—4 dm. long, loosely flowered : pedicels 3-8 mm. long, sub- 
tended by minute bracts: calyx campanulate, 6-8 mm. high; lower lobes lanceolate- 
acuminate : corolla deep yellow ; keel-petals 15-18 mm. long ; standard with an orbicular, 
reniform blade fully 1 em. broad: pods woody, the body broadly oval or subglobose, 1.5-2 
em. long, glabrous, stipitate, abruptly short-beaked. 

In dry soil, Arkansas and Texas. Spring and summer. 

13. Baptisia villosa (Walt.) Ell. Foliage minutely pubescent or glabrate in age, 
"eus black in drying. Stems stout, 5-8 dm. tall, branching: leaflets 3, firm, the 
i ades elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse or notched at the apex, reticulated, 
IM above: racemes 2-4 dm. long, erect or spreading: pedicels strigillose, 5-8 cm. 
ong: calyx campanulate, about 1 cm. long ; lobes triangular to ovate, 3 as long as the 
tube: corolla yellow, over 2 cm. long ; standard with a blade 2 cm. broad : pods firm, the 

y oblong-ovoid, 3-3.5 cm. long, conspicuously slender-beaked, long-stipitate. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina. Spring. 


14. Baptisia sulphürea Engélm. Foliage glabrous. Stem 5-12 dm. tall, with 
spreading branches, the branches glaucous: leaves few ; petioles mostly 5-10 mm. long: 


600 FABACEAE 


leaflets 3, the blades obovate or oblong-obovate, sometimes slightly rhombic, obtuse or 
notched at the apex: stipules lanceolate, mostly shorter than the petioles, rather per- 
sistent : racemes 1-2 dm. long, few-flowered : pedicels 2-4 mm. long: bracts deciduous : 
calyx longer than the pedicel, 7-8 mm. long ; lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the tube, 
pubescent within: corolla sulphur-yellow, 2 cm. long; standard with a crisped blade: 
pods subglobose, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, the stipe surpassing the calyx. 

On prairies, the Indian Territory. Spring. 


15. Baptisia megacárpa Chapm. Foliage mainly glabrous, unchanged in drying. 
Stems 5-9 dm. tall, with spreading branches: leaflets 3, the blades thinnish, elliptic to 
ovate,or obovate-elliptic, 4-8 cm. long, minutely pubescent or glaucous beneath, usually 
obtuse at the apex, acute or short-acuminate at the base: racemes 1-1.5 dm. long, short- 
peduncled : pedicels 8-10 mm long: calyx campanulate, stout, 1 cm. long ; lobes, except 
the upper one, triangular or triangular-ovate, acute: corolla pale yellow, 2 cm. long; 
standard with a blade nearly 1.5 cm. broad : pods fragile, the body bladder-like, oval or 
ovoid, about 4 em. long, about 2 cm. thick, slender-pointed, the stipe as long as the calyx. 

In rich or sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


16. Baptisia Sérenae M. A. Curtis. Foliage glabrous, light green. Stems 3-7 dm. 
tall, widely branched: leaflets 3, the blades obovate to spatulate-oblanceolate, slightly 
revolute, 1.5-4 cm. long, unchanged in drying: racemes terminal, 1 main one 3-4 dm. 
long, and the other smaller ones terminating the branches: pedicels 5-10 mm. long: talyx 
campanulate, 4 mm. long; lobes, except the upper one, triangular, acute: corolla bright 
yellow, less than 1.5 em. long: pods firm, the body oblong, 1.5-2 em. long, beaked, long- 
stipitate. 

On sand hills, South Carolina and Georgia. Spring. 


17. Baptisia álba (L.) R. Br. Foliage glabrous, light green, unchanged in drying. 
Stems 3-9 dm. tall, with spreading branches: leaflets 3, the blades thickish, oblanceolate- 
oblong, 2-7 cm. long, mostly obtuse or mucronulate: racemes various, one erect and elon- 
gated, 3-5 dm. long, others terminating the branches and shorter: pedicels slender, 8-10 
mm. long: calyx campanulate, 5-7 mm. long; lobes triangular or ovate-triangular, much 
shorter than the tube: corolla white, less than 1.5 cm. long: pods oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long, 
short-beaked, the stipe surpassing the calyx. 

In rich soil, Ontario to Minnesota to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


18. Baptisia albéscens Small. Foliage finely pubescent with more or less glandular 
hairs Stems 0.5-1.5 m. tall, somewhat branched, the branches zigzag : leaflets 3, the blades 
oblong to oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, mostly obtuse or retuse, often becoming glabrous 
above, much longer than the petiole: racemes 1-2 dm. long, mostly shorter than the pe- 
duncles: pedicels 5-8 mm. long, more densely pubescent than the rachis : calyx 5-6 mm. 
long ; lobes much shorter than the tube, the lower ones ovate: corolla white or cream- 
colored, fully 1.5 em. long: pods 2.5-3 cm. long, thicker than those of B. alba. 

In sandy woods, North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


19. Baptisia leucántha T. & G. Foliage glabrous, glaucous, blackening in drying. 
Stems 4-10 dm. tall, widely branching: leaflets 3, the blades thickish, oblong-oblanceo- 
late to ovate or cuneate, 2-5 cm. long, mostly obtuse or retuse, undulate: racemes 
elongated, 2-5 dm. long, short-peduncled : pedicels 3-10 mm. long: calyx campanulate, 
7-9 mm. high, nearly as broad; lobes, except the upper one, triangular, acute or acutish, 
sinuses V-shaped : corolla white, 2 cm. long ; standard with a suborbicular blade about 1.5 
mm. broad : pods firm, the body oblong, 2-3 em. long, the stipe as long as the calyx. 

On river banks, Ontario to Minnesota, North Carolina, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


20. Baptisia bracteata Muhl. Foliage softly pubescent with loose hairs, turning 
black in drying. Stems 3-6 dm. high, with widely spreading branches: stipules lanceo- 
late: leaflets 3, the blades firm, narrowly oblanceolate or rarely elliptic-obovate, 6-10 cm. 
long, obtuse or notched at the apex, barely reticulated, acuminate at the base: racemes 
1-2 dm. long, short-peduncled, declined : pedicels 1-1.5 em. long, subtended by lanceolate 
acuminate bracts : calyx loosely pubescent, glabrate, 8-9 mm. long ; lobes lanceolate, acum 
nate, nearly as long as the tube: corolla cream-colored, 2-2.5 em. long ; standard with an 
orbicular-reniform blade 1.5-1.7 cm. broad: pods firm, the body el iptic, 4-5 cm. long; 
slender-beaked, the stipe as long as the calyx. : 

In dry rich soil, middle Georgia. Spring. 

21. Baptisia Büshii Small. Foliage pale green, pubescent, at least the uer 
arts, with appressed hairs, not turning black in drying. Stems several dm. tall, wi gA 
ranched : stìpules ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate ; leaflets 3, blades thickish, oblanceolate to 

elliptical-oblanceolate, 3-6 em. long, obtuse finely reticulated ; racemes about 1 dm. long, 


a 


FABACEAE 601 


erect or ascending : pedicels 5-9 mm. long, appressed-pubescent : bracts ovate to ovate- 
lanceolate, mostly shorter than the pedicels: calyx appressed-pubescent ; lobes lanceolate, 
acute, nearly as long as the tube: corolla cream-yellow, about 2 cm. long ; standard with 
a suborbicular blade 14-16 mm. broad. 

On prairies, eastern Texas. Spring. 


22. Baptisia cuneàta Small. Foliage glabrous, slightly discolored in drying. Stems 
3-5 dm. tall, sparingly branched : stipules lanceolate : leaflets 3, the blades leathery, cuneate, 
sometimes slightly cuneate-rhomboidal, 3-6 cm. long, often mucronulate, barely reticulated : 
racemes about 1 dm. long, slender, short-peduncled : pedicels slender, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: 
bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous : calyx campanulate, nearly 1 
em. long, glabrous within ; lobes, except the upper one, ovate, acute: corolla pale cream- 
colored ; standard broader than high, nearly 2 cm. broad, notched, abruptly narrowed into 
the claw ; wings and keel-petals with blades 2 cm. long: pods spreading, the body about 2 
em. long, long-stipitate and long-beaked. 

In sand, along or near the coast, Texas. Spring. 


.. 23. Baptista laevicaülis (A. Gray) Small. Foliage nearly glabrous, turning black- 
ish in drying. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, branching : leaflets 3, the blades leathery, obovate or 
cuneate-obovate, 4-8 cm. long, mucronulate to retuse at the apex, delicately reticulated : 
racemes somewhat declined, 1-3 dm. long, 1-sided: pedicels 3-6 cm. long, subtended by 
ovate or oblong-lanceolate acute bracts: calyx pubescent within, 1 cm. long, prominently 
nerved ; lobes, except the upper one, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, about as long as the 
tube: corolla cream-yellow ; standard orbicular-ovate, 2 cm. in diameter, deeply cleft, 
rather abruptly narrowed into the short claw ; wings and keel-petals with blades over 2 cm. 
long: pods firm, the body oval, 3-4 cm. long, with a slender curved beak and a stipe at 
least as long as the calyx. 
On prairies, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and fall. 


.  ?4. Baptisia leucophaéa Nutt. Foliage villous. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, widely branch- 
ing : leaflets 3, the blades leathery, oblong, oblanceolate or linear-oblong, 3-10 cm. long, 
obtuse or retuse at the apex, strongly reticulated : racemes 1-2 dm. long, one-sided : pedicels 
1-3 em. long, subtended by lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acute or acuminate bracts: calyx 
strigillose ; tube campanulate, 7-8 mm. long; lobes except the upper one, triangular, 
much shorter than the tube: corolla white or cream-colored ; keel-petals 20-25 mm. long ; 
standard with an orbicular blade fully 2 cm. broad: pods rather firm, the body ovoid or 
oval, 4-5 em. long, slender-beaked, short-stipitate. 

On prairies, Michigan to Minnesota, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 

25. Baptisia australis(L.) R. Br. Foliage glabrous, more or less glaucous, turning 
black in drying. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, widely branched: stipules usually lanceolate : 
leaflets 3, the blades leathery, cuneate to oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, 4-8 cm. 
long, obtuse, notched or mucronulate : racemes stout, 1-3 dm. long: pedicels stout, 5-10 
mm. long: bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate : calyx campanulate, 1 cm. long ; lobes 
triangular or ovate, much shorter than the tube: corolla in igo-blue; keel-petals 25-30 
mm. long; standard with a reniform-orbicular blade about 2 cm. broad : pods ascending, 
the body oblong, 3-4 em. long, short-beaked, the stipe surpassing the body. 

In rich soil, Pennsylvania to Kansas, Alabama and Texas. Spring. 


5. CROTALARIA L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubby plants, with erect or procumbent stems. 
Leaves alternate, often with decurrent stipules: blades compound, sometimes 1-foliolate : 
leaflets 3-7, or 1, with entire blades. Flowers perfect, solitary or in terminal racemes. 
Calyx pedicelled : lobes 5, often nearly distinct, the 2 upper and the 3 lower often par- 
tially united into lips. Corolla yellow or rarely blue: standard with a dilated blade: 
keel-petals scythe-shaped or angled. Stamens monadelphous: anthers alternately small 
and versatile and larger and erect. Ovary terminating in a curved style. Ovules 2-many. 
Pod globular to cylindric, 29-valved, sometimes leathery. Seeds becoming loose in 
the pod at maturity. RATTLE-BOX. 


A. poures with 1-foliolate blades. 
i tandard with a blade much less than 2 cm. broad : blades of the upper leaf- 
ets of a linear-oblong or lanceolate type : stipules more or less decurrent. 
pee with orbicular or oval blades predominating. : m 
Stems and peduncles with relatively long, loose or spreading hairs. 1. €. rotundifolia. 
le tems and peduncles with short appressed hairs. 2. C. maritima. 
a ets with linear, lanceolate or ob ong blades predominating. 
Stems and peduncles with loose or spreading hairs: lower and upper leaves 


602 FABACEAE 


with slightly different blades. 3. C. sagittalis. 
** Stems and peduncles with short appressed hairs: lower and upper leaves 
with very different blades. C. Purshii. 
a. Standard with a blade nearly or quite 2 em. broad: blades of the upper leaves 
of aspatulate or oblanceolate type: stipules not decurrent. 
Bracts minute, caducous. 5. C. retusa. 
Bracts ovate, cordate, persistent. 6. C. spectabilis. 
7 


Ds 


B. Leaves with 3-foliolate blades. 
Plants annual: keel-petals over 1 em. long: pods 2.5-3.5 mm. long. . C. incana. 
Plants perennial: keel-petals less than 1 em. long : pods 1-1.5 em. long. 8. C. pumila. 

1. Crotalaria rotundifólia ( Walt.) Poir. Perennial, conspicuously pubescent. Stems 
tufted, often densely so, more or less spreading, 1-4 dm. long, like the peduncles pubescent 
with loose or spreading hairs: leaves alternate ; leaflets solitary, the blades entire, mostly 
orbicular or obovate near the base of the plant, oval, oval-ovate or broadly oblong above, 
obtuse or mucronulate, hairy on both sides, sometimes glaucescent beneath, short-petioled : 
calyx pubescent with relatively long loose hairs ; lobes of the lower lip about 10 em. long, 
slenderly acuminate : corolla yellow : standard with a blade 9-12 mm. broad : pods oblong, 
2-3 em. long. 

In dry or sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi. Spring to fall. 

2. Crotalaria marítima Chapm. Perennial, similar to C. rotundifolia in habit, but 
slightly smaller and inconspicuously pubescent. Stems pubescent with short appressed 
hairs: leaves alternate ; leaflets solitary, the blades entire, suborbicular to oval on the 
lower part of the stems, somewhat narrower above, obtuse or acutish, sparingly pubescent, 
short-petioled : stipules mostly deeurrent but narrow: calyx pubescent with short closely 
appressed hairs ; lobes of the lower lip mostly less than 10 mm. long, slightly acuminate: 
corolla smaller than that of C. rotundifolia: pods 1.5-2.5 cm. long. 

In pine lands, Florida to Mississippi. Spring and summer. 


3. Crotalaria sagittàlis L. Annual, or perennial south ward, conspicuously pubescent. 
Stems more or less tufted, 1—5 dm. tall, erect or ascending, often branched above, like the 
peduncles with loose or spreading hairs: leaflets solitary, the blades oblong to lanceolate 
or linear-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, often abruptly acute, sessile or nearly so : stipules de- 
current, usually broad and conspicuous: calyx rather shaggy-pubescent; lobes of the 
lower lip 10 mm. long or nearly so, somewhat acuminate : corolla yellow ; standard with a 
blade 6-11 mm. broad: pods 2.5-4 em. long. 

In dry soil, New England to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


4. Crotalaria Pürshii DC. Perennial, similar to C. sagittalis in habit, but rather 
fleshy and inconspicuously pubescent. Stems more or less tufted, 1-5 dm. long, often 
branched, like the peduncles with short appressed hairs: leaflets solitary, the blades 
various, those of the lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, those of the upper ones linear, 
often narrowly so and much elongated, sometimes 12 cm. long, but usually prod 
stipules mostly decurrent, narrow : calyx pubescent with appressed hairs; lobes of t i 
lower lip commonly over 10 mm. long, slenderly acuminate : corolla yellow; standa 
with a blade 9-13 mm. broad : pods 2-3 cm. long. 


In grassy pine lands or sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


5. Crotalaria retusa L. Annual, stout. Stems 4-9 dm. tall, more or less branched, 
finely and softly pubescent : leaflets solitary, the blades cuneate to oblanceolate, 3-9.5 S 
long, rounded or retuse at the apex, often glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneat ls 
short-petioled : stipules minute: racemes conspicuous, several-many-flowered : p 
5-10 mm. long, subtended by minute caducous bracts: calyx finely pubescent ; ice yee 
upper lip triangular-lanceolate, those of the lower lip lanceolate: corolla relatively yid : 
yellow ; standard with a blade usually about 20 mm. broad : pods 3-5 em. long, sprea mg 
or drooping. 

In sand or sandy soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. i8 

6. Crotalaria spectabilis Roth. Similar to C. retusa but rather larger. Stems is 
dm. tall, leafy, pale-pubescent : leaflets solitary, the blades dark green above, pale rgo d 
often minutely Beistle-tipped : stipules small but broad : flowers nearly similar to t orate 
C. retusa, but commonly slightly smaller: pedicels clavate, subtended by ovate-cor 
acuminate bracts. 

In sand or sandy soil, Key West, Florida. Also in tropical America. 

7. Crotalaria incàna L. Annual, minutely pubescent. Stems "3.5 cm. 
5-13 dm. tall: leaves often numerous ; leaflets 3, the blades oval to obovate, 1-3. ally 
long, rounded or truncate at the apex, sometimes glabrous: the terminal one ow : 
shorter than the petiole: calyx becoming 10-12 mm. long: corolla greenish ye , 
standard over 10 mm. long: pods 2.5-4 cm. long. , 

In sand or sandy soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys to Texas. Alsoin tropical America. 


more or less branched, 


FABACEAE 603 


8. Crotalaria pumila Ortega. Perennial, minutely pubescent or glabrate. Stems 
several together, often branched throughout, 1-9 dm. long, decumbent: leaves numerous : 
leaflets 3, the blades cuneate to oblong-cuneate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, mostly emarginate, the 
terminal one longer than the petiole: calyx becoming 4 or 5 mm. long : corolla yellowish ; 
standard less than 10 mm. long: pods 1-1.5 em. long. 


In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. 


6. LUPINUS L. 


Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with erect or prostrate stems. Leaves 
alternate, with stipules at the base of the petioles: blades 1-foliolate, or usually digitately 
5-15-foliolate or rarely 3-foliolate. Flowers perfect, in terminal racemes. Calyx 2- 
lipped, the upper lip of 2 partially united sepals, the lower lip of 3 partially or wholly 
united sepals. Corolla of various colors: standard broad with recurved margins: wings 
more or less curved: keel scythe-shaped. Stamens monadelphous. Anthers alternately 
small and versatile. Style curved. Ovules 2-many. Pod flattened, 2-valved. LUPINE. 


Leaf-blades palmately several-foliolate. 


Leaflets 7-11 : plants perennial. l. L. perennis. 
Leaflets 5: plants annual or biennial. g 

Leaflets with cuneate, truncate blades: corollas 1 em. long or shorter. 2. L. subcarnosus. 

Leaflets oblanceolate, elliptic or obovate-oblanceolate blades, not truncate : 

corolla 1 em. long or longer. 3. L. Texensis. 
Leaf-blades 1-foliolate. 

Biennial: corolla mainly blue. 4. L. diffusus. 
Perennial: corolla mainly red. 5. L. villosus. 


1. Lupinus perénnis L. Perennial, more or less pubescent. Stems solitary or several 
together, ascending or erect, 2-6 dm. long, simple or sparingly branched : leaves spread- 
ing; petioles usually longer than the blades; leaflets 7-11, the blades oblanceolate to 
elliptic, 1.5-5 cm. long, obtuse or mucronate: raceme 0.5-3 dm. long: calyx 6-8 mm. 
long: corolla blue or rarely white to pink ; standard with a blade 12-15 mm. broad : pods 
narrowly oblong, 3-3.5 em. long, pubescent, beaked. 


In sandy soil, Maine to Minnesota, Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. Spring. 


2. Lupinus subcarndsus Hook. Annual or biennial, somewhat villous. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 1-3 dm. long, mostly simple : 
leaves rather numerous; petioles mostly longer than the blades, pubescent like the 
branches ; leaflets 5, the blades cuneate, 2-4 cm. long, truncate, mucronulate: racemes 
often overtopping the leaves, 4-8 em. long: pedicels 2-6 mm. long: calyx 5-6 mm. long, 
densely silky-villous : corolla purplish blue, 1 cm. long or shorter. 

On prairies, Texas. Spring. 


3. Lupinus Texénsis Hook. Annual or biennial, silky-strigillose. Stems branched 
at the base or near it, the branches a-cending or decumbent, 1-3 dm. long, sometimes 
sparingly branched: leaves rather numerous; petioles mostly longer than the blades; 
leaflets often 5, the blades elliptic to oblanceolate or obovate-oblanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long, 
acute or acutish, sometimes merely apiculate or obtuse : racemes 5-15 cm. long, often rather 
many-flowered: pedicels 4-10 mm. long: calyx 7-8 mm. long, silky strigose: corolla 
urplish, 1 em. long or slightly longer ; standard with a pale blotch in the center: pods 

near, 3-4 cm. long. 


In prairies or insand, Texas. Spring. 


b 4. Lupinus diffüsus Nutt. Perennial, densely silky. Stems several or many from the 
we 1-6 dm. long, erect or prostrate: leaves l-foliolate ; blade oblanceolate, oblong or 
i, vate, 4-10 cm. long, mucronate, longer than the petiole or shorter : racemes 0.5-3 dm. 
ong: pus about 1-5 mm. long: calyx 8-12 mm. long: corolla blue ; standard with 
à purple blotch in center : pods oblong, 3-4 cm. long, woolly. : 
In dry pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 


th 5. Lupinus villdsus Willd. Biennial, densely villous. Stems solitary or several from 
E base, 3-6 dm. long, ascending or prostrate: leaves l-foliolate ; blade lanceolate to 
a anceolate, 4-15 em. long, usually acute and apiculate, longer than the petioles or 
tart na racemes 1-4 dm. long: pedicels about 2-5 mm. long: calyx 8-12 mm. long: 
densely hs standard with a purple blotch in center: pods oblong, 2-4 cm. long, 


In dry pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Spring. 


604 FABACEAE 


7. MEDICAGO L. 

Herbs or shrubby plants, with erect or prostrate stems. Leaves alternate: blades 
pinnately 3-foliolate: leaflets commonly toothed by the prominent excurrent lateral nerves. 
Flowers perfect, in elongated or head-like peduncled racemes. Calyx pedicelled: lobes 
slender, nearly equal. Corolla yellow or violet: standard with an oblong or obovate 
nearly sessile blade: wings nearly oblong: keel obtuse, shorter than the wings. Stamens 
10, diadelphous, the one opposite the standard, distinct. Anthers all alike. Ovary sessile 
or short-stalked. Style subulate. Stigma oblique. Ovules numerous or rarely solitary. 
Pod curved or spirally coiled, often spiny, usually reticulated, indehiscent. MEDIC. 


Pods unarmed, 1-seeded. 1. M. lupulina. 
Pods prickle-armed, several-seeded. 
Pods loosely coiled, not furrowed on the edge between the prickles. 2. M. denticulata. 
Pods tightly coiled, furrowed on the edge between the prickles. 3. M. Arabica. 


1. Medicago lupulina L. Foliage strigillose. Stems branching at the base, the 
branches spreading, prostrate, 2-7 cm. long; leaflets 3, the blades obovate or rhomboidal, 
0.5-1.5 em. long, usually retuse and mucronate at the apex, denticulate, sessile or short- 
stalked : petioles variable in length : peduncles slender, 2-10 cm. long : racemes subglobose 
or ovoid in flower, oblong-cylindric in fruit : calyx-tube turbinate: corolla bright yellow, 
2-3 mm. long: pods spirally twisted, about 3 mm. long, black, reticulated, glabrous or 
nearly so, unarmed, 1-seeded. 

In waste places throughout North America except the extreme north. Spring to winter. Widely 
naturalized in temperate regions, from Europe and Asia. 

2. Medicago denticulàta Willd. Foliage glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches radially spreading, ascending or procumbent, 1-4 dm. 
long : leaflets 3, the blades obovate, cuneate or oval, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, denticulate, rounded, 
retuse or notched at the apex: petioles variable in length: peduncles 0.5-2 cm. long: 
calyx often sparingly pubescent: corolla yellow, about 5 mm. long: pods loosely twisted 
into 2-3 coils, flat; 5-8 mm. broad, reticulated, the edges armed with 1-2 rows of curved 
prickles. 

In waste places, especially near seaports, Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas. Summer. Naturalized 
from Europe and Asia. 

3. Medicago Arábica All. Foliage glabrous or pubescent with a few spreading 
hairs. Stems branched at the base, the branches prostrate or ascending: leaflets 3, the 
blades broadly cuneate or obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, denticulate, usually blotched in the 
center, rounded or notched at the apex: petioles commonly longer than the leaflets : 
peduncles 1-2 cm. long: calyx often sparingly pubescent : corolla yellow, about 5 mm. 
long: pods closely twisted into 3-4 coils, 6-9 mm. broad, reticulated, the edges arm 
with curved prickles. 

In waste places, New Brunswick to Georgia and Louisiana. Summer. Introduced from Europe. 


8. MELILOTUS Juss. 


Annual or biennial caulescent herbs, with fragrant herbage. Leaves alternate, with thin 
stipules: blades pinnately 3-foliolate : leaflets much longer than broad, the nerves excur- 
rent into teeth. Flowers perfect, in elongated narrow racemes. Calyx pedicelled : 
lobes 5, nearly equal. Corolla yellow or white, deciduous: petals free from the filaments : 
standard rather abruptly contracted at the base of the blade, nearly sessile: wings narrower 
than the standard, cohering with the shorter obtuse keel-petals. Stamens diadelphous. 
Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Style filiform. Stigma terminal. Ovules few. Pod 
straight, short and thick, often subglobose, indehiscent or nearly so. SWEET CLOVER. 


Corolla 2-2.5 mm. long. 1. M. Indien. 

Corolla 5-6 mm. long, M. inalis. 
Corolla yellow: standard and wing-petals about equal in length. 2. ML p.c 
Corolla white: standard surpassing the wing petals. RM 5 


Y à ? Stems 
1. Melilotus Indica (L.) All. Foliage minutely pubescent when young. 

erect or spreading, 2-7 dm. v sometimes enera PRE : Jeaflets 3, the blades a 

long, oval, cuneate or obovate, 0.5-2 cm. long, retuse to rounded at the apex, cipe ds 

racemes slender, 1-2 cm. long: calyx campanulate ; lobes longer or shorter than t at x 

which is scarious in the sinuses : corolla yellow, about 2-2.5 mm. long ; standard w 

blade 1-1.5 mm. broad : pods oval or subglobose, 2 mm. long, wrinkled. 


In waste places, about seaports, on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and sometimes 
Introduced from Europe. Spring to fall. 


in the interior. 


FABACEAE 605 


2. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Foliage glabrous, or twigs sparingly pubescent. 
Stems erect or spreading, 3-10 dm. long, more or less branched: leaflets 3, the blades 
narrowly oblong, oblanceolate or oval, 1-3 cm. long, rounded or truncate at the apex, 
sharply serrate, bright green above: racemes 1-12 cm. long: flowers sometimes secund : 
calyx campanulate ; lobes shorter than the tube : corolla yellow, 5-6 mm. long ; standard 
and wing-petals about equal in length: pods about 4 mm. long, reticulate-wrinkled, 
slightly pubescent. 

In waste places about cities, throughout the United States and southern British America. Natur- 
alized from Europe and Asia. Spring to fall. 

3. Melilotus alba Desv. Foliage glabrous, or twigs pubescent. Stems erect, 3-12 
dm. tall, widely branching: leaflets 3, the blades linear- Ment oblanceolate or ellip- 
tie, 1-3 em. long, obtuse or truncate at the apex or sometimes emarginate, serrate, longer 
or shorter than the petiole: racemes wand-like, elongated: flowers often secund : calyx 
campanulate, pubescent ; lobes usually shorter than the tube: corolla white, 4-5 mm. long ; 
standard surpassing the wing-petals: pods oval, 3-3.5 mm. long, rugose, glabrous. 


In waste places about cities, throughout the United States and southern British America. Intro- 
duced from Europe and Asia. Spring to fall. 


9. TRIFOLIUM L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with erect or creeping stems. Leaves alternate: petioles 
variable in length : blades digitately 3-foliolate or rarely 5-7-foliolate: leaflets entire or 
toothed. Flowers perfect, disposed in abbreviated or elongated racemes, often in heads. 
Calyx pedicelled : lobes 5, slender, nearly equal, or broad and the upper 2 united. Corolla 
of various colors, often white, pink or purple: standard straight or recurved : wings nar- 
row, longer than the obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1) or the 10th filament 
sometimes united to about the middle. Anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or stalked. 
Ovules few. Pod flattish or terete, included in the persistent corolla. Seeds few or 
solitary. CLOVER. 


Corolla yellow. 
Terminal leaflet longer-stalked than the rest. 


Racemes 8-12-flowered, much less than 1 em. long. 1. T. dubium. 
Racemes 20-40-flowered, about 1 cm. long. 2. T. procumbens. 
Terminal leaflet not: longer-stalked than the rest. 8. T. agrarium. 


Corolla white, pink or urple. 
Flowers not reflexed. at maturity. 
Racemes cylindric, peduncled : calyx plumose-pubescent. 4. T, arvense, 
Racemes subglobose, sessile: calyx glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 5. T. pratense. 
Flowers reflexed at maturity. 
Racemes over 2 em. broad : cleistogamous flowers always wanting. 
Annual or biennial : foliage pubescent. . T. reflexum. 
Perennial : foliage glabrous. 7. T. stoloniferum. 
Racemes less than 2 cm. broad : cleistogamous flowers sometimes present. 
Calyx nearly as long as the corolla. 
Calyx-lobes about as broad as long. 
Calyx-lobes subulate. 
Calyx barely 14 as long as the corolla. 
Stems creeping, 7 
Racemes 6-12-flowered : creeping stems with cleistogamous flowers. 10. T. amphianthum. 
Racemes many-flowered : cleistogamous flowers wanting. 
Leaflets prominently nerved, spinulose-serrate : terminal leaflet 


o 


T. Bejariense. 
. T. Carolinianum. 


to oo 


no longer stalked than the lateral. 11. T. saxicola. 
Leaflets not prominently nerved, serrulate: terminal leaflets 
longer stalked than the lateral. 2. T. repens. 
Stems erect or ascending. 18. T. hybridum. 


l. Trifolium dübium Sibth. Foliage glabrous, strigillose or pilose. Stems usually 
branched at the base, the branches spreading or ascending, 0.3-5 dm. long: leaflets 3, the 
blades cuneate to obovate, 4-8 mm. long, rounded, truncate or notched at the apex, dentic- 
ulate, the terminal one longer-stalked than the rest: peduncles surpassing the subtending 
leaves : heads rather loosely 8-12-flowered : calyx glabrous; tube campanulate ; lobes lan- 
ceolate or subulate-lanceolate, the longer surpassing the tube in length : corolla pale yellow 
turning brown ; standard involutely folded, surpassing the wing-petals. 
izeq 4 Waste places and open grounds, New England to British Columbia, Florida and Texas. Natural- 

rom Europe. Spring and summer. 

. 2. Trifolium procümbens L. Foliage more or less densely pilose or strigillose. 
Stems erect and simple or usually branched at the base, the branches decumbent or pros- 
trate, 1-7 dm. long: leaflets 3, the blades cuneate or obovate, 6-12 mm. long, rounded or 
notched at the apex, denticulate: racemes 20-40-flowered : peduncles surpassing the sub- 
tending leaves : calyx usually sparingly pubescent ; tube campanulate ; lo lanceolate or 


606 FABACEAE 


subulate-lanceolate, the longer ones exceeding the tube in length : corolla yellow, 3-4 mm. 
long ; standard with a suborbicular blade, surpassing the wing-petals. 

In fields and waste places, throughout the United States and southern British America. Natural- 
ized from Europe. Spring to fall. 

3. Trifolium agrarium L. Foliage bright green. Stems more or less diffusely branched, 
often from the base, the branches 2-8 dm. long, ascending or reclining, strigillose: leaves 
numerous , petioles shorter than the leaflets on the upper part of the branches; stipules 
somewhat acuminate: leaflets 3, the blades broadest above the middle, the terminal one no 
longer-stalked than the lateral, all denticulate: peduncles becoming 1-5 cm. long, finely 
pubescent : racemes oblong or oval, 12-20 mm. long, densely many-flowered : calyx 3.5-4 
mm. long, short-pedicelled ; lobes linear-subulate, longer than the ribbed tube: corolla 
deep yellow, 4-5 mm. long, becoming reflexed, turning brown in age. 

In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, lowa and Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. 
Spring and summer. 

4. Trifolium arvénse L. Annual, villous-lanuginose. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, 
usually branched throughout: leaflets 3, the blades linear to oblanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 
notched or truncate at the apex, often mucronate, entire or slightly two-toothed : peduncles 
surpassing the subtending leaves: heads dense, oblong or cylindric, 1-3 cm. long: calyx 
gray ; tube finally ovoid ; lobes subulate, longer than the tube: corolla whitish, surpassed 
by the calyx lobes: standard somewhat longer than the wing-petals. 

Along roadsides, in dry fields and on banks, throughout eastern North America. Naturalized from 
Europe and Asia. Summer. 

5. Trifolium pratémse L. Perennial, more or less densely pubescent. Stems com- 
monly branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 2-7 dm. long : leaflets 3, the 
blades oblong, elliptic or oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 1-4 cm. long, rounded or 
notched at the apex, sometimes apiculate, denticulate, often blotched : peduncles commonly 
shorter than the subtending leaves: heads subglobose to ovoid, 2.5-3 em. thick: calyx 
villous; tube long-campanulate ; lobes filiform, the longer ones often surpassing the 
tube: corolla red, purple or white, nearly 1.5 cm. long; standard elongated, surpassing 
the wing-petals. 

In fields, meadows and cultivated grounds, throughout the United States and southern British 
America. Widely cultivated and naturalized from Europe. Spring to fall. 

6. Trifolium refléxum L. Annual or biennial, more or less densely villous or downy, 
destitute of runners. Stems simple and erect or usually branched at the base, the branches 
ascending or spreading, 1-5 dm. long: leaflets 3, the blades oblong, elliptic-obovate to 
suborbicular, 1.5-3 cm. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex, often mucronate, dentic- 
ulate: peduncles longer or shorter than the subtending leaves: calyx often glabrous; 
tube campanulate, very short; lobes lanceolate-subulate, much longer than the tube: 
ee 6-10 mm, long; standard red or purple, surpassing the white keel and wing- 
petals. 

In waste places, fields, dry woods and meadows, Ontario to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


7. Trifolium stoloníferum Muhl. Perennial, glabrous, producing runners at the 
base. Stems simple and erect or branched at the base, the branches widely spreading, 17 
dm. long: leaflets 3, the blades obovate, broadly cuneate or nearly orbicular, 1-3 cm. in 
diameter, rounded or notched at the apex, denticulate : peduncles surpassing the subtend- 
ing leaves: calyx ribbed; tube campanulate ; lobes subulate, twice or thrice as long as the 
tube: corolla white tinged with purple, 8-12 mm. long; standard involutely folded, sur- 
passing the wing-petals. 

In open woods and on prairies, Ohio to Nebraska, Tennessee and Missouri. Spring and summer. 


8. Trifolium Bejariénse Moric. Annual, sparingly pubescent. Stems erect, OF 
branched at the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 1-2 dm. long, simple or 
branching above: leaflets 3, the blades obovate or cuneate, 5-10 mm. long, sounded €. 
emarginate at the apex, denticulate : peduncles several times longer than the subtending 
leaves : heads many-flowered, 1.5-2 cm. thick : calyx reticulated, 2-lipped ; tube camp PE 
late ; lobes unequal, the upper one nearly distinct, the rest shorter than the tube: pr d 
pale, becoming brown, somewhat longer than the calyx ; standard and wing-petals toothed, 
the former surpassing the latter. 

On prairies, Texas. Spring. 1 

9. Trifolium Carolinianum Michx. Perennial, slender, pubescent. Stems umiy 
branched at the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 1-3 dm. long, often sparingy 
branched above: leaves with slender petioles: leaflets 3, the blades obovate or cuneate, 
5-12 mm. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex, denticulate, acute at the - pers 
duncles usually many times longer than the subtending leaves: calyx pilose, reticulate” » 


FABACEAE 607 


tube campanulate; lobes lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, longer than the tube: corolla 
white, pink or tinged with purple ; standard acute, surpassing the wing-petals. 
In sandy soil or waste places, or on rocks, Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


10. Trifolium amphiánthum T. & G. Perennial, stoloniferous, glabrous or nearly 
so. Stems branched at the base, the branches prostrate, creeping, 2-16 cm. long, simple 
or branched : leaves clustered at the nodes : leaflets 3, the blades broadly cuneate-obovate, 
5-10 mm. long, emarginate, undulate or denticulate: peduncles overtopping the leaves, 
slender: heads rather few-flowered : calyx nerved ; tube campanulate ; lobes lanceolate or 
subulate-lanceolate, about as long as the tube: corolla bright purple, 8-10 mm. long ; 
standard somewhat longer than the wing-petals : pods mainly solitary from fertile flowers 
usually borne at the lower nodes. 

On prairies, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 


11. Trifolium saxicola Small. Perennial, glabrous. Stems branched at the base, 
the branches prostrate, creeping, 0.5-2 dm. long, rigid: leaflets 3, the blades cuneate or 
obdeltoid, 3-8 mm. long, firm, usually truncate or retuse at the apex, spiny-serrate ; 
secondary nerves close, straight: peduncles stout, surpassing the subtending leaves: calyx 
glabrous, about 3 mm. long ; tube narrowly campanulate, prominently ribbed ; lobes subu- 
late-lanceolate, shorter than the tube: corolla white, 5-7 mm. long; standard erose at the 
apex, surpassing the wing-petals. 

On granite rocks, Stone Mountain, Georgia. Summer. 


12. Trifolium répens L. Perennial, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems more 
or less densely branched at the base, the branches prostate, creeping, 1-4 dm. long: leaf- 
lets 3, the blades obovate or orbicular-obovate or oval, 1-1.5 cm. long, rounded or notched 
at the apex, denticulate: peduncles elongated, erect or ascending, 5-20 cm. long: calyx 
glabrous ; tube campanulate, ribbed ; lobes lanceolate or at maturity triangular-lanceolate, 
shorter than the tube : corolla usually white, 6-10 mm. long ; standard much longer than 
the wing-petals and the keel. 

In all situations, throughout North America except the extreme north and south. Naturalized, 
wholly or perhaps only partially from Europe. Widely distributed. Spring to winter. 

13. Trifolium hy bridum L, Perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stems branched at 
the base, the branches erect or ascending or spreading, 2-8 dm. long, more or less 
branched : leaflets 3, the blades oval to oblong varying to ovate or obovate, or sometimes 
suborbicular, rounded or notched at the apex, denticulate, the teeth often spine-like : 
peduncles usually surpassing the subtending leaves: heads rather dense: calyx often 
sparingly pubescent ; tube campanulate ; lobes subulate-lanceolate, surpassing the tube in 
length : corolla pink or rarely nearly white: standard longer than the wing-petals. 

In various situations, Nova Scotia to Idaho, Georgia and Missouri. Spring to fall. 


10. LOTUS L. 


Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with glabrous or silky-pubescent foliage. Leaves 
alternate : blades 1-foliolate or pinnately 3-foliolate, petioled : leaflets with entire blades. 
Flowers perfect, solitary in the axils or clustered. Calyx pedicelled: lobes nearly equal, 
often shorter than the tube. Corolla yellow, white or reddish : standard broad, clawed : 
wings narrow, about as long as the incurved obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous 
(9 and 1) : filament opposite the standard free. Anthers all alike. Ovary sessile. Style 
glabrous, incurved or inflexed. Ovules 1 or several. Pod narrow, flattish or nearly 
terete, 2-valved, straight or curved. Seeds 1 or several. [Hosackia Dougl.] 


m eddie ENSE: leaflets oblong to ovate: branches villous. 1. L. Americana. 
gacious : leaflets linear: branches glabrous or glabrate. 2. L. Helleri. 

"ine Lotus Americànus (Nutt.) Bisch. Foliage more or less densely villous or 

js d Stems 2-6 dm. tall, branching : leaves 3-foliolate, or the upper sometimes 1-folio- 

ne the lower with short petioles, the upper sessile : leaflets mostly 3, the blades oblong or 

ver uta varying to lanceolate, 0.8-2.5 cm. long, acute or sharply acuminate, inequilateral : 

p uim 1-flowered, bearing a bractlet at the top: calyx copiously pubescent; tube 

urinate ; lobes narrowly linear, over twice as long as the tube: corolla 6-7 mm. long, 

pink; standard striped with purple: pods linear, 2.5-3 cm. long, straight, acute. 
In dry soil, Minnesota to Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 

2. Lotus Hélleri Britton. F oliage glabrous or finely pubescent. Stems 2-6. dm. 


er usually much and regularly branched : leaves 3-foliolate or the upper ones 1-foliolate : 
ets mostly 3, the blades linear or linear-oblong, 5-15 mm. long, acute: peduncles 


608 FABACEAE 


axillary, 1-flowered, bracted at the top: calyx usually sparingly pubescent ; tube turbinate- 
campanulate ; lobes narrowly linear, hardly twice as long as the tube: corolla pink, 6-7 
mm. long ; standard very faintly if at all veined: pods linear, 2-3 mm. long, straight, 
acute. 

In dry soil and open pine woods, North Carolina. Summer. 


11. INDIGOFERA L. 


Perennial herbs or shrubs, with erect or prostrate stems. Foliage often more or less 
densely clothed with simple 2-horned or forking hairs. Leaves alternate: blades un- 
equally pinnate, or sometimes 3-foliolate or rarely 1-foliolate: leaflets with entire blades, 
Flowers perfect, in axillary spikes or racemes. Calyx-lobes oblique, nearly equal or the 
upper shorter. Corolla often pink or purple: standard broad}; blade sessile or clawed, 
persistent : wings somewhat elongated, slightly cohering with the more or less inflated 
erect keel and deciduous like it. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous, or one partially dis- 
tinct. Anthers alike. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Style glabrous. Ovules numerous or 
rarely few or solitary. Pod linear to subglobose, angled or turgid. Seeds subglobose or 
flattened, separated from each other. INDIGO-PLANT. 
Racemes surpassing the subtending leaf-like bracts. 

Pods about 1 cm. long or shorter, oblong. 
Pods 1.5-3 em. long, linear. 

Pods curved. 

Pods straight. 


Standard 8-10 mm. long: racemes many-flowered : campestrian species. 3. J. leptosepala. 


1. I. Caroliniana, 
2 
3 
Standard 5-6 mm. long: racemes few-flowered : Floridian species. 4. I. miniata. 
5 
6 


. I. subulata. 


Racemes shorter than the subtending leaf-like bracts. 

Pods straight or nearly so, over 2 em. long. 

Pods strongly curved, less than 2 cm. long. : EOM 
Leaflets copiously pubescent above. . I. Lindheimeriana, 
Leaflets glabrous above or nearly so. 7. I. Anil. 

1. Indigofera Caroliniàna Walt. Foliage minutely strigillose. Stems erect, 1-2 m. 
tall, widely branched: leaflets 9-15, the blades oblong, oval or oblanceolate, thinnish, 
1-2.5 cm. long, mucronate, slender-stalked : racemes surpassing the leaf-like bracts: calyx 
densely strigillose ; lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the tube : corolla yellowish brown ; 
standard 5-6 mm. long, surpassed by the other petals: pods oblong, 5-10 mm. long, acute 
at each end, drooping on short reflexed pedicels. 

In dry pine lands, North Carolina to Florida.’ Spring and summer. 


2. Indigofera subulata Vahl. Foliage sparingly strigillose. Stems branched at the 
base, the branches spreading or decumbent, 2-6 dm. long, more or less branched : leaflets 
3-5, the blades oval or oblong to obovate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, mucronulate, short-stalked : 
racemes surpassing the leaf-like bracts : calyx pubescent ; lobes subulate, much longer than 
the tube: corolla pale, often pinkish ; standard 4-5 mm. long: pods linear, 3-4 cm. long, 
acute, slightly curved. 

In sand, Florida Keys. Throughout the year. 


3. Indigofera leptosépala Nutt. Foliage strigillose. Stems more or less branched 
at the base, the branches decumbent, 3-10 dm. long, simple or branching : leaflets 7-9, the 
blades oblong-obovate to cuneate, 1-2 cm. long, mucronate, sessile or nearly so: ae 
surpassing the leaf-like bracts: pedicels stout, 1-1.5 mm. long, finally recurved : ir Jo 
strigillose ; lobes subulate, much longer than the tube : corolla pale scarlet ; standard 
mm. long : pods linear, 3-3.5 cm. long, not torulose, straight. 

In dry soil, Kansas to Georgia and Florida, Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


4. Indigofera miniàta Ortega. Foliage densely strigillose with whitish bains Ree 
quently pale. Stems more or less freely branched at the base, the branches sprea 041 
procumbent : leaflets firm, 5-9, the blades linear-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, hn 
cm. long, acute, short-stalked : racemes surpassing the leaf-like bracts: calyx q ^i Ta 
pubescent ; lobes lanceolate-subulate, longer than the tube: corolla pinkish or re : he 
standard 5-6 mm. long: pods oblong-linear, 1.5-2 cm. long, acute, not torulose, straigt, 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Throughout the year. "uade 


5. Indigofera tinctória L. Foliage strigillose. Stems erect, 1-2 m. tall, pore 
ing: leaflets 7-11, the blades oblong, oval or obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, — po 
racemes shorter than the leaf-like bracts : pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, finally edes herir 
pubescent ; lobes subulate, the lower ones surpassing the tube in length: coro " ind 
eise ; standard, 4-5 mm. long: pods linear, 2.5-3 em. long, straight or slightly c , 
torulose. 


r. 
In waste places, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Introduced from Asia. Summe 


. I. tinctoria. 


FABACEAE 609 


6. Indigofera Lindheimeriàna Scheele. Foliage densely strigillose with whitish hairs, 
consequently pale. Stems erect, 1-2 m. tall, more or less branched: leaflets firm, 7-15, 
the blades oblong or oval varying to cuneate, 1-2 cm. long, mucronate, short-petioluled : 
racemes shorter than the leaf-like bracts: pedicels about 1 mm. long, finally recurved : 
calyx densely strigillose ; lobes subulate-lanceolate, as long as the tube or longer: corolla 
6-7 mm. long : pods linear, about 2 em. long, curved, beaked, thickened at each suture. 


In dry soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 


7. Indigofera Anil L. Foliage strigillose. Stems erect, 1-2m. tall, angular, 
sparingly branched : leaflets 7-15, the blades oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, 1-3 em. 
long, mucronate, acute at the base, glabrous or glabrate above : racemes shorter than the 
leaf-like bracts: pedicels about 1 mm. long, finally recurved: calyx densely pubescent ; 
lobes about as long as the tube: corolla 3.5-4.5 mm. long: pods stout, 12-15 mm. long, 
curved, thickened at the sutures. 


ae ID waste places, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Introduced from the tropics. Spring 
all. 


12. CRÁCCA L. 


Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with long tough roots and usually pubescent foliage. 
Stems erect or prostrate, often branched at the base. Leaves alternate : blades unequally 
pinnate: leaflets numerous, or rarely few, with entire blades. Flowers perfect, in axillary 
lateral or terminal racemes. Calyx pedicelled : lobes nearly equal or the 2 upper united 
and shorter than the lower. Corolla white, pink, purple or red: petals clawed : standard 
suborbieular: wings oblique, lightly adhering to the incurved keel. Stamens diadelphous 
or monadelphous. Anthers alike. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous or rarely few. Pod 
elongated, flat, 2-valved. Seeds variegated. [Tephrosia Pers.] The plants flower in 
summer, or from spring to fall in the South. Cat-cur. Goars RUE. 


Stem Vern wan : flowers in terminal or axillary sessile racemes. 
Calyx-lobes ovate to lanceolate: plants pale- or gray-pubescent. f 
alyx-lobes ovate, the upper shorter than the tube. 1. C. latidens. 
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, the upper longer than the tube. 
Leaflets with oblong or elliptic blades : stems and raceme pubescent with 
short hairs. ih Oa Ve 
Leafiets with linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong blades : stems and raceme 
woolly or villous. 
" Calyx-lobes very slender, often nearly setaceous : plants tawny-pubescent. 
tems sympodial : flowers in peduncled racemes which terminate the main axis 
at one or more nodes. 
Flowers relatively small: standard less than 10 mm. long. 5. C. purpurea. 
Flowers relatively large: standard 10 mm. long or longer. 
Petioles longer than the leaflets. 
Leaflets with linear to oblong or cuneate blades: pods about 4 mm. wide. 


. C. holosericea. 
. C. Rugelii. 


CO 


Leaflets with narrowly linear blades, slenderly acute. 6. C. gracillima. 
Leaflets with oblong or cuneate blades, truncate or abruptly pointed. 7. C. ambigua. 
Leaflets with obovate or suborbicular blades: pods 6 mm. wide or wider. 8. C. Lindheimeri. 
Petioles shorter than the leaflets. j 
Racemes many-flowered, the middle nodes bearing 3-4 flowers. 9. C. onobrychoides. 


Racemes few-flowered, the flowers single or in pairs at the nodes. 
Stem, at least the lower part, clothed with a tawny spreading pubes- 
cence, 
Leaflets with oblong or obovate blades, the terminal one nearly 
similar to the rest. 10. C. spicata, 
Leaflets with linear blades, the terminal one conspicuously elon- 


gated. 11. C. flexuosa. 
Stem clothed with an appressed or somewhat tomentose often lustrous 
pubescence, or nearly glabrous. 

Leaves manifestly petioled, not prostrate. ro 
Leaflets mostly 11-17, relatively small. 12. C. hispidula. 
Leaflets mostly 7-11, relatively large. r 

Stems or branches prostrate : peduncles strigillose. 13. C. Floridana. 
Stems or branches assurgent: peduncles hirsute. 14. C. Smallii. 
Leaves sessile or nearly so, prostrate. 
Calyx-lobes longer than the tube: leaflets 6-13 mm. long: pods 
3 em. long or more. 15. €. chrysophylla. 
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube: leaflets mostly 13-30 mm. 2. 
long: pods 2 em. long or less. 16. C. Chapmanii. 


2 Cracca làtidens Small. Root exceedingly long (7-12 dm.) from elongated root- 
25d F was finely and quite closely pubescent with pale hairs: stems often tufted, 
lon ‘m. tall, finely ridged : jai linear-oblong or narrowly oblong in outline, 5-9 cm. 
s g; leaflets 19-37, the blades of the lateral ones mainly oblong, sometimes oblong- 

neate, 9-17 cm. long, mucronate, those of each leaf quite uniform in size: raceme few- 
ee calyx strigillose ; lobes ovate, rather abruptly pointed, the upper ones shorter 


610 FABACEAE 


than the tube: corolla nearly similar to that of C. Virginiana ; standard sparingly pubescent 
without. 
In sand, peninsular Florida. 


. 2. Cracca Virginiàna L. Root long, tougb. Foliage villous-hirsute or canes- 
cent throughout: stems woody at the base, tufted, simple, erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. 
tall, angled and striate: leaves elliptic or linear-oblong in outline, 6-10 em. long or 
longer, nearly sessile ; stipules caducous ; leaflets 11-21, the blades of the lateral ones 1-3 
cm. long, mainly oblong or elliptic, obtuse or acutish, apiculate, glabrous or nearly so above, 
silky-villous beneath, often becoming glabrate with age: racemes often many-flowered : 
calyx silky-villous ; lobes lanceolate, long-pointed, longer than the tube: corolla cream- 
colored, tinged with purple or pink; standard copiously pubescent without: pods 3-5 cm. 
long, straight or somewhat curved, villous. 

In dry sandy soil, Ontario to Manitoba, Florida, Texas and Mexico. DEVIL's SHOE-STRING. 


3. Cracca holoserícea ( Nutt.) Small. Foliage pale green, densely pubescent. 
Stems branched at the base, the branches tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, villous-hirsute : leaves mostly 
8-12 em. long; leaflets 15-25, the blades of the lateral ones linear-oblong or linear-lanceo- 
late, except the more or less cuneate terminal one, 1-2.5 cm. long, apiculate, conspicuously 
and densely silky : racemes terminal, sessile; rachis like the pedicels which sometimes 
become 1 cm. long, densely villous-hirsute: calyx pubescent like the pedicels; lobes 
narrow, acuminate: corolla nearly 2 cm. long: pods linear, curved, 4-6 cm. long. 

On prairies, Arkansas and Louisiana and probably in Wisconsin and Illinois. 


4. Cracca Rugélii (Shuttleworth) Small. Root woody. Stem branched at the base: 
the several branches decumbent or assurgent, finely pubescent with bronze-colored hairs, 
leaves nearly oblong in outline; stipules 4-6 mm. long, persistent; leaflets 3-11, the 
blades of the lateral ones obovate, 8-17 mm. long, retuse and mucronulate, finely appressed- 
pc and yellowish green above, much paler or even gray and prominently veiny 

eneath : raceme terminating the stem, sometimes much reduced and represented by pairs 
of flowers in the upper axils: calyx tawny-villous; lobes very slender, nearly equal: 
ches probably purple at maturity : pods about 3-8 cm. long, somewhat faleate, tomentu- 
ose. 
In pine woods, along the Manatee River, peninsular Florida. 


5. Cracca purpürea L. Root elongated, slender. Foliage strigillose or glabrate: 
stems erect or ascending, 1-6 dm. long, branched, the branches spreading : leaves oblong or 
linear-oblong in outline, 0.6-1 dm. long; petioles 1-3 em. long: stipules setaceous: leaf- 
lets 7-17, the blades of the lateral ones linear, linear-oblong or oblong-cuneate, 2-5 cm. 
long, obtuse or acute at both ends, apiculate, sometimes glaucous beneath: peduncles 
2-sided : pedicel slightly longer than the calyx: calyx finely pubescent: lobes slender, 
as long as the tube: corolla white, turning purple, 6-10 mm. long ; standard minutely 
pubescent : pods linear, slightly falcate, 3-5 cm. long, strigillose or glabrate. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Arizonaand Mexico. Alsoin eastern Central and South America to Brazil. 


6. Cracca gracíllima (Robinson) Heller. Root relatively slender. Foliage glabrate 
or minutely pubescent: stems prostrate, very slender, 3-6 dm. long, diffusely branching, 
the branches flexuous : leaves linear-oblong in outline ; stipules 3-7 mm. long, setaceous, per- 
sisting ; petioles 3-9 cm. long; leaflets 5-17, the blades of the lateral ones linear, Rer 
long, acute at each end, minutely pubescent beneath : peduncles 5-10 cm. long: pedice 
7-10 em. long: bracts setaceous, persisting : calyx quite long-pedicelled ; lobes laneo aae 
subulate, about the length of the tube: corolla purplish, 8-12 mm. long ; standard P A 
cent: pods 3 cm. long or longer, 4 mm. wide, minutely hirsute, somewhat inflated a 
maturity. 


In pine lands, near Eau Gallie, Indian River, southern Florida. 


7. Cracca ambígua (M. A. Curtis) Kuntze. Root woody, elongated. hae 
hirsute with short spreading, somewhat viscid hairs: stems trailing or assurgent, 7-15 
long or longer, often purplish, dichotomously branching, straggling, angled : leaves dn & 
em. long, remote, linear-oblong in outline ; stipules 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate, p ET 
petioles 3-8 cm. long ; leaflets leathery, 7-11, the blades of the lateral ones apre 
to cuneate-oblong or obovate, 2-14 cm. long, acutish or mostly obtuse-apiculate, gia Ra 
and yellowish green above, appressed-hirsute with whitish hairs and the nerves isum 
turning reddish or purplish beneath: peduncles 1-1.5 cm. long, ancipital: calyx one 
subulate, as long as the tube : corolla 10-13 mm. long ; standard pubescent : pods 4 cm. 
or more, 4 mm. wide, nearly straight. 

In high pine lands, dry soil. North Carolina to Florda and Mississippi. 


FABACEAE 611 


8. Cracca Lindheimeri (A. Gray) Kuntze. Root tuberous and woody. Foliage 
cinereous-pubescent or sericeous : stems prostrate or ascending, 6-12 dm. long, rather stout, 
flexous, branching, spreading, more or less strongly angled: leaves oblong, linear-oblong, 
or obovate-oblong in outline ; stipules somewhat persisting ; leaflets 9-17, the blades of the 
lateral ones obovate or suborbicular, 2-3 cm. long, apiculate, pubescent above, densely 
sericeous or velvety-pubescent beneath: racemes loosely many-flowered: peduncle 1-2 
dm. long: calyx sericeous; lobes acuminate, about the length of the tube: corolla red- 
purple, standard pubescent: pods 3-4 cm. long, undulate, densely velvety-pubescent, 
tawny or yellowish. 

In dry soil, Texas and New Mexico to northern Mexico. 


9. Cracca onobrychoides (Nutt.) Kuntze, Root long. Foliage pilose with spread- 
ing rusty hairs. Stems erect, several dm. long, rather stout, simple or branching, flexuous, 
striate and angled above ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong in outline, 1-1.6 dm. long ; stipules 
8-12 mm. long, often persisting ; petioles 1-3 cm. long; leaflets 13-23, the blades of the 
lateral ones often retuse, apiculate, pubescent or glabrate above, more or less closely silky- 
pilose beneath : peduncles rusty-villous or rarely glabrate: bracts b mm. long, subulate, 
mostly caducous : pedicels slightly longer than the bracts: flowers 2 or several together, 
often the whole length of the peduncles : calyx more or less pubescent ; the upper lobes 
shorter than the tube, the lower one subulate, longer: corolla site turning to pale scarlet ; 
standard pubescent on the outer surface, green toward the middle: pods 3-5 cm. long, 5 
mm. wide, linear, acute, somewhat falcate, spreading, puberulent. 

In dry soil, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to AJabama and Texas. 


. 10. Cracca spicata (Walt.) Kuntze. Root elongated. Foliage villous or villous- 
hirsute: stems decumbent or ascending, 3-15 dm. long, simple or diffusely branched, 
angled, spreading, flexuous, often glabrate in age : leaves oblong or linear-oblong in outline, 
0.5-1.5 dm. long ; stipules more or less persistent, 5-10 mm. long ; leaflets 5-15, the blades 
of the lateral ones oval, oblong or cuneate-oblong, (terminal one mostly obovate), 1-2.5 
cm. long, often reflexed, mucronulate, more or less densely silky above : peduncles 2-edged, 
1-3 dm. long: pedicels remote, few, or clustered near the top of the peduncle: bracts 
subulate, 5-10 mm. long: calyx-lobes subulate, slightly longer than the tube, copiously 
villous : corolla white, fading purple, 1-1.5 cm. long; standard fully 1 em. long: pods 
linear, 3-5 em. long, acute, rather straight. 

In dry soil, Virginia to Tennessee, Florida and Mississippi. 


., 1l. Cracca flexudsa (Chapm.) Heller. Root relatively slender. Foliage pubescent 
with somewhat spreading hairs or partially glabrate: stems slender, 2-6 dm. long, or longer, 
zigzag, sometimes almost glabrous, more or less spreading: leaves few, 4-11 cm. long; 
leaflets 3-17, the blades of the lateral ones linear or nearly so, spreading or deflexed, deli- 
cately veined beneath, acute or short-acuminate, that of the terminal one conspicuously 
longer than those of the lateral: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, longer than the tube, 
sparingly villous : corolla becoming purplish ; standard about 1 cm. long. 

In dry or sandy soil, Florida and Alabama. 


. 12. Cracca hispídula (Michx.) Kuntze. Root more or less fusiform. Foliage 
minutely oo ene dle or glabrate : stems 1-3 dm. long or longer, decumbent or as- 
surgent, dichotomously branching, straggling, angled : leaves 3-6 cm. long, linear-oblong 
in outline, with short petioles 5-10 mm. long or the upper ones often sessile ; leaflets 7-13, 
the blades of the lateral ones elliptic, oval-oblong, or linear-oblong, 0.8-2 cm. long, acutish, 
or sometimes obtuse, apiculate, reflexed, glabrous above, the nerves often turning purplish 
beneath : peduncles ancipital, 5-10 cm. long : bracts 2-5 mm. long, setaceous : calyx-lobes 
acute, as long as the tube: corolla white, turning pink, 10-12 mm. long; standard 
minutely pubescent : pods about 4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, straightish or slightly falcate, 
minutely hispid. 

In sandy soil and low pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. 


13. Cracca Floridàna Vail. Root relatively short, stout, woody. Foliage .pubes- 
cent and somewhat viscid : stems spreading, prostrate, 2-6 dm. long or longer, dichoto- 
mously branching, angled above, clothed with a short appressed or spreading often some- 
wat viscid pubescence : leaves 4-10 cm. long, oblong or rarely linear-oblong in outline ; 
CE y 3-5 mm. long, subulate, often persisting ; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long ; leaflets 9-13, 
the blades of the lateral ones oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse or truncate at the apex, 
apiculate, 1.5-3 em. long, glabrous and yellowish green above, lighter, strigose with 
Whitish hairs and the veins turning reddish beneath : peduncles 7-20 cm. long, appressed- 
pubescent : pedicels 5-8 mm. long, solitary or geminate : corolla becoming purple, 1-1.5 cm. 
ong ; standard finely pubescent : pods 3-4 em. long, 4 mm. wide, erect, straight, strigillose. 

In pine lands, Florida to Louisiana. 


612 FABACEAE 


14. Cracca Smállii Vail. Root elongated. Foliage pubescent throughout and some- 
what viscid : stems branched from the base, the branches 4-6 dm. long, spreading, assurgent, 
flexuous, more or less angled ; leaves oblong-obovate in outline, 6-12 cm. long; stipules 
subulate, caducous ; petioles 1 em. long ; leaflets 3-11, the blades of the lateral ones oblong- 
obovate, 1-3 em. long, glabrous and yellowish green above, strigose with whitish hairs and 
becoming somewhat purplish beneath, truncate at the apex, apiculate: peduncles 8-15 em. 
long, hirsute: bracts 5-7 mm. long: pedicels remote, each longer than its calyx: calyx- 
lobes lanceolate, acuminate : corolla 1 cm. long ; standard minutely pubescent : pods 3.5-4 
cm. long, about 4 mm. wide, straightish, strigillose. 


In dry or poor blackjack thickets, Georgia and Florida. 


15. Cracca chrysophylla (Pursh) Kuntze. Root woody, elongated. Foliage pubes- 
cent with more or less lustrous hairs. “Stems prostrate, 3-10 dm. long, dichotomously 
branched : leaves oval in outline, 3-5 em. long, with very short petioles, or sessile ; stipules 
subulate, caducous ; leaflets leathery, 3-7 or rarely 1, the blades of the lateral ones cuneate- 
obovate, 1.3-3 cm. long, obtuse or often retuse, sometimes apiculate, the terminal one con- 
spicuously larger than the rest: peduncles two-sided, 4-6 cm. long: pedicel shorter than 
the calyx or a little longer: calyx-lobes lanceolate or lanceolate-subulate, longer than 
the tube: corolla becoming purple; standard fully 1 em. long: pods 3-5 cm. long, nearly 
straight, erect or spreading. 


In sandy pine lands, Georgia to Florida and Mississippi. 


16. Cracca Chapmánii (Vail) Small. Similar to C. chrysophylla in habit, but much 
smaller. Stems prostrate, 2 dm. long or longer, slender: leaves 1.5-3 cm. long ; leaflets 
5-7, the blades of the lateral ones oblong to obovate, 6-12 mm. long, rounded, truncate or 
retuse at the apex and often apiculate, resembling those of Stylosanthes riparia: peduncles 
about as long as the leaves or longer: calyx-lobes triangular, shorter than the tube: 
corolla becoming purple ; standard about 1 cm. long: pods 2 cm. long or less. 

In sandy soil, Florida and Alabama to Louisiana. 


13. BRADLEIA Adans. 


Perennial vines, with climbing woody stems. Leaves alternate: blades unequally 
pinnate: leaflets often subtended by stipels, the blades entire. Flowers perfect, in 
terminal racemes. Calyx slightly 2-lipped, the 2 upper lobes partially united and shorter 
than the 3 lower. Corolla blue, purple or rarely white: standard broad, abruptly con- 
tracted into a claw with 2 appendages at the top: wings somewhat curved : keel incurved, 
obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Anthers alike. Ovary stalked. Style inflexed. Ovules 
numerous. Pod elongated, 2-valved, flat, constricted between the seeds. [ Wistarta Nutt. ] 
WISTERIA. 


Racemes 4-10 cm. long: calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. 1. B. ee m 
Racemes 20-30 em. long: calyx-lobes as long as the tube or the lower ones longer. 2. B. macrostact 


1. Bradleia frutéscens (L.) Britton. A slender vine becoming 12 m. long. Leaves 
1-2 dm. long: leaflets 9-15, the blades oblong to ovate or lanceolate, 1.5-6 cm. er 
acute or slightly acuminate at the apex, acute or obtuse at the base: racemes ovo! 
oblong, 4-10 em. long, the rachis and pedicels lanuginous : calyx pubescent with ap Dr 
hairs, 6-7 mm. long: corolla lilac-purple, 15-18 mm. long; standard with a suborbicu 
blade which has 2 incurved auricles at the base ; wing-petals oblique, with a slender an 
short auricle on either side the claw : pods linear, 5-10 cm. long, flat. 


In thickets and low grounds, climbing over trees, Virginia to Florida. Spring. 


2. Bradleia macrostáchys (T. & G.) Small. A stout climbing vine 1-8 m. i 
Stems becoming 2-3 cm. thick: leaves 2-3 dm. long or rarely shorter: leaflets usua lm 
the blades ovate or oval-ovate to elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, piper ud 
ciliate, rounded or cordate at the base: racemes 2-3 dm. long, drooping, Wie re slate 
pedicels densely hirsute and glandular: calyx pubescent like the pedicels ; lobes dy west 
or narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the lateral ones about as long as the tube and the v 
one much longer : corolla lilac-purple or light blue; standard with a short i" an bons: 
orbicular blade rather broader than high, about 1.5 cm. in diameter: wing-petals rulose, 
long, the subulate-linear spur about as long as the claw: pods 7-12 cm. long, toruio* 
reddish brown, rather obtuse : seeds oblong or cylindric-oblong, black, lustrous. 


In swamps, Missouri to Tennessee and Arkansas. Spring. 


FABACEAE 613 


14. ROBINIA L.! 


Shrubs or trees, with glabrous, glandular or bristly foliage, sometimes armed with 
spine-like stipules, the foliage not grandular-dotted. Winter buds naked, in the petiole- 
bases. Leaves alternate: blades unequally pinnate: leaflets opposite or nearly so, the 
blades entire. Flowers perfect, in axillary or rarely terminal racemes. Calyx pedicelled : 
lobes 5, acute, the 2 upper more united than the rest and often shorter. Corolla white, 
pink or purplish : standard witha broad reflexed blade, naked within : wings curved, free : 
keel-petals incurved, united below. Stamens 10, diadelphous ; the free filament sometimes 
united to the middle of the tube. Anthers alike or those opposite the petals smaller. 
Ovary stalked. Style subulate. Ovules several. Pod narrow, flat, short-stalked, glabrous, 
bristly or prickly. Seeds oblique, with a thin crustaceous testa. Locusr. 


Pods smooth and glabrous: corolla white. 1. R. Pseudacacia. 
Pods prickly, hispid, bristly or glandular: corolla pink or purplish. 
Peduncles not hispid. 


Twigs, and often the petioles and pedicels, viscid. 2. R. viscosa. 
Twigs and peduncles not viscid. 
Leaves, twigs and peduncles glabrous. 3. R. Boyntonii. 
Leaves and branches of the inflorescence pubescent. 4. R. Elliottii. 
Peduncles hispid. 
Twigs hispid. 5. R. hispida. 
Twigs merely pubescent. 6. R. nana. 


1. Robinia Pseudacàcia L. A tree 6-35 m. tall, with firm brown furrowed bark, 
hard and very durable wood, especially in contact with the soil, horizontal or spreading 
branches, and short twigs, forming an oval or irregular crown. Foliage and inflorescence 
glabrous, or soon becoming so : stipules spiny on vigorous shoots : leaflets 9-19, the blades 
thin, 2.5-4.5 em. long, elliptic or ovate: racemes drooping, dense, 10-25-flowered, 1-2 
dm. long: corolla 15-20 mm. long, white, except a yellow spot on the standard : pods 
glabrous, flat, 5-10 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide, 3-10-seeded. 

Native from Pennsylvania to Iowa, Georgia and the Indian Territory. Also naturalized in north- 
eastern North America. Spring. 

2. Robinia viscósa Vent. A shrub, or exceptionally a small tree 3-8 m. tall, with 
rough dark gray bark, and spreading branches forming a round crown, or in cultivation 
much larger. Twigs, pods, and often petioles and peduncles glandular-viscid : foliage and 
inflorescence glabrate or appressed-pubescent: stipules small, setaceous, exceptionally 
spiny on vigorous shoots : leaflets 11-27, the blades thick and firm, ovate, oblong or ellip- 
tic, 2.5-4 cm. long: racemes 5-8 cm. long, 6-15-flowered, ascending: corolla 15-22 mm. 
long, pink : pod flat, 5-8 cm. long, often contracted between the seeds, sparingly glandular- 
hispid, 2-7-seeded. à 
: In dry rocky woods, middle North Carolina to Alabama. Local. Often escaped from cultivation 
in the Atlantic States. Spring. 

_3. Robinia Boyntdnii Ashe. A large shrub 2-3.5 m. tall, with ascending branches. 
Twigs glabrous or at first minutely pubescent: stipular spines none: leaves 1-1.5 dm. 
long ; leaflets 7-13, the blades oblong or elliptic, 1.8-2.5 em. long, soon glabrous : racemes 
loosely 8-12-flowered : corolla rose-purple or pink, with white, about 18 mm. long; 
Standard with the blade abruptly contracted into the claw : peduncles ascending or spread- 
ing: pods slender, hispid. 

Alabama. Vern pa epes.. rd at high elevations, North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia and 

. 4. Robinia Hllióttii (Chapm.) Ashe. A shrub 6-15 dm. tall. Stem erect, virgate, 
with few short, stout branches near the summit, the twigs, especially when young, white 
9r grayish canescent: stipular spines short and stout: leaves 10-14 cm. long; leaflets 
11-15, the blades elliptic, 1.5-2.8 em. long: calyx, peduncles and pedicels canescent: 
corolla rose-purple or purple and white: pods linear, hispid. 

Chiefly near the coast, North Carolina to Georgia. Local. Late spring. 


5. Robinia hispida L. A straggling shrub 3-10 dm. tall, often branching from the 
ase. Twigs, stem, peduncles, and often petioles and calyx, densely bristly hispid, or 
vans nearly smooth : stipular spines short, often present: leaves 1-2 dm. long; 
eaflets 7-11, rarely 13, the blades oblong to nearly orbicular, 1.8-3.5 cm. long, glabrate: 
racemes 3—5-flowered : corolla about 25 mm. long, purple or red-purple : pods 5-8 em. long, 
stout, few-seeded, densely hispid, and often glandular-hispid, with purple bristles. 
A o near the mountains, Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia and Alabama. Spring and early 


SEEE a NON TN 
! Contributed by Mr. W. W. Ashe. 


614 FABACEAE 


6. Robinia nana (Ell.) Spach. A shrub 2-4.5 dm. tall, with a generally simple 
stem. Stem, peduncles and petioles more or less hispid, or nearly smooth, the young 
twigs and foliage often sparingly pubescent, soon glabrate: leaves 1-1.5 dm. long; 
leaflets 9-15, the blades elliptic or ovate, acute at the apex, rounded or acute at the base : 
racemes 3-6-flowered : corolla 16-20 mm. long, purple with white: pods oblong, bristly- 
hispid, but not as much so as that of the next preceding species. 


In dry sandy soil, at low altitudes, North and South Carolina. Local. Spring. 


15. COURSETIA DC. 


Shrubs or trees, with pubescent foliage. Leaves equally or unequally pinnate: 
leaflets several, with very small stipels, the blades entire. Flowers perfect, solitary in the 
axils (in our species). Calyx pedicelled: lobes 5, nearly equal, the 2 upper strongly 
united. Corolla colored, sometimes showy : standard reflexed, with an orbicular or reni- 
form blade: wings free: keel-petals incurved. Stamens 10, diadelphous or monadelphous 
to about the middle. Anthers all alike. Ovary sessile. Style incurved, pubescent along 
the inner side. Stigma capitate. Ovules several. Pod narrow, 2-valved, marginless. 

1. Coursetia axillaris Coult. & Rose. A much branched shrub or small tree, reaching 
a height of several m., with finely pubescent young foliage. Branchlets somewhat zigzag: 
leaves clustered, 1-2 cm. long: leaflets 7-11, the blades obovate or oblong-obovate, except 
the orbicular or oval lower pair, bright green, reticulated, entire, minutely pubescent be- 
neath : flowers axillary, solitary : pedicels becoming 5-10 mm. long: calyx strigillose, 4-5 
mm. long; tube campanulate ; lobes triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute, longer than 
the tube: corolla barely 1 cm. long; standard reflexed, the blade about 12 mm. broad: 

ods linear, 3-3.5 em. long, glabrous, much constricted between the seeds, each narrowed 
into a broad stipe. 

In dry soil, San Diego, Texas. Spring. 


16. SÉSBAN Adans. 


Herbs or shrubs, with upright stems. Leaves alternate, equally pinnate, with fuga- 
cious stipules: leaflets numerous, the blades entire. Flowers perfect, few in axillary 
racemes. Calyx pedicelled : lobes 5, nearly equal. Corolla white, yellow, red or purple: 
standard broad, erect or reflexed : wings curved : keel-petals blunt. Stamens diadelphous 
(9 and 1): anthers alike or nearly so. Ovary often stalked. Style glabrous, incurved. 
Ovules numerous. Pod elongated, flat, narrow, neither 4-angled, nor winged, septate be- 
tween the seeds, more or less torulose, dehiscent, the walls united. Seeds numerous. 
[Sesbania Scop.] : 

1. Sesban macrocárpa Muhl. Annual, glabrous, often glaucous. Stems 1-4 m. tall, 
widely branching: leaves pinnate; leaflets 20-70, the blades oblong, 1-2.5 em. long, 
mucronulate: racemes shorter than the leaves: pedicels 5-10 mm. long: calyx membra- 
nous; lobes triangular, acuminate, shorter than the campanulate tube : corolla yellow : 
petals often spotted with purple; standard with a suborbicular blade 15-20 mm. Jn 
diameter : pods elongated, 1.5-3 dm. long, slightly curved, the edges thickened, the sides 
constricted between the seeds. 

In moist soil, Pennsylvania to Missouri, Florida, Texas and Central America. Spring to fall. 


17. AGATI Adans. 


Trees, usually of rapid growth and short-lived. Leaves alternate, with lanceolate 
stipules: blades equally pinnate: leaflets numerous, the blades entire. Flowers perfect, 
2-4 in axillary racemes. Calyx pedicelled: tube campanulate, nearly truncate Or 4^ 
lipped. Corolla ample: standard with an ovate to oblong blade: wings surpassing the 
standard : keel-petals curved, acuminate but obtuse, distinct at the base and the apex. 
Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1), the sheath auricled at the base. Ovary short-stalked. 
Style subulate. Ovules several. Pod elongated, rather slender, flattened, wingless, more 
or less torulose, stipitate. Seeds several, separated by partitions. i 

1. Agati grandiflòra (L.) Desv. A small tree, with finely pubescent foliage va 
finally nearly glabrous. Leaves 1-3 dm. long, narrowly oblong in outline : leaflets wart 
ous, the blades oblong or linear-oblong, 2-4 cm. long, mostly truncate or retuse at M d 
apex: racemes mostly 2-4-flowered : calyx 2-2.5 cm. long, the lobes broadly triangu'ar» 


FABACEAE 615 


much shorter than the tube: corolla pinkish or red, or almost white, 6-10 cm. long: pods 
narrowly elongated-linear, 2-4 dm. long, each with a stout stipe and a slender beak. 

In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and Key West. Naturalized from the West Indies, 
but originally from the East Indies. 


18. GLOTTIDÍUM Desy. 


Annual caulescent herbs, often with very tall and branching stems. Leaves alternate: 
blades equally pinnate : leaflets numerous, the blades entire. Flowers perfect, in axillary 
racemes. Calyx pedicelled : lobes nearly equal. Corolla yellow or reddish purple : stand- 
ard with a blade often broader than high, short-clawed : keel-petals coherent above the 
middle. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1). Anthers similar or nearly so. Ovary 
stalked. Style incurved at the apex. Ovules commonly 2. Pod relatively short, flat- 
tened, narrowed at both ends, wingless, dehiscent, the outer and inner walls distinct. 
Seeds 2, enclosed in the bladder-like inner walls of the pod. 

1. Glottidium vesicarium (Jacq.) Desv. Foliage glabrous. Stems 1-4 m. tall, 
widely branching: leaves pinnate ; leaflets 24-52, the blades oblong, 1.5-4 em. long, mu- 
cronate, racemes shorter than the leaves: pedicels 8-12 mm. long: calyx campanulate ; 
lobes triangular, much shorter than the tube : corolla yellow, tinged with purple in drying ; 


standard reniform about 1 em. broad: pods oblong, 5-8 em. long, acuminate at both ends, 
the stipe 1-1.5 cm. long. 


In damp soil, North Carolina to Florida and Texas, Summer.—A form from middle Florida, with 
black-purple corollas, is G. vesicarium atrorübrum (Nash) Small. [G. Floridanum atrorubrum Nash.] 


19. DAUBENTONIA DC. 


Shrubs, with branching stems. Leaves alternate, with oblong stipules : blades equally 
pinnate: leaflets numerous. Flowers perfect, in simple axillary racemes. Calyx pedi- 
celled: tube campanulate: lobes 5, minute. Corolla yellow: standard with a short claw 
and rounded blade: wings and keel-petals rather similar, obtuse. Stamens 10, diadelphous 
(9 and 1); tube and free filament geniculate at the base: anthers all similar. Ovary 
stalked. Style slender, glabrous. Ovules several. Pod 4-sided and 4-winged, leathery, 
indehiscent. Seeds several, separated by partitions. 

i 1. Daubentonia longifòlia (Cav.) DC. A shrub or small tree. Leaves pinnate : 
eaflets 12-60, the blades oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, mucronate : racemes shorter than the 
leaves : pedicels 5-10 mm. long, curved at the apex: calyx campanulate ; lobes acute, 
ciliate, much shorter than the tube : corolla scarlet or paler : standard with a blade 13-18 
mm. broad : pods linear-oblong, 5-7 cm. long, 4-winged, the stipe 1-1.5 cm. long. 

In sandy soil. Florida to Texas and Mexico. Summer. 


20. GEOPRUMNON Rydb.! 

_ Perennial tufted herbs, with decumbent or ascending stems. Leaves alternate, the 
stipules distinct and nearly free from the petiole : leaflets numerous, the blades entire, not 
notched. Flowers perfect, in dense short racemes. Calyx deeply campanulate or nearly 
cy. lindric : lobes nearly equal. Corolla white or purple, or rarely ochroleucous : standard 
re a rather narrow partially erect notched blade, much longer than the wings: wings 
onger than the keel-petals. Stamens 10: filaments diadelphous : anthers alike. Ovary 
sessile. Ovules numerous. Pod globular to nearly fusiform, fleshy becoming spongy, 
2celled, with the partition formed by the intruded and modified lower suture meeting the 
upper suture. Seeds numerous. 

Pods pubescent, 


Pods curved, over 2 em. 1 i i 
ed, - long, wrinkled, gradually pointed. 
Pode Gp straight, less than 2 cm. long, barely wrinkled, abruptly pointed. 


s$ oblong-ovoid, acumi 
pd bi pointless. rece 
X woolly : corolla white or ochroleucous. 
Calyx Strigillose: corolla purple. p 


. G. Tennesseense. 
. G. Plattense. 


. G. pachycarpum. 


. G. Mexicanum, 

. G. crassicarpum. 
EET Geoprumnon Tennesseénse (A. Gray) Rydb. Plant villous-hirsute. Stems 
in A ranched at the base, the branches ascending or spreading, often stout, 1-3 dm. 
28: leaves 5-10 em. long: stipules membranous, broadly ovate, often 1 cm. long ; leaf- 


oe w Ne 


iM 
This genus, and the following Astragalus segregates, revised by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg. 


616 FABACEAE 


lets 15-33, the blades narrowly oblong to oval, 4-12 mm. long, obtuse or notched at the 
apex, short-stalked : peduncles about as long as the subtending leaves : racemes subglobose 
to oblong: calyx very thin ; lobes narrowly lanceolate, shorter than the oblong-campanu- 
late tube : corolla 1.5-2 cm. long: pods fleshy, 3-3.5 cm. long, long-beaked, prominently 
ridged-reticulated, pubescent. [Astragalus Tennesseensis A. Gray.] 

On hillsides, Missouri to Tennessee and Alabama. Spring. 


2. Geoprumnon Platténse (Nutt.) Rydb. Plant villous or villous-strigillose. 
Stems more or less diffusely branched at the base, the branches 1-4 dm. long, becoming 
woody : leaves 4-10 cm. long ; leaflets 13-23, the blades oblong to elliptic or cuneate, 5-15 
mm. long, acute or rounded at the apex, short-stalked : peduncles shorter than the sub- 
tending leaves: racemes few-flowered : calyx membranous ; lobes nearly subulate, shorter 
than the oblong tube: corolla about 1.5 cm. long: pods fleshy, ovoid to subglobose, 1-1.5 
em. in diameter, sharply pointed, villous. [Astragalus Plattensis Nutt. ] 

In dry soil, on prairies, Minnesota to Indiana, Alabama and Texas. Spring. 


3. Geoprumnon pachycárpum (T. & G.) Rydb. Plant nearly glabrous or thinly 
pubescent. Stems more or less spreading, 1-2 dm. long, somewhat branched above : leaves 
5-8 em. long ; leaflets 17-31, the blades oblong to cuneate, 5-14 mm. long, obtuse, some- 
times mucronulate, short-stalked : peduncles shorter than the accompanying leaves : calyx 
appressed-pubescent : corolla not seen : pods oblong-ovoid, 2-2.8 em. long, flattened on 
the back, acuminate, but glabrous. [Astragalus pachycarpus 'T. & G.] 

On prairies, Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Summer. 


4. Geoprumnon Mexicànum (A. DC.) Rydb. Plant villous-strigillose. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches stout, spreading, or decumbent, rather fleshy : leaves 
5-10 em. long ; leaflets 17-33, the blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded or notched at 
the apex, short-stalked : peduncles commonly surpassing the subtending leaf-like bracts: 
racemes 2-8 cm. long: calyx densely pubescent ; lobes triangular to triangular-lanceolate, 
much shorter than the oblong tube: corolla cream-color, bluish at the tip, fully 1.5 em. 
long: pods fleshy, subglobose, 2.5-3 cm. in diameter, glabrous, obtuse, sessile in the calyx. 
[Astragalus Mexicanus A. DC. ] 

On prairies, Illinois to Nebraska, Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 


5. Geoprumnon crassicárpum (Nutt.) Rydb. Plant strigillose. Stems more or 
less diffusely branched at the base, the branches spreading or prostrate, 1-4 dm. long : 
leaves 3-10 em. long ; leaflets 13-27, the blades elliptic, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 
mm. long, acute or obtuse, rarely notched at the apex, short-stalked : peduncles shorter 
than the subtending leaves or longer: racemes few-flowered : calyx membranous ; lobes 
lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate, much shorter than the tube: corolla violet-purple, L5- 
cm. long: pods subglobose or oval, fleshy, 2-2.5 cm. thick, short-pointed. [ Astragalus 
crassicarpus Nutt. ] 

On prairies, Northwest Territory to Minnesota, Texas and Colorado. Spring. 


21. ASTRAGALUS L. 


Perennial or annual herbs, various in habit. Leaves alternate, the stipules various : 
leaflets many or several, the blades entire, sometimes notched. Flowers perfeet, m 
racemes. Calyx campanulate to tubular: lobes more or less unequal. Corolla variously 
colored : standard with a broad erect blade, often much longer than the other petals : 
wings about as long as the keel-petals. Stamens 10: filaments diadelphous : anthers alike. 
Ovary sessile. Ovules few or numerous. Pod ovoid to oblong, sometimes nearly didy- 
mous, leathery or woody, perfectly 2-celled, dehiscent. Seeds few or many. 


Pods copiously pubescent with spreading hairs. 1. A. Wrightii. 
Pods glabrous or essentially so. 
Corolla less than 1 em. long: pods 4-8 mm. long. 


Pods stipitate, about as broad as long. 2. 4. Brazocneit 
Pods sessile, much longer than broad. 3. A. rA annt. 
Corolla over 1 em. long: pods 12-18 mm. long. 4. A. Cor 


1. Astragalus Wrightii A. Gray. Plant villous-strigillose. Stems simple and it 
or branched at the base, the branches decumbent, 0.5-3 dm. long, commonly ir 
leaves relatively few, often approximate ; leaflets 7-11, the blades oblong or ers ad. 
elliptic, 5-15 mm. long, acute or acutish, short-stalked : peduncles surpassing the su d 
ing leaves: racemes capitate: calyx densely villous; lobes linear-subulate, ipid 
longer than the tube : corolla white to violet, 6-10 mm. long: pods leathery, oblong, à 
1l em. long, pubescent, straight, capitate. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring. 


FABACEAE 617 


2. Astragalus Brazoénsis Buck]. Plant villous-strigillose. Stems mostly branched 
at the base, the branches decumbent or ascending, 3-20 cm. long, sparsely hairy: 
leaves 3-6 cm. long; leaflets 9-21, the blades oblong to obovate, 3-6 mm. long, notched 
at the apex, short-stalked : peduncles surpassing the subtending leaves: racemes ovoid 
to oblong, 1-3 cm. long: calyx membranous; lobes subulate-lanceolate, about as long 
as the tube: corolla whitish or violet, 5-8 mm. long: pods nearly as thick as long, 6-8 
mm. in diameter, abruptly pointed. 

In sandy soil, Texas. Spring. 

3. Astragalus refléxus T. & G. Plant finely villous. Stems simple and erect or 
branched at the base, the branches ascending or spreading, 1-4 dm. long : leaves 5-10 cm. 
long; leaflets 13-15, the blades cuneate-obovate, 6-12 mm. long, notched at the apex, 
short-stalked: peduncles surpassing the subtending leaves: racemes capitate: calyx mem- 
branous ; lobes nearly subulate, about as long as the tube: corolla bluish white, 6-7 mm. 
long: pods leathery, narrowly conic, 7-8 mm. long, deflexed, short-beaked, transversely 
wrinkled, deeply grooved above. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 

4. Astragalus Carolinianus L. Plant glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems erect 
or ascending, 3-12 dm. tall, simple or branching above: leaves 1-3 dm. long; leaflets 15- 
30, the blades oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, obtuse or slightly 
notched at the apex, short-stalked : peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves or longer : 
racemes 3-15 em. long, many-flowered: calyx membranous; lobes subulate-lanceolate, 
shorter than the tube : corolla greenish yellow, about 1.5 em. long : pods oblong, 12-18 mm. 
long, inflated, 2-celled, glabrous, erect or ascending. [A. Canadensis L.] 

In dry soil, Quebec to the Rocky Mountains, Georgia, Louisiana and Colorado. Summer. 


22. HAMOSA Medic. 

Annual or biennial herbs (our species), with decumbent stems. Leaves alternate, the 
stipules almost free and distinct: leaflets numerous, the blades entire, often truncate or 
notched at the apex. Flowers perfect, few, in short racemes. Calyx short-campanulate : 
lobes almost equal, mostly subulate. Corolla usually purplish : standard with a relatively 
broad blade: wings somewhat longer than the keel-petals. Stamens 10: filaments dia- 
delphous : anthers alike. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Pod linear, often elongated, 
laterally flattened, membranous or thin-walled, if at all sulcate only slightly so along the 
lower suture, 2-celled, the partition as in the 2 preceding genera. Seeds numerous. 


Pods straight. 
Pods ius. 1. H. leptocarpa. 
Corolla over 12 mm. long: pods 4.5-5.5 mm. wide. 2. H. Lindheimeri. 


Corolla less than 11 mm. Jong: Li Hd 
Pods glabrous. g: pods 2-2,5 mm. wide 


Corolla 6-8 mm. long : leaflets cuneate to oblong, notched. 3. H. Nuttalliana. 
Corolla 9-10 mm. long: leaflets linear, acute. 4. H. macilenta. 
Pods pubescent, 5. H. austrina. 


E Hamosa leptocárpa (T. & G.) Rydb. Plant more or less densely strigillose. 
Stems nearly simple and erect or branched at the base, the branches ascending or spread- 
ing, 1-3 dm. long : leaves 3-8 cm. long ; leaflets 9-19, the blades oblong to a 

8 mm. long, notched at the apex, short-stalked : peduncles surpassing the subtending 
eaves : racemes few-flowered : calyx thin ; lobes lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, about as long as the tube : corolla purplish, 8-10 cm. long : pods linear, 2.5-3 cm. 
ong, straight or nearly so, acute. [Astragalus leptocarpus T. & G.] 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring. 


" A Hamosa Lindheimeri (Engelm.) Rydb. Plant strigillose. Stems branched at 

€ base, the branches ascending or prostrate, 1-4 dm. long: leaves 2-7 cm. long, rather 
numerous ; leaflets 15-23, the blades oblong to oval or oval-obovate, usually notched at the 
;bex, approximate, short-stalked : peduncles about as long as the subtending leaves or 
onger: racemes few-flowered : calyx membranous ; lobes subulate-filiform, longer than the 
campanulate tube: corolla purplish, about 1.5 em. long: pods linear-scythe-shaped, 2.5-3 
cm. long, beaked, finely reticulated. [ Astragalus Lindheimeri Engelm. ] 

On plains and on rocky hills, Texas. Spring and summer. 

1 jh Hamosa Nuttalliàna (DC.) Rydb. Plant sparingly silky-strigillose or nearly 
gla rous. Stems simple and erect or branched at the base, the branches ascending or 
eroading, 2-30 cm. long: leaves 2-5 cm. long ; leaflets 11-15, the blades oblong, obovate 
o eate, 2-10 mm. long, mainly notched at the apex, short-stalked : peduncles usually 

urpassing the subtending leaves: racemes loosely flowered: calyx membranous ; lobes 


618 FABACEAE 


subulate-lanceolate, mostly longer than the tube: corolla purplish, 5-6 mm. long: pods 
linear, about 2 cm. long, slightly curved, short-beaked. [Astragalus Nuttallianus DC. ] 
In dry soil, Arkansas and Texas to Arizona. Spring. 


4. Hamosa macilénta Small. Plant somewhat strigillose. Stems tufted, 1-1.5 dm. 
long, ascending: leaves 2.5-4.5 cm. long; leaflets 7-9, the blades linear, 9-12 mm. long, 
acute, sessile or essentially so: peduncles surpassing the accompanying leaves: calyx 
sparingly pubescent ; lobes subulate, the lower ones longer than the tube: corolla purplish, 
nearly 1 cm. long: pods linear, 2-2.5 cm. long, glabrous. 

On hillsides and prairies, near the Blanco, Texas. Summer. 


5. Hamosa austrina Small. Plant copiously strigillose. Stems branched at the 
base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 1-4 dm. long, mostly simple : leaves numerous, 
1.5-5 em. long; leaflets mostly 9-11, the blades oblong to oval, 2-6 mm. long, acute or 
blunt: racemes head-like, on slender peduncles 1-4 cm. long: calyx 4 mm. long, very . 
short-pedicelled ; tube densely pubescent ; lobes subulate-lanceolate, longer than the tube: 
corolla purplish, 5-6 mm. long: pods linear, 1.5-2 cm. long, strongly curved at the base, 
finely pubescent and very delicately reticulated. 

On plains and prairies, Texas to California and Mexico. Spring. 


23. HOLCOPHACOS Rydb. 


Perennial low spreading herbs. Leaves alternate, the stipules nearly free and distinct : 
leaflets numerous, the blades entire, mostly truncate or notched at the apex. Flowers 
perfect, few in short racemes. Calyx short-campanulate: lobes short, relatively broad. 
Corolla pink or purplish : standard with a broad deeply notched blade: wings slightly 
longer than the keel-petals. Stamens 10: filaments diadelphous: anthers alike. Ovary 
sessile. Ovules many. Pod linear or oblong, leathery, deeply sulcate along both sutures, 
but 1-celled, without even a partial partition. Seeds numerous. 

Calyx-lobes triangular: pods about twice as long as broad. 1. H. Engelmannii. 
Calyx-lobes lanceolate: pods 3-4 times as long as broad. 2. H. distortus. 

1. Holcophacos Engelmánnii (Sheldon) Rydb. Plant nearly glabrous. Stems 
branching at the base, the branches diffuse or procumbent, 8-35 cm. long, simple or branch- 
ing: leaves 3-15 cm. long; leaflets 15-25, the blades oblong to obovate, 3-7 mm. long, 
rounded or notched at the apex, short-stalked : peduncles surpassing the subtending leaves: 
racemes ovoid or oblong: calyx strigillose ; lobes triangular, shorter than the tube, more or 
less spreading: corolla purplish, about 1 cm. long: pods 1-celled, glabrous, 1-1.8 cm. long, 
about twice as long as broad. [Astragalus Engelmannii Sheldon. ] 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 


2. Holcophacos distórtus (T. & G.) Rydb. Plant glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 
Stems branched at the base, the branches ascending or prostrate, 1-4 dm. long : leaves 
em. long; leaflets 17-23, the blades oval, obovate or cuneate, 3-10 mm. long, rounded or 
notched at the apex, short-stalked : peduncles about as long as the subtending leaves or 
longer: racemes ovoid or cylindric: calyx minutely pubescent ; lobes lanceolate, shorter 
than the tube, erect: corolla purplish blue, 8-10 mm. long: pods crescent-sha ed, 2-2.5 
em. long, 3 to 4 times as long as broad, short-beaked. [Astragalus distortus 1. 

In dry soil, lowa to West Virginia, Mississippi and Texas. Spring and summer. 


24. TIUM Medic. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, various in habit. Leaves alternate, the stipules nearly 
free and distinct: leaflets numerous, the blades entire. Flowers perfect, in short or 
elongated racemes. Calyx mostly campanulate : lobes nearly equal, sometimes relatively 
long. Corolla purple or ochroleucous, or white: standard with a relatively broad, some- 
times notched, blade. Stamens 10: filaments diadelphous: anthers alike. Ovary more 
or less distinctly stipitate. Ovules numerous. Pod narrow, more or less tapering at both 
ends, usually stipitate, membranous or rather firm, 1-celled, obcordate or triangular " 
cross-section, the ventral suture strongly sulcate and rarely with a narrow partial partition. 


Hs E pubescent. adeo a 

s glabrous. . 

Leaflets with obcordate blades: corolla less than 10 mm. long: pods reticulated. 2. T. kai dee 
Leaflets with linear blades: corolla over 10 mm. long: pods not reticulated. 8. T.a 


FABACEAE 619 


1. Tium intónsum (Sheldon) Rydb. Plant villous. Stems branched at the base, 
the branches ascending or prostrate, 2-10 cm. long, often branching: leaves 4-10 cm. 
long ; leaflets 9-15, the blades oblong, obovate to suborbicular, 3-10 mm. long, usually 
notched at the apex, slender-stalked : peduncles as long as the subtending leaves or longer : 
racemes suborbicular to ovoid, 1-2 cm. long: calyx densely pubescent ; lobes lanceolate- 
subulate, as long as the tube or longer: corolla dull yellow, about 1 cm. long: pods nar- 
row, about 2 cm. long, villous, slightly curved. [Astragalus villosus Michx. A. intonsus 
Sheldon. ] 

In sandy pine lands, South Carolina to Georgia and Florida. Spring. 

2. Tium obcordàtum (Ell.) Rydb. Plant glabrous or nearly so. Stems branched 
at the base, the branches ascending or prostrate, 1-3 dm. long, sometimes sparingly 
branched : leaves numerous ; leaflets 15-25, the blades obcordate or oblong-obcordate, 3-8 
mm. long, short-stalked : peduncles about as long as the subtending leaves: racemes ovoid 
to cylindric, 1-3 em. long: calyx more or less pubescent ; Jobes narrowly lanceolate, about 
as long as the tube: corolla pale purple or blue, 7-10 mm. long: pods crescent-shaped, 
3-3.5 cm. long, 1-celled, short-beaked, delicately reticulated. [Astragalus obcordatus Ell. ] 

In dry pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 

3. Tium apilósum (Sheldon) Rydb. Plant silky when young, glabrousinage. Stems 
erect, 3-9 dm. tall, sparingly branched: leaves few, 1-1.5 dm. long; leaflets 15-25, the 
blades linear or nearly so, 1-2 cm. long, mucronulate or notched at the apex, short- 
stalked : peduncles surpassing the subtending leaves : racemes few-flowered, 4-10 cm. long: 
calyx more or less silky : lobes triangular or triangular-lanceolate, shorter than the tube : 
corolla white, 1.5 em. long: pods 3.5-4 cm. long, acute, transversely wrinkled. [Astragalus 
glaber Michx. A. apilosus Sheldon. ] 

In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 


25. PHACA L. 

Perennial or annual herbs, sometimes almost acaulescent. Leaves alternate, the 
stipules nearly free, often partially united : leaflets many, the blades entire. Flowers per- 
fect, in short or elongated racemes, or sometimes nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves. 
Calyx campanulate : lobes more or less unequal, sometimes longer than the tube. Corolla 
mostly ochroleucous, occasionally purple: standard with a relatively broad blade: wings 
longer than the keel-petals. Stamens 10: filaments diadelphous: anthers alike. Ovary 
sessile or stipitate. Ovules numerous. Pod membranous, inflated, neither suture intruded, 
l-celled, without even a partial partition. Seeds numerous. 


Leaflets 7-13: 7 . P. lotiflora. 
Leatets 18-17 "pods mostly over 28 cim Tone. = 2. P. Reverchonit, 

l. Phaca lotiflòra (Hook.) Nutt. Plant silky-villous. Stems wanting or short: 
leaves numerous ; leaflets 7-15, the blades oblong, elliptic or oblanceolate, 5-15 mm. long, 
acute or obtuse, usually short-stalked : peduncles very short or surpassing the leaves in 
length : calyx densely pubescent ; lobes narrowly lanceolate or almost subulate, longer 
than the tube: corolla yellowish, about 1 cm. long: pods 1-celled, less than 2.5 cm. long. 

On prairies, Northwest Territory to Nebraska, Texas and Colorado. Summer. 

2. Phaca Reverchónii (A. Gray) Rydb. Plant silky or silky-pilose. Stems short, 
branching at the base, leafy : leaflets 13-17, the blades narrowly elliptic to oblong, 6-15 
mm. long, acute or obtuse, sessile or nearly so: peduncles 2-10 cm. long, usually about 
as long as the leaves: racemes 1-2 cm. long: calyx densely pubescent ; lobes subulate-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, usually longer than the tube: coms yellowish, about 1 em. long: 
pods fully 2.5-3.5 cm. long, canescent, acuminate. [Astragalus Reverchonii A. Gray.] 

In dry limestome soil, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring. 


26. XYLOPHACOS Rydb. 
Perennial mostly copiously pubescent, usually low, herbs, often essentially acaulescent. 
ves alternate, the stipules nearly free, distinct : blades entire. Flowers perfect, in 
Tt, often almost capitate, racemes. Calyx cylindric: lobes shorter than the tube. 
Corolla purple, or very rarely ochroleucous or crimson: standard with a narrow blade. 
only slightly longer than the wings. Stamens 10: filaments diadelphous: anthers alike, 
vary sessile. Ovules many. Pod fusiform to ovoid, leathery or woody, pubescent, 1- 


celled, without a partition, but the lower suture sometimes slightly sulcate. Seeds 
humerous. 


Lea 
sho 


620 FABACEAE 


1. Xylophacos Missouriénsis (Nutt.) Rydb. Plant silky-strigillose with silvery 
hairs. Stems mostly tufted, often 1-10 cm. long: leaves approximate, mostly 5-15 cm. 
long ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute ; leaflets 7-21, the blades elliptic, oval to obovate, 
6-10 mm. long, acute or obtuse and mucronate: racemes few-flowered, 1-7 cm. long: 
peduncles 5-20 cm. long: pedicels 2-3 mm. long: calyx mostly 9-10 mm. long; lobes 
about 4 as long as the tube: corolla violet-purple, 2 cm. long or slightly shorter: pods 
about 2.5 em. long, acuminate, transversely wrinkled, dehiscent, slightly keeled along the 
ventral suture. [Astragalus Missouriensis Nutt. ] 

On prairies and plains, Northwest Territcry to Nebraska, Texas and New Mexico. Spring and 
summer, 

27. DALBERGIA L. f. 

Shrubs, with upright or climbing branched stems. Leaves alternate: blades 1-folio- 
late or rarely unequally pinnate : leaflets often leathery. Flowers perfect, in small racemes 
or panicles, or cyme-like axillary clusters. Calyx pedicelled : lobes disposed in 2 lips, the 
2 upper relatively broad, the 3 lower relatively narrow. Corolla white: standard with a 
broad blade: wings about as broad as the slightly incurved keel-petals. Stamens 8-10, 
monadelphous or diadelphous. Anthers erect: sacs opening by cracks at the apex. Ovary 
stalked. Style almost straight. Ovules 2 or sometimes solitary. Pod flat, suborbicular, 
indehiscent. Seed solitary. 

1. Dalbergia Brównei (Pers.) Kuntze. A shrub 1-5 m. tall, with long wide-spread- 
ing branches. Leaves 1-foliolate, attenuate ; leaflets leathery, the blades 5-15 cm. long, 
ovate, oblong or elliptic, short-acuminate, minutely pubescent beneath, rounded or trun- 
cate at the base ; petiolule as long as the petiole or shorter: panicles 1-2 cm. long, in the 
axils: pedicels 1-3 mm. long: calyx campanulate, 1.5-2 mm. long ; lobes shorter than the 


tube: corolla white or pink, 7-9 mm. long: pods suborbicular, 2-3 cm. in diameter, 1- 
seeded, reticulated. 


On river banks and shores, southern Florida and tropical America. 


28. ICHTHYOMENTHIA P. Br. 

Tropical trees, with a reddish brown scaly bark and stout branches. Leaves alternate 
without stipules: blades unequally pinnate: leaflets opposite, leathery, thickened at the 
margins, on slightly swollen petiolules. Flowers perfect, in large axillary th yrsoid panicles 
arising from the branches of the previous year. Calyx pedicelled : tube campanulate, per- 
sistent : lobes 5. Corolla white tinged with red, standard with a suborbicular, emarginate 
blade, canescent on the outer surface, with a green blotch on the inner; claw almost as 
long as the calyx : wings oblong-spatulate, auricled on the upper side: keel-petals broadly 
faleate; claws connate. Stamens 10: filaments diadelphous (9 and 1) : anthers versatile- 
uniform in size. Ovary linear, sessile, silky. Style subulate, incurved. Stigma capitate. 
Ovules numerous, pendulous, amphitropous. Pod linear, flattened, on a stalk which ex- 
ceeds the calyx-tube, more or less constricted between the seeds, indehiscent, furnished 
with 4 broad wings, 2 to each suture. Seeds flattened, with a dull crustaceous testa. 

2. Ichthyomenthia piscípula (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. An irregularly branched tree, 
sometimes 17 m. tall, with pubescent young foliage. Leaves pinnate, 1-3 dm. long; pe 
lets 7-9, the blades oblong varying to oval, obovate or rarely ovate, 2-10 cm. long, 9?" 
ruptly acute or acuminate, undulate or shallowly toothed ; petiolules 4-7 mm. long : 
panicles 1-1.5 dm. long, short-peduncled : pedicels 5-10 mm. long: calyx campanulate ; 
tube silky ; lobes broadly triangular, shorter than the tube: corolla white : petals mostly 
striped with red ; standard with a suborbicular notched blade : pods elongated, 5-10 cm. 
long, broadly 4-winged, the wings undulate or incised. [Piscidia Erythrina L.] 

e near the coast, southern Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies and in nor- 


29. PSORALEA L. 
Herbs or shrubs, with fibrous or much enlarged woody roots and dark or pellucid, 
glandular foliage. Leaves alternate : blades 3-5-foliolate : leaflets with entire or Te 
blades. Flowers perfect, in axillary, usually peduncled spikes or racemes. Calyx-lo 
nearly equal or the lower longer. Corolla of various colors, often variegated : standa ; 
broad, narrowed into a claw, the blades sometimes auricled : wings slightly scythe-shaped ` 
keel often shorter than the other petals, incurved. Stamens diadelphous or monade 


FABACEAE 621 


phous: anthers alike or nearly so. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Style filiform or. 
dilated at the base. Ovules solitary or rarely 2 in a cavity. Pod broad, indehiscent. 


Leaf-blades palmately 3-5-foliolate or rarely 7-foliolate. 
Plants tall, with erect or ascending stems or branches. 
Corolla 4-8 mm. long. 
Pods lunate, with wrinkled sides. 1. P. Lupinellus. 
Pods ovoid or ovate. 
Pod abruptly narrowed into a short beak. 2 
Pod gradually narrowed into a slender elongated beak. 
Leaflets mostly 3: calyx filiform-pediceled, finely pubescent. 3. P. linearifolia. 
Leaflets mostly 5: calyx sessile or nearly so, densely silky. 4. P. digitata. 
Corolla 10-20 mm. long. 
Bract fully as long as the calyx. 


. P. floribunda. 


Leaflets broadest at the middle: corollas about 1 em. long. 5. P. Reverchonit. 
Leaflets broadest above the middle: corollas 1.5-2 em. long. 6. P. cuspidata, 
Bract about as long as the pedicel or shorter. 
Leaflets linear, many times longer than broad : stemssimpleornearlyso. 7. P. cyphocalyz. 
Leaflets broadest above the middle, barely twice as long as broad : stems 
widely branched. 8. P. canescens. 
Plants low, acaulescent or acaulescent-like, with spreading stems or branches. 
Petioles strigose. 9. P. hypogaea. 
Petioles hirsute, 
Leaflets glabrous except the margins and midnerve: calyx-lobes about as 
broad as long. . P. subacaulis. 
Leaflets pubescent: calyx-lobes elongated. 11. P. esculenta. 
Leaflets pinnately 3-foliolate or rarely 1-foliolate. 
Racemes short, subglobose to oblong. 
Corolla 5-7 mm, long. 
Pods suborbicular, reticulated. 12. P. virgata. 
Pods ovoid, not reticulated. ys 
Stems or branches trailing: leaflets with entire blades. 13. P. rhombifolia. 
Stems or branches erect: leaflets with toothed blades. 14. P. Americana. 
Corolla 10-20 mm. long. 15. P. simplex. 
cemes elongated, cylindric. 
Leaflets less than 2 cm. broad : pods suborbicular, about 5 mm. long. i 
Upper calyx-lobes triangular or triangular-ovate. : 16. P. gracilis. 
Upper calyx-lobes lanceolate. 17. P. pedunculata. 


Leaflets over 2 em. broad : pods ovate, about 10 mm. long. 
Blades of the leaflets with rounded bases: standard with a blade 2-3 mm. 


wide. 18. P. Onobrychis. 
Blades of the leaflets with cordate bases: standard with a blade 7-8 mm. 
broad. 19. P. macrophylla. 
l. Psoralea Lupinéllus Michx. Foliage glabrous, somewhat glandular. Stems 
erect or nearly so, 2-6 dm. tall, often branched throughout : stipules setaceous : petioles 
usually shorter than the leaflets: leaflets 5-7, the blades linear-filiform, or those on the 
lower part of the stem narrowly linear, 3-8 cm. long: peduncles surpassing the subtend- 
ing bracts: racemes shorter than the peduncles: calyx campanulate ; lobes triangular to 
triangular-lanceolate, the shorter ones nearly as long as the tube: corolla blue or violet, 
er oe: pods lunate, about 1 cm. long, twisted, longitudinally wrinkled, with a 
e ak. 


In sandy pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 


2. Psoralea floribünda Nutt. Foliage canescent. Stems erect, 3-12 dm. tall, pro- 
fusely branched : stipules subulate: petioles shorter than the leaflets: leaflets 3-7, the 
blades oblong-linear or oblong-oblanceolate, 1-3.5 cm. long, glandular: peduncles sur- 
passing the subtending bracts : racemes commonly about as long as the peduncles: calyx 
campanulate ; lobes triangular, except the lower one, shorter than the tube : corolla bluish 
purple, 4-5 mm. long: pods ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, glandular, with stout straight beak. 

On prairies, Illinois to Montana, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


3. Psoralea linearifdlia T. & G. Foliage strigillose or glabrate in age, more or less 
glandular, Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, widely branched : stipules setaceous to narrowly 
anceolate : leaflets 1-3, the blades linear, 2-6 cm. long, wrinkled : peduncles much longer 
than the subtending bracts: racemes as long as the peduncles or shorter : calyx slightly 
pubescent ; tube campanulate ; lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, about as long as the tube: 
egi s, 7-8 mm. long: pods oblong-ovoid, 8 mm. long, glandular, with a straight 

ak, 


On prairies, Nebraska to Texas. Spring and summer. 


ie 4. Psoralea digitata Nutt. Foliage pubescent with appressed hairs. Stems erect, 
1 dm. tall, branched : stipules lanceolate : leaflets 3-5, the blades linear to narrowly ob- 
anceolate, 2-3.5 em. long, acute, somewhat glandular: peduncles elongated, longer than 
1 © racemes: calyx silky, accrescent; tube turbinate-campanulate ; lobes acuminate, the 
n one longer than the tube: corolla 7-8 mm. long; pods obliquely oval, included in 
e calyx, minutely pubescent, the body 5-6 mm. long. the beak 4— mm. long. 
In sandy soil and on prairies, South Dakota to Texas. Spring and summer. 


622 FABACEAE 


5 Psoralea Reverchónii S. Wats. Foliage strigose, or glabrate below. Stems erect, 
6-9 dm. tall, branching: stipules subulate: petioles shorter than the leaflets : leaflets 3-5, 
the blades linear-oblong or linear-elliptie, 1.5-3.5 em. long, acute at each end, glandular : 
peduncles sometimes shorter than the subtending leaves, corymbosely branched: calyx 
silky-strigose ; tube shorter than the narrowly lanceolate lobes : corolla fully 1 em. long: 
pods not seen. 

On rocky prairies, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 


6. Psoralea cuspidàta Pursh. Foliage strigillose-canescent or glabrate below. 
Stems erect, 4-6 dm. tall, branching: stipules subulate-lanceolate: leaflets 5, the blades 
elliptic-oblanceolate to spatulate, 1.5-4 cm. long, glandular, usually apiculate : racemes as 
long as the stout peduncles or shorter: calyx very glandular, somewhat accrescent; tube 
gibbous on the upper side; lobes oblong-lanceolate, longer than the tube, awn-tipped: 
corolla 1.5-2 em. long: pods enclosed in the calyx, about 8 mm. long, glabrous, each 
tipped with a short recurved beak. 

On plains or prairies, Northwest Territory to Texas and New Mexico. Spring. 


7. Psoralea cyphocalyx A. Gray. Foliage strigillose. Root perpendicular with a 
globose thickening below the summit : stems erect, simple or sparingly branched, 4-9 dm. 
tall, rather wand-like: stipules linear: petioles much shorter than the leaflets: leaflets 
3-5, the blades linear to linear-oblanceolate, 1.5-10 cm. long, glandular, acute : peduncles 
longer than the racemes: calyx densely strigose ; tube gibbous on the upper side ; lobes 
lanceolate, shorter than the tube: corolla 1 cm. to nearly 1.5 cm. in length: pods not 
seen. 

In sandy soil and on dry bluffs, Texas. Spring. 


8. Psoralea canéscens Michx. Foliage canescent. Root oval or fusiform: stems 
erect, 3-9 dm. tall, widely branching : stipules subulate-lanceolate : leaflets 3, or 1 on the 
upper leaves, the blades glandular, varying from obovate or oval to suborbicular, 1.5-6 cm. 
long, usually rounded at the apex, attenuate into petiolules: peduncles as long as the sub- 
btending leaves or twice as long : calyx glandular, accrescent ; tube gibbous on the upper 
side ; lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, longer than the tube : corolla about 1 cm. long : 
pods less than 1 em. long, with an oval or ovoid body and a straight acute beak. 

In sand, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


9. Psoralea hypogaéa Nutt. Foliage strigose. Root globose or fusiform : leaves 
erect or spreading, with petioles much longer than the leaflets.: stipules lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate : leaflets 5-7, the blades linear to linear-oblanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long, acute: 
racemes subglobose to oblong, nearly sessile or on peduncles overtopping the leaves: calyx 
conspicuously pubescent; tube campanulate; lobes lanceolate, longer than the tube: 
WA about 1 cm. long: pods narrow, about 1 cm. long, each with a slender attenuate 

ak. 


On prairies, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and New Mexico. Spring and summer. 


10. Psoralea subacaülis T. & G. Foliage hirsute. Root elongated fusiform : Wen 
subterranean : leaves with ascending or spreading petioles which are much longer than the 
leaflets : stipules ovate-lanceolate : leaflets 5-7, the blades narrowly oblong, or oblong- 
oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, 1.5-3 em. long, usually obtuse : peduncles often surpassing 
the leaves: racemes dense, shorter than the peduncles: calyx hairy; tube campanulate : 
lobes®ovate, or the lower one oblong-ovate; much longer than the rest: corolla blue, 
1-1.5'em. long: pods not seen. 

In rocky soil, Nashville, Tennessee. Spring. 


ll. Psoralea esculénta Pursh. Foliage hirsute. Root obovoid or fusiform : wore 
erect or spreading, 0.5-3 dm. long, usually branching: leaves with petioles p ap i 
leaflets in length : stipules lanceolate to linear: leaflets 5, the blades oblong, oblanceo il d 
or linear-elliptic or rarely cuneate, 2-5 cm. long, commonly apiculate : peduncles usua y 
about as long as the subtending leaves: racemes shorter than the peduncles : in : 

landular ; tube gibbous on the top ; lobes lanceolate, about as long as the tube, oxen y 
onger lower ones: corolla 1.5-2 cm. long: pods enclosed in the calyx, the obovol 
shorter than the slender beak. 

On plains or prairies, Northwest Territory to Montana, Wisconsin, Texas and Louisiana. 
and summer, . 

12. Psoralea virgata Nutt. Foliage strigillose, or glabrate below. Root sepe 
obovoid: stems erect, 3-7 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched: stipules e un 
lanceolate: leaflets mostly 1, the blades glandular, linear or the lower ones 0 Ta 
ovate-oblong, acutish, reticulated, much longer than the petiole: racemes 2-4 cm. : 


Spring 


FABACEAE 623 


surpassing the peduncles in length : calyx hirsute ; lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, longer than the tube: corolla 6-7 mm. long: pods suborbicular, oblique, about 5 
mm. long, strongly transversely wrinkled, with a curved beak. 

In sand, eastern Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 


13. Psoralea rhombifólia T. & G. Foliage more or less densely strigose. Roots 
short or elongated : stems branching at the base, the branches decumbent or prostrate, 1-9 
dm. long, simple or branched: stipules lanceolate to ovate: leaflets 3, the blades oval- 
rhomboidal varying to ovate or obovate, or those of the lower leaves suborbicular, 1-3 em. 
long, acute or obtuse, sometimes mucronate: racemes head-like, much shorter than the 
peduncles: calyx pubescent : lobes lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate ; tube somewhat gibbous 
on top: corolla dark blue or reddish, about 5 mm. long: pods about 1 em. long, hirsute, 
each with a long straight beak. 

In dry soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


14. Psoralea Americana L. Perennial from a shrubby base, glandular throughout. 
Stems branched below, the branches erect or ascending, 6-12 dm. long: stipules lanceo- 
late : leaflets 3, the blades suborbicular in outline, 1.5-3.5 cm. in diameter, irregularly 
crenate-dentate, the terminal one broadly cuneate at the base, the lateral ones oblique: 
racemes shorter than the peduncles which are longer or shorter than the petioles: calyx 
pubescent ; lobes very unequal, the lower one much longer and broader than the lanceolate 
upper ones : corolla about 5 mm. long: pods barely exceeding the calyx-lobes. 

In waste places, Florida. Spring to fall. 

_ 15. Psoralea simplex Nutt. Foliage more or less strigose. Roots cylindric or tur- 
binate: stems erect, 3-6 dm. tall, sometimes branched at the base, paniculate above: 
stipules subulate-setaceous : leaflets 3, the blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 cm, 
long, mucronate, reticulated : racemes usually shorter than the peduncles: calyx hirsute ; 
lobes lanceolate or the lower ones oblong, ail longer than the tube: corolla fully 1 cm. 
long: pods about 4 mm. long, broader than long, with a high crest, obliquely wrinkeled, 
the beak short, upcurved. 

In sandy soil, Arkansas to the Indian Territory, Alabama and Texas. Spring. 


l6. Psoralea grácilis Chapm. Foliage glabrous or sparingly strigillose. Stems 
usually branched at the base, the branches wiry, ascending or spreading, 2-7 dm. long. 
simple or sparingly branched above : stipules linear-lanceolate: leaflets 3, the blades 
elliptic, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, or some of them on the lower part of the plant 
broadest above the middle, 1-3.5 cm. long, usually obtuse or retuse, sometimes mucronate : 
peduncles much longer than the accompanying leaves: racemes 1-3 cm. long: calyx spar- 
ingly pubescent; tube campanulate ; the upper lobes triangular or triangular-ovate, mostly 
shorter than the tube : corolla purplish, 4-5 mm. long: pods suborbicular. 

In sandy pine lands, southern Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 


17. Psoralea pedunculata (Mill. ) Vail. Foliage strigillose, sometimes sparingly so. 
Stems 3-8 dm. tall, simple below or branched at the base, the branches erect or ascend- 
ing, paniculate above : stipules linear-subulate : leaflets 3, the blades lanceolate to narrowly 
oblong, or those of the lower part of the stem oblong-oblanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, usually 
Mi peduncles much longer than the subtending leaves, surpassing the racemes in 
ei: calyx short-pedicelled ; tube campanulate ; the upper lobes lanceolate, acute, 
onger than the tube: corolla purplish, 5-7 mm. long: pods suborbicular, nearly 5 mm. 
ong, margined, transversely wrinkled. [P. melilotoides Michx.] 

Re k ead soil or dry woods, Indiana to Kansas, North Carolina, Florida and Texas. Spring and 
is 18. Psoralea Onóbrychis Nutt. Foliage softly pubescent or glabrate. Stems erect, 
-4 m. tall, branched at least above: stipules nearly subulate: leaflets 3, the blades 

ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, acuminate, ciliate, rounded at the base : peduncles 

Surpassing the subtending petioles: racemes shorter than the peduncles: calyx campanu- 

-= ; lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the tube : corolla 5-7 mm. long : pods ovoid, 1 cm. 
ong, black, transversely prominently reticulated, twisted at the apex. 

sign streams, Ontario to Missouri, South Carolina and Tennessee. Summer. 

9. Psoralea macrophylla Rowlee. Foliage finel ubescent. Stems erect or 
ascending, 5-9 dm. tall, Saole or nearly so: kahati 3 the teAcs ovate, 6-10 cm. long, 
Em or notched at the apex, undulate, finely reticulated and slightly paler beneath than 
Ens €, cordate or subcordate at the base, about as long as the petioles or shorter on the 
i PE of the stem : racemes 10-15 cm. long; rachis closely pubescent, and with long- 
lobis 1 glands: pedicels 2-3 mm. long: calyx pubescent like the rachis and pedicels; 
anceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube: corolla 8-9 mm. long. 
In woods, Tryon Mountain, North Carolina. Spring and summer. 


624 FABACEAE 


30. AMÓRPHA L.! 


Shrubs, with glandular-punctate foliage. Leaves alternate: blades odd-pinnate. 
Flowers small, blue, purple or white, in spike-like racemes. Calyx subcampanulate, 
5-lobed. Corolla incomplete : standard erect, clawed, folded around the stamens and style ; 
wings and keel none. Stamens 10: filaments united at the base, exserted. Ovary 2-celled. 
Style slender, bearded. Stigma terminal. Pod short, nearly indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. 


Grayish or white-canescent shrubs: lowest pair of leaflets approximate to the stem. 


Calyx-lobes nearly equal, 2-2.5 mm. long: pod with a stout divergent beak. 1. A. canescens. 
Calyx-lobes unequal, the longest about 1.5 mm. long : pod with a slender, nearly 
erect beak. 2. A. herbacea. 
oki or inconspicuously pubescent shrubs: lowest pairof leaflets remote from 
the stem. 
Leaflets with the veins very prominent beneath : inflorescence a long branched 
anicle. 3. A. paniculata. 


p 
Leaflets with the veins not noticeably prominent : inflorescence simple or of 
clustered racemes, 
Pods eurved on the back. 
Blades of the leaflets mostly rounded at both ends, the midrib sometimes 
prolonged into a short mucro. 
Flowersin long solitary racemes: pods not punctate or merely with few 


minute glands. 4. A. nitens. 
PRAEC mostly clustered : pods punctate with many conspicuous raised 
glands. : 
Pods slender, about 6 mm. long, about 2 mm. broad. 5. A. Tennesseensis, 
Pods stout, about 8 mm. long, about 3 mm. broad. 6. A. fruticosa. 
Blades of the leaflets mostly acute at the apex, cuneate at the base: the aus 
midrib prolonged into a prominent awn-like cusp. 7. A. angustifolia. 
Pods nearly straight on the back. 
Mature pods 7-8 mm. long. 
Calyx-lobes triangular, sharp-pointed, the sinuses narrow and acute. 
ength of leaflets not twice their width. 8. A. Texana. 
Length of leaflets more than twice their width. 9. A. virgata. 


Calyx-lobes nearly obsolete or at most very shallow, the sinuses broad 
and obtuse : leaflets with thin and smooth blades. 10. A. montana. 
Mature pods 4-6 mm. long. 
Blades of the leaflets cuneate at the base: standard reniform, broader 


than long. 11. A. laevigata. 
Bladesof the leaflets rounded at the base: standard broadly spatulate, 
longer than broad. 12. A. glabra. 


1. Amorpha canéscens Pursh. Suffruticose, 3-9 dm. high, the whole plant white- 
canescent. Leaves curved, 5-12 cm. long; blades sessile or nearly so; leaflets 15-47, 
crowded, the blades oval or ovate-lanceolate, 9-18 mm. long, rounded at the base, subacute 
at the apex : racemes dense, clustered, 5-18 cm. long, the flowers on very short pedicels : 
eke about 5 mm. long: lobes subulate-lanceolate, nearly equal, 2-2.5 mm. long: stand- 
ard obovate or broadly spatulate, about 5 mm. long, light blue: pods about 4 mm. long, 
densely tomentose. 

On dry prairies, Texas, New Mexico and northward. Summer. 


2. Amorpha herbacea Walt. Low and suffruticose, the whole plant grayish -pubes- 
cent. Leaves numerous; blades very short-petioled, 4-16 cm. long; leaflets 11-37, the 
blades elliptie, oblong or oblong-ovate, 9-16 mm. long, rounded at both ends, plainly dot- 
ted with dark glands; petiolules about 1 mm. Jong: racemes clustered, 4-30 cm. long : 
calyx about 4 mm. long, the two upper lobes broader and shorter than the acute lower 
ones : standard broadly spatulate, 4-5 mm. long, varying from violet-purple to white : pods 
4-5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, rounded on the ventral and nearly straight on the do 
suture, marked with numerous dark glands. : 

In sandy and sterile soil, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 

3. Amorpha paniculata T. & G. A coarse shrub 2-4 m. high, with tomentose" 
canescent shoots. Leaves 12-30 cm. long; leaflets 11-17, the blades ovate- or en pe 
oblong, 2-5 cm. long, rounded and often emarginate at the apex, obtuse or subcordate » 
the base, densely velvety-tomentose beneath, the upper surface shining and sparsely pepe 
tose when young, becoming glabrate in age, the veins impressed on the upper iine er 
prominently raised on the lower: racemes long and slender, disposed in a large branching 
panicle: calyx about 4 mm. long, the lobes subulate-lanceolate, about 2 mm. long. 

In swamps and salt marshes, eastern Texas. Summer. :oh 

,.. 4. Amorpha nitens Boynton. A branching nearly glabrous shrub 1.5-3 im z 
with glossy twigs und shining leaves. Leaves 12-25 cm. long; leaflets 7-19, the re 
thin, oblong-ovate or ovate, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse, rounded at the base, lower surface 


! Contributed by Mr. F. E. Boynton. 


FABACEAE 625 


and sparsely pubescent or glabrate : racemes slender, usually solitary, 12-25 em. long: 

calyx obconic, about 3 mm. long ; lobes short and rounded or the three lower short-pointed, 

ciliate on the margins : pods about 7 mm. long, narrow, much curved and nearly glandless. 
In swamps near Waynesboro, Georgia. Summer. 


5. Amorpha Tennesseénsis Shuttl. A branching shrub 1.5-6 m. high, with the 
young growth more or less clothed with fine tomentum. Leaves 6-20 cm. long; blades 
petioled ; leaflets 13—55, the blades elliptic-oblong to oblong-ovate, 0,5-2 cm. long, obtuse, 
rounded at the base and borne on short petiolules : racemes mostly clustered, 7-15 cm. long: 
calyx about 3 mm. long, the two upper lobes rounded, the three lower ones triangular, 
acute, the middle one a little longer than the others: standard obovate, narrowed into a 
claw-like base, about 4.5 mm. long: pods 5-7 mm. long, much curved, marked with many 
raised glands. 

On banks of streams, middle Tennessee, southward and eastward. Spring and summer. 


6. Amorpha fruticósa L. A branching shrub 1.5-6 m. high, with the young growth 
more or less clothed with fine tomentum. Leaves 7-25 cm. long; blades petioled ; leaflets. 
11-25, the blades oblong-ovate, oval or elliptic-oblong, 1.5-4 cm. long, obtuse, rounded at 
the base, on petiolules about 2 mm. long : racemes usually clustered, 7-15 cm. long: calyx 
about 3.5 mm. long, the two upper lobes rounded, the three lower ones triangular, acute, 
the middle one a little longer than the others: standard round-obovate, emarginate, ab- 
ruptly narrowed at the base, about 6 mm. long: pods 7-9 mm. long, usually much curved, 
conspicuously marked with large amber-colored, raised glands. 

In swamps and on river banks, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana, and naturalized north- 
ward. Spring and summer. 

7. Amorpha angustifólia (Pursh) Boynton. A much-branched shrub 1.5-3 m. high, 
the young growth finely strigose-pubescent with grayish hairs. Leaves 7-20 cm. long; 
leaflets 9-27, the blades elliptic- to linear-oblong, 2-4 em. long, mostly acute at both ends, 
the surfaces minutely puberulent: racemes single or a few in a cluster, 5-20 cm. long: 
calyx about 3.5 mm. long, the two upper lobes rounded, the lower sharp-pointed, the 
middle one the longest : standard broadly obovate, short-clawed, 4.5-5 mm. long: pods 
6-7 mm. long, strongly curved, plainly marked with raised glands. 


On banks of streams, Texas and northward. Spring. 


_ 8. Amorpha Texàna Buckl. A branching shrub 1-3 m. high, the young growth 
slightly pubescent or glabrous. Leaves 8-18 cm. long; blades petioled ; leaflets 7-13, the 
blades coriaceous, broadly oval, elliptic- or broadly oblong, 1-3 em. long, 1-2.5 em. broad, 
very obtuse and commonly emarginate, rounded or subcordate at the base, smooth and 
shining above, sparsely pilose or glabrate below, the petiolules 3-4 mm. long: racemes 1-4, 
densely flowered, 5-12 cm. long : calyx pubescent, about 4 mm. long, the two upper lobes 
broad and rounded, the three lower ones acute, the middle one the longest: standard orbic- 
ular, abruptly narrowed at the base, about 7 mm. long: pods about 7 mm. long and half 
oe rounded on the ventral edge, nearly straight on the dorsal, marked with dark 


In rich soil, eastern ; ing.— i : i 7 ; i r. pubes- 
cons A. Gray], differs in having all the parts clothed with fine, soft tomentum, i "eae var 

9. Amorpha virgata Small A glabrate shrub 1-2 m. high, with simple stems, or 
branching only at the summit. Leaves 8-16 em. long : leaflets 11-19, the blades firm in 
texture, oblong, oblong-ovate or ovate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse, emarginate or often subacute, 
rounded or subcordate at the base, nearly smooth above, sparsely pubescent beneath, the 
petiolules 2-3 mm. long: racemes one or several, 8-15 cm. long: calyx about 3 mm. long, 

rsely pubescent; lobes triangular, acute: standard orbicular, about 6 mm. long, 

abruptly narrowed at the base: pods about 7 mm. long, rounded on the ventral edge, 
nearly straight on the dorsal, dark brown, marked with small glands. 

In rocky soil, Tennessee to Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


le 10. Amorpha montana Boynton. A glabrous, much-branched shrub 1-2 m. high. 
a 7-15 em. long ; leaflets 9-19, the blades ovate, oblong-ovate or oval, 2-5 cm. long. 
cae glabrous on both surfaces, obtuse, often emarginate, rounded or subcordate at the 
mpl racemes usually clustered, 6-15 cm. long, glabrous : calyx campanulate, about 3 mm. 
- iong ; lobes very shallow and sparsely ciliate: standard orbicular, short-clawed, about 7 
lich long: pods 7-8 mm. long, rounded on the ventral edge, nearly straight on the dorsal, 
ight brown, marked with few small glands. 


In dry soil in the mountains, North Carolina to Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 
ll. Amorpha laevigata Nutt. A glabrous shrub. Leaves 9-18 cm. long ; leaflets 


9-21, oe the blades elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 2-4 em. long, obtuse or emarginate, 


626 FABACEAE 


cuneate at the base, on petiolules about 3 mm. long : racemes single or clustered, 15-30 cm. 
long: calyx glabrous; lobes ciliate, the two upper rounded, the lower sharp-pointed : 
standard reniform, about 6 mm. long, broader than long, short-clawed : pods about 5 mm. 


long, rounded on the ventral edge, nearly straight on the dorsal, marked with numerous 
dark glands. 


On river banks and moist prairies, Arkansas to eastern Texas. Spring. 

12. Amorpha glabra Desf. A nearly glabrousshrub 1-2 m. high. Leaves 7-16 cm. 
long ; leaflets numerous, the blades elliptic-oblong, 9-18 mm. long, rounded at both ends, 
dotted with dark glands, the petiolules about 1 mm. long: racemes one or several, 9-20 cm. 
long, nearly glabrous : calyx 3-4 mm. long ; lobes ciliate, the two upper rounded, the lower 
subulate-pointed : pods 4-5 mm. long, rounded on the ventral edge, nearly straight on the 
dorsal, marked with numerous dark glands. 

In the coastal region, North Carolina to Florida. Summer. 


31. EYSENHARDTIA H.B.K. 

Shrubs or shrubby herbs, with glabrous or pubescent and often glandular-punctate 
foliage. Leaves alternate: blades unequally pinnate: leaflets numerous, with minute 
stipels. Flowers perfect, in terminal simple or panicled spike-like racemes. Calyx pedi- 
celled : lobes nearly equal. Corolla white: petals erect, distinct, nearly equal in length; 
.standard with blade broadened upward, concave ; wings and keel-petals similar. Stamens 
10: filaments united into a cleft tube. Anthers similar. Ovary nearly sessile. Style 
stout, hooked at the end. Stigma introrse. Ovules 2-3, or rarely 4. Pod flattened, 
straight or curved. 

1. Eysenhardtia amorphoides H.B.K. A branching shrub 1-2.5 m. tall, with a 
‘whitish bark and more or less pubescent young foliage. Leaves numerous, 3-8 cm. long, 
short-petioled : leaflets 11-29, usually 20, the blades oblong or oval-oblong, 2-10 mm. 
long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, reticulated above, paler and barely reticulated beneath : 
racemes spike-like, 2-10 cm. long, sessile or nearly so : pedicels usually 1 mm. long : calyx 
2-3 mm. long, turbinate ; lobes much less than 1 mm. long: corolla 6-7 mm. long: pods 
about 1 cm. long, erect, curved. 

On plains and prairies, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


32. PAROSELA Cay. 

Herbs or shrubs, with glandular foliage and erect or prostrate stems. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades unequally pinnately compound, or 3-foliolate: leaflets relatively small. 
Flowers perfect, in terminal or lateral spikes. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Corolla white, 
purple or yellow: standard broad, above a long claw; blade cordate or auricled at the 
base: wings and keel-petals commonly longer than the standard, their claws adnate to the 
staminal tube. Stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous. Anthers alike. Ovary sessile or short- 
stalked. Styles ubulate. Ovules 2 or 3 in a cavity. Pod membranous, included in the 
calyx, usually indehiscent. Seeds mostly solitary. [Dalea Willd.] 


Calyx pubescent all over. 
it Foliage glabrous to the inflorescence. 
Leaf-blades mostly 5-many-foliolate : corolla white, purple or reddish. 
Annual or perennial herbs. : 
Leaflets numerous : annual plants. 1, P. Dalea. 
Leaflets 7-13: perennial plants. 


Spikes more or less interrupted, not cylindric. 2. P. enneandra. 
Spikes continuous, cylindric or oblong. onathera. 
Calyx-lobes longer than the tube. 3. P. pog thera. 
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. 4. P. etie : 
Spreading shrubs. 5. P. dalli : 
Leaí-blades mostly 3-foliolate : corolla yellow. 6. P. i 
Foliage variously pubescent. 
Spikes stout and dense. 
Leaflets appressed-silky. 
Calyx-lobes subulate or bristle-like. 
Calyx-lobes as long as the tube or little longer. 7. P. aurea. 
Spikes usually long- uneled and solitary on the branches. l. P ont 
Spikes short-peduncled and several on the branches. 8. P Wrightii. 
e Calyx-lobes about twice as long as the tube. Au P. argyrea- 
alyx-lobes lanceolate. TP li 
Leaflets villous. 11. P. mollis. 
Spikes loosely flowered. 
Leaflets 9-13. 


Calyx-lobes dilated at the base, the longer ones shorter than the tube. 12. P. lanata. 


i : Domingensis. 
Calyx-lobes subulate, the longer ones surpassing the tube in length. Id : 
Leaflets 5-9. M. P. thyrsifiors. 


Calyx glabrous except the ciliate lobes. 15. P. frestescens 


FABACEAE l 627 


1. Parosela Dalea (L^) Britton. Foliage glabrous below the inflorescence. Stems 
simple and erect, or branched at the base, the branches decumbent or ascending, 2-6 dm. 
long: leaflets 15-41, the blades oblong, cuneate or oblanceolate, 3-8 mm. long, obtuse, at 
the apex, often cuneate at the base : spikes cylindric, 2-7 cm. long : bracts ovate to lanceo- 
late, acuminate, hyaline-margined: calyx densely silky, about equalling the bract in 
length : lobes linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, plumose : corolla pink or pale violet, or 
the standard white. [Dalea alopecuroides Willd.] 

On prairies and in dry soil, Minnesota to Alabama, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

2. Parosela enneándra (Nutt.) Britton. Foliage glabrous to the inflorescence. 
Stems erect, 3-10 dm. tall, wand-like or usually branched, the branches ascending or 
spreading : leaflets 5-11, the blades linear-oblong, or cuneate-oblanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, 
glandular, obtuse or acute, involute: spikes more or less interrupted, 2-11 cm. long, 
braets suborbicular, about 4 mm. long, mueronate: calyx silky, conspicuously surpassing 
the bract; lobes filiform-subulate, plumose, much longer than the tube: corolla white ; 
standard ovate, cordate ; wing-petals shorter than the keel : stamens 9. 

On prairies, Iowa to South Dakota, Mississippi, Texas and Colorado. Spring and summer. 

3. Parosela pogonáthera (A. Gray) Vail. Foliage glabrous. Stems branched at 
the base, the branches spreading or prostrate, 5-30 em. long, simple or branching : leaflets 
5-11, the blades linear-oblong to oblanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, involute, obtuse or retuse at 
the apex: spikes oblong or cylindric, 1-6 cm. long: bracts ovate, concave, mucronate, 

ale, glandular: calyx densely pubescent, surpassing the bract; lobes setaceous or subu- 
ate, plumose, much longer than the tube: corolla purple: stamens 10. 

In dry soil, Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

4. Parosela lasiáthera (A. Gray) Heller. Foliage more or less glaucous or bright 
green. Stems branching at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, 
simple or branching: leaflets 5-9, the blades linear-oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, 5-12 
mm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex: spikes cylindric, 3-8 cm. long: bracts ovate- 
orbicular, 4-6 mm. long, cuspidate : calyx densely pubescent ; lobes subulate, shorter than 
the tube: corolla purple-red. 

In dry soil, Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

5. Parosela formdsa (Torr.) Vail. Foliage glabrous. Stems woody, much branched, 
several dm. long, zigzag, sometimes with many short lateral branches: leaves inconspicu- 
ous, mostly about 1 cm. long: leaflets 9-12, the blades cuneate to oblong-cuneate, 2-4 mm. 
long, thick, retuse at the apex, revolute: peduncles usually 5-10 mm. long: bracts ovate, 
acuminate, ciliate, about 5 mm. long : spikes head-like, 6-10-flowered : calyx villous, fully 

em. long: lobes subulate-setaceous, plumose, about twice as long as the campanulate 
tube : corolla bright purple, about 1.5 em. long. 

In dry soil, Texas to New Mexico. Spring and summer, 

9. Parosela Hállii (A. Gray) Heller. Foliage strigillose. Stems more or less 
copiously branched at the base, the branches 1-4 dm. long, ascending or spreading, 
slender, simple or with spreading branches: leaves with petioles seldom 1 cm. long: leaf- 
lets usually 3, the blades linear, rather narrowly so, 1-2 cm. long, acute, pale, silky: spikes 
sessile or nearly so, 2-5 cm. long, few-flowered, 1-1.5 em. thick, interrupted at maturity : 
deis ovate, acuminate, about 5 mm. long: calyx villous-hirsute, barely 1 cm. long ; lobes 

8 Rr subulate, somewhat longer than the tube, slightly plumose: corolla yellow about 
. - long. 

On rocky prairies, Texas. Spring to fall. 

S 7. Parosela aürea (Nutt.) Britton. Foliage pubescent with whitish appressed hairs. 
tems often tufted, sometimes branched at the base, the branches usually simple : leaflets 
^s the blades oblong, obovate or oblanceolate, 6-18 mm. long, obtuse or mucronulate, 

yis tate: spikes oblong or ovoid, 2-7 em. long, densely pubescent : bracts triangular-ovate 

: oll ate, boat-shaped: calyx surpassing the bracts; lobes filiform-subulate, plumose : 
orolla yellow ; standard shorter than the other petals. 

On prairies, South Dakota to Missouri and Texas. Spring and summer. 
on Parosela nana (Torr.) Heller. Foliage silky-stri illose. Stems branched at the 
obl the branches 5-15 cm. long, ascending or spreading: leaflets 3-5, the blades obovate, 
Ey a vate or cuneate-oblanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, obtuse or mucronulate: s ikes 
din, or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, short-peduncled : bracts oval or nearly so, 3-3.5 mm. long, 
t d nd calyx surpassing the bracts ; lobes subulate-filiform, plumose, longer than the 

ube: eorolla white. 

In dry soil, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Spring to fall. 
is prier Wrightii (A. Gray) Vail. Foliage copiously pubescent. Stems 

ed at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 0.5-1.5 dm. tall: leaflets 3-5, the 


628 FABACEAE 


blades elliptic to slighly obovate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, appressed-silky, acute: spikes stout, 
dense, 2-6 cm. long: bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7-9 mm. long, acuminate : 
flowers persistent : calyx densely villous-hirsute ; lobes bristle-like, about twice as long as 
the tube : corolla purplish. 


On plains and prairies, Texas to Arizona. Summer and fall. 


10. Parosela argyrea (A. Gray) Heller. Foliage silky-pubescent. Stems erect, 
3-6 dm. tall, corymbosely branched: leaflets 7-13, the blades oblong to oblong-obovate, 
5-12 mm. long, obtuse, glandular beneath, the pubescence lustrous on the upper surface: 
spikes subglobose becoming oblong, 1-3 cm. long: bracts ovate, 2.5 mm. long, acuminate: 
calyx densely pubescent, surpassing the bracts; lobes lanceolate, somewhat shorter than 
the tube: corolla yellowish purple. 


In dry soil, Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


11. Parosela mollis (Benth.) Heller. Foliage finely pubescent. Stems branched at 
the base, the branches pale, more or less spreading, irregular: leaflets 9-13, the blades 
obovate to cuneate, 3-8 mm. long, truncate or retuse at the apex, villous: spikes con- 
spicuously elongating, but the flowers deciduous: bracts linear-lanceolate, 3-7 mm. long, 
acuminate, early deciduous: calyx densely pubescent ; lobes subulate, much longer than 
the tube : corolla purple. 


On plains, Texas to California and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 


12. Parosela lanata (Spreng.) Britton. Foliage silky-woolly or merely woolly. 
Stems branched at the base, the branches decumbent, 2-6 dm. long, more or less diffusely 
branched : leaflets 9-13, the blades 4-12 mm. long, obtuse, truncate or retuse at the apex, 
mostly cuneate, often contiguous : spikes 2-10 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick during anthesis, 
many-flowered, on peduncles 1-2 cm. long : bracts ovate, acuminate, 3-4 mm. long: calyx 
campanulate, 3-3.5 mm. long; lobes lanceolate or deltoid-lanceolate below the subulate 
tips, shorter than the tube: corolla deep purple or red, 6-7 mm. long. 

On plains and prairies, Kansas to Utah, Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 


13. ParoselaDomingénsis (DC.) Heller. Foliage more or less densely velvety pubes- 
cent and glandular. Stems erect, 1-3 m. tall, branching : leaflets 13-15, the blades oval, 
oblong, obovate or cuneate, 4-8 mm. long, rounded or retuseat the apex, flat : spikes solitary 
or paniculate, 1-3 cm. long: bracts ovate, acuminate: calyx silky, surpassing the bract ; 
lobes subulate, plumose, longer than the tube: corolla mainly purplish, or sometimes 
nearly white. 

In sand or dry soil, Florida and Texas, Also in tropical America. Throughout the year. 


14. Parosela thyrsifldra (A. Gray) Vail. Foliage finely and often closely pubescent. 
Stems erect, often 1-2 m. tall, branching, woody: leaves numerous, often spreading or 
reflexed, 2-6 cm. long, with short petioles : leaflets 7-9, the blades oblong, oval or broadest 
above the middle, 5-10 mm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, much paler beneath than 
above : spikes sessile or nearly so, in the upper axils, 1-2 cm. long : bracts lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate : calyx becoming about 5 mm. long ; tube ribbed at maturity ; 
lobes subulate, sparingly plumose, slightly longer than the tube: corolla 6-7 mm. Jong. 
[Dalea Domingensis var. paucifolia Coulter. | 


In dry soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 

15. Parosela frutéscens (A. Gray) Vail. Foliage glabrous. Stems erect, 3-6 
dm. tall, widely branched : leaflets 13-17, the blades obovate to cuneate, 1-5 m. long, 
retuse or notched at the apex, glandular beneath : spikes subglobose to oblong, 1-2 cm. 
long, few-flowered : bracts ovate, obtuse : calyx strongly ribbed ; tube glabrous, covere M t 
large glands ; lobes triangular, acute, ciliate, much shorter than the tube : corolla violet. 


In dry soil, Texas to New México and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


33. PETALÓSTEMON Michx. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with glandular foliage. Leaves alternate : blades un- 
equally pinnately compound: leaflets often broadest above the middle and iara 
Flowers perfect, in short or elongated spikes ; these not subtended by involucres. cin 
lobes rather broad, shorter than the tube. Corolla white, pink, purple, Meyer inet 
ish : standard broad, more or less abruptly narrowed into a claw: wings and an eee 
similar. Stamens 5, monadelphous. Ovary sessile. Style subulate. Ovules mostly 
each cavity. Pod short, mostly indehiscent. Seed solitary. PRAIRIE-CLOVER- 


FABACEAE 629 


Corolla white or yellowish. 


Foliage densely villous-silky : corolla yellowish. | 1. P. obovatus. 
Foliage glabrous or thinly pubescent : corolla white. 
Leaflets 13-37. 
Calyx pubescent: leaflets 29-37. 2. P. microphyllus. 
Calyx merely ciliate: leaflets 13-17. 3. P. phleoides. 


Leaflets 3-11. 
Spikes cylindric or oblong. 
apes with a relatively narrow blade cuneate or constricted at the 
ase. 
Standard with a very broad blade cordate at the base. 
Braets with long-acuminate tips. 
Braets with short tips. 


4. P. albidus. 
5 
Stems and branches prostrate-spreading : spikes mainly 1-2 em. long. " P. gracilis. 
8 


. P. candidus. 


Stems and branches erect or ascending: spikes mainly 2-3 cm. long. 7. P. oligophyllus. 
Spikes globular or ovoid. . P. multiflorus. 
Corolla colored, usually pink, rose or purple. 
Upper leaves with 11-31 leaflets. 


Foliage densely villous. 9. P. griseus, 
Foliage glabrous or minutely pubescent. 
Calyx silky-villous : annual. 10. P. emarginatus. 


Calyx glabrous ; perennial. 
Leaflets of an oblong type: calyx 4 ‘mm. long, about equalling the per- 
sistent bracts. 11. P. foliosus. 
Leaflets of a linear type: calyx 3 mm. long, much surpassed by the de- j 
a ciduous bracts. i2. P. Sabinalis. 
Upper leaves with 3-9 leaflets. 
Calyx copiously pubescent. 
Pubescence of the calyx villous or silky-villous. 
Leaflets linear or nearly so: bracts surpassing the buds. 
Bracts with glabrous or merely puberulent tips. Á 
Upper part of the plant with gray pubescence: calyx not ribbed : 
Spikes dense. 13. P. purpureus. 
Upper part of the plant with tawny pubescence: calyx ribbed: ; 
spikes loose. 14. P. Porterianus. 
Bracts with pubescent tips. 
Tips of the bracts about as long as the bodies: pubescence tawny : 


[eni 


. leaflets obtuse. 15. P. tenuifolius. 
Tips of the bracts much longer than the bodies: pubescence í j 
ray : leaflets acute. 16. P. Gattingert. | 
Leaflets oblong or oblanceolate: bracts shorter than the buds. 17. P. Reverchonii. 
Pubescence of the calyx of short close-set appressed hairs. 
Calyx-tube glabrate, glaucous. 18. P. pubescens. 


Calyx-tube copiously pubescent, not glaucous. : 
Braets shorter than the buds, and mature calyx : leaflets with tightly: 
involute blades, about 1 mm. wide. 
Spikes less than 1 cm. thick, slender: calyx 3 mm. long 
Spikes over 1 cm. thick, stout: calyx 4 mm. long. 2 
Bracts longer than the buds, and mature calyx: leaflets with nearly 


19. P. Stanfieldii. 
0 / 
flat blades 2-4 mm. wide. 21. P. decumbens. 
22 
23 


20. P. tenuis. 


Calyx glabrate or merely ciliate.' 
Spikes, or the most them, cylindric. 
Spikes subglobose. 


. P. carneus. 
. P. Feayi. 


l. Petalostemon obovàtus T. & G. Plant densely villous-silky. Stems erect or 
ascending, several dm. tall: leaflets 5-9, the blades obovate to elliptic, 8-10 mm. long, 
truncate or acute at the apex, cuneate to rounded at the base: spikes cylindric, 5-11 cm. 
ong: bracts oval-elliptic, with slender tips: calyx copiously pubescent ; tube somewhat 
ribbed ; lobes subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube: corolla yellowish, rather 
inconspicuous. 


In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 


2. Petalostemon microphyllus T. & G. Plant somewhat villous and glandular. 
Stems more or less branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. tall : 
ete 29-37, the blades oblong to oblong-cuneate, 4-6 mm. long, emarginate, glandular- 
goned : Spikes narrowly cylindric, 2-5 cm. long: bracts closely pubescent, with long fili- 
orm-subulate tips : calyx much shorter than the bracts ; tube eampanulate ; lobes trian- 

» barely 4 as long as the tube: corolla white; standard with a broadly ovate cordate 
ade, the other petals with linear or nearly linear blades. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 


3. Petalostemon phleoides T. & G. Plant sparingly villous or glabrate. Stems 
usually branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 3-7, dm. long, simple or spar- 
ingly branched: leaflets 13-17, the blades oblong to cuneate-oblong, 3-10 mm. long, 
usually rounded at the apex, glandular beneath, cuneate at the base: spikes cylindric, 

:9-5 cm. long: bracts with subulate-filiform tips, early deciduous: calyx oblique ; tube 
Ctr ener ; lobes very short, often only 4 or 1 as long as the tube : corolla white ; stand- 
ard with a hooded cordate blade ; the other petals with linear blades. 

In dry soil, Arkansas and Texas. Spring and summer, 


630 FABACEAE 


4. Petalostemon álbidus (T. & G.) Small. Plant glabrous. Stems often branched 
at the base, the branches erect or ascending. 6-10 dm. tall, more or less branched : leaves 
usually clustered : leaflets 5-7, the blades oblong to oblanceolate, 4-8 mm. long, acute, 
involute: spikes subglobose to cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, peduncled: bracts narrow, about 
as long as the calyxes, persistent : calyx glabrous, 2.5 mm. long ; lobes triangular to trian- 
gular-lanceolate, shorter than the tube: corolla white ; standard usually retuse, the blade 
slightly broader than the rest of the petals. [P. carneus B albidus T. & G.] 

On sand hills and in pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Summer. 

5. Petalostemon cándidus (Willd.) Michx. Plant glabrous or nearly so. Stems 
erect, 3-7 dm. tall, branched at the base or above: leaflets 7-9, the blades linear, oblong, 
oblanceolate or obovate-oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute, or mucronulate, glandular be- 
neath, more or less cuneate at the base: spikes cylindric or oblong-cylindric 2-10 cm. 
long: bracts lanceolate with subulate tips: calyx shorter than the bract ; tube campan- 
ulate, angled ; lobes triangular to triangular-lanceolate, slightly pubescent, shorter than the 
tube: corolla white; standard with a suborbicular cordate blade; keel-petals with oval 
blades, the claws longer than the blades. 

On prairies, Northwest Territory to Minnesota, Indiana, Mississippi, Texas and Colorado. Summer. 


6. Petalostemon gracilis Nutt. Plant glabrous. Stems branched at the base, 
the branches 3-6 cm. long, slender, simple or branching, decumbent : leaflets 5-7, the 
blades linear or linear-oblong, rarely oblong-oblanceolate, 6-12 mm. long, acute, involute, 
distant : spikes oval or ovoid, becoming cylindric, 1-2 em. long : bracts elliptic, with sub- 
ulate tips: calyx shorter than the bract; tube campanulate; lobes triangular, purple, 
EUR ciliate, hardly 3 as long as the tube: corolla white; standard with a broad cordate 

ade. 

In sand, Floride to Louisiana. Spring and summer. 

7. Petalostemon oligophyllus (Torr.) Rydb. Plant glabrous. Stems erect, 3-9 
dm. tall, much branched above, the branches ascending : leaflets firm, 5-9, usually 7, the 
blades linear, linear-oblong or varying to oblanceolate, 0.5-2 cm. long, acute, or mucronu- 
late, glandular, sometimes early deciduous: spikes oblong, becoming oblong-cylindric, 2-3 
em. long: bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate with filiform-subulate tips: calyx shorter 
than the bract ; tube campanulate, ribbed ; lobes triangular, often pubescent, acute : corolla 
white ; standard with a very broad cordate blade. 

On prairies, South Dakota and Wyoming, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

8. Petalostemon multiflórus Nutt. Plant glabrous. Stems usually several together, 
rigid, 3-6 dm. tall, much branched throughout: leaflets 3-9, the blades linear to linear- 
oblong, or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, glandular on both sides, mostly involute : spikes 
globular or ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long: bracts subulate: calyx surpassing the bract; tube 
campanulate, ribbed ; lobes triangular, shorter than the tube: corolla white ; standard 
with an ovate blade cordate or subcordate at the base. 

In dry soil on prairies, Kansas to Texas. Spring and summer. 

9. Petalostemon griseus T. & G. Plant villous. Stems erect or ascending, 2-7 dm. 
tall, more or less branched : leaflets 9-17, the blades oblong, oblanceolate or linear-oblong, 
6-12 mm. long, mucronate, glandular, finely pubescent: spikes narrowly cylindric, 2. 
em. long: bracts deciduous, with long slender tips: calyx densely pubescent ; tube cam- 
panulate; lobes triangular-lanceolate, shorter than the tube: corolla pink or pink-purple; 
standard with a broad cordate blade. 

In dry soil, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 


10. Petalostemon emarginatus T. & G. Plant glaucous. Stems branched at E 
base, the branches decumbent, 2-5 dm. long, simple or sometimes branched : leaflets 15- a 
the blades cuneate or narrowly oblong-cuneate, 2-7 mm. long, emarginate at the “ti t 
padoir, rather cuneate at the base: spikes ovoid to oblong-cylindric, 1-3 em hee 

racts abruptly acuminate, villous : calyx villous ; tube campanulate, oblique ; lobes ee 
late, acuminate, longer than the tube: corolla deep pink; standard with an oblong, re 
or truncate blade, the other petals with oblong blades. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. bent 

11. Petalostemon folidsus A. Gray. Plant glabrous. Stems erect or Reis asd 
3-9 dm. long, simple or branched: leaflets 13-31, the blades oblong to oblong-o pes : 
late, paler beneath than above: spikes oblong-conic becoming cylindric, 2-5 po - E: 
bracts lanceolate, with subulate tips much surpassing the calyxes, persistent : cà yt iA 
brous, 4 mm. long ; tube obliquely campanulate ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, o ther 
the tube, acute: corolla rose-purple ; standard with a very broad cordate blade, the o 
petals somewhat narrower. 

On river banks, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee. Summer. 


FABACEAE 631 


12. Petalostemon Sabinalis S. Wats. Plant glabrous, yellowish green. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches ascending, 2-4 dm. long, commonly simple: leaflets 
11-15, the blades linear or slightly broadened upward, 10-15 mm. long, nearly flat, gland- 
ular-dotted beneath, blunt: spikes cylindric, 4-6 em. long, about 1 cm. thick, excluding 
the corollas, peduncled : bracts about as long as the calyxes, deciduous: calyx glabrous 
without, about 3 mm. long; tube ribbed at maturity ; lobes triangular, shorter than the 
tube: corolla rose-colored ; standard notched at the apex, the other petals obtuse. 

On dry plains or prairies, Texas. Spring and summer. 


13. Petalostemon purpüreus (Vent.) Rydb. Plant glabrous or sparingly pubes- 
cent. Stems often tufted, erect or ascending, 3-9 dm. tall, more or less branched above : 
leaflets 3-5, the blades narrowly linear, 8-20 mm. long, acute, strongly involute : spikes 
oval to cylindric, 1.5-5 cm. long: bracts oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate : calyx silky, 
usually surpassing the bract ; tube campanulate ; lobes triangular, much shorter than the 
tube : corolla violet or purple ; standard with a dilated blade cordate or subcordate at the 
base. [Petalostemon violaceus Michx. ] 

On prairies, Northwest Territory to Minnesota, Indiana, Texas and Colorado. Summer. 


14. Petalostemon Porterlàànus Small. Plant sparingly pubescent, but the upper 
arts, at least, tawny-pubescent. Stems 2-3 dm. tall, or sometimes taller, more or less 
ranched : leaflets 3-5, the blades nearly linear, 8-14 mm. long, strongly involute: spikes 

oblong or cylindric, 1.5-2 em. long: bracts surpassing the buds : calyx villous ; tube promi- 
nently ribbed ; lobes shorter than the tube : corolla violet-purple. 

On prairies, Arkansas. Summer. 


15. Petalostemon tenuifdlius A. Gray. Plant somewhat pubescent. Stems usually 
branched at the base, with erect or ascending branches, 1.5-3 dm. tall, pale: leaflets 3-5, 
the blades linear to linear-spatulate, 8-18 mm. long, involute, blunt, sparingly glandular : 
spikes cylindric, 2-4 cm. long, barely 1 cm. thick: bracts rather abruptly contracted into 
slender subulate tips: calyx silky-villous like the bracts, becoming about 4 mm. long: 
lobes triangular-lanceolate, about as long as the tube: petals rose-colored ; standard with 
a cordate hooded blade. 


On plains or prairies, Arkansas to Arizona. Summer. 


16. Petalostemon Gattingeri Heller. Plant sparingly pilose or glabrous below. 
Stems usually several together, 2-5 dm. long, ascending or decumbent, simple or much 
branched : leaflets 5-7, the blades narrowly linear or linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, glandu- 
lar, slender at the base: spikes cylindric, 3-10 cm. long: bract oval-lanceolate with snb- 
ulate tips, pubescent : calyx villous-pilose, shorter than the bract; tube campanulate, 
ribbed ; lobes lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acute: corolla rose-purple; standard 
with a broad blade truncate or cordate at the base. 

On rocky barrens and in cedar glades, Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


17. Petalostemon Reverchdnii S. Wats. Plant bright green. Stems branched 
at the base, the branches more or less diffuse, 1-2 dm. long, finely pubescent : leaflets 
glabrous, 5-11, the blades linear or linear-oblanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, acutish, somewhat 
involute: spikes subglobose or oblong-globose, 1-1.5 cm. long, becoming 4-7 cm. long at 
maturity, about 1 em. thick: rachis tomentulose: bracts mostly shorter than the calyxes, 

eciduous : calyx about 4 mm. long, silky-villous ; lobes acute or acuminate: corolla red 
or deep pink. : 

On the summit of Comanche Peak, Texas. Spring and summer. 


18. Petalostemon pubéscens (A. Gray) Heller. Plant glaucous. Stems usually 
MM together, erect or ascending, 3-7 dm. tall, simple or nearly so: leaflets 3-7, the 
obl es linear, 10-14 mm. long, acute, glandular beneath, involute, slender-stalked : spikes 
b ong or oval, 2-4 cm. long: bracts broadly ovate, short-tipped : calyx surpassing the 

— tube campanulate, glabrate ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, silvery pubes- 
cent: corolla rose-purple ; standard with a cordate or subcordate blade. 
In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 


uu Petalostemon Stanfiéldii Small. Plant glabrous to the inflorescence. Stems 

gas -3 dm. tall, often branched near the base, the peduncles or most of them slightly 

mh 3B as the leafy stem: leaflets 3-5, the blades linear or narrowly linear-spatu- 

pe. s 2 mm. long, acute, strongly involute: spikes cylindric or oblong-cylindric, 1-2.5 

i ong, less than 1 cm. thick: calyx puberulent; lobes triangular, about one-half as 

ng as the tube: corolla rose-purple ; standard with a broad cordate or subcordate blade. 
On plains or prairies, Texas. Summer. 


Pe 20. Petalostemon ténuis (Coulter) Heller. Plant nearly glabrous below the in- 
escence. Stems 3-4 dm. tall, relatively slender, somewhat glaucous, branched : leaf- 


632 FABACEAE 


lets mostly 3, the blades strongly involute, thus almost linear-subulate, 5-11 mm. long, 
acute: spikes globular or oval, 1.2-1.6 cm. long, fully or nearly as thick: calyx 4 mm. 
long, minutely and closely appressed-pubescent with somewhat lustrous hairs, surpassing 
the bract : corolla pink-purple. 

In dry soil, central Texas. Spring and summer. 

21. Petalostemon decümbens Nutt. Plant thinly pubescent above or glabrate. 
Stems solitary or several together, ascending or decumbent, 3-6 dm. long, mostly simple : 
leaflets 5-7, the blades linear or linear-oblong, 8-18 mm. long, acute or mucronulate, gland- 
ular, more or less involute: spikes ovoid or oblong, 1-2 cm. long: bracts ovate-lanceolate, 
with subulate tips: calyx strigillose, shorter than the bract; tube campanulate ; lobes 
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the tube, acute: corolla pink or rose-purple ; 
standard with an oblong-ovate cordate blade, the other petals with oblong blades. 

In dry soil, northeastern Texas. Summer. 

22. Petalostemon cárneus Michx. Plant glabrous or nearly so. Stems solitary or 
several together, erect, 5-10 dm. tall, more or less branched, the branches erect or ascend- 
ing: leaflets 5-7, the blades linear, linear-elliptic or linear-oblanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, 
acute or acuminate, more or less involute : spikes subglobose or oblong, becoming cylindric, 
1-4 em. long: bracts lanceolate with subulate tips: calyx shorter than the bract; tube 
campanulate ; lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the tube : corolla deep pink ; standard 
abruptly contracted or truncate at the base, the other petals with elliptic-oblong blades. 

In sand, Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 

23. Petalostemon Feayi Chapm. Plant glabrous. Stems usually many together, 
2-5 dm. long, erect or decumbent, branched, especially above: leaflets mostly 3-5, the 
blades linear, 8-18 mm. long, involute-filiform, obtuse or truncate, apparently acute, gland- 
ular: spikes subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. long: bracts inconspicuous or early deciduous: calyx 
shorter than the bract ; tube campanulate, glabrous ; lobes ovate, acute, ciliate, about } as 
long as the tube : corolla lavender or deep pink; standard with the broad blade usually 
truncate at the base. ; 

In dry sand, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 


34. KUHNISTERA Lam. 


Perennial herbs, with long tough roots and more or less glandular foliage. Leaves 
alternate: blades unequally pinnately compound ; leaflets with narrow blades. Flowers 
perfect, in involucrate corymbose spikes resembling heads of Carduaceae. Calyx pubes- 
cent: lobes bristle-like, nearly equal, longer than the tube. Corolla white : standard 
broad, abruptly narrowed into a claw or cordate : wings and keel-petals similar, their claws 
adnate to the staminal tube. Stamens 5, monadelphous. Ovary sessile. Style subulate. 
Ovules 2 in each cavity. Pod membraneous, included in the calyx, indehiscent. Seed 
solitary. 

1. Kuhnistera pinnàta (Walt.) Kuntze. Plant glandular. Stems 3-11 dm. tall, 
usually branched at the base, corymbose above : leaflets 3-15, the blades linear-filiform to 
linear-cuneate, 5-10 cm. long, obtuse: spikes subglobose, about 1 mm. thick, subtended 
by an imbricated involucre: lower bracts imbricated, suborbicular in outline, acute, cil- 
iate: calyx villous; tube campannlate ; lobes filiform-setaceous, much longer than bs; 
tube, plumose and conspicuous: corolla white ; standard with a relatively narrow blade, 


but truncate or subcordate at the base. [ Petalostemon corymbosum Michx. P. corymbosus VaT. 
trifoliatus Chapm.?] 


In dry sandy pine lands, North Carolina tb Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


35. AESCHYNOMENE L. 

Herbs or shrubs, with erect or prostrate stems. Leaves alternate: blades — 
unequally pinnate: leaflets numerous. Flowers perfect, in axillary racemes or om 
clusters, racemes or panicles. Calyx pedicelled : lobes nearly equal, the 2 upper and t g 
3 lower more or less united into two lips. Corolla usually yellow, sometimes variegat 
with other colors: standard broad, with a short claw: wings oblique, keel-petals “r , 
Stamens diadelphous (5 and 5). Anthersalike. Ovarystalked. Style glabrous, insure 
Ovules few or numerous. Pod flattened, separating into as many indehiscent sections 8$ 
there are joints. JOINT VETCH. 


: > riscidula. 
Annual; plant upright: pods with 6-10 half-orbicular joints. " = Virginica. 
Perennial: plant prostrate: pods with 2-3 nearly square joints. ears 


FABACEAE 633 


1. Aeschynomene viscidula Michx. Perennial, the plant more or less densely 
sticky-pubescent. Stems branched at the base, the branches spreading or prostrate, 1-12 
dm. long, curved: leaves 1-2 em. long: leaflets 5-9, the blades firm, obovate, 3-12 mm. 
long, oblique, reticulated, mucronate, short-stalked: peduncles few-flowered : pedicels 
spreading : calyx campanulate ; tube prominently veined : corolla yellowish or purplish ; 
standard with a broadly orbicular retuse blade : pods 1-2 em. long, 2-3-jointed, the joints 
half-orbicular. 

In sandy pine lands, Georgia to Florida and Mississippi. Spring to fall. 

2. Aeschynomene Virginica (L.) B.S.P. Annual, the plant glabrate or hispid. 
Stems erect, 2-15 dm. tall, branching : leaves 2-10 em. long, the rachis more or less gland- 
ular, especially near the base: leaflets numerous, the blades linear or oblong-linear, 3-12 
mm. long, mucronulate, not reticulated : peduncles several-flowered : pedicels 4-6 mm. 
long : calyx campanulate ; tube not prominently veined : corolla nearly 1 em. long, reddish 
yellow ; dena with an orbicular-ovate blade notched at the apex: pods linear, 3-8 cm. 
long, the joints nearly square, easily separable. [A. hispida Willd. ] 


^ MT soil, on river banks, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana. Summer 
and fall. 


36. ZORNIA Gmel. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with erect or prostrate stems. Leaves alternate : blades 
2-4-foliolate, commonly petioled : leaflets often glandular-punctate. Flowers perfect, in 
axillary or terminal conspicuously bracted spikes. Calyx membranous, the 2 upper lobes 
forming a lip about as large as the lower lobe, the 2 lateral lobes smaller. Corolla of 
various colors, ours yellow: standard with a broad clawed blade: wings oblique, often 
shorter than the somewhat lunate keel. Stamens monadelphous. Anthers alternately 
larger, attached at the base, and shorter, versatile. Ovary sessile : style filiform. Ovules 
numerous. Loment flattened, several-jointed, smooth or bristly, the joints indehiscent. 

, 1. Zornia bracteata ( Walt.) Gmel. Perennial by a long root, more or less densely 
strigilose. Stems branched at the base, the branches spreading or prostrate, 1-7 dm. long, 
simple or branching: leaves distant; leaflets often 4, the blades oval to elliptic or nearly 
linear, often somewhat broadest above the middle mucronate ; petioles shorter than the 
leaflets or longer : peduncles longer than the subtending leaves, few-flowered : bracts elliptic 
or oval, 7-11 long, acute, reticulated, with an auricle at the base : calyx-lobes ciliate, the 
lateral ones much shorter than the others : corolla yellow ; standard with a hooded blade 


jm ed claw: pods 3-4-jointed, 1-2 cm. long; joints echinate. [Z. tetraphylla 
chx. 


In sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer, 


37. STYLOSANTHES Sw. 


Perennial, rigid herbs, with bristly or sticky-pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: 
blades pinnately 3-foliolate : leaflets prominently nerved. Flowers of two kinds, the one 
complete but sterile, the other destitute of perianth and stamens but fertile, in axillary or 
terminal spikes or heads. Calyx sessile: tube slender: lobes 5, membranous, disposed in 
2 lips by the union of the 4 upper lobes. Corolla yellow or orange : standard with a spread- 
ing blade: wings oblong: keel incurved, entire. Stamens monadelphous. Anthers alter- 
nately longer and attached at the base, and shorter and versatile. Ovary sessile or nearly 
So: style filiform. Ovules 2-3. Loment 1-2-jointed, the lower joint empty, the upper 
Opening at the apex. PENCIL-FLOWER. 


Flowers accompanied b : 
by an appendage within the bract. 1. S. hamata. 
en - accompanied by an appendage within the bract. 
€ of the standard longer than broad; spurs curved: terminal joint of the pod 


Blade of the annot axile beak. io 2. S. biflora. 
e standard broader than long; spurs straight: terminal joint of the pod 
triangular, with the beak lateral. vicis : : 8. S. riparia, 


i. Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taubert. Root elongated. Stems usually several, 
ascending or procumbent, 2-7 dm. long, often branched, lightly striate, with pubescent 
Lr below the stipules: leaflets 3, the blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 7-17 mm. long, 
tha at both ends and often short-mucronate, prominently nerved, glabrous except occa- 
tonal marginal hairs: spikes terminal, about 15 mm. long, few-flowered: calyx finely 
oe rent : corolla yellow: pods 2-jointed, the lower joint usually abortive, the terminal 
ne with 1-ribbed sides and a hooked pubescent beak. 


In sand, peninsular Florida and tropical America. Throughout the year. 


634 FABACEAE 


2. Stylosanthes bifldra (L.) B.S.P. Root stout, elongated. Stems several, loosely 
tufted, erect or ascending, 2-5 dm. long, more or less flexuous, villous on one side below 
the stipules, simple or branched above: stipules adnate to above the middle of the petiole, 
their free tips subulate, sparingly ciliate: leaflets 3, the blades elliptic, linear-elliptic, 
lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1-3.5 em. long, mucronate or apiculate, entire, on short pubes- 
cent petiolules, with prominent straight nerves and often whitened beneath : corolla orange ; 
standard suborbicular, but longer than broad, 8 mm. broad, pale orange, notched at the 
apex, short-clawed, the spurs curved ; wings obliquely obovate, 4-5 mm. long, pale-orange, 
with short slender claws and acute auricles; keel-petals sickle-like, greenish, as long as 
the wings: pods 2-jointed, the terminal joint with an almost axile beak. 


In dry or sandy soil, New York to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall.—A campes- 
trian form, with hirsute stems, is S. biflora hispidissima (Michx.) Pollard & Ball. 


3. Stylosanthes riparia Kearney. Root woody, often 3 dm. long. Stems few or 
several, 1-3.5 dm. long, decumbent, branched, with a line of pubescence below the stipules : 
leaflets 3, the blades elliptic, oblanceolate or cuneate-obovate, 10-18 mm. long or some- 
times shorter, usually rounded at the apex, sometimes truncate, retuse or cuspidate at the 
apex, entire, pale beneath, glabrous except for some marginal hairs, prominently nerved, 
especially beneath : spikes terminating the stem and its branches, about 6-flowered : upper 
and lower flowers usually abortive: corolla orange-yellow ; standard with a blade broader 
than long, about 5 mm. broad, the basal spurs straight ; wings 3.5 mm. long, obovate ; keel- 
petals about as long as the wings: pods 2-jointed, the lower joint small and infertile, the 
terminal joint triangular, 3-3.5 mm. long, excluding the lateral hooked beak. 

In woods and on dry banks, Delaware to Kentucky and Florida. Summer and fall. 


38. CHAPMANIA T. & G. 

Perennial herbs, with upright stems, often branched at the base. Leaves alternate: 
blades unequally pinnate, with subulate stipules : leaflets few. Flowers in terminal racemes 
perfect, but sterile, and imperfect and fertile. Calyx membranous: tube with a stipe-like 
base : four upper lobes united, lower lobe distinct, narrow. Corolla yellow : standard with 
a suborbicular blade: wings oblique, broadest above the middle: keel obtuse, incurved. 
Stamens monadelphous. Anthers alike or nearly so, alternately attached at the base, and 
versatile. Ovary sessile: style slender, elongated. Ovules numerous. Pod elongated, 
nearly terete, the joints longitudinally striate, glandular-roughened. i 

1. Chapmania Floridana T. & G. Foliage hirsute. Stems more or less branched 
at the base, the branches ascending, wand-like or branching, 2-11 dm. tall: leaves 1.5-4 
cm. long, with short petioles: leaflets 5-7, the blades narrowly oblong, oblanceolate, 
cuneate or obovate, 0.5-2 cm. long : racemes 5-15 cm. long: calyx campanulate, 7-10 mm. 
high ; lobes ovate, shorter than the tube: corolla yellow : pods 1-2 cm. long, acute, hispid. 

In sandy pine lands, Florida. Spring and summer. 


39. MEIBOMIA Heister.! 

Herbs, shrubs or vines, with glabrous or pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades 
pinnately 3-foliolate or rarely 1- or 5-foliolate; leaflets stipellate. Flowers perfect, in axillary 
or terminal racemes or panicles, or sometimes in clusters. Calyx with bractlets at the base : 
lobes unequal, the upper two more or less united, the 3 lower forming a larger lip than 
the upper. Corolla of various colors: standard broad, sometimes narrowed into à claw : 
wings oblique, more or less coherent with the obtuse straight or incurved keel-petals. 
Stamens monadelphous or partly diadelphous. Anthers alike. Ovary sessile or stalked. 
Style filiform, incurved or inflexed. Ovules 2-many.  Loment usually exserted from the 
calyx on the stipe or stipe-like base, the joints indehiscent, flat or inflated. [ Desmodium 
Desv.] Tick-TREForL. BEGGAR'S Ticks. ; 


A. Loments constricted into separate rhomboidal or half-rhomboidal joints. 
Loments straight above, deeply constricted below, long-stalked. 


Peduncles arising from the base of the plant. 1. M. nudifiora. 

Peduncles terminating the stems. andiftora. 
Leaves clustered at the base of the peduncle. 2. M. g uciflora. 
Leaves seattered along the stem. $. M. pe 


Loments constrieted above and below : 
a. Constrictions deeper below than above. 
* Stems trailing or reclining. k 
+ Leaflets with suborbicular blades, or if narrower, the racemes axillary. M. arenicola. 
Leaflets mostly less than 2.5 em. long, leathery, the blades glabrate. 4. M. 
aai e over 2.5 cm. long, the blades membranous, pubes- M. Michauzii. 
cent. reque 


e 


! Contributed by Miss Anna Murray Vail. 


FABACEAE 635 


in ae with ovate or oval blades: racemes terminal as well as 
axillary. 
Corolla cream-colored or ochroleucous: stipules ovate: racemes 
mostly simple. 
Corolla purple: stipules subulate : racemes mostly paniculate. 
** Stems erect or ascending. 
Petioles wanting or very short. 8. M. sessilifolia. 
Petioles manifest. 
Leaflets with narrowly linear blades. 
Joints of the pod with a straight or depressed back, triangular in 
outline. 9. M. stricta. 
Joints of the pod with a rounded back, not'triangular in outline. 10. M. tenuifolia. 
Leaflets with lanceolate to ovate or rhomboidal blades, never linear. 
Joints of the loments manifestly longer than broad. 
Bractssubtending the flowers small and inconspicuous: blades 
of the leaflets reticulated. 
Pods not more pubeseent on the edges than the sides. 11. M. canescens. 
Pods copiously ciliate. 
Blades of the lateral leaflets not subcordate at the base: 


. M. ochroleuca. 
. M. glabella. 


Io 


s deeply constricted along the back. 12. M. Lindheimeri. 
Blades of the lateral leaflets subcordate at the base: 
pods not much constricted along the back. 18. M. Tweedyi. 


Bracts subtending the flowers conspicuous, mostly over 1 em. 
long: blades of the leaflets not reticulated. 

Leaves pubescent: bracts ciliate and pubescent. 14. M. longifolia. 

. , Leaves glabrous: bracts not ciliate and otherwise glabrous. 15. M. bracteosa. 
Joints of the loments barely longer than broad. 

Foliage glabrous or slightly pubescent. 

Leaflets green beneath. 16. M. paniculata. 

Leaflets conspicuously glaucous beneath. 17. M. laevigata. 
Foliage variously pubescent. 

Loments rud stalked (or sometimes sessile in M. Illi- 

A 0€nst& ). 
Leaflets with leathery blades. 
Corolla about 10 mm. long : standard 5-7 mm. broad. 


Blades of the leaflets prominently reticulated. 18. M. rhombifolia. 
Blades of the leaflets not reticulated. 19. M. viridifiora. 
Corolla 5-7 mm. long: standard about 4 mm. broad. 
Leaflets with membranous blades. 20. M. Dillenii. 


Loments sessile or relatively short-stalked. 
Joints of the loments 4-7, 5 mm. long: corolla about 1 
em. long. 


Leaflets with leathery blades. 21. M. Illinoensis. 
Leaflets with relatively thin blades. 22. M. Canadensis. 
es of the Joments1-3, 3-5 mm. long : corolla 7-5 mm. 
ong. 


Leaflets scabrous or pubescent and ciliate. 


Terminal leaflet usually twice as long as broad. 23. M.rigida. 
Terminal leaflet little longer than broad. 24. M.obtusa. — 
Leaflets glabrous. 25. M. Marylandica. 


b. Constrictions equally deep on both sides of the loment. 26. M. purpurea. 


6 

B. ROM YE constrieted into separate joints, straight above, undulate below. à 
Herb: bl Mic OLBIA, broadest below the middle. 27. M. supina. 
ets broadest above the middle. 28. M. triflora. 

1. Meibomia nudiflóra (L.) Kuntze. Foliage somewhat pubescent. Leaves in a 
cluster at the summit of the 2-3 dm. high ascending or decumbent sterile stem : scapes 
Five naked, 3-8 dm. long: stipules setaceous, caducous : petioles 3-10 cm. long : leaflets 

, the blades oval or ovate, 2-8 cm. long, slightly acuminate to the blunt apex, glabrous 
xd HR Ingly ubescent, usually ciliate, pale beneath, the terminal leaflet somewhat 
reins lc, the lateral inequilateral: panicle narrow, few-flowered : calyx-lobes unequal, 

use, the lower one the longest : corolla purplish ; standard with two dark spots at the 
ees : loment 2-3-jointed, rarely 4-jointed, the joints 10-13 mm. long, straight or slightly 
oncave on the dorsal suture, glabrous, the stipe nearly as long as the pedicel. 

In dry woods, Ontario to Missouri, Kansas, Florida and Louisiana, Summer. 


Ting Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. Foliage pubescent with soft scattered 
Mami yae ly glabrous. Stems erect, over 3 dm. high, angled: leaves in a cluster at the 
i i. o the stem, from which rises the long naked peduncle: petioles 7-15 cm. long ; 
u'es setaceous, mostly persistent ; leaflets 3, the blades ovate, 5-13 em. long, acuminate, 
Lv m with scattered hairs on both surfaces, the terminal leaflet orbicular-ovate ; pan- 
o b igh spreading: bracts caducous: calyx-lobes minute, acutish: corolla conspic- 
obliqu ie t rose-purple : Joment 2-3-jointed, the joints about 1 cm. long, concave above, 
Ern, P rounded or semi-rhomboid on the ventral suture, uncinate-pubescent, but the 
re glabrous or nearly so, the stipe as long as the pedicel. 

In dry or rocky woods, Quebec to Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 
a i. Meibomia pauciflóra ( Nutt.) Kuntze. Foliage sparingly pubescent. Stems de- 
ules cad or ascending, 3-5 dm. long, pubescent with scattered hairs: leaves distant ; stip- 

caducous ; leaflets 3, the blades ovate or rhombic-ovate, 2.5-8 cm. long, acuminate or 


636 FABACEAE 


bluntish, somewhat pubescent, paler beneath, the terminal leaflet rhomboid: racemes sim- 
le, terminal or rarely axillary, few-flowered : calyx-lobes acute, ciliate: corolla white: 
oment 1-3-jointed or rarely 4-jointed, the joints rounded on the ventral suture, 10-12 mm. 
long, uncinate-pubescent, the stipe slightly shorter than the pedicel. 
In woods and forests, Ontario to Ohio, Florida, Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 


4. Meibomia arenicola Vail. Foliage thinly pubescent or glabrate. Stems decum- 
bent and spreading flat on the ground from a long stout root, striate-angled : leaves spread- 
ing; petioles shorter than the leaflets; stipules subulate, persistent: basal leaves varying 
from 1-5-foliolate ; leaflets 1-5, the blades ovate-orbicular or suborbicular, 1-2.5 em. long, 
leathery, reticulated beneath : racemes terminal or axillary, simple and elongated : flowers 
slender-pedicelled : calyx-lobes acute, the upper lip triangular, minutely 2-toothed : corolla 
purplish : loment 2-4-jointed, less sinuate above than below, the joints nearly oval, about 
4 mm. long, uncinate-pubescent, the stipe about as long as the calyx-lobes. [Desmodium 
lineatum (Michx.) DC.] 

In dry sandy soil, Maryland and Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall.—A state 
with narrower often oblong or linear leaflets found in pine lands from Florida to Louisiana, is M. areni- 
cola polymórpha (A. Gray) Vail. 

5. Meibomia Michaüxii Vail. Foliage soft-hirsute or glabrate. Stems branched 
at the base, the branches prostrate from a stout spreading root, 5-10 dm. long, straight, the 
upper portion often nearly villous: leaves spreading ; petioles about the length of the 
leaflets ; stipules ovate-cordate, acuminate, striate, ciliate, reflexed and persistent ; leaflets 
3, the blades 3-6 cm. long, nearly orbicular, sparingly pubescent or glabrate above, pubes- 
cent and lighter beneath ; terminal leaflet dilated or depressed-orbicular and broader than 
long: racemes terminal and axillary: bracts ovate, caducous: calyx-lobes ciliate, the 
upper lip 2-toothed : corolla purplish : loment 2.5 cm. long or more, 3-5-jointed, the joints 
slightly rounded on the dorsal, obliquely half-rhomboid on the ventral suture, uncinate- 
pubescent throughout, the stipe as long as the calyx-lobes or a little shorter. [Desmodium 
rotundifolium (Michx.) DC.] 

In dry rocky woods, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


6. Meibomia ochroleüca (M. A. Curtis) Kuntze. Stems decumbent, terete, below, 
angled above, sparingly hirsute: leaves spreading ; stipules broadly ovate-cordate, striate, 
reflexed, persistent ; petioles 1-4 cm. long; leaflets 3, the blades rhombic-ovate, yellowish 
green, 2-5 cm. long, leathery, somewhat scabrous above, reticulated beneath, terminal leaflet 
obtuse, the lateral leaflets obliquely ovate and smaller: racemes simple, terminal and axil- 
lary : bracts lanceolate, caducous: calyx-lobes attenuate, ciliate, the upper two mostly 
united : corolla cream-colored or ochroleucous : loment 2-3-jointed, nearly equally sinuate 
on both densely uncinate-pubescent sutures, the joints oval, 8-10 mm. long, twisted, reticu- 
lated, glabrous, the stipe nearly as long as the calyx-lobes. 

In woodlands, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


7. Meibomia glabélla (Michx.) Kuntze. Foliage deep green. Stems procumbent 
or rarely ascending, sometimes over 2 m. long, terete below, angled and striate above, 
glabrous or sparingly soft-hirsute: leaves few; stipules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; leat- 
lets 3, the blades ovate or oval, the terminal one slightly rhomboid, obtuse, glabrous "e 
sparingly pubescent above, paler beneath : racemes panicled, terminal and axillary : bir a 
caducous: calyx-lobes attenuate, the upper two partially united, the two lateral of the hel 
lip shorter than the middle one: corolla purple: loment 3-5-jointed, less sinuate à T 
A below, the joints 5-8 mm. long, obliquely semi-rhomboid or oval, the stipe 2-4 mm. 
ong. 


In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and South Carolina. Summer and fall. 


8. Meibomia sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze. Foliage bright green. Stems cet 
dm. long, striate, uncinate-pubescent: leaves with sessile or very short-petioled ; i ok 
stipules linear, attenuated, caducous or rarely persisting; leaflets 3, the blades * or 
long, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, thick and reticulated, scabrous 9r 

labrate above, somewhat downy or pubescent beneath: racemes terminal, simple or Pi 
icled: bracts caducous: calyx very short-pedicelled ; lobes acute, somewhat n ably 
the middle lower one longer than the triangular lateral ones, the upper lip 0057 less 
2-toothed: corolla purplish, turning greenish, 4-5 mm. broad: loment jo uely 
sinuate above than below, somewhat twisted, the joints 5 mm. long. or shorter, 0919 
half-obovate, hispid, the stipe not longer than the calyx-lobes. 

In copses, Massachusetts to Michigan, Kansas, Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 


3-6 
9. Meibomia stricta (Pursh) Kuntze. Foliage finely pubescent. Stems ne e 
dm. high, simple, slender, minutely pubescent : leaves spreading ; stipules setaceo 5 hick, 


cous; petioles 5-15 mm. long; leaflets 3, the blades 2-5 cm. long, linear, obtuse, 


FABACEAE 637 


reticulated, glabrous: racemes narrow, rough-glandular, elongated ; calyx short-pedicelled : 
lobes acute, the upper lip 2-toothed: corolla purplish, about 3 mm. broad: loment 
1-3-jointed, mostly straight or somewhat concave on the back, the joints 4-5 mm. long, 
half-obovate, or half-rhomboid, uncinate-pubescent, the stipe as long as the calyx-lobes. 

In pine lands and woods, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


10. Meibomia tenuifdiia (T. & G.) Kuntze. Foliage nearly glabrous, at least 
below. Stems lax, 2-6 dm. long, striate, rough with hooked hairs: leaves distant ; 
stipules subulate, mostly caducous ; petioles 0.5-2 cm. long; leaflets 3, the blades linear, 
3-8 cm. long, obtuse, glabrous above, reticulated and pubescent with hooked hairs beneath : 
panicle lax: calyx-lobes subulate, the upper lip minutely 2-toothed: corolla pinkish 

urple, 3-5 mm. long : loment 2-3-jointed on a short diverging pedicel, the joints 3-5 mm. 
ong, mostly rounded on the dorsal and obliquely-obovate on the ventral suture, minutely 
pubescent with hooked hairs, the stipe shorter than the calyx-lobes orabout the same length. 

In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


11. Meibomia canéscens (L.) Kuntze. Foliage pale green, pubescent all over. 
Stems erect, 6-10 dm. tall or taller, branched, clothed with a close-set hooked hairs and 
often also with longer spreading hairs or sometimes glabrate below: leaves conspicuous ; 
stipules 8-15 mm. long, ovate, cordate, cuspidate, striate, ciliate, persistent, spreading or 
reflexed ; petioles 3-10 mm. long or longer ; leaflets 3, the blades 3-10 cm. long, broadly 
ovate or ovate-rhomboid, rough on both surfaces, ciliate, pale and reticulated beneath, 
the terminal one the larger, sometimes truncate at the base: racemes panicled, the branches 
widely spreading: bracts caducous : pedicels spreading: calyx ciliate, the upper lip 2- 
toothed, the middle tooth of the lower lip longer and attenuate : corolla violet-purple, 1 
cm. long or longer: loment 4-6-jointed, straight or somewhat concave on the dorsal or 
nearly equally sinuate on both sides, the joints 8-15 mm. long, pubescent with hooked 

airs, varying from nearly triangular or half-rhomboid to obliquely oval, the stipe as 
long as the upper calyx-lobes. 

In moist ground and on borders of woods, Canada to Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. 
Summer and fall. 

12. Meibomia Lindheimeri Vail. Foliage bright green. Stem erect, 6 dm. high 
or more, branched, stout, conspicuously angled and channeled, downy with a close fine 
pubescence : stipules lanceolate, cuspidate, 6-8 mm. long, pubescent, reflexed, persistent 
or caducous : petioles 2-5 em. long or more: leaflets 3, the blades scabrous or minutely pu- 

escent above, reticulated, velvety or villous-pubescent and the nerves conspicuous beneath, 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, the terminal leaflet mostly somewhat rhombic, 
truncate at base and acutish, the others inequilateral, smaller and more obtuse : racemes 
Paced, the branches spreading: bracts ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, caducous: calyx- 
lobes acute, nearly equal : corolla purple, 5-8 mm. long: loment 2-4 cm. long or more, 4-6- 
jointed, the joints obliquely oval, about 1 cm. long, glabrous except the sutures, the stipe 
2 mm. long or less. 

On prairies, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 


13. Meibomia Twetdyi (Britton) Vail. Foliage finely pubescent. Stems stout, 
erect or ascending, 9 dm. long or longer, angled and channeled, minutely pubescent : stip- 
ules 10-15 cm. long, ovate, attenuate, ciliate, persistent: petioles 7-10 cm. long or 
more, the terminal petiolule 1.5-4 cm. long ; leaflets 3, the blades 7-10 cm. long, ovate, 
truncate, obtuse, mucronulate, yellowish green, glabrate or scabrous above, scabrous and 
qrongly reticulated beneath : racemes panicled, apparently naked, 3-4 dm. long or more : 
jefea few : pedicels spreading, 1-2.5 cm. long: Stra lanceolate, attenuate, 4-6 mm. 
ong, caducous : calyx-lobes acute : corolla ochroleucous or yellow, 8 mm. long: loment 

3- or 4-jointed, the joints 8-10 em. long, half-rhomboid, straightish or somewhat rounded 
on the dorsal suture, minutely pubescent with hooked hairs, the stipe not exceeding the calyx. 

On prairies, Texas. Summer. 
hi p Meibomia longifdlia (T. & G.) Vail Stems stout, erect, 6 dm. high or 
stil in branched, angled, striate, pubescent in lines, sometimes glabrate : leaves large; 

es ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, persistent, caducous ; petioles 1.5-5 cm. long, striate, 
m Mot; stipules 5 mm. long, often conspicuous and persisting ; leaflets 3, the blades 5-11 
diche 2.5-5 cm. broad, the blades lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, or ovate, acuminate, 
p tly rugose or scabrous with scattered hairs and becoming glabrate above, much lighter 
di Appressed-pubescent beneath, the terminal leaflet usually much larger than the lateral 
sitet panicles spreading : flowers numerous : pedicels slender, spreading, pubescent : bracts 
atad Hn 9-10 mm. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, caducous : calyx-lobes attenu- 
lone: puer lip _2-toothed, the other lobes longer: corolla lilac-purple, about 1 cm. 
a &: loment 4—6-jointed, 3.5-6 cm. long, pubescent with hooked hairs, straight or 

mewhat rounded on the dorsal, and deeply triangular on the ventral suture, or nearly 


638 FABACEAE 


equally sinuate above and below, the joints 8-10 mm. long, reticulated, appearing almost 
lozenge-shaped, the stipe abeut the length of the calyx-lobes. 
On plains and prairies, Nlinois to Alabama and Louisiana. Spring and fall. 


15. Meibomia bractiósa (Michx.) Kuntze. Stems erect, glabrous or nearly so, 1 m. 
high or higher, branched, angled: leaves large; stipules 8-15 mm. long, lanceolate, cus- 
pidate, somewhat cordate at the base, caducous ; petioles 3-8 cm. long, flat and channeled ; 
stipels conspicuous, setaceous, 5-15 mm. long, mostly persistent ; leaflets 3, the blades 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, cuspidate or long-acuminate, glabrous or nearly 
so, paler and often glaucous beneath : panicles spreading, the upper part minutely pubes- | 
cent: bracts striate, cuspidate, glabrous, caducous: flowers numerous: pedicels slender, 
spreading: upper calyx-lip 2-toothed : corolla lilac-purple, showy, about 1 em. long: 
loment 2.5-5 em. long, rather broad at the joints, 3-7-jointed, the joints about 1 cm. 
long, straight or slightly rounded on the dorsal and half-rhombic on the ventral suture, 
reticulated, the stipe about the length of the lower calyx-lip. 

In thickets, Ontario to Michigan, Florida, Missouri and Texas. Summer and fall. 


16. Meibomia paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Stems slender, erect, 5-10 dm. high, panic- 
ulately branched, nearly glabrous: stipules small, setaceous, caducous: petioles 1-3.5 
em. long; leaflets 3, the blades 3-5 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, oval or linear-lanceolate, 
obtuse, rarely acutish, glabrous or rarely minutely pubescent, paler beneath: racemes 
panicled, the branches spreading: bracts caducous: calyx-lobes attenuate, the upper lip 
deeply 2-toothed, the middle lower lobe much elongated : corolla purplish, turning green, 
5-6 mm. long: loment 2.5 cm. long or longer, mostly angled on the dorsal suture, the joints 
5-8 mm. long, obliquely triangular or half-rhombic, minutely pubescent, the stipe as long 
as the calyx-lobes. 

In copses, Ontario to Nebraska, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall.—A slender form 
with narrow more acute leaflets 5-8 mm. wide, is M. paniculata Chapmánii Britton, while the form with 
copiously puberulent stems and firm oblong-lanceolate leaflets pubescent beneath, and loments more 
strongly angled on the dorsal suture, is M. paniculata pübens (T. & G.) Vail. 

17. Meibomia laevigata (Nutt.) Kuntze. Stems terete, erect, 8-12 dm. high, 
glabrous or minutely uncinate-pubescent above, often glaucous: stipules subulate, cadu- 
cous : petioles 2.5-8 em. long: leaflets 3, the blades 4-11 cm. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, 
acutish or obtuse, sometimes mucronulate, paler beneath, the terminal leaflet sometimes 
rhomboid; racemes panicled, the branches spreading: bracts very small, caducous : upper 
calyx-lip entire or minutely 2-toothed : corolla blue-purple, 7-9 mm. long: loment 3-6- 
or rarely 8-jointed, 2-3 em. long or longer, straight or somewhat angled on the dorsal suture ; 
the joints 6-7 mm. long, half-rhombic, the stipe mostly as long as the lower joint. 

In pine lands, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 


18. Meibomia rhombifdlia (Ell.) Vail. Stems rigid, erect or ascending, 6-10 dm. 
high, simple or branched, pubescent : basal leaves (in the case of small plants, or rarely all 
the leaves) 1-foliolate : stipules 5-10 mm. long, subulate, taper-pointed, persistent or cadu- 
cous; petioles 1-4 cm. long; leaflets 3, the blades 5-9 cm. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
sometimes truncate at the base, obtuse or acutish, often mucronulate, leathery, scabrous 
above, pubescent or densely villous and strongly reticulated beneath: racemes simple or 
panicled, mostly elongated, leafless: bracts minute, setaceous, caducous : calyx-lobes "d 
the upper lip 2-toothed : corolla purple, 6-8 mm. long: loment 1-3 em. long, 2-5-joint a 
somewhat twisted, the joints about 7 mm. long, obliquely half-rhomboid, slightly round 
or obscurely angled on the dorsal suture, the stipe often half as long as the joint. 

In pine lands, Virginia to Florida, Alabama and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


19. Meibomia viridiflóra (L. ) Kuntze. Stems erect, 6-10 dm. high, terete, mostly 
downy : stipules lanceolate, attenuated, when persistent, spreading or reflexed : petioles : 
em. long: leaflets 3, the blades 4-9 cm. long, scabrous above, villous or tomentose benea , 
the terminal leaflet ovate or ovate-oblong, often rhomboid, not truncate, the others A: : 
racemes panicled, the branches spreading: bracts 2-3 mm. long, broadly ovate, cordate, ca mf 
cous: calyx hirsute, the upper lip triangular, minutely 2-toothed, the lower lip the eee 
corolla pale purple, turning green, 6-9 mm. long: loment 1-2 cm. long, 2-4-jointe tint 
joints about 5 mm. long, half-rhombic, straightish or obtusely angled on the dorsal suture, 
uncinate-pubescent, the stipe not quite the length of the lower joint. 

In woods, southern New York to Michigan, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


20. Meibomia Dillénii (Darl.) Kuntze. Stems erect, 6 dm. high, sulcate, gai’ 
or sparingly pubescent : stipules subulate, mostly caducous: petioles 2.5-5 cm. long : ae 
lets 3, the blades 4-10 em. long, oblong or"ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, sometimes araen t 
late, often very thin, scabrous or with a few scattered soft hairs above, appressed-pu Ef 
or softly hirsute beneath, the terminal leaflet larger than the lateral ones: maet 
icled, the branches spreading: bracts small, caducous: upper calyx-lip entire or min 


FABACEAE 639 


2-toothed, the lower lobes attenuate, the middle lobe twice the length of the later ones: 
corolla purple, 6-8 mm. long: loment 1-3 cm. long or longer, 3-6-jointed, the joints 5-12 
mm. long, half-rhombic, straightish, somewhat convex, or sharply angled on the dorsal 
suture, the stipe half the length of the lower joint or less, sometimes nearly as long. 

In woodlands, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


21. Meibomia ‘Illinoénsis (A. Gray) Kuntze. Stems erect, 6-9 dm. high, stout, 
sulcate, pubescent: stipules 1-1.5 cm. long, ovate, acute, cordate, ciliate, persistent : 
petioles 2.5-5 em. long: leaflets 3, the blades 5-9 cm. long, light yellowish green, oblong 
or ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, obtuse, leathery, ciliate, scabrous on both surfaces, strongly 
reticulated and cinereous beneath, the lateral leaflets somewhat shorter and narrower than 
the terminal one: racemes simple or rarely panicled, naked: bracts caducous, 5-8 mm. 
long, ovate-lanceolate, ciliate: upper calyx-lip minutely 2-toothed, the lower one deeply 
3-toothed, with the middle lobe attenuated : corolla purple, turning brown in drying, 8-10 
mm. long: loment 3-7-jointed, 2-4 cm. long, mostly in pairs, merely sinuate on both 
sutures, the joints about 5 mm. long, oval or nearly orbicular, densely uncinate-pubescent, 
the stipe longer than the calyx-lobes. 

In dry grounds and on prairies, Illinois to Nebraska and Texas. Summer and fall. 


22. Meibomia Canadénsis (L.) Kuntze. Stems erect, 6-9 dm. high, striate, some- 
what hirsute with short spreading hairs or nearly glabrous: stipules lanceolate-linear, 5— 
10 mm. long, ciliate, mostly persistent : lower petioles 1-2 em. long: upper leaves sessile 
or nearly so ; leaflets 3, the blades 4-10 cm. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 
glabrous or somewhat scabrous and dark-green above, appressed-pubescent, paler and some- 
times reticulated beneath: racemes mostly panicled: bracts ovate-lanceolate, 6-9 mm. 
long, attenuated, striate, ciliate, pubescent, caducous : calyx-lobes attenuate, the upper 
lip 2-toothed ; lower lobes elongated : corolla bluish purple, or rarely whitish, 8-12 mm. 
long, showy : loment about 2.5 cm. long, 3-5-jointed, somewhat curved, sessile in the 
calyx or very short-stalked, the joints 5 mm. long, nearly oval or obtusely half-rhomboid, 
the stipe rarely as long as the calyx. 

In dry rich woods, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, North Carolina and the Indian Territory. 
Summer and fall. . 

. 23. Meibomia rígida (Ell) Kuntze. Stems erect, 6-9 dm. high, rigid, striate, 
minutely pubescent : stipules small, caducous: upper leaves sessile or nearly so, the lower 
short-petioled ; leaflets 3, the blades ovate-oblong or elliptic, 2.5-8 cm. long, obtuse, often 
mucronulate, yellowish green and mostly scabrous above, pubescent and reticulated be- 
neath, the lateral leaflets smaller: racemes panicled, or sometimes simple, 4-5 mm. long: 
bracts caducous, very small : upper calyx-lip entire or minutely 2-toothed : loment 2-3- 
ointed or rarely 4-jointed, 8-15 mm. long, the joints 3-5 mm. long, obliquely oval or 

alf-obovate, rarely angled on the dorsal suture, very short-stipitate. 

In dry soil, Massachusetts to Michigan, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


24. Meibomia obtüsa (Muhl.) Vail. Stems erect, 6-12 dm. high, hirsute or mi- 
nutely pubescent: leaves mostly crowded ; stipules subulate ; petioles ciliate, shorter than 
the leaflets ; leaflets 3, the blades mostly less than 2-5 cm. long, round-ovate or oval, 
rather leathery, somewhat scabrous above, paler, glaucous and sparingly pubescent beneath : 
= panicled: bracts caducous : upper calyx-lip entire or minutely 2-toothed, the 
ower lobes acute: corolla purple, 2-4 mm. long: loment 2-3-jointed, 10-15 mm. long, 
the Joints half-orbicular or half-obovate, the stipe not longer than the calyx. [Desmo- 
dium ciliare (Muhl.) DC.] 
june pt pos and in sandy fields, Ontario to Michigan, Missouri, Florida, Texas and Mexico. 

25. Meibomia Marylándica (L.) Kuntze. Stems erect, 6-9 dm. high, slender, stri- 
ate, glabrous or rarely with a few scattered hairs: leaves crowded ; stipules subulate, cadu- 
cous ; petioles as long as the leaflets ; leaflets 3, the blades ovate or sometimes suborbicular, 
rarely elliptical, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, glabrous or rarely with a few hairs and glaucous 

neath : racemes simple or panicled : upper calyx-lip emarginate, obliquely and mi- 
nutely 2-toothed ; the lower lobes acute: loment 10-15 mm. long, 1-3-jointed, the joints 
obliquely oval or half-orbicular, the stipe mostly longer than the calyx. 

In copses, Massachusetts to Michigan, Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


wee Meibomia purpürea ( Mill.) Vail. Shrubby. Stems stout, 6 dm. high or taller, 
Mud terete, pubescent: leaves 4-20 cm. long; stipules 10-15 mm. long, ovate, obliquely 
n T attenuate, ciliate, striate, often turning purplish, spreading or reflexed, persistent ; 
tj D €s 2-8 cm. long or more; stipels 4-8 mm. jum linear-lanceolate ; leaflets 3, the 
Do ovate, ovate-oblong or elliptical, 2-11 cm. long, obtuse, mucronate or mucronulate, 
E'abrate or scabrous above, pubescent and often reticulated beneath, the lateral leaflets 


640 FABACEAE 


much smaller than the terminal one: racemes panicled: bracts caducous: pedicels usually 
in pairs, very slender, 1-2 cm. long or more, spreading: calyx-lobes acute, the upper lip 
minutely 2-toothed : corolla about 3 mm. long, “purple: loment sessile in the calyx or 
nearly so, 4-7-jointed, the joints about 4 mm. long, oval, much twisted, minutely 
pubescent. 


In dry fields, Florida and Mexico to Colombia, the West Indies and South America. Spring to fall. 


27. Meibomia supina (Sw.) Britton. A small shrub, with erect or procumbent dif- 
fuse terete stems 6 dm. high or higher, the foliage glabrous or sparingly pubescent below, 
often finely pubescent above: stipules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, 
acuminate: petioles 1-3 cm. long or more: leaflets 3, the blades oval or elliptic, 2 em. 
long, thick and leathery, dark green, scabrous or glabrate and becoming lustrous above, 
glaucous, pubescent and reticulated beneath ; leaflets of the basal leaves ovate or orbicular : 
racemes terminal, elongated : pedicels slender, 1-1.5 mm. long: bracts linear or lanceolate, 
caducous: calyx-lobes acute: corolla 5-8 mm. long, rose-colored: loment 2.5-3 cm. long, 
3-8-jointed, the joints about 4 mm. long, straight on the back, rounded below, densely 
pubescent, the stipe not longer than the calyx-lobes. 

In pine woods, about Biscayne Bay. Florida. Also in the West Indies, Central and South America. 
Occurs also in Africa and in the Island of Mauritius. 

28. Meibomia trifldra (L.) Kuntze. Stems low, procumbent and trailing, branched, 
the branches spreading on the ground, pubescent: stipules ovate or subulate: petioles 
about as long as the leaflets: leaflets 3, the blades obcordate, 3-12 mm. long, retuse: ped- 
icels 0.5-1 mm. long, very slender: calyx-lobes acute, the upper lip deeply 2-toothed : 
flowers 2-3 together in the axils of the upper leaves: loment sessile in the calyx, 2-5- 
jointed ,the joints about 3 mm. long, straight on the dorsal suture, slightly rounded below. 

In sand, peninsular Florida. Also circumtropical. 


40. LESPEDEZA Michx. 


Herbs or shrubs, with variously pubescent foliage. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, or 
rarely 1-foliolate, with mucronate stipules: leaflets often veiny, not stipellate. Flowers 
perfect, all complete or some of them apetalous. Calyx of 5 slightly united sepals: lobes 
nearly equal or the two upper ones somewhat united. Corolla white, pink, or purple, or 
rarely yellow: standard broad, with a claw: wings curved: keel obtuse or beaked, in- 
curved. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), or partially monadelphous, Anthers alike. Ovary 
sessile or stalked. Style filiform, often incurved. Ovule solitary. Pod of 1 or 2 lenticu- 
lar joints, indehiscent, prominently nerved. BusH-cLOVER. 

Annual: stipules ovate : calyx-lobes about as broad as long. 1. L. striata. 
Perennial: stipules subulate: calyx-lobes much longer than broad. 
Flowers both petaliferous and apetalous: calyx-lobes shorter than the pod: 
corolla purple or purplish. 
Flower-clusters slender-peduncled, mostly surpassing the leaves. 
Petaliferous flowers in spike-like or head-like clusters. 


Stems branched at the base; branches trailing or procumbent. 
Foliage glabrous or pubescent with appressed, hairs. 


aoe p mm. jong : stems Lieto aria us eee : T "oma 
s mm. long: stems essentia abrous, at least below. 2L bens. 
*: Foliage downy or woolly. Ags 4. L. proc 
ems upright. iana. 
Calyx-lobes 5-7 mm. long, as long as the pod or longer. 5. L. Manntana 
Calyx-lobes 3-4 mm. long, much shorter than the pod. L. acuticarpa- 
Leaflets mostly with linear-elliptic blades: pods sparingly pubescent. 6. a p» fallit. 
.. Leaflets mostly with oval blades: pods copiously pubescent. 7. L. 
Petaliferous flowers in loose or close panicles. 
niger en short, the inflorescence close : calyx-lobes about 44 as longias 8. L. violacea. 
e . vod 
ditor elongated, the inflorescence lax : ealyx-lobes about 34 as long 9. L. prairea. 
Flower-clusters of both kinds sessile or nearly so. 
Leaflets with suborbicular, oval or oblong blades. L. simulata. 


Calyx 5-6 mm. long ; lobes as long as the pod or longer. 10 
Calyx 3-4 mm. long; lobes much shorter than the pod. 


Foliage downy. B 1 = g (escent. 
Foliage glabrate, or pubescent with appressed hairs. 13. L. Virginica. 

Leaflets with linear or oblong-línear blades. : ee 

Flowers all petaliferous : calyx-lobes fully as long as the pod: corolla whitish 
or yellowish. 
Leaflets with suborbicular to oval, ovate or oblong blades. M. L. hirta. 
Peduncles surpassing the leaves. 15. L. capitata. 
Peduncles shorter than the leaves. ` L. angustifolia. 


Leaflets with linear or oblong-linear blades. 16. 


FABACEAE 641 


1. Lespedeza striata (Thunb.) H. & A. Annual, sparingly appressed-pubescent. 
Stems erect, or usually much branched and diffusely spreading, 1-4 dm. long, slender: 
leafiets 3, the blades oblong to oblong-obovate, 8-25 mm. long, obtuse, commonly ciliate, 
much longer than the petioles: flowers solitary or 2-3 together and sessile or, nearly 
sessile in the axils: calyx-lobes about as broad as long: corolla white, pink or purple, 
6-8 mm. long: pods oval or suborbicular, acute, surpassing the sepals. 

: In dry soil and in fields, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Naturalized from eastern Asia. 
ummer. 

2. Lespedeza répens ‘L.) Bart. Perennial, appressed-pubescent or glabrate. Stems 
procumbent or trailing, 2-7 dm. long, usually branched : leaflets 3, the blades oval or ob- 
ovate, 6-15 mm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, longer 
than the petioles: inflorescence rather lax: peduncles of the petaliferous flower-clusters 
surpassing the leaves: calyx-lobes less than 3 as long as the pod: corolla violet-purple, 
4-6 mm. long: pods oval-orbicular, 3-4 mm. long, acute, finely pubescent, surpassing the 
calyx-lobes. 

In dry and sandy soil, Long Island to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


3. Lespedeza Texana Britton. Perennial, similar to D. repens in habit, but less 
pubescent. Stems procumbent, 2-5 dm. long, glabrous below: leaflets 3, the blades 
oblong or oblong-obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, usually mucronulate, prominently veined, 
glabrous above, sparingly pubescent beneath: inflorescence scant and very lax: calyx- 
sg barely 4 as long as the pod: corolla purplish: pods oval, 5-6 mm. long, minutely 
pubescent. 


In dry soil, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 


.. Lespedeza procumbens Michx. Perennial, woolly or downy. Stems procumbent, 
trailing or rarely ascending, 3-9 dm. long, stouter than those of L. repens : leaflets 3, the blades 
oval or elliptic, sometimes obovate, 10-25 mm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, rounded 
at the base, much longer than the petioles: inflorescence lax : peduncles of the petaliferous 
flower-clusters surpassing the leaves: calyx-lobes less than 4 as long as the pods : corolla 
violet-purple to pinkish purple, 6~7 mm. long: pods oval-orbicular, 3 mm. long, acute, 
pubescent, surpassing the calyx-lobes. 

In dry soil or on roadsides, Massachusetts to the Indian Territory, Florida and Louisiana. Sum- 
mer and fall. 

5. Lespedeza Manniàna Mackenzie & Bush. Perennial, copiously pubescent, at 
least above. Stems 4-9 dm. tall: leaflets 3, the blades oblong to somewhat cuneate, 1-4 
cm. long, mucronulate, sparingly appressed-pubescent above, densely so beneath: calyx- 
lobes 5-7 mm. long, as long as the pods or longer: corolla purplish, 5-6 mm. long : pods 
oval, mostly 5-6 mm. long, minutely pubescent. 

On barrens or in open woods, Missouri and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 


6. Lespedeza acuticárpa Mackenzie & Bush. Perennial, more or less pubescent. 
Stems erect or nearly so, 2.5-5 dm. tall, with erect-ascending branches: leaflets 3, the 
blades oblong-elliptic, 8-22 mm. long, glabrate above, appressed-pubescent beneath: flow- 
ers 6 or fewer in a spike: calyx-lobes about 3 mm. long, 4 as long as the pod: corolla pur- 
plish, 6-8 mm. long : pods elliptie or ovate-elliptie, sharply acute or somewhat acuminate, 
slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous. 

In open woods or on barrens, Missouri and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 


7. Lespedeza Nuttállii Darl. Perennial, often copiously pubescent. Stems erect or 
ascending, 5-10 dm. tall, simple or branching above : leaflets 3, the blades leathery, obo- 
vate, oval or suborbicular, 8-20 mm. long, obtuse or notched at the apex, dark green and 
glabrous or nearly so above, closely pubescent beneath, longer than the petioles: inflor- 
ELT capitate or densely spicate : peduncles usually surpassing the leaves: calyx-lobes 
ully 3 as long as the pod: corolla 5-7 mm. long: pods oval to oblong, 5-6 mm. long, 
acute or acuminate at both ends, densely pubescent. 

In dry soil, New England to Michigan, Kansas and Florida. Summer and fall. 


b 8. Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. Perennial, sparingly pubescent. Stems usually 
ranched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, or spreading, 3-9 dm. long, branched: 
eaflets 3, the blades rather thin, elliptic, oblong-elliptic or oval, 10-20 mm. long, obtuse 

or retuse at the apex, appressed-pubescent beneath, as long as the petioles or longer : inflor- 

Pei a n: pene relatively short : calyx-lobes about -—— as long as the a : 

olet-purple i : 7 . ion ute, sparin 
and finely Paler 10 mm. long: pods ovate or oval, 4-6 mm. long, acute, sparingly 
In dry soil, New England to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida, Louisiana and Mexico, Summer and fall. 


ds - Lezpedeza prairea (Mackenzie & Bush) Britton. Perennial, glabrous below, 
ey E above. Stems ascending, several dm. long, copiously branched, 
1 


642 ae FABACEAE 


the branches often interwoven : leaflets 3, the blades mainly obovate, sometimes obcordate, 
6-18 mm. long, mucronulate, glabrous above, finely appressed-pubescent beneath : inflores- 
cence lax and very open, the peduncles usually much elongated : calyx-lobes about } as 
jong as the pod: corolla purplish, 6-8 mm. long: pods broadly oval, 3-4 mm. long, 
prominently veined, much exceeding the calyx. 

In dry soil, Iowa to Nebraska, Arkansas and Texas. Summer and fall. 


10. Lespedeza simulata Mackenzie & Bush. Perennial, more or less pubescent, 
sometimes almost glabrous. Stems erect, 6-9 dm. tall, with few appressed-ascendin 
branches: leaflets 3, the blades linear-oblong to oblong-elliptic, 1.2-3 cm. long, rounde 
at both ends but mucronate at the apex, silvery pubescent with appressed hairs on both 
sides, but especially so beneath : calyx-lobes slender, 4—5 mm. long, about as long as the 
pod or longer: corolla purple, 6-8 mm. long: pods oval, 4.5-5 mm. long, usually 
copiously pubescent. 

On rocky mounds and prairies, Missouri to Arkansas and Texas. Summer and fall. 


11. Lespedeza Stüvei Nutt. Perennial, densely velvety or downy pubescent. Stems 
erect or ascending, 6-12 dm. tall, simple or narrowly branched above: leaflets 3, the 
blades oblong, oval or suborbicular, 10-20 mm. long or rarely longer, obtuse or retuse at 
the apex, longer than the petioles : inflorescence rather dense, the clusters of both kinds of 
flowers sessile or nearly sessile in the axils: calyx-lobes less than 4 as long as the pod: 
corolla violet-purple, 4-6 mm. long: pods oblong-ovate to suborbicular, 4-6 mm. long, 
acute, densely pubescent. 

In dry soil, Long Island to Michigan, Georgia and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall.—A 
variety, L. Stuvei neglécta Britton, with linear or linear-oblong mucronulate blades of the leaflets, 
occurs from New Jersey to Missouri, south to Georgia and Texas. 

12. Lespedeza frutéscens (L.) Britton. Perennial, finely appressed-pubescent or 
glabrate. Stems erect or ascending, 3-10 dm. tall, simple or branched: leaflets 3, the 
blades oval, oblong or elliptie, 10-35 mm. long, obtuse, truncate or retuse at the apex, dark 
green and glabrous above, paler and slightly pubescent beneath, as long as the petioles or 
longer: inflorescence often dense: clusters of both kinds of flowers nearly sessile or short- 
[Une in the axils, usually crowded near the summit of the stem: calyx-lobes 3 as 

ong as the pod or shorter: corolla violet-purple, 4-6 mm. long: pods ovate-oblong, 
about 4 mm. long, acute, pubescent, surpassing the calyx-lobes. 

In dry soil, Massachusetts to Ontario, Michigan, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


13. Lespedeza Virgínica (L.) Britton. Perennial, similar to L. frutescens, but more 
slender. Stems erect or ascending, 4-11 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched: 
leaflets 3, the blades linear or oblong-linear, 12-35 mm. long, truncate, obtuse or some- 
times acute at the apex, glabrate on both surfaces or finely pubescent beneath : inflorescence 
rather dense: clusters of both kinds of flowers sessile or nearly sessile and crowded in the 
upper axils: calyx-lobes less than 3 as long as the pod: corolla violet-purple, 4-6 mm. 
long : pods ovate or oval-orbicular, about 4 mm. long, acute or obtuse, pubescent or glabrate, 
surpassing the calyx-lobes. 

In dry soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


14. Lespedeza hirta ( L.) Ell. Perennial. Stems erect or ascending, 5-12 dm. tall, 
mostly branched above: leaflets 3, the blades oval or suborbicular, 12-40 mm. long, 
rounded at both ends or notched at the apex: racemes rather dense, 1-4 cm. long, dis- 
posed in panicles : peduncles often surpassing the leaves: flowers all complete :_ calyx-lobes 
surpassing the pod : corolla about 6 mm. long, yellowish white ; standard sometimes an ot 
spotted: pods oval or obovate, 7-8 mm. long, acute, about as long as the calyx-lobes. 

.. In dry soil, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall.—A variety 
with loose spikes, a densely pubescent calyx and leaflets with oblong blades, is L. hirta oblongifolia Brit- 
ton; it ranges from New Jersey to the Gulf States. 

15. Lespedeza capitata Michx. Perennial, silky or silvery pubescent. Stems 
erect or ascending, rigid, 5-16 dm. tall, usually simple to the inflorescence : leaflets 3, the 
blades oblong to oval, 2.5-3.5 em. long, obtuse, or acute at both ends, several times longer 
than the very short petioles: flowers all complete: racemes oblong-globose, sessile or 
short-peduncled : calyx-lobes much longer than the pod: corolla about 6 mm. long, yel- 
lowish white, or standard with a purple spot: pods oblong-ovate, 5-5.5 mm. long, acute, 
pubescent, 3-3 as long as the calyx-lobes. 

In dry soil, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida, Louisiana and Nebraska. Summer and fall. 


16. Lespedeza angustifolia (Pursh) Ell. Perennial, appressed-pubescent. pages 
erect or ascending, 6-10 dm. tall, rather slender, usually branched above : leaflets 3, the 
blades linear or oblong-linear, or sometimes linear-lanceolate on the lower part aru 
stem, 2-3.5 em. long, truncate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, much longer than the very 
short petioles: racemes subglobose or oblong, slender-peduncled : calyx-lobes mue 


FABACEAE 643 


longer than the pod: corolla yellowish or yellowish white, 5-7 mm. long: pods ovate- 
orbicular, 4-4.5 mm. long. 
In dry, usually sandy soil, Massachusetts to Miehigan, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


41. PITCHERIA Nutt! 

Perennial branching herbs, with erect stems. Leaves 3-foliolate, subsessile or very short- 
petioled : leaflets resinous-dotted. Flowers short-pedicelled, solitary, or 2-3 in the axils 
of the upper leaf-like bracts. Calyx very slightly bilabiate : lobes 4, about equal, the lower 
lobe the longest ; upper lip 2-toothed. Corolla yellow, soon deciduous: standard gla- 
brous; blade obovate to nearly orbicular, without callosities, the margins of the short 
claw folded in : wings smaller than the keel-petals, narrowly oblong, somewhat falcate, with 
a subulate tooth at the base: keel rounded, somewhat falcate, shorter than the standard. 
Stamens diadelphous : free filament articulated at the base, the lateral filaments sometimes 
free to above or near the middle of the tube. Ovary hairy, 2-ovuled. Style filiform, 
bearded below. Stigma subcapitate. Pod oblong, tapering at the base, sessile, compressed, 
1-2-seeded. 

.. l. Pitcheria galactioides Nutt. Stems woody at the base, 6-10 dm. high, rigid, 
widely and mostly symmetrically branched, pubescent : leaves numerous, 1-2.5 cm. long; 
leaflets 5-20 mm. long, the blades oval or obovate-oval, obtuse, reticulated and minutely 
resinous-dotted and sparingly pubescent, especially on the midvein and margins beneath, 
the terminal leaflet longer than the lateral sessile or very short-petioluled ones: flowers 
about 1 em. long : calyx 5 mm. long, minutely pubescent ; lobes Janceolate, long-acuminate : 
corolla mainly yellow ; the petals sometimes partially reddish or purplish-veined ; stand- 
ard short-unguiculate, the blade oval, apiculate, the short spurs very acute: pods 1.5-2 
em. long, 7-8 mm. wide, tapering to the base, minutely pubescent, obscurely resinous- 
dotted, and with few scattered longer hairs. 

In sandy pine lands, Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


42. DOLICHOLUS Medic.' 

Perennial, twining, trailing or erect herbs or shrubs, with short or elongated stems. 
Leaves with 1-foliolate or pinnately 3-foliolate blades : stipules commonly persisting. Leaf- 
lets punctate with resinous dots, usually leathery and prominently veined. Flowers perfect 
in axillary or terminal racemes, or in axillary clusters, Calyx somewhat 2-lipped : lobes 5, 
the upper lobes usually more united than the 3 lower. Corolla yellow: standard broad, 
spreading or reflexed, mostly auricled at the base: wings narrow: keel-petals incurved at 
the apex. Stamens diadelphous. Anthers all alike. Ovary sessile. Style stoutish, in- 
curved at the apex. Ovules1 or 2. Pod flattened, orbicular to oblong, 2-valved. Seeds 
1 or 2 in a pod. [Rhynchosia Lour.] 

Corolla much longer than the calyx. 
emes very slender, many-flowered, exceeding the leaves: flowers and legumes reflexed. 


oe 1. D. minimus. 
oe 1-6-flowered, as long as or shorter than the leaves. 
aflets with leathery obtuse or merely acute blades. 


Blades of the leaffets velvety above, tomentulose and veiny beneath. 2. D. parvifolius. 
Blades of the leaflets strigillose above, puberulent or minutely strigil- 
lose beneath. 3. D. Texensis. 
Leaflets with membranous acuminate blades. 4. D. Suartzii. 


Corolla about as long as the calyx or much shorter. 
trate or climbing perennial vines. 
ves unifoliolate, or in D. Michauzxii rarely the uppermost trifoliolate : 
racemes axillary. 
Leaflets with reniform blades, cordate at the base. 5. D. Americanus. 
flets with reniform blades, truncate at the base. 6. D. Michauzii. 
Leaves trifoliolate. 
Racemes very short-peduncled or sessile. 


Stems prostrate, leaflets cinereous. 7. DD. cinereus. 
R Stems generally climbing. 8. D. tomentosus. 
acemes peduncled or the uppermost short-peduncled, elongating. ; 
Prostrate : leaflets apiculate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long. 9. D. Torreyi. 


Climbing vines. 
Leaflets with obovate-orbicular, thin, blades rounded at the broad 


apex, narrowed at the subcordate base. 10. D. Lewtonii. 
"— with ovate or ovate-rhombic, thick, velvety-pubescent 1. D. latifol 
es: : . D. latifolius. 
Erect perennial eo racemes commonly much elongated 
ves unifoliolate, the leaflets with reniform blades. 12. D. simplicifolius. 


ves trifoliolate or some of the basal ones unifoliolate. 


! Contributed by Miss Anna Murray Vail. 


644 FABACEAE 


Racemes terminal and axillary, never long-peduncled and elongated. 
Stems simple, 1-2 dm. high. 13. D. intermedius, 
Stems simple or branched. 
Racemes numerous, short, axillary: leaflets with thick, velvety 


pubescent blades, acutish or obtuse. 14. D. erectus. 
Racemes numerous, short, axillary : leaflets with densely velutinous, 
acute blades 15. D. Drummondii. 


Racemes terminal] or a few of them axillary, commonly much elongated. 16. D. mollissimus. 


1. Dolicholus minimus (L.) Medic. Stems numerous, slender, prostrate or climb- 
ing over bushes, pubescent, especially on the angles, resinous-dotted : stipules subulate, 2 
mm. long, soon caducous : leaflets 8-40 mm. long, minutely cinereous-pubescent, at least 
when young, coriaceous, the terminal one with a broad rhombic-orbicular, acutish or ob- 
tuse, mucronulate blade, the others smaller and obliquely semi-rhombic: racemes axillary, 
4-10 cm. long, loosely and somewhat distantly flowered, much surpassing the leaves: 
peduncles 2-4 cm. long: calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous : corolla pale yellow, 6-7 mm. long, 
much exceeding the calyx ; standard obovate-orbicular, retuse, commonly purple-veined, 
with a very short claw, resinous-dotted and minutely pubescent on the outer surface: keel- 
petals bright yellow: pods 1-1.7 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, scythe-shaped, minutely pubes- 
cent, reflexed : seeds oblong-ovoid, pale brown or grayish, mottled, smooth and shining. 

In pine woods, South Carolina to Florida, Texas and south ward to Brazil. May to October. 


2. Dolicholus parvifdlius (DC.) Vail. Stems somewhat woody at the base, slender, 
climbing on grasses and low bushes, or barely climbing above, pubescent with close grayish 
down or tomentum : stipules subulate-setaceous, about 1 mm. long: leaflets 3, the blades 
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, those of the basal ones ovate-elliptical or rarely ovate, acutish 
or obtuse, emarginate, velvety-pubescent or tomentose on both surfaces, strongly reticulated 
beneath, the terminal one 2-3.5 cm. long, the others inequilateral, 1.5-2.5 em. long: 
racemes 2-4 cm. long, usually exceeding the leaves, several-flowered : peduncles 2-3 cm. 
long, angled: calyx 7 mm. long, pubescent and resinuous-dotted ; lobes acuminate: 
corolla yellow; standard retuse, resinous-dotted, minutely retrose-pubescent above the 
middle: pods 1.3-1.5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, oblong, clothed with a short close-set 
pubescence and scattered longer rigid yellowish hairs: mature seeds not seen. 

In sandy soil, Florida and the West Indies. September to January. 


3. Dolicholus Texénsis (T. & G.) Vail. Stems somewhat woody at the base, 
slender, erect or at length much elongated, prostrate and twining over bushes, clothed with 
fine retrorse grayish pubescence : stipules subulate-setaceous, 1 mm. long, soon deciduous: 
leaflets 3, the blades 1-2.5 em. long, oval, rounded or rhombic-ovate, or lanceolate-ovate, 
obtuse, minutely apiculate, emarginate, minutely rugose and pubescent above, minutely 
pubescent and often somewhat reticulated beneath, the terminal leaflet largest: flowers 
solitary or often 2-4 together in the axils of the upper leaves: pedicels 2-3 mm. long: 
calyx 3 mm. long ; lobes about equal: corolla yellow ; standard with a suborbicular blade, 
minutely retrorse-pubescent along the apex: pods scythe-shaped, 1-1.5 cm. long, 4 
mm. wide, acutish at the base, with a minute acute termination, pubescent : seeds 
2.5 mm. broad, suborbicular, lenticular, brown. 

In dry soil Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. Also in Brazil and Argentina. May to 
August.—A Texano-Mexican variety with oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaflets often twice as 
long as those of the type, is D. Texensis angustifolius (Engelm.) Vail. 

4. Dolicholus Swártzii Vail. A slender twining perennial or woody vine. Stems 
apparently branching at the base, pubescent, sparingly resinous-dotted : sti ules 4 mm. 
long, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, reflexed, at length deciduous: terminal leaflet 4-6 cm. 
long, the blade ovate, long-acuminate, rather thin, soft-pubescent on both surfaces, resin- 
ous-dotted beneath ; lateral leaflets smaller: racemes 1-2 cm. long or less, 2-3-flowe 3 
the short peduncles very slender: pedicels filiform, 3-4 mm. long, puberulent : calyx 
mm. long, resinous-dotted ; lobes shorter than the tube: corolla yellow, much exceedin 
the calyx ; standard obovate, 8 mm. long, minutely puberulent and dotted with elevate : 
yellow resinous spots or glands on the outside: pods 2.5-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, ue 
cate, acute at the apex, dark brown and coriaceous, pubescent, resinous-dotted : matu 
seeds 5-6 mm. long, oblong-ovoid, bright red. 

In sandy soil, southern Florida and Cuba. Throughout the year. 


_ 5. Dolicholus Americanus (Mill. Vail. Stems slender, prostrate, trailing or often 
twining, 3-5 dm. long orlonger, minutely retrorse-pubescent, especially on the ri uie 
stipules reddish, oval or ovate, spreading, pubescent without, glabrous within : ve 
distant ; leaflets solitary, the blade grayish green, reniform, 2-4 cm. long, 2-6 cm. béident 
obtuse or rarely acutish at the apex, cordate at the base, thick, appressed velvety-pu y 


on both surfaces, reticulated and conspicuously veined beneath : flowers short-pedicelled, 


solitary, or 2-6 in clusters much shorter than the leaves: calyx 8-10 em. long; © 


FABACEAE 645 


narrowly elliptic, acuminate, veined, pubescent and ciliate, reflexed in fruit: corolla yel- 
low; standard minutely pubescent on the outer surface, with a suborbicular blade 6-8 
mm. in diameter: pods 1-1.5 cm. long, 6-7 em. wide, sessile, obliquely oblong, acute, 
pubescent: seeds 2, oblong, truncate at the base, black. 

In dry soil, Texas and Mexico. May to June. 


6. Dolicholus Michaüxii Vail. Stems prostrate, 6-9 dm. long, or more, twining 
above, clothed, especially on the angles, with a short matted grayish pubescence: stipules 
2-5 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, spreading, persistent: leaflets 2.5-5 cm. long, the blades 
much dilated, broader than long, obtuse, sometimes obscurely mucronulate, rugose and 
minutely hirsute above, sparingly resinous-dotted, reticulated and softly hirsute beneath ; 
upper leayes rarely 3-foliolate with obtuse obliquely suborbicular lateral leaflets: racemes 
l-several-flowered, peduncled : calyx 1-1.5 cm. long, pubescent, resinous-dotted ; lobes ob- 
long-lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, conspicuously foliaceous: corolla pale yellow ; stand- 
ard minutely pubescent: pods about 1.4 cm. long, 6 mm. wide, obliquely acute: seed 2-5 
mm. in diameter, red-brown. 

In dry pine lands, Florida. March to September. 


7. Dolicholus cinéreus (Nash) Vail. Stems numerous, prostrate and trailing, 
branched, 6-10 dm. long, appressed cinereous-pubescent : stipules turning brown, ovate, 
acuminate, ciliate, 3-4 mm. long: leaves 3-6 cm. long: leaflets 3, the blades appressed- 
pubescent above and somewhat rugose on the veins and sparingly resinous-dotted beneath, 
the lateral leaflets obliquely ovate or orbicular-ovate, 1-2.3 em. long, 9-18 mm. wide; 
terminal leaflet larger, orbicular-ovate to depressed-orbicular, 1.5-2.6 cm. long, 1.3-3 cm. 
wide : flowers 2-several together in short axillary clusters not exceeding the petioles: ped- 
icels slender, 1-3 mm. long: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, usually reflexed 
in fruit, the middle lobe 1-1.3 em. long, somewhat exceeding the lateral ones: corolla yel- 
low; standard minutely pubescent along the summit: pods oblong, obliquely acute at the 
apex, 1.6 cm. long, 8 mm. wide, appressed-pubescent: seeds lenticular, 5 mm. in diam- 
eter, mottled, brown. 

In-high pine lands, peninsular Florida and Pelican Key. June to July. 


,8. Dolicholus tomentósus (L.) Vail. Stems rather stout, softly retrorse-hirsute, es- 
pecially on the prominent angles, twining above, 3-6 dm. long or more: stipules ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, reddish brown, 5-7 mm. long: leaves rather distant, 4-12 cm. long, 
(basal ones often 1-foliolate): leaflets mainly 3, the blades ovate or ovate-rhombic, (basal 
ones often dilated and depressed-orbicular), 3-6 cm. long, obtuse, clothed with soft pubes- 
cence ; terminal leaflet the largest, the others obliquely ovate : racemes few-flowered, short- 
peduncled, much shorter than the petioles: flowers 9-14 mm. long: calyx-lobes acuminate, 
3-nerved, the 3 lower approximately equal: corolla yellow; standard retuse, obscurely 
hirsute near the apex: pods 1.5 cm. long, 8 mm. wide, obliquely oblong, each with a very 
short, acute or slightly oblique apex : seeds lenticular, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, dark brown. 

.., In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Mississippi and probably Texas.—A less densely pubescent form, 
with relatively narrow and thinner, undulate leaflets, is D. tomentosus undulatus Vail. 

9. Dolicholus Torreyi Vail. Stems slender, branched, prostrate, spreading, or 
probably twining above, minutely pubescent : stipules 4-6 mm. long, lanceolate, slender, 
caducous: leaves 3-foliolate: leaflets 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the blades orbicular-ovate or 
oblong-ovate, obtuse or with a short abrupt acumination, narrowed at the base, minutely 
and sparingly pubescent on both surfaces or nearly glabrous, beset with scattered resinous 
dots neath; terminal leaflet largest: racemes 5-8 cm. long, the scattered flowers 
about 1 em. long: calyx 8 mm. long, pubescent, resinous-dotted ; lobes linear or linear- 
lanceolate : corolla yellow ; standard nearly orbicular, 8 mm. long, pubescent on the outer 
Surface, with a small internal crescent-shaped callosity above the claw : pods not seen. 

On sand hills, Texas. Spring to fall. 


10. Dolicholus Lewtdnii Vail. Soft-pubescent and minutely resinous-dotted through- 
out. Stems prostrate, 3-5 dm. long or longer, obscurely retrorsely hirsute-pubescent, appar- 
Ser d not twining at the summit : stipules obliquely lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long: terminal 

eaflet 4-6 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, the blade dilated or obovate-orbicular, commonly 

broadest above the middle, broadly rounded and sometimes slightly retuse at the apex, nar- 

rowly subcordate at the base; lateral leaflets with obliquely obovate-oblong reticulated 

te es : upper racemes sessile, 2-4 cm. long, the others on peduncles 2-4 em. long calyx 9- 
mm. long; lobes foliaceous, exceeding the glabrous yellow corolla: pods not seen. 

In dry sandy soil, Orange County, Florida. March to October. 

ll. Dolicholus latifdlius (Nutt.) Vail. Stems stout, 6 dm. long, clothed with a close 
- pubescence, twining above : stipules lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, soon deciduous : leaves 

15 em. long: leaflets 3-8 cm. long, the blades ovate or ovate-rhombic, often somewhat 


646 FABACEAE 


dilated, usually obtuse, 3-8 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, clothed on both surfaces with a vel- 
vety pubescence ; terminal leaflet much larger and broader than the lateral: racemes 1-2.5 
dm. long, the upper ones shorter than the leaves and fewer flowered: flowers scattered 
along the angled peduncle for more than half its length, forming an interrupted spike-like 
raceme, 4-20 cm. long: calyx 1-1.3 em. long, hirsute; lobes veined, nearly equal: corolla 
yellow ; standard broadly oblong, hirsute along the top: pods obliquely oblong, 1.5-2 em. 
long, nearly straight along the dorsal and deeply rounded along the ventral suture: seeds 
lenticular, 3.5-4 mm. in diameter, brown or sometimes light with dark markings. 
In dry soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. July to October. 


12. Dolicholus simplicifólius ( Walt.) Vail. Stems erect, simple, rarely branched 
above, several from the same root, 1-3 dm. high, hirsute, especially on the angles, with 
spreading or reflexed hairs : stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, reticulated, 
persistent : leaves 1-foliolate, the blades 2-8 cm. broad, 2-5 cm. long, depressed orbicular or 
reniform, leathery, velvety-pubescent above, resinous-dotted, reticulated, and hirsute on the 
veins beneath, becoming glabrate with age : racemes sessile or short-peduncled, 2-3 cm. long, 
axillary or commonly aggregated at the summit of the stem : calyx 7-10 mm. long, resin- 
ous-dotted, somewhat hirsute and ciliate: corolla yellow: pods oblong, 1.5 cm. long, 6 
mm. wide, obscurely falcate, pubescent and resinous-dotted : seeds lenticular, 3 mm. broad, 
brownish, mottled with black. 

In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, and Louisiana. May to September. 


13. Dolicholus intermédius (T. & G.) Vail. Stems erect, simple, or possibly with 
few branches, softly pubescent-tomentose, especially on the angles, 1.2-3 dm. high: stip- 
ules obliquely lanceolate, 6-9 mm. long, striate, red-brown, persistent : basal leaves 1-foli- 
olate, the blades nearly orbicular or rhombic-orbicular, obtuse or depressed ; upper leaves 
or only the uppermost 3-foliolate, the terminal leafiet 2.5-5 cm. long, its blade oval or 
ovate-orbicular, obtuse, sparingly pubescent above, pubescent and rugosely veined beneath 
when old ; lateral leaflets obliquely oval or oblong, 2-3 em. long, mucronulate, some of 
them subcordate at the base: racemes terminal and axillary, sessile or short-peduncled : 
calyx 8-9 mm. long; lobes slender, veined, pubescent, resinous-dotted : corolla yellow ; 
standard glabrous, the teeth at the base much shorter than the claw : pods not seen. 

In sandy soil, Georgia to Florida and Alabama. May to June. 


14. Dolicholus eréctus ( Walt.) Vail. Stems erect, 2 dm. high or taller, simple or 
branched above, with a soft fine pubescence : stipules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, reddish brown, 4-8 mm. long, at length reflexed : leaves distant, 4-15 cm. long, the 
basal ones often 1-foliolate ; leaflets mainly 3, the blades oval, oblong, or oblong-oval, acut- 
ish or obtuse, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, pubescent above, velvety pubescent, 
somewhat reticulated and resinous-dotted beneath, often drooping, the terminal leaflet the 
longest: racemes numerous, usually shorter than the petioles, very short-peduncled in the 
axils of the leaves: flowers in compact clusters: calyx about 6 mm. long, pubescent; 
lobes not conspicuously foliaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, veined : corolla yellow ; standard 
suborbicular, glabrous: pods 1.5-2 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, oblong, attenuate, with a 
somewhat curved apex, rounded on the ventral suture : seeds lenticular, 3 mm. in diameter, 
flattened, brownish. 

In dry soil, Delaware to Tennessee, Florida and Louisiana. May to October. 


15. Dolicholus Drummóndii Vail. Stems erect, densely velutinous-tomentose, 1.5- 
3 dm. high: stipules lanceolate, acuminate, becoming reflexed, deciduous : leaflets 3, the 
blade of the terminal one oblong-lanceolate or sometimes oblong, 3-6 cm. long, 2-3 cm. — 
wide, acute, densely velutinous-tomentose on both surfaces, silvery above, the whole lower 
surface dotted with numerous orange-colored glands beneath the tomentum, and the promi- 
nent veins reticulated beneath ; lateral leaflets with narrower inequilateral acute blades: 
racemes subsessile or very short-peduncled : calyx 6 mm. long, foliaceous, tomentulose an 
ciliate, resinous-dotted, the upper lobe 2-toothed to considerably below the middle: co- 
rolla included in the calyx, apparently a deep orange-yellow color ; standard round-ovate, 
the auricles at the base rounded, minutely glandular-puberulent on the outer surface: 
pods not seen. 

In sandy soil, Louisiana. June to October. 


, _16. Dolicholus mollissimus (Ell) Vail. Stems erect, commonly simple, 3-6 dm. 
high, clothed with a close, fine soft pubescence : stipules 6 mm. long, red-brown, lanceolate, 
acuminate : leaves rather remote, 5-9 cm. long: leaflets 3, the blades oval or oval-oblong, 
acutish, 2.5-4.5 em. long, 2-3.5 em. wide, minutely apiculate, obscurely emarginate, 
clothed with a short pubescence, especially on the reticulated, resinous-dotted under sur- 
face ; terminal leaflet the largest, the others not conspicuously inequilateral : racemes e 7 
minal, elongated, 6 cm.-1.8 dm. long, and often a few short racemes in the axils of the 


FABACEAE i 647 


upper leaves: flowers scattered along the whole length of the rachis: calyx 6-8 mm. 
long, pubescent, resinous-dotted, 4-parted about two-thirds to the base ; lobes lanceolate : 
corolla yellow ; standard glabrous, the spurs of theclaw obtuse: pods oblong, 2 em. long, 
6 mm. wide, attenuated below, somewhat rounded on the ventral suture, with a short acute, 
slightly curved acumination : seeds lenticular, 3-4 mm. broad, brown, mottled. 

In pine lands, Florida. February to October. 


43. ERYTHRINA L. 


Shrubs or trees, with erect stems, or more or less reclining herbs. Leaves alternate with 
small stipules: blades pinnately 3-foliolate: stipules gland-like. Flowers perfect, showy, 
in terminal, more or less leafy-bracted racemes and axillary naked racemes. Calyx oblique : 
tube truncate or with 5 partially distinct sepals. Corolla often bright scarlet: stan- 
dard broad or elongated, erect or spreading, nearly sessile or with a long claw : wings 
small or wanting : keel-petals longer or shorter than the wings. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 
1) or monadelphous at the base. Anthers alike. Ovary stalked. Style slender, with a 
subulate apex, incurved, glabrous. Ovules numerous. Pod slightly flattened, torulose. 


Herb: stems annual: racemes many-flowered. 1. E. herbacea. 
Shrub or tree: stems persistent: racemes few-flowered. 2. E. arborea. 


1. Erythrina herbàcea L. Herbaceous above the root. Stems more or less spreading, 
6-12 dm. long, sometimes sparingly armed: leaflets 3, the blades thinnish, deltoid to 
hastate, 3-9 cm. long : racemes 3-6 dm. long : pedicels 2-6 mm. long : calyx campanulate, 
6-8 mm. long: corolla scarlet, 3.5-5 cm. long: pods 7-12 cm. long, more or less spreading, 
deeply constricted between the seeds. 

In sand or pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring. 

2. Erythrina arbórea (Chapm.) Small. A shrub or small tree sometimes 6 m. tall. 
Stems solitary or thickly tufted, armed : petiole and rachis wire-like : leaflets 3, the blades 
membranous, deltoid to hastately 3-lobed, 3.5-10 em. long: racemes 1-2 dm. long : pedicels 
slender, 4-8 mm. long : calyx campanulate, 7-9 mm. long, shallowly lobed : corolla scarlet, 


3-4 cm. long: pods 8-12 cm. long, constricted between the seeds. [E. herbacea var. 
arborea Chapm. ] 


In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Spring. 


44. DIOCLEA H.B.K. 

High-climbing shrubs or shrubby herbs, with twining stems. Leaves alternate : blades 
8-foliolate. Flowers perfect, in axillary racemes: peduncles more or less elongated. 
Calyx pedicelled : lobes unequal, the 2 upper united, the 2 lateral smaller, the lower 
one longer Corolla white, blue or violet: standard reflexed ; blade broad, auricled 
atthe base: wings free from the shorter incurved, obtuse or beaked keel. Stamens 10, 
diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous to the middle, the filament opposite the standard 
partially adnate to it. Anthers alike or alternately perfect and imperfect. Ovary nearly 
sessile. Ovules several. Pod narrow or half-orbicular, flattish or turgid, 2-valved, some- 
times winged. 

„1. Dioclea multifldra (T. & G.) C. Mohr. Perennial, minutely pubescent. Stems 
trailing or climbing, 1-4 m. long, branching: leaflets 3, the blades membranous, ovate, 
suborbicular or reniform, 5-15 cm. in diameter, usually abruptly acuminate, glabrate above, 
acute to subcordate at the base : peduncle and raceme shorter than the subtending leaves: 

icels 1-3 mm. long: calyx about 5 mm. long; lobes lanceolate, or the upper one tri- 
angular, all longer than the tube : corolla purple ; standard 12-15 mm. long; keel-petals 
somewhat shorter: pods oblong, 5-6 cm. long. [D. Boykinii A. Gray.] 

On river banks, Georgia to Arkansas and Louisiana, Summer. 


45. GALACTIA P. Br. 


Perennial herbs, with prostrate or twining stems, or rarely shrubby plants, with erect 
stems. Leaves alternate: blades 3-foliolate or rarely 1-7-foliolate: stipules deciduous. 
Leaflets with entire, often firm or leathery blades. Flowers perfect, in axillary usually 
peduncled raceme-like panicles often much reduced. Calyx-lobes unequal, the two upper 
mainly united, the lateral small, the lower one longer than the rest. Corolla white, violet 
or red : standard broad, erect or spreading : wings oblong or obovate : keel slightly shorter 


648 . FABACEAE 


or longer than the wings to which it coheres. Stamens diadelphous, or monadelphous to the 
middle, wholly free from the standard. Anthers all alike. Style filiform, not bearded. 
Ovules several. Pod elongated, somewhat flattened, 2-valved, straight or curved, some- 
times produced from underground apetalous flowers. Seeds few. MILK Pra. 


Plants with erect, decumbent or prostrate stems, not twining. 
Leaves 1-foliolate: leaflet with strongly developed marginal nerves. 1. G. heterophylla. 
Leaves mainly 3-foliolate: leaflets without marginal nerves. 
Panicles shorter than the leaves or slightly longer, the flower or flower-clusters 
approximate. 
Rachis not prolonged beyond the lower leaflets. 2. G. erecta. 
Rachis in 3-foliolate leaves, manifestly prolonged beyond the lower leafiets. 
Plants with both 3-foliolate and 5-foliolate leaves: leaflets relatively 


small. 3. G. Grayi. 
Plants with only 3-foliolate leaves: leaflets relatively large. 
Leaflets with narrowly or linear-oblong blades: racemes few-flowered. 4. G. brachypoda. 
Leaflets with oval or oval-oblong blades: racemes many-flowered. 5. G. Floridana. 
Panicles much longer than the leaves, the flowers or flower-clusters remote. 6. G. brevipes. 
Plants with twining stems, sometimes prostrate or climbing over bushes. 
Leaves with 3 leaflets. 
Panicles 2-7 together at the nodes. 
Petiole shorter than the lateral leaflets : racemes about as long as the leaves : 
Floridian species. 7. G. fasciculata. 
Petiole longer than the lateral leaflets: racemes much longer than the 
leaves: Texan species. 8. G. canescens. 


Panicles solitary at the nodes, occasionally accompanied by an accessory one. 
Panicles mainly shorter than the leaves or about equalling them. 
Leaflets pale on both sides, the terminal one relatively broad: rachis 
prolonged about 1 em. beyond the lateral leaflets. 9. G. Texana. 
Leaflets deep green above, pale beneath, the terminal one relatively nar- 
row: rachis prolonged much less than 1 cm. beyond the lateral i 
leaflets. 10. G. regularis. 
Panicles mainly longer than the leaves, often much longer. 
Peduncle shorter than the rachis. 
Panicles with remote flowers or flower-clusters : leaflets with mem- 


branous blades. 11. G. volubilis. 
Panicles with approximate flowers or flower-clusters: leaflets with 3 
leathery blades. 12. G. Cubensis. 
Peduncle longer than the rachis. 13. G. mollis. | 
Leaves with 7-9 leaflets. 14. G. Elliottit. 


1. Galactia heterophylla (Gillies) Vail. Roots woody. Stems procumbent, nearly 
simple, 1-3 dm. long, minutely retrorse-hirsute, becoming glabrous: leaflet 1, the blade 
leathery, that of each basal leaf oblong, 2-4 cm. long, the others 3-9 cm. long, or longer, 
oblong-lanceolate or linear, acutish at each end, glabrous above, minutely strigillose 
beneath, the reticulated nerves confluent with the conspicuous marginal nerve: ped- 
icels 1-3 mm. long, solitary, or 2-3 on short peduncles in the axils of the upper leaves: 
calyx 6-7 mm. long, strigillose-hirsute ; lobes acuminate, scarious-margined, the 3 lower 
more slender, the middle one the narrowest and longest: corolla rose-purple ; standard 
fully 10 mm. broad, the blade with a conspicuous indentation at the apex and 2 minute 
spornog at the base : pods 2.5-3.5 cm. long, leathery, acuminate, retrorsely hirsute, 
the suture thickened. 

In dry soil, eastern Texas to Central America. Also in South America. Spring and summer. 


2. Galactia erécta ( Walt.) Vail. Roots woody, slender, somewhat fusiform. Stems 
erect, often several together, 2-3 dm. high or somewhat taller, glabrous or nearly so: leaves 
few ; leaflets 3, or solitary on the lower leaves, the blades oblong, oblong-linear or linear, 
2.5-4 cm. long, often reflexed, obtuse or rarely acutish, leathery, glabrous, glaucous, retic- 
ulated beneath: flowers 2-5, in obscurely peduncled axillary raceme-like or cluster-like 
panicles : icels 1-2 mm. long: calyx 5-6 mm. long, hirsute ; lobes scarious-margined, 
unequal, the lower slender, acuminate, the upper one broader, minutely 2-toothed : corolla 
purplish, the standard with a suborbicular ovate retuse blade: pods linear-oblong, about 
2 cm. long, hirsute. [G. marginalis Benth. ] 

Tn dry pine lands, North Carolina to Florida, Alabama and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


3. Galactia Grayi Vail Foliage canescent-sericeous throughout. Stems several 
from a large thick woody root, slender, decumbent, retrorsely pubescent, 3-6 dm. € 
or longer: leaves several; leaflets 3-5, the blades 7-16 mm. long, oblong, cuneate or go 
linear, obtuse, retuse, mucronate or acutish, when 5 the terminal leaflet short-petioluled, 1 e 
accessory ones affixed to the lateral pair: panicles much reduced, 1-4-flowered : peduncles 
1-2.5 em. long: pedicels 4-7 mm. long: calyx 8-10 mm. long ; lobes slender, acuminate : 
corolla 1.5-1.8 em. long, the standard yellowish, oblong-ovate, retuse, acute at the base ; 
the other petals rose-purple; keel conspicuously longer than the narrow wings: 
linear-oblong, about 8 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, acute. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring to fall. 


FABACEAE 649 


4. Galactia brachypoda T. & G. Foliage nearly glabrous. Stems slender, erect or 
at length decumbent, 4-6 dm. long, somewhat puberulous, or nearly glabrous: leaves 3- 
foliolate ; leaflets 3, the blades oblong or linear-oblong, 2-3.5 mm. long, thinnish, obtuse or 
emarginate, glabrous or minutely appressed-hirsute above, paler, somewhat strigose or 
labrate beneath : calyx sessile or very short-pedicelled, 5 mm. long, clothed with spread- 
ing yellowish hairs, the lower lobes acutish, the middle one somewhat the longest: 
corolla purple or rose-purple, 8-10 mm. long, the standard 7-8 mm. long, its blade round- 
ovate, apparently not retuse at the apex, paler than the other petals. 
In dry pine lands, Florida. Summer. 


5. Galactia Floridana T. & G. Foliage hoary-pubescent. Stems prostrate, 2-10 
dm. long or longer, the upper part often densely and retrorsely tomentose: leaves com- 
monly longer than the internodes, the basal 1-foliolate: leaflets mainly 3, the blades 
oval or oblong-oval, 1.5—4.5 cm. long, obtuse, rarely acutish, usually mucronulate, leathery, 
reticulated and paler beneath: calyx 7-8 mm. long ; lobes scarious-margined, long-acumi- 
nate, the middle lower one considerably longer than the rest: corolla rose-purple, 1.2-1.5 
em. long, the standard with an obovate blade rounded above, acute at the base: pods 
linear, 4-5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, acuminate, tomentose. 

In sand, Florida. Summer.—A small form with the petioles less than 1 cm. long and few flowers 


in nearly sessile clusters, is G. Floridana microphylla Vail; while a larger form with more elongated 
panicles bearing 2-4 flowers at regular intervals above the middle of the rachis is G. Floridana longi- 


racemosa Vail. 

, . 6. Galactia brévipes Small. Somewhat resembling G. Fjoridana. Stems spread- 
ing, 6-15 dm. long, closely pubescent and somewhat clammy: leaves numerous, longer 
than the internodes : leaflets normally 3, the blades mainly oval, 2-4 cm. long, deep green 
and finely reticulated above, paler and finely appressed-pubescent beneath, the terminal 
one as well as those of the lateral pair sessile or nearly so: petioles 1-1.5 cm. long, more 
densely pubescent than the stem: panicles solitary at the nodes, much longer than the 
leaves, the flowers or flower-clusters not approximate: calyx 6-7 mm. long, strigillose ; 
lobes acuminate: corolla lilac; standard fully 1 cm. long, the blade obovate : pods linear. 

In dry sand, near Trader's Hill, Georgia. Summer. 


7. Galactia fasciculàta Vail. Foliage pubescent. Stems prostrate or climbing high 
on bushes, 1-2 m. long, clothed with a close fine retrorse-canescent tomentum : leaves 
shorter than the internodes: leaflets 3, the blades suborbicular or oblong-orbicular, 1.5-3 
cm. long, retuse, finely appressed silky-pubescent above, appressed silky-villous and paler 
beneath : panicles several, fascicled in the axils of the leaves, forming conspicuous clusters 
at the slightly enlarged nodes: pedicels mostly 2 together: calyx 8 mm. long, clothed 
with short white silky hairs; lobes acuminate, the middle lower one the longest : corolla 

ale lilac-purple, the standard 1.5 cm. long, with an oblong-obovate blade, tapering to the 
e of the claw, obtuse or acutish at the apex. 
In sand, Tampa, Florida. Spring to fall. 


8. Galactia canéscens (Scheele) Benth. . Foliage pubescent. Stems several from a 
slender woody root, branched at the base, the branches prostrate, creeping on the ground, 
canescent throughout, many of the flowers becoming subterranean and bearing short 
l-seeded pods : leaflets 3, the blades broadly ovate or oval, 2-4 cm. long, retuse, leathery, 
slightly hirsute above, silky canescent-pubescent, much paler and the veins prominently 
reticulated beneath : peduncles slender, elongated, few-flowered : calyx silky-hirsute ; lobes 
acuminate : corolla rose-purple, the standard with an obovate blade: subterranean pods 
8-10 mm. long and nearly as broad, reticulated, appressed-hirsute, the seeds 6 mm. long, 
4 mm. wide, ovoid-elliptic, slightly rounded at the ends, light brown: other pods linear- 
oblong, 2-3 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, acute, tapering to the base, densely pubescent, some- 
times tomentose, the seeds elliptic-oblong. 

In sandy soil, Texas. Spring to fall. 


9. Galactia Texàna A. Gray. Foliage pubescent. Stems slender, procumbent, elon- 
pated, conspicuously twining, retrorse-pubescent or hirsute: stipules minute, caducous ; 
eaflets 3, the blades oval, 2.5-5 cm. long, retuse, mucronulate, minutely appressed cine- 
reous-puberulous or glabrate above, sericeous or sparingly villous beneath, thin, becoming 
slightly leathery : panicles few-flowered, much shorter than the leaves, often much 


isi calyx 5 mm. long; lobes attenuate: pods slightly faleate, 4-5 cm. long, acute 
Le end, appressed-hirsute : seeds elliptic, 5-7.5 mm. long, truncate at the ends, light 


On plains or prairies, western Texas. Spring to fall. 


10. Galactia regulàris (L.) B.S.P. Folia ingly pubescent. St trate 
ety: ,) BSP. ge sparingly pubescent. Stems prostra 
and climbing on bushes, 4-10 dm. long or longer, minutely retrorse-pubescent, becoming 


650 FABACEAE 


glabrate : leaves about as long as the internodes : stipules minute, subulate : leaflets 3, the 
blades elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, 2-4.5 cm. long, rather firm, obtuse, rarely acutish, 
often retuse and apiculate, emarginate, glabrous above, somewhat appressed-hirsute or 
pilose and paler beneath : panicles 3-9 cm. long, usually rigid, and like the leaves erect on 
the prostrate stem; accessory ones occasional, smaller: calyx conspicuously acumi- 
nate in bud, 6-9 mm. long, glabrate, or with a few scattered hairs ; lobes slender, obscurely 
scarious-margined : corolla violet-purple, showy, the standard with an obtuse or acutish 
blade tapering to the flat claw, with an obscure, brownish spot below the middle: pods 
linear, 2.5 em. long, rather acute at each end, appressed-hirsute, becoming glabrous: seeds 
oblong-orbicular, about 3 mm. long, brown.  [6. glabella Michx. ] 
In pine lands and sandy woods, New York to Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 


11. Galactia volübilis (L.) Britton. Foliage pubescent. Stems prostrate and climb- 
ing over bushes, 4-12 dm. long, retrorsely and finely hirsute : leaves many ; leaflets 3, the 
blades ovate-oblong or rarely lanceolate-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse, often retuse, mu- 
cronulate, rarely acutish, glabrous or somewhat pilose above, paler, minutely pubescent 
or pilose beneath : panicle 2 dm. or even 3-3.4 dm. long ; rachis slender or filiform : calyx 
6-8 mm. long, attenuate in the bud, glabrate or somewhat pilose ; lobes nearly equal, slen- 
der: corolla 8-10 mm. long, lilac or pink-purple, the standard with: an obovate blade 
rounded above, with an appendage at the base, the claw slender : pods linear or linear-ob- 
long, 3-5 em. long, acute at each end : seeds 6-9, when mature nearly as wide, truncate at 
each end, brown, with black markings. [G. pilosa Ell. ] 

In sandy soil, Long Island to Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer.— 
A very slender form with linear or linear-oblong leaflets, very slender panicles and pods only 2-3 em. 
long, is G. volubilis intermédia Vail. 

12. Galactia Cubénsis H.B.K. Foliage more or less pubescent. Stems climbing 
on shrubs and trees, retrorse-pubescent, often becoming nearly glabrous : leaves numerous ; 
leaflets 3, the blades oblong, oblong-oval or elliptic, 2.5-8 cm. long, obtuse and emargi- 
nate at both ends, rigid-leathery, glabrous and finely reticulated above, pubescent, paler and 
reticulated beneath : panicles mostly longer than the leaves, 5-14 cm. long : calyx 5-6 mm. 
long ; lobes attenuate, pubescent : corolla 10-12 mm. long, pale purple, sessile or nearly 
so, the standard with an obovate blade: pods 4-5 cm. long, acutish, hirsute, or at matu- 
rity glabrate, the conspicuous raised sutures glabrous : seeds 6-10, 3-4 mm. long, oblong- 
ovoid, brown, mottled with black. [G. spiciformis T. & G.] 

In sand, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies and Central America. 


13. Galactia móllis Michx. Foliage villous and somewhat hoary. Stems several 
from the same slender root, prostrate or climbing : leaves many ; leaflets 3, the blades oval 
or oblong, 2.5-5 em. long, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, rarely retuse, or the upper 
ones often acutish, bright or light green, scabrous and villous above, villous and paler be- 
neath, or the young ones tomentose, the lateral ones usually rounded at each end, the ter- 
minal more tapering at the base : panicles erect, solitary, 1-2 dm. long or longer : flowers 
short-pedicelled, approximate near the top of the peduncle: calyx about 6 mm. long, 
densely villous: corolla bright red or rose-purple ; the standard obovate, rounded above, 
tapering to the obscurely 2-spurred base; keel-petals paler, considerably smaller than the 
slender wings: pods linear-oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, acutish, densely tomentose : seeds 
ovoid, acutish, brown. 

In dry sandy pine lands and swamps, North Carolina to Florida. Summer. 

14. Galactia Ellióttii Nutt. Root elongated, woody. Stems prostrate and climbing 
on tall bushes, 1-3 m. long, angled, striate and somewhat retrorse-hirsute: leaves 
many ; leaflets 7-9, the blades elliptic-oblong, 2-3 cm. long, obtuse or somewhat retuse, 
mucronulate, leathery, glabrous and shining above, pubescent beneath: panicles longer 
than the leaves, 1-3 dm. long; bracts and bractlets minute: calyx about 7 mm. long, 
appressed-hirsute ; lobes slender, attenuate : corolla white, tinged with red, 10-12 mm. 
long, the standard with an obovate, obtuse or acutish blade obscurely 2-spurred at the 
base: pods oblong, 3-4 cm. long, or longer, acutish, emarginate, tomentose: seeds 97*» 
about 5 mm. long, ovoid, biac. lustrous. 


In dry soil and pine lands, South Carolina to Florida, near the coast. Spring to fall.—A Floridian 
form, G. Elliottii Leavenwórthii T. & G., has silky pubescent foliage. 


46. FALCATA Gmel. 
Perennial herbs, with slender twining stems. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately 3- 
foliolate, stipulate : leaflets with blades broadest below the middle. Flowers perfect, mainly 


in axillary racemes. Calyx oblique : lobes nearly equal or the upper ones shorter than = 
lower. Corolla white, blue or violet: standard spreading; blade obovate, wings curved : 


FABACEAE 651 


keel-petals obtuse, slightly incurved, slightly shorter than the wings to which they co- 
here. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Anthers alike. Ovary nearly sessile or stalked. 
Style filiform, incurved, glabrous. Ovules several. Pod narrow, curved, 2-valved. 
HoG-PEANUT. 

Foliage glabrate or sparingly pubescent: bracts usually shorter than the pedicels: pods 


pubescent on the margins. : 1. F. comosa. 
Foliage copiously pubescent: bracts usually longer than the pedicels: pods pubescent 
all over. 2. F. Pitcheri. 


Falcata comósa (L.) Kuntze. Foliage glabrate or sparingly villous. Stems twining, 
1-3 m. long, branching, often matted : leaflets 3, the blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-8 
em. long, acute or apiculate, deep green above, broadly cuneate to subcordate at the base : 
racemes or panicles shorter than the subtending leaves: pedicels 3-5 mm. long, usually longer 
than the bracts: calyx 8-10 mm. long, pubescent: corolla white or purplish, 10-14 mm. 
long; standard with an oblong-obovate cordate blade : pods linear-oblong, 2.5-3 em. long, 
rather abruptly beaked. [Amphicarpaea monoica Ell. ] 
- In damp thickets, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and 

Falcata Pítcheri (T. & G.) Kuntze. Foliage hirsute with brownish hairs. Stems. 

climbing, several m. long, branching: leaflets 3, the blades ovate, often rhomboidal, 3-8 
cm. long, acute or short acuminate, ciliate, broadly cuneate or subcordate at the base, rela- 
tively firm: racemes or panicles shorter than the leaves: bracts usually longer than the 
pedicels: calyx minutely pubescent, about 1 cm. long: corolla purple, 12-15 mm. long; 
standard with a fiddle-shaped but not cordate blade: pods linear-oblong, 3-3.5 cm. long, 
rather gradually acuminate. 

In thickets, western New York to Nebraska, Tennessee and Texas. Summer. 


47. BRADBURYA Raf. 


Perennial herbs, with prostrate or high-climbing stems. Leaves alternate: blades 
mostly pinnately 3-foliolate or 5-7-foliolate: stipules persistent: leaflets with blades 
broadest below the middle. Flowers perfect, showy, solitary on axillary peduncles or 
Several together. Calyx sessile: lobes nearly equal, or the 2 upper lobes united. 
Corolla white, pink, blue or violet: standard spreading; blade sometimes broader than 
high : wings curved : keel-petals incurved, little shorter than the wings. Stamens dia- 
delphous (9and1), or partially monadelphous. Anthers alike. Ovary nearly sessile. Style 
incurved, somewhat pubescent about the dilated apex. Pod elongated, narrow, 2-valved, 
slightly flattened. [Centrosema Benth.] BUTTERFLY PEA. 


Upper calyx-lobe shorter than the tube: bracts acute: leaflets with cordate or subcordate blades. 
1. B. arenieola. 


Upper calyx-lobe twice as long as the tube: bracts slender-acuminate : leaflets with ia. 

cuneate or rounded blades. 2. B. Virginiana. 

1. Bradburya arenicola Small. Plant, at least the young foliage, finely pubescent. 
Stems twining over bushes for fully 1 or 2 m., more or less branched : leaflets 3, the blades 
ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-5.5 em. long, retuse, blunt or sometimes minutely apiculate, thick- 
ish, slightly lustrous above, dull and sparingly reticulated beneath, cordate or subcordate 
at the base: bracts ovate, acute, less than 1 cm. long: calyx minutely pubescent and 
ribbed ; lobes relatively short, the upper one shorter than the tube, the lateral ones slightly 
longer: corolla purplish blue, similar to that of B. Virginiana. 

In pine lands, near Eustis, Florida. Summer. 


. 2. Bradburya Virginiana ( L.) Kuntze. Plant glabrous or puberulent. Stems twin- 
ing, 5-12 dm. long: leaflets 3, the blades thin but firm, ovate to oblong, linear or oblong- 
obovate, 2-7 cm. long, acute, or mucronate, ciliate, rounded or subcordate at the base, 
prominently reticulated: bracts ovate-lanceolate, 1 cm. long, or nearly so, slender-acu- 
minate, prominently ribbed lengthwise : calyx ribbed like the bracts ; lobes lanceolate- 
subulate, much longer than the tube, rough-pubescent, the upper one fully twice as long as 
tube: corolla ilac; standard with a suborbicular blade, 4.5-5.5 cm. broad: pods 
inear, 10-13 mm. long, slender-acuminate at the apex, thick-margined. 

fall. In sandy soil, New Jersey to Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to 


48. CLITORIA L. 
Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with erect, or slightly twining stems. Leaves 


alternate: blades pinnately 3-foliolate, or many-foliolate : stipules persistent : leaflets with 


652 FABACEAE 


blades broadest below the middle. Flowers perfect, showy, solitary in the axils, or in 
dense racemes. Calyx much longer than broad. Corolla white, blue, purple or red: 
standard large, erect ; blade notched at the apex: wings curved: keel-petals shorter than 
the wings, incurved, acute. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), or partially monadelphous. 
Anthers alike. Ovary stalked. Style slender, incurved, the apex horizontally flattened. 
Pod narrow, somewhat flattened. BUTTERFLY PEA. 


1. Clitoria Mariana L. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, ascending or 
climbing, 3-12 dm. long, branching: leaflets 3, the blades ovate-lanceolate or narrowly 
ovate, mucronate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base: peduncles much shorter 
than the petioles: calyx-tube slightly dilated upward, 10-15 mm. long; lobes ovate, acu- 
minate, about 4 as long as the tube: corolla lilac or pale blue: standard with an obovate 
blade 5-6 cm. long, notched at the apex, striped with magenta near the center: pods linear 
or linear-oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, acute. 

In sandy soil, New York to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


49. APIOS Moench. 


Vines, with twining stems and very large roots. Leaves alternate, with small stipules: 
blades pinnately 3-foliolate : leaflets with blades broadest below the middle. Flowers per- 
fect, in dense racemes or panicles. Calyx pedicelled, the 2 upper lobes united into a broad 
lip, the 2 lateral ones small, the lower one longer, acute. Corolla red, purple or choco- 
late-colored, often variegated: standard reflexed ; blade broad, auricled at the base: 
wings oblique, shorter than the standard: keel elongated, more or less strongly spirally 
twisted, cohering to the wings. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Anthers alike. Ovary 
nearly sessile. Style glabrous, thickish, inflexed above. Pod elongated, curved, some- 
what flattened. GRoUND-NUT. 


Standard with the blade rounded or retuse at the apex. 1. A. Apios. 
Standard with the blade produced into a spongy appendage at the apex. 2. A. Priceana. 


1. Apios Apios (L.) MacM. Roots tuberous, l-several cm. thick. Foliage glabrate 
or roughish-pubescent. Stems branching, the branches twining and climbing, 3-12 dm. long, 
slender : leaves 1-2 dm. long; leaflets 5-7 or rarely 3, the blades ovate to lanceolate, 3-10 
cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, on short 
hairy petiolules: panicles 3-10 cm. long: calyx with a campanulate tube 2-4 mm. long ; 
lobes unequal, but all very short, the margin of the calyx often merely undulate : corolla 
brownish purple ; standard with a broad bizde about l em. long: pods linear, 6-12 cm. 
long, acute, straight or curved, especially near the apex. [A. tuberosa Moench. ] 

In thickets and low grounds, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

2. Apios Priceana Robinson. Roots oblate-spheroidal, often 18 em. thick. Stems 
herbaceous, twining, 1-3 m. long, more or less copiously pubescent with reflexed hairs, or 
usually glabrate: leaves 2-2.5 dm. long or shorter on the branches; leaflets 5-9, or 
rarely 3, the blades thinnish, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acuminate, spar- 
ingly pubescent on both sides, scarcely paler beneath than above, rounded or obtuse at the 
base: panicles densely flowered, commonly 2-3 together in an axil, those of the main 
stem 10-15 cm. long, with 50-70 flowers; those of the branches smaller: calyx with a 
hemispheric tube and slender lower lobe : corolla greenish white tinged near the apex with 
rose purple, or magenta ; standard with the suborbicular blade about 2.5 em. long, pro- 
duced into a spongy appendage at the apex : pods linear, clustered, 12-15 em. long, 1 em. 
broad, acuminate at the apex : seeds often 10, 8 mm. long, olive-green. 

In rocky woods, Kentueky and Tennessee. Summer. 


50. PHASEOLUS L. 

Perennial vines, with prostrate or twining stems. Leaves alternate : blades pinnately 
3-foliolate or rarely 1-foliolate, with persistent stipules : leaflets with entire or lobed blades, 
commonly membranous. Flowers perfect in axillary, peduncled racemes or — 
Calyx pedicelled: lobes 5, nearly equal, or the 2 upper partially united. Corolla o 
various colors, often variegated : standard with a suborbicular, spreading or recurved 
blade, the margin sometimes inflexed : wings broadest above the middle: keel-petals spirally 
twisted, with a long obtuse beak. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1). Anthers uni- 


FABACEAE 653 


form. Style bearded. Stigma oblique or lateral. Pod slightly flattened, straight or 
curved. Seeds with rounded ends. Wirp BEAN. BEAN-vVINE. 


Stems trailing: leaflets mostly broader than long. l. P. sinuatus. 
Stems climbing ; leaflets mostly longer than broad. 
Blade of the terminal leaflet not hastate. 2. P. polystachyus. 
Blade of the terminal leaflet hastate. 3. P. smilacifolius. 


1. Phaseolus sinuàtus Nutt. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems trailing, 1-4 
m. long, branching: leaflets 3, the blades deltoid-ovate in outline with 3 more or less 
prominent lobes, 2-4 cm. long, reticulated, mucronulate, truncate or very broadly cuneate 
at the base: racemes several times longer than the subtending leaves, simple ; rachis wire- 
like: pedicels 5-10 mm. long: calyx campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long; lobes rounded or 
apiculate : corolla pale purple ; standard with a blade nearly 1 cm. wide: pods somewhat 
scimitar-shaped, 3.5-4 cm. long. 

In dry pine lands or hammocks, Florida to Mississippi. Summer. 

2. Phaseolus polystáchyus (L.) B.S.P. Foliage minutely pubescent. Stems climb- 
ing, 1-4 m. long, branching : leaflets 3, the blades ovate to orbicular-ovate, 4-10 cm. long, 
acuminate, often conspicuously nerved, rounded or subcordate at the base: racemes or 
panicles slender, surpassing the subtending leaves, simple or compound, short-peduncled : 
pedicels 4-8 mm. long: calyx campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long; lobes rounded or somewhat 
triangular: corolla purple or whitish : pods scimitar-shaped, 4-8 em. long, often glaucous. 
[P. perennis Walt. ] 

In thickets, Canada to Minnesota, Florida, Louisiana and Nebraska. Summer. 

3. Phaseolus smilacifdlius Pollard. Foliage minutely pubescent. Stems twining, 
1-4 m. long, branching: leaflets 3, the blades very thin, ovate in outline, 4-8 cm. long, 
acute, more or less distinctly 3-lobed, soon glabrous: racemes usually shorter than the sub- 
tending leaves : pedicels slender, 5-15 mm. long : calyx glabrous, campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. 
long; lobes rounded: corolla pink or white ; keel-petals 1 cm. long; standard with a 
broad blade nearly 1 em. long: pods 5-6 cm. long. 

In hammocks, Florida. Summer and fall. 


51. STROPHOSTYLES Ell. 

Annual or perennial herbaceous vines, with trailing or twining stems. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades pinnately 3-foliolate, stipulate: leaflets with thickish, entire or lobed 
blades. Flowers perfect, in clusters terminating long axillary peduncles. Calyx sessile 
or short-pedicelled : lobes 5, equal or the upper 2 more or less united. Corolla white or 
pink-purple: standard with a blade about as broad as long: wings broadened upward : 
keel-petals curved. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1). Anthers similar. Style bent, 
bearded, persistent. Pod narrow, somewhat flattened, straight or nearly so. Seeds truncate, 
smooth or granular. WILD BEAN. 


yon E 1. S. umbellata. 
Leaflets fully thrice as long as broad. 2. S. pauciflora. 


Leatlets less than twice as long as broad. 
Stems 1-2 m. long, trailing or low-twining: leaflets, or some of them, with lobed 
blades. : 3. S. helvola. 

Stems 3-9 m. long, high-climbing : leaflets with entire blades. 4. S. Missouriensis. 

1. Strophostyles umbellàta (Muhl.) Britton. Perennial, more or less pubescent. 
Stems trailing, 3-15 dm. long, branching : leaflets 3, the blades oblong-lanceolate, varying 
to ovate or lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse or acute, sometimes slightly lobed : peduncle 

6 times longer than the subtending leaf-like bracts: pedicels very short: calyx broadly 
campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long, the lower lobe acute, somewhat shorter than the tube : co- 
rolla pink or pale purple, often fading yellowish ; standard with a blade 1-2 cm. broad : 
pods linear, slightly flattened, 2.5-5 cm. long, straight. 

In dry sandy soil, New York to Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

2. Strophostyles paucifldra (Benth.) S. Wats. Annual, minutely pubescent. 
Stems trailing or climbing, 3-9 dm. long, branching : leaflets 3, the blades linear to lanceo- 
late, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, apiculate at the apex, scarcely ever Jobed, short-stalked : peduncles 
Surpassing the subtending leaves : pedicels very short: calyx hirsute, about 1.5 mm. long, 
the lower lobes slender, about as long as the tube : corolla pale purple i standard with a 
blade less than 1 cm. broad : pods linear, flattish, 2-3 cm. long, strigose. 

On river banks, Minnesota to Indiana, Nebraska, Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 

b 3. Strophostyles hélvola (L.) EH. Annual, often villous-hirsute. Stems often 
ranching at the base ; branches trailing, 3-12 dm. long, widely branching : leaflets 3, the 


654 FABACEAE 


blades rhomboidal-oval to 3-lobed, 2-4 cm. long, acute or acutish: peduncles twice or 
thrice as long as the leaves: pedicels stout, about 1 mm. long: calyx glabrate, 3-3.5 mm. 
long ; lobes abruptly pointed, about as long as the tube: corolla purple or purplish, fading 
greenish ; standard with a blade fully 1 cm. wide: pods linear, nearly terete, 6-10 cm. 
long. [Phaseolus helvolus L.] 

In sandy soil, Quebec to Minnesota, Massachusetts, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

4. Strophostyles Missouriénsis (S. Wats.) Small. Annual, sparingly pubescent. 
Stems climbing, 3-9 m. long, branching, retrorsely pubescent: leaflets 3, the blades 
ovate, 3-8 em. long, often somewhat rhomboidal, lustrous above, abruptly acuminate or 
apiculate, short-stalked : peduncles becoming longer than the subtending leaves: calyx 
sparingly pubescent, the lower and middle lobes lanceolate, as long as the tube or longer: 
corolla pink or bluish ; standard with a thin blade 1-1.5 cm. wide: pods linear, 7-9 mm. 
long, somewhat flattened. [S. angulosa var. Missouriensis S. Wats.] 

In alluvial soil, Missouri and Arkansas. Fall. 


52. VIGNA Savi. 


Vines, with prostrate or twining stems. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately 3-folio- 
late: stipules usually sessile at the base of the petiole: leaflets with entire or sometimes 
lobed blades. Flowers perfect, few in cluster-like racemes terminating axillary peduncles. 
Calyx slightly 2-lipped: lobes all unequal, relatively short. Corolla yellowish or pur- 
plish, sometimes variegated: standard with a suborbicular blade auricled at the base: 
wings curved : keel about as long as the wings, incurved with or without a spirally twisted 
beak. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Anthers alike. Style filiform, thickened or 
dilated. Stigma oblique or lateral. Ovules numerous. Pod narrow, nearly terete, straight 
or curved. CmiNA Bean. Cow Pra. 

Standard less than 2 em. long: pods pubescent. l. V. repens. 
Standard over 2 em. long: pods glabrous. 2. V. Sinensis. 

1. Vigna répens (L.) Kuntze. Foliage usually pubescent with rather appressed 
hairs. Stems trailing or climbing, branching, when pubescent the hairs reflexed : leaflets 
3, the blades ovate to lanceolate or linear, 2-8 cm. long, acute, more or less distinctly re- 
ticulated, short-stalked : petioles usually longer than the leaflets: peduncles surpassing the 
subtending leaves, retrorsely pubescent at the top: pedicels 1-3 mm. long, corymbose: 
calyx campanulate, oblique ; lobes triangular to lanceolate : corolla yellow ; standard with 
a nearly reniform, notched blade, less than 2 cm. long: pods linear, 4-5 mm. long, nearly 
terete, pubescent. [ V. luteola ( Jacq.) Benth. ] 

In marshes and thickets along the coast, Georgia to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 

2. Vigna Sinénsis (L.) Endl. Foliage glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems 
trailing or climbing, 0.3-2 m. long, branching : leaflets 3, the blades ovate or ovate-hastate, 
8-15 cm. long, acutish to acuminate, the lateral ones very inequilateral : peduncles usually 
shorter than the leaves, minutely pubescent near the ends: pedicels stout, 1-2 mm. long: 
calyx campanulate, 7-8 mm. long; lobes acuminate, somewhat shorter than the tube : 
corolla yellowish tinged with purple; standard over 2 cm. long: pods fleshy, 10-18 cm. 
long, slightly curved, glabrous. 


In thickets and waste places, North Carolina to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Cultivated and ad- 
ventive or naturalized. Summer and fall. 


53. CANAVALIA DC. 


Perennial herbs, with prostrate or twining stems. Leaves alternate, with small stipules: 
blades pinnately 3-foliolate: leaflets with entire, often ample, thickish blades. Flowers 
perfect, in axillary peduncled racemes. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate or 2-lobed, 
the lower one entire or 3-lobed. Corolla of various colors: standard reflexed ; blade sub- 
orbicular, large : wings curved or twisted: keel-petals incurved, broader than the wings, 
obtuse or with an inflexed or spiral beak. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadel- 
phous to the middle. Style glabrous, incurved, or involute with the keel. Ovules several. 
Pod flat or slightly swollen, oblong or broadly linear, 2-valved. Seeds white, red or d 

- : RE . C. obtusifolia. 
taies ABUSE uf ep Er Mem cs amrrk — Gad 


1. Canavalia obtusifdlia (Lam.) DC. Foliage finely strigillose. Stems D 
or climbing, 1-5 m. long, branching : leaflets 3, the blades leathery, suborbicular to OV 


FABACEAE 655 


or obovate, 4-10 cm. long, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base : racemes surpassing the 
subtending leaves: peduncles often longer than the racemes: pedicels spur-like: calyx 
helmet-like, 14-17 mm. long, constricted at the base: corolla pink: pods broadly linear, 
10-12 em. long: seeds oblong, brown. 

On sandy shores, southern Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. E 

2. Canavalia gladiàta (Savi) DC. Foliage glabrous, or finely pubescent when young. 
Stems climbing, 1-14 m. long, branching : leaflets 3, the blades membranous, ovate, oval 
or oblong-ovate, 5-10 em. long, usually abruptly pointed, undulate : racemes axillary, sur- 
passing the subtending leaves: pedicels 2-5 mm. long: calyx 10-12 mm. long : corolla 
white or tinged with purple or yellow: pods linear-oblong, somewhat curved, 10-25 cm. 
long, acute : seeds oblong, brown or reddish, or rarely white. d 

In thickets or woods, southern Florida, and introduced in Oklahoma. Also throughout the tropics. 


54. VICIA L. 


Trailing or climbing herbs, with tendrils terminating the leaves. Stems terete or 
angled. Leaves alternate: blades equally pinnate: leaflets few or many, the blades 
entire or toothed at the apex. Flowers perfect, in sessile or long-peduncled racemes, or 
rarely solitary in the axils. Calyx often oblique, the upper lobes usually shorter than the 
lower. Corolla white, blue, violet or yellow: standard broad ; blade emarginate : wings 
oblique, cohering to the middle of the shorter keel. Stamens diadelphous, or monadel- 
phous below. Anthers alike. Style filiform, pubescent at the apex or on the side opposite 
keel, inflexed. Ovules numerous or rarely 2. Pod short or elongated, flattened, 2-valved. 
Seeds usually subglobose. Wercu. Pra VINE. 


Peduncles manifest, sometimes surpassing the leaves. 
Annuals, except V. Cracca; species naturalized. 


Leaflets 6-12: pods pubescent: seeds 2. 1. V. hirsuta, 
Leaflets 12-24: pods glabrous: seeds 3-8. 
Leaflets 12-14: corolla 5-6 mm. long : pods obtuse. 2. V. tetrasperma. 
Leaflets 18-24: corolla 10-12 mm. long: pods acute. 3. V. Cracca. 


Perennials, or rarely annuals: species native. 
Racemes 8-20-flowered. 
Leaflets with blades of &n oblong type. 4 
Leaflets with blades of a linear type. 
Corolla 5-6 mm. long: calyx 1.5mm. long: pods less than 2.5 cm. long. 5. V. Hugeri. 
Corolla 7-8 mm. long: calyx 2 mm. long: pods over 2.5 em. long. 6. V. acutifolia. 
Racemes 1-6-flowered. 


. V. Caroliniana. 


Pods pubescent. 7. V. Reverchonii. 
Pods glabrous. 
Peduncles longer than the leaflets. 
Leaflets 4-6. 8. V. Floridana. 
Leaflets 8-12. 
Leaflets about 5 times as long as broad. 9. V. Texana. 
Leaflets less than 3 times as long as broad. 2 S 
Stems pubescent: calyx-lobes longer than the tube. 10. V. Leavenworthii. 
Stems glabrous: calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. 1l. V. Ludoviciana. 


; ee mie shorter than the leaflets. ; 12. V. micrantha. 
Corolla over 1.5 em. long : leallets of the upper leaves inclined to be oblong. — 19. V; sativa 
Corolla less than 1.5 cm Tox aps fle Nie acaae leaves Littl Susa E stifolia. 

. -long: leaflets of theupper leaves inclined to be linear. 14. V. angustif 
l. Vicia hirsùta (L.) Koch. Annual, glabrate or sparingly pubescent. Stems 
usually branched at the base, the branches spreading or climbing, 3-7 dm. long: leaves 
bl An een E rachis terminating in a slender, usually forking tendril ; leaflets 6-12, the 
ades linear or oblong, 6-15 mm. long, truncate or notched at the apex, mucronulate : 
is mostly shorter than the subtending leaves: pedicels 1-2 mm. long: calyx 
fos nutely pubescent ; lobes subulate, about as long as the turbinate tube : corolla whitish 
pps blue; keel-petals 2-3 mm. long: pods oblong, 6-8 mm. long, short-beaked, 
oblique at both ends, pubescent, 2-seeded. 
In waste places, New Brunswick to Ohio, Virginia and Georgia. Native of Europe. Spring to fall. 


St 2. Vicia tetraspérma (L.) Moench. Annual, glabrous or minutely pubescent. 
ay ascending or reclining, 2-7 dm. long, slender, more or less branched: leaves 2-6 
dins ong; rachis terminating in a simple or forking tendril; leaflets 12-14, the blades 
fo ear or linear-oblong, 8-20 mm. long, acute or mucronate, short-stalked : peduncles fili- 
Mot ge cm. long, 1-4-flowered : pedicels 1.5-2 mm. long, curved: calyx strigillose, 
unam ‘4mm. long when young; tube angled; lobes lanceolate, the longer as long as the 
labr corolla usually pale blue; keel-petals 5 mm. long: pods oblong, 9-12 mm. long, 
8labrous : seeds 2 mm. broad, granular. 
In waste Places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to North Carolina. Native of Europe. Spring to fall. 


656 FABACEAE 


3. Vicia Crácca L. Perennial, usually finely pubescent. Stems 3-12 dm. long, 
sometimes tufted, climbing or trailing, mostly simple: leaves 5-10 cm. long; blades ses- 
sile or nearly so; stipules linear-subulate; leaflets 18-24, the blades linear or oblong- 
linear, 1-2 cm. long, acute or mucronulate: peduncles sometimes surpassing the subtend- 
ing leaves: racemes 3-10 cm. long, dense, 15-40-flowered, 1-sided: calyx about 5 mm. 
long, reflexed: corolla bluish purple, 10-12 mm. long: pods linear, 2-2.5 cm. long, 
5-8-seeded. 

In ary soil or cultivated grounds, Newfoundland to British Columbia, North Carolina, Kentucky 
and Iowa. Alsoin Europe and Asia. Summer. 


4. Vicia Caroliniàna Walt. Perennial, glabrous or strigillose. Stems branched 
at the base, the branches spreading or climbing, 4-12 dm. long: leaf-rachis termi- 
nating in a simple or forking tendril; leaflets 8-16, the blades oblong or oval-oblong, 
mucronate, short-stalked : peduncles becoming longer than the subtending leaves, many- 
flowered : pedicels 1-2 mm. long, curved: calyx glabrous or nearly so; tube thin, cam- 
panulate ; lobes triangular, much shorter than the tube: corolla white or bluish; keel- 
petals about 1 cm. long: pods oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, oblique at each end. 

In open woods, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Kansas. Spring and summer. 


5. Vicia Hügeri Small. Perennial, very slender, bright green, minutely and sparsely 
pubescent or glabrate in age. Stems ascending, decumbent or reclining, solitary or several 
together, 3-7 dm. long, more or less angled, sometimes branched above, rarely branched 
below: leaves 4-8 cm. long, the tendril simple or forked ; leaflets usually 10-12, the blades 
linear, 2-3.5 cm. long, mucronulate, straight or slightly curved, short-petioled : peduncles 
5-8 cm. long, ascending: flowers 10-14 in secund racemes: pedicels 1.5-2 mm. long: 
calyx campanulate, 1.5 mm. long ; lobes triangular, 1-3 as long as the tube, acute: corolla 
white or pale blue; keel-petals about 5 mm. long: pods linear-oblong, 2 cm. long. 

In open woods, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


6. Vicia acutifdlia Ell. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stems branched at the 
base, the branches spreading or climbing, 5-12 dm. long, more or less branched: leaves 
2-6 cm. long ; rachis terminating in a simple or forking tendril ; leaflets 2-6, usually 4, the 
blades linear to linear-oblong, 1.5-4 cm. long, acute or mucronate, short-stalked : pe- 
duncles surpassing the leaves, few-flowered : pedicels 1-2 mm. long: calyx often minutely 
pubescent ; tube oblique ; lobes triangular, shorter than the tube: corolla pale blue; keel- 
petals about 6 mm. long; standard tipped with purple: pods linear, 2.8-3 cm. long, ob- 
lique and acute at both ends, 4—8-seeded. 

In sandy soil, mostly near the coast, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 


7. Vicia Reverchónii S. Wats. Annual, tomentose when young. Stems branched 
at the base, the branches ascending, decumbent or reclining, simple or branched: leaves 
numerous, terminating in simple or usually branching tendrils; leaflets 4-10, the blades 
elliptie, oblanceolate or oblong-cuneate, 5-12 mm. long, emarginate and mucronate at the 
apex: peduncles stout, shorter than the subtending leaves: pedicels 2-3 mm. long: calyx 
firm ; tube densely pubescent, turbinate-campanulate ; lobes lanceolate, the longer about as 
long as the tube: corolla blue or bluish ; keel-petals 6-7 mm. long: pods linear-oblong, 
nearly 3 cm. long. 

On dry prairies, Texas. Spring. 


8. Vicia Floridana S. Wats. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, delicate. Stems 
weak, reclining, simple or sparingly branched, 3-8 dm. long: leaves 3-5 cm. long, ending 
in very slender tendrils; leaflets 4-6, the blades thin, oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, 
0.5-1.5 em. long, mucronulate, very short-stalked : peduncles shorter than the subtending 
leaves, 1-2-flowered, sparingly glandular above: pedicels 1 mm. Jong: calyx more or - 
glandular ; tube campanulate ; lobes triangular-acuminate, shorter than the tube: corolla 
white or bluish ; keel-petals about 5 mm. long: pods linear-oblong, about 1.5 cm. long. 

Insandy soil, Florida. Spring to fall. 


9. Vicia Texàna (T. & G.) Small. Perennial, more or less densely strigillose. 
Stems branched at the base, the branches spreading or climbing, angled, 2-4 dm. ut 
branching : leaves 2-8 cm. long ; rachis terminating in a forking tendril ; leaflets 6-10, fhe 
blades linear, 8-15 mm. long, mucronulate, short-stalked : peduncles about as long as og! 
subtending leaves, few-flowered: pedicels 1 mm. long: calyx rather densely pubes? 
tube turbinate-campanulate, 1 mm. long; lobes filiform-subulate, longer than the tube: 
OA arar ; keel-petals 5-6 mm. long: pods 2-2.5 cm. long. [V. Caroliniana P Texana 


On plains and prairies, Arkansas to Mississippi and Texas. Spring and summer. 


10. Vicia Leavenwórthii T. &G. Perennial, with strigillose young foliage. uam 
reclining or climbing, 3-6 dm. long, branching: leaves 3-6 cm. long, ending in branc g 


FABACEAE 657 


tendrils ; leaflets mostly 10-14, the blades oblong to oblanceolate, 5-12 mm. long, mucron- 
ulate and sometimes notched at the apex, sessile or nearly so: peduncles shorter than the 
subtending leaves, or longer : pedicels curved, 1-2 mm. long: calyx pubescent; tube tur- 
binate; lobes lanceolate-subulate, the longer ones about as long as the tube: corolla bluish ; 
keel-petals about 5 mm. long: pods oblong, about 2 em. long, oblique at each end. 

In dry soil, Arkansas to Texas. Spring. 


11. Vicia Ludoviciana Nutt. Perennial, rather stout, glabrous, or young foliage 
sparingly pubescent. Stems angled, usually branched at the base, the branches decum- 
bent or climbing, 3-9 dm. long, more or less branched : leaves 3-10 cm. long ; rachis end- 
ing in a usually forking tendril ; leaflets 6-12, the blades oblong to oval, varying to broad- 
est above or below the middle or rarely linear-oblong, 7-23 mm. long, notched or rounded 
at the apex, sometimes mucronulate: peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves or 
sometimes longer at maturity: pedicels stout, about 1 mm. long: calyx membranous ; 
lobes lanceolate or subulate-lanceolate, about as long as the whitish tube: corolla bluish ; 
keel-petals 5 mm. long: pods oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, oblique at both ends. 

In dry soil, Kansas to Arkansas, the Indian Territory, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


12. Victa micrantha Nutt. Annual, minutely pubescent or glabrate. Stems reclin- 
ing or climbing, 3-9 dm. long, more or less branched : leaves 2-6 cm. long ; rachis ending 
in a forking tendril; leaflets variable, the blades of those of the lower leaves obovate to 
oval, 5-12 mm. long, those of the upper leaves narrowly oblong or linear, 1-3.5 cm. long: 
peduncles 5-20 mm. long, 1-2-flowered : pedicels 2-4 mm. long: calyx campanulate ; tube 
minutely pubescent ; lobes variable, the shorter triangular, the longer triangular-lanceolate : 
corolla pale blue or white ; keel-petals about 5 mm. long, oblique at each end: pods nar- 
rowly oblong, about 1 cm. long. 

In thickets on river banks, Tennessee to Missouri, Alabama and Texas. Spring. 


13. Vicia sativa L. Annual, sometimes sparingly strigillose. Stems branched at 
the base, the branches angled, trailing or climbing, 2-10 dm. long, often branching: 
leaves 5-10 cm. long; rachis terminating in a forking tendril ; leaflets 8-14, the blades 
linear, linear-lanceolate or oblong, 1-4 cm. long, mucronate, short-stalked : peduncles 
very short or almost none, 1-2-flowered : calyx usually pubescent ; tube 5-6 mm. long, 
membranous ; lobes subulate-lanceolate, about as long as the tube or shorter: corolla 
bluish purple ; keel-petals 1.5-2.5 em. long: pods linear-oblong, 4-8 cm. long, glabrous. 
1 In waste places and fields, throughout North America, except northern British America. Natural- 
ized from Europe. Spring and summer. 

14. Vicia angustifdlia Roth. Annual, often sparingly strigillose. Stems branched 
at the base, the branching trailing or climbing, 3-9 dm. long, angled : leaves 5-10 cm. 
long ; rachis terminating in a forking tendril; leaflets 8-16, the blades linear, varying to 
lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1-3.5 cm. long, truncate or notched at the apex, mucronate : 
peduncles usually none: pedicels 1-3 mm. long: calyx minutely pubescent; tube pale, 
ridged, 5-6 mm. long ; lobes subulate, shorter than the tube : corolla purplish ; keel-petals 
1-1.5 em. long: pods linear, 4-5 cm. long, acute, glabrous, oblique at each end. 

In waste places, Nova Scotia to Florida. Native of Europe. Spring and summer. 


55. LATHYRUS L. 


; Vines or bushy herbs, with tendrils terminating the leaves. Stems usually angled or 
winged. Leaves alternate : blades equally pinnate: leaflets with entire blades. Flowers 
perfect, solitary on axillary peduncles or in racemes. Calyx usually oblique: tube some- 
times gibbous at the base: lobes nearly equal or the upper ones shorter than the lower. 
Corolla of various colors, often showy : standard with a broad ,eemarginate blade and a 
Short claw : wings curved, partially coherent with the shorter incurved obtuse keel-petals. 
Stamens diadelphous, or monadelphous below. Anthers alike. Style flattened, pubescent 
on oeg opposite the standard. Pod elongated, terete or flattened. Seeds subglobose 
or angled. 


Annual: leaflets 2: keel : 
p : -petals less than 10 mm. long. 1. L. pusillus. 
Perennial ; leaflets 4 or more: keel-petals over 10 mm. long. 
“tems glabrous or nearly so: racemes 3-8-ftowered : stipules much broader than di 
St © stem. 2. L. myrtifolius. 
ems finely pubescent: racemes 10-20-flowered : stipules about as broad asthestem. 3. L. venosus. 


th 1. Lathyrus pusillus Ell. Annual, glabrous. Stems usually branched at the base, 

us branches spreading or climbing, 1-6 dm. long, 2-winged : leaves numerous ; rachis 

*minating in a simple or forking tendril ; stipules lanceolate, slightly curved, prolonged 
42 


658 GERANIACEAE 


below into a lanceolate-subulate auricle ; leaflets 2, the blades narrowly linear or linear- 
elliptic, 1-5 cm. long, acute: peduncles 2-5 em. long, 1-2-flowered : pedicels 2-3 mm. 
long : calyx glabrous ; tube turbinate-campanulate ; lobes subulate-lanceolate, longer than 
the tube : corolla purple ; keel-petals 6-7 mm. long: pods linear, 1.5-4 cm. long. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Texas, Spring. 


2. Lathyrus myrtifdlius Muhl. Perennial, glabrous. Stems freely branching, the 
branches 3-10 dm. long, angled : leaves 5-15 cm. long ; rachis ending in a forking tendril ; 
stipules half-sagittate ; leaflets 4-8, the blades elliptic to oval, 1.5-4 cm. long, mucronate, 
glaucous beneath and prominently nerved : peduncles 5-12 cm. long, curved, 3-8-flowered : 
pedicels 1-4 mm. long: calyx campanulate ; tube ribbed ; lobes lanceolate, about as long 
as the tube, or the shorter ones triangular-lanceolate: corolla purple or blue; keel-petals 
12-15 mm. long: pods linear, 4-6 cm. long, each with a short curved beak. 

In damp places, New Brunswick to Manitoba, North Carolina and Tennessee. Springand summer. 


3. Lathyrus venósus Muhl. Perennial, usually minutely pubescent. Stems branch- 
ing, 4-10 dm. long, trailing or climbing, 4-angled: leaves 1-3 dm. long; stipules lan- 
ceolate to ovate, half-sagittate, entire, or toothed at the base ; leaflets 8-14, the blades 
firm, ovate, oval, elliptic or oblong, mucronate, more or less glaucous beneath, often con- 
spicuously nerved: peduncles 5-15 cm. long, many-flowered, shorter than the leaves : 
pedicels 2-4 mm. long : calyx campanulate ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, the longer ones 
as long as the tube: corolla purple; keel-petals about 1.5 em. long: pods linear, 3.5- 
4.5 cm. long, prominently nerved. 


On river banks, Assiniboia to New Jersey, Georgia, Louisiana and Kansas. Spring and summer. 


Order 15. GERANIALES. 


Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades simple or 
compound. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, variously disposed, 
mostly regular. Calyx of distinct sepals. Corolla of distinct or nearly dis- 
tinct petals, rarely wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as there are 
sepals, or twice as many, or rarely more. Filaments distinct or united. An- 
thers opening lengthwise, distinct, or united in BALSAMINACEAE. Gynoecium 
of 2 or several united carpels, superior. Ovules pendulous, 1 or 2 in each cavity, 
the raphe turned toward the axis of the gynoecium. Seeds various. 


Plants destitute of secreting glands or cells in the tissues, 
Sepals without dorsal glands. 
Styles united around a central column from whieh they break at 


maturity. Fam. 1. GERANIACEAE. 
Styles distinct or permanently united. 
Flowers very irregular: one sepal spurred : anthers united. Fam. 2. BALSAMINACEAE. 


Flowers regular: no sepal spurred : anthers distinct. 
Styles distinct or partially united, the tips and the stigmas 


distinet. 
Leaves simple : stamens 5. Fam. 3. LINACEAE. 
Leaves compound : stamens 10-15. Fam. 4. OXALIDACEAE. 
Styles and stigmas permanently united. AE 
Filaments normally appendaged : seed straight or nearly so. Fam. 5. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 
Filaments unappendaged : seed strongly bent. Fam. 6. KOEBERLINIACEAE- 
Sepals bearing 1 or 2 dorsal glands (except Thryallis). Fam. 7. MALPIGIACEAE. 


Plants with secreting glands, these often in the leaves, or only in the bark. 
Filaments distinct, nearly or quite to the base. 


Leaf-blades punctate by oil-glands. Fam. 8. RUTACEAE. 
Leaf-blades not punctate. s 
Gynoecium of distinct carpels. Fam. 9. SURIANACEAE. 
Gynoecium of more or less united carpels. d AE 
Bitter-barked shrubs or trees with oil-sacs in the bark. Fam. 10. SIMARUBACEAE. 
Resiniferous shrubs or trees. Fam. 11. BURSERACEAE. 
Filaments united into a cup or tube, wholly or in part. Fam. 12. MELIACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. GERANIACEAE J. St. Hill. GERANIUM FAMILY. 


Herbs or shrubby plants, usually caulescent and leafy. Foliage generally 
pubescent or glandular. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades usually lobed or 
dissected. Flowers perfect, regular, sometimes solitary. Calyx of mostly í 
persistent sepals. Corolla of mostly 5 hypogynous petals, deciduous. a 
cium of as many stamens as there are sepals or 2-3 times as many. Filamen 
distinct. Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Gynoecium of 5 united carpels. Ovary 


GERANIACEAE 659 


5-celled, superior. Styles 5, united into a column. Stigmas terminal. Ovules 
1 or 2 in each cavity. Fruit capsular. Seed often solitary. Embryo straight, 
with flat or plaited cotyledons. 


Anthers usually 10: carpel-tails glabrous within: carpel-bodies rounded at the base. 1. GERANIUM. 
Anthers 5: carpel-tails pubescent within: carpel-bodies acute at the base. 2. ERODIUM. 


1. GERANIUM L. 

Annual or perennial, sometimes shrubby, caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate or oppo- 
site : blades toothed, or usually deeply lobed or dissected : petioles furnished with stipules. 
Flowers solitary or two together on axillary peduncles. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, 
imbricated, alternating with 5 glands. Stamens 10, 5 longer alternating with 5 shorter, or 
rarely only 5: filaments distinct or slightly united at the base. Ovary 5-lobed, prolonged 
into a beak formed by the united styles. Capsule 5-lobed, each lobe separating elastically 
from an axis and curling back on the style. Seed solitary in each cavity. Endosperm scant 
or wanting. CRANE’S-BILL. WILD GERANIUM. 


Plants annual or biennial : corolla less than 1 em. wide. 
Sepals without subulate tips : seeds smooth. 


Carpel-bodies wrinkled : stamens 10. 1. G. molle. 

Carpel-bodies pubescent: stamens 5. 2. G. pusillum. 
Sepals with subulate tips: seeds reticulated or pitted. 

Seeds pitted. 


Style-column glandular-pubescent: carpel-bodies pubescent with minute 


spreading hairs: petioles and pedicels with spreading hairs. 8. G. dissectum. 
Style-column pubescent, not glandular: carpel-bodies pilose with erect 
hairs: petioles and pedicels retrorsely pubescent. 4. G. Texanum. 
Seeds reticulated. 
Inflorescence congested, normally many-flowered. 5. G. Carolinianum. 
Inflorescence open, few-flowered. 6. G. Langloisii. 
Plants perennial from stout rootstocks : corolla over 2 cm. wide. 7. G. maculatum. 


1. Geranium mólle L. Annual or biennial. Stem branched at the base, the 
branches spreading or decumbent, 1-5 dm. long, often forking, delicately pubescent : 
leaf-blades reniform to orbicular-reniform in outline, 2-6 cm. broad, those of the lower 
leaves 6-9-cleft, those of the upper 3-5-cleft or 3-5-parted, the segments toothed or lobed 
at the apex : petioles pubescent like the branches: pedicels minutely but copiously glandu- 
lar-pubescent : sepals awnless, the outer ovate to elliptic-ovate, 3-4 mm. long: petals deep 
purple, somewhat longer than the sepals: stamens 10: carpel-bodies 2-2.5 mm. long, 
wrinkled : style-column 8-9 mm. long at maturity: seeds smooth. 

, In waste places, Maine to Vancouver Island, North Carolina and Ohio. Introduced from Europe. 
Spring and summer. 

2. Geranium pusíllum Burm. Annual or biennial. Stem branched at the base, the 
branches decumbent or prostrate, 1.5-5 dm. long, forking, pubescent : leaf-blades reniform 
in outline, 1.5-5 cm. broad, 5-7-parted, the segments toothed or lobed at the apex : peti- 
oles puberulent and with few spreading hairs: pedicels minutely glandular-pubescent : sepals 
awnless, the outer elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2.5-4 mm. long: petals violet, often pale, longer 
than the sepals: stamens 5: carpel-bodies about 2 mm. long, finely pubescent : style-column 
8-9 mm. long, finely pubescent : seeds smooth. 

In waste places and woods, Ontario to British Columbia, New Jersey, North Carolina, Nebraska 
and Utah. Naturalized from Europe. Spring to fall. 

3. Geranium disséctum L. Annual or biennial. Stem often branched at the base, 
the branches ascending or spreading, 2-7 dm. long, retrorsely pubescent : leaf-blades 2-4 
cm. wide, reniform in outline, or those on the upper part of the stem more oh Pa the 
main segments parted into linear lobes: petioles finely hirsute: pedicels glandular-hir- 
sute: outer sepals ovate or oblong-ovate, 6-9 mm. long, glandular-ciliate, awn-tipped : 
petals purple, about as long as the sepals : carpel-bodies 2-2.5 mm. long, sparingly pubes- 
cent: style-column 10-15 mm. long, glandular-pubescent : seeds pitted. 

In waste places, established about the large cities of the United States and southern British Amer- 
n our range as far south as South Carolina. Summer and fall. 

4. Geranium Texànum (Trelease) Heller. Annual or biennial. Stem branched 
at the base, the branches ascending or spreading, 1-3 dm. long, pubescent with appressed- 
retrorse hairs: leaf-blades reniform or orbicular in outline, 2-3.5 cm. broad, 3-5-parted, 
the Segments toothed or incised: pedicels like the petioles, retrorsely pubescent: sepals 
awn-tipped, the outer orbicular-ovate to suborbicular, 5-5.5 mm. long, pubescent with very 
et airs: petals pale purple, slightly longer than the sepals : carpel-bodies 2.5-3 mm. 
ong, sparingly villous: style-column 10-12 mm. long, appressed-pubescent : seeds pitted. 

On plains or prairies, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 


ica, i 


660 BALSA MINACEAE 


5. Geranium Caroliniànum L. Annual or biennial. Stem simple below and erect, 
or branched at the base, the branches ascending or spreading, more or less glandular-pubes- 
cent: leaf-blades 3-6 cm. broad, reniform or orbicular-reniform in outline, slightly 
a et the main segments cleft or parted into oblong or linear-oblong lobes: peduncles 
and pedicels relatively short, thus causing the flower-clusters to be somewhat congested : 
outer sepals ovate, sometimes broadly so, 6-10 mm. long, each with a rather long awn-tip: 
petals pink or whitish, about as long as the sepals: carpel-bodies 3-3.5 mm. long, pilose 
with erect hairs: style-column 12-18 mm. long, with somewhat spreading often glandular 
hairs: seeds reticulated. 

In dry soil, southern British America and the United States. Also in Mexico and Bermuda. 
Spring and summer. 

6. Geranium Langloisii Greene. Resembling G. dissectum in habit, but stouter : 
leaves with relatively larger and less finely cleft blades: inflorescence not congested as in 
G. Carolinianum, copiously villous-hirsute, but the glands of the hairs inconspicuous : 
corolla pale rose-purple: seeds reticulated. 

In sandy soil, southern Louisiana. Spring. 

7. Geranium maculatum L. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, from thick astringent root- 
stocks, pubescent with spreading or retrorse hairs, forked above. Leaves mainly basal ; 
blades 5-12 cm. broad, reniform or suborbicular in outline, deeply 3-7-parted, the segments 
toothed, incised or lobed ; petioles of the basal leaves several times longer than the blades : 
cymes open: peduncles 2-flowered : sepals 5, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, 8-10 
mm. long, awn-tipped, ciliate, villous especially near the edges : corolla rose-purple, 2.5-3 
cm. broad: petals 5, entire, pubescent at the base: carpel-bodies 3-3.5 mm. long, hirsute: 
style-column 2-3 cm. long, finely pubescent : seeds minutely wrinkled. 

Inrich woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Georgia, Alabama and Nebraska. Spring and summer. 


2. ERODIUM L Her. 

Annual or perennial, caulescent or scapose herbs, or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite 
or alternate, subtended by stipules: blades lobed or pinnately dissected, petioled. Flowers 
solitary or umbellately disposed at the end of axillary peduncles. Sepals 5, imbricated. 
Petals 5, imbricated, alternating with 5 glands. Stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodia : 
filaments slender. Ovary 5-lobed, beaked: styles united. Capsule 5-lobed, each lobe 
separating elastically from an axis and rolled back with the curling style. Seed solitary 
in each cavity. Endosperm wanting. STORK’S-BILL. PINE NEEDLE. 


Leaf-blades pinnately divided : petioles pubescent with spreading hairs. 1. E. cicutarium. 
Leaf-blades palmately lobed : petioles densely puberulent. 2. E. Texanum. 


1. Erodium cicutàrium (L.) L'Her. Annual or biennial, villous, somewhat viscid. 
Stems simple, or branched at the base ; branches tufted, erect or ascending, usually forked 
above: leaves often numerous; blades pinnately divided, 5-16 cm. long, the segments 
finely and sharply pinnatifid ; petioles shorter than the blades, or upper blades sessile : 
peduncles longer than the subtending leaves, topped by a 2-12-rayed umbel-like cyme : 
sepals oblong, 4-5 mm. long, apiculate: corolla pink or purple, 8-10 mm. broad : etals 
5, oblong-obovate, hardly longer than the sepals, entire : carpels pubescent, 4-6 mm. long ; 
beak slender, 2-4 cm. long. i 

In waste places, Nova Scotia’to Oregon, New Jersey, Texas and Mexico. Adventive or naturalized 
from Europe. Spring to fall. 

2. Erodium Texànum A. Gray. Annual or biennial, strigose, not viscid. Stems 
more or less diffusely branched at the base ; branches spreading, 5-31 cm. long, usually fork- 
ing: leaves several; blades ovate in outline, palmately lobed, 1-3 cm. long, cordate, the 
lobes toothed or incised ; petioles longer than the blades, except the upper ones: pedun- 
cles longer than the subtending leaf, topped by a several-rayed umbel-like cyme : sepals 
elliptic, 6-10 mm. long, puberulent, awn-tipped : petals cuneate or obovate-cuneate, often 
ed twice as long as the sepals : carpels 7-9 mm. long, silky ; beak slender, 3.5-7.5 cm. 
ong. 


In dry soil, Texas to California and Lower California. Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 2. BALSAMINACEAE Dumort. JEWEL-WEED FAMILY. 


Herbs, with succulent tissues. Leaves alternate or sometimes p ege 
blades simple. Flowers perfect, irregular, unsymmetrical, loosely disposet, 
sometimes accompanied by cleistogamous ones. Calyx of 3 sepals (2 suppressed) ; 
posterior one petaloid, saccate and spurred ; all deciduous. Corolla of 5 peta'$ 


LINACEAE 661 


the lateral pair on each side united, deciduous. Receptacle without glands. 
Androecium of 5 perfect stamens. Filaments appendaged and partially united. 
Anthers more or less united or converging. Gynoecium of 5 united carpels. 
Ovary 5-celled, somewhat elongated. Styles very short or wanting. Stigmas 5. 
Ovules several in each cavity. Fruit a more or less elongated capsule, with 
elastically bursting and coiling valves. Seeds ribbed. Endosperm wanting. 
Embryo with nearly flat cotyledons. 


1. IMPATIENS L. 


Herbs, with commonly pellucid watery stems. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades 
mostly toothed: petioles without stipules, or these represented by glands. Flowers of 
various colors, often mottled, solitary or several on axillary peduncles. Sepals mostly 3, 
imbricated, the two lateral ones flat, the lower one spurred or saccate. Petals mostly 5, 
the lateral pair on each side united. Stamens 5: filaments very short, each furnished 
with a scale: anthers often cohering to the pistil, introrse. Ovary elongated, 5-celled : 
stigma sessile, 5-lobed. Ovules numerous in each cavity, in 1 series. Capsules various, 
loculicidally opening by the elastic valves. Seeds numerous, 4-ribbed, with a glabrous or 
pubescent testa. Embryo straight. "TovcH-ME-NOT. 

Flowers orange: saccate sepal contracted into a spur one-half as long as the body. 1. I. biftrora. 
Flowers pale yellow : saccate sepal contracted into a spur 4 or à as long as the body. 2. I. aurea. 

1. Impatiens bifldra Walt. Foliage deep green. Stem at length much branched, 
1-2 m. tall, enlarged at the nodes : leaf-blades ovate or elliptic, 2-12 cm. long, obtuse or 
acutish, distantly and shallowly crenate, somewhat obliquely narrowed at the ‘base into a 
slender petiole which is 4-3 as long as the blade: flowers orange, with reddish brown 
spots, or rarely white, loosely panicled and gracefully pendulous from the slender pedicels : 
saccate sepal conic, longer than broad, 1.7-2.4 em. long, gradually prolonged into a slender 
incurved spur about 3 as long as the body. [I fulva Nutt. ?] 

In moist soil, Nova Scotia to Oregon, Florida and Missouri. Summer to fall. 

2. Impatiens aürea Muhl. Foliage glaucescent. Stems 1-2 m. tall, swollen at the 
nodes, finally much branched : leaf-blades oval, ovate or elliptic, 2 cm. long, obtuse or 
apiculate, coarsely crenate-serrate, narrowed into short petioles 3-3 as long as the blade: 

owers pale yellow, often slightly mottled, loosely panicled, gracefully pendant from 
slender scaly pedicels: saccate sepal cup-like, about as broad as long, 1.5-2 cm. long, 
abruptly contracted into a short deflexed spur, i-i as long as the body. [J. pallida Nutt. ] 

In shaded places, Quebec to Oregon, Georgia and Kansas. Summer. 


FAMILY 3. LINACEAE Dumort. FLAX FAMILY. 


Herbs or shrubby plants, usually caulescent and branching. Leaves alter- 
nate or opposite, without stipules: blades narrow,.commonly sessile. Flowers 
perfect, regular and usually symmetrical, solitary in the axils or in terminal 
racemes, or paniculate or corymbose cymes. Calyx of 4-6 imbricated persistent 
ordeciduous sepals. Corolla of 4—6 imbricated generally convolute petals, ephem- 
eral. Androecium of as many stamens as there are [petals and alternate with 
them. _Filaments monadelphous at the base.  Anthers 2-celled, versatile. 
Gynoecium 2-5 united carpels. Ovary 2-5-celled or by false partitions 4-10- 
celled. Styles 2-5, distinct, at least above. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. 
Fruit capsular. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity, oily. Endosperm little or want- 
ing. Embryo with flat cotyledons. 


1. LINUM L. 

: Herbs or sometimes shrubby plants, with a tough bark. Leaves alternate or opposite : 
blades narrow, erect or spreading, entire. Flowers commonly yellow or blue, variously 
disposed. Sepals 5, entire, eroded or glandular-toothed or sometimes strongly ciliate. 
Petals 5, convolute, fugacious. Stamens 5, often alternating with as many small stami- 
nodia : filaments distinct or united to near the apex. Glands 5, adnate to the outside of the 
filament-tube. Ovary 5-celled, or rarely 2-celled, each cavity with a false partition. 
Styles 5, or rarely 2, distinct or united. Stigmas small. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Cap- 


662 LINACEAE 


sule 5-celled, or rarely 2-celled, septicidally 5-valved, or rarely 2-valved, or separating into 
10 one-seeded carpels. Seeds flattened. FLAX. 


Corolla blue. 
Perennial : sepals much shorter than the capsule, the inner not ciliate: native specien d 
. L. Lewisii. 
Annual: sepals slightly shorter than the capsule, the inner ciliate: naturalized species. 
2. L. usitatissimum. 
Corolla yellow. 
Styles distinet. 
Inner and outer sepals entire, sometimes erose, but not glandular-toothed. 
Stems ridged, angled or winged. 3. L. striatum. 
Stems terete or essentially so. 4. L. Virginianum. 
Inner sepals glandular-toothed, outer sepals entire or toothed. 
Outer sepals entire: stipular glands wanting. 
Capsule spheroidal, shorter than the sepals: inner sepals with rela- 


tively short teeth. 5. L. medium. = 
Capsule ovoid, longer than the sepals: inner sepals with relatively long 
teeth. 6. L. Floridanum. 
Outer sepals glandular-toothed : stipular glands present. 7. L. rupestre. 


Styles more or less united. 

Capsules 10-valved : styles united below the middle. 

Sepals 2.5-3 mm. long, merely acute : filaments pubescent at the base, with- ; 
out interposed teeth. 8. L. Harperi. 

Sepals 4.5-6 mm. long, slenderly acuminate: filaments not pubescent at 
the base, with interposed teeth. 

Capsules 5-valved : styles united to near the apex. 

Sepals merely acuminate, serrulate or serrate, deciduous, the outer mostly 
over 5 mm. long. 
Outer sepals 5-7 mm. long. 
Sepals with wide coarsely toothed scarious margins, the outer ovate : 
to ovate-lanceolate. 10. L. marginatum. — 
Sepals with narrow, finely toothed margins, the outer lanceolate to 1 
oblong-lanceolate. 11. L. rigidum, 
Outer sepals 8-12 mm. long. 
Innersepalsslightly shorter than the outer, usually less than } shorter: me 
leaf-blades 1.5-4.5 mm. wide, acuminate. 12. L. Berlandieri. 
Inner sepals much shorter than the outer, usually over $ shorter: 
leaf-blades 5.5-7.5 mm. wide, mostly acute. 18. L. sanctum. 
Sepals abruptly cuspidate-awned beyond the broad scarious ciliolate mar- : 
gin, persistent, the outer mostly less than 5 mm. long. 14. L. multicaule. 

1. Linum Lewisii Pursh. Perennial by a woody rootstock, glabrous, glaucous. 
Stems often tufted, 2-7 dm. tall, branching above: leaves alternate, erect, or nearly 
so, often crowded; blades linear to oblong, 0.6-2 cm. long, acute or acutish, sessile : 
pedicels 1-2 em. long, drooping at maturity : sepals ovate or elliptic-ovate, or oval, 5-6 
mm. long, acute, 3-nerved, the inner not ciliate: capsule globose-ovoid, 7-9 mm. long, 
2-3 times longer than the sepals. 

In stony or dry soil, Alaska to Manitoba, Texas and Arizona. Summer. 

. 2. Linum usitatíssimum L. Annual, glabrous, deep green. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, 
simple or branching above, striate, somewhat angled above: leaves alternate, erect or as- 
cending ; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute, sessile, 3-nerved : sepals 
elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 5-7 mm. long, acuminate, 3-nerved at the base, the inner ciliate: 
corolla blue, 1.2-2 em. broad : capsules globose or depressed, 6-8 mm. long, often striate, 
slightly surpassing the sepals: seeds flattened. 

In waste places, along railroads, more or less common throughout the civilized world. Summer. 

3. Linum striatum Walt. Perennial, bright green, more or less viscid. Stems 
sometimes decumbent, 2-8 dm. tall, paniculately branched above, winged below the nodes 
and angled, the branches spreading: leaves opposite, except those in or near the inflores- 
cence ; blades thinnish, narrowly oblong or elliptic, 1-3 em. long, acute or obtuse, sessile : 

edicels as long as the calyx or longer: corolla pale yellow, 6-10 mm. broad: outer sep 
anceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, acuminate, entire; inner sepals ovate is 
obovate or suborbicular, about 0.5 mm. shorter than the outer, erose-toothed near the a 
ruptly pointed apex : capsules depressed-globose, 2 mm. broad, surpassing the sepals. 

In or near swamps, Ontario to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Summer. 

4. Linum Virginianum L. Annual or perennial, glabrous, often deep green. Bion 
2-6 dm. tall, often several together, corymbosely branched above, the branches lax, Rapes 
ing or drooping at the ends: leaves spreading or ascending ; blades thinnish, 1-3 cm. ins 
the lower ones opposite, spatulate to oblanceolate, the pt alternate, elliptic or elliptic 
oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, sessile: pedicels slender, i 


© 


. L. sulcatum. 


coming longer than the sepals : 
outer sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-3.5 mm. long, entire, acuminate; 1nnet 
sepals rather broader and shorter than the outer, erose-toothed near the abruptly point 
apex: corolla sulphur-yellow, 10-12 mm. broad: capsules depressed, 2 mm. bere. 
longer than the sepals or equalling them. 

In dry soil and woods, Maine and Ontario, middle Georgia and Alabama. Summer. 


LINACEAE 663 


5. Linum médium (Planch.) Britton. Perennial or sometimes annual, bright green, 
glabrous. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, often tufted, strict, rigid, corymbosely branched above, 
the branches stiff, erect-ascending : leaves firm, appressed or strongly ascending ; blades 
0.6-2 cm. long, the lower ones often opposite, spatulate, the rest linear-elliptic or linear- 
lanceolate, acute, sessile: pedicels mostly shorter than the sepals or the lower ones some- 
times longer : outer sepals oblong to lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long, acuminate, entire ; inner 
sepals shorter and broader than the outer, glandular-toothed, especially above the middle, 
abruptly pointed : corolla light yellow: capsules depressed-globose, 2-3 mm. broad, shorter 
than the persistent sepals. 

In dry soil, Ontario to Florida and Texas. Summer. 


6. Linum Floridànum (Planch.) Trelease. Perennial, glabrous, bright green. Stems 
3-8 dm. tall, strict, rigid, branching above or near the top: leaves firm, nearly erect or 
appressed ; blades acute, 0.8-1.8 cm. long, the lower ones usually opposite, oblanceolate to 
linear-lanceolate, the upper ones linear or linear-elliptic : outer sepals lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, entire, acuminate ; inner sepals shorter and narrower than the 
outer, glandular-toothed : corolla yellow, 12-15 mm. broad : capsules ovoid or sometimes 
dy so, about 3 cm. long, longer than the sepals, about as long as the pedicels or 
onger. 


In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


7. Linum rupéstre Engelm. Perennial. Stems tufted, often densely so, 2-7 dm. 
tall, grooved or angled, sparingly branched above, the branches ascending, corymbose : 
leaves firm, few, scattered ; blades linear-subulate, 3-10 mm. long, acute : pedicels shorter 
than the sepals or the lower ones rarely longer : outer sepals lanceolate to elliptic, 3 mm. 
long, mostly acuminate, glandular-toothed ; inner sepals elliptic or ovate, about 0.5 mm. 
shorter than the outer, more finely glandular-toothed and abruptly pointed: corolla 
Dr capsule spheroidal-ovoid, broader than long, about 2 mm. broad, longer than the 
sepals. 

On plains and prairies, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


8. Linum Hárperi Small. Annual. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, nearly simple or sparingly 
branched, corymbose above or virgate : leaves mainly alternate, erect or nearly so ; blades 
narrowly linear, 0.5-2 cm. long, slender-tipped, sessile, glabrous, the marginal nerves in- 
conspieuous : stipular glands black : pedicels mainly shorter than the sepals : outer sepals lan- 
ceolate, 3.5-4 mm. long, acuminate, sparingly glandular-toothed ; inner sepals somewhat 
shorter than the outer, acuminate, more copiously toothed : corolla pale yellow, 12-15 mm. 
broad : capsules ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse, about as long as the sepals. 

In dry pine lands, Georgia. Summer. 


9. Linum sulcatum Ridd. Annual Stems 2-7 dm. tall, simple or corymbosely 
branched, sharply angled or winged, at least above : leaves firm, alternate, erect or ascend- 
ing ; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 0.8-2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, 3-nerved (the 
marginal nerves prominent), sessile, glabrous : stipular glands black : pedicels shorter than 
the sepals: outer sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, long-acuminate, glandular-toothed ; in- 
ner sepals shaped like the outer, slightly shorter, more finely toothed : corolla light yel- 
low, 10-13 mm. broad : capsules ovoid, about 3 mm. long, acute, surpassed by the sepals, 
incompletely 10-celled, the septa ciliate. 

In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 


10. Lioum marginàtum Small Annual, smooth and glabrous. Stems simple or 
branched at the base, 1-1.5 dm. tall : leaf-blades linear and linear-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, 
acuminate, more or less involute : corymbs usually few-flowered : bracts linear-lanceolate : 
outer sepals oblong-ovate, 5-6 mm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, with a broad coarsely 
glandular-toothed margin ; inner sepals slightly broader and shorter than the outer, and 
with more and rather smaller teeth: corolla yellow, about 2 cm. broad : capsules broadly 
ovoid, about 4 mm. high. 


In dry soil, Texas. Spring to fall. 


11. Linum rigidum Pursh. Annual or perhaps perennial, glabrous or puberulent, 
glaucous. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, simple below, corymbosely branched and angled above, the 
ranches rigid : leaves firm ; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, erect or appressed, 0.6— 
2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, sessile, the upper ones glandular-ciliate: pedicels longer 
or shorter than the sepals: outer sepals lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, long-acuminate, rather 
nely glandular-serrate ; inner sepals nearly like the outer, sometimes slightly broader and 
shorter, similarly toothed : corolla yellow, 1.5-3.5 em. broad : capsules ovoid, 4-5 mm. 
long, shorter than the sepals. 


In dry soil on prairies, Manitoba to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Summer. 


664 OXALIDACEAE 


22 Linum Berlandiéri Hook. Annual or perhaps perennial, nearly glabrous. 
Stems simple, 1-2.5 dm tall, or branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 
corymbose: leaves clear green ; blades lanceolate or linear, 1-2.5 em. long, spreading or 
ascending, acuminate, the lateral nerves marginal: pedicels stout, angled. longer than the 
calyx : outer sepals lanceolate, 8-11 mm. long, acuminate, copiously glandular-serrate ; 
inner sepals nearly like the outer but with slightly finer teeth : corolla yellow, 4-4.5 em. 
broad : capsules globose-ovoid, 4—4.5 mm. long, obtuse, much shorter than the sepals. 

On plains and praries, Texas, Spring and summer. 

13. Linum sanctum Small. Annual or perennial, deep green. Stems 1.5-3 dm. 
tall, corymbosely branched above : leaves approximate ; blades narrowly oblong to linear- 
oblong, 1.5-3.5 em. long, ascending, the lateral nerves not marginal: pedicels shorter 
than the calyx : outer sepals lanceolate, 10-12 mm. long, acuminate, rather sparingly gland- 
ular toothed ; inner sepals much shorter than the outer but with many approximate finer 
teeth : corolla yellow, about 3 em. broad : capsule not seen. 

On plains or prairies, southern Texas. Summer. 


14. Linum multicaüle Hook. Annual or perhaps perennial, puberulent. Stems 
more or less densely tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, simple or corymbosely branched above: leaves 
numerous, firm, appressed or erect, commonly imbricated ; blades linearor linear-subulate, 
3-8 mm. long, acute, finely ciliate: pedicels stout, mostly longer than the sepals: outer 
sepals 4.5-5 mm. long, each with an elliptic to oval ciliate body and a subulate terminal 
awn ; inner sepals similar but slightly smaller : corolla yellow, 1.5 cm. broad : capsules sub- 
globose, 4 mm. long, shorter than the sepals. 

On plains and prairies, Texas. Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 4. OXALIDACEAE Lindl. Woop-sorrEL FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial acaulescent or leafy-stemmed herbs, or rarely shrubs, 
with rootstocks or scaly bulbs, and a sour sap. Leaves basal or cauline: petioles 
with free or adnate stipules, or these obsolete: blades usually 3-foliolate, some- 
times 1-foliolate, usually pinnate or digitate: leaflets commonly notched at the 
apex. Flowers perfect, essentially regular, solitary or in axillary or terminal, 
peduncled, umbel-like or dichotomous cymes. Calyx of 5 often unequal, imbri- 
cated, persistent sepals. Corolla of 5 white, pink, rose, purple or yellow convo- 
lute petals, usually broadened upward, entire or notched at the apex. Androe- 
cium of 10-15 stamens, or twice or thrice as many as the sepals.. Filaments 
united below, in 2 sets of different lengths. Gynoecium of 5 united carpels. 
Ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed. Styles 5, distinct. Stigmas capitate. Ovules 2-many 
in each cavity. Fruit a globose or columnar loculicidal capsule, or rarely berry- 
like. Seeds with a dehiscent arilloid outer coat and a firm, often ridged, inner 
coat. Embryo straight in fleshy endosperm. Cotyledons flat. : 


Plants acaulescent, perennial, succulent: corolla not yellow. 


Rootstoeks elongated, scaly near the ends: flowers homogonous. 1. OXALIS. 
Rootstocks abbreviated, bulb-like : flowers heterogonous. 2. IONOXALIS. 
Plants caulescent, annual or perennial, not succulent: corolla yellow. 
Leaf-blades 1-foliolate : stipules free, bristle-like. 3. MONOXALIS. 
sera rene 3-foliolate : stipules adnate, a dilation of the base of the petioles or 
obsolete. 
Leaflets pinnate : ovary and capsule drooping, depressed at the apex : stigmas 
2 cleft. HT P ceps dra ite : 4. LOTOXALIS. 
Leaflets palmate: ovary and capsule erect, narrowed at the apex: stigmas 
cavttate: 7 TIS EET ea S 5. XANTHOXALIS. 


l. ÓXALIS L. 

Perennial herbs, with slender more or less scaly rootstocks. Leaves basal, solitary or 
several together : petioles dilated at the base ; blades palmately 3-foliolate ; leaflets notched 
at the apex, usually with a membranous fold in the sinus. Scapes solitary or several to- 
gether, topped by a single pedicel or rarely with an umbel-like cyme. Flowers perfect, 
homogonous. Sepals 5, the inner longer than the outer. Petals white or pink, delicate, 
much longer than the sepals, often obliquely notched at the apex. Stamens 10 : filaments 
commonly glabrous. Capsule relatively short. Seeds few or several in each cavity, 
pitted and grooved or striate. Woop-sORREL. 


. 1. Oxalis Acetosélla L.  Rootstocks slender, scaly at the ends. Foliage poni 
with scattered brownish hairs : leaves 2-6 together : leaflets 3, the blades obcordate, 


OXALIDACEAE 665 


mm. long, wider: scapes 1-3, erect or ascending, 5-15 cm. high, simple: flower solitary, 
overtopping the leaves : sepals oblong to lanceolate, ciliate, obtusish, purple-tipped : petals 
white or pink, delicately marked with deep pink, 1-1.5 mm. long, 3-4 times longer than 
the sepals: capsules ovoid-globose, 2-4 mm. long, acutish : seeds 1-2 in each cavity, ob- 
ovoid, longitudinally 5-grooved on each face, minutely pitted. 


In cold damp woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and southward on the mountains to North Carolina 
and Tennessee. Spring and summer. Also in Europe and Asia. 


2. IONOXALIS Small. 


Perennial acaulescent herbs, with scaly bulbs. Leaves basal, few or many together : 
petioles dilated at the base: blades palmately 3-10-foliolate ; leaflets notched at the apex, 
with short or elongated lobes, usually with orange tubercles in each sinus, commonly 
drooping. Scapes erect, solitary or clustered, usually topped by umbel-like cymes. 
Flowers perfect, heterogonous. Sepals 5, with tubercles at the apex. Petals 5, rose- 
purple, rose-violet or white, much longer than the sepals, commonly rounded at the apex. 
Stamens 10: filaments usually pubescent, united at the base. Capsule sometimes elon- 
gated, 5-celled. Seeds wrinkled, grooved or tubercled. "VrionET Woopn-soRREL. 


Leaflets with obeordate or obreniform blades : sepals with 2 distinct or confluent apical tubercles. 


Capsules globose-ovoid : tubercles more or less confluent. 1. I violacea. 
Capsules oblong-ovoid : tubercles distinct. 2. I. Martiana. 
Leaflets with V-shaped or Y-shaped blades: sepals with 4-6 more or less confluent 
tubercles. 3. I. vespertilionia. 


1. Ionoxalis violàcea (L.) Small. Bulb coated with brown ciliate scales, rarely 
producing a tap-root: leaves 4-8 or more: leaflets 3, the blades obcordate or obreniform, 
6-16 mm. long, wider, sometimes pubescent on the midrib beneath: scapes erect, solitar 
or several together, 0.5-3 dm. tall, surpassing the leaves, sometimes twice as high, eac 
topped by a 3-15-flowered cyme: pedicels rarely pubescent, recurved before and after 
flowering: flowers heterogonous: sepals oblong or ovate-oblong, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse, 
with 2 confluent tubercles at the apex: petals rose-purple, lighter toward the base, or 
white, 14-20 mm. long, thrice as long as the sepals, obtuse or truncate at the apex: cap- 
sules globose-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, slightly surpassing the sepals: seeds ovoid, 1.5 mm. 
long, flattened, rugose-tuberculate. [ Oxalis violacea L. 


... In woods and on open slopes, New England to Minnesota and the Rocky Mountains, Florida and 
New Mexico. Spring and summer. 

2. Ionoxalis Martiàna (Zucc.) Small. Bulb scaly. Foliage deep green: leaves 
erect or ascending : leaflets 3, the blades thin, obcordate to obreniform, with a deep, narrow 
sinus and a marginal row of small orange tubercles, sessile, often drooping : scapes erect, 
usually surpassing the leaves, villous, the cymes several-flowered: pedicels glabrous or 
nearly so: sepals oblong or narrowly oblong, 5-6 mm. long, ciliate, each with 2 distinct 
apical tubercles: petals rose-purple, often pale, 12-15 mm. long: filaments ciliate: cap- 
sules oblong-ovoid. [Oxalis Martiana Zuce. | 


In waste places, in the Gulf States, introduced from tropical America. Throughout the year. 

3. Ionoxalis vespertilionis (T. & G.) Small. Bulbs scaly. Foliage glabrous or 
nearly so: leaves basal: leaflets 3, the blades commonly broadly V-shaped, 6-10 mm. 
long, much broader, the lobes usually narrow: scapes erect, several together, commonly 
twice as long as the petioles, the cymes few-flowered: pedicels slender, elongating at 
maturity : flowers heterogonous: sepals narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. 
long, with usually 4-6 apical tubercles : petals violet, oblanceolate or spatulate, 1.5-2 cm. 
ong, rounded at the apex : filaments ciliate: capsules oblong-ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, some- 
what pubescent: seeds ovoid-globose, 1 mm. long, wrinkled. [Oxalis vespertilionis T. & G.] 


On prairies, Texas to Arizona. Summer and fall. 


3. MONOXALIS Small. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with woody branched rootstocks and pubescent foliage. 
Leaves alternate : petioles little elongated, with free bristle-like stipules at the base : blades 
1-foliolate : leaflets thickish, barely stalked. Peduncles axillary, with 2 bristle-like bracts 
at the base of the single pedicel, and shorter than the peduncle. Flowers perfect, soli- 
tary. Sepals 5, auricled at the base. Corolla yellow. Petals 5, rather narrow, surpassing 
the sepals, narrowed into claws below the middle. Stamens 10: filaments glabrous. 
Capsule little longer than thick, 5-celled. Seeds about 3 in cavity, tubercled. 


666 | OXALIDACEAE 


1. Monoxalis dichondraéfolia (A. Gray) Small. Foliage closely pubescent with 
short gray hairs. Stems woody below, the branches tufted, more or less spreading or 
decumbent, 1-3 dm. long: leaves rather numerous: leaflet 1, the blade suborbicular, 
inclined to obovate, oblong or ovate, 1-3 em. long, retuse and somewhat apiculate at the 
apex, undulate, ciliate, cordate at the base: pedicels 0.5-1 cm. long, with 2 bracts like the 
stipules, enlarged upward : sepals lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, acute 
or acuminate, auriculate-cordate at the base: petals about twice as long as the sepals, erose- 
undulate at the apex, the claw about as long as the blade: capsules oblong or ovoid- 
oblong, 8-10 mm. long, about as long as the sepals: seeds about 2 mm. long, with promi- 
nent somewhat confluent tubercles, lustrous. [Oxalis dichondraefolia A. Gray. ] 

In dry soil, southern and south western Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 


4. LOTOXALIS Small. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Stems branched at the base, 
the branches woody below, corymbosely branched above. Leaves alternate: petioles 
without stipules: blades pinnately 3-foliolate : leaflets more or less oblique. Peduncles 
axillary, topped by umbel-like cymes. Pedicels recurved before and after flowering, not 
deflexed. Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, thin, acute, erect, imbricated. Petals yellow, much 
longer than the sepals. Stamens 10: longer filaments ciliate. Stigmas 2-cleft. Capsule 
oblong-ovoid, surpassing the sepals, drooping. Seeds slightly flattened, with 5-8 longi- 
tudinal rows of sharp tubercles. WooD-soRREL. 

1. Lotoxalis Berlandiéri (Torr.) Small. Rootstocks woody. Foliage gray or 
tawny-pilose. Stems branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 5-25 cm. long, 
woody below, commonly branched : leaflets 3, the blades thickish, cuneate, obovate or ob- 
long, 5-20 mm. long, unequally notched at the apex, ciliate, mostly pubescent on both 
surfaces, rounded at the base, the lateral much smaller than the terminal : pedicels often 
3, recurved at maturity : sepals oblong, 5-8 mm. long: petals yellow, about twice as long 
as the sepals: longer filaments ciliate : capsules oblong-ovoid, 7-8 mm. high, depressed at 
the apex : seeds fusiform or nearly elliptic, 1.5-2 mm. long, with sharp tooth-like tubercles 
in longitudinal rows. [Oxalis Berlandieri Torr. | 

In dry or sandy soil, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 


5. XANTHOXALIS Small. 

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, with descending or horizontal rootsocks. Stems 
sometimes woody at the base. Leaves alternate: stipules obsolete or appearing as narrow 
dilations at the base'f the petiole : blades palmately 3-foliolate ; leaflets broadly obcordaté, 
usually inequilateral, nearly sessile or rarely stalked, sometimes sensitive. Flowers per^ 
fect, heterogonous or homogonous. Sepals 5, narrow, imbricated. Corolla yellow, some- 
times with a darker eye. Petals 5, surpassing the sepals, rounded or notched at the apex. 
Stamens 10: filaments glabrous or the longer ciliate. Capsule more or less elongated, 
columnar or natrowed upward, angled, 5-celled. Seeds several in each cavity, trans- 
versely ridged or tuberculate by broken ridges. YELLOW Woop-soRREL. SOUR-GRASS 
Plants with ereeping elongated stems or branches. ; 

Sepals ciliate at the tip or only near it: longer filaments glabrous. 1. X. corniculata. 
Sepals ciliate nearly all around : longer filaments ciliate above. 2. X. Langloisit. 


Plants with erect stems, or if branched at the base the branches sometimes decum- 
bent, often witb horizontal rootstocks. 
Stems and petioles strigillose with decidedly appressed hairs. 
Longer filaments ciliate above. 
Sepals 2-4 mm. long, ciliate mainly or only at the tip: corolla pale yellow, 
0.5-1.5 em. broad. 
Sepals 4-5 mm. long, copiously ciliate all around : corolla golden yellow, 
1.5-2.5 em. broad. 
Longer filaments glabrous. 


3. X. filipes. 
4 
Leaflets strigillose: sepals copiously ciliate : corolla golden yellow. 5. X. Texana. 
6 


. X. macrantha. 


Leaflets glabrous or merely with a few scattered hairs: sepals sparingly , 
ciliate : corolla pale or light yellow. . X. stricta. 
Stems and petioles villous or with loosely spreading hairs. 
A. Pedicels with erect or appressed hairs. 
Longer filaments glabrous. 


Sepals ciliate nearly all around: leaflets bright green. 7. X. Bushti. 

Sepals ciliate only at the apex : leaflets reddish purple. 8. X. rufa. 
Longer filaments ciliate above or throughout. 

Leaf-blades red or purple. 9. A. cotone 


Leaf-blades bright green. 
a. Sepals ciliate nearly all around: leaflets mainly less than 15 mm. broad. 


\ 


OXALIDACEAE 667 


Short styles with recurved tips during anthesis: corolla golden yellow. 
10. X. recurva. 
Short styles with erect tips during anthesis: corolla light yellow. 11. X. Brittoniae. 
b. Sepals ciliate only at the apex or near it: leaflets mainly over 20 
mm. broad. 
Leaflets strigillose, the margins green : capsules 10-12 mm. long. 12. X. interior. 
Leaflets essentially glabrous except the brown ciliate margins : 
capsules 8-10 mm. long. 13. X. grandis. 
B. Pedicels villous or loosely pubescent. 
Sepals ciliate only at the tip, 3.5-5 mm. long: cymes dichotomous: petals 
7-10 mm. long. 14. X. cymosa, 
Sepals ciliate all around, about 7 mm. long: cymes umbel-like: petals 
about 15 mm. long. 


Petals glabrous : longer filaments glabrous: copiously pubescent. 15. X. hirsuticaulis. 
Petals pubescent without: longer filaments ciliate above: stem with 
few scattered hairs. 16. X. Priceae. 


l. Xanthoxalis corniculàta (L.) Small. Stem branched at the base, the branches 
0:5-4 dm. long, creeping, somewhat pubescent with more or less appressed hairs: leaflets 
deep green, the blades 5-12 mm. broad or sometimes larger, ciliate and commonly with 
scattered hairs on the surface: pedicels minutely strigillose : sepals oblong to oblong-lan- 
ceólate, 3-4 mm. long, ciliate at the apex or only near it: petals 7-10 mm. long: filaments 
glabrous : capsule 8-13 mm. long. [Oxalis corniculata L.] 

In waste places and ín fields and on roadsides, New Jersey to the Indian Territory and the Gulf 
States. Adventive as far north as Ontario. Also in the tropics. Thtoughout the year. 

2. Xanthoxalis Langloisii Small. Similar to O. corniculata in habit, but relatively 
smaller in all its parts: leaflets paleor light green, the blades 3-10 mm. broad, mostly 
less than 6 mm. wide, somewhat ciliate and more or less pubescent on the surface : pedicels 
minutely strigillose : sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm. long, ciliate nearly 
&ll around : petals 5-8 mm. long: longer filaments ciliate above : capsules 9-14 mm. long. 

In woods, sandy bottoms and door yards, Tennessee to Florida and Texas. Throughout the year. 


3. Xanthoxalis fílipes Small. Stems more or less tufted on the slender rootstocks, 


. commonly decumbent, strigillose : leaves often irregularly clustered : leaflets bright green, 


the blades 7-8 mm. wide, or sometimes wider, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs: 
pedicels strigillose : sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, sparingly ciliate 
mainly at the tip or near it and otherwise sparingly pubescent: petals 5-9 mm. long, 
light or pale yellow : longer filaments ciliate above: capsules slender, 8-12 mm. long, 
erect on more or less reflexed pedicels. [Oxalis filipes Small. ] 

In woods or sandy soil, District of Columbia to Missouri and Georgia. Spring to fall. 

4. Xanthoxalis macrántha (Trelease) Small. Stems solitary or sparingly tufted on 
woody rootstocks, erect or decumbent, strigillose: leaves often numerous : leaflets deep or 
bright green, the blades 7-12 mm. wide, or some of them smaller, more or less pubescent 
and commonly cilate: pedicels strigillose : sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. 
long, copiously ciliate all around, and otherwise densely pubescent : petals 10-20 mm. long, 
golden yellow : longer filaments sparingly ciliate above: capsules stout, 10-14 mm. long, 
on more or less reflexed pedicels. [ Ozalis corniculata var.? macrantha Trelease. ] 

In open woods and on shaded batfks, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Spring to fall. 

5. Xanthoxalis Texana Small. Stems commonly solitary along the woody rootstock, 
densely strigillose, erect or decumbent, 1-1.5 dm. long: leaves approximate: leaflets 
bright green, the blades 8-15 mm. broad, more or less densely strigillose and ciliate: pedi- 
cels str igillose : sepals oblong, sometimes broadly so, or linear-oblong, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, 
copiously ciliate all around and otherwise densely pubescent: petals 12-18 mm. long, 
golden yellow: longer filaments glabrous: capsules stout, columnar, 12-15 mm. long, on 
reflexed pedicels. 


On plains and prairies, Texas. Spring to fail. 


, 6. Xanthoxalis stricta (L.) Small. Stems tufted on woody rootstocks, or some- 
times from mere annual roots, strigillose, often decumbent : leaves usually numerous: leaf- 
lets bright green, 8-16 mm. broad, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs: pedicels strigil- 
ose : sepals oblong or linear-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, sparingly ciliate, more or less pu- 
bescent on the back : petals 5-10 mm. long, pale or yellow : longer filaments glabrous : 
capsules stout, columnar, 16-30 mm. long. [ Ozalis stricta L.] 
nu" PE cultivated grounds and on roadsides, Nova Scotia to South Dakota, Florida and Texas. 

7. Xanthoxalis Bushii Small. Stems solitary or rarely tufted on relatively slender 
Tootstocks, erect or nearly so, 1-3 dm. tall, loosely pubescent : leaves few : leaflets bright 
green, the blades 7-8 mm. broad, or rarely smaller, more or less strigillose and ciliate 
especially when young: cymes umbel-like, usually maturing one flower at a time which is 


668 OXALIDACEAE 


accompanied by several drooping buds : pedicels strigillose : sepals oblong to linear-oblong, 
3-4 mm. long, ciliate nearly all around: petals 9-12 mm. long, pale yellow: longer fila- 
ments glabrous: capsules rather stout, 8-10 mm. long. [Oxalis Bushii Small. ] 

In dry soil or thickets, Massachusetts, Missouri, Georgia and Arkansas. Spring and summer. 


8. Xanthoxalis rüfa Small. Stems usually solitary, sometimes on elongated root- 
stocks, 1.5-4 dm. tall, loosely pubescent : leaves usually numerous : leaflets reddish or pur- 
plish, the blades 8-20 mm. wide, sparingly strigillose or glabrous, at least at maturity, 
except the ciliate margins : cymes dichotomous but the primary branches manifestly short- 
ened, maturing several flowers at a time: pedicels strigillose, conspicuously short : sepals 
oblong, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, ciliate at the tip, otherwise 
nearly glabrous: petals 7-10 mm. long, rather bright yellow: longer filaments glabrous : 
capsules stout, 7-9 mm. long, on erect or spreading pedicels. [Oxalis rufa Small. ] 

In damp soil or woods, Massachusetts to Minnesota and Georgia. Spring to fall. 


9. Xanthoxalis colórea Small. Stems commonly tufted on slender woody rootstocks, 
erect or nearly so, villous: leaflets purple or purple on both sides of the green midrib, 4-11 
mm. broad, usually with a few scattered hairs on the surfaces, and more or less ciliate: 
cymes umbel-like, the peduncles scarcely overtopping the leaves: pedicels strigillose : 
sepals oblong to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, ciliate mainly at the apex 
and sparingly so along the margins: petals 8-11 mm. long, light yellow: longer filaments 
ciliate above: capsules relatively slender, 9-12 mm. long, on more or less reflexed 
pedicels. 

In woods, North Carolina to Georgia and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 


10. Xanthoxalis recúrva (Ell.) Small. Stems mostly tufted on the rootstocks, 1-3.5 
dm. tall, villous: leaflets bright green, the blades 6-11 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so, 
except the margins: cymes umbel-like, the peduncles usually much overtopping the leaves: 
pedicels strigillose : sepals oblong to linear-lanceolate, 4-5.5 mm. long, ciliate nearly all 
around: petals 11-15 mm. long, golden yellow : longer filaments ciliate at least above: 
short styles recurved during anthesis : capsules rather slender, 11-13 mm. long, on reflexed 
pedicels. [Ozalis recurva Ell. ] 


In dry or rocky soil, Missouri to North Carolina, Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 


11. Xanthoxalis Brittóniae Small. Stems solitary or tufted on slender woody root- 
stocks, 1-4 dm. long, erect or spreading, loosely hairy: leaflets bright green, 6-14 mm. 
wide, commonly a little strigillose and ciliate: cymes dichotomous when well developed, 
often slightly raised above the leaves on the elongating peduncles: pedicels strigillose: 
sepals oblong to lanceolate, 3.5-5.5 mm. long, sparingly ciliate all around: petals 5-10 
mm. long, light yellow : longer filaments pubescent above : short styles not recurved at 
anthesis : capsules slender, 7-12 mm. long, on reflexed pedicels. [Oxalis Brittoniae Small. 

In woods and fields or on hillsides, New York to Missouri and Florida. Spring and summer. 


12. Xanthoxalis intérior Small. Stems usually solitary, 3-6 dm. tall, villous : 
leaflets bright green throughout, the blades 20-30 mm. wide, or some of them smaller, 
strigillose, somewhat ciliate: cymes normally dichotomous, with some of the branches 
more or less suppressed, commonly raised above the leaves by the elongating peduncles : 
pedicels strigillose : sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, about 4 mm. long, ciliate at the 
tip: petals 6-9 mm. long, light yellow : longer filaments sparingly ciliate above: capsules 
rather slender, 8-10 mm. long, on erect or ascending pedicels. 

In woods or on partly shaded hillsides, Missouri and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 


13. Xanthoxalis grandis Small. Stems commonly solitary on more or less elon- 
gated rootstocks, 3-12 dm. tall, sparingly or loosely pubescent with spreading hairs : l d 
lets bright green, and brown around the margins, the blades 25-40 mm. wide, ciliate, an 
often strigillose along the nerves beneath : cymes dichotomous, with some of the branches 
suppressed, usually not projecting much beyond the leaves : pedictls strigillose : sepa s 
oblong, narrowly oblong or ovate-oblong, 4.5-6 mm. long, ciliate at the tip and for su 
distance below it: petals deep yellow, 13-18 mm. long: longer filaments ciliate : capsules 
stout, 7-10 mm. long on erect or spreading pedicels. [Oxalis grandis Small.) 

On shaded banks, Pennsylvania to Indiana, Georgia and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


14. Xanthoxalis cymdsa Small. Stems solitary or few together, 2-11 dnr: = 
loosely pubescent: leaflets bright or deep green, the blades 10-27 mm. wide, near ed 
glabrous or sparingly strigillose about the nerves, especially beneath and cni S 
dichotomous, commonly raised above the leaves by the elongating peduncles : p nus 
villous : sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, ciliate at the apex: petals = 
yellow, 7-10 mm. long: longer filaments glabrous : capsules slender, 10-16 mm. long, 9 
erect or spreading pedicels.  ( Ozalis cymosa Small. ] 

In moist or shaded soil, Ontario to Michigan, Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Spring to fall. 


ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 669 


15. Xanthoxalis hirsuticatlis Small. Stems loosely tufted on horizontal root- 
stocks, often stout, 1-2 dm. tall more or less copiously villous-hirsute: leaflets light 
green, the blades 8-17 mm. wide, usually sparingly strigillose, especially beneath, ciliate : 
cymes umbel-like, slightly raised above the leaves by the elongating peduncle: pedicels 
loosely pubescent : sepals oblong or nearly so, 5-7 mm. long, ciliate all around: petals 
about 15 mm. long, golden yellow, glabrous: longer filaments glabrous: capsules stout, 
10-12 mm. long, on more or less reflexed pedicels. [Oxalis hirsuticaulis Small. } 

In rocky or sandy woods, Tennessee and Georgia. Spring and summer. 

16. Xanthoxalis Priceae Small. Stems erect or decumbent from horizontal root- 
stocks, 1-2 dm. tall, firm, loosely but sparingly pubescent : leaflets deep green, the blades 
8-13 mm. wide, glabrous, except the sometimes ciliate margins: cymes umbel-like, 
scarcely surpassing the leaves: pedicels villous: sepals oblong or linear-oblong, about 7 
mm. long, sparingly ciliate all around: petals about 15 mm. long, golden yellow, pubes- 
cent without: longer filaments ciliate above; capsules columnar, stout, 14-17 mm. long, 
on more or less reflexed pedicels. [Oxalis Priceae Small. ] 

In woods and fields, Kentucky to Alabama. Summer and fall. 


FAMILY 5. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Lindl. CALTROP FAMILY. 


Trees, shrubs, or perennial caulescent herbs, some with an extremely hard and 
heavy wood, others strong-scented and yielding a bitter and acid gum-resin. 
Leaves opposite, or alternate by the suppression of one leaf of each pair, the 
stipules sometimes spine-like: blades abruptly pinnate: leaflets with entire 
often inequilateral blades. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Calyx of 5, 
or rarely 4—6, mostly imbricated or rarely valvate sepals. Disk obsolete or more 
or less elevated. Corolla of 5 or rarely 4-6, imbricated, valvate or convolute, 
hypogynous petals, rarely wanting. Androecium of twice as many stamens as. 
there are petals, in 2 series. Filaments distinct, those opposite the petals. 
exterior, larger than the inner and sometimes adnate to the petals. Anthers. 
Introrse Gynoecium of usually 2-5 united carpels. Ovary 2—5-celled or rarely 
10-12-celled, sometimes winged. Styles united. Ovules 2-many, or rarely soli- 
tary, pendulous or ascending. Fruit capsular, but sometimes baccate at matu- 
rity, angled or winged, separating into 2-5, or rarely 10 carpels. Seeds 1 or 
more in each cavity, with a membranous or fleshy testa. Endosperm wanting: 
or hard. Embryo green, straight or nearly so, with large fleshy cotyledons. 


Herbs : seeds with little or no endosperm. 


Ovary 5-celled, each cavity with transverse septa: fruit armed : seeds several. 1, TRIBULUS. 
Ovary 16-12-celled , each cavity without transverse septa: fruit unarmed: seed 
solitary. 2. KALLSTROEMIA.. 
Shrubs or trees : seeds with hard endosperm. 

Ovary sessile: fruit pubescent: carpels indehiscent. 3. COVILLEA. 
Ovary short-stalked : fruit glabrous: carpels dehiscent. 

Sepals deciduous : filaments without appendages. 4. GUIACUM. 

Sepals persistent : filaments with appendages. 5. PORLIERIA, 


1. TRIBULUS L. 


Commonly diffuse more or less silky herbs, with weak often prostrate stems and branches. 
Leaves opposite: stipules narrow. Flowers solitary on axillary pedicels. Sepals 5, im- 
bricated, deciduous. Disk 10-lobed. Petals 5, imbricated, spreading, white or yellow, 
fugacious. Stamens 10, inserted below the disk: filaments filiform, naked, the inner 5 
alternate with the petals, shorter than the outer, each accompanied by a small gland. 
Ovary sessile, 5-celled, each cavity transversely several-celled : styles united into a short 
stout column: stigmas 5, nearly parallel. Ovules 3-5 in each cavity, pendulous, anatro- 
pous. Fruit 5-angled, spiny, at maturity separating into 5 several-seeded carpels, leaving 
no central axis. Seed solitary in each cavity of the carpels, with a membranous testa. 
Endosperm wanting. CarrRor. Bum-NUT. 


Pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long: 1. T. terrestri. 
1. . long: petals shorter than the sepals. sd ETTORE. 
Pedicels 2.5-4 em. long: petals several times longer than the sepals. 2. T. cistoides. 
l. Tribulus terréstris L. Stems radially branched at the base, the branches pros- 
brc 2-11 dm. long, forked : leaves numerous, 2-6 cm. long: leaflets 10-14, the biades 
oblong or oval, 3-12 mm. long, acute or somewhat apiculate, sessile: flowers on short axil- 


670 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 


lary pedicels : sepals lanceolate, 3.5 mm. long, acute, pubescent: corolla 5-10 mm. broad : 
petals fan-shaped, about 2 mm. long, commonly broader than long: stamens as long as the 
petals: filaments glabrous: ovary bristly pubescent: fruit about 1 cm. long, armed with 
straight or curved spine-like thorns. 


A native of southern Europe and the East Indies, introduced into America from New York, Florida, 
Texas and Mexico. 


2. Tribulus cistoides L. Stems branched at the base, the branches 3-9 dm. long, 
prostrate, spreading radially, forked: leaves 3-4 em. long, silky: leaflets 6-16, the blades 
firm, oblong or linear-oblong, 7-10 mm. long, apiculate, oblique, sessile : flowers on axil- 
lary pedicels which are nearly as long as the subtending leaf or longer: sepals lanceolate, 
8-10 mm. long, acuminate, pubescent: corolla yellow, 4-5 cm. broad: petals obovate, 
usually about 2 em. long: stamens about i as long as the petals: filaments glabrous: 
ovary bristly-pubescent: fruit about 1 cm. in diameter, armed with more or less curved 
spine-like thorns. 


In sandy soil, Florida to Lower California, southward through tropical America. 


2. KALLSTROEMIA Scop. 

Herbs resembling Tribulus. Leaves opposite or alternate: stipules very narrow. 
Flowers solitary on axillary pedicels. Sepals 5-6, imbricated, distinct or nearly so, 
persistent. Petals 5-6, spreading, imbricated or convolute, yellow or red, deciduous. 
Stamens 10-12: filaments filiform-subulate, those opposite the petals exterior and adnate 
to the base of the petals, those of the interior series alternate with those of the outer, 
shorter and each subtended by a small gland. Ovary sessile, 10-12-celled, without trans- 
verse septa: styles united into an elongated column: stigmas 10-12, parallel. Ovules 
solitary in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous or half anatropous. Fruit 10-12-angled, 
tuberculate, at maturity separating from a thick axis into 10-12 carpels. Seeds solitary 
in each carpel, with a membranous testa. Endosperm wanting. CALTROP. 

Sepals lanceolate, not hirsute, mainly appressed-pubescent. 1. K, maxima. 


Sepals linear-subulate, bristly hirsute. 
Leaves and branchlets sparingly pubescent: plants slender: pedicel less than 


1.5 mm. thick under the fruit. 2. K. parviflora. 
Leaves and branchlets copiously and conspicuously hirsute: plants stout: pedi- MAL Ses 
cel over 1.5 mm. thick under the fruit. 3. K. hirsutissima. 


1 Kallstroemia máxima (L.) T. & G. Stem branched at the base, the branches 
radially spreading, usually prostrate, 1-6 dm. long or longer, more or less forked, rather 
appressed-pubescent, succulent : leaves sparingly pubescent : leaflets mostly 6-8, the blades 
of the terminal pair 9-18 mm. long: sepals lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so in age, 3-4 
mm. long, rather appressed-pubescent: petals 6-8 mm. long: fruit 7-10 mm. long, the 
conic beak somewhat longer than the body. 

In waste places and sandy soil, Gulf States. Also in tropical America. 

2. Kallstroemia parvifldra Norton. Similar to K. marima in habit, but with more 
spreading pubescence. Leaves thinly pubescent: leaflets 6-8, the blades of the terminal 
pair 6-13 mm. long: sepals linear-subulate, 4.5-6 mm. long, bristly hirsute: petals 6-8 
mm. long: fruit 10-12 mm. long, or rarely slightly smaller, the slender beak somewhat 
longer than the body. 

In dry soil, Mississippi to Arizona and Mexico. 

3. Kallstroemia hirsutíssima Vail. Similar to the two preceding species, but stouter. 
Leaves copiously and conspicuously pubescent: leaflets mainly 6-8, shaggy pubescent at 
least beneath, the blades of the terminal pair mostly 10-23 mm. long: sepals linear-subo- 
late, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, bristly hirsute: petals 5-7 mm. long: fruit 6-8 mm. long, the 
conic beak commonly as long as the body or somewhat shorter. 

On plains and prairies, Kansas and Colorado to Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. 


3. COVILLEA Vail. 


Heavy-scented evergreen shrubs, often excreting an acid resin. Leaves opposite : 
blades 2-foliolate or pinnate : stipules present: leaflets opposite, with inequilateral sessile 
blades. Flowers terminal on pedicels arising from between the stipules. Sepals 5, in 
cated. Petals 5, yellow, imbricated, short-clawed, surpassing the sepals. Disk 10-lobed. 
Stamens 10, inserted below the disk: filaments filiform, each bearing a wing-like, 2-cleft 
scale. Ovary 5-celled, short-stalked, pubescent. Ovules 6 in each cavity, pendulous. 


KOEBERLINIACEAE 671 


Fruit subglobose, pubescent, separating into 5 carpels. Seeds solitary in each carpel. 
CREOSOTE BUSH. 

1. Covillea tridentata (Cav.) Vail. A diffuse shrub, 0.5-3 m. tall, finely pubes- 
cent throughout. Leaves numerous, excreting a resinous heavy-scented gum: leaflets 2, 
the blades leathery, oblong-ovate, 6-12 mm. long, inequilateral, acute, sessile: sepals 5, 
obovate, concave, 5-6 mm. long, finely pubescent: corolla bright yellow, nearly 2 cm. 
broad : petals 5, oval-obovate, about 10 mm. long, crisped and undulate at the apex ; blades 
narrowed into short claws: ovary densely bristly-pubescent, separating into 5 indehiscent 
carpels. 


On plains and prairies, Utah and Nevada to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


4. GUAIACUM L. 


Shrubs or trees, with a pale, scaly bark and an exceedingly hard wood pervaded by a 
dark colored gum-resin. Leaves opposite, sometimes apparently fascicled : stipules small. 
Flowers irregular, on terminal peduncles. Sepals 5, or rarely 4, imbricated, unequal, 
deciduous. Disk inconspicuous or elevated. Petals blue or purple, 5 or rarely 4, imbri- 
cated, more or less clawed. Stamens 10, inserted on the disk: filaments filiform, naked : 
anthers cordate or sagittate. Ovary short-stalked, 2-5-celled, 2-5-angled : stigma entire 
or minutely 2-5-toothed. Ovules 8-10 in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit 2-5- 
angled or winged, at maturity separating into 2-5 leathery carpels. Seeds solitary, with a 
thick fleshy testa. Endosperm horny-cartilaginous. LiGNUM-VITAE. 

1. Guaiacum sánctum L. An evergreen shrub, ora small tree, sometimes 10 m. 
tall : trunk rarely 1 m. in diameter, clothed with a very pale or white bark : branches 
forking : leaves 5-10 cm. long, becoming glabrous: leaflets 6-8, the blades oblong or 
obovate, 2-3 em. long, usually apiculate, entire, inequilateral, sessile : flowers terminal on 
solitary or clustered pedicels, which are shorter than the subtending leaves: sepals 5, 
obovate or oblong-obovate, 6-7 mm. long, concave, often ciliate: corolla blue, about 2.5 
cm. wide: petals 5, broadly obovate, cuneately narrowed below, twisted near the base, 
spreading : filaments glabrous, dilated at the base: ovary glabrous: fruit obovoid, 15-17 
mm. long, 5-angled, orange-colored : seeds elliptic, covered with a scarlet aril. 

In sand, Florida Keys. Also in the Bahamas and the West Indies. 


5. PORLIERIA R. & P. 


Rigid spreading shrubs. Leaves opposite: leaflets opposite, with narrow entire 
blades : stipules sometimes spine-like. Flowers terminal on clustered or solitary pedicels. 
Sepals 4-5, imbricated, broad, deciduous.  Petals 4—5, imbricated, short-clawed, surpassing 
the sepals. Stamens 8-10; filaments filiform, each with a 2-cleft or cut scale below the 
middle: anthers becoming ineurved. Ovary 2-5-celled, sessile or slightly immersed in 
the disk, 2-5-ribbed. Ovules 4 in each cavity, superposed in pairs. Fruit subglobose or 
ae 2-5-lobed, 2-5-celled. Seeds solitary in each cavity. Testa fleshy. Endosperm 

ard. 

„l. Porlieria angustifolia (Engelm.) A. Gray. A shrub or small tree, 1-7 m. tall, 
with spreading or straggling branches. Leaves 1.5-2 cm. long, glabrous : leaflets 8-12, 
the blades linear, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, reticulated, apiculate, entire or slightly crenate above, 
oblique at the base, sessile : flowers purple, about 12-20 mm. broad : sepals suborbicular, 
concave, 5 mm. long: petals nearly elliptic, 1 em. long, lilac, often notched at the apex : 


filaments pink : anthers bright yellow : ovary pubescent : capsule nearly 2-lobed, 2 cm. in 
diameter, reticulated. 


On plains or prairies, Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 6. KOEBERLINIACEAE Engler. Junco FAMILY. 


Very much branched, nearly leafless Texano-Mexican shrubs or trees, with 
a red-brown scaly bark, the branches terete, the branchlets pale-green, ending 
in straight or curved rigid spines. Leaves scale-like, alternate, broadest above 
the middle, caducous. Flowers small, perfect, in short racemes near the ends 
of the branchlets. Calyx of 4 or rarely 3, distinct, imbricated sepals, deciduous. 
Disk obsolete. Corolla of 4 or rarely 3 white, convolute, somewhat clawed 
petals. Androecium of 8 stamens, inserted under the ovary. Filaments nar- 


672 MALPIGHIACEAE 


rowly spindle-shaped, distinct. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium of 2 united car- 
pels. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled. Styles united. Stigma very short. Ovules numer- 
ous, horizontal or pendulous in several rows, anatropous. Fruit a 2-celled berry 
tipped with the persistent style, with a thin fleshy pulp. Seeds 1-several in 
each cavity, cochleate, with a wrinkled striate crustaceous testa. Endosperm 
thin, striate. Embryo coiled. 


1. KOEBERLINIA Zucc. 


Characters of the family. JUNCO. 

1. Koeberlipia spinósa Zucc. An intricately branched almost leafless shrub or small 
tree, sometimes 8 m. tall, the branches all ending in firm thorns, clothed with a bright 
green puberulent bark. Leaves reduced to small scales: flowers in short lateral racemes : 
pedicels slender, 2-6 mm. long: sepals 4, imbricated, ovate, 1 mm. long, obtuse: petals 4, 
oblong, fiddle-shaped, 2.5 mm. long, obtuse or notched at the apex: stamens 8, shorter 
than the petals : filaments enlarged at the middle : ovary Natale : berries subglobose, 
about 6 mm. in diameter, black, apiculate, fleshy. 

In rocky or gravelly places, in the valley of the Rio Grand and its tributaries. Spring. 


FAMILY 7. MALPIGHIACEAE Vent. MALPIGIA FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, or shrubby herbs, with erect or climbing stems. Leaves 
mostly opposite: blades entire: stipules sometimes present. Flowers usually 
perfect, of various colors, solitary or in terminal racemes, corymbs or umbel-like 
clusters. Calyx of 5, usually imbricated, sepals. Corolla of 5 mostly equal 
clawed, convolute petals, or rarely wanting. Androecium of 5-10 perfect or 
partly sterile stamens. Filaments often united at the base. Anthers 2-celled, 
often with enlarged connectives. Gynoecium of 2-4, or usually 3, distinct or 
united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes crested. Styles sometimes united. 
Ovules solitary in each cavity, nearly orthotropous. Fruit of 2-3 pulpy or hard 
drupes, or sometimes capsular or nut-like. Seeds pendulous. Endosperm want- 
ing. Embryo straight or curved, with thick often unequal cotyledons. 


Stamens 10: styles 3, distinct. 
Sepals with glands: fruit drupaceous. 


Filaments pubescent at the base: fruit of 3 united carpels. 1. BYRSONIMA. 
Filaments glabrous: fruit of 3 distinct carpels. 2. MALPIGHIA. 
Sepals glandless : fruit capsular. 3. THRYALLIS. 
Stamens 5-6 : styles united. 4. ASPICARPA. 


1. BYRSONIMA L.C. Rich. 


Shrubs or trees, with erect, prostrate or climbing stems. Leaves opposite : blades 
leathery, simple: stipules present. Flowers in terminal, simple or compound racemes. 
Sepals 5, each furnished with two glands. Petals 5, glabrous, reflexed, clawed : blades 
concave. Stamens10: filaments short, bearded at the united base. Carpels united. Ovary 
3-celled : styles 3, distinct : stigmas acute. Drupe pulpy, 3-celled, stone bony or woody, 
angled. . Seeds subglobose. 4 

1. Byrsonima lücida (Sw.) DC. An erect evergreen much-branched shrub, with 
pale bark and sparingly pubescent inflorescence, otherwise glabrous. Leaf-blades leathery, 
spatulate or obovate-spatulate, 2-4 cm. long, rounded at the apex, bright green and lus- 
trous above, dull beneath, short-petioled : racemes terminal, erect, 2-4 cm. long : petas 
white, turning to yellow or rose, 7 mm. long ; claws slender, 3 mm. long ; blades reniform, 
undulate, 5-6 mm. broad : drupes subglobose, glabrous, 4-6 mm. in diameter, greenish. 

In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. 


2. MALPÍGHIA L. PR 
Shrubs, with glabrous foliage, or clothed with medifixed hairs. Leaves opposite, with 
small stipules : blades without glands, petioled. Flowers regular, generally me umbels 
terminating axillary peduncles. Sepals 5, all or most of them with a pair of thick glands 
on the back. Petals 5, reddish or purplish, not yellow. Stamens 10, all perfect : fila- 
ments glabrous at the base. Ovary 3-celled, sessile : styles 3, distinct : stigmas truncate. 
Fruit of 3 distinct carpels, each crested on the back. Embryo straight. 


RUTACEAE 673 


1. Malpighia glabra L. A glabrous shrub 2-12 dm. tall, with slender branches. 
Leaf-blades thinnish, ovate, 2-5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, nearly sessile: peduncles 
0.5-1 em. long, axillary : pedicels several, umbellately disposed, often longer than the 
peduncles, slender-clavate : sepals ovate, or oblong-ovate: petals rose-red, or sometimes 
rather pale pink ; blades about as broad as long, 4-6 mm. long, erose or fimbriate: drupe 
about 1 cm. in diameter, red, the nutlets 4-angled, transversely wrinkled between the 
crests or ridges. 

In sandy soil, southern Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies, Spring and summer. 


3. THRYALLIS L. 


Shrubby plants, sometimes herbaceous above the base. Leaves opposite: blades with 
2 glands at the base or on the upper part of the petiole. Flowers regular, in terminal 
racemes. Sepals 5, without glands. Petals 5, yellow or orange: blades finely toothed, 
distinctly clawed. Stamens 10, all perfect : filaments distinct or nearlyso. Ovary 3-celled : 
styles 3, distinct: stigmas very small. Capsule 3-celled, the carpels separating and debis- 
cent. Embryo hooked. 

1. Thryallis angustifdlia (Benth.) Kuntze. Somewhat woody at the base. Stems 
usually tufted, slender, 3-7 dm. tall, glabrate, or strigose with medifixed hairs: leaf- 
blades various, linear to lanceolate, with acute ends, or the lower oblong to oval, with ob- 
tuse ends and short-petioles, all glabrous or nearly so, glaucous: racemes virgate, loosely 
flowered : sepals lanceolate : petals yellow turning reddish ; blades oblong-ovate, 2-4 mm. 
long, with a dark midrib: capsules 3-4 mm. long. 

In dry, usually rocky soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico and in Lower California. Summer. 


4. ASPICARPA L. C. Rich. 


Perennial herbs, more or less woody at the base, commonly diffuse in habit, sometimes 
almost twining vines. Leaves opposite : blades entire. Flowers solitary or clustered, dimor- 
phous, the normal with 5 sepals, 8-20 glands, and petals with fringed blades ; stamens 5-6, 
2-3 sometimes imperfect ; filaments monadelphous: gynoecium of 3 distinct or partially 
united carpels ; styles united ; stigma depressed-capitate or truncate. Cleistogamous flowers 
more fertile than the normal, with glandless sepals and usually a dicarpellary pistil with little 
or no style, usually maturing one carpel into a triangular nutlet incumbent on the receptacle. 

1. Aspicarpa hyssopifdlia A. Gray. Woody at the base. Stems erect, 1-3 dm. 
tall, more or less pubescent with medifixed hairs: lower leaves with oblong or oval 
blades, the upper with linear or linear-lanceolate blades 1-3 cm. long, sessile or nearly so, 
and partly clasping, all glabrous: flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, the normal 
with pedicels nearly as long as the leaves: petals 4~6 mm. long ; blades fimbriate : cleis- 
togamous flowers sessile : nutlets 4-5 mm. long, reticulated, with an acute crest on the back. 

On plains and prairies, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


FAMILY 8. RUTACEAE Juss. RuE FAMILY. 


_Aromatic shrubs or trees, or rarely shrubby herbs, often armed with prickles 
which are sometimes raised on corky ridges. Leaves alternate or opposite : 
blades simple or pinnately compound: leaflets glandular-punctate, the lateral 
With inequilateral blades. Flowers usually perfect, in paniculate or corymbose 
cymes, mostly regular. Calyx of 3-5, or rarely more, imbricated sepals, more 
or less united at the base, or wanting. Corolla of 3-5, or rarely more, usually 
imbricated petals. Androecium of as many stamens as there are petals, or 
rarely thrice as many, inserted on a hypogynous disk, those opposite the petals 
usually shorter than the others. Filaments distinct or united below. Anthers 
introrse. Gynoecium of 2-5 distinct or united carpels. Styles more or less 
united. Stigma often 3-5-angled. Ovules 2, or rarely 4 or more, superposed in 
each cavity. Fruit capsular, or often a samara, drupe, or berry. Seeds solitary 
or several, with an often crustaceous furrowed or punctate testa. Endosperm 
fleshy or wanting. 

A. 
a. Fruit ebaerd ot samaeold. 


7 2 3 or more in each cavity : capsule lobed, solitary. 
ynoecium 4-5-carpellary : leaf-blades divided. 1, Ruta. 


43 


674 RUTACEAE 


Gynoecium 2-carpellary `” leaf-blades entire. 2. THAMNOSMA. 
** Ovules 2 in each cavity : capsule not lobed, 2-5 together. 
Calyx wanting. 3. XANTHOXYLUM. 
Calyx present. 4. FAGARA. 
b. Fruit indehiscent, samaroid. 
Filaments glabrous: fruit separating into3-4 carpels which are winged on the 
back. 5. HELIETTA. 
Filaments pubescent : fruit winged all around. 6. PTELEA. 
B. Fruit a pulpy drupe or a berry. 
Stamens 8: fruit a drupe: leaf-blades 3-5-foliolate. 7. AMYRIS. 
Stamens 20-60 : fruit à berry : leaf-blades 1-foliolate. 8. CITRUS. 


1. RUTA L. 


Perennial caulescent sometimes partly woody herbs, with glandular-punctate foliage 
and often heavy scented herbage. Leaves alternate : blades divided. Flowers in terminal 
corymbose or panicled cymes. Sepals 4-5, persistent. Petals 4-5, yellow or greenish, 
imbricated. Disk thick, 8-10-lobed. Stamens 8-10. Ovary 4-5-celled, sessile, 4-5- 
lobed: styles united: stigma terminal. Ovules several in each cavity of the ovary. 
Capsule 4—5-celled, 4—5-lobed, commonly opening at the apex. Seeds several. 

1. Ruta gravéolens L. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, corymbose at the ends : leaf-blades twice 
ternately divided, the ultimate segments rounded or notched at the apex : sepals triangular 
or ovate, 2.4-4 mm. long: petals 5-7 mm. long, the broad blade with involute margins and 
apex, abruptly narrowed into the claw : capsules depressed, 8-11 mm. wide, 4—5-lobed. 

In waste places and cultivated grounds, eastern United States. Native of Europe. Spring to fall. 


2. THAMNOSMA Torr. & Frem. 

Strong-scented shrubs or shrubby herbs, usually densely glandular. Leaves alternate: 
blades simple, narrow, entire, often reduced to scales. Flowers perfect, regular, in racemes 
or racemose cymes. Sepals 4. Petals 4, yellow or purplish, sessile, often erect. Disk 
cup-like, entire or crenate. Stamens 8: filaments subulate or filiform. Ovary 2-celled, 
2-lobed, long-stalked or nearly sessile : styles united: stigma capitate. Ovules 5-6 in each 
cavity. Capsule leathery, 2-celled, 2-lobed, opening at the apex. Seeds 4-6, nearly reni- 
form. Testa crustaceous, smooth or rough. Embryo curved. 

1. Thamnosma Texana (A. Gray) Torr. A low partially herbaceous shrub, 1-5 dm. 
tall. Stems much branched, wiry, often densely glandular: leaf-blades linear or linear- 
oblong, 5-10 mm. long, obtuse, more or less glandular-punctate, entire, sessile or nearly so, 
early deciduous: flowers in terminal interrupted racemes: pedicels 1-2 mm. long: calyx 
about 2 mm. broad : sepals ovate, obtuse : petals yellow or purplish, elliptic, oblong-ellip- 
tic or oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse, slightly involute: stamens shorter than the petals : 
filaments glabrous, subulate : capsules short-stalked, 5-6 mm. high, 2-lobed, the valves ex- 
tending to the middle: seeds nearly 2 mm. broad, flattened, tuberculate. 

On plains and prairies, Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


3. XANTHOXYLUM!' L. 
Aromatic, often prickly, shrubs or trees, with relatively smooth stems. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades pinnately compound : leaflets with more or less pellucid-punctate, entire or 
toothed blades. Flowers greenish yellow, polygamous, in axillary cymes. Sepals want- 
ing. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-3, abortive in pistillate flowers. Carpels 1-5, short-stalked, 
l-celled, oblique: styles distinct, or united above. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsular 
fruit a single carpel or 2-5 carpels together, not lobed, glandular-punctate, 2-valved. 
Seed solitary, finally exserted. i 
1. Xanthoxylum Americànum Mill. A prickly aromatic shrub, with spreading 
branches. Leaf-blades pinnately-compound, 1-3 dm. long, the rachis nearly terete : leaf- 
lets ovate or oblong or rarely oval, 4-8 cm. long, obtuse or short-acuminate, deep green 
above, paler and more or less pubescent beneath, crenate with flat-topped teeth, sessile or 
short-petioled : calyx wanting: flowers in sessile clustered cymes on the wood of the pre- 
vious season, slender-pedicelled : corolla yellowish and greenish, 3-3.5 mm. broad : = 
sules globose or ellipsoidal, 5 mm. in diameter, wrinkled and glandular-punctate : see 8 
ovoid, 4 mm. long, black, shining. 


On river banks and in woods, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia, 
Spring. PRICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE-TREE. 


Missouri and Nebraska. 


Originally spelled ZANTHOXYLUM. 


RUTACEAE 675 


4. FAGARA L. 


More or less aromatic shrubs or trees, the bark of the stem sometimes with corky, and 
spine-armed ridges. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately compound : leaflets with punc- 
tate, entire or toothed blades. Flowers white or whitish, polygamous, in terminal or 
rarely axillary panicled or corymbose cymes, or rarely clustered. Sepals 4-5, imbricated. 
Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5, reduced in the pistillate flowers. Carpels 1-4, 1-celled, more or 
less united : styles occasionally nearly distinct. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit nearly 
similar to that of Xanthorylum. 


Flowers in axillary cluster-like cymes : sepals and petals 4. 1. F. Fagara. 
Flowers in terminal cymes or corymbs: sepals and petals 3 or 5. 
Sepals and petals 5: leaf-blades unequally pinnate. 


Plants unarmed. 2. F. flava. 
Plants armed with prickles. 
Twigs and inflorescence hirsute: leaflets obtuse: seeds smooth. 3. F. fruticosa. 
Twigs and inflorescence glabrous : leaflets acuminate : seeds wrinkled. 4. F. Clava- Herculis. 
Sepals and petals 3: leaf-blades equally pinnate. 5. F. coriacea. 


l. Fagara Fágara (L.) Small. An evergreen shrub or small tree, sometimes 10 m. 
tall, with zigzag branchlets and puberulent twigs and inflorescence. Leaf-blades pinnately 
compound, 6-8 cm. long, the rachis winged : leaflets 5-13, the blades leathery, obovate or 
oval, 1-2 cm. long, sessile or nearly so, usually notched at the apex, shallowly crenate, 
slightly revolute: flowers in axillary often cluster-like or raceme-like cymes: calyx 1.5 
mm. broad: sepals triangular-ovate, acute: petals oblong or oblong-ovate, 2.5-3 mm. 
long, obtuse, concave : stamens longer than the petals: filaments filiform-subulate: car- 
pels subglobose, 4 mm. in diameter, rugose-tubereulate: seed subglobose, smooth and 
shining, black. ( Xanthoxylum Pterota H. B. K.] 


Along or near the coast, Florida to Texas. Also in the West Indies. Spring. WILD LIME. 


2. Pagara flava (Vahl) Krug & Urban. An unarmed evergreen shrub or 
small tree, sometimes 30 m. tall, its twigs, foliage and inflorescence tomentose, or glabrate 
in age. Leaf-blades pinnately compound, 1-2 dm. Jong: leaflets 5-11, the blades oblong 
or ovate, or the terminal one oval, 3.5-7 cm. long, obtuse, rounded at the apex, slightly 
crenate or nearly entire, inequilateral, short-petioled, pubescent with stellate hairs when 
young, becoming glabrous: panicles 0.5-1.5 dm. long: pedicels 1-3 dm. long: flowers in 
terminal cymes: calyx about 1 mm. broad: sepals triangular-ovate, acutish : petals 5, 
oblong or oblong-ovate, 2.5 mm. long, recurved, thickish : stamens longer than the petals : 
ovary glandular-punctate : carpels obovoid, 6 mm. long, glandular-punctate: seeds lentic- 
ular, 4 mm. broad, faintly reticulated, black. [Xanthoxylum Caribaeum S. Wats., not Lam. ] 

In sand, on the Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies. Spring. YELLOW-WOOD. SATIN-WOOD. 


. 3. Fagara fruticdsa (A. Gray) Small. An aromatic prickly shrub 1-5 m. tall, 
its twigs, petioles and inflorescence finely hirsute. Leaf-blades pinnately compound or 
rarely 3-foliolate, 6-10 em. long; rachis hirsute : leaflets usually 5-11, the blades ovate, 
oblong or oval, 1.5-4 em. long, obtuse, crenate, sessile or nearly so, lustrous above, dull 
beneath: panicles 1-5 em. long, hirsute: pedicels 2-3 mm. long: calyx glabrous : sepals 
linear or linear-subulate, about 1 mm. long, acute: petals elliptic, about 2 mm. long, 
curved and concave, thickened at the apex: stamens shorter or just about as long as the 
petals : filaments shorter than the anthers : carpels usually solitary, about 5 mm. in diam- 
eter, glandular-punctate, apiculate : seeds solitary, obliquely-ovoid, black, shining. [Xan- 
thoxylum Carolinianum var. fruticosum A. Gray. ] 
On plains and prairies, Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 


4. Fagara Clàva-Hérculis (L.) Small. A glabrate prickly shrub or tree, sometimes 
17 m. tall with a maximum trunk diameter of 5 dm. Leaf-blades pinnate, 2-3 dm. long, 
the rachis terete : leaflets 7-11, the blades ovate, 4-5 cm. long, acuminate, appressed-ser- 
rate, abruptly narrowed at the base into short winged petiolules, all except the terminal 
one very inequilateral, often somewhat curved : panicles corymbose, 1-2 dm. long : calyx 
2.5-3 mm. broad: sepals triangular-ovate, obtuse: petals oblong-ovate, 3 mm. long, con- 
cave, thickened at the obtuse apex : stamens longer than the petals: filaments stout : car- 
pels 2-5 in a cluster, globose-o ovoid, 5-6 mm. in diameter, rugose, apiculate: seeds 1-2 
in a carpel, globose-oblong, black, coarsely wrinkled. [Xanthorylum Clava-Herculis L.] 

Along or near the coast, Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Spring. PRICKLY AsH. TooTH- 
ACHE-TREE. SEA ASH. PEPPER WOOD. 

5. Pagara coriacea (A. Rich.) Krug & Urban. A tree becoming 6 or7 m. tall, 
more or less spine-armed, glabrous or nearly so throughout. Leaf-blades pinnately 4-12-, 
foliolate, the rachis channeled above: leaflets usually 6-10, tbe blades 2-6 cm. long, 


676 RUTACEAE 


leathery, obovate to cuneate or oblong with a cuneate base, rounded or notched at the 
apex, more or less revolute, somewhat lustrous above: cymes corymb-like, the branches oc- 
casionally with scattered hairs: pedicels stout: calyx minute: sepals reniform or ovate- 
reniform, barely 0.5 mm. long, obtuse: petals oval or oblong, 2-3 mm. long: stamens 3: 
filaments longer than the anthers : carpels 4-5 mm. long. [Xanthoxylum coriacea A. Rich.] 

Along or near the coast, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies, 
Spring and summer. 


5. HELIETTA Tulasne. 


Evergreen shrubs or small trees, with terete branches. Leaves mostly opposite : blades 
3-foliolate: leaflets with entire glandular-punctate blades. Flowers mostly perfect, in 
axillary or terminal panicled cymes. Sepals 3-4, imbricated. Petals 3-4, elongated, 
spreading, imbricated. Disk cup-like. Stamens 3-4: filaments somewhat flattened, gla- 
brous. Ovary 3-4-eelled, depressed, 3-4-lobed : styles united : stigma 3-4-lobed. Ovules 
2 in each cavity, side by side. Fruit a cluster of 3-4 samaras, the membranous wing pro- 
jecting from the back. Seeds narrow. BARETTA. 

1. Helietta parviflora Benth. An evergreen glabrous shrub, or a small tree, reaching 
a height of 8 m., the trunk clothed with a scaly bark. Petioles grooved : leaflets 3, the 
blades leathery, spatulate or the lateral ones obovate or oblong, all obtuse or notched at 
the apex, 1—4 cm. long, sessile: panicles 2-5 cm. high : pedicels 1-4 mm. long: calyx 1.5 
mm. broad: sepals ovate, acutish, erect: petals thick, oblong, 2.6 mm. long, obtuse, 
slightly crisped, spreading : stamens shorter than the petals: filaments subulate, glabrous : 
ovary depressed-ovoid : samaras 3-4, firm, 1-1.5 cm. long: seed nearly oblong. 

On bluffs along the Rio Grande, Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


6. PTELEA L. 


Unarmed shrubs or small trees, with an aromatic bark and foliage. Leaves alternate: 
blades 3-foliolate, or rarely pinnately 5-foliolate: leaflets with entire or toothed, pellucid- 
punctate blades. Flowers polygamous, greenish yellow, in corymbose or panicled cymes. 
Sepals 4-5, imbricated. Petals 4-5, imbricated, surpassing the sepals. Stamens 4-5, ab- 
ortive in the pistillate flowers : filaments stout, pubescent. Ovary 2-3-celled, flattened : 
styles united : stigma 2-3-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, superposed. Samara mem- 
branous, reticulated, 2-3-winged all around, indehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cavity. 
SHRUBBY TREFOIL. Hor-rREE. WHAHOO. WATER ASH. 


Parts of the flowers usually in 5's. 


Filaments slightly pubescent at the middle: petals glabrous within: Floridian. 1. P. Baldwinii. 
Filaments pubescent throughout: petals pubescent within: Texano-Mexican. 2. P. angustifolia. 
Parts of the flowers usually in 4's. 
Samaras obovate. 
Leaflets with sharply serrate blades: samaras 16-19 mm. long, acute at the 
base, the body merely glandular dotted. 8. P. serrata. 
Leaflets with entire or merely undulate blades: samaras 8-11 mm. long, ; 
or rarely larger rounded or truncate at the base, the body pitted. 4. P. microcarpa. 


Samaras suborbicular. 
Leaflets with entire or merely crenulate blades, the terminal one much B 
longer than broad, acute or slightly acuminate. 5. P. trifoliata. 
Leaflets with crenate or crenate-lobed blades, the terminal one only slightly 
longer than broad, blunt. 
Leaflets not lustrous : filaments nearly glabrous : anthers rounded or retuse 


z E the apex. 6. P. rhombifolia. 
eaflets lustrous above: filaments densely [pubescent below: anthers £ 
apiculate. yip 7. P. Toxicodendron. 


l. Ptelea Baldwínti T. & G. An almost glabrous shrub about 3 dm. tall, with 
irregularly branched stems. Leaflets 3, the blades oval or ovate, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse at 
both ends, or the terminal one cuneate at the base, sessile, glabrous except the midrib wm 
the ciliate margin when young: panicles few-flowered : calyx 1.5 mm. broad : sepals oval, 
less than 1 mm. long, acutish, ascending : petals 4, oblong-oblanceolate, 4 mm. long, o 
tuse, undulate : stamens shorter than the petals : filaments stout, hairy at the middle. 

In the vicinity of St. Johns, eastern Florida. Spring. : 


2. Ptelea angustifòlia Benth. A little-known species, originally described from 
us with pubescent foliage, wholly pubescent filaments and the petals hairy on 
sides : 


Is said to occur in southern and western Texas. 


RUTACEAE 677 


3. Ptelea serrata Small. An irregularly branching shrub 1-2 m. tall, with gla- 
brous foliage. Leaflets 3, the blades thinnish, oval, elliptic, to elliptic-obovate, 2.5-7 cm. 
long, sharply acuminate, or rarely only acute, rather shallowly serrate, deep green above, 
very pale green beneath, the terminal one with a slender base: panicles few-flowered : 
samaras obovate, 16-19 mm. long, acute at the base, the wing rather delicate, the body 
glandular-dotted. 

On granite rocks, Stone Mountain, Georgia. Spring. 


4. Ptelea microcárpa Small. A branching shrub, 1.5-3 m. tall, with glabrous foli- 
age. Leaflets 3, the blades rather firm, elliptic to oval or elliptic-obovate, 5-10 cm. long, 
bluntly pointed or slightly acuminate, entire or merely undulate, slightly paler beneath 
than above, the terminal one not conspicuously narrow at the base: panicles many-flow- 
ered : samaras obovate, 8-11 mm. or rarely 12-20 mm. long, rounded or truncate at the 
base, the wings slightly crisped, the bodies pitted. 

On limestone or granite ridges or hillsides, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


5. Ptelea trifoliàta L. An aromatic shrub or tree sometimes 8 m. tall, the foliage 
glabrous or sometimes densely pubescent. Leaflets 3, the blades ovate, oval, elliptic, oblong, 
oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, entire or sometimes 
undulate or partially erenulate : panicles many-flowered : sepals ovate, 1.5 mm. long, ob- 
tuse: petals nearly oblong, 4-5 mm. long: samaras suborbicular or oval-orbicular, 2-2.5 
cm. long, rounded or notched at the base. 


In rich soil or on river banks, Long Island to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring.— 
The form with pubescent foliage, is P. trifoliata móllis M. A. Curtis. 


6. Ptelea rhombifólia Heller. A shrub 2-2.5 m. tall, branching above, the foliage 
densely pubescent. Leaflets 3, the blades rhombic-ovate or rhombic-orbicular, 2.5-5 cm. 
long, blunt, crenate, dull green above, the terminal one little longer than broad: petals 
pubescent without, about 4 mm. long: filaments slightly pubescent near the base : samaras 
nearly orbicular, 1.5-2.5 em. broad. 

In open woods, southern Texas. Spring. 


. 7. Ptelea Toxicodéndron Small. A branching shrub 1-2 m. tall, with glabrous 
foliage. Leaflets 3, the blades oval or rarely oval-ovate, 1.5-6 cm. long, rounded or blunt 
at the apex, crenate or somewhat erenate-lobed, dark green and lustrous above, slightly 
paler beneath : panicles few-flowered : petals about 5 mm. long, glabrous : filaments densely 
pubescent at the base: mature samaras not seen. 


In gravelly soil, near Kerrville, Texas. Spring. 


7. AMYRIS L. 


Glabrous shrubs or trees, containing a resinous aromatic sap. Leaves alternate or 
opposite : blades compound, sometimes unifoliate : leaflets with entire or crenulate blades, 
punctate. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in axillary or terminal panicles, white. Ped- 
icels often with 2 scales. Hypanthium urn-shaped. Sepals 4. Petals 4, imbricated. 
Stamens 8, inserted on the disk : filaments filiform : anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary 
l-celled : style short or wanting: stigma flat or capitate. Ovules 2, pendulous from the 
top of the cavity. Drupe obovoid, oval or globose, with a parchment-like stone. Seed 
solitary. Testa membranous. Cotyledons thick. TorcH-woop. 


Leaves alternate: leaflets with crenate blades, the terminal one sessile or RUNE E E 


la à . A. parvifolia. 
ves opposite : leaflets with entire blades, the terminal one long-stalked. i 
Gynophore obsolete, the receptacle flat. 2. A. elemifera. 
Gynophore well developed, surrounded by the elongated receptacle. p 
Leaflets shining beneath : ovary glabrous: fruit globose. 3. A. maritima. 
Leaflets dull beneath : ovary pubescent: fruit obovoid to oval-elliptic. 4. A. balsamifera. 


l. Amyris parvifolia A. Gray. An unarmed glabrous aromatic shrub 1-3 m. tall, 
usually densely branched, the twigs and inflorescence densely glandular. Leaf-blades 
8-foliolate, petioled : leaflets 3, the blades leathery, 1-2.5 cm. long, ovate, obtuse, coarsely 
Crenate, sessile or nearly so, firm, punctate on both sides: panicles 2-3 cm. long: flowers 
in terminal corymbose panicles : calyx 1 mm. broad: sepals broadly ovate, acute, 1-1 as 
long as the thick, club-shaped pedicel : petals 1-2 mm. long, oval, obtuse : stamens included : 

laments and anthers of iie same length. [Xanthorylum Tezamum Buckl.]} 

Along or near the Rio Grande, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring. 


678 SURIANACEAE 


2. Amyris elemifera L. An evergreen glabrous shrub or tree, becoming 17 m. tall, 
with a trunk diameter of about 3dm. Leaflets 1-3, the blades firm, ovate or elliptic-ovate, 
often somewhat rhombic, 2-8 cm. long, obtuse, acute or acuminate, undulate, obtuse or 
truncate at the base, finely reticulated: panicles 3-8 cm. long, short-peduncled : pedicels 
4-6 mm. long: sepals ovate, nearly 1 mm. long: petals nearly oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, 
yellowish white, obtuse, spreading or recurved : drupes globose, 4-6 mm. long, black wit 
a bloom, aromatic. 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the Bahamas and the West Indies, 
Summer to winter. 

3. Amyris maritima Jacq. A tree resembling A. balsamifera, but taller, and with 
glabrous branchlets. Leaflets 3, the blades shining beneath: ovary glabrous: drupes 
globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. 

In sand, Key West, Florida. Alsoin the West Indies. Throughout the year. 

4. Amyris balsamífera L. A branching shrub or small tree, sometimes 4 m. tall, 
with a maximum trunk diameter of about 2.5 dm., the branchlets slightly pubescent. 
Leaves persistent: leaflets 3-5, the blades ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, attenuate-acumi- 
nate, dull beneath, entire: inflorescence resembling that of A. elemifera: ovary pubescent: 
drupes obovoid to elliptic-oval, 6-13 mm. long, black beneath the bloom. 

In sand, southern Florida. Also in the West Indies and South America. Throughout the year. 


8. CITRUS L. 

Shrubs and trees, with more or less spinescent branches, pervaded by a fragrant vola- 

tile oil. Leaves persistent: blades 1-foliolate, leathery: petiole often winged. Flowers 

perfect, regular, axillary. Sepals united into a cup-like calyx. Petals 5 or rarely 4-8, 

white, at least within, deciduous. Stamens 20-60: filaments inserted around an annular 

or cup-like disk. Ovary several-celled, superior: styles united, deciduous. Ovules several 

in each cavity. Berries various, with a bitter oily rind. Seeds pale, several in each cavity. 

Endosperm wanting. Embryo with fleshy cotyledons. Various species and varieties of 
this genus are cultivated, and either spontaneous or naturalized in the Gulf States : 

Petioles with wings or margins. 


Wings of the petiole very broad. 1. C. vulgaris. 
Wings of the petiole very narrow or represented by mere margins. à 
Leaflets with entire blades: berry with a separable rind and a sweet n 2, C. Aurantium. 
. Leaflets with toothed blades: berry with an adherent rind and a very acid pulp. 3. C. Limomum. 
Petioles wingless and marginless. R 
Leafiets with toothed blades : berries with a thin rind. 4. C. Limetta. 
Leaflets with entire blades: berries with a very thick rind. 5. C. Medica. 


1. Citrus vulgaris Risso. The bitter-sweet orange ; with a broadly winged petiole, a 
subglobose berry, an orange-colored and very fragrant rind and a bitter-sweet or bitter 
and sour pulp. 

Thoroughly naturalized in peninsular Florida. 

2. Citrus Aurántium L. The sweet orange; with a narrowly winged petiole, a sub- 
globose berry, an orange-colored rind and a sweet pulp. 

Widely cultivated and spontaneous in peninsular Florida and others of the Gulf States. 

3. Citrus Limónium Risso. The lemon; witha narrowly winged petiole, a more or 
less elongated berry, a pale yellow rind and a very sour and acid pulp. 

Cultivated and spontaneous in peninsular Florida. 

4. Citrus Limétta Risso. The lime; with wingless petioles, small, nearly globular 
berries, a pale thin rind and a sweetish somewhat acid pulp. 

Cultivated and naturalized in peninsular Florida. oe 

5. Citrus Médica L. The citron; with wingless petioles, large somewhat elongat 
berries, a very thick adherent rind and a slightly acid pulp. 

Sparingly cultivated and spontaneous in peninsular Florida. 


FAMILY 9. SURIANACEAE Lindl. SuRIANA FAMILY. 


Shrubs of tropical coasts. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, rather 2 
Flowers perfect, solitary, or in few-flowered terminal clusters. Calyx of 5 d 
sistent sepals. Corolla of 5 imbricated petals with claws. Androecium © = 
stamens. Filaments slender, those opposite the petals shorter, or somo 
obsolete. Disk adnate to the base of the calyx or obsolete. Gynoecium we 
distinct carpels opposite the petals. Carpels pubescent, 1-celled. Styles 


SIMARUBACEAE 679 


form. Stigmas capitate. Ovules 2, collateral, ascending, campylotropous. 
Fruit achene-like. Seeds with a horseshoe-shaped embryo and thick incumbent 
cotyledons. i 
1. SURIANA L. 

Characters of the family. 

1. Suriana marítima L. A copiously branched shrub 1-2 m. tall, with softly pubes- 
cent foliage. Leaves numerous and approximate ; blades linear-spatulate, 1.5-4 cm. long, 
entire, nerveless: flower-clusters not surpassing the leaves: sepals ovate, 6-8 mm. long, 
acuminate: petals yellow, broadened upward, about as long as the sepals: fruit 8-10 mm. 
broad, the achene-like carpels 4-4.5 mm. high, finely pubescent. 

On sandy beaches, Florida. Widely distributed in the tropics. 


FAMILY 10. SIMARUBACEAE DC. Quassra FAMILY. 


Tropieal shrubs or trees, or rarely herbs, with a bitter milky sap. Leaves 
alternate or rarely opposite, without stipules: blades pinnately compound, rarely 
1-3-foliolate, or simple: leaflets not glandular-punctate. Inflorescence mostly 
axillary, racemose or paniculate, or rarely spicate. Flowers sometimes solitary, 
dioecious, polygamous, or rarely perfect, regular. Calyx of 3-5 persistent 
sepals. Disk annular, cup-like or elongated into a stalk, entire or lobed. 
Corolla of 3-5 imbricated or valvate deciduous petals, or rarely wanting. 
Androecium of as many stamens as there are petals, or twice as many, rarely 
numerous, inserted under the disk. Filaments distinct, naked or each with a 
scale at the base, sometimes pilose. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium of 2-5, 
more or less united carpels. Ovary 2—5-celled, deeply 2-5-lobed, or rarely 1-5- 
celled and entire. Styles 2-5, more or less united. Ovules usually solitary in 
each cavity, rarely numerous, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a drupe or samara. 
Seed mostly solitary, pendulous, with a membranous testa. Endosperm fleshy, 
sometimes wanting. 


Leaves with simple blades. 1. CASTELA. 
Leaves with pinnately-compound blades. 
Carpels united at the base or by their styles. 


Fruit a drupe. 2. SIMARUBA. 
Fruit a samara. 3. AILANTHUS. 
Carpels wholly united up to the styles. 4. PIGORAMNIA. 


1. CÁSTELA Turpin. 

Low rigid spinescent shrubs, with spreading branches and very bitter bark and wood. 
Leaves alternate, often clustered : blades leathery, small, simple, entire, revolute. Flowers 
small, polygamo-dioecious, solitary or clustered. Sepals 4, relatively small. Petals 4, im- 
bricated in the bud. Stamens 8, represented by staminodia in the pistillate flowers, in- 
serted below the 8-lobed disk : filaments often pubescent. Ovary 4-lobed, 4-celled, sessile : 
styles united to the middle, the tips recurved, stigmatic on the inner side. Fruit a cluster 
of 4, or fewer, fleshy drupes. Stone crustaceous. Endosperm scant. Cotyledons thick. 

1. Castela Nicholeónii Hook. A rigid spinescent shrub 1-2 m. tall, with pale bark 
and tomentose twigs. Leaf-blades oblong or oblanceolate, 8-20 mm. long, obtuse or apicu- 
late, revolute, nearly glabrous above, pale-tomentose beneath, nearly sessile, sometimes clus- 
tered : corolla orange-red : filaments hirsute : drupes flattened, 6-8 mm. long, red, oblique, 
acute, coarsely reticulated. d 

On bluffs along the Rio Grande and its tributaries, Texas and Mexico. GOATBUSH. 


2. SIMARUBA Aubl. 

Tropical trees, with a resinous sap. Leaves alternate, without stipules : blades leathery, 
abruptly-pinnate. Leaflets mostly alternate, entire, conduplicate in vernation. Flowers 
small, monoecious or dioecious, in elongated panicles. Sepals 4-5, imbricated. Disk 
Somewhat cup-shaped, pubescent. Petals 4-5, imbricated, spreading. Stamens 8-10, in- 
serted below the disk, reduced to scales in pistillate flowers: filaments filiform, enlarged 
at the base, inserted on the back of a fringed scale. Ovary sessile in the disk, deeply 4—5- 
lobed, rudimentary or wanting in the staminate flowers: styles ufiited : stigmas spread- 
Ing or recurved, longer than the style. Drupes solitary, or 5 together, with a thin fleshy 
Pulp and a crustaceous stone. Endosperm wanting. Cotyledons plano-convex. 


680 BURSERACEAE 


1. Simaruba glaüca DC. An evergreen glabrous tree, sometimes 16 m. tall, witha 
maximum trunk diameter of 5 dm.  Leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long: rachis wingless: leaflets 
6-12, the blades oblong, 4-8 cm. long, apiculate or obtuse at the apex, entire and slightly 
revolute, bright green and lustrous above, paler and dull beneath, often cuneately narrowed 
at the base : staminate flowers with 5 triangular-ovate ciliolate sepals, 5 oblong-lanceolate, 
fleshy, acute or apiculate recurved petals, and 5 glabrous stamens, each with a many- 
toothed scale at the base: pistillate flowers with 5 ovate sepals, 5 erect fleshy ovate, 
obliquely-apiculate petals, and a 5-lobed ovary with 5 styles which are recurved and 
curled above: drupes oval, somewhat oblique, about 2 cm. long, scarlet or dark purple : 
seeds roughened. 


In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Early spring. Also in the West Indies 
and Brazil. PARADISE-TREE. GUMBO LIMBO. BITTER-WOOD. 


3. AILANTHUS Desf. 


Handsome trees, with a pale bark, sometimes ill-smelling. Leaves alternate: blades 
unequally pinnate, ample: leaflets numerous, the blades oblique, entire or coarsely- 
toothed. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in large terminal panicled racemes. | Pedicels sub- 
tended by small bracts. Sepals 5, imbricated. Disk hemispheric, 10-lobed. Petals 5, 
valvate, spreading. Stamens mostly 10, inserted at the base of the disk: filaments naked. 
Ovary 2-5-celled, deeply lobed, the lobes flattened: styles 2-5, united. Samaras solitary 
or 5 together, elongated, membranous-winged, 1-celled. Endosperm scant. Cotyledons 
flat, suborbicular. TRrE-oF-HEAVEN. 

1. Ailanthus glanduldsus Desf. A tree sometimes 30 m. tall, the stout trunk 
clothed with a pale smoothish bark. Leaf-blades 3-6 dm. long, the rachis nearly terete: 
leaflets 13-41, the blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7-18 cm. long, acuminate, undu- 
late, obtuse or subcordate at the base : flowers in panicles varying from 1-3 dm. in length, 
the staminate with 5 triangular-ovate acute ciliolate sepals, 5 oval involute petals which 
are 3-4 mm. long and villous near the base within, and 5 stamens whose filaments are villous 


near the base: pistillate flowers often smaller than staminate: stamens more or less im- ` 


perfect: ovary 5-winged, surmounted by the united styles and a large stigma : samara 4-5 
em. long, linear-elliptic, curved, the flat seed in the middle. 


In waste places and along streams, more or less extensively naturalized in the United States and 
southern British America. Native of China. Spring and early summer. 


4. PICRAMNIA Sw. 

Tropical dioecious shrubs or trees, pervaded by a very bitter principle. Leaves alter- 
nate, without stipules: blades unequally pinnate: leaflets opposite or nearly so. Flowers 
small, dioecious, clustered in elongated spikes or racemes opposite the leaves. Sepals 3-5, 
imbricated. Disk flat, lobed. Petals 3-5, narrow, imbricated, inflexed at the apex, rarely 
wanting. Stamens 3-5, opposite the petals, reduced to linear scales in the pistillate flow- 
ers: filaments naked, inflexed. Ovary sessile on the disk, 2-3-celled : styles partially 
united, or rarely wanting: stigmas 2-3, recurved. Ovules 2, pendulous, collateral. 
Berry oblong, 1-2-celled. Cotyledons undivided. A 

1. Picramnia pentándra Sw. A shrub or small tree, its trunk rarely 1.5 dm. thick, 
the twigs and inflorescence appressed-pubescent. Leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, the rachis 
terete: leaflets 5-7, the blades leathery, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, or rarely ovate, 5-10 
cm. long, acuminate at both ends or acute at the base, dark green and lustrous above, 
paler beneath, glabrous: panicles relatively few-flowered, lax: staminate flowers with 
corollas about 3-3.5 mm. wide: pistillate flowers with narrowly triangular-ovate acute 
sepals: berries oblong, 10-15 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. 


FAMILY 11. BURSERACEAE Kunth. Torcu-woop FAMILY. 


Trees, producing a copious resinous sap which hardens into a resin a 
exposure. Leaves alternate, without stipules: blades unequally pinnate, rarely 
3-foliolate or 1-foliolate : leaflets with pellucid glands. Inflorescence densum 
or panieulate. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, regular. Calyx of i 
imbricated or valvate persistent sepals. Disk annular or cup-shaped. Most a 
of 3-6 distinct or slightly united deciduous imbricated or valvate peta!s. 
Androecium of 6-12 stamens, inserted under the disk, Filaments subulate, dis- 


MELIACEAE 681 


tinct, naked.  Anthers often versatile, introrse. Gynoecium of 2-5 united 
carpels. Ovary 2-5-celled, free. Styles united, sometimes wanting. Stigma 
2-5-lobed. Ovules 2, or rarely 1, in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit 
drupaceous, sometimes with a more or less valvular epicarp. Seeds terete or 
angled, the testa membranous. Endosperm wanting. Cotyledons thin. 


1. BÜRSERA Jacq. 

Tropical, sometimes evergreen trees, with a balsamic-resinous sap. Leaves sparse, 
often erowded at the ends of the branches: leaflets opposite, commonly pellucid-punctate, 
the rachis terete or winged. Flowers clustered, or in short or elongated lateral racemes or 
panicles. Sepals 4-6, at length reflexed. Disk annular, crenate. Petals 4-6, valvate or 
rarely imbricated. Stamens 6-12, inserted at the base of the disk: filaments nearly equal, 
distinct. Ovary 3-5-celled, sessile: stigmas 3-5. Ovules 2. Drupe ovoid or globose, 
oblique, somewhat 3-angled, indehiscent or sometimes with 2-3 valves. Seeds solitary. 
Cotyledons sometimes 3-parted, contorted and folded. 

1. Bursera Simarüba (L.) Sarg. A large glabrous forest tree, with a maximum 
height of 20 m. and a trunk diameter of 1 m. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, usually decidu- 
ous: leaflets 3-7, the blades rather leathery, oval or elliptic, varying to ovate or obovate, 
3-5 em. long, usually short-acuminate, entire, inequilateral : racemes simple, 5-10 em. 
long, longer than the peduncles: pedicels 4-8 mm. long: sepals ovate or triangular-ovate, 
about 1 mm. long: petals oblong-lanceolate or ovate, spreading, 2-2.5 mm. long, acute : 
stamens erect : drupes oblong, 3-angled, 5-6 mm. long, the epicarp leathery, separating into 
3 valves: seeds 1 or 2, 3-angled. [B. gummifera L.?] 


On the coast, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Alsoin tropical America. Spring. WEST 
INDIAN BIRCH. GUMBO LIMBO. GUM ELEMI. 


FAMILY 12. MELIACEAE Vent. MAHOGANY FAMILY. 


Mostly tropical shrubs, trees, or sometimes shrubby herbs, with an often 
hard and odorous wood. Leaves alternate, without stipules: blades pinnately 
compound, sometimes thrice pinnate : leaflets with entire or toothed blades. In- 
florescence paniculate. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, regular. Calyx 
of 3-5 imbricated or rarely valvate sepals. Disk variable. Corolla of 3-5 distinct 
or somewhat united contorted or imbricated petals which are sometimes adnate 
to the stamen-tube and valvate. Androecium of 8-10 stamens, or rarely fewer 
or more, inserted at the base of the disk. Filaments united into a tube whose 
edge is variously toothed or cleft. Anthers sessile or stalked on the tube, some- 
times apiculate. Gynoecium of 3-5 united carpels. Ovary 3-5-celled, free. 
Styles united. Ovules 2-many in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a berry, cap- 
sule or drupe. Seeds sometimes winged.  Endosperm wanting or fleshy. 
Embryo with leafy cotyledons. 


rules 2in a cavity: fruit a drupe: seeds without wings. l. MELIA. 
vules many in a cavity : fruit a capsule: seeds winged. 2. SWIETENIA. 


1. MELIA L. 

Tropical and Australian trees, commonly with a variegated wood and scarred branches. 
Leaves alternate : blades unequally pinnate, often thrice compound ; leaflets often numer- 
ous, the blades toothed. Flowers perfect, white or purple, in ample axillary much- 
branched panicles. Sepals 5-6, imbricated. Disk annular. Petals 5-6, distinct, narrow, 
contorted, spreading. Staminal tube nearly cylindric, dilated at the mouth, 10-12-lobed, 
each lobe 2- or 3-cleft : anthers 10-12, erect, scarcely apiculate. Ovary subglobose, 3-6- 
celled : stigma 3-6-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous, one above the other- 
Drupe leathery-fleshy, with a 1-5-celled stone. Seed solitary in each cavity, wingless. 
Endosperm fleshy or very thick. CHINA-TREE. PRIDE-OF-ĪNDIA. 

~~ l. Melia Azédarach L. A large ornamental tree, reaching a height of 15 m. and with 
a trunk diameter of nearly 2 m. Bark furrowed : leaf-blades twice compound, 3-9 dm. 
long, petioled : leaflets numerous, the blades ovate, oval or elliptic, 3-7 cm. long, acute or 
short acuminate, incised-serrate or lobed, acute or subcordate at the base: panicles 6-15 


682 POLYGALACEAE 


em. long, open, about as long as the peduncles : pedicels 4-10 mm. long : sepals elliptic or 
oblong-lanceolate, 2 mm. long, acute: petals purplish, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 
about 1 em. long, obtuse, spreading: drupes subglobose, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, yellow, 
smooth : seeds lobed, very rough, wingless. 

Nearly throughout our range, naturalized from Asia.— M. Azedarach wmbraculifera Sarg., is the form 
with a depressed umbrella-like top, it is cultivated and spontaneous in the Gulf States. 


2. SWIETENIA Jacq. 

Tropical American lofty trees, with dark red wood. Leaves alternate, with abruptly 
pinnate blades: leaflets opposite, the blades leathery, oblique, undulate. Flowers perfect, 
in axillary or nearly terminal panicles. Sepals 5, imbricated, united to above the middle. 
Disk annular. Petals 5, contorted, spreading. Staminal tube urn-shaped, 10-toothed : 
anthers 10, attached below the sinuses of the tube. Ovary ovoid, 5-celled: stigma dis- 
coid. > Ovules numerous in each cavity, pendulous, half-anatropous. Capsule 5-celled, 
opening septicidally from the base by 5 valves from the 5-angled or 5-winged axis, its 
valves of 2 layers. Seeds numerous, imbricated in 2 rows in each cavity, each produced 
into a long membranous wing. Endosperm thin, fleshy. Embryo transverse, with large 
closely united cotyledons. MAHOGANY. MADEIRA REDWOOD. 

1. Swietenia Mahàgoni Jacq. A massive evergreen forest tree, with a maximum 
height of 25 m. and with a trunk diameter of 3 or 4 m. at the swollen base. Bark sepa- 
rating in large scales: leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, petioled : leaflets 4-8, the blades leathery, 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, very inequilateral, acuminate, undulate, acute or 
rounded at the curved base : panicles 8-15 cm. long, open, about as long as the peduncles : 
sepals half-orbicular, about 1 mm. long, united below: corolla 8-9 mm. broad : petals 
oblong-obovate, usually 3-4 mm. long, obtuse, spreading : stamina] tube as long as the pistil, 
its lobes acute or acuminate: capsule ovoid, 6-12 cm. long: seeds 1-1.5 cm. long, the 
wing about 1} times longer than the body, membranous, red. 

In sand and coral rock, Florida Keys. Also in the West India and Bahama Islands, Central and 
northern South America. Summer; fruit ripening in the fall or winter. 


Order 15. POLYGALALES. 

Herbs or shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, some- 
times much reduced. Flowers perfect. Perianth of two series. Calyx of 5 or 
rarely 3 or 4 sepals. Corolla apparently papilionaceous, or regular (TREMAN- 
DRACEAE). Androecium of 6, 8 or 10 stamens. Filaments distinct or united 
and sometimes partially adnate to the corolla. Anthers opening by terminal 
pores or cracks. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels, or rarely more. Style often 
bent. Ovules mostly solitary in each cavity. Fruit capsular. Seeds usually 
carunculate and often hairy. 


FAMILY 1. POLYGALACEAE Reichenb. MirkwoRT FAMILY. 


Herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees in the tropics, with a watery sap, at least 
above the roots. Leaves alternate, or opposite or whorled, sometimes scale- 
like: stipules wanting. Flowers irregular, apparently papilionaceous, variously 
disposed. Calyx of 5, mostly free, imbricated sepals, the 2 inner petaloid, 
ealled wings. Corolla of 5 or often 3 petals ; lower one concave, often beaked or 
crested, called the keel, more or less united to the others. Androecium of 4 or 
usually 8 stamens. Filaments usually united into a tube cleft on the back, 
rarely free.  Anthers innate, becoming 1-celled, opening by terminal pores or 
cracks.  Gynoecium of 2 or rarely 5 united carpels, or apparently 1-carpellary. 
Ovary 2-celled. Styles united. Stigma curved, dilated or lobed. Ovule Sous 
pendulous, anatropous. Fruit mostly capsular, 2-celled. Seeds with or Me 
endosperm, often pubescent, usually caruncled at the hilum. Embryo straight. 


1. POLYGALA L. 


Herbs or shrubby plants, some species producing racemes of cleistogamous 
the base. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled. Flowers perfect, often showy, s 
densely crowded spikes or racemes. Sepals 5, unequal, the two lateral ones peta 


flowers at 
n in 
-like 


POLYGALACEAE 683 


(wings), larger than the other three. Petals 3, or rarely 5, united below, the middle one 
(keel) commonly lobed at the apex and crested, the others smaller. Stamens 8, or rarely 
6: filaments united into a tube, or into 2 sets of 3 or 4 each, sometimes adnate to the 
petals: anthers 1-2-celled. Style curved, often club-shaped: stigmas sometimes 2—4- 
lobed. Capsule flattened, 2-celled. Seed 1 in each cavity, usually bearing a caruncle. 
Embryo straight in the thin endosperm. MILKWORT. 


Keel without beak or crest. 
Calyx caducous: capsules pubescent: shrubby plants. 


Foliage puberulent: wings obovate : capsules 8 mm. long. 1. P. puberula. 
Foliage tomentose: wings lanceolate: capsules 10 mm. long. 2. P. ovatifolia. 
Calyx persistent: capsules glabrous: herbaceous plants. 3. P. grandiflora. 
Keel with a beak or a papillose or tufted crest. 
Keel with a horn-like or hooded beak. 
Upper leaves with relatively broad blades, linear. 
Foliage pubescent with spreading hairs: rachides with 4-6 joints: wings å 
acute at the base. 4. P. Lindheimeri. 
Foliage pubescent with appressed or incurved hairs: rachides with 12- 
18 joints: wings barely narrowed at the base. 5. P. Texensis. 
Upper leaves with linear blades. 6. P. Tweedyi. 
Keel with a papillose or tufted crest. 
Sepals nor ecurrent on the pedicels: corolla white, pink, cream-color or 
purple. 
Perennial. 
Flowers both normal and cleistogamous. 
Flowers axillary : capsules 5-8 mm. long. 7. P. paucifolia. 
Flowers in terminal racemes: capsules 2-5 mm. long. 
Leaves not clustered : capsules slightly longer than broad. 8. P. polygama. 
Leaves elustered : capsules twice longer than broad. 9. P. Lewtonii. 
Flowers all normal. 
Corolla greenish white: leaves flat. 10. P. Senega. 
Corolla white or pink : leaves scale-like. ll. P. setacea. 
e or biennial, or perhaps sometimes perennial in P. Boykinii and P. 
alba. 
Petals united into a tube fully twice as long as the wings. 12. P. inearnata. 
Petals not united into an elongated tube. 
Racemes interrupted the flowers remote. 183. P. Hugeri. 
Racemes continuous, dense. 
Racemes slender, elongated, tapering. 
Leaves alternate. 
Mature racemes over 5mm. thick: wings 3mm. long; blades 
9-nerved. 14. P. Chapmanii. 
Mature racemes less than 5 mm. thick: wings 1-2 mm. long; 
blades 3-nerved, 15. P. paludosa. 
Leaves wholly or partly whorled. M 
Capsules about as broad as long. 16. P. Boykinii. 


Capsules manifestly longer than broad. 
Stems several from the base. 
Capsules 1-1.5 mm. long, elliptic-oval: leaves less than MO 
10 mm. long. 17. P. sparsifolia. 
Capsules 2-3 mm. long, oblong: leaves over 10 nim. du An 
= JP. alba. 


ong. 

Stems solitary. 
Stem with internodes 4-6 times longer than the leaves. 19. P. leptostachys. 
Stem with internodes less than 4 times as long as the 


leaves 
Leaves prevailingly alternate: wings shorter than ; 
the capsule. s 20. P. ambigua. 
Leaves prevailingly whorled: wings as long asthe x 
a capsule. 21. P. verticillata. 


Racemes stout, abbreviated. 
Leaves alternate. à 
Racemes mostly less than 11 mm. in diameter. 
Racemes ovoid : wings nearly 4 mm. long. 
Racemes cylindric: wings barely 2 mm. long. 
Racemes mostly over 11 mm. in diameter. 


22. P. Mariana. 
23 
Wings 3-4 mm. broad: seeds flask-shaped. 24. P. viridescens. 
25 
26 
27 


. P. Nuttallii. 


Wings 1.5-2 mm. broad : seeds pyriform. nd 

Braets persistent : seeds 1.5 mm. long. . P. Curtissii. 

Braets Reano: seeds 1 mm. long. 26. P. Harperi. 

Leaves wholly or partially whorled. 2 

Racemes loosely flowered, pointed. . P. Hookeri. 
Racemes dense, blunt. 


Racemes long-peduncled: wings apiculate. . 98. P. brevifolia. 
Racemes sessile or short-peduncled : wings caudate-acumi- ; 
nate. 29. P. cruciata. 


Sepals more or less conspicuously decurrent on the pedicel: corolla yellow, 
orange or rarely white. 
A. Racemes solitary or several. 


Wings acuminate. 30. P. nana. 
Wings euspidate. 
Wings 4-6 mm. long, 3 mm. broad : raceme orange-vellow. 31. P. lutea. 


Wings 7 mm. long, 4 mm. broad : raceme lemon-yellow. 32. P. Rugelii. 


684 POLYGALACEAE 


B. Racemes several or Many in terminal dichotomous or branched cymes 


or corymbs. 
Corolla white. 33. P. Baldwinii. 
Corolla yellow. 
Basal leaves 2-3 cm. long, blunt: wings acuminate. 34. P. ramosa. 
Basal leaves 5-20 cm. long, attenuate: wings abruptly cuspidate. 35. P, cymosa. 


1. Polygala pubérula A. Gray. Shrubby, puberulent. Stems branched at the base, 
the branches 1—5 dm. tall: leaves various ; blades oval near the base of the stem, or linear, 
linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate throughout, 1-2.5 em. long: racemes spike-like, 2-10 
cm. long: pedicels about 2 mm. long: flowers purplish or bluish, 4-6 mm. long: wings ob- 
ovate, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse, slightly shorter than the keel : lateral petals somewhat shorter 
than the keel, nearly spatulate : capsule suborbicular, 8 mm. broad, notched, pubescent on 
the narrow margin, otherwise glabrous or puberulent : seeds pubescent. 


In dry soil, Texas to Arizona, Mexico and Lower California. 


2.1 Polygala ovatifdlia A. Gray. Perennial, tomentose. Stems branching at the woody 
base, the branches more or less densely tufted, 0.5-3 dm. long, erect or ascending, usually 
flexuous: leaves numerous ; blades ovate, oval or elliptic-oval, 0.5-2 cm. long, acute or 
mucronate, ciliate, short-petioled, those of the upper leaves often narrower than those of 
the lower : racemes terminal, 1-4 cm. long : pedicels 2-4 mm. long, their bracts deciduous : 
flowers greenish yellow, more or less pendulous: wings lanceolate, 5 mm. long, pubescent, 
ciliate : lateral petals commonly $ as long as the naked unappendaged conspicuous keel: 
stamens 8: style slender, curved, neither dilated nor auricled: stigma terminal, 2-lobed : 
capsule suborbicular, 1 cm. in diameter, notched at the apex, the sides glabrous, the edges 
ciliate : seeds silky, each with a hood-like caruncle. 

In dry soil, Texas and New Mexico to Mexico. Summer. 


3. Polygala grandifldra Walt. Perennial, pubescent. Stems branched at the base, the 
branches erect or spreading, 2-5 dm. long, simple or sparingly branched above, the pubes- 
cence appressed or ascending: leayes alternate ; blades elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or lan- 
ceolate, 1-3.5 em. long, acute or mucronate, often short-petioled : racemes loosely flowered, 
2-10 em. long: pedicels 3-4 mm. long: flowers pink or violet-purple, becoming greenish, 
the lower ones drooping : wings obovate-cuneate or fan-shaped, 6-8 ¢m. broad, with short 
claws, glabrous: lateral petals spatulate or dilated above, much shorter than the naked 
hooded keel: stamens 8; filaments united below the middle : style slender, dilated above 
the middle, abruptly bent above the middle, bearded below the terminal stigma : capsule 
obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 5-6 mm. long, notched : seeds slightly flattened, densely silky, 
each with a conspicuous helmet-shaped caruncle. 

In dry sand or pine woods, South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall—The 
form with narrowly linear acute leaf-blades, slightly smaller flowers and somewhat narrower Wings, is 
P. grandiflora angustifolia 'T. & G., it occurs in peninsular Florida. 

4. Polygala Lindheimeri A. Gray. Shrubby, pubescent with spreading hairs. Stems 
branching, 1-3 dm. tall, erect or ascending: leaves alternate ; blades leathery, obovate, 
oval, ovate, elliptic or the upper ones lanceolate, varying from 0.5-1.5 cm. long, cuspidate, 
reticulate, minutely glandular, sessile or short-petioled : racemes few-flowered, termin 
or becoming lateral; rachis becoming zigzag, 4-6-jointed, with unequal bracts at each 
angle: flowers purple, nearly sessile : outer sepals narrow, pubescent, ciliate : wings Ova 
obovate, cuneate at the base, 4-5 mm. long : lateral petals narrow, notched or mitten-shaped, 
reaching to the beak of the keel: stamens 8 or rarely 7: filaments dilated above, heus 
to near the anthers : style slender, zigzag, dilated near the apex, the edges toothed : capsu'e 
elliptic-oblong, 6-7 mm. long, notched at the apex, with spreading pubescence: seeds 
densely pubescent, the 2 lobes of the caruncle more than } as long as the seed-body. 

In rocky soil, Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 


5. Polygala Texénsis Robinson. Shrubby, pubescent with fine appressed or incurved 
hairs. Stems branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. long : leaves 
alternate ; blades various, those of the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate : racemes 5-12 cm. 
long ; rachis with 12-18 joints : flowers purplish : outer sepals elliptic-oblong, 3 mm. long, 
pubescent without with incurved hairs: wings narrowly obovate, rounded at the ter 
cuneate at the base, 4.5 mm. long: keel with a narrowly oblong appendage : capsule 
oblong, 4 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad. 

In rocky soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 


6. Polygala Tweédyi Britton. Perennial, glaucous, pubescent with incurved nae 
Stems branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 1-2 dm. tall, usually simp 
leafy to the top: leaves thick, the lower ones oblong or linear-oblong, 1.5-2.5 em. raed 
the upper leaves linear, shorter than the lower ones, acute, sessile, erect or ascen me 
flowers 3-4, in a spike-like raceme about 4 mm. long: wings obovate, about as long as 


POLYGALACEAE 685 


corolla: keel with a slender beak about 1 mm. long: stamens 6 or 7; filaments united to 
about the middle : style slender, neither dilated nor appendaged : stigma terminal : capsule 
3 mm. long: seeds flattened, pubescent, the 3 lobes of the caruncle unequal, 2 about } as 
long as the seed-body, the third much shorter. 

In dry soil, Texas to Arizona. Summer. 


7. Polygala paucifdlia Willd. Perennial, bright green, glabrous below. Stems 
simple or branched below, the branches 5-20 cm. tall, often pubescent above: leaves 3-6, 
near the ends of the branches ; blades elliptic, oval or ovate, 1-3 cm. long, acute or mucron- 
ate, narrowed into short petioles, often pubescent above near the base : raceme 3-4-flowered : 
pedicels 6-12 mm. long : flowers rose, purple or rarely white, showy, 1.5-2 cm. long : wings 
obovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, narrowed at the base: lateral petals oblong: keel with a conspic- 
uous fimbriate crest : stamens 6 : style club-shaped, ^p nee dilated nor auricled, toothed at 
the apex : capsule subglobose, 5-8 mm. broad, notched at the apex and sometimes at the 
base : seeds pubescent, the 2 subulate lobes of the caruncle often longer than the seed-body. 

In moist woods, Anticosti and New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south along the mountains to 
Georgia, and Illinois. Spring and summer. FLOWERING WINTERGREEN. FRINGED MILKWORT. 

8. Polygala polygama Walt. Perennial, bright green, glabrous. Stems branched at 
the base; branches slender, erect or ascending, 1-5 dm. tall, striate, usually simple : leaves 
alternate ; blades spatulate, oblanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate or linear, 1-4 cm. long or the 
lower ones shorter, all usually apiculate: racemes loosely flowered, short-peduncled, the 
rachis 12-15 cm. long: pedicels 2-7 mm. long, their bracts deciduous : flowers rose-purple 
to pink, the lower ones often drooping : cleistogene flowers on elongated radiating, more 
or less buried racemes at the base of the plant : wings obovate, 4-6 mm. long, often unequal, 
obtuse : keel crested with several large branching processes : stamens 8 : style short, hooded 
at the stalked stigma, the tufted appendage curved toward the stigma: capsule oblong or 
oblong-obovoid, about 2 mm. long: seeds very pubescent, the 2 lobes of the caruncle lace- 
like, about $ as long as the seed-body. 

In dry sandy soil, Nova Scotia to the Lake of the, Woods, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


_ .9. Polygala Lewtónii Small. Perennial or perhaps biennial, the foliage glabrous, 
bright green. Stems much branched at the base, the branches numerous, ascending or de- 
cumbent, 1-2 dm. long, simple, sharply angled : leaves clustered, crowded, fleshy, spatu- 
late or linear-spatulate, 1-2 cm. long, acute or acutish, wrinkled in drying: racemes 1-5 
cm. long, loosely flowered : pedicels slender, 1-2 mm. long : sepals various ; dorsal broadly 
oblong ; anterior narrowly-oblong, both 2 mm. long, obtuse : wings deep pink, inequilateral, 
half-rhombic, 4.5-5.5 mm. long: corolla deep pink: petals about 4 mm. long, the keel 
more finely lacerate than in P. polygama : style ascending from the truncate top of ovary, 
cucullate above the middle, the tufted appendage and stigmatic gland not approximate : c 
sule oblong-prismatic, 5 mm. long, glabrous: cleistogamous racemes slender, few-flowered, 
their pedicels slender, 1-1.5 cm. long, curved. 

In sand, peninsular Florida. Summer. 


_ 10. Polygala Sénega L. Perennial, more or less puberulent. Stems several from the 
thick root, erect or ascending, 1-5 dm. long, usually simple : leaves alternate, numerous ; 
blades linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, 1-3.5 em. long (the lower ones often scale- 
like), scabrous-margined : racemes spike-like, 2-6 cm. long: corolla greenish white, 3-4 
mm. long : wings orbicular-obovate, 2-3 mm. long, rather persistent : keel'with a crest of 
several thick processes : capsule flat, broader than long, 3.5-4.5 mm. broad: seeds 
pubescent, with caruncle-lobes about as long as the seed-body. 

In dry soil, New Brunswick to the Hudson Bay region and the Canadian Rocky Mountains, south 
to North Carolina and Arkansas. Spring.—A form with taller stems, larger leaves with ovate or oblong- 
ip Metri ste blades, laxer racemes and larger capsules and seeds, is known as P. Senega latifolia T. & 

” ges from Pennsylvania to Michigan and South Dakota south to Tennessee. SENECA SNAKEROOT. 

ll. Polygala setàcea Michx. Annual, slender, glabrous. Stems erect, 1-5 dm. 
tall, wire-like, simple throughout or branched at the base or above : leaves scale-like, 0.5— 
1.5 mm. long, subulate, acute, scattered : racemes spike-like, conic-ovoid, 4-6 mm. thick, 
acute, dense, the rachis 1-3 cm. long: pedicels 0.5-1 mm. long, their bracts deciduous : 
flowers pink or whitish : wings narrowly obovoid, 2 mm. long, scarcely mucronate, thrice 
longer than the other sepals: keel crested with a few short processes: stamens 6 : style 
short, auricled on either side of the stalked stigma, prolonged into a short tufted append- 
age: capsule rather deltoid : seeds pubescent, baka: the 2 spongy caruncle-lobes envel- 
oping the beak. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 


12. Polygala incarnata L. Annual, glaucous. Stems erect or ascending, 2-7 dm. 
si simple and wand-like or branched above, striate or angled, sometimes nearly naked : 
eaves scattered ; blades linear-subulate or subulate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, acute, fleshy, sessile : 


686 POLYGALACEAE 


racemes spike-like, cylindric, 8-10 mm. thick, long-peduncled, usually dense: pedicels 
0.5-1 mm. long, the bracts deciduous: flowers pink or purple, rarely white : wings lanceo- 
late, 4 mm. long, 5-nerved, mucronate, conduplicate at the apex : petals united below into 
a cleft tube, 6-8 mm. long, the keel crested with several entire or cleft processes : stamens 
8: style filiform, auricled near the almost sessile stigma, prolonged into a short tufted 
appendage: capsule 4 mm. long, grooved: seeds pubescent, beaked, the 2 lobes of the 
caruncle spongy, lenticular, enveloping the beak. 

In sandy soil, New Jersey to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Florida, the Indian Territory and 
Mexico. Summer. 

13. Polygala Hügeri Small. Annual, glabrous. Stems about 1.5 dm. tall, branched 
from near the base and thence throughout : leaves numerous ; blades linear, 1-2 em. long, 
acute, sessile, somewhat fleshy: racemes lax, interrupted, few-flowered : pedicels 1.5-2 
mm. long, surpassed by the bracts: flowers pink: wings oblong, 3-3.5 mm. long, some- 
what narrowed near the apex and apiculate: keel crested with few very short processes: 
style slightly auricled just above the stigma and tipped with a tufted appendage : seeds about 
1 mm. long. 

On hillsides, Andrews, North Carolina. Summer. 


14. Polygala Chapmánii T. & G. Annual, slender, glabrous. Stems erect, wire- 
like, 2-5 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched above : leaves alternate, bristle-like, 0.4-2 
cm. long, sometimes appressed: racemes ovoid to cylindric, 6-8 mm. thick, slender- 
peduncled, the rachis 2-4 cm. long: pedicels slender, 1-1.5 mm. long, their bracts persis- 
tent: flowers pink or purplish; wings ovate-oval or oval, about 3 mm. long, minutely 
apiculate, 9-nerved, the midnerve thickened at the tip: keel crested with 2 or a few 
papille : stamens 8: style auricled at the sessile stigma, prolonged into a curved append- 
age: seeds beaked, pubescent with pale hairs, the 2 caruncle-lobes 1-1 as long as the seed- 
body, straddling the beak. 


In low pine lands, near the coast, Florida and Mississippi. Spring to summer. 


15. Polygala paludósa St. Hil. Annual, very slender, glabrous. Stems erect or 
ascending, 2-6 dm. tall, often almost filiform, usually sparingly branched above: leaves 
alternate, acicular or filiform, few, 0.5-2 cm. long : racemes spike-like, 2-4 mm. thick, 
elongated, slender-peduncled, the rachis 2-10 cm. long, loosely-flowered : pedicels 0.5-1 
mm. long, their bracts deciduous : flowers pale-purple : wings spatulate, elliptic-obovate or 
oblong, 1-2 mm. long, the blades often 3-nerved, narrowed into a short claw, twice larger 
than the other sepals: keel crested with a few processes : stamens 8 : style minute, hooded 
at the sessile or nearly sessile stigma, prolonged into a filiform tufted appendage, or the 
tuft sometimes sessile or wanting: capsule about 1.5 mm. long: seeds very pubescent, 
the 2 lobes of the caruncle minute. 

In sandy soil, Mississippi to Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


16. Polygala Boykinii Nutt. Annual or perhaps perennial. Stems branched at the 
base, the branches erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. tall, wire-like, angled, simple or sparingly 
branched : leaves in whorls of 4’s or 5’s, the lower ones with obovate or oblong-obovate 
blades, 0.5-1 cm. long, gradually becoming narrower and longer to linear-lanceolate or 
linear, 1-3 em. long at the top of the stem, acute or acutish, those on the branchlets 
alternate: racemes spike-like, 4-6 mm. thick below, narrowly conic, long-peduncled, the 
rachis 2-15 em. long: pedicels 1 mm. long, their bracts deciduous: flowers white or green- 
ish white: wings suborbicular, varying to ovate or obovate, fully 2 mm. long, obtuse, sev- 
eral times larger than the other sepals: keel crested with a few broad processes: stamens 
8: style hooded above the stalked stigma, produced above into a curved tufted appendage : 
capsule 3-4 mm. long: seeds stout, pubescent, the 2 lobes of the caruncle 3—} as long as 
the seed-body or rarely longer, sometimes overlapping. 

In calcareous soil, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


17. Polygala sparsifdlia (Wheelock) Small. Annual, glabrous. Stems 3-6 dm. pe 
sparingly branched or bushy, sometimes nearly naked : leaves in a few approximate whorls, 
near the base of the stem or alternate; blades linear to lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long or smaller, 
acute or sharp-tipped, sessile : racemes spike-like, 2-5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, on d 
and slender peduncles, tapering: flowers pale, early deciduous, leaving a long na 2 
rachis: wings oval or orbicular-oval, about 2 mm. long: capsule oval-elliptic, baros 
mm. long: seeds slender, strigillose, with a 2-lobed caruncle about } the length of the 
seed-body. [P. Boykinii var. sparsifolia Wheelock. ] 

In coral soil, Pine and Cudjoe Keys, Florida. 

18. Polygalaálba Nutt. Annual or biennial or perhaps perennial, glabrous. mate 
branched at the base ; branches usually numerous, erect or ascending, 1-5 dm. tall, angiee, 
usually simple : leaves alternate ; blades linear, linear-lanceolate or nearly subulate, 4-4 


POLYGALACEAE 687 


cm. long, acute, the lower ones sometimes oblanceolate, apparently whorled : racemes spike- 
like, narrowly conie, 4-6 mm. thick, long-peduncled, the rachis 2-5 cm. long: pedicels 
0.5-1 mm. long, the bracts deciduous: flowers white: wings oval or obovate, 2-3 mm. 
long, obtuse : keel with a fimbriate crest : stamens 8 : style short, auricled above the middle 
and above the stalked stigma, prolonged into a filiform, minutely tufted appendage: cap- 
sule ovoid, 2-3 mm. long: seeds strigose, the 2 lobes of the caruncle about 4 as long as 
the seed-body. 
In dry soil, Minnesota to Kansas, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


19. Polygala leptostachys Shuttlw. Annual, very slender, glabrous. Stems erect, 
wire-like, or filiform, 1-5 dm. tall, solitary, simple or sparingly branched: leaves few, in 
distant whorls of 4’s or 5’s; blades linear-subulate or filiform, 0.5-2 cm. long, acute: 
racemes spike-like, slender-pediceled, 2-4 mm. thick at the base, narrowly conic, the 
rachis 1-5 cm. long: pedicels very short, their bracts deciduous: flowers greenish : wings 
oval, nearly 2 mm. long, obtuse: keel crested with a few short processes: stamens 8: style 
minute, hooded above and auricled on either side of the stalked stigma, the short append- 
age tufted : capsule about 2 mm. long : seeds glabrous or pubescent at the apex, the 2 lobes 
of the caruncle 3-$ as long as the seed-body. 

On dry sand hills, Florida. Spring to summer. 


20. Polygala ambigua Nutt. Annual, very slender, glabrous. Stems erect, wire- 
like, 1-3 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched above; branches not spreading: leaves 
prevailingly alternate ; blades linear, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, the lower ones sometimes whorled, 
acute, sessile : racemes spike-like, 3-5 mm. thick, narrowly conic, often interrupted below, 
long-peduncled, the rachis 1-8 cm. long : pedicels 0.5-1 mm. long, their bracts deciduous : 
flowers purplish or greenish purple: wings suborbicular, nearly 1.5 mm. long, obtuse, at 
least 3-nerved : capsule suborbicular, fully 1.5 mm. long, surpassing the wings: seeds 
pubescent. 

In dry soil, Maine to Missouri, Georgia, Louisiana and the Indian Territorr. Summer. 


21. Polygala verticillàta L. Annual, slender, glabrous. Stems 5-30 cm. tall, 
angled, sometimes short with many alternate or whorled spreading branches or long and 
slender with ascending or erect branches: leaves usually in whorls of 4's or 5's, or some- 
times alternate ; blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute : racemes spike-like, 
3-6 mm. thick, narrowly conic, sessile or slender-peduncled, the rachis 0.5-6 cm. long: 
pedicels about 5 mm. long, their bracts deciduous: flowers greenish or greenish white : 
wings ovate, about 1 mm. long, nerveless: keel crested with several thick processes: cap- 
sule about 2 mm. long, barely surpassing the wings: seeds pubescent or rarely glabrous, 
the 2 lobes of the caruncle about 4 as long as the'seed-body. 

In dry soil, Quebec to Maine and Manitoba, Florida and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


22. Polygala Mariàna Mill. Annual, deep green, glabrous. Stems erect, 1-5 dm. 
tall, slender, simple or branching above: leaves alternate ; blades linear, 0.4—1.7 cm. long, 
often erect, acute or cuspidate, often much reduced above: racemes cylindric-ovoid, or 
subglobose, 6-10 mm. thick, peduncled : pedicels slender, 1-3 mm. long, their bracts de- 
ciduous: flowers pink: wings ovate to elliptic, about 3 mm. long, 5-nerved, the midnerve 
thickened at the apex: keel crested with a few short blunt, or 2-cleft processes : stamens 
8: style slender, auricled above the sessile stigma, prolonged into a curved, tufted append- 
age: capsule turgid: seeds with a long neck, apiculate at the larger end, pubescent, 
the 2 lobes of the caruncle embracing the smaller end of the seed-body. 

In low pine lands, Delaware to Florida and Texas. Summer to fall. 


_, 23. Polygala Nuttallii T. & G. Resembling P. Mariana. Stems 1-2.5 dm. tall, 
with few upright branches : leaves alternate ; blades spatulate to almost linear, 5-10 mm. 
long, the upper much narrower than the lower: racemes cylindric, 4-6 mm. thick, obtuse 
or acutish, peduncled : corolla purplish or greenish white, about 2 mm. long: wings elliptic- 
lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, acutish : capsule broader than long: seeds pubescent, each 
with 2 caruncle-lobes about } as long as the seed-body. 

In poor soil, Massachusetts to Missouri, North Carolina, Alabama and Arkansas. Summer. 


24. Polygala viridéscens L. Annual, bright green, glabrous. Stems erect, 1-5 
dm. tall, angled, simple or branching above: leaves alternate; blades linear to linear- 
oblong, 1-3 dm. long, acute or cuspidate, sessile : racemes ovoid or subglobose, 8-12 mm. 
thick, blunt, short-peduncled : pedicels slender, 1-2 mm. long, their lanceolate bracts per- 
sistent : flowers reddish purple, green or white: wings broadly ovate, 3-6 mm. long, about 
9-nerved, imbricated, the midnerve thickened above the middle, usually prolonged into a 
mucro: keel crested with a few thick processcs: stamens 8: style auricled at the almost 
sessile stigma, prolonged into a curved tufted appendage: capsule suborbicular, about 2 


688 POLYGALACEAE 


mm. broad: seeds pubescent, the 2 lobes of the caruncle collateral, diverging or straddling 
the seed, as long as the seed-body or only å as long. [P. sanguinea L.] 

In swamps, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Kentucky and the 
Indian Territory. Summer. 

25. Polygala Curtíssii A. Gray. Annual, glabrous throughout. Stems erect, 1-3 
dm. tall, simple or sometimes much branched : leaves alternate, more or less spreading; 
blades linear, 1-2 cm. long, acute, sessile: racemes cylindric-ovoid or subglobose, 10-13 
mm. thick, apiculate, long-peduncled : pedicels 1.5-2.5 mm. long, surpassing the persistent 
bracts : flowers rose-purple : wings narrowly ovate, or ovate-elliptie, 4 mm. long, mucro- 
nate, about 7-nerved, the midnerve thickened only at the apex: keel crested with a few 
obtuse processes: stamens 8: style markedly auricled at the almost sessile stigma, pro- 
longed into a slender curved, tufted appendage : capsule cuneate or obovate-cuneate, about 
2 mm. long : seeds 15 mm. long, pubescent, apiculate at the larger end, the 2 lobes of the 
earuncle scale-like, obovate, about } as long as the seed-body. 

In sandy soil, Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Georgia and Alabama. Summer. 


26. Polygala Hárperi Small. Annual, glabrous. Stems erect, 1.5-4 dm. tall, usually 
somewhat branched: leaves alternate, erect or the upper ones appressed ; blades linear- 
spatulate on the lower part of the stem passing to linear or linear-subulate above, 1-1.5 cm. 
long or shorter on the branches, acute or minutely subulate-tipped, sessile : racemes globose- 
ovoid, or broader than high, 10-12 mm. thick: pedicels 1.5—2.5 mm. long, twice or thrice 
as long as the deciduous bracts: flowers pink: wings elliptic, 4 mm. long, 7-nerved, the 
midnerve slightly thickened at the apex: keel crested with blunt processes: stamens 8: 
style slightly auricled at the closely sessile stigma, prolonged into a stouttufted appendage: 
capsule obovate or orbicular-obovate, 2 mm. long : seeds 1 mm. long, sparingly pubescent, 
the 2 lobes of the caruncle nearly 3 as long as the seed-body. 

In pine lands, Georgia to Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


27 Polygala Hoóker T. & G. Annual, slender, glabrous. Stems erect, 1-3 dm. 
tall, simple or branched, 4-angled: leaf-blades linear, usually in whorls of 4's, acute, the 
lower ones very small, the others 3-12 mm. long, sessile, those of the branches scattered : 
racemes long-peduncled, 7-8 mm. thick, attenuate at the apex, the rachis 1-4 cm. long: 
pedicels 1.5-2 mm. long, their persistent bracts ovate, about 3 as long as the pedicels: 
flowers pink : wings ovate-lanceolate, about 4 mm. long, mucronate, 6-nerved : keel with 
a small fimbriate crest: stamens 8: capsule orbicular or reniform-orbicular, barely 2 mm. 
long: seeds barely 1 mm. long, sparingly pubescent, the 2 lobes of the caruncle as long as 
the seed-body or longer. 

In grassy pine lands, Florida to Texas. Summer to fall. 


28. Polygala brevifdlia Nutt. Annual, glabrous throughout. Stems 1-6 dm. long, 
erect, or weak and decumbent, sometimes flexuous, simple or with spreading branches, 
4-angled : leaves in whorls of 4's except the upper ones ; blades oblanceolate, linear to 
narrowly elliptic, 1-2.5 em. long, punctate, acute : racemes rather dense, ovoid, mainly 7-8 
mm. thick, often apiculate, peduncled : pedicels 1-2 mm. long, surpassing their persistent 
bracts : flowers rose-purple : wings ovate or ovate-oblong, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, apiculate by 
the thickened excurrent midnerve : keel with a crest of a few thick processes: stamens 8: 
capsule orbicular or reniform-orbicular, 2 mm. wide: seeds 1.5 mm. long, sparingly pubes- 
cent, the 2 lobes of the caruncle about as long as the seed-body. 

In sandy swamps, Rhode Island to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


29. Polygala cruciàta L. Annual, glabrous. Stems 0.5-4 dm. tall, more or less 
branched, 4-angled : leaves in whorls of 4’s or 5’s ; blades spatulate, linear-spatulate or almost 
linear, 1-3 em. long, acute or acutish : racemes dense, 1-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, cylin- 
dric, sessile or short-peduncled : flowers rose purplish or greenish : wings deltoid, eac 
tipped with a tail-like acumination, variable in size: keel with a crest of few, rather ma 
processes : stamens 8 : seeds about 1.5 mm. long, the caruncle-lobes as long as the seed-body 
or somewhat shorter. 

In bogs or moist soil, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summer.—A robust form 47 
the Gulf States, with relatively narrower leaf-blades, pedunculate racemes and more purple flowers, 184- 
cruciata ramósior Nash. 

30. Polygala nana (Michx.) DC. Biennial, glabrous throughout. Stems erect 
ascending, simple, solitary, or often tufted, 1-15 cm. tall, sometimes almost wanting : leave 
thick, the basal often numerous, spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, rounded or mucronate at the apes 
stem-leaves few, scattered, with narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate cuspidate badan e 
wanting: racemes subglobose or cylindric, 1-1.5 em. thick, dense, the early ones sessi 
the later ones peduncled ; rachis 2-5 em. long: flowers yellow or greenish yellow, Lyre 
dark green or nearly black in drying: wings ovate-lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, 1008 


POLYGALACEAE 689 


acuminate: keel with a crest of several acute, entire or cleft processes : stamens usually 6 : 
style slender: seeds fully 1 mm. long, pubescent, the 2 lobes of the caruncle spreading, 
about 3 as long as the seed-body. 

In sandy pine lands, South Carolina to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. Throughout the year. 


31. Polygalalütea L. Biennial, bright green, glabrous. Stems ascending or decum- 
bent, 1-3 dm. long, sometimes tufted, simple or sparingly branched: leaves fleshy, the 
basal spatulate or obovate, or the blades ovate, 1-5 cm. long, rounded or notched at the 
apex ; lower stem-leaves similar to the basal, the upper ones varying through oblanceolate 
to linear-elliptic or nearly linear, acute or acutish, sessile or the petioles short: racemes 
dense, ovoid, subglobose or oblong, 1-1.5 em. thick, long- or short-peduncled ; rachis 1-5 
cm. long: pedicels 1.5-2 mm. long, their bracts deciduous : flowers orange-yellow, drying 
greenish yellow: wings obovate-elliptic, 4-6 mm. long, cuspidate, commonly 7-nerved : 
keel with a small fimbriate crest : stamens 8 : styleslender: prolonged into a curved tufted 
appendage : seeds nearly 1.5 mm. long, slightly pubescent, the 2 lobes of the caruncle nar- 
row, nearly as long as the seed-body. 


= In low pine lands, New York to Florida and Mississippi, Spring and summer. WILD BACHELOR’S 
UTTON. 


32. Polygala Rugélii Shuttlw. Biennial, bright green, glabrous Stems erect or as- 
cending, 3-7 dm. tall, sometimes tufted, simple or sparingly branched above : leaves fleshy, 
the basal and lower stem-leaves spatulate, 2.5-5 em. long, obtuse, upper stem-leaves alter- 
nate, oblanceolate to lanceolate, shorter and smaller than the stem-leaves, acute, sessile : 
racemes dense, ovoid or subglobose, 15-20 mm. thick, long-peduncled : rachis 2-3.5 cm. 
long : pedicels 3-4 mm. long, their bracts deciduous : flowers yellow, turning dark green in 
drying : wings obovate or elliptic-obovate, about 7 mm. long, cuspidate, 7-9-nerved as the 
other sepals: keel crested with a few thick processes, entire or 2-cleft: stamens 8: style 
slender, auricled at the base of the slender-stalked drooping stigma, produced into a tufted 
appendage: seeds 1.5 mm. long, pubescent, the 2 lobes of the caruncle about as long as 
the seed-body, spongy. 

In pine lands, Florida. Spring to fall. 


33. Polygala Baldwinii Nutt. Biennial, pale green, glabrous. Stems erect, 2-6 
dm. tall, simple or branching above, corymbosely branched at the top, sometimes tufted : 
leaves thickish, the basal spatulate or obovate, 1-3 cm. long: stem-leaves alternate ; blades 
obovate, narrowly spatulate to lanceolate, shorter than the basal leaves, acute: corymbs 
simple or compound : racemes ovoid or subglobose, the rachis 1-3 cm. long: flowers white, 
fragrant, nearly sessile : wings ovate-lanceolate, about 4 mm. long, narrowed into a slender 
tip: keel with a minute fimbriate crest : stamens 8: style slender: capsule minute, barely 
0.7 mm. broad: seeds about 0.5 mm. long, pubescent, brown, the caruncle with 2 minute 
scale-like lobes. ; 

In pine lands and swamps, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Summer. 


34. Polygala ramdsa Ell. Biennial, bright green, glabrous. Stems simple below 
and erect or branched at the base, 1-5 dm. tall, corymbosely branched above : leaves thick- 
ish, the basal with spatulate or obovate blades, 2-3 em. long and short petioles : stem-leaves 
alternate ; blades narrowly spatulate, oblanceolate to linear, shorter than the basal, acute ; 
corymbs compound : racemes ovoid or oblong ; rachis 1-2 em. long: pedicels about 2 mm. 
long, the bracts lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm. long: flowers yellow, turning dark green or blackish 
an drying : wings ovate-lanceolate or oblong, about 3 mm. long, acuminate, twice or thrice 
larger than the other sepals: keel with a small fimbriate crest : stamens 8 : style slender, 
broadened and auricled near the almost sessile stigma, prolonged into a curled appendage 
with a tufted sometimes 2-lobed end: seeds about 0.5 mm. broad, pubescent, brown, the 
caruncle of 2 scale-like lobes. 

In swamps, Delaware to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


35. Polygala cymdsa Walt. Biennial, glabrous throughout. Stems solitary, erect, 
4-12 dm. tall, scape-like, corymbosely branched above: leaves thick, the basal numerous ; 
blades linear, spreading, 5-20 em. long, acuminate, sessile: stem-leaves smaller, few, scat- 
tered : corymbs simple or compound : racemes ovoid or cylindric ; rachis 1-5 em. long: 
pedicels abont 2 mm. long, their bracts lanceolate, persistent : flowers lemon-yellow, turn- 
ing blackish green in drying : wings elliptic or narrowly obovate, mucronate, about 4 mm. 
long, nearly twice as large as the other sepals: keel with a crest of a few small processes : 
stamens 8: style broadened at the middle, prolonged into a curved appendage : stigma 
a short-stalked : seeds 0.8 mm. in diameter, brown, glabrous, the caruncle ob- 

ete. 

In pine-land pools, Delaware to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


44 


690 EUPHORBIACEAE 


Order 16. EUPHORBIALES. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes aquatic or amphibious, but mainly ter- 
restrial, commonly with a milky juice. Leaves various, sometimes reduced to 
scales or almost wanting. Flowers mainly monoecious or dioecious, regular. 
Calyx of several sepals. Corolla of several petals, or often wanting. Androe- 
cium of more than one stamen, except when the staminate flowers are scattered 
over the inside of an involucre or in the flowers of Callitriche. Filaments dis- 
tinct’ or united into a column. Anthers opening by longitudinal or transverse 
valves. Gynoecium of 2, 3 or 4 united carpels, superior. Styles or stigmas 
usually distinct and cleft or foliaceous, united by pairs in CALLITRICHACEAE. 
Ovules 1, 2 or 3 in each cavity. Fruit capsular, sometimes achene-like. Seeds 
often carunculate. 


Styles or stigmas distinct or mainly so, cleft or foliaceous : ovary 3-celled or rarely 1-2-celled : stamens 
k +. several, except when on the inside of an involucre. Fam. 1. EUPHORBIACEAE. 
Styles united by pairs: ovary 4-celled: stamen solitary. Fam. 2. CALLITRICHACEAE, 


FAMILY 1. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. Hil. SPURGE FAMILY. 


Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees, with acrid often milky sap. 
Leaves opposite, alternate or verticillate, entire or toothed, sessile or petioled, 
sometimes with glands at the base. Stipules present, obsolete or wanting. In- 
florescence various. Flowers apetalous or petaliferous, sometimes much re- 
duced and subtended by an involucre which resembles a calyx (Euphorbia and 
related genera), the number of parts in the floral whorls often different in the 
staminate and pistillate flowers. Stamens few, or numerous, in one series or 
many. Filaments separate or united. Ovary usually 3-celled. Ovules 1 or 2 
in each cavity, pendulous. Styles as many as the cavities of the ovary, simple, 
divided, or many-cleft. Fruit a mostly 3-lobed capsule, separating at ma- 
turity, often elastically, into 3 2-valved carpels from a persistent axis. Seeds 
anatropous. Embryo straight, or slightly curved, in fleshy or oily endosperm, 
the broad cotyledons almost filling the seed-coats. 

A. Flowers not in an involucre : calyx of several sepals. 


Ovules and seeds 2 in each cavity. 
Monoecious or rarely dioecious: ovary 3-celled ; fruit capsular. 


Stamens 5-6. 1, ANDRACHNE. 
Stamens 2-3. 
Stamens 3: filaments partially united. 2. PHYLLANTHUS. 
Stamens 2: filaments distinct. 3. REVERCHONIA. 
Dioecious : ovary 1-2-celled : fruit drupaceous or baccate. 4. DRYPETES. 
Ovules and seeds solitary in each cavity. E 
a. Flowers either staminate or pistillate or both,in more or less elongated 
spikes or racemes (pistillate basal), if clustered on spurs corolla wanting. 
Corolla present in either staminate or pistillate flowers orin both (except 
in Croton maritimus). 

Stamens 5-6: filaments distinct. : 
Filaments 6: capsules 3-celled, dehiscent. 5. CROTON. PSIS 
Filaments 5: capsules 1-celled, achene-like. 6. CROTONOPSIS. 

Stamens 10: filaments monadelphous. 7, DITAXIS. 


Corolla wanting. 

Styles 2-3 : ovary 2-3-celled. 
Ovary and capsule 2-celled : styles 2: sepals distinct. _ 8. 
Ovary and capsule 3-celled : styles 3 (gynoecium sometimes 2-car- 

pellary in Sapium, but sepals partially united). 
Stamens numerous, 8-20, rarely few in some flowers. 
——— fen EAT ase in theaxils. 9. 
taminate flowers in spikes or racemes. ? E 
Stigmas2-cleft (in ourspecies): pistillate flowers terminal. 10. BERN iam 
Stigmas dissected : pistillate flowers axillary. 11. ACALYPHA. 
Stamens 1-5. 
Pistillate fiowers and capsules pedicelled. 


MERCURALIS. 


RICINELLA. 


Calyx manifest. 12. IRAOI 
Calyx obsolete or rudimentary. 13. GYMNANTHES. 
Oaie Howers and capan es sesane 
eceptacle with a central column. z 
Fruit dry : seeds with caruncles. 14. REBASTI er) 
Fruit fleshy: seeds without caruncles. 15. Lande re 
Receptacle with 3 horns. 16. STI LN. 
Styles 6-8 : ovary 6-8-celled. 17. HIP 


EUPHORBIACEAE 691 


b. Flowers either staminate or pistillate or both in cymes or corymbs, or 
if racemose pistillate terminal, if clustered on spurs corolla present. 


Leaf-blades peltate. 18. RICINUS. 
Leaf-blades not peltate. 
Flowers clustered on leafy spurs. 19. MOZINNA. 


Flowers in more or less open cymes or panicles. 
Flowers in forking cyme-like panicles. 


Stamens 10 or more: petals wanting. 20. CNIDOSCOLUS. 
Stamens 10 or fewer: petals present. 21. JATROPHA. 
Flowers in simple or branched racemes. 22. MANIHOT. 


B. Flowers in involucres: calyx represented by a minute scale at the base of a 
filament-like pedicel.! 
Glands of the involucres with petal-like appendages, these sometimes much 


reduced. 
Leaves all opposite. 
Leaf-blades inequilateral, oblique at the base. 23. CHAMAESYCE. 
Leaf-blades equilateral, not oblique at the base. 24. ZYGOPHYLLIDIUM. 
Leaves alternate or scattered at least below the inflorescence. 
Stems terminating in a spicate or racemose inflorescence. 25. TRICHEROSTIGMA. 
Stems topped by simple or compound umbels. 
Annual or biennial: stipules narrow: bracts petal-like. 26. DICROPHYLLUM. 
Perennial: stipules none}: bracts not petal-like. 7. TITHYMALOPSIS. 


Glands of the involucres without petal-like appendages, entirely naked, some- 
times with crescent-like horns. 
Stem topped by an umbel : stipules none: involucres in open cymes, each 
with 4 glands and entire or toothed lobes. 28. TITHYMALUS. 
Stem not topped by an umbel : stipules gland-like: involucres in cluster-like 
cymes, each with asingle gland or rarely 4 glands and fimbriate lobes. 29. POINSETTIA. 


1. ANDRACHNE L. 

Herbs or shrubby plants, with branching, sometimes diffuse stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades often entire, petioled. Flowers monoecious, axillary : staminate commonly clus- 
tered ; calyx of 5 or 6 sepals; petals 5 or 6; disk glandular or lobed ; stamens 5 or 6, 
their filaments distinct. Pistillate flowers solitary : calyx of 5 or 6 sepals: petals minute 
or wanting : ovary 3-celled : styles distinct, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Ovules 2 in each cavity. 
Capsule becoming dry, separating into three 2-valved carpels. Seeds somewhat curved, 
with a rugose testa. 

Foliage glabrous to the twigs: leaf-blades longer than broad, rounded or cuneate at the base. 
: 1. A. phyllanthoides. 
Foliage somewhat hirsute: leaf-blades as broad as long, subcordate at the base. 2. A. Reverchonii. 

1. Andrachne phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Muell. Arg. A straggling much branched 
shrub 3-9 dm. tall, with lustrous glabrous branches and minutely pubescent twigs. Leaves 
numerous, bright green: blades obovate or oval, 7-20 mm. long, obtuse or retuse at the 
apex, often mucronulate, paler beneath than above: pedicels filiform, 5-20 mm. long, 
glabrous: sepals oblong-obovate, 1.5-3 mm. long, spreading: petals various, those of the 
staminate flowers greenish yellow, narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate, 3—5-toothed : 
those of pistillate flowers much smaller, broadly obovate, entire: capsules subglobose, 
rather fleshy until mature. 

On rocky barrens, Missouri to Arkansas and Texas. Summer. 

. 2. Andrachne Reverchónii Coulter. A branching shrub 3-6 dm. tall, with sparingly 
hirsute foliage, and reddish more or less curved stems. Leaves alternate, approximate : 
blades suborbicular or cuneate-orbicular, 8-16 mm. long, glabrate above, pale-green, trun- 
cate or retuse at the apex; entire, subcordate at the base: sepals oblong or nearly so, 
ciliate : petals cuneate, shorter than the sepals, those of staminate flowers more distinctly 
denticulate than those of pistillate flowers: capsules depressed, less than 1 cm. broad. 

On rocky prairies, Texas. Spring. 

2. PHYLLANTHUS L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, or often shrubs or trees in the tropics. Leaves alternate, 
often numerous, sometimes so arranged as to appear like the leaflets of a compound leaf: 
blades entire, commonly sessile. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, sessile or pedicelled, a 
Staminate and a pistillate one together in an axil, sometimes on the edges of leaf-like 
branches. Sepals mostly 5-6, imbricated. Stamens usually 3: filaments more or less 
united, rarely separate. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, each 2-cleft. Ovules 2 in each cavity. 


Capsule globose or depressed, each carpel 2-seeded. 
4. Annual, or perhaps sometimes perennial, species: stems solitary and mostly simple at the base. 


Capsules 3 mm, broad. 1. P. Avicularia. 
Capsules 2 mm. broad. : : 
a. Branches erect or ascending: sepals 6. 2. P. Carolinensis. 


Sa NAE, 
! The following genera are commonly included in the composite genus Euphorbia, but the 
name Euphorbia is to be associated with peru of the Cactus-like relatives of the Old World. 


692 EUPHORBIACEAE 


b. Branches spreading or recurved : sepals 5. 
Staminate flowers with orbicular outer sepals: pedicels of the staminate 
flowers not thickened above. 3. P. Niruri. 
Staminate flowers with ovate outer sepals: pedicels of the staminate flow- 


ers much thickened above. 4. P. abnormis. 
B. Perennial species : stems clustered on the rootstock. 
Leaf-blades of an oblong sype. 
Leaves mostly thrice as long as broad : Floridian species. 5. P. Garberi. 
Leaves mostly twice as long as broad : Texan species. 6. P. Drummondii. 


Leaf-blades of an obovate or cuneate type. 

Stems naked, with internodes longer than the leaves. 7. P. radicans. 

Stems leafy with internodes shorter than the leaves. 8. P. polygonoides, 

1. Phyllanthus Aviculària Small. Annual, or perhaps also perennial, bright green. 
Stems simple or sparingly branched near the base and above, 3-6 dm. long, pubescent, 
striate in age: leaves ascending ; blades oblong, or slightly broadest above the middle, 8- 
18 mm. long, blunt or barely pointed, slightly paler beneath than above, rounded or trun- 
cate at the base; petioles 1 mm. long or shorter: calyx short-pedicelled ; staminate 
delicate, barely 2 mm. broad, the sepals orbicular-obovate or suborbicular ; pistillate firmer, 
fully 2 mm. broad or barely 3 mm. at maturity, the sepals oblong or oval, scarious-mar- 
gined, persistent : capsules spheroidal, 3 mm. broad. 

In dry soil, Texas and northern Mexico. Summer and fall. 


2. Phyllanthus Carolinénsis Walt. Annual, dark green, glabrous. Stem slender, 
erect or ascending, 1-5 dm. high, simple or branched, the branches 2-ranked : leaves rather 
numerous ; blades obovate or nearly oblong, 6-20 mm. long, obtuse, narrowed to a very 
short petiole, or nearly sessile: flowers inconspicuous, nearly sessile in the axils: sepals 
linear-cuneate or oblong-cuneate: capsules about 2 mm. broad: seeds 1-1.5 mm. long, 
marked with lines and minute papille. 

In sandy or gravelly soil and moist woods, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Florida, Texas and Central 
America. Spring to fall. 

3. Phyllanthus Nirüri L. Annual, glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. 
tall, the branches 3-10 cm. long, spreading or recurving : leaves alternate ; blades thin, 
oblong or slightly broadest above the middle, 3-10 mm. long, obtuse, short-petioled, ap- 
proximate on the branchlets: pedicels about 1 mm. long: sepals orbicular or oval, barely 
1 mm. long, the outer ones orbicular, all abruptly pointed : capsules 3-lobed, about 2 mm. 
broad, smooth : seeds about 1 mm. long. 

In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. Spring to winter. 


4. Phyllanthus abnórmis Baill. Annual, bright green. Stem erect or ascending, 
2-4 dm. tall, more or less branched near the top, the short branches idee or ascend- 
ing: leaves alternate; blades thick, oblong or nearly so, 3-7 mm. long, obtuse, nearly 
sessile : sepals ovate, the outer somewhat broader than the inner, fully 1 mm. long: cap- 
sules manifestly depressed, 2-2.5 mm. broad, smooth : seeds fully 1 mm. long. 

In sand or coral rock, Florida Keys. Spring to winter. § 


5. Phyllanthus Gárberi Small. Perennial, glabrous, glaucescent. Stems branched 
at the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 1-3 dm. long, more or less again 
branched : leaves alternate ; blades thickish, oblong or nearly so, 6-8 mm. long, obtuse or 
retuse at the apex, flat, abruptly narrowed or truncate at the base: pedicels about 1 mm. 
long, enlarged upward : sepals oblong, ovate or oval, 0.5—0.8 mm. long, those of the PG 
nate flowers much more delicate than those of the pistillate : capsules spheroidal, 2.5- 
mm. broad, smooth : seeds nearly 1.5 mm. long, smooth. 

In sand, peninsular Florida. Spring. 


6. Phyllanthus Drummóndii Small. Perennial, deep green. Stems branched sf 
the base, the branches erect or ascending, 0.5-2.5 dm. long, sparingly branched, rather 
wiry : leaves numerous ; blades oblong or nearly so, 3-6 mm. long, about twice as long a8 
wide, obtuse, nearly sessile: pedicels about 0.5 mm. long: sepals suborbicular or ova- 
orbicular, barely 1 mm. long, those of the staminate flowers somewhat smaller and more 
delicate than those of the pistillate flowers : capsules spheroidal, about 2 mm. broad : seeds 
fully 1 mm. long. 

On sandy banks, middle and southern Texas. Spring to fall. 


7. Phyllanthus radicans (Muell. Arg.) Small  Perennial, glabrous. ane 
numerous, tufted, 0.5-3 dm. long, wire-like, ascending or decumbent, rather rigid : gain 
alternate; blades thin, oblong, cuneate or oval, 3-8 mm. long, slightly revolute, pa 
beneath, usually approximate on the branchlets : sepals oblong-oval or ovate, barely cepe 
long, obtuse: capsules spheroidal, 1-1.3 mm. broad : seeds nearly 1 mm. long. [Fe 
var. radicans Muell. Arg.] 

In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys, and in Cuba. Spring to winter. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 693 


8. Phyllanthus polygonoides Nutt. Perennial, slender. Stems more or less 
diffusely branched at the base ; branches wire-like, 0.5—3 dm. long, simple or branching : 
leaves alternate ; blades oblong or oblong-cuneate, 5-15 mm. long, obtuse or apiculate, entire, 
short-petioled: flowers 2-3 in an axil or sometimes solitary: pedicels slender, 2-5 mm, 
long : sepals oval or rhombic, 1-1.5 mm. long, white-margined, acute : capsules spheroidal. 
3-3.5 mm. broad, glabrous: seeds 1.5 mm. long, minutely warty. 

In sandy or rocky soil, Texas. Spring to fall. 


3. REVERCHONIA A. Gray. 

Annual monoecious or dioecious herbs, with glabrous foliage. Stems terete, forking. 
Leaves alternate : blades entire, petioled. Flowers inconspicuous : staminate with a calyx 
of 4 sepals; stamens 2, short; filaments distinct ; anthers introrse, opening lengthwise, 
Pistillate flowers with a calyx of 5 sepals and a 6-lobed disk ; ovary 3-celled ; styles 3. 
distinct ; stigmas notched. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule becoming dry, usually 
depressed. Seeds 2 in each cavity. 

1l. Reverchonia arenària A. Gray. Annual, glabrous, glaucous. Stems 3-6 dm. 
tall, zigzag, widely branched, rarely diffuse: leaf-blades linear to oblong or oblong-spatu- 
late, 2-4 cm. long, acute or rather obtuse, entire, flat, sessile: flowers inconspicuous ; 
staminate clustered ; pistillate axillary, short-pedicelled, sometimes solitary in the stami- 
nate clusters : perianth greenish, turning purplish : sepals 6, linear or linear-lanceolate : 
capsules spheroidal, 8-10 mm. broad, faintly reticulated : seeds mottled, 5-6 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


4. DRYPETES Vahl. 


Evergreen shrubs or trees, with glabrous foliage and milky sap. Leaves alternate, per- 
sistent: blades leathery, entire or undulately toothed. Flowers dioecious, apetalous: 
staminate in rather dense axillary clusters : pistillate solitary or few in axillary clusters. 
Pedicels short and often stout. Sepals 4-8, imbricated. Petals wanting. Stamens inserted 
under the edge of a flat or concave disk: filaments filiform, distinct: anthers extrorse, 
erect. Ovary sessile on the disk, 1-2-celled : style almost wanting: stigmas disk-like or 
2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Berry or drupe globose or ob- 
long, with a fleshy pulp and a bony stone. Seed with a crustaceous or membranous testa. 
Guiana PLUM. WHITEWOOD. 

Sepals 4: ovary 2-celled : drupe subglobose. 1. D. lateriflora. 
Sepals 8: ovary 1-celled: drupe slightly elongated. 2. D. Keyensis. 

1. Drypetes lateriflora (Sw.) Urban. A shrub or tree, reaching a height of 10 m., 
the foliage glabrous in age. Leaf-blades leathery, oblong or elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, acute 
or short-acuminate at both ends, entire, lustrous, delicately reticulated beneath: petioles 
9-10 mm. long: clusters few-flowered : pedicels shorter than the petioles : calyx greenish 
white, campanulate : sepals oblong, or ovate, obtuse, 1.5-2 mm. long, pubescent without : 
stamens 4: drupes subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, dark brown, tomentulose, ripe in 
Spring or summer.  [ D. crocea Poir.] 

In woods, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the Bahamas and West Indies. 

_ 2. Drypetes Keyénsis Urban. A shrub or tree, sometimes 12 m. tall, with a milk- 
white bark and glabrous and glaucous foliage. Leaf-blades leathery, oblong, elliptic or 
oval, 4-10 cm. long, obtuse, acute or slightly acuminate at both ends, delicately nerved 
beneath : petioles 5-10 mm. long: clusters few-flowered ; the staminate with more flowers 
than the pistillate, the pistillate flowers sometimes solitary : pedicels much shorter than 
the petioles: calyx yellowish : sepals oblong or oval, sometimes slightly rhombic, obtuse, 
pubescent without: stamens 8: stigmas lightly oblique : drupes broadly oblong or ovoid, 
2-2.5 em. long, tomentulose, ripe in fall. [D. glauca Nutt., not Vahl.] 

In dry sand, Florida Keys. 


5. CROTON L.! 

Herbs or shrubs, monoecious or rarely dioecious, strong-scented, stellate-pubescent, or 
scaly, and often more or less glandular. Leaves mostly alternate : blades entire, toothed, 
or lobed, sometimes with 2 glands at the base. Flowers in axillary or terminal clusters, 
usually spicate, or racemose. Staminate flowers uppermost : sepals 4-6, usually 5: petals 


' Contributed by Mr. A. M. Ferguson. 


694 EUPHORBIACEAE 


usually present, but often small or rudimentary, alternating with glands: stamens 5 or 
more, inflexed in the bud.  Pistillate flowers clustered or loosely racemose below the stam- 
inate : sepals 5-10 : petals usually wanting: ovary mostly 3-celled : ovule one in each cav- 
ity : styles or stigmas once, twice or many times 2-cleft. Capsule splitting into 2-4 (usually 
3) 2-valved carpels. Seeds one in each carpel, smooth or minutely pitted. The plants 
flower from spring to fall or throughout the year in many cases. 


Staminate and pistillate flowers with petals. 1. C. Alabamensis. 
Staminate flowers with petals, or both staminate and pistillate without petals. 
Petals present in the staminate flowers, wanting or rudimentary in the pis- 
tillate. 
Plants with scaly foliage. 
Plants with stellate-pubescent foliage. 
Pistillate calyx mostly not acerescent: leaf-blades entire. 
Leaf-blades ovate to oblong or broadly lanceolate. 
Leaves with ovate to narrowly ovate blades. 
Stamens 10. 3. C. fruticulosus. 
Stamens more than 10. 
Styles 3, twice 2-parted or 4-parted. 4 
Styles 3, 2-parted. b 
Leaves with oblong or broadly lanceolate blades. 
Staminate raceme less than 5 cm. long. 6. C. Torreyanus. 
Staminate raceme more than 5 cm. long. 7. C. Cortesianus. 
8 
9 


to 
c^ 


^ argyranthemus, 


. C. Berlandieri. 
. C. suaveolens. 


Leaf-blades linear or narrowly oblong. 
Blades narrowly linear, glabrate above. 
Blades narrowly oblong, minutely stellate above. 
Pistillate calyx mostly accrescent: leaf-blades toothed or entire. 
Leaves with toothed blades. 


. C. linearis, 
. €. Fergusonit. 


Shrubs. 10. C. betulinus. 

Herbaceous annuals. : 
Sepals of pistillate flowers glabrous or nearly so. 11. C. Floridanus. 
Sepals of pistillate flowers pubescent. 12. C. glandulosus. 


Leaves with entire blades. 
Plants annual. 
Pistillate flowers not pendulous from the base of the'racemes. 
Sepals 6-8, equal or nearly so: styles twice or more 2-cleft. 
Lower leaves with lanceolate, oval or ovate blades: 
sepals not hooded. ; 

Petioles long, tomentum of inflorescence purplish. 13. C. capitatus. — 

Petioles short, tomentum of inflorescence yellowish. 14. C. Engelmannü. 
Lower leaves with linear or linear-lanceolate blades: 


sepals hooded. 15. C. Elliottü. 
. Sepals 5, very unequal: styles 2-cleft. 16. C. leucophyllus. 
Pistillate flowers early drooping!from the base of the racemes. : EUM 
Ovary 3-celled : capsules 3-seeded. 17. C. Lindheimertanus. 
Ovary 2-celled : capsule I-seeded. 18. C. monanthogynus. 
Plants shrubby. 19. C. corymbulosus. 


Petals wanting in both the staminate and pistillate flowers. 
Plants perennial or shrubby. 


Staminate raceme short, 3 cm. or less. 20€. punctatus. 
Staminate raceme long, 3 cm. or more. 21. C. Neo-Mexicanus. 
Plants annual. 22. C. Texensis. 


1. Croton Alabaménsis E. A. Smith. A much branched evergreen shrub 2-3 m. 
tall, with a grayish white bark, the stem sometimes becoming 6 cm. thick. Leaf-blades 
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, firm-membranous, green and glabrate above, 
clothed beneath with silvery overlapping scales, usually without glands at the slightly 
oblique base, short-petioled : racemes 3-5 cm. long: flowers sometimes numerous: stami- 
nate 10-20 ; sepals and petals ciliate ; stamens 10-25: pistillate flowers 4-7, their pedicels 
becoming 4-8 mm. long ; sepals 3-4 mm. long ; petals scaly without ; glands 5 : capsules 
3-lobed, 6-8 mm. long, depressed at the apex, scaly : seeds oval, biconvex, 5-7 mm. long. 

On limestone hills. middle Alabama. 


. 2. Croton argyránthemus Michx. A perennial shrubby plant 3-6 dm. tall, "a 
silvery or somewhat rusty foliage and approximate branches. Leaf-blades various, t » 
lower ones obovate to oval, the upper oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, blunt, 
scaly or glabrate above, clothed with silvery scales beneath, narrowed to petioles <u a 
1-3 as long as the blades: racemes 2-5 cm. long: staminate flowers often 10-15 ; ape 
lanceolate, acute; petals oblong, scaly without; stamens mostly 10; filaments swollen a: 
the base: pistillate flowers few, often nearly sessile ; sepals 5-7, partially united, aai j 
petals wanting; glandular disk entire or 5-lobed : capsules 3-lobed, globular or és 
globose, about 5 mm. long, depressed at the apex : seeds biconvex, less than 5 mm. !on&- 

In dry soil and pine lands, Georgia and Florida to Texas and New Mexico. 3 

3. Croton fruticulòsus Engelm. A slender branched shrub 1-2 m. tall, with gray 
or yellowish tomentum, the branches densely stellate-tomentose. Leaf-blades Ata ee 
narrowly ovate, 3-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate, entire or remotely glandular-denticulate, 


EUPHORBIACEAE 695 


more or less puberulent above, tomentose beneath, truncate or cordate at the base ; petioles 
4-3 as long as the blades: racemes 3-12 cm. long: flowers mostly monoecious, the staminate 
in interrupted racemes, with pedicels 3-4 mm. long, sepals 5, oval, acute ; petals 5, oblong- 
spatulate ; glands oval ; stamens 9-10: pistillate flowers 2-5, nearly sessile ; sepals oblong 
to oblanceolate ; petals obsolete or mere rudiments; glands united into an annular disk: 
capsules globose, 5-6 mm. high, depressed at the apex: seeds oval, 4-5 mm. long, each 
with an oblong caruncle. 
In rocky soil or on bluffs, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. 


4. Croton Berlandiéri Torr. A low shrub 3-8 dm. tall, the younger branches 
pubescent, viscid, becoming smooth and whitish. Leaf-blades ovate to oblong, 2.5-3.5 
em. long, base rounded to subcordate, the basilar glands often abortive, the apex usually 
abruptly acute, the edges slightly repand and glandular, tomentose above k ii young, 
pubescent and paler below : flowers monoecious or dioecious : racemes 3-7 cm. long : stami-, 
nate flowers on slender pedicels with 15-20 stamens (30-35 in western forms): pistillate 
flowers 2-6 at base of raceme, usually short pedicelled ; sepals oblong-spatulate with 
sessile or short-stipitate marginal glands ; petals reduced to short subulate processes ; styles 
3, palmately 4-parted or twice 2-parted, 3-5 mm. long: capsules globose, 4-5 mm. high. 

In sandy or dry soil, Florida, the lower coastal regions of Texas and Mexico. 


5. Croton suavéolens Torr. A stout much branched, short-jointed, glandular shrub, 
densely and grayish or yellowish stellate-tomentose throughout. Leaf-blades thickish, 
ovate or elliptical, 2-4 cm. long, rounded or narrowed at base, loose-tomentose on both 
sides, whitish below, darker above; petioles short, 5-15 mm. long; stipular glands 
papillae-like or cylindric, not often rising above the tomentum : racemes bisexual or uni- 
sexual (or plants dioecious), stout, 2-4 cm. long and closely flowered ; bracts simple or 
variously lobed or divided, glandular: staminate flowers long-pedicelled ; stamens about 
15: pistillate flowers few, short-pedicelled ; petals reduced to subulate glands; styles 3, 
2-parted, 3-6 mm. long: capsules globose, 6-7 mm. long. 

In dry soil, northern and western Texas and Chihuahua. 


6. Croton Torreyanus Muell. Arg. A slender shrub 1-2 m. tall, the branches vel- 
vety-stellate. Leaf-blades oblong or narrowly oblong, 3-5 cm. long, obtuse or mucronulate, 
dark green and tomentose above, whitish and densely stellate-tomentose beneath, short- 
petioled : racemes 2-4 cm. long: staminate flowers numerous; sepals 5, oblong, rather 
acute ; petals oblanceolate ; stamens 12-15: pistillate flowers usually 3, at the base of the 
racemes; sepals 5, acuminate; petals rudimentary: capsules oblong, 6.5-7 mm. long, 
densely pubescent : seeds about 6 mm. long, biconvex, depressed below the stalked caruncle. 

In dry or sandy soil, Texas and New Mexico to Mexico. 


. , 7. Croton Cortesianus Kunth. A shrub 2-3 m. tall, with gray stellate-pubescent 
dichotomously or trichotomously forked branches. Leaf-blades oblong-ovate to ovate- 
lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, entire or slightly toothed, green and glabrous 
above, gray beneath, petioled : staminate racemes 1-2 dm. long, interrupted, rather rigid : 
stamens 12-16: pistillate spikes many-flowered, often 3-4 cm. long, dense, the rachis swollen: 
sepals deltoid: petals linear or rudimentary : glands forming a 5-lobed disk: capsules 
globose, 6-8 mm. high, coarsely hispid : seeds about 5 mm. long. 

In dry soil, southern Texas and Mexico. 


8. Croton linearis J acq. A shrub 1-2 m. tall, with gray and scabrous dichotomously 
or trichotomously forked branches and yellowish and densely stellate twigs. Leaf-blades 
narrowly linear, 4-7 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, obtuse, dark green and smooth above, 
silvery beneath with stellate tomentum, narrowed to the 2-glandular base : petioles less than 
5 mm. long : staminate racemes 4-8 cm. long or becoming longer: sepals 5-6, triangular : 
petals spatulate, surpassing the sepals, obtuse, ciliate : stamens about 15: pistillate racemes 

9 cm. long, frequently exceeded by the leaves : sepals narrow, acuminate : petals obsolete 
or rudimentary : capsules subglobose, 5 mm. high, yellowish floccose : seeds broadly oblong, 
about 3 mm. long. 

In pine lands, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. 


9. Croton Fergusdnii Small. A much-branched shrub about 1 m. tall, with whitish 
or grayish stems and densely stellate twigs. Leaf-blades narrowly oblong or broadly 
linear, 3-4.5 em. long, 6-12 mm. wide, blunt, entire, their lower surface yellowish and 
stellate like the twigs, the upper surface channeled and green but minutely stellate, short- 
petioled : flowers dioecious ; staminate 12-25 in stout interrupted racemes 3-5 cm. long ; 
sepals deltoid, acute ; petals spatulate, 2.5-3 mm. long, surpassing the sepals, ciliate ; sta- 
mens about 15: pistillate Howers about 6, in racemes 2-3 cm. long: capsules subglobose, 
about 5 mm. long : seeds punctate, 3.5-4 mm. long. 

Insand, peninsular Florida. Also in the Bahamas, 


696 EUPHORBIACEAE 


10. Croton betulinus Vahl. A trichotomously branched shrub 1-2 m. tall. Leaf- 
blades ovate, 1-2 cm. long, blunt, crenate-dentate, rounded or truncate at the biglandular 
: base, the pubescence more appressed beneath than above: petioles about 3 as long as the 
blades : flowers monoecious ; staminate subtended by lanceolate bracts 1-2 mm. long ; sepals 
oblong-oval, acute ; petals oblanceolate, ciliate ; stamens 9-12 ; filaments pilose at the base : 
pistillate flowers solitary or 2-3 below the staminate; sepals spatulate, accrescent ; petals 
smaller, subulate, or obsolete: capsules globose-oval, 4.5-5 mm. long: seeds oblong, 3-3.5 
mm. long, punctate. 

In rocky or sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 


11. Croton Floridànus Ferguson. A slender, woody annual plant, 2-5 dm. tall, with 
‘dichotomous or trichotomous scabro-stellate branches. Leaf-blades various, elliptic to 
ovate on the lower part of the stem, oblong to lanceolate above, 1-2 cm. long, serrate- 
crenate, biglandular at the base, short-petioled : flowers monoecious, 10-20 in sessile racemes 
2-4 cm. long; staminate inconspicuous ; sepals ovate or oblong-ovate ; petals oblong or 
nearly so, narrower than the sepals, ciliate ; stamens about 10: pistillate flowers solitary or 
several below the staminate, subtended by deltoid bracts ; sepals linear to oblanceolate or 
spatulate, accrescent ; petals rudimentary, subulate : capsules oblong-oval, about 4 mm. 
long : seeds oval, about 3 mm. long, each tipped with a thick caruncle. 

In sand, peninsular Florida. 


12. Croton glandulósus L. A tropical American species represented in our area by 
the following varieties: C. glandulosus septentrionàlis Muell. Arg. with coarsely-stellate fol- 
iage and serrate mainly oblong leaf-blades, ranges from Virginia to Iowa, Florida and 
Texas; C. glandulosus Cróftiae [C. glandulosus Lindheimeri Muell. Arg., not C. Lind- 
. heimerianus Scheele], with appressed-stellate foliage, and irregularly elliptic euh 

toothed leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long, occurs in Texas; C. glandulosus Simpsonii Ferguson, wit 
densely stellate foliage and coarsely serrate-crenate ovate leaf-blades, occurs in southern 
peninsular Florida; C. glandulosus crenatifülius Ferguson, with thinly appressed-stellate 
foliage and crenate elongated oblong upper leaf-blades, occurs in southern peninsular 
Florida and on the Keys; C. glandulosus angustifdlius Muell. Arg., with thinly appressed 
stellate foliage and linear remotely serrate upper leaf-blades, occurs in Florida and Texas. 


13. Croton capitàtus Michx. Annual, 3-8 dm. tall, the branches approximate 
above. Leaf-blades various, those of the lower leaves oval, those of the upper leaves ob- 
long, sometimes narrowly so, 2-5 cm. long, mucronate, entire, rounded or rarely cordate at 
the base and occasionally biglandular, velvety above, densely stellate-tomentose and paler 
beneath : petioles of the lower leaves as long as the blades or longer: racemes 1-3 em. 
long, with loose purplish tinged tomentum : flowers monoecious ; staminate short-pedicelled ; 
sepals 5, oval, nearly equal; petals 5, spatulate, ciliate ; stamens 7-12; filaments pubes- 
cent below ; pistillate flowers usually clustered below the staminate ; sepals 6-8, oblong to 
oblanceolate ; petals wanting ; styles 3, 2-3 times 2-cleft, 5-6 mm. long: capsules globular, 
7-9 mm. long, slightly shorter than the accrescent sepals : seeds suborbicular, much swollen, 
5 mm. long. 


In dry soil, New Jersey to Iowa, Georgia and Texas. 


14. Croton Engelmánnii Ferguson. Annual, 5-20 dm. tall, densely stellate-tomen- 
tose, the branches approximate or umbellate above. Leaf-blades lanceolate, sometimes 
broadly so, those of the lower leaves 10-20 cm. long, those of the upper much caei 
acute or somewhat acuminate, often shallowly and unevenly toothed, rounded or E 
cordate at the base: petioles of the lower leaves about as long as the blades, those of the 
uppershorter: racemes more or less interrupted, 5-15 cm. long, with yellow-tinged tomen- 
tum : flowers monoecious ; staminate distinctly pedicelled ; sepals ovate, acute ; petals spatu- 
late, ciliate ; stamens 9-12; filaments stellate-pubescent below : pistillate flowers usually , 
short-pedicelled ; sepals 7-8, acuminate, the inner ones smaller; petals wanting Ae " 
3, twice 2-cleft, 6-10 mm. long: capsules depressed, 6-8 mm. long: seeds oval-orbicular, 
4.5-5 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Georgia to Arkansas and Texas.—A larger, stouter and more branched fo 


broadly ovate lower leaf-blades and white pubescence, is C. Engelmannii albinoides Ferguson ; 
from the Indian Territory to Texas and New Mexico. 


rm, with 
it ranges 


15. Croton Ellióttii Chapm. Annual, 5-9 dm. tall, the stem scabrous below, Laser 
ubescent above, repeatedly branched, the branches approximate. Leaf-blades aes o 
inear-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long, or shorter above, entire, usually blunt, 3-nerved at z 

narrowed base, velvety stellate above, gray-tomentose beneath, slender-petioled : racemes 
1-2 em. long: flowers monoecious ; staminate short-pedicelled ; sepals 5, narrowly enel 
petals linear, ciliate; stamens 8-10: pistillate flowers clustered ; sepals 6-7, unequa'; 


EUPHORBIACEAE 697 


petais wanting ; styles 3, twice 2-cleft, 2-3 mm. long: capsules globose, 4-5 mm. long, 
sometimes surpassed by the accrescent hooded sepals: seeds oval, 3-4 mm. long. 
[n sandy soil, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. 


16. Croton leucophyllus Muell. Arg. Annual, 3-5 dm. tall, densely white or yel- 
lowish stellate-tomentose, the stem 2—3-dichotomous. Leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 
2-3.5 em. long, blunt, entire, dark and rough above, pale beneath, rounded at the base : 

etioles as long as the blades or somewhat shorter: racemes 1-2 cm. long, congested ; 
owers monoecious ; staminate short-pedicelled ; sepals 5, oval; petals oblong-spatulate ; 
stamens 8-10 : pistillate flowers few ; sepals 5, the 3 outer oblong, the 2 inner smaller and 
abruptly subulate ; petals wanting; styles 3, 2-cleft, 1-2 mm. long: capsules globular, 
often depressed, 4-5 mm. long, 3 longer than the sepals: seeds oval, 3-4 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, southern Texas. 


17. Croton Lindheimerianus Scheele. Annual, 3-5 dm. tall, greenish pubescent 
throughout, the stem 2-4-chotomous. Leaf-blades oval to ovate, often somewhat rhombic, 
1-3 cm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, entire or undulate, truncate or cordate at the 
base: petioles mostly about as long as the blades: racemes few-flowered : flowers monoe- 
cious ; staminate short-pedicelled ; sepals 5, ovate; petals 5, spatulate, copiously ciliate ; 
stamens 7-12 ; filaments nearly glabrous: pistillate flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, at 
the base of the raceme, the long pedicels becoming reflexed ; sepals 5, spatulate to lan- 
ceolate, nearly equal; petals wanting or obsolete ; styles 3, 2-parted, about 3 mm. long: 
capsules oval or ovoid-cylindric, 4-5 mm. long, more or less depressed at both ends, 
usually less than twice as long as the sepals: seeds oblong, 3-4 mm. long. 

On prairies or in sandy soil, Kansas to Texas and Mexico, 


18. Croton monanthógynus Michx. Annual, 3-5 dm. tall, whitish, or sometimes 
rusty stellate-pubescent or becoming papillate, the stem repeatedly 2-4-chotomous. Leaf- 
blades various, those of the lower leaves suborbicular on long petioles, those of the upper 
leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-4 cm. long, or slightly longer, usually mucronate, entire, 
on petioles about 3 their length: racemes about 1 em. long: flowers monoecious ; stam- 
inate short-pedicelled ; sepals 3-5, ovate ; petals spatulate, ciliate ; stamens 3 to 10: 
pistillate flowers 1-4 below the staminate, reflex at maturity ; sepals 5, oblong ; petals 
obsolete ; ovary 2-celled : capsules ovoid or oval, 3-4 mm. long: seed solitary by the abor- 
tion of one ovule, 2.5-3.5 mm. long. 

In rocky soil and waste places, Iowa to Illinois, Georgia, Texas and Mexico. 


. 19. Croton corymbulósus Engelm. Shrubby, silvery throughout, with several 
stems, simple below, more or less corymbose above. Leaf-blades oval to broadly oblong or 
suborbicular, 2-4.5 cm. long, mostly mucronate, entire, more loosely pubescent beneath 
than above, rounded at the base : petioles mostly J as long as the blades: racemes becom- 
ing quite loose: flowers monoecious or frequently dioecious ; staminate relatively long- 
pedicelled ; sepals 5, oblong, blunt; petals spatulate, densely ciliate; stamens 6-18: 
filaments pubescent below, much exserted : pistillate flowers on much longer pedicels 
than the staminate and at length recurved ; sepals 5-6 ; petals wanting or mere subulate 
rudiments ; styles 3, 2-parted, 3-8 mm. long: capsules oval or oblong, 4-7 mm. long, 
usually 3 longer than the sepals : seeds oblong, 3-5 mm. long. 
In sandy soil, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 


., 20. Croton punctatus Jacq. Perennial, 5-10 dm. tall, the stem 2-3-chotomous, 
like the branches gray or rusty tomentose. Leaf-blades elliptic, oblong or ovate, 1-5 cm. 
long, entire or merely undulate, truncate or cordate at the base, pale or whitish through- 
out, Hassan above, densely scaly-tomentose beneath: petioles 4 as long as the blades 
or shorter above: racemes few-flowered : flowers monoecious or dioecious ; staminate in 
racemes 1-2 cm. long, short-pedicelled ; sepals 5-6, triangular, nearly equal ; petals want- 
ing or rudimentary ; stamens normally 12, barely exserted ; filaments Subst: pistillate 
flowers 1-3 in a raceme; sepals 5, equal, oblong or cuneate; petals wanting ; ovary 3- 
celled : capsules subglobose, more or less depressed, 5-8 mm. long, seated in the unchanged 
calyx : seeds about 6 mm. long. [C. maritimus Walt.] 
BREL ad epi soil along sea shores, North Carolina to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in 
21. Croton Neo-Mexicànus Muell. Arg. Shrubby, 3-16 dm. tall, with several 
erect dichotomous stems from a woody base, silvery throughout, ped d the upper leat-sur- 
faces. Leaf-blades narrowl oblong, lanceolate, or elliptic, 1-4 cm. long, entire, green or 
; fae ias above, short-petioled: racemes 4-8 cm. long, or the pistillate shorter: flowers 
loecious ; staminate often numerous, short-pedicelled ; sepals 5, lanceolate, equal, relatively 
thin ; petals wanting; stamens 10-12; filaments pubescent : pistillate flowers 2-several, or 


698 EUPHORBIACEAE 


sometimes solitary ; sepals often 5, ovate-oblong, obtuse ; petals wanting : capsules globular, 
5-6 mm. long: seeds oval, 4-5 mm. long. 
On plains and prairies, Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. 


22. Croton Texénsis (Kl.) Muell. Arg. Annual, 4-16 dm. tall, the slender stems 
2-3-chotomous, the staminate plant more slender and with longer internodes and narrower 
leaf-blades than those of the pistillate. Leaf-blades linear, lanceolate or oblong, 4-12 cm. 
long, entire, rounded or blunt at the apex : petioles much shorter than the blades : racemes 
few-flowered : flowers dioecious ; staminate in racemes 1-3 cm. long ; sepals oblong to ovate- 
oblong; petals wanting ; stamens 8-12; filaments pubescent: pistillate flowers 2-4, toothed 
or solitary; sepals triangular; petals wanting: capsules oval or globular, 4-6 mm. long: 
seeds orbicular, 3-5 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Wyoming to South Dakota, Illinois, Alabama, Arizona and Mexico. 


6. CROTONOPSIS Michx. 

Annual, slender, silvery-scurfy monoecious herbs, with branched stems. Leaves alter- 
nate or rarely opposite: blades narrow, entire, short-petioled. Staminate flowers upper- 
most in the clusters, each with a calyx of 5 equal sepals, 5 petals and 5 inflexed stamens 
opposite the petals, the filaments distinct, enlarged at the top.  Pistillate flowers each with 
a calyx of 3-5 sepals, no petals, 5 petal-like glands opposite the sepals, and a 1-celled 
ovary. Style twice- or thrice-cleft. Ovule solitary. Fruit a small scaly or spiny achene- 
like capsule. Seed lenticular or terete, longitudinally wrinkled. 

Fruit covered with flat scales. 1. C. linearis. 
Fruit covered with spine-like scales. 2. C. spinosa. 

1. Crotonopsis linearis Michx. Stem wiry, 1-4 dm. tall, mostly branched : leaves 
few ; blades oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, entire: staminate flowers 
uppérmost; calyx 1-1.5 mm. broad ; sepals ovate ; petals spatulate: pistillate flowers in- 
conspieuous ; sepals 3-5, unequal: fruit scaly, ovoid-elliptic : seed ovoid, 2-3 mm. long. 


P ea sandy soil, often on dry granite rocks, New Jersey to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer 
and fall. 


2. Crotonopsis spindsa Nash. Stems erect, 3-7 dm. tall, slender, the branches often 
numerous, erect or ascending : leaves few ; blades linear to narrowly linear-oblong, 1-3 em. 
long, acute at both ends, green above, silvery beneath, entire, short-petioled : pedicels less 
than 1 mm. long : calyx barely 2 mm. broad; white : sepals broadly oblong or ovate-oblong, 
incurved : stamens exserted : fruit spiny : seed ovoid or ellipsoid-ovoid, about 2 mm. long, 
slightly flattened, minutely pitted. 

In grassy swamps, Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 


7. DITÁXIS Vahl. 

Monoecious or rarely dioecious herbs or shrubs, often perennial by rootstocks, with silky 
or pilose foliage and purplishsap. Leavesalternate : blades entire, or rarely toothed, often 
strongly nerved. Flowers in axillary, or axillary and terminal clusters, often racemed, 
usually bracted. Staminate flowers often crowded at the ends of the racemes. Sepals 445, 
valvate. Petals 4 or 5, alternate with the sepals and with the lobes of the disk. Stamens 
of the same number as the petals or two or three times as many : filaments united into & 
column.  Pistillate flowers with the sepals imbricated and smaller or rudimentary petals. 
Ovary 3-celled, each cavity with 1 ovule: styles 3, distinct, 2-cleft. Capsule 3-lobed, 
depressed, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seed subglobose, wrinkled, or muricate, 
sometimes crested. 


Flowers dioecious : glands abbreviated. 1. D. aphoroides. 
Flowers monoecious: glands more or less elongated. 
Pistillate flowers with normal petals. "n 
Perennial : leaf-blades entire. 2. D. humilis. .. 
Annual or biennial : leaf-blades toothed. 3. D. Blodgettii. 
Pistillate flowers with rudimentary petals. 


Foliageshaggy-pubescent : capsules sh y-hirsute : seeds prominently reticu- SR 
E icd. EgY-p caps Aggy P y 4. D. pilosissima. 


TRE DN CER: capsules minutely pubescent: seeds slightly if at 5. D. mercurialina- 

1. Ditaxis aphoroides (Muell. Arg.) Pax. A low shrub. Leaf-blades obovate, "e 
liptic, ovate or lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long, entire, 3-nerved, sessile or nearly so : racemes A: 
passing the accompanying leaves, long-peduncled, few-flowered : staminate flowers ais 
acute sepals, spatulate-obovate obtuse petals and 8-15 stamens in 2 or 3 series: pistita 
flowers with lanceolate sepals and small petals : capsules 6-8 mm. broad, villous. 

On plains or prairies, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 699 


2. Ditaxis hümilis (Engelm. & Gray) Pax. Perennial. Stem slender, much 
branched, pubescent, the branches spreading, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate, oblong or 
oblanceolate, 1-3 em. long, entire, narrowed into short petioles : flowers in axillary clus- 
ters, the staminate with petals a little longer than the 5 sepals and longer than the lobes of 
the disk : pistillate flowers with 5 sepals and three usually twice 2-cleft styles : capsules short- 
pedicelled, much depressed, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 3-4-lobed: seeds oval-globose, about 2 
mm. long, muricate. 

On prairies, Kansas to Louisiana and Texas. Spring to fall. 

3. Ditaxis Blodgéttii (Torr.) Pax. Annual or biennial, sparsely pubescent. Stems 
usually branched at the base, the branches erect, ascending or decumbent, 1-6 dm. long, 
often slightly zigzag: leaf-blades oval, elliptic or oblong, or spatulate at base of stem, 1.5- 
4 cm. long, acute or acuminate, serrate, somewhat acuminate at the base, short-petioled : 
staminate flowers 3-5 in a cluster: pistillate flowers usually solitary ; calyx strigillose ; 
sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-5 mm. long; petals greenish white, oblong, slightly 
longer than the sepals, or shorter and more acute in pistillate flowers : capsules 3-lobed, 4-5 
mm. broad, strigose : seeds nearly 2 mm. long, reticulated. 

Insandy soil, Key West, Florida. Spring to fall. 

4. Ditaxis pilosíssima (Benth.) Heller. Perennial, densely pubescent with woolly 
hairs. Stems erect or ascending: leaf-blades elliptic, elliptic-ovate or oblong-spatulate at 
base of stem, 2-5 m. long, obtuse or acutish, several-nerved, sessile: racemes surpassing the 
leaves, few-flowered : pedicels 3-10 mm. long: calyx pubescent : sepals narrowly lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, becoming 5-7 mm. long, acuminate : petals narrowly spatulate or cuneate, 
about as long as the sepals, acute, rudimentary in the pistillate flowers: glands villous- 
hirsute : capsules 3-lobed, about 1 cm. broad, densely hairy : seeds subglobose, 4-5 mm. in 
diameter, reticulated with sharp ridges. 

On prairies, Texas. Spring to fall. 

. 5. Ditaxis mercurialina (Nutt.) Coulter. Perennial. Stem slender, strict, usually 
simple, channeled, silky, 1-6 dm. high. Leaf-blades ovate to narrowly lanceolate or ob- 
lanceolate near the base of the stem, 2-5 cm. long, undulate, sessile, often strongly 3-nerved, 
glabrate : flowers in terminal and axillary racemes ; the staminate with lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, acute, ciliate sepals, and spatulate-oblong, undulate petals : pistillate flowers 
with 5 spreading lanceolate sepals, 3 times as long as those of the staminate: petals want- 
ing : capsules depressed, 6-9 mm. in diameter, somewhat silky, 3-lobed: seeds globose- 
ovoid, 4 mm. long, pointed, wrinkled, indistinctly 2-crested. 

In dry soil, Kansas and Arkansas to Texas. Spring to fall. 


8. MERCURIALIS L. 

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with firm or succulent tissues. Leaves 
opposite : blades entire or often toothed. Flowers mostly dioecious, apetalous. Staminate 
flowers in more or less elongated spikes or racemes. Calyx membranous, of 3 valvate 
sepals. Stamens 8-20: filaments distinct : anthers opening lengthwise. Pistillate flowers 
with a calyx of 3 sepals. Ovary 2-celled : styles 2, distinct or nearly so: stigmas entire. 
Ovules solitary in each cavity. Capsule usually 2-lobed. Seed solitary in each cavity, with 
a smooth or tuberculate crustaceous testa. 


.. l. Mercurialis ánnua L. Annual, glabrous. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, more or less 
widely branched : leaf-blades thinnish, ovate to lanceolate, acute or slightly acuminate, 
serrate with rounded teeth, or crenate: petioles 5-15 mm. long: staminate flowers in 
interrupted spikes which surpass the leaves: pistillate flowers clustered in the axils: 
capsules 2-lobed, 4—5 mm. broad, hispid : seeds subglobose, 1.5 mm. in diameter, pitted. 

In waste places, South Carolina to Florida and Texas and in other partsof North America. Native 
of Europe and Africa. 


9. RICINÉLLA Muell. Arg. 

Dioecious shrubs, with glabrous or rarely tomentose foliage, the branchlets sometimes 
spine-tipped. Leaves alternate, often clustered at thenodes: blades membranous or parch- 
ment-like, entire. Flowers apetalous : staminate nearly sessile in axillary clusters. Stamens 
8-15: filaments short, distinct: anthers versatile. Pistillate flowers solitary, long-pedi- 
celled. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, distinct, lacerate. Ovules solitary in each cavity. 
Capsule 3-lobed, crustaceous. Seed solitary in each cavity, with a smooth testa. 


1. Ricinella Vaseyi (Coulter) Coult. & Fish. A shrub branching from the base, the 
branches 1.5-2 m. tall, puberulent, or glabrous in age. Leaves rather few, clustered on the 


700 EUPHORBIACEAE 


short spur-like pubescent branchlets ; blades cuneate or obovate-cuneate, 1.5-3 cm. long, 
3-nerved, nearly sessile: pistillate flowers few, each terminating a pubescent pedicel arising 
from a leaf-cluster: sepals 5, lanceolate, pubescent: stamens 10: capsules depressed, 3- 
lobed, about 6 mm. long, 9-10 mm. broad, sometimes slightly granular: seeds broadly 
ovoid, about 4 mm. long. 

In dry grounds, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 


10. BERNARDIA P. Br. 


Monoecious or dioecious shrubs or rarely herbs, the foliage pubescent with simple or 
stellate hairs. Leaves alternate: blades toothed or rarely entire. Flowers inconspicuous, 
apetalous, the staminate with 3 or 4 partially united valvate sepals. Stamens 3-20: fila- 
ments often accompanied by small glands: anthers erect or rarely nodding.  Pistillate 
flowers with a calyx of 6 or sometimes 5-9 sepals. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, short : stigmas 
2-cleft, in our species. Ovules solitary in each cavity. Capsule 3-lobed. Seed with a 
crustaceous testa. 

1. Bernardia myricaefdlia (Scheele) S. Wats. An irregularly branched shrub 8-30 
dm. tall, the foliage gray-green, sometimes densely pubescent. Leaf-blades oblong, 
cuneate, or sometimes broadest below the middle, 1-5 cm. long, repand-dentate, rather 
prominently nerved, short-petioled: sepals obovate, ovate, oval or oblong: capsules de- 
pressed, about 1 cm. broad, more or less densely pubescent, 3-lobed, the lobes rounded : 
seeds oval-globose, 6-7 mm. long, nearly smooth. 

On prairies or mountain slopes, Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 


ll. ACALYPHA L. 


Annual or perennial monoecious caulescent herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades 
entire or toothed, petioled : stipules present. Flowers in axillary and terminal spikes or 
spike-like racemes, apetalous : staminate cluster peduncled, each flower in the axil of a 
minute bractlet, with a calyx of 4 sepals, and 8-16 stamens united by their bases. Pistillate 
flowers subtended by a foliaceous bract which often equals or overtops the staminate : calyx 
of 3-5 sepals. Ovary 3-celled: stigmas fringed. Capsule usually of 3 2-valved carpels, 
each 1-seeded. The plants flower from spring to fall, or throughout the year in the South. 
THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. 


Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike. 
Plants perennial. 


Stems wire-like: seeds barely 1 mm. long. 1. A. corchorifolia. 
Stems relatively stout: seeds 1.5 mm. long. 2. A. Lindheimert. 
Plants annual. DUCI 
Foliage not glandular: bracts usually surpassing the spikes. 8. A. Virginica. 
Foliage glandular: bracts usually shorter than the spikes. 4. A. gracilens. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes. 
Flowers mainly dioecious. dise 
. radians. 


Foliage villous : leaf-blades cleft. 5, A 
Foliage closely puberulent pubescent: leaf-blades crenate. 6. A. hederacea. 
Flowers monoecious. 7, A. ostryaefolia. 


1. Acalypha corchorifólia Willd. Perennial, pubescent, but not conspicuously so. 
Stems tufted, and often branched at the base, the branches spreading or decumbent, 5-2 
cm. long, rigid, wire-like, often irregularly bent: leaf-blades leathery, ovate or oblong- 
lanceolate, 7-20 mm. long, crenate-serrate, truncate or subcordate at the base, short-petioled : 
spikes mostly terminal ; the staminate very slender, all parts minute : pistillate spikes stout, 
below the staminate : bracts 5-6 mm. long, coarsely 6-12-toothed : capsules fully 1 mm. 
long, glabrous or nearly so: seeds barely 1 mm. long, smooth. 

In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys. 

2. Acalypha Lindheimeri Muell Arg. Perennial, more or less hirsute. Stems 
tufted, ascending or decumbent, 1-4 dm. long, simple or branched: leaf-blades ovate 3 
lanceolate, more or less distinctly rhombic, or suborbicular at the base of the stem, 1.5 
cm. long, acute or acutish, serrate, slightly inequilateral at the base, short-petioled : spikes 
erect, 3-10 cm. long ; staminate portion very slender, all parts minute ; pistillate portion 
conspicuously bracted : bracts 4-6 mm. long, several-cleft, the segments acute : capsules 
mm. long, glabrous : seeds globose-ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, minutely pitted in lines. 

In dry soil, Texas to Arizona and adjacent Mexico. 

3. Acalyphia Virginica L. Annual, dark green or becoming purplish, somewhat 
pubescent. Stem erect or ascending, 1-7 dm. tali : leaf-blades ovate or elliptic, 2-10 cm. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 701 


long, thin, coarsely serrate except near the base, long-petioled : staminate and pistillate 
flowers in the same axillary clusters ; staminate spike peduncled, usually included in the 
large palmately lobed bract: pistillate flowers 1-3 at the base of the staminate peduncle: 
capsules 3-lobed, subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter, smooth, sometimes slightly pubes- 
cent : seeds ovoid, reddish, striate. 

In woods and thickets, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. 


4. Acalypha gracilens A. Gray. Annual, pale green. Stems erect, 1-8 dm. tall, 
slender, with very slender branches : leaf-blades lanceolate to linear-oblong, 1-5 cm. long, 
acutish, rather firm, serrate, short-petioled : staminate spike very slender : pistillate flowers 
one, or several together : capsules subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter : seeds globose-ovoid, 
striate-pitted, dark red or gray mottled with red. 

In dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Kansas, Florida and Texas. 


5. Acalypha rádians Torr. Perennial, densely villous. Stems tufted, ascending, 
spreading or decumbent, 1-4 dm. long, commonly branched : leaf-blades reniform or orbic- 
ular-reniform, 1-1.5 cm. broad, 7-15-cleft, the segments linear, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse 
or acutish : petioles about as long as the blades or longer : spikes dioecious ; staminate linear- 
cylindric, manifestly peduncled: pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, sessile or short-pe- 
duncled : bracts 9-10-toothed : capsules depressed, 2-2.5 mm. broad, hirsute : seeds oval or 
ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, minutely pitted. 

In sandy soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


6. Acalypha hederàcea Torr. Perennial, softly pubescent. Stems tufted, ascending, 
spreading or decumbent and diffuse, 1-4 dm. long, mostly forking above : leaf-blades thick, 
oval, orbicular or orbicular-reniform, 5-15 mm. long, crenate, truncate or cordate at the 
base ; petioles somewhat shorter than the blades or longer : spikes mostly dioecious ; stam- 
inate slender, long-peduncled ; pistillate short, with shorter peduncles than the staminate : 
bracts 4-5 mm. long, densely pubescent, obtusely 8-10-toothed : capsules about 2 mm. 
long, pubescent : seeds oval-ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, obscurely pitted, variegated. 

In low grounds, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


7. Acalypha ostryaefdlia Ridd. Annual, dark-green, minutely pubescent. Stems 
erect, rather stout, simple or branched, 3-8 dm. tall : leaf-blades thin or membranous, ovate, 
5-10 cm. long, short-acuminate, serrate, obtuse or cordate at the base ; petioles often as 
long as the blades: staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes, the bractlets of the 
staminate minute, those of the pistillate conspicuous, lobed: capsules much depressed, 
3-4 mm. in diameter, spiny: seeds ovoid, 2 mm. long, wrinkled. [A. Caroliniana Ell. ] 

In thickets and waste places, New Jersey to Kansas, Florida and Mexico. 


12. TRAGIA L. 

Perennial monoecious herbs or shrubs, sometimes climbing, usually armed with stiff 
stinging hairs. Leaves alternate : blades entire, toothed or somewhat lobed, mostly cordate, 
petioled. Flowers in racemes or spicate racemes, bracteolate, apetalous ; staminate with a 
calyx of 3-5 sepals, and 1-3 or rarely numerous stamens : pistillate flowers with a calyx of 
3-8 entire or pinnatifid sepals. Ovary 3-celled with one ovule in each cavity : styles 3, 
often united to above the middle. Capsule 3-lobed, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. 
Seeds subglobose. The plants flower from spring to fall. 


Stems not twining. 
Leaf-blades linear, entire. 1. T. linearifolia. 
Leaf-blades broader and manifestly broadest above or below the middle. 

Leaves with more or less cuneately narrowed blades. : 
Stems closely and softly pubescent: leaf-blades bluntly toothed or entire: 
racemes longer than the leaves. 2. T. urens. 
Stems essentially glabrous: leaf-blades sharply toothed: racemes shorter 
than the leaves. 
Leaves. at least the lower ones, truncate or cordate at the base. 
Leaf-blades of a triangular or lanceolate type. 
Staminate calyx with 3 sepals: stamens 3. 
Stems hirsute: sepals of the staminate flowers ovate or oval: sepals : ; 
of the pistillate flowers becoming 2-2.5 mm. long. | 4. T. urticaefolia. 
Stems rather appressed-pubescent: sepals of the staminate flowers 
lanceolate : sepals of the pistillate flowers becoming 3-3.5 mm. : 
, long. 5. T. nepetaefolia. 
Staminate calyx with 4-5 sepals: stamens 4-5. 6. T. ramosa. 
Leaf-blades of a suborbicular, oval or oblong type. 
Leaf-blades slender-petioled, cordate or subcordate at the base, the teeth 


sharp. 
Leaf-blades sessile or very short-petioled, obtuse or truncate at the base, 
the teeth rounded. 


e 


. T. nigricans. 


. T. saxicola, 


. T. betonicaefolia. 
. T. macrocarpa. 


S 


«eoo 


Stems twining. 


702 EUPHORBIACEAE 


1. Tragia linearifolia Ell. Plants closely and minutely pubescent. Stems solitary 
or several from the base, erect or spreading, 1-4 dm. long, sparingly or diffusely branched, 
strict or slightly zigzag: leaf-blades linear, 3-10 cm. long, entire or undulate, sometimes 
curved, sessile or nearly so: racemes slender, often surpassing the leaves, branched in vig- 
orous specimens : bracts 1-1.5 mm. long: calyx sometimes minutely pubescent, that of the 
staminate flowers with 4-5 unequal sepals and 2 stamens: capsules 7-8 mm. broad, strigil- 
lose, one cavity often suppressed : seeds subglobose, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter, granular. 

In sand, Georgia and Florida. 

2. Tragia trens L. Plants softly pubescent with minute hairs. Stems solitary or 
several from the same base, erect or spreading, 1-4 dm. long, nearly simple or diffusely 
branched, rather rigid : leaf-blades oblong to cuneate, 2-5 cm. long, undulate or common} 
toothed, often very variable on the same plant, sessile or nearly so : racemes slender, muc 
surpassing the leaves, the rachis filiform : bracts about 1 mm. long: pedicels 1-3 mm. long: 
calyx puberulent, that of the staminate flowers with 4 sepals and 2 stamens: capsules less 
than 8-10 mm. broad, much depressed, strigillose : seeds subglobose, 3.5-4 mm. in diameter, 
smooth. [T. innocua Walt. ] 

In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. 

3. Tragia nigricans Bush. Plants sparingly hispid, purple-green. Stems usually 
branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. tall, commonly simple, essen- 
tially glabrous: leaf-blades oblong, sometimes narrowly so, 3-7 cm. long, acute, thinnish, 
coarsely serrate with rather flaring teeth, with scattered hairs, narrowly or broadly cuneate 
at the base, short-petioled : racemes few-flowered, much shorter than the leaves: bracts 
lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 mm. long: pedicels shorter than the bracts: staminate flowers with a 
calyx of 4 puberulent sepals and 4 stamens: pistillate flowers with a calyx of 6 hispid 
sepals: capsule depressed, about 10 mm. broad. 

In woods, west-central Texas. 

4. Tragia urticaefdlia Michx. Plants with stinging hairs. Stems erect or spreading, 
1-4 dm. long, often branched, hispid : leaf-blades triangular, ovate to lanceolate, 3-7 cm. 
long, coarsely and doubly serrate, truncate or cordate at the base, stout-petioled : racemes 
0.5-2.5 cm. long: staminate flowers with a calyx of 3 sepals, and 3 stamens: pistillate 
flowers with a calyx of 4 or 5 sepals : capsule much depressed, 7-10 mm. broad, hispid : 
seeds globular, 3.5-4 mm. in diameter, dark brown. 

In dry or sandy soil, South Carolina to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. 

_ 5. Tragia nepetaefólia Cav. Plants with stinging hairs. Stems slender, erect, or re- 
clining, 1-4 dm. long, rather appressed pubescent: leaf-blades triangular-ovate or lance- 
olate, 1-5 dm. long, dentate-serrate, cordate, slender-petioled, the lower sometimes orbic- 
ular: racemes 1-3.5 em. long, many-flowered : staminate flowers mostly with a calyx of 
sepals and 3 stamens : pistillate flowers with a calyx of 5 sepals: capsule much depressed, 
5-6 mm. in diameter, hirsute : seeds globose, chestnut brown, smooth, 4 mm. in diameter. 

In sandy soil, Kansas to Mexico and New Mexico. 

6. Tragia ramósa Torr. Plants light green, bristly with stinging hairs. Stems 5-30 
cm. long, slender, usually much branched, sometimes spreading: leaf-blades lanceolate, 
ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, 1.2-5 cm. long, acute at the apex, coarsely an 
sharply serrate, truncate or cordate at the base, short-petioled : staminate flowers with a 
calyx of 4-5 sepals, and 4-6 stamens ; pistillate flowers solitary with a calyx of 5 sepals 
subtended by a 3-lobed bract : capsules much depressed, 6-8 mm. in diameter, orange, more 
or less variegated. 

In dry soil, Missouri to Texas, Colorado and Arizona. 

7. Tragia saxicola Small. Plants somewhat bristly with stinging hairs. Stem 
branched at the base ; the branches ascending or spreading, slender or wiry, 0.5-2 dm. long: 
leaf-blades suborbicular to broadly ovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, rounded at the apex, crenate- 
dentate, subcordate or cordate at the base, slender-petioled : staminate flowers short-pedi- 
celled, with 3 ovate sepals about 1 mm. long, and 3 stamens: pistillate flowers usually sol- 
itary, with 4 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate sepals becoming 2.5-3 mm. long: capsules 
much depressed, 7-8 mm. broad, hairy. 

In rocky pine woods, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. 

8. Tragia betonicaefólia Nutt. Plants softly pubescent and somewhat villous. Stems 
usually branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. tall, simple or 
sparingly branched, often slightly zigzag : leaf-blades orbicular to broadly oblong, 2-4 cm. 
long, serrate, crenate-serrate or somewhat lobed, mostly rounded or cordate at the base, 
short-petioled or nearly sessile : racemes usually less than 1 em. long ; bracts surpassing the 
pedicels : staminate calyx with 4 sepals : stamens 2 : pistillate calyx with 4-5 sepals : ovary 
densely pubescent : capsules 3-lobed, less than 1 cm. broad. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Louisiana. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 703 


9 Tragia macrocárpa Willd. Plants slightly hirsute. Stems slender, twining, 4-15 
dm. long, branched: leaf-blades ovate, 5-12 cm. long, deeply cordate, coarsely dentate, 
serrate, long-acuminate ; petioles mostly shorter than the blades: staminate flowers with a 
calyx of 3 sepals and 3 stamens: pistillate flowers several at the base of each spike, short- 
quee sepals 5 : capsules depressed, 12-16 mm. in diameter: seeds subglobose, 5 mm. 
ong, smooth, variegated. 
In dry or rocky soil, Kentucky to Missouri, Florida and Mexico. 


13. GYMNANTHES Sw. 


Evergreen shrubs or trees, with glabrous foliage and a milky sap. Leaves alternate : 
blades leathery, entire or crenate-serrate. Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious : stami- 
nate in slender, axillary racemes furnished with bracts and bractlets : pistillate flowers sol- 
itary on long peduncles, 1, 2 or 3 of which arise from the axils with the staminate flowers. 
Perianth rudimentary or wanting. Stamens 2-3: filaments distinct or united at the base. 
sometimes subtended by the scale-like rudimentary perianth : antherserect. Ovary 3-celled, 
sometimes long-stalked, subtended by the rudimentary perianth of 3 scale-like parts, pro- 
longed into 3 recurved styles. Ovules solitary in each cavity, suspended, anatropous. 
Capsule 3-lobed, separating into 3 2-valved bodies. Seeds pendulous, with a membranous- 
crustaceous testa. 

1. Gymnanthes licida Sw. An evergreen shrub or tree, reaching a height of 10 m., 
the foliage glabrous. Leaf-blades leathery, cuneate to oblong-spatulate, or nearly oblong, 
4-10 cm. long, lustrous above, undulate or obscurely toothed near the apex, short-petioled : 
spikes staminate, shorter than the leaves, continuous: bracts reniform: perianth none: 
stamens 2-3, subtended by reniform bractlets : pistillate flowers solitary, on curved pedun- 
cles, these somewhat shorter than the spikes: ovary stalked : capsules depressed, about 1 
em. broad, 3-lobed, the lobes rounded : seeds ovoid, 6-8 mm. long. 


In coral soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the Bahamas and the Antilles. POISON- 
WOOD. CRABWOOD. 


14. SEBASTIANA Muell. Arg. 


Monoecious shrubs or rarely herbs, with rather slender branches. Leaves alternate: 
blades entire or barely toothed, never large. Flowers inconspicuous, apetalous, in slender 
Spikes or racemes. Disk wanting. Staminate flowers with a membranous calyx of 3-5 un- 
equal sepals. Stamens 2-3 or rarely 4: filaments distinct or slightly united at the base: 
anthers opening lengthwise.  Pistillate flowers below the staminate, with a calyx of 3 more 
or less united sepals. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, simple. Ovules solitary in each cavity. 
Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed. Seeds solitary, with a smooth testa. 


l. Sebastiana ligustrina (Michx.) Muell. Arg. An erect widely branched shrub 
1-4 m. tall, the foliage glabrous. Leaf-blades thickish, oblong, elliptic or oval, 3-8 cm. 
long, usually slightly acuminate at both ends, rarely obtuse, undulate, short-petioled : 
pe shorter than the leaves, sometimes in pairs: calyx yellowish, that of the staminate 
owers with 3 ovate acute or acuminate serrulate sepals: stamens 3: calyx of pistillate 
flowers nearly similar to that of the staminate : capsules nearly 1 cm. broad, depressed, 
3-celled smooth : seeds subglobose, 4 mm. long. 
On banks and in swamps, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


15. SAPIUM P. Br. 


Dioecious or rarely monoecious shrubs or trees, with glabrous foliage. Leaves alter- 
nate or opposite: blades entire or sparingly toothed, often leathery, sometimes long- 
petioled. Flowers apetalous, in axillary, lateral or apparently terminal spikes or racemes. 
Disk wanting. Staminate flowers with a calyx of 2 or rarely 3 nearly equal united sepals : 
stamens 2-3: filaments distinct : anthers opening lengthwise.  Pistillate flowers below the 
staminate, with a calyx of 2 or 3 more or less united sepals. Ovary 2-3-celled : styles 2-3 
slightly united at the base, entire. Ovules solitary in each cavity. Capsule 2-3-lobed, 
2-3-celled. Seeds solitary, with a crustaceous testa. 


Leaf-blades rhombic : capsules 3-lobed : seeds 8-9 mm. long. 1. S. sebiferum. 
Leaf-blades linear-oblongor narrowly oblong: capsules 2lobed : seeds 6-7 mm. long. 2. S. glandulosum. 


704 EUPHORBIACEAE 


1. Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. A large tree reaching a height of 15 m., the foli- 
age glabrous deep green. Leaf-blades rhombic, 4-8 cm. long, acuminate, undulate, broadly 
cuneate at the base ; petioles slender, about as long as the blades or longer: spikes terminal, 
5-10 cm. long, continuous: capsules depressed, 3-lobed, 1.5 cm. broad, abruptly pointed : 
seeds 8-9 mm. long, white. 

In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Native of China and Japan. Spring. 

2. Sapium glanduldsum (L.) Morong. A shrub or a tree becoming fully 13 m. tall, 
Leaf-blades linear-oblong or narrowly oblong, 8-16 cm. long, serrulate ; petioles 10-16 
mm. long: spikes 5-9 cm. long, more or less interrupted: capsules 2-lobed, about 1 cm. 
broad: seeds 6-7 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Pensacola, Florida. Native of South America. Spring. 


16. STILLÍNGIA L. 
Monoecious herbs or shrubs, with glabrous foliage and simple or branched stems. 
Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, often with 2 glands at the base : blades entire or toothed. 
Staminate flowers several together in the axils of the bractlets. Calyx slightly 2-3-lobed. 
Stamens 2-3, exserted.  Pistillate flowers solitary in the axils of the lower bractlets. 
Calyx 3-lobed. Ovary 2-3-celled, with a solitary ovule in each cavity : styles stout, some- 
what united at the base. Capsule 2-3-lobed, separating into 2 or 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds 
ovoid or subglobose. "The plants flower in the spring and summer or throughout the year 
in the extreme South. QUEEN’s DELIGHT. QUEEN-ROOT. 
Plants annual. 1. S. dentata. 
Plants perennial. 
Plants herbaceous. 
Capsules less than 10 mm. wide: seeds 4-6 mm. long. 
«Stem leaves with linear blades. 
Leaf-blades evenly serrulate with gata en teeth : lobes of the gyno- 
pos wider than high: stems simple or umbellate above: species 
exano-Mexican. 
Leaf-blades very shallowly and crenulate serrulate: lobesof the gyno- 
phore higher than wide: stem dichotomous : species Floridian. 


2 
à 8. S. 
Stem leaves with spatulate or oblong-spatulate blades. 4, S. spathulata, 
Capsules over 10 mm. wide: seeds 7-9 mm. long. 5.8 


Stem leaves with lanceolate or elliptic serrulate blades. salicifolia 
Stem leaves with obovate, oval or oblong crenulate blades. 6. S. sylvatica. 
Plants shrubby. 7. S. aquatica. 


1. Stillingia dentàta (Torr.) Britt. & Rusby. Herbaceous. Stems branched at the 
base, the branches spreading or decumbent, often branched again, angled, 1-3 dm. long: 
leaf-blades spatulate to oblong-spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, sharply toothed with flaring or 
rarely curved teeth, narrowed to the base and almost sessile : spikes shorter than the leaves 
or slightly longer, rather loosely flowered : bracts triangular or triangular-lanceolate : calyx 
very delicate, less than 1 mm. long : filaments long-exserted : capsules ovoid-globose, 4-4.5 
mm. in diameter : seeds 3 mm. long, smooth or nearly so, not reticulated. 

In ravines, or on plains and prairies, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 

2. Stillingia linearifdlia (Muell. Arg.) Small. Herbaceous. Stems usually several 
together, 3-6 dm. tall, slender, simple or umbellately branched above : leaf-blades linear, 
often narrowly so, 3-8 cm. long, acute, evenly serrulate with black-tipped teeth : spikes con- 
tinuous, 5-7 mm. long, erect : bracts buid than high : capsules 5-7 mm. wide: 

3-4 mm. long. [S. sylvatica y linearifolia Muell. Arg. } 
In dry or sandy soil, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. 
3. Stillingia angustifolia (Torr.) S. Wats. Herbaceous. Stems solitary or few to- 
ther, 2.5-6 dm. tall, dichotomous, slender : leaf-blades linear or essentially so, 2-5 cm. 
ong, rather blunt, shallowly and unevenly crenulate-serrulate : spikes slender, 2-4.5 cm. 
long : capsules slightly depressed, 5-6 mm. wide: seeds about 4 mm. long. 

In sandy soil and about ponds, peninsular Florida and the Keys. 

4. Stillingia spathulata (Muell. Arg.) Small. Herbaceous. Stems solitary or few 
together, 3-7 dm. tall, sometimes branched below the sparingly umbellate top, or merely 
dichotomous : leaf-blades spatulate to oblong-spatulate, or linear-spatulate on the branches, 
7-15 em. long, evenly crenulate, rather blunt: spikes 4-14 cm. long: capsules depressed, 
7-9 mm. wide: seeds about 5 mm. long. [S. sylvatica a spathulata Muell. Arg. ] 

In pine lands, Georgia, Alabama and Florida. . 

5. Stillingia salicifólia (Torr.) Small. Herbaceous. Stems usually several together, 
3-11 dm. tall, simple or umbellately branched above : leaf-blades lanceolate to elliptic, te 
11 em. long, acute, serrulate : spikes 4-9 cm. long: capsules 12-15 mm. wide : seeds 7-8 
mm. long. [S. sylvatica B. salicifolia. ] 

In sandy soil, Kansas to Arkansas and Texas. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 705 
$ 

6. Stillingia sylvática L. Herbaceous. Stems commonly several together, 4-12 dm. 
tall, stout, usually topped by a simple or compound umbel : leaf-blades obovate, oval or 
oblong, 3-11 cm. long, obtuse, crenulate : spikes 5-12 cm. long : capsules 12-15 cm. wide : 
seeds 7-9 mm. long. 

In sandy soil and open woods, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. 

7. Stillingia aquática Chapm. Shrubby. Stems erect, 6-20 dm. tall, often standing 
in shallow water, conspicuous on account of the umbel-like top : leaf-blades linear or linear- 
oblong, sometimes broader above or below the middle, acute, finely serrate, narrowed into 
short slender petioles, the upper ones yellowish : spikes as long as the leaves or shorter : 
braets 1-1.5 mm. high: calyx 1 mm. long, rather delicate: capsules about 1 cm. broad, 
smooth : seeds subglobose, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter, rugose, pitted at the end. 

Inswamps and wet pine lands, South Carolina, Florida and Alabama. 


17. HIPPOMANE L. 

Trees with glabrous foliage and an acrid poisonous milky sap. Leaves alternate : 
blades leathery, entire or serrate, somewhat persistent, on rather long petioles. Flowers 
monoecious, in terminal ament-like spikes with a stout rachis, the staminate above the 
pistillate in clusters of 8-15 subtended by broad bracts which are furnished with 2 glands. 
Calyx membranous, 2-3-lobed. Stamens 2-3, exserted: filaments more or less united ; 
anthers erect, extrorse.  Pistillate flowers few and solitary in the axils below the stami- 
nate. Calyx ovoid, 3-parted, closely surrounding the ovary, furnished with several glands. 
Ovary 6-8-celled, sessile. Styles 6-8, recurved, stigmatic on the inner faces. Ovules 
solitary in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Drupe spheroidal, slightly 6-8-lobed, 
variegated, with a milky pulp and a bony 6-8-celled endocarp. Seeds elongated, flattened, 
with a double membranous testa, the outer coat darker than the inner. MANCHINEEL. 

1. Hippomane Mancinélla L. An evergreen tree 4-18 m. tall, resembling a pear 
tree, the foliage glabrous. Leaf-blades thickish, ovate, oblong or oval, 4-10 cm. long, acute 
or short-acuminate, undulate or shallowly serrate, lustrous above, rounded or subcordate 
at the base ; petioles slender, as long as the blades or shorter : spikes 4-8 cm. long, curved : 
bracts broader than long, crenulate: calyx of the staminate flowers with 3 unequal acute 
sepals, that of the pistillate flowers with broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate sepals, about as 
long as the ovary: drupe spheroidal, 2.5-3.5 em. broad, yellowish green or light yellow 
with a scarlet cheek : nut depressed with many short thorn-like projections. 

i On sandy beaches, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the Bahamas, West Indies and trop- 
cal America. Spring. 
18. RICINUS L. 

Tall stout monoecious herbs, with glabrous and glaucous foliage. Leaves alternate : 
blades large, peltate, palmately lobed, petioled. Flowers numerous, small, apetalous, 
greenish, in terminal racemes, the pistillate above the staminate. Staminate flowers with 
a calyx of 3-5 valvate sepals, and numerous crowded stamens : filaments repeatedly branched. 
Pistillate flowers with a caducous calyx. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled : styles 3, red, united 
at the base, 2-cleft. Capsule subglobose, or oval, smooth or spiny, separating into 3 2-valved 
carpels. Seeds ovoid or oblong, usually mottled. Castor Om PLANT. CasToR-BEAN. 

1. Ricinus comminis L. Stem erect, 1-5 m. tall, more or less branched, becoming 
tree-like in warm regions. Leaves conspicuous ; blades nearly orbicular in outline, 10— 
40 cm. broad, palmately 6-11-lobed and peltate, the lobes toothed, acute or acuminate : 
capsule 12-16 mm. in diameter, usually spiny, sometimes smooth: seeds shining, smooth, 
me variegated with white, or mottled with gray and brown markings. 

n 
ii warm and komies] ping mag im E cultivation, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Widely naturalized 
19. MOZÍNNA Ortega. 

Monoecious, rather succulent shrubs. Leaves alternate, clustered on lateral spurs : 
blades broadened upward, entire or lobed. Flowers inconspicuous, sessile or short-pedi- 
celled on the spurs with the leaves. Sepals 5, distinct or nearly so. Corolla urn-shaped, 
Surpassing the calyx : lobes shorter than the tube. Stamens 8-13 : filaments monadelphous : 
anthers introrse. Ovary often 2-celled. Styles 2, distinct. Stigmas more or less deeply 
notched. Ovules solitary in each cavity. Capsule often 2-lobed, sometimes of a single 
carpel. 2 solitary in each cavity. 


706 EUPHORBIACEAE 


1. Mozinna sessiliflora (Hook.) Small.! Perennial, glabrous, shrubby, but some- 
what succulent. Stems several dm. tall, with a smooth olive-green bark : leaves clustered 
on short stout spurs ; blades spatulate or cuneate, 2-4 cm. long, entire or merely toothed at 
the tip, sessile or nearly so: flowers clustered, the staminate pedicelled : calyx pubescent, 
various, the staminate with ovate-lanceolate, acutish sepals, the pistillate with lanceolate 
acuminate sepals : corolla pubescent ; tube surpassing the calyx ; lobes oblong or ovate, ob- 
tuse, shorter than the tube : capsules about 2 cm. long, sharp-tipped, oblique at the base, 
pubescent or glabrate: seeds less than 1.5 cm. long, oblong-oval. [Jatropha spathulata var. 
sessliflora (Hook. ) Muell. Arg. ] 


On prairies and hillsides, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


20. CNIDOSCOLUS Pohl. 

Perennial monoecious herbs or shrubs, with stinging-bristly foliage. Leaves alternate : 
blades entire, lobed or divided, petioled. Flowers apetalous, in cymes, the staminate with 
a corolla-like 5-lobed calyx. Stamens usually numerous (10-30) and in several series : 
filaments mostly united at the base, the inner sometimes imperfect.  Pistillate flowers in 
the lower forks of the cymes. Ovary mostly 3-celled and 3-ovuled : styles united at the 
base. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, easily separating into 2-valved carpels. Seeds ovoid, 
orobovoid. Embryo stright in the fleshy endosperm. TREAD-SOFTLY. SPURGE NETTLE. 
Staminate calyx glabrous or nearly so at maturity; tube 8-10 mm. long. 1. C. stimulosus. 
Staminate calyx copiously armed with spreading bristle-like hairs ; tube 15-25 mm. long. 2. C. Texanus, 

1. Cnidoscolus stimulósus (Michx.) A. Gray. Plant bright green, armed with 
stinging hairs. Stems rather slender, erect, simple or branched, 1-12 dm. tall : leaf-blades 
nearly orbicular in outline, 8-30 cm. broad, truncate or cordate at the base, deeply 3-5- 
lobed; the lobes entire, toothed or pinnatifid : calyx of the staminate flowers salverform, 
white or pink, glabrous or nearly so at maturity ; tube 8-10 mm. long; lobes about as 
long as the tube: capsules oblong, 10-16 mm. long, papillose, wrinkled : seeds oblong- 
obovoid, 10-12 mm. long, smooth, mottled. [Jatropha stimulosa Michx. ] 

In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. AA 

2. Cnidoscolus Texanus (Muell. Arg.) Small. Plants copiously armed with rigid 
bristle-like hairs. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, simple or branched above, bristly : leaf-blades sub- 
orbicular in outline, deeply 3—5-lobed, 6-15 cm. broad, the lobes toothed, angled or pin- 
natifid, acute or somewhat acuminate ; petioles nearly as long as the blades or longer, 
bristly like the stem : clusters many-flowered, densely bristly : calyx white; tube cylindric 
or nearly so, 2-2.5 cm. long, pubescent with firm bristles ; lobes oblong to spatulate-oblong, 
about as long as the tube or somewhat shorter, often sharply bristly without : capsules 
slightly larger than those of the preceding species. [Jatropha Tech Muell. Arg.] 

In sandy soil, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. Spring to fall. 


21. JATROPHA L. 

Perennial caulescent monoecious herbs, often woody below. Leaves alternate: blades 
angled or lobed, petioled. Flowers petaliferous, cymose, the staminate inconspicuous, with 
5 sepals and 5 more or less united petals. Stamens 10, the inner sometimes imperfect : 
filaments united below.  Pistillate flowers mainly below the staminate. Ovary 2-3-celled, 
or rarely 4-celled. Capsule separating in 2 carpels or usually 3 carpels. Seeds usually 
minutely carunculate. : 

1. Jatropha gossypifdlia L. Perennial, shrubby. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, branching: 
leaf-blades palmately 3-5-lobed, 8-15 em. broad, often lustrous above, the segments shal- 
lowly toothed, glandular-ciliate, acute or acuminate ; petioles shorter than the blades, con- 
spicuously glandular-pubescent, the hairs often in clusters : capsules globular-oblong, about 
1 cm. long, slightly warty : seeds oblong, 7-8 mm. long, mottled. 

In sandy soil, Key West and tropical America. Also in Africa. 


22. MÁNIHOT Adans. : 
Vigorous monoecious herbs or shrubs, commonly with glaucous and glabrous foliage. 
Leaves alternate: blades entire or palmately 3-7-lobed or 3-7-parted, the segments —€— 
branous or leathery, entire or lobed. Flowers apetalous, in racemes or panicles, the stami- 
1 Another species, Mozinna spathulata Ortega, of Mexico, western Texas and New 


Mexico, with some of the leaves lobed and slender-pedicelled staminate flowers, may 
found within our range. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 707 


nate with a calyx of 5 partially united sepals. Stamens 10, in 2 series: filaments slender, 
those of the inner series attached to the lobes of the disk: anthers opening lengthwise. 
Pistillate flowers with a calyx similar to that of the staminate but the tube often shorter. 
Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, slightly united at the base. Ovules solitary in each cavity. 
Capsule 3-celled. Seeds solitary in each cavity. 

Leaf-segments lobed. 1. M. Carthaginensis. 
Leaf-segments entire. i 2. M. Manihot. 

1. Manihot Carthaginénsis (Jacq. ) Muell. Arg. Stems 4-10 dm. tall, often spar- 
ingly branched : leaf-blades orbicular or reniform in outline, 3-5-lobed, 8-12 cm. broad, 
the lobes ovate, fiddle-shaped, pinnatifid or the lower ones undulate, acute or acuminate ; 
petioles about as long as the blades or shorter: racemes few-flowered : calyx of the stami- 
nate flowers salverform, the lobes linear or linear-lanceolate: pistillate flowers below the 
staminate ; tube none or very short; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate: bracts surpassing 
the pedicels. 

In sandy soil, southern Texas to Mexico and tropical America. 

2. Manihot Manihot (L.) Cockerell. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, more or less branched : leaf- 
blades 3-7-parted, the segments linear to elliptic, or slightly broadest above the middle, 
acute or acuminate, entire ; petioles about as long as the blades or longer : panicles spread- 
ing, often glaucous: bracts shorter than the pedicels: calyx campanulate, 7-8 mm. high ; 
lobes ovate, obtuse, about as long as the tube ; calyx of the pistillate flowers with a shorter 
tube than that of the staminate. [M. ulitissima Pohl.] 

In sandy soil, Keys of Florida and tropical America. 


23. CHAMAESYCRH S. F. Gray. 

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Stems often radially branched at the base, the 
branches ascending or prostrate, sometimes creeping, forking. Leaves opposite: blades 
entire or toothed, more or less oblique at the base : stipules delicate, entire or fringed. In- 
volucres solitary in the axils or in axillary cymes: glands 4, sessile or stalked, naked or 
usually with an appendage, one sinus of each involucre glandless. Capsule smooth, some- 
times pubescent, the angles sharp or rounded. Seeds angled, with minute caruncles, white 
or black, the faces smooth or transversely wrinkled. SPURGE. 


A. Leaf-blades entire. 
Plants with relatively prostrate stems or branches. 
Annuals or biennials. 
Seeds over 1.5 mm. long. 
Leaf-blades fully thrice as long as broad, acute or apiculate: capsules 


3-4 mm. long. 
Leaf-blades twice as long as broad, obtuse or retuse: capsules 2.5 mm 
ong. 
Seeds less than 1.5 mm. long. 


1. C. polygonifolia. 
2. € Ingalisii. 


Seeds barely 1.5 mm. long: species terr "rae |. 8. €. Geyer, 
an. 
Ultimate divisions of the inflorescence open cymes. 4. C. ammannioides. 
Ultimate divisions of the inflorescence raceme-like clusters. 5. C. Nashii. 
6. C. Chiogenes. 
Foliage and capsules glabrous. 


Stipules toothed : appendages of the glands minute or obsolete. 7. C. serpens. 
Stipules : DDR of the eadi petal-like. 8. C. cordifolia. 


cled ; glands red: seeds nearly smooth. 9. C. brachypoda. 
glands nish brown: seeds transversely wrinkled. 10. C. Laredana. 


Leaf-blades apiculate : capsules pubescent all over. 11. C. Garberi. 
Fordactals Leaf-blades obtuse: capsules pubescent along the angles. 12. C. cinerascens. 
Involucres inconspicuous, less than 1 mm. high ; appendages obsolete. — 13. C. deltoidea. 
Involucres corolla-like, over 1 mm. high ; appetdayes petal-like. . M. C. albomarginata. 


&. Perennials 
Foliage glabrous. 15. C. Fendleri. 
Bir ee lo at the h h obsol d ul 
8 Simple at the base: gl wi ete appendages: ca es 
less than 1mm. high. dene pee i 16. C. adicioides. 


708 EUPHORBIACEAE 


** Stems much branched at the base: glands with toothed appendages : 


capsules over 1.5 mm. high. 
Leaf-blades barely twice as long as broad: appendages of the 
glands narrow crenulate borders. * 
Leaf-blades several times longer than broad: appendages of the 
glands nearly as long as broad, dentate or fimbriate. 
b. Annuals. 
Foliage glabrous. 
Leaf-blades at least twice as long as broad. 
Capsules less than 1.5 mm. long 
Capsules over 1.5 mm. long. 
Glands of the involucre with inconspicuous appendages. 
Glands of the involucre with conspicuous appendages. 
Appendages mostly longer than broad : seeds 4-angled. 
Appendages mostly broader than long: nearly terete. 
Leaf-blades about as long as broad. 
Leaf-blades involute, veinless above, apiculate. 
Leaf-blades revolute, manifestly veined above, rounded at the apex. 
Foliage pubescent. 
B. Leaf-blades manifestly toothed, but sometimes only at the apex. 
Capsules glabrous. 
af-blades of a triangular tyve or orbicular to oval. 
Stems simple or sometimes branched at the base : leaf-blades mostly of a 
triangular type. 
Stems copiously branched at the base: leaf-blades not triangular. 
Leaf-blades of an oblong, oblong-lanceolate or cuneate type. 
Stems or branches prostrate. 
Seeds faintly if at all transversely wrinkled. 
Involucres less than 1 mm. high: capsules 1.5 mm. broad. 
Involucres over 1 mm. high: capsules 2 mm. broad. 
Seeds strongly transversely wrinkled. 
Stems or branches erect or ascending. 
Poeda brown or nearly black under a grayish coat: ultimate branches 
slender. 
Seeds light gray : ultimate branches filiform. 
Capsules manifestly pu ent. 
tems or branches erect or ascending. 
Stems or branches prostrate. : 
Involucres axillary, sometimes approximate on lateral branchlets. 
Involucres deeply split on one side. 
Foliage pale green : capsules over 1.5 mm. high: seeds fully 1 mm. 


long. 
Foliage Siuish green: capsules less than 1.5 mm. high: seeds less 
than 1 mm. long. 
Involucres not split on one side. 
Capsules pubescent along the angles. 
Capsules pubescent all over, but mainly so below the middle. 
Glands of the involucres with inconspicuous appendages. 
Leaf-blades and involucres glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 
Capsules with long spreading hairs along the angles: seeds 
fully 1 mm. long, with strongly wrinkled faces. 
Capsules with pro Hobart hairs along the angles : seeds 
less than 1 mm. long, with obscurely wrinkled faces. 
Leaf-blades and involucres copiously pubescent, usually hirsute. 
Glands of the involucre with red or magenta appendages, 
2 of them at least large and somewhat petal-like: cap- 
sules 1.5 mm. long: seeds over 1 mm. long. 
Glands of the involucre with pale, minute or obsolete ap- 
pendages: capsules 1 mm. long: seeds much less than 


1mm. long. 
Glands of the involucres with conspicuous petal-like appendages. 
Involucres in peduncled glomerules. 


17. C. lata. 
18. C. angusta. 


19. C. revoluta. 
20. C. polyclada. 


21. C. Nuttallii. 
22. C. petaloidea. 


23. C. buxifolia. 


24. C. Porteriana. 
25. C. villifera. 


26. C. Stanfieldii. 
6. C. Chiogenes. 


27. C. 
28. C. 
29. C. 


30. C. nutans. 
31. C. Brasiliensis. 


32. C. Tracyi. 


33. C. humistrata. 
934. C. pergemena. 


35. C. prostrata. 


36. C. malaca. 
37. C. maculata. 


38. C. conferta. 


39. C. stictospora. 
40. C. adenoptera. 
41. C. pilulifera. 


1. Chamaesyce polygonifdlia (L.) Small. Annual, pale green, glabrous. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches MIL spreading, raida 1-2.5 dm. long, forked : 
leaf-blades narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, 6-20 mm. long, fleshy, acute or apiculate, 
entire : involucres turbinate-campanulate, less than 2 mm. long : glands 4, columnar, nearly 
naked, shorter than the involucre-lobes ; appendages obsolete : capsules globose-ovoid, n 
mm. long, wrinkled in age: seeds oblong-ovoid, pale gray, minutely pitted. [Euphorbia 
polygonifolia L. ] 

; dini GINE along or near the coast, New Hampshire to Florida, and along the Great Lakes. Summer 

2. Chamaesyce Ingállsii Small. Annual, pale green, glabrous. Stems branched at 
the base, the branches prostrate, dichotomous, 1-5 dm. long: leaf-blades oblong to ovate- 
oblong, 8-16 mm. long, fleshy, entire; petioles 1-3 mm. long: bracts similar to the leaves 
but smaller : involucres campanulate, about 1 mm. high, as long as the peduncles: glan 
about 0.3 mm. broad; appendages obsolete: capsules ovoid-globose, 2.5 mm. long, 
prep! voak in age: seeds ovoid or globose-ovoid, less than 2 mm. long, white, spar- 
ingly pitted. 


In sandy soil, Florida to Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 709 


3. Chamaesyce Geyeri (Engelm.) Small. Annual, olive-green, glabrous. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches radially spreading, prostrate, 0.5-4 dm. long, forking, 
wiry: leaf-blades oblong to ovate, 4-12 mm. long, obtuse, usually mucronulate, entire, 
mostly truncate or subcordate at the base, short-petioled: involucres turbinate, 1.5 mm. 
high, usually longer than the peduncles: glands about 0.3 mm. broad ; appendages incon- 
spicuous, white or red: capsules globose-reniform, about 2 mm. high: seeds narrowly 
ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, nearly terete, ash-colored. [Euphorbia Geyeri Engelm. ] 

On plains or prairies, Minnesota to Illinois, Kansas and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 

4. Chamaesyce ammannioides (H.B.K.) Small. Annual, glabrous. Stems branched 
at the base, the branches prostrate, very slender, 3-9 dm. long, the ultimate divisions 
nearly filiform: leaf-blades oblong, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse or abruptly pointed, entire, 
oblique at the base, Menit neiclod : involucres campanulate, barely 1 mm. high, shorter 
than the peduncles: glands transversely oblong, 0.5 mm. broad ; appendages whitish, rep- 
resented by mere borders : capsules depressed, about 2-2.5 mm. broad, smooth : seeds ovoid, 
1 mm. long, smooth. [Euphorbia ammannioides H.B.K.] 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida. Spring to winter. 

5. Chamaesyce Náshii Small. Annual or biennial, glabrous, rather fleshy. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches prostrate, 2-5 dm. long, forking, relatively stout : leaves 
sometimes numerous on the branches ; blades broadly oblong, varying to slightly broadest 
above or below the middle, 3-8 mm. long, inclined to be truncate or retuse at the apex, 
entire, obtuse or truncate at the oblique base: involucres turbinate-campanulate, nearl 
1.5 mm. high, glabrous, longer than the peduncle : glands nearly 0.3 mm. broad ; append 
ages narrow, delicate, entire or undulate: capsules fully 1.5 mm. high, glabrous: seeds 
oblong-ovoid, about 1 mm. long, the faces with shallow transverse wrinkles. 

On sandy beaches, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Spring to winter. 


6. Chamaesyce Chiógenes Small. Annualor biennial, deep green, glabrous. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches prostrate, wiry, 1-3 dm. long, forking, with rather 
long internodes: leaves rather few ; blades often becoming parchment-like, oval, ovate or 
oblong, 3-8 mm. long, acute or obtuse, and entire, or broadly oval or suborbicular and 
toothed, inequilateral, manifestly petioled : involucres turbinate-campanulate, about 1 mm. 
high, short-peduncled : glands minute; appendages mere white or pale borders: capsules 
fully 1 mm. high, glabrous, theangles rather sharp : seeds about 1 mm. long, 4-angled, the 
faces uneven. 

Insand, Florida Keys. Throughout the year. 


7. Chamaesyce sérpens (H.B.K.) Small. Annual, pale green, glabrous, sometimes 
glaucescent. Stems branched at the base, the branches slender or filiform, prostrate, 5-30 
em. long : leaf-blades orbicular, orbicular-ovate or oval, 2-6 mm. long, obtuse or emarginate, 
entire, often slightly revolute-margined, short-petioled, the base oblique, rounded or sub- 
cordate ; stipules triangular, somewhat toothed at the apex : peduncles slightly longer than 
the petioles: involucres solitary in the axils, nearly 1 mm. high : glands 4, sessile, saucer- 
shaped, shorter than the involucre-lobes ; appendages minute, irregular, crenulate : capsules 
nodding, depressed-globose, 2 mm. broad: seeds oblong-ovoid, 1 mm. long, smooth, ob- 
tusely 4-angled, light gray. [Euphorbia serpens H.B:K. ] 

On prairies, Iowa to Illinois, Kansas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

8. Chamaesyce cordifdlia (Ell.) Small. -Annual, glabrous. Stems branched at the 

, the branches spreading or prostrate, 1-5 dm. long, forking, often diffuse : leaf-blades 
broadly oblong to oval or sometimes slightly broadest below the middle, obtuse, entire, 
manifestly petioled : involucres campanulate, 1 mm. high, shorter than the peduncles : 

lands transversel oblong ; appendages white, orbicular or ovate, 0.8 mm. long: capsules 
roader than high, 1.5 mm. high, the angles sharp: seeds ovoid, 1 mm. long, smooth, 
obscurely 4-angled. [Euphorbia cordifolia Ell. ] 

In sand, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

9. Chamaesyce brachypoda Small Annual, hirsute or villous-hirsute. Stems 
often branched at the base, the branches s reading, prostrate, 1-3 dm. long, forking, barely 
Py the branchlets 1-2 cm. long, with many joints: leaf-blades oblong to ovate, 2-7 
mm. ong, obtuse, hirsute, entire, thick, very oblique, short-petioled : involucres fully 1 
“a high, campanulate, hirsute, longer than the peduncles: glands red, about 0.5 mm. 

road ; appendages very narrow, entire or obsolete: capsules fully 1 mm. long, globose- 
ovoid, copiously pubescent, acute-angled : seeds less than 1 mm. long, nearly smooth. 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. 

10. Chamaesyce Laredàna ( Millsp.) Small. Annual, viscid-villous with white hairs. 
Stems branched at the base, the branches numerous, 0.5-3 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate 
oroval-ovate, 2-5 mm. long, obtuse, entire, lanate, cordate at base : involucres campanulate, 


710 EUPHORBIACEAE 


sessile, completely clothed with white hairs: glands 4, somewhat elongated transversely, 
the appendages obsolete : capsules slightly depressed, 1.5-2 mm. broad, glabrous near the 
base, the lobes keeled: seeds sharply 4-angled, the faces with 4-6 transverse ridges. 
[Euphorbia Laredana Millsp. ] 

In dry soil, near Laredo, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 


11. Chamaesyce Gárberi (Engelm.) Small. Annual or biennial, finely canes- 
cent. Stems widely branched, sometimes from the base, the branches spreading or ascend- 
ing or decumbent, 1—4 dm. long, more or less zigzag: leaf-blades ovate or oval, 4-10 mm. 
long, apiculate, entire, oblique at the base, short-petioled: involucres solitary or few in 
clusters, campanulate, about 1 mm. high, as long as the peduncle or longer: nearly gla- 
brous: glands transversely oblong, 0.4 mm. broad ; appendages mere narrow dentate 
borders: capsules slightly broader than high, 1.5 mm. high, the angles rather sharp, spar- 
ingly poean all over: seeds reddish brown, barely 1 mm. long, with indistinct transverse 
wrinkles. [Euphorbia Garberi Engelm. ] 

In sand, Florida and Alabama. Spring to winter. 


12. Chamaesyce cineráscens (Engelm.) Small. Annual or biennial, finely canes- 
cent. Stems branched at the base, the branches spreading or prostrate, 0.5-2 dm. long, 
slender, forking: leaves numerous ; blades suborbicular to ovate or oval-oblong, 3-6 mm. 
long, obtuse, entire, truncate at the base, short-petioled : involucres turbinate-campanulate, 
less than 1 mm. high, pale, stout-peduncled: glands minute, often purple, nearly naked; 
7 thu A minute or obsolete: capsules fully 1 mm. high, a little broader, pubescent, 
the angles sharp: seeds pale gray, oblong, about 1 mm. long, sharply 4-angled, the faces 
prominently wrinkled transversely. [Euphorbia cinerascens Esselm.] 

In dry soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 


13. Chamaesyce deltoidea (Engelm.) Small. Perennial, nearly glabrous. Stems 
more or less diffusely branched at the base, the branches slender, zigzag, 5-10 cm. long, 
usually wiry: leaf-blades thickish, deltoid-ovate or reniform, 1.5-3 mm. long, obtuse or 
retuse, oblique, slightly revolute, short-petioled: involucres globose-campanulate, less 
than 1 mm. long, as long as the peduncles or shorter : glands transversely oblong, minute, 
0.3 mm. broad ; appendages obsolete: capsules barely 1 mm. long, smooth and glabrous : 
seeds minute. [Euphorbia deltoidea Engelm. | 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida. Spring to winter. 


14. Chamaesyce albomarginata (T. & G.) Small. Perennial, glabrous. Stems dif- 
fusely much branched from the base, the branches wire-like, 2-15 cm. long, sometimes 
very numerous: leaf-blades suborbicular or ovate-orbicular, 4-8 mm. long, obtuse or 
acutish, entire, truncate or subcordate at the base, manifestly petioled : involucres campan- 
ulate, fully 1 mm. high, as long as the peduncles or shorter: glands transversely oval, 
about 0.5 mm. wide; appendages white, petal-like, fan-shaped, 1.5-2 mm. broad, entire or 
crenulate: capsules globose-ovoid, 2 mm. long, sharply 3-angled: seeds oblong-ovoid, 
1-1.3 mm. long. [Euphorbia albomarginata T. & G.] 

In dry soil, Texas to California. Spring to fall. 

15. Chamaesyce Féndler (T. & G.) Small Annual (or perennial by a voy 
root), pale green, glabrous. Stems diffusely branched from the base, the branches spread- 
ing, wiry, 1-2 mm. long, brittle: leaf-blades suborbicular, oval or elliptic, 3-8 mm. long, 
obtuse, entire, short-petioled, the base oblique, obtuse or subcordate ; stipules usually a 
fringe of short bristles: involucres solitary in the axils, sometimes clustered toward the 
ends of the branches, campanulate, 2-5 mm. high: glands saucer-shaped, oval; appen- 
dages irregular, entire or slightly lobed: peduncles about;as long as the involucres: cap- 
sules deflexed, 3 mm. in diameter, sharply 3-lobed : seeds ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, trans- 
versely wrinkled. [Euphorbia Fendleri T. & G.] 

On plains or prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas, Mexico and Arizona. Spríng to fall. 

. 16. Chamaesyce adicioides Small. Perennial, shrubby, finely pubescent with pale 
hairs. Stems ascending, 2-4 dm. tall, rather copiously branched above, zigzag, sometimes 
lem. thick at the base: leaves numerous; blades ovate to oval, 2-3 mm. long, acute or 
acutish, entire, short-petioled : involucres campanulate, barely 1 mm. high, longer than 
the uncles, minutely pubescent, deciduous: glands about 0.4 mm. broad : appendages 
obsolete : capsules pubescent, less than 1 mm. long. 

In sand or coral rock, Florida. Spring to winter. S 

17. Chamaesyce lata (Engelm.) Small. Perennial, pale green, canescent. Stems 
branched from the Aste et vi e the branches ul or ascending, 5-10 cm. 
long: leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, revolute-margined, abru tly m 
rowed, truncate or cordate at the base, short-petioled ; stipules obsolete, or of a few sho 


EUPHORBIACEAE 711 


bristles : involucres solitary in the axils, 1 mm. long, short-peduncled : glands 4, disk-like ; 
appendages narrow, undulate: capsules subglobose, 2 mm. in diameter: seeds oblong, 1.5 
mm. long, acutish at both ends, 4-angled, the faces inconspicuously transverse-wrinkled. 
[Euphorbia lata Engelm. ] 

On plains and prairies, Kansas to Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 


18. Chamaesyce angüsta (Engelm.) Small. Perennial, minutely pubescent. Stems 
densely tufted, branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. long, rather 
rigid : leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute, revolute, entire, firm, 
sessile or nearly so : involucres turbinate to campanulate-turbinate, 1-1.5 mm. long, longer 
than the peduncles : glands reniform, barely 0.5 mm. broad ; appendages white, fan-shaped, 
dentate or erose fimbriate : capsules broader than high, 2.5-3 mm. broad, whitish: seeds 
ovoid, 1.5-2 mm. long, transversely wrinkled. [Euphorbia angusta Engelm. ] 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring to fall. 


19. Chamaesyce revolita (Engelm.) Small. Annual, delicate, glabrous. Stems 
erect, very slender, sometimes nearly filiform, 0.8-2 dm. tall, simple below, forking above, 
the branches spreading or ascending: leaves few ; blades narrowly linear, 1-3 cm. long, 
usually about 1 mm. broad, acute, entire, short-petioled : involucres sessile or on slender 
peduncles about 1 mm. long, campanulate or turbinate-campanulate, less than 1 mm. high, 
erect : glands minute, broader than long, purple; appendages white or reddish, oblong or 
ovate, obtuse, entire: capsules about 1 mm. long, rather sharply 3-angled: seeds oblong, 
Low ph mm. long, sharply 4-angled, the faces irregularly wrinkled. [Euphorbia revoluta 

ngelm. 

On hillsides, along the Rio Grande, Texas and northern Mexico. Summer. 


20. Chamaesyce polyclàda (Boiss.) Small. Annual, glabrous. Stems branched 
at the base, the branches numerous, decumbent or spreading, 0.5-1 dm. long, forked, 
very slender: leaf-blades oblong or elliptic-oblong, 4-7 mm. long, obtuse and mucronu- 
late, entire, rounded at the slightly oblique base, short-petioled : involucres turbinate, 
about 1 mm. high, long-peduncled, the lobes triangular : glands minute ; appendages incon- 
spicuous, pale or white, entire or 2-3-toothed : capsules fully 1.5 mm. long: seeds over 1 
mm, long. [Euphorbia polyclada Boiss. ] 

In sandy soil, Texas, Spring and summer. 

21. Chamaesyce Nuttállii (Engelm.) Small. Annual, bright green, glabrous. 
Stems slender, erect or ascending, branched, 1-6 dm. high, the branches wiry: leaf- 
blades mostly linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, mucronulate or truncate at the apex, often involute, 
obtuse or narrowed at the base, petioled, usually curved, the midvein prominent ; stipules 
lanceolate : involucres solitary in the axils, campanulate, less than 2 mm. long, long- 
peduncled : glands 4, saucer-shaped ; appendages white, entire, oblong or ovate: capsules 
about 2 mm. long: seeds ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, gray, 4-angled. [Euphorbia petaloidea var. 
Nuttallii Engelm. } 

On prairies, Kansas to Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


22. Chamaesyce petaloidea (Engelm. ) Small. Annual, pale green, glabrous. Stems 
usually rather stout, erect, branched above, 1-6 dm. high: leaf-blades linear, oblong, or 
linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, usually flat, straight, entire, slender-petioled ; 
stipules a fringe of bristles: involucres solitary in the axils, oblong-campanulate, 2 mm. 
long : glands 4, wineglass-shaped, about as long as the lobes ; appendage white, reniform, 
ovate or suborbicular, entire or undulate : peduncles as long as the involucres: capsules 
globose-reniform, fully 2 mm. long: seeds oblong-ovoid, nearly 2 mm. long, ash-colored, 
minutely pitted, nearly terete. [Euphorbia petaloidea Engelm.] 

On prairies, Iowa to Wyoming and Texas. Summer to fall. 

23. Chamaesyce buxifólia (Lam.) Small. Annual, glabrous. Stems erect or de- 
cumbent, 2-5 dm. long, branching, purple, with long or short internodes ; leaf-blades ovate 
to broadly oblong or cuneate near the base of the stem, rather fleshy, 8-12 mm. long, ob- 
tuse or acutish, involute, rounded or subcordate, nearly sessile : involucres campanulate, 
about 1.5 mm. high, as long as the peduncles or shorter : glands transversely oblong, 0.5 
mm. broad; appendages consisting of mere whitish borders: capsules 2.5-3 mm. broad, 
P the angles sharp: seeds globose-ovoid, 1-1.5 mm. long. [Euphorbia buxifolia 

In sand on the coast, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Alsoin tropical America. Spring to winter. 

24. Chamaesyce Porteriàna Small. Annual, glabrous, or puberulent, bluish green. 
Stems erect or ascending, sparingly branched, 1-2 Sn: long: leaf-blades ovate, oval or 
suborbicular, 5-10 mm. long, obtuse or retuse, entire, ciliolate, thick, veined above, trun- 
cate or subcordate at the very oblique base, short-petioled : involucres hemispheric, nearly 


712 EUPHORBIACEAE 


1.5 mm. high, about as long as the peduncles, glabrous: glands fully 0.5 mm. broad ; ap- 
pendages colored, undulate: capsules 1.5-2 mm. in diameter. 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. 

25. Chamaesyce villifera (Scheele) Small. Annual, villous. Stems erect or as- 
cending, 0.5-3 dm. tall, forking, slightly zigzag: leaf-blades ovate or triangular-ovate, 3-6 
cm. long, obtuse or acutish, entire, truncate or subcordate at the oblique base, short-petioled : 
involucres campanulate, 1 mm. long, longer than the peduncles: glands minute ; append- 
ages white or rose-colored, oval or cuneate, 3-4 times longer than the width of the glands.: 
capsules 3-lobed, 2 mm. broad, 1.5 mm. high, the angles rather acute : seeds ovoid, less than 
1 mm. long, transversely wrinkled. [Euphorbia vilhfera Scheele. ] 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring to fall. 

26. Chamaesyce Stanfiéldii Small. Annual, sparingly villous or glabrate. Stems 
forking above, sometimes branched at the base, slender and wiry, slightly zigzag : leaf- 
blades triangular or ovate-triangular, 5-8 mm. long, serrate, sometimes slightly auricled 
on one side of the very oblique usually truncate base, short-petioled : involucres campanu- 
late, about 1 mm. high, usually longer than the peduncles, glabrous, ribbed : glands 0.2-0.3 
mm. broad ; appendages minute, white, petal-like, longer than broad : capsules about 1.5 
mm. high, sharp-angled, glabrous : seeds ovoid, about 1 mm. long, with few shallow trans- 
verse wrinkles. 

In dry soil, southern Texas. Summer and fall. 

27. Chamaesyce Blodgéttii (Engelm.) Small. Annual or biennial, glabrous or 
nearly so. Stems branched at the base, the branches few or numerous, 1-4 dm. long, fork- 
ing, prostrate : leaves numerous ; blades oblong or nearly so, 3-8 mm. long, minutely serrate 
near the apex, oblique at the base, manifestly petioled : involucres campanulate, less than 
1 mm. high, short-peduncled: glands minute, elevated ; appendages irregular, white or 
slightly colored : capsules 1.5 mm. high, about as broad, glabrous, the angles rather sharp : 
seeds about 1 mm. long, gray, 4-angled, the faces faintly transversely wrinkled. [Euphorbia 
Blodgettii Engelm. ] 

In sand, Florida Keys. Spring to winter. 

28. Chamaesyce serpyllifòlia (Pers.) Small. Annual, dark green, or becoming 
reddish, glabrous. Stems branched from the base, the branches slender, prostrate or 
ascending, 1-4 dm. long : leaf-blades oblong to spatulate, 3-12 mm. long, obtuse or retuse, 
nearly entire, or serrulate to below the middle, short-petioled, the base oblique, mostly 
truncate or obtuse: stipules at length a fringe of weak bristles: involucres solitary 1n 
the axils, sometimes clustured toward the ends of the branchlets, over 1 mm. long: glands 
4, disk-like; appendages narrow, lobed: capsules 2 mm. broad, slightly a : seeds 
ovoid, hardly 1 mm. long, 4-angled, the faces transversely wrinkled and pitted. Euphor- 
bia serpyllifolia Pers. ] 

In dry soil, Wisconsin to California and Mexico. Spring to fall. lab 

29. Chamaesyce glyptospérma (Engelm.) Small. Annual, pale green, glabrous. 
Stems branched near he bm the Tanie ascending, spreading or prostrate, 4-40 cm. 
long: leaves numerous ; blades oblong, linear-oblong or rarely ovate, 2-12 mm. long, 
more or less falcate, obtuse at the apex, inequilateral, serrulate, very oblique and obtuse or 
subcordate at the base, short-petioled ; stipules becoming fringed : involucres solitary In 
the axils, or often clustered, campanulate, fully 1 mm. long, with 4 dark ribs : glands 4, 
saucer-shaped ; appendages narrow, crenulate, or slightly lobed: capsules depressed- 
globose, less than 2 mm. in diameter, nodding : seeds oblong, 1 mm. long, ash-colored, 
strongly transversely wrinkled, not pitted. [Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. ] 

In sandy soil, Ontario to British Columbia, Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

30. Chamaesyce nütans (Lag.) Small. Annual, glabrous or sparingly pulses. 
Stems branched, at least above, ascending or erect, 1.5-6 dm. high, the branches most 
spreading, and 2-ranked, often recurved at the ends, the flowering branches slender : l s 
blades oblong or linear-oblong, varying to ovate or obovate, often falcate, oblique, 
3-nerved, unequally serrate, often with a red blotch and red margins, short-petiojec ; 
stipules slightly lacerate: involucres narrowly obovoid, 1 mm. long, one-half or one thir 
as long as the peduncles: glands 4 ; appendages orbicular or reniform, entire, white or : 
capsules glabrous, fully 2 mm. in diameter: seeds oblong-ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 4-angie¢, 
brown or nearly black under a grayish coat, transverse-ridged. [Euphorbia nutans Lag.] 

In fields and thickets, throughout eastern North America, except the extreme north, extending 
west to the Roeky Mountains. Spring to fall. ` 

31. Chamaesyce Brasiliénsis ( Lam.) Small. Similar to C. nutans in habit. — 
sometimes woody at the base, the flowering branches filiform: leaf-blades more c y 
toothed : capsules usually less than 2 mm. in diameter : seeds commonly about 1 mm. ‘ong, 
black or nearly so. [Euphorbia Brasiliensis Lam. ] 

In waste places and dry soil, Gulf States to Mexico and tropical America. Spring to winter. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 713 


32. Chamaesyce Tracyi Small. Annual, somewhat pubescent. Stems simple below 
and erect, or branched at the base, the branches ascending. 1-5 dm. long, usually reddish, 
thinly canescent : leaf-blades oblong or slightly broadest above the middle, mostly 5-13 
mm. long, shallowly toothed near the apex, glabrous at maturity, short-petioled : involucres 
campanulate, about 1 mm. high, not split: glands transversely oblong, about 0.4 mm. 
broad ; appendages minute, undulate: capsules about as broad as long, barely 1.5 mm. 
high, slightly pubescent all over, but especially so below the middle: seeds 4-angled, 
oblong-ovoid, X seit 0.8 mm. long, some or all of the faces slightly wrinkled. 

In sandy soil, southern Mississippi. Summer. 


33. Chamaesyce humistràta ( Engelm. ) Small. Annual, light green, puberulent or 
sparingly pilose. Stems branched from the base, the branches slender, radiately spreading, 
prostrate or ascending, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate-oblong or sometimes narrower, 4-10 
mm. long, serrulate at least above the middle, oblique, obtuse or subcordate at the base, 
short-petioled ; stipules at length fringed : involucres in lateral clusters, split on one side, 
1mm. long, faintly nerved : glands 4, disk-like ; appendagesnarrow, irregular, red or white : 
capsules depressed-globose, less than 2 mm. in diameter, its 3 lobes keeled : seeds oblong, 1 
um i papillose, ash-colored, obscurely transverse-wrinkled. [Euphorbia humistrata 

ngelm. 

In dry or sandy soil, Quebec to New York, Kansas and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


34. Chamaesyce pergeména Small Biennial or perennial, glaucescent. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches slender, wire-like, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, glabrous or nearly 
$0, forking: leaf-blades parchment-like, oblong or ovate, very oblique, 3-6 mm. long, ob- 
tuse, serrulate, minutely pubescent on both sides, conspicuously inequilateral, cordate or 
subeordate at the base, short-petioled : involucres campanulate, 1.5 mm. high, minutely 
pubescent, with a split on one side through which the pedicel protrudes: glands trans- 
versely oblong, variable in size, about 0.5 mm. broad ; appendages white or pink, as long 
as the glands or longer, one much longer than the others, more or less uneven along the 
edges : capsules about 1 mm. high, minutely pubescent : seeds less than 1 mm. long, the faces 
transversely wrinkled. [Euphorbia pergemena Small.] 

In sand, peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. Spring to winter. 


35. Chamaesyce prostrata (Ait.) Small. Annual, more or less pubescent or gla- 
brate. Stems branched at the base, the branches prostrate, 0.5-2 dm. long, forking, com- 
monly very leafy: leaf-blades oval, obovate or oblong, often a little broadest above the 
middle, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse, sparingly serrulate at the apex, oblique at the base, mani- 
festly petioled : involucres turbinate, 0.5-0.7 mm. high: glands minute, 0.3 mm. broad ; 
appendages narrow : capsules 1 mm. high, somewhat broader, pubescent along the angles : 
seeds less than 1 mm. long, transversely wrinkled. [Euphorbia prostrata Ait] 

In sandy soil, Florida to Texas and Mexico. 


36. Chamaesyce málaca Small. Annual, pubescent. Stems branched at the base, 
the branches prostrate, closely and softly pubescent, especially when young, 2-5 dm. long, 
forked : leaf-blades broadly oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, or shorter on the branchlets, obscurel 
toothed above the middle, mostly blunt, oblique at the base and very in uilateral, wit 
slender but short petioles: involucres turbinate-campanulate, fully 1 mm. high, minutely 
pubescent, longer than the peduncles: glands about 2 mm. broad ; appendages undulate, 
minute, very variable in size: capsules ovoid-globose, about 1.5 mm. high, sparingly 
meri seeds oblong-ovoid, fully 1 mm. long, sharply angled, with strong transverse 

rinkles. 

On plains and prairies, the Indian Territory to Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 


37. Chamaesyce maculàta (L.) Small. Annual, dark green, puberulent or pilose. 
Stems branched at the base, the branches slender, radiately spreading, prostrate, 5-40 cm. 
long, often dark red : leaf-blades usually blotched, oblong or ovate-oblong, 4-16 mm. long, 
obtuse, more or less serrate, short-petioled, the base oblique, subcordate ; stipules a frin 
of bristles : involucres solitary in the axils, mostly 1 mm. long: glands 4, sip-shaped ; 
appendages narrow, white or red, erenulate: peduncles shorter than the involucres: cap- 
sules ovoid-globose, about 2 mm. in diameter, pubescent: seeds ovoid-oblong, less than 1 
mm. long, óbtusely angled, ash-colored, minutely pitted and inconspicuously transverse- 
wrinkled. [Euphorbia maculata L.] 

M Aa: S orth America, except the extreme north. Apparently introduced west of the Rocky 

38. Chamaesyce conférta Small. Annual, more or less villous. Stems branched at 
the base, the [son dm spreading and prostrate, 0. 5-2 dm. long, often forked, short-jointed : 
leaves approximate, clustered on short branchlets ; blades oblong to ovate, 3-6 mm. long, 
acutish or obtuse, serrate, paler and more densely pubescent beneath than above, truncate 


714 EUPHORBIACEAE 


at the oblique base, short-petioled: involucres turbinate-campanulate, villous, barely 
2 mm. high, sessile or nearly so: glands bearing very irregular reddish or magenta 
toothed appendages, 2 of them nearly as long as the body of the involucre : capsules ovoid- 
globose, about 1 mm. long, minutely pubescent: seeds oblong-ovoid, 0.6 mm. long, with 
strong transverse wrinkles. 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida and tropical America. Spring to winter. 


39. Chamaesyce stictospdra (Engelm.) Small. Annual, yellowish green, pilose 
throughout. Stem branched at the base, the branches ascending or radiating, 5-30 cm. 
long: leaves numerous; blades oblong to suborbicular, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse, dentate-ser- 
rate at the apex, short-petioled, the bases truncate or subcordate ; stipules fringed : invo- 
lucres clustered, campanulate, 1 mm. high: glands 4, cup-shaped; appendages rather 
inconspicuous, crenate, some of them irregular or obsolete: peduncles at length longer than 
the involucres: capsules ovoid, 1-2 mm. in diameter: seeds narrowly ovoid, 1.2-1. 5 mm. 
yl a pitted, gray or ash-colored, sharply 4-angled. [Euphorbia stictospora 

ngelm. 

On prairies, Kansas and Colorado to Mexico. Spring to fall.—A Texan variety, with less pubescent” 
foliage, broader and more strongly nerved leaf-blades smaller and broader seeds and narrower append- 
ages to the glands of the involucre, is C. stictospora Guadalupénsis Small. [Euphorbia stictospora var. Tex- 
ensis Millsp., not Euphorbia Texana Boiss.] 

40. Chamaesyce adenóptera (Bertol.) Small. Annual, closely villous. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches decumbent or prostrate, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, simple or 
forking: leaves numerous, approximate or nearly contiguous, blades oblong or ovate- 
oblong, 4-8 mm. long, acute or acutish, serrulate, very oblique at the base, short-petioled : 
involueres about 1 mm. high, campanulate or turbinate-campanulate, densely pubescent : 
glands minute; appendages white or rose, 2 often much longer than the others, oblique, 
toothed: capsules 1.5 mm. long, densely pubescent, the angles sharp: seeds about 1 mm. 
long, oblong, 4-angled, the faces transversely wrinkled. [Euphorbia adenoptera Bertol. J 

In pine lands, Florida and tropical America. Spring to winter. 

41. Chamaesyce pilulífera ( L.) Small. Annual, pubescent. Stems usually branched 
at the base, the branches ascending or prostrate, 1-4 dm. long, forking or simple : leaf- 
blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute, finely serrate, blotched in the 
middle, oblique, manifestly petioled : involucres in dense short-stalked clusters, turbinate, 
less than 1 mm. high: glands minute, 0.2 mm. broad; appendages obsolete : capsules 
little over 1 mm. broad, pubescent : seeds 0.9 mm. long, the faces slightly wrinkled trans- 
versely. [Euphorbia pilulifera L.] 

In sand, Florida to Texas, New Mexico and tropical America. Also in the tropics generally. 


Spring to winter.—The small form with closely prostrate branches and leaves commonly about 1 em. 
long, is C. pilulifera procümbens (Boiss.) Small. ` LE. pilulifera var. procumbens Boiss.] 


24. ZYGOPHYLLÍDIUM Small. 

Annual herbs, with erect forking stems. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate on the 
lower part of the stem : blades narrow, equilateral, not oblique at the base, entire : stipules 
gland-like, often obsolete. Involucres delicate, short-peduncled in the upper forks. 
Glands 5, broader than long, subtended by petal-like appendages. Capsules long-pedi- 
celled, 3-lobed. Seeds terete, usually narrowed upward, more or Jess papillose, the 
caruncle sometimes wanting. SPURGE. 

1. Zygophyilldium hexágonum (Nutt.) Small. Yellowish green, glabrous or spar- 
ingly pubescent. Stems slender, 1-5 dm. tall, branched, the branches ascending, often almost 
filiform : leaves mainly opposite ; blades linear, oblong or lanceolate, very short- petioled, 
obtuse or acute, equilateral ; stipules obsolete or very narrow: involucres solitary In the 
axils, often clustered, 2-3 mm. long, ciliate, pubescent, short-peduncled, with 5 glands ; 
appendages triangular-ovate whitish or green : capsules glabrous, 4 mm. in diameter : 
ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 3 mm. long, terete, papillose. Euphoria. hexagona Nutt. ] 

On prairies, lowa to Montana, Texas and Colorado. Spring to fall. 


25. TRICHEROSTIGMA KI. & Garcke. 


Shrubs, with erect or procumbent stems and more or less succulent tissues. Leaves 
scattered, few, usually fugacious: blades small, becoming firm. Stipules none. Invo* 
lucres solitary, and subtended by fleshy bracts near the ends of the branches, or in axillary 
cymes, hemispheric, pubescent within; lobes toothed or fimbriate. Glands 5, subtended 
by entire petal-like appendages. Capsule 3-lobed, exserted. Seeds 4-sided, somewhat 
wrinkled. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 715 


1. Tricherostigma antisyphilitica (Zucc.) Kl. & Garcke. Shrubby, glabrous. 
Stems procumbent ; branches erect or ascending, 2-8 dm. tall, stout, simple or nearly so, 
early leafless : leaves few, alternate ; blades linear, 10-18 mm. long, rigid, acute, recurved : 
bracts scale-like, leathery, triangular: involucres sessile, or nearly so, constricted at the 
base, 2-3 mm. high: glands transversely oblong, barely 1 mm. broad ; appendages white, 
longer than the glands, undulate, somewhat cucullate : capsules globose-ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. 
long, glabrous ; lobes rounded : seeds 2-2.5 mm. long, eA SEY white, irregularly wrinkled. 

On gravelly or limestone hillsides along the Rio Grande, Texas and Mexico. 


26. DICHROPHYLLUM KI. & Garcke. 


Annual caulescent herbs, with the erect stems often topped by a several-rayed umbel. 
Leaves scattered below the umbel, thence opposite or whorled : blades often petal-like and 
very showy, entire: stipules at the base of the petioles or leaf-blades, fugacious. Invo- 
lucres campanulate, in rather dense cymes, pubescent without and within : lobes fimbriate. 
Glands 5, peltate, somewhat concave, with white or pink petal-like appendages. Capsule 
exserted, large, pubescent, the lobes rounded. Seeds narrowed upward, reticulated, with 
caruncles. SPURGE. 


Bracts of a linear type, reddish margined : involucral glands with reddish appendages. 
1. D. bicolor. 
Bracts of an oblong type, white margined : involucral glands with white appendages. 2. D. marginatum. 

1. Dichrophyllum bicolor (Engelm. & Gray) Kl. & Garcke. Stem 3-15 dm. tall, 
usually topped by a 3-rayed simple or compound umbel : leaves scattered ; blades oblong 
to oblong-lanceolate or the lower ones slightly broadest above the middle, all sessile, apic- 
ulate; bracts linear or linear-spatulate, about as long as the leaves or longer: involucres 
campanulate, 3.5-4 mm. high, hairy, longer than the peduncles: glands rather reniform, 
1.5 mm. broad ; appendages white, reniform or fan-shaped, 3-4 mm. long, crenulate : cap- 
sules woolly, becoming about 1 cm. broad, much depressed, 3-lobed : seeds ovoid, 5-6 mm. 
long. [Euphorbia bicolor Engelm. & Gray. ] 

On rich plains, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Louisiana and Texas. Spring to fall. 

2. Dichrophyllum marginàtum (Pursh ) Kl. & Garcke. Stem 3-9 dm. tall, somewhat 
channeled, usually pilose, topped by a mostly 3-rayed umbel: leaves scattered ; blades 
ovate to obovate, 2-9 cm. long, entire, sessile: rays of the umbel forked: bracts large, 
white-margined : involucres campanulate, often clustered, 4 mm. long, usually pubescent, 
bearing 5 glands subtended by white reniform appendages: capsules depressed-globose, 6 
mm. in diameter, usually pubescent, the lobes rounded : seeds ovoid-globose, terete, about 
4 mm. long, dark ash-colored, reticulate-tuberculate. [Euphorbia marginata Pursh. ] 


In dry soil, Minnesota to Colorado and Texas. Introduced into waste places in the Central and 
Atlantic States. Spring to fall. : 


27. TITHYMALOPSIS Kl. & Garcke. 

Perennial herbs, with tough rootstocks and glabrous or pubescent foliage. Stems soli- 
tary or tufted, topped by several-rayed umbels. Leaves alternate or scattered below the 
umbels, thence opposite or whorled : blades entire, more or less leathery, inclined to be 
revolute. Involucres sessile or peduncled, few and remote, or in rather close clusters and 
numerous: lobes toothed or fimbriate. Glands sessile or stalked, with white pink or 
rose petal-like appendages. Capsule exserted, sometimes conspicuously so, often broader 
than high: lobes rounded. Seeds narrowed upward, more or less conspicuously punctate, 
M caruncles. SPURGE. 

aves exceedingly numerous, approximate or imbricated. 1. T. polyphylia. 
Leaves relatively Ra never finteleated. r 
Mena normally wadergroubd ; branches of the inflorescence tufted ; all leaves 
8 opposite. 
Glands of the involucre with inconspicuous m n-like appendages. 
ranches spreading or prostrate: leaf-blades fleshy. 2. T. 
Branches erect or ascending : leaf-blades thin. 3. T. ; 

Glands of the involucre with conspicuous white appendages, 4. T. eriogonoides. 

Stems erect, topped by the umbel-like inflorescence, their leaves alternate. 
Stem-leaves reduced to scales: het: 
Stem-leaves with normally expanded blades. 

A. Inflorescence of scattered long-peduncled involucres. 
a. Involucres 2-4 mm. across the appendages. 


Stem-leaves with linear blades, fugacious. 6. T. Curtisii. 
Stem-leaves with oblong or lanceolate blades, persistent. 
Appendages about as broad as the glands or narrower. 7. T. ezserta. 
Appendages mainly much longer than the glands. 8. T. Joorii. 


716 EUPHORBIACEAE 


b. Involucres 6-10 mm. across the appendages. 9. T. zinniiflora. 
B. Inflorescence aggregated into terminal cymes or cymose clusters. 
Leaf-blades manifestly petioled, the petioles over 2 mm. long. 10. T. apocynifolia. 
Leaf bindes sessile or nearly so, the petioles, if present, less than 1 mm. 
ong. 
Involucres 3.5 mm. across the appendages or narrower. 11. T. discoidalis. 
Involucres 4-8 mm. across the appendages. 
Appendages about as long as the involucre. 12. T. olivacea. 


Appendages much longer than the involucre. : 
Appendages longer than wide: leaf-blades relatively narrow. 13. T. corollata. 
Appendages as wide as long or wider: leaf-blades relatively 
broad. 14. T. paniculata. 


1. Tithymalopsis polyphylla (Engelm.) Small. Perennial, glabrous. Stems tufted 
or branched at the base, the branches erect or spreading, 0.5-2.5 dm. long, simple or more 
or less branched : leaves numerous, approximate, linear or linear-spatulate, 5-15 mm. long, 
straight or slightly curved, sessile: bracts oblong or linear-oblong : involucres turbinate- 
campanulate, about 1.5 mm. high, abruptly contracted at the base, shorter than the pedun- 
cles at maturity: glands 0.5-0.6 mm. broad ; appendages white or pinkish, reniform or 
mere undulate or crenate borders: capsules globular, 4-4.5 mm. in diameter : seeds oval, 
2.5 mm. long, smooth, white. [Euphorbia polyphylla Engelm. ] 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida. 


2. Tithymalopsis Ipecacuánhae (L.) Small. Perennial by a subterranean stem and 
root, usually glabrous. Branches several or many, slender, spreading or ascending, 1-3 dm. 
long, forking : leaves mostly opposite, green or red ; blades wonderfully variable in outline, 
from linear to orbicular, 1-7 cm. long, entire, the upper sometimes whorled, the lower 
sometimes alternate, short-petioled ; stipules triangular: involucres axillary, mostly hem- 
ispheric, about 2 mm. long, dleddesspatandled- bearing 5 transversely elliptic or nee 
green, sessile, narrowly appendaged glands: capsules 3 mm. in diameter, nodding: se 
light gray, oblong-ovoid, about 2.5 mm. long, pitted, obscurely 4-sided. i 

In dry sandy soil, Connecticut to Florida, mostly near the coast. Also in southern Indiana. 
Spring to fall. 

3. Tithymalopsis grácilis ( Ell. ) Small. Perennial, glabrous. Branches wiry, tufted, 
1-3 dm. long, trichotomous or dichotomous : leaves mainly opposite ; blades suborbicular 
to ovate or linear, or rarely broader than long, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse or retuse, or in the 
case of narrow ones acute, all entire, sessile or nearly so ; stipules triangular : peduncles as 
long as the accompanying leaves or longer: involucres campanulate or turbinate-campan- 
ulate, 2 mm. high : glands transversely oblong, less than 1 mm. broad, undulate and nar- 
rowly appendaged : capsules exserted, drooping, 2.5 mm. in diameter. 

In sand, South Carolina to Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 


4. Tithymalopsis erlogonoides Small. Perennial, deep green, glabrous. Branches 
several or many together, 1-3 dm. long, diffusely branched into a rounded head 1-3 dm. in 
diameter, the branches very slender, zigzag, the ultimate divisions nearly filiform : leaves 
opposite above, the larger ones often reflexed ; blades linear or linear-spatulate, 0.5-1.5 mm. 
long, obtuse or acutish, entire, barely petioled: peduncles filiform, 3-8 mm. long at 
maturity: involucres campanulate, about 1 mm. high, erect or ascending: glands reni- 
form, about 0.5 mm. broad ; appendages somewhat reniform, white or pink, about 1 mm. 
2 rea than the gland, some rounded, others emarginate. [Euphorbia eriog 

mall. 


In loose sand, eastern Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 


5. Tithymalopsis mercurialina (Michx.) Small. Perennial, bright green, nearly 
glabrous. Stems erect or decumbent, often several together, glabrous except à few scatte: ^ 
hairs about the nodes, forking above: leaves reduced to scales at the base of the stem: 
bracts foliaceous, opposite; blades oval, elliptic or oblong-ovate, 2-5 cm. long, entire 
somewhat undulate, obtuse, glabrous, except the ciliate margin, rather abruptly narrow! 
at the base, short-petioled : peduncles nearly filiform, 1-5 em. long: involucres campanu- 
late, 2 mm, high, erect or nearly so: glands transversely oblong, about 1 mm. b he 
appendages white, undulate, narrower than the gland: capsules exserted beyond the 
involucre. [Euphorbia mercurialina Michx. ] 

On hillsides and sandy soil, Tennessee to Alabama and Florida. Spring and summer. 


_ 6. Tithymalopsis Curtisii ( Engelm.) Small. Perennial, glabrous. Stems slender, 
solitary or several together, erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. tall, more or less branched : leaves 
scattered except the whorl subtending the umbel 3-5-rayed ; blades linear, 1.5-4 es 
long, usually acute: involucres campanulate, about 1 mm. high, much shorter t " 
the nearly filiform peduncles: glands green, transversely oblong, about 0.5 mm. b sens 
appendages white, petal-like, much larger than the gland, undulate : capsules subglobose, 


EUPHORBIACEAE 717 


3 mm. high, glabrous, seated on the involucre: seeds subglobose, about 2 mm. long, . 
smooth. [Euphorbia Curtisii Engelm.] 
In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Summer. 


7. Tithymalopsis exsérta Small. Perennial, glabrous, branched at the base, the 
branches closely or loosely tufted, 1-3 dm. long, forking above, reddish or purple: leaves 
alternate below the umbel, thence opposite ; blades oblong or lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, 
obtuse or acutish, somewhat undulate, sessile or nearly so : peduncles filiform, 1-3.5 cm. long 
at maturity : involucres campanulate, nearly 2 mm. high, white or whitish green, erect : 
glands transversely oblong, less than 1 mm. broad ; appendages narrow undulate borders 
or a mere line: capsules 4 mm. in diameter, well exserted beyond the involucres: seeds 
3-3.5 mm. long. 


In pine lands, Florida. Summer. 


8. Tithymalopsis Joórii (Norton) Small. Perennial, glabrous or pubescent. Stems 
1-1.5 dm. tall, sparingly branched at the base and above: leaves alternate, few ; blades 
ovate to broadly oblong, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse, sometimes undulate, sessile : peduncles 10- 
25 mm. high: involucres few, 2-2.5 mm. high : glands narrow ; appendages suborbicular 
to cuneate, one or two of them often imperfect: capsules globular, somewhat depressed, 
3-4 mm. broad: seeds globose-ovoid. [Euphorbia corollata var. Joorti Norton.] 

In dry soil, eastern Texas. Spring and summer. 


9. Tithymalopsis zinniifldra Small. Perennial, dark green. Stems usually solitary, 
erect, 3-5 dm. tall, with a few ascending branches below the 3-rayed umbel, pubescent 
with scattered hairs : leaves alternate except those subtending the umbel ; blades narrowly 
linear-lanceolate, or nearly linear, 2-5 cm. long, mostly reflexed, acute or rather obtuse, 
sparingly pubescent above, glabrate beneath, somewhat revolute, nearly sessile or with 
somewhat hairy petioles less than 1 mm. long: peduncles slender, erect, 1-3.5 cm. long, 
angled, especially above: involucres campanulate, 2 mm. high, angled: glands oblong- 
reniform, fully 1 mm. broad ; appendages white or pink, suborbicular or 4-sided, 3 mm. 
long, rounded or emarginate at the apex: capsules 4.5-5 mm. in diameter. [Euphorbia 
zinniiflora Small. ] 

In sandy soil, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


10. Tithymalopsis apocynifdlia Small. Perennial, bright green. Stems solitary or 
tufted, erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. tall, slender, pubescent or glabrate, zigzag, at least at 
maturity, the umbel 2-3-rayed, the rays dichotomous, wire-like or filiform, ascending: 
leaves alternate except the whorl or pair subtending the umbel ; blades thinnish, oblong to 
oval, 2-7 em. long, obtuse, slightly revolute, pale beneath, with glaucous midrib sometimes 
pubescent on both sides ; petioles 3-6 mm. long, densely villous: bracts opposite, similar 
to the leaves but smaller : peduncles filiform, glabrous : involucres campanulate, barely 1.5 
mm. high, glabrous : glande transversely oblong, about 0.5 mm. broad ; appendages white, 
orbicular-cuneate, 1.5-2 mm. long, rounded at the apex: capsules about 5 mm. in diam- 
eter [ Euphorbia apocynifolia Small. ] 

In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

ll. Tithymalopsis discoidàlis (Chapm.) Small. Perennial, sparingly pubescent or 
glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, the umbel usually 3-rayed, the rays mostly forked, 
slender : leaves scattered except those subtending the umbel ; blades linear, 2-6 cm. long, 
obtuse, revolute, paler beneath, sessile: involucres campanulate, at least 1 mm. high, as 
long as the peduncle or shorter: glands deep red, transversely oblong, 1 mm. broad ;' ap- 
pendages reniform, white: capsules subglobose, 3 mm. high, the angles rounded : seeds 
ovoid, pale red. [Euphorbia discoidalis Chapm. ] 

In dry sand, Florida. Summer and fall. 

. 12. Tithymalopsis olivàcea Small. Perennial, olive green, glabrous. Stems sol- 
itary or several together, 2-7 dm. tall, simple or branched at the base, the branches erect 
or ascending, forking above or topped by a 3-rayed umbel : leaves alternate below the 
umbel ; blades leathery, oblong, obovate-oblong or cuneate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse, or notched 
at the apex and with a short mucro, sessile or short-petioled : involucres scattered along 
the slender branchlets, campanulate, about 1.5 mm. high, angled: glands transversely ob- 
long, about 0.5 mm. broad ; appendages white, 1-5 mm. long, orbicular cuneate, minutely 
erose at the top : capsules 3.5-4 mm. in diameter. [Euphorbia olivacea Small.] 

In sandy soil, northern Mississippi. Summer. 


13. Tithymalopsis corollàta (L.) Small. Perennial by a long stout rootstock, bright 
green, glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Stems erect, 2-9 dm. tall, often spotted, aalis 
simple, the umbel patna e : leaves opposite ; blades linear, oblong, or oblong- patulsie, 
2-4 cm. long, entire, short-petioled or sessile, the lower scattered, those subtending the 


718 EUPHORBIACEAE 


umbel whorled : bracts ovate to linear, green: involucres mostly terminal, less than 2 mm. 
long, bearing 4 or 5 yellowish green oblong glands subtended by white petal-like cuneate or 
orbicular-cuneate appendages: capsules erect, subglobose, 3-4 mm. in diameter: seeds 
smooth, sparingly pitted. [Euphorbia corollata L.] 

In dry soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Massachusetts, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

14. Tithymalopsis paniculata ( Ell.) Small. Perennial, deep green. Stems often 
solitary, erect, 3-9 dm. tall, simple below, pubescent, especially about the nodes, the umbel 
3-5-rayed, the rays more or less ey forked : leaves alternate below the whorl, sub- 
tending the umbel ; blades oblong to oval, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse, glabrous or hairy along 
the midrib and pale green beneath, somewhat revolute, abruptly narrowed or truncate at 
the base, slicrtspettoled or nearly sessile : involucres rather crowded in loose terminal clus- 
ters, short-peduncled, campanulate, terete, 1.5 mm. high: glands transversely oblong, 
about 1 mm. broad ; appendages white, suborbicular or somewhat 4-sided, fully 1 mm. long, 
entire : capsules about 3 mm. long, glabrous. [Euphorbia paniculata Ell.] 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Georgia. Summer. 


28. TITHYMALUS Adans. 

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with simple or branched stems, which are 
topped by several-rayed umbel-like cymes. Leaves below the umbel usually scattered or 
alternate, without stipules: blades often broadened upward. Bracts of the umbel quite 
different from the stem-leaves: blades entire or toothed. Involucres sessile or peduncled, 
axillary, disposed in open or close cymes: lobes often toothed. Glands 4, transversely 
oblong, reniform or crescent-shaped by the horn-like appendages, the missing one repre- 
sented by a thin often ciliate lobe. Capsule exserted, smooth or tuberculate: lobes 
rounded, sharp or keeled. Seeds variously pitted, often with caruncles. SPURGE. 


Leaf-blades entire: glands of the involucre crescent-shaped, reniform or truncate. ; 
Leaves of the stem or main branches opposite. 1. T. Lathyris. 
Leaves alternate. 

Bracts or leaves of the rays opposite: rays diehotomous. 
Glands of the involucre without horn-like processes. 
Glands with erose-crumpled edges. 2. T. sphaerosperma. 
Glands entire or merely undulate. 
Bracts of the rays longer than broad. ; 
Stem-leaves linear to linear-lanceolate. 8. T. inundatus. 
Stem-leaves obovate to oblanceolate. 4. T. telephioides. 
Bracts of the rays fully as broad as long. 5. T. Darlingtonii. 
Glands of the involucre crescent-shaped by horn-like processes. a 
Seeds smooth. 6. T. Helleri. 

Seeds variously pitted. 

Surfaces of the seeds rather finely and irregularly pitted. m 
Bracts of the rays very inequilateral, longer than the internodes. 7. T. longicuris. 
Bracts of the rays equilateral, shorter the internodes. 

Stem-leaves with spatulate to ovate blades: bracts ovate-reni- 
form: seeds pitted. 8. T. commutatus. 
Stem-leaves with linear blades: bracts deltoid: seeds reticulated. 9. T. austrina. 
Surfaces of the seeds longitudinally grooved or with large pits in 


longitudinal rows. 
Capsules with prominently keeled lobes. 10. T. Peplus. 
Capsules with rounded lobes. ge 
s with 2 grooves on the inner face. 11. T. Peplidion. 
Seeds with several pits on the inner face. 12. T. tetraporus. 
Bracts or leaves of the rays alternate: rays trichotomous. 13. T. trichotomus. 
Leaf-blades serrulate. P 
Glands of the involucres furnished with 2 horn-like AME. 14. T. Roemerianus. 
Glands of the involucres transversely oblong, unappendaged. 
Capsules warty. 
Stem-leaves with cordate or truncate bases. 15. T. obtusatus. 
Stem-leaves with narrowed bases 


bae aen tects merely sessile: bracts of the umbel manifestly longer 


an A 16. T. Arkansanus. 
Upper stem-leaves with small basal lobes: bracts of the umbel about 3 x 
as broad as long or broader. 17. T. Missouriensis. 
Capsules smooth. 18. T. leiococcus. 


1. Tithymalus Lath L.) Hill. Annual or biennial, glabrous, glaucous. Stem 
usually erect, stout, ETETA tall, mostly simple below, ani bellatal branched above: 
leaves numerous, mostly opposite, the lower with linear reflexed blades, the upper with n 
olate or linear-lanceolate ‘ales 3.5-12 cm. long, these entire, sessile, subcordate at the 
base: bracts of the rays opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, truncate or subcordate : ad 
volucres 5 mm. Jong, bearing 4 crescent-shaped unappendaged glands prolonged into ee 
horns : capsules subglobose, 10-12 mm. in diameter, the lobes rounded : seeds oblong-ovol@, 
5-6 mm. long, terete, usually wrinkled, dirty-brown. [Euphorbia Lathyris L.] 


In waste places, New Jersey to North Carolina and Texas. Also in California. Native of Europe. 
Spring and summer. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 719 


2. Tithymalus sphaerospérmus (Shuttlw.) Small. Perennial, glabrous. Stem 
erect, 2-6 dm. tall, topped by a 2-3-rayed umbel and often branched below : leaves alter- 
nate ; blades linear, 3-9 cm. long, acute, entire, sessile: rays 3-5 cm. long, forking : bracts 
of the rays linear-lanceolate to ovate, variable in length, acute or slightly acuminate : 
involucres campanulate, 3.5-4 mm. high, shorter than the peduncles: glands fan-shaped, 
1-2 mm. broad, thickened and crumpled on the edge: capsules 3-lobed, 8-11 mm. broad, 
about 4 as high, the lobes obtuse : seeds subglobose, 4 mm. in diameter or smaller, smooth. 
[Euphorbia sphaerosperma Shuttlw. ] 

In pine lands, Florida to Alabama. Summer. 


3. Tithymalus inundàtus (Torr.) Small. Perennial, glabrous. Stem erect, 1-5 
dm. tall, topped by a 2-3-rayed umbel, and simple or alternately branched below it: 
leaves alternate; blades linear or oblong-linear, sometimes broadest above the middle, 3- 
10 em. long, acute, sessile : bracts of the rays ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute : involucres 
campanulate or turbinate-campanulate, 2-4 mm. high, shorter than the peduncles: glands 
thick, reniform, 1.5 mm. broad, outer margin thick and undulate: capsules about 5 mm. 
high, much broader, smooth, the angles sharp: seeds subglobose or ovoid-globose, 3-3.5 
mm. in diameter, smooth.  [ Euphorbia inundata Torr.] 

In pine-land swamps, Florida. Spring. 


4. Tithymalus telephioides ( Chapm. ) Small. Perennial, somewhat fleshy, the foliage 
glabrous, light green. Stem erect, 0.5-2.5 dm. tall, topped by a 2-4-rayed umbel, com- 
monly branched below: leaves alternate; blades broa ly spatulate to oblong-obovate or 
obovate, 2-5 cm. long, acutish or apiculate, thin-margined, approximate or rarely remote : 
rays forking, barely if at all surpassing the subtending bracts : bracts of the rays ovate to 
deltoid, entire, acute : involucres broadly campanulate, 1.5-2 mm. high, purple, shorter 
than the peduncles: glands peltate, her reniform, somewhat cup-shaped, 1-1.5 mm. 
broad, undulate : capsules 3-lobed, 7-8 mm. broad, granular, the lobes rounded : seedssub- 
globose, 3 mm. in diameter, smooth. [Euphorbia telephioides Chapm. ] 

In low pine lands, Florida. Spring. 


_ 5. Tithymalus Darlingtónii (A. Gray) Small. Perennial, dark green, often 
minutely pubescent, the rootstock 1-2 cm. thick, scarred. Stem rather stout, erect, 3-15 dm. 
tall, fleshy, topped by a 5-8-rayed umbel, branched above, the branches simple or forked : 
leaves alternate ; blades oblong or oblanceolate, or lanceolate above, 3.5-10 cm. long, mostly 
obtuse at the apex, sessile, often undulate, more or less pubescent beneath: bracts of the 
rays opposite, ovate, or nearly reniform: involucres campanulate, nearly 4 mm. long, 
bearing 5 reniform undulate, unappendaged glands: capsules depressed-globose, 6-8 mm. 
high, minutely warty : seeds ovoid-globose, 3-4 mm. long, smooth or nearly so. [Euphorbia 
Darlingtonii A. Gray.] 

In woods or thickets, New York, Pennsylvanía and New Jersey to North Carolina. Spring to fall. 

6. Tithymalus Hélleri (Millsp.) Small. Annual or biennial, glabrous. Stem 
branched at the base, the branches 1.5-2.5 dm. tall, sometimes branched below the 3-rayed 
umbel: leaves scattered; blades spatulate, 6-15 mm. long, obtuse or retuse, the lower ones 
short-petioled : rays 3-5 cm. long, dichotomous, with long internodes: bracts of the rays 
oblong, sessile or nearly so, slightly unequal, orbicular-ovate, somewhat fiddle-shaped, 
mucronate at the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base: involucres not crowded, 
turbinate-campanulate, about 1 mm. high: glands elliptie, about twice as broad as long, 
With horns as long as the body of the gland: capsules depressed-globose, 3 mm. broad: 
seeds ovoid, white, 1.6 mm. long, with a 2-lobed caruncle. [Euphorbia Helleri Millsp. ] 

In sandy soil, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 


7. Tithymalus longicüris (Scheele) Small. Annual, glabrous. Stem erect, 1-3 
dm. tall, simple or branched at the base, often topped by a 3—5-rayed umbel : leaves alter- 
nate; blades spatulate to obovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, obtuse, entire or nearly so, narrowed to 
slender bases: bracts somewhat reniform, 9-13 mm. broad, very inequilateral, entire : 
involucres turbinate-campanulate, fully 1 mm. high, glabrous : glands barely 1 mm. broad, 
prolonged into 2 slender subulate horns : capsules 2.5-3 mm. broad, barely as high, the lobes 
rounded : seeds oblong, fully 1.5 mm. long, whitish, copiously pitted, the breadth of the 


pits less than 4 the space between them. [Euphorbia longicuris Scheele. ] 

In dry soil, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. Summer. 

,8. Tithymalus commutàtus (Engelm.) Kl. & Garcke. Annual or biennial, or m 
ennial by creeping stems, yellowish n, often tinged with red, glabrous. Stem slender, 
usually decumbent at the base, 1-4 dm. long, branched, topped by a 3-rayed umbel: rays 
forked or umbellately branched: leaves alternate; blades spatulate to ovate, 1-3.5 cm. 
long, obtuse or mucronulate, entire, flat, narrowed into a slender petiole : bracts subtend- 
ing the umbel: bracts of the rays opposite, ovate-reniform : involucres campanulate, 2.5 


720 EUPHORBIACEAE 


mm. long, sessile, bearing 3-4 crescent-shaped unappendaged glands prolonged into slen- 
der horns: capsules globose-ovoid, 3 mm. in diameter, glabrous, the lobes rounded : seeds. 
oblong or globose-oblong, barely 1.5 mm. long, terete, irregularly pitted. [Euphorbia 
commutata Engelm. ] 

On hillsides, chiefly along streams, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. Spring and 
summer.—A form occurring in Florida, known as T. commutata, erécta (Norton) Small [Euphorbia com- 
mutata var. erecta Norton], is more erect in habit and has somewhat lanceolate leaf-blades. 

9. Tithymalus austrinus Small. Annual, bright green. Stem erect, 3-4 dm. tall, 
commonly branched near the base, each branch topped by a several-rayed umbel: rays 
dichotomous : leaves alternate; blades linear, 1-5 cm. long, entire, acute: bracts sub- 
tending the umbel a little broader than the leaf-blades: bracts of the rays opposite, del- 
toid : involucres 1-1.5 mm. long : glands crescent-shaped, with slender horn-like processes : 
capsules depressed, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter, glabrous, the lobes blunt: seeds ovoid, about 
2 mm. long, reticulated. 

In pine woods, western Florida. Summer. 

10. Tithymalus Péplus (L.) Hill. Annual, bright green, glabrous. Stem erect or 
assurgent, 1-3 dm. tall, simple or branched from the base or above and topped by a 3-5- 
rayed umbel: leaves alternate; blades oblong or obovate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse or retuse, 
entire, more or less crisped, narrowed into slender petioles: bracts of the rays opposite, 
ovate or triangular-ovate, minutely apiculate, sessile: involucres campanulate, almost 
sessile in the axils of the bracts, 1-1.5 mm. high, bearing 4 crescent-shaped glands pro- 
duced into subulate horns: capsules globose-ovoid, 2-3 mm. in diameter, slightly nodding, 
smooth, the 3 lobes 2-keeled on the back : seeds oblong or oblong-ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 
whitish, nearly terete, marked with 1-4 series of pits. [Euphorbia Peplus L.] 

In waste places, southern Canada to western New York, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ala- 
bama and in California. Naturalized from Europe. Spring to fall. 

11. Tithymalus Peplídion (Engelm.) Small Annual, glabrous. Stem simple 
below or usually branched at the base ; branches erect or ascending, 5-20 cm. long, topped 
by 3-rayed umbels : leaves alternate ; blades linear-spatulate or spatulate, 8-25 mm. long, 
entire, rounded or emarginate at the apex, at least near the base of the stem, narrowed into 
slender bases: rays forked : bracts of the rays ovate to rhombic-lanceolate, inequilateral : 
involucres turbinate, barely 1 mm. high, about as long as the peduncles or longer: glands 
transversely oblong, about 0.5 mm. wide, furnished with 2 horn-like appendages : capsules 
about 3 mm. broad, barely as high, lobes rounded, glabrous: seeds oblong, 1.3-1.5 mm. 
long, the faces deeply pitted. [Euphorbia Peplidion Engelm. ] 

In sandy and stony soil, Texas. 

12. Tithymalus tetrapórus (Engelm.) Small. Annual, glabrous. Stem erec 
simple or branched at the base, the branches 1-2 dm. long, topped by 3-rayed umbels an 
commonly branched below: leaves alternate; blades spatulate, cuneate or oblong, obtuse 
or notched at the apex, entire, narrowed into slender petioles or nearly sessile : rays forked : 
bracts ovate or triangular, apiculate, sessile : involucres campanulate, 1.5 mm. high, nearly 
sessile: glands transversely oblong, about 1 mm. broad, with 2 horn-like appendages of 
about the same length: capsules 3-lobed, 2-2.5 mm. broad, barely as high, glabrous, the 
angles obtuse : seeds broadly oblong, 1.3-1.4 mm. long, minutely pitted, gray. [Euphorbia 
tetrapora Engelm. } 

In sandy soil, the Indian Territory to Georgia and Texas. Spring. 

13. Tithymalus trichótomus (H.B.K.) Kl. & Garcke. Perennial, glabrous. Stem 
commonly branched at the base, more or less woody at the base, the branches erect or ascend- 
ing, 1-4 dm. tall, widely forking above: leaves numerous, rather approximate; blades 
thickish, cuneate to oblong, obtuse or acutish, 5-12 mm. long, minutely erose at maturity : 
rays trichotomous : involucres campanulate, 2 mm. high, sessile or nearly so : glands obren- 
iform, 1 mm. broad, yellow: capsules 3-lobed, 4 mm. wide, about j as high, the lobes 
rounded : seeds bial shoes, fully 1.5 mm. in diameter, white or pale gray, smooth. [Eu- 
phorbia trichotoma H.B.K.] 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies and eastern Mexico. 

14. Tithymalus Roemeriànus (Scheele) Small. Annual, glabrous. Stem erect, 2- 
4 dm. tall, terete, simple or branched below, topped by a 3-rayed umbel, the rays forg 
leaves alternate, remote ; blades thin, spatulate-obovate or prbicnlanapatejaa below, 0.5- 
2 cm. long, slightly emarginate, mucronate, serrulate near the apex, glaucescent beneath : 
bracts of the rays half-orbicular, crenate to about the middle : bracts subtending the umbel 
ovate, about 1.5-2 cm. long, obtuse: involucres campanulate, 1.5--2 mm. long: gan 
broad, furnished with 2 incurved horn-like processes: capsules subglobose, 3 mm. road, 
smooth ; lobes keeled: seeds oblong-ovoid, 1.6-1.8 mm. long, gray, irregularly pitted. 
[Euphorbia Roemeriana Scheele. ] 


In woods, southern Texas. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 721 


15. Tithymalus obtusàtus (Pursh) Kl. & Garcke. Annual, yellowish green, gla- 
brous. Stem slender, erect or assurgent, 3-6 dm. high, strict, branched above, topped by 
a 3-5-rayed umbel; rays simple or forked: leaves alternate; blades spatulate-oblong, 
obtuse, serrulate to below the middle, sessile, the base slightly auricled : bract$ of the rays 
ovate, cordate, 1-2.5 cm. long: involueres short-peduncled, 1 mm. long, bearing 4 stalked 
unappendaged glands: capsules subglobose, nearly 4 mm. in diameter, with elongated 
warts, the "abis rounded : seeds lenticular, oblong, or orbicular-oblong, 1.7-2 mm. long, 
dark brown, faintly reticulated. [Euphorbia obtusata Pursh. ] 

In dry soil. Pennsylvania to Iowa, South Carolina and Texas. Spring and summer. 


16. Tithymalus Arkansànus (Engelm. & Gray) Kl. & Garcke. Annual or biennial, 
olive-green, glabrous. Stem rather slender, 2-5 dm. high, topped by a compound 3-rayed 
umbel, the rays copiously dichotomous : stem-leaves alternate ; blades spatulate or cuneate, ' 
1-3 em. long, acutish, serrate above the middle, sessile: bracts of the rays with triangular 
or ovate, inequilateral, small, serrate, truncate or cordate blades: involucres solitary in the 
axils, about 1 mm. long, with 4 elliptic naked nearly sessile glands fully 0.5 mm. long, 
less than 1 mm. broad : capsules depressed-globose, 2.5-3 mm. broad, with elongated warts : 
seeds ovoid-lenticular, 1.3-1.5 mm. long, reddish brown, finely but distinctly reticulated. 
[Euphorbia Arkansana Engelm. & Gry: T 

On plains or prairies, Kansas to Colorado, Alabama and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


17. Tithymalus Missouriénsis (Norton) Small. Annual or biennial, olive-green. 
Stem 3-6 dm. tall, topped by a compound 3-rayed umbel: stem-leaves scattered ; blades 
spatulate, 2-3.5 cm. long, obtuse, serrate to below the middle, the upper ones slightly 
auricled at the base: bracts of the rays with oblong to ovate, inequilateral, acute, serrate 
blades: involucres less than 2 mm. high, with 4 oblong glands and glabrous lobes: cap- 
sules 3-3.5 mm. in diameter, bearing elongated warts: seeds ovoid, distinctly and regularly 
reticulated, purplish brown. [Euphorbia Arkansana var. Missouriensis Norton. } 

On plains and prairies, Minnesota to Washington, Kansas and New Mexico, Spring and summer, 

18. Tithymalusleiocóccus (Engelm.) Small. Annual, glabrous. Stem branched at 
the base, the branches ascending or decumbent, 1-2 dm. tall, € by 2-3-rayed umbels ; 
rays 2-3.5 cm. long: stem-leaves alternate; blades spatulate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, obtuse or 
retuse at the apex, crenulate-serrate, narrowed into slender bases : bracts of the rays oblong 
or cuneate-oblong, acute, serrulate above the middle: involucres hemispheric, thin, less 
than 1 mm. high, longer than the peduncles: glands transversely oblong, about 0.5 mm. 
wide: capsules 3-lobed, 2.5-3 mm. broad, the lobes rounded : seeds flattened, 1.5 mm. long, 
re remet dark brown. [Euphorbia dictyosperma var. leiococca Engelm. E. Terana 

iss. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring. 


29. POINSÉTTIA Graham. 

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with green or partially, often more highly 
colored, foliage. Stems simple or branched, often irregularly so. Leaves alternate below, 
opposite above ; blades similar throughout or very variable: stipules gland-like. Involu. 
cres in axillary or terminal cymes or solitary : lobes fimbriate. Glands fleshy, solitary, or 
rarely 3 or 4, sessile or short-stalked, without appendages, the missing ones represented by 
narrow lobes. Capsule exserted, the lobes rounded. Seed narrowed upward, tuberculate, 
without a caruncle or with a minute one only. SPURGE. 


Gland or glands of the involucre stalked : bracts and upper leaves barely if at all discolored. 
Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate: seeds not prominently tuberculate: 
glands of the involucre 3 or 4. 1, P. cuphosperma. 
Leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate : seeds prominently tuberculate : glands of 


the involucre ee 2, P. dentata. 
Tia: ^ the involucre sessile or nearly so: bracts and upper leaves discolored at 
Leaf-blades pilose-bearded at the base, sharply serrate. 8. P. barbellata. 
Leaf-blades not bearded at the base, not duri serrate. 
Braets pale at the base. 4. P. geniculata. 
Braets red, purple or scarlet at the base. 
Upper leaves and bracts with narrowly linear entire blades. 5. P. Havanensis. 
Upper leaves and bracts with broad toothed or lobed blades. 6. P. heterophylla. 


1. Poinsettia cuphospérma (Boiss.) Small Annual, usually pubescent. Stems 
erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched, 2-4 dm. high : leaves copon or alternate ; 
blades linear, oblong or linear-lanceolate, 2-8.5 mm. long, entire, undulate, or denticulate, 
narrowed into a slender petiole: involucres crowded at the ends of the branches, nearl 
sessile, glabrous or nearly so, almost 4 mm. long, bearing about 4 long-stalked nedum d 

glands : capsules glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 5 mm. in diameter : seeds narrowly 

46 


t 


722 CALLITRICHACEAE 


ovoid, about 3 mm. long, irregularly 4-angled, ridged and slightly tuberculate. [Ewuphor- 
bia cuphosperma Boiss. ] 

On plains or prairies, South Dakota to Colorado and Mexico. Summer and fall. 

2. Poinsettía dentàta (Michx.) Small. Annual, dull green, mne Stems erect 
or ascending, 2-4 mm. high, somewhat woody below, branched, the branches mostly as- 
cending : leaves opposite, or the lowest alternate ; blades varying from ovate to nearly lin- 
ear or orbicular-oblong, 1-9 cm. long, coarsely dentate, narrowed into slender petioles, the 
nerves prominent beneath : involucres oblong-campanulate, about 3 mm. long, 3-5-lobed, 
bearing 1-4 yellowish short-stalked glands without appendages : capsules glabrous, 4-5 mm. 
in diameter: seeds ovoid:globose, ash-colored, irregularly tuberculate, inconspicuously 4- 
angled. [Euphorbia dentata Michx. ] 


In dry or moist soil, Pennsylvania to South Dakota, Louisiana and Mexico. Summer and fall. 


3. Poinsettia barbellàta (Engelm.) Small. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly 
so. Stems erect or ascending, 3-7 dm. tall, somewhat branched : leaves alternate ; blades 
various, linear to oblong, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, remotely serrate with often bristle- 
tipped teeth, or lobed, sparingly bearded at the base, short-petioled : bracts more or less 
discolored, the base pink, otherwise similar tothe leaves: involucres aggregated in terminal 
clusters, campanulate, 4-5 mm. high, glabrous; lobes incise-toothed : gland solitary, 
oblong or oval, about 2 mm. broad, sessile: capsules subglobose, 3-3.5 mm. long: seeds 
oblong, fully 2 mm. long. [Euphorbia barbellata Engelm.] 

On plains and prairies, Texas. Spring to fall. 


4. Poinsettia geniculàta (Ortega) Small. Annual. Stems erect or ascending, 3-9 
dm. tall, forking above, corymbose : leaves alternate below, opposite above ; blades oblong 
or ovate, 4-9 cm. long, acute or acuminate above, entire or obsoletely dentate, acuminate 
at the base, short-petioled : involucres in dense cymes, cylindric-turbinate, 3-3.5 mm. high, 
short-peduncled; lobes dentate-fimbriate: glands solitary, somewhat stalked, fleshy, 
without appendages: capsules globular, 4-5 mm. long: seeds ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long, 
reme truncate at the base, irregularly tuberculate-granular. [Huphorbia geniculata 

rtega. 

On hillsides, on both sides of the Rio Grande, Texas and northern Mexico. Also in the West Indies. 


5. Poinsettia Havanénsis ( Willd.) Small. Annual or biennial, glabrous. Stems 
3-10 dm. tall, usually branched, often copiously so, the branches more or less spreading : 
leaves alternate ; blades narrowly linear or sometimes slightly widened near the base, 4-15 
cm. long, entire, often somewhat revolute: bracts similar to the leaves but with a purple 
red or scarlet blotch at the base: involucres clustered, 2-2.5 mm. high, short-peduncled, 
with 5 ovate sparingly laciniate lobes, one sinus bearing a sessile unappendaged gland : 
capsules glabrous, strongly 3-lobed, 5-6 mm. broad: seeds broadly oblong, 2-5 mm. long, 
black, very rough. [Euphorbia graminifolia Michx., not Vill. E. Havanensis Willd. ] 

In dry or sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Also in tropical America. 

6. Poinsettia heterophylla (L.) Small. Annual or biennial, bright green, pubes- 
cent or nearly glabrous. Stems mostly erect, 3-10 dm. tall, woody below, the branches 
ascending, or the lower spreading, leafy at the ends : leaves alternate ; blades very variable, 
linear to orbicular ; the lower ones often entire, the upper undulate, sinuate or dentate, the 
uppermost often fiddle-shaped and like the bracts blotched with red : involucres clustered 
at the ends of the branches, 3 mm. long, about equalling the peduncles, with 5 ovate or 
oblong laciniate lobes, one sinus bearing a sessile gland without an appendage: capsules 
glabrous or minutely pubescent, 6 mm. broad: seeds oblong-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, trans- 
versely wrinkled and tuberculate. [Euphorbia heterophylla L. ] 


In sandy soil, Illinois to Montana, Florida and Central America. Widely distributed in tropical 
America. Spring to fall. 


FAMILY 2. CALLITRICHACEAE Lindl.. WATER STARWORT FAMILY. 


Small mainly aquatic mostly annual caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite: 
blades entire, 3-nerved, often imbricated at the end of the stem. Flowers mi- 
nute, polygamous, solitary in the axils. Calyx wanting. Corolla wanting. 
Androecium of a solitary stamen, 2-bracted in the staminate flowers. Filaments 
filiform. Anthers 2-celled, the sacs sometimes confluent. Gynoecium of a are 
gle pistil. Ovary 4-celled. Styles united in pairs, slender. Stigmas ety ug 
Ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit leathery, indehiscent, 4-cel zt 
4-lobed. Seeds four. Testa membranous. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo straight, 
axile, terete. 


CALLITRICHACEAE 723 


1. CALLITRICHE L. 


Characters of the family. "WATER STARWORT. 


Fruit manifestly pedicelled. 
Fruit about 0.8 mm. long: styles persistent. 1. C. Austinii. 
Fruit about 0.7 mm. long: styles deciduous. 2. C. Nuttallii. 
Fruit essentially sessile. 
Styles much shorter than the fruit. 3. C. palustris. 
Styles fully as long as the fruit. 
Aquatie: fruit 1 mm. broad. 4. C. heterophylla. 
Terrestrial: fruit 0.5 mm. broad. 5, C. peploides. 


1. Callitriche Austinii Engelm. Terrestrial, glabrous, fragrant in drying. Stems 
erect or decumbent, 1-5 cm. long: leaf-blades spatulate, 2-3 mm. long, obtuse, 3-nerved, 
sessile or with winged petioles, destitute of scales: pedicels shorter than the fruit or rarely 
slightly longer: fruit broader than long, notched at both ends, about 0.8 mm. broad, the 
2 lobes grooved around the edges, the narrow wings denticulate : styles shorter than the fruit, 
persistent. 

In damp shaded soil, New York to Missouri, New Jersey, Louisiana and Mexico. Summer to fall. 


2. Callitriche Nuttallii Torr. Terrestrial, the foliage destitute of stellate scales. 
Stems 2-6 cm. long, sometimes much branched, often creeping : leaf-blades spatulate or 
elliptic, 2-4 mm. long, obtuse, 3-nerved : pedicels shorter than the fruit, without scales, 
finally deflexed : fruit broader than long, 0.7 mm. broad, notched at both ends, the 2 lobes 
deeply grooved, finally separating, the segments margined : styles deciduous. 

In moist soil, Kentueky to Alabama and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 

3. Callitriche palástris L. Aquatic, bright green, foliage with stellate scales. 
Stems usually floating, 2-30 cm. long : leaf-blades 0.5-1.5 cm. long, the submersed ones 
linear, sessile, notched or cleft at the apex, commonly 1-nerved : emersed leaves spatulate, 
the blades 3-nerved, rounded or retuse at the apex, narrowed into winged petioles : pedicels 
nearly wanting, furnished with 2 scales: fruit obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, slightly 
notched at the apex, the 2 lobes deeply grooved, the segments winged, especially above, 
the wings undulate : styles shorter than the fruit. [C. verna L.] 

In ditches and streams, throughout southern British America and the United States. Also in 
Soutb America, Europe and Asia. Spring to fall. 

4. Callitriche! beterophylla Pursh. Usually aquatic, foliage furnished with stellate 
scales. Stems floating, or rarely creeping in the mud, 3-30 cm. long: leaves various ; 
the submersed ones filiform or linear, the emersed ones with spatulate blades, rounded or 
retuse at the apex, 3-5-nerved, narrowed into winged petioles: pedicels with 2 scales : fruit 
broadly obovoid, about 1 mm. long, notched at the apex, the 2 lobes shallowly grooved, 
the segments wingless or with narrow wings : styles longer than the fruit. 


Tn slow-flowing streams, pools and ditches, North America except the extreme north and east of the 
Rocky Mountains. Summer. 


5. Callitriche peploides Nutt. Terrestrial, fragrant in drying. Stems branching, 
2-7 em. long, forming wide mats: leaf-blades obovate, oblanceolate or elliptic, 2-5 mm. 
long, obtuse, sessile or 3-nerved blades narrowed into short petioles : fruit sessile or nearly 
So, minute, 0.5 mm. broad, deeply notched at the apex, the 2 lobes grooved, their margins 
obtuse : styles as long as the fruit or longer. 

On moist soil, Arkansas to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


ORDER 17. SAPINDALES. 


Shrubs or trees, or in the case of LIMNANTHACEAE, herbs. Leaves various: 
blades simple and entire, toothed, or pinnately parted in the case of annual 
herbs, or compound. Calyx of distinct sepals. Corolla of distinct petals, regu- 
lar or rarely irregular, or wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as there 
are petals, or twice as many, or rarely more or fewer. Filaments distinct. 
Gynoecium of one carpel or of several carpels united into a compound pistil. 
Ovary superior. Ovules 1 or 2, or several in each cavity of the ovary, pendu- 
lous, with the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or ascending. 
Corolla wanting: stamens 4 (in our genus) : styles wanting. Fam. 1. BUXACEAE. 


— present or if wanting (Dodonaeaceae) stamens 6 : styles present, 


u . 
A. Stigmas tufted or many-cleft. Fam. 2. EMPETRACEAE. 


724 EMPETRACEAE 


B. Stigmas entire. . 
Low annuál herbs: leaves with pinnately parted blades: stamens 
twice as many as the peta S. 

Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbaceous vines: leaves with simple or 
compound blades: stamens usually as many as the petals. 
Plants with resin-bearing tissues. Fam. 4. SPONDIACEAE. 

Plants not resin- ing. 
Leaf-blades simple, pinnately veined. 
Each cavity of the ovary with a single ovule. 
Flowers in racemes : fruit capsular or leathery. Fam. 5. CYRILLACEAE, 
Flowers not racemose: fruit a drupe. Fam. 6. AQUIFOLIACEAE. 
Each cavity of the ovary with 2 or more ovules. 
Disk present: corolla present. 


Fam. 3. LIMNANTHACEAB. 


Anthers introrse: seeds arilled. Fam. 7. CELASTRACEAE. 
Anthers extrorse : seeds not arilled. Fam. 8. HIPPOCRATEACEAE. 
Disk obsolete: corolla wanting. Fam. 9. DODONAEACEAE. 
Leaf-blades simple and palmately veined or compound. 
Leaves opposite. 
Fruit capsular. 


Flowers regular: fruit a membranous, bladdery 3- 
lobed capsule: leaf-blades pinnately compound. Fam. 10. STAPHYLEACEAE. 
Flowers irr ar: fruit a leathery globular capsule: 


leaf-blades digitately compound. Fam. 11. AESCULACEAE. 
Fruit a samara. Fam. 12. ACERACEAE. 
Leaves alternate. Fam. 18. SAPINDACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. BUXACEAE Dumort. Box FAMILY. 


Shrubs, trees or perennial herbs, with a watery sap. Leaves alternate or 
opposite, often persistent: blades simple, often leathery. Flowers monoecious 
or dioecious, regular, solitary or clustered. Calyx present or wanting. Corolla 
wanting. Staminate flower with an androecium of 4-7 stamens: filaments 
distinct: anthers 2-celled.  Pistillate flower with a compound gynoecium. 
Ovary 3-celled or sometimes 2- or 4-celled. Stigmas 2 or 4, distinct. Ovules1 or 
2 in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a capsule or drupe, with 1-2-seeded car- 
pels. Endosperm fleshy, sometimes very scant. Embryo straight. 


1. PACHYSANDRA Michx. 


Herbs, with matted rootstocks and ascending or procumbent stems and branches. 
Leaves alternate, approximate, persistent, without stipules. Flowers monoecious, in spikes, 
the pistillate below the staminate, sometimes crowded. Staminate flowers with 4 sepals : 
stamens 4, opposite the sepals : filaments stout, exserted : anthers 2-celled, the sacs opening 
lengthwise. Pistillate flowers with 4 or more sepals : ovary 3-celled, the cavities partitioned 
at the base: styles 3. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, valvate. Seeds 2 in 
each cavity. 

1. Pachysandra procimbens Michx. Foliage finely pubescent. Stems decumbent 
or procumbent, 1-3 dm. long, stout, simple or nearly so: leaf-blades thickish, 3-12 cm. 
long, obovate, oval or ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire or coarsely toothed above the middle ; 
petioles as long as the blades or often shorter : spikes in the axils of scales, 3-10 cm. long, 
densely flowered : flowers odorous, the staminate numerous, the pistillate few at the base 
of the spike: sepals 4, ciliate, the outer ovate or elliptic, the inner oval or suborbicular, 


HE uro . long, obtuse : stamens conspicuously exserted : filaments strap-like, stout, white, 
em. long. 


.In woods, West Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. ALLEGHENY MOUNTAIN SPURGE. 


FAMILY 2. EMPETRACEAE Dumont. CowBERRY FAMILY. 


Heath-like shrubs, with erect or prostrate stems. Leaves alternate Or 
whorled, persistent, sometimes crowned : blades narrow, usually strongly revo- 
lute: stipules wanting. Flowers dioecious, or rarely polygamous, small, mp 
lary or aggregated in terminal heads. Calyx of 2-3 scale-like sepals. Corolla o 
2-3 small petals, or wanting. Staminate flowers with 2—4, mostly 3 stamens. 
Filaments slender.  Anthers 2-celled; sacs opening lengthwise. PH 
flowers : ovary subglobose, 2-several-celled ; stylesshort, united ; stigmas — 
to many-cleft. Ovules solitary in each cavity, amphitropous. Fruit drupe-li s 
with a fleshy pulp : nutlets 2-many, 1-seeded. Seeds with a thin testa and fleshy 
endosperm. Embryo cylindric, straight, axile. 


SPONDIACEAE 725 


1. CERATIOLA Michx. 


Erect evergreen shrubs, with whorled branches. Leaves whorled: blades narrow, 
strongly revolute, and thus almost tubular. Flowers dioecious, 2-3 whorled in the axils, 
sessile, reddish. Calyx often subtended by 2 bracts: sepals 2, fringed. Petals 2. Sta- 
mens 2: filaments filiform: anthers subglobose. Ovary sessile on a fleshy disk, 2-celled : 
stigma many-cleft. Drupe subglobose. Nutlets 2. 

1. Ceratiola ericoides Michx. An aromatic much branched shrub, 3-15 dm. tall, 
with pubescent branches. Leaves spreading ; blades revolute so that they appear filiform- 
subulate, 8-12 mm. long, acutish, short-petioled, often slightly curved: flowers reddish, 
whorled in the axils: bracts, sepals and petals strongly imbricated, concave, suborbicular, 
or broader than high, about 1 mm. long, eroded: stamens 2, exserted: filaments about 
twice as long as the anthers: drupe subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, yellowish, rather 
persistent. 

In dry pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


FAMILY 8. LIMNANTHACEAE Lindl. FALSE MERMAID FAMILY. 


Annual herbs, with tender tissues and a watery sap. Leaves alternate, with- 
out stipules: blades pinnately divided. Flowers perfect, solitary on axillary 
peduncles. Calyx of 2-5 valvate persistent sepals. Corolla of 2-5 white or 
colored petals alternating with an equal number of glands. Androecium of 4-10 
almost perigynous stamens. Filaments distinct, slender. Anthers 2-celled, the 
sacs opening lengthwise. Gynoecium of as many nearly distinct carpels as there 
are sepals and opposite them. Styles united. Stigmas as many as there are 
carpels. Ovules 1 in each cavity, ascending. Fruit 2-5-lobed, indehiscent, 
rough ortubercled. Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight, with thick cotyledons. 


1. FLOBRKIA Willd. 


Weak herbs, with glabrous foliage and diffusely spreading stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades coarsely dissected, rather fleshy. Flowers regular, inconspicuous. Sepals 3, val- 
vate. Petals white, 3, entire, convolute, early withering. Stamens 6; filaments distinct. 
Ovary 3-celled, deeply 3-lobed. Fruit of 1-3 achenes. Seeds solitary. Cotyledons cordate. 

1. Floerkia proserpinacoides Willd. Stems tender, fleshy, decumbent, 1-4 dm. 
long, simple or branched : leaves 2-8 cm. long ; blades pinnately 3-5 divided, the segments 
linear, elliptic or the terminal one oblanceolate, distant, acute or acutish, entire or incised ; 
petioles slender, the lower ones elongated : pedicels axillary, 1-3 cm. agin € 3, spread- 
ing, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3 mm. long, acute: corolla white, about 3 mm. broad : 
ees 3, erect, 1.5 mm. long, oblong-obovate, obtuse: stamens 3 as long as the petals or 

nally nearly equalling them in length : achenes subglobose, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, tuber- 
culate-roughened. 


In mead d California. Spring. 
Fase Man rites and shaded soil, Quebec to Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee an o! pring 


FAMILY 4. SPONDIACEAE Kunth. Sumac FAMILY. ` 


Mostly monoecious or dioecious shrubs or trees, with a milky, resinous and 
often acid or caustic sap, which turns black in drying. Leaves alternate, with- 
out stipules: blades simple or pinnately compound : leaflets entire or toothed, 
not punctate. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate. Flowers small, 
rarely perfect, often polygamous, regular. Calyx of 3-5 sepals. Corolla of 3-5 
petals inserted on the base of the calyx or on a hypogynous disk, as many as, 
alternate with and larger than the sepals, imbricated, or rarely valvate. An- 

roecium of 3-5 stamens or rarely more, alternate with the petals. Filaments 
distinct or united to the disk. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium various, of 1 or 
4-5 united, or nearly distinct carpels. Ovary usually free. Styles united or 
sometimes distinct, terminal or lateral. Stigmas entire. Ovules solitary, am- 
phitropous or half-anatropous. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seeds solitary, with a 
membranous testa. Endosperm wanting. Embryo curved or bent. [Anacar- 
diaceae Lindl.] 


726 SPONDIACEAE 


Leaves with simple blades: ovary and drupe very oblique. 1. COTINUS. 
Leaves with compound blades: ovary and drupe not oblique. 
Drupe somewhat elongated. 2. METOPIUM. 
Drupe broader than long. 
Drupe with a glabrous outer coat: stone ribbed. 3. RHUS. 
Drupe with a pubescent outer coat: stone smooth. 4. SCHMALTZIA. 


1. COTINUS Adans. 


Shrubs or trees, with a yellow wood. Leaves alternate: blades simple, entire or 
slightly toothed. Flowers perfect, in large, loose, terminal panicles, whose divisions are 
often plumose. Sepals 5, imbricated, persistent. Petals 5, longer than the calyx. Sta- 
mens 5, inserted under the annular disk : filaments short, distinct : anthers shorter than the 
filaments. Ovary very oblique, sessile, 1-celled : styles 3, lateral. Ovules pendulous from 
a basal funicle. Drupe obliquely reniform, gibbous, the outer coat thin and veiny. Stone 
horny. SMOKE TREE. 

1. Cotinus cotinoides (Nutt.) Britton. A shrub orsmall tree, sometimes 12 m. tall, 
with spreading or drooping branches. Leaves numerous; blades membranous, obovate or 
oval, 4-15 cm. long, obtuse or notched at the apex, entire, undulate, usually acute at the 
base, glabrate above, sparingly pubescent on or near the nerves beneath ; petioles 1-3 cm. 
long: panicles 1-3 dm. high, the branches glandular-villous, becoming plumose : pedicels 
filiform, subtended by narrow, scarious, deciduous bracts: flowers greenish white, 3 mm. 
broad: sepals ovate: petals very thin, oblong-ovate, obtuse, crisped : stamens 5, included ; 
anthers as long as the subulate filaments : drupes obliquely oblong, 5 mm. long, prominently 
veiny. [Rhus cotinoides Nutt. ] 

On rocky hills, Missouri to Tennessee, Alabama and Texas. Spring. 


2. METOPIUM P. Br. 


Trees, with poisonous juices and flaky bark. Leaves alternate, pinnately compound: 
rachis almost terete ; leaflets with leathery entire petioluled blades reticulated beneath. 
Flowers dioecious, in axillary open spreading panicles. Sepals 5, broad, imbricated. 
Petals 5, about twice as long as the sepals, ascending, imbricated. Disk annular, often 
slightly lobed. Stamens 5, shorter than the petals: filaments short, subulate: anthers 
opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, seated in the disk: style short: stigma 3-lobed. 
Ovule solitary. Drupe somewhat elongated, glabrous, lustrous, apiculate : stone parch- 
ment-like. Porsonwoop. CoRALSuMaAcH. Docror Gum. 

1. Metopium Metdpium (L.) Small. A tree sometimes 14 m. tall, abounding in a very 
poisonous resinous sap, the trunk rarely 6 dm. thick. Leaf-blades petioled ; leaflets 3-7, 
the blades ovate, 3-9 cm. long, commonly abruptly acuminate, but rather obtuse, entire, 
obtuse or subcordate at the base, glabrate ; petioles 1-3 cm. long: panicles axillary, few- 
flowered, 1-2 dm. long: pedicels stout, subtended by minute bracts: sepals 5, reniform or 
nearly orbicular, scarious-margined : corolla about 5 mm. broad : petals 5, oblong or ovate, 
nearly 3mm. long, leathery, usually obtuse, conspicuously nerved : drupes oblong or oblong- 
ovoid, 10-15 mm. long, orange or scarlet. [Rhus Metopium L.] 

—— sandy soil, peninsular Floridaand the Keys. Also in the Bahamas and the West India Islands: 
3. RHUS L. 


Shrubs, trees or vines, with a caustic and often very poisonous resinous sap. Leaves 
alternate, pinnately 3-several-foliolate: leaflets with entire or coarsely and irregularly 
toothed blades. Flowers polygamous or dioecious, in lax axillary or lateral panicles. 
Sepals 4-6, persistent. Petals 4-6, equal, imbricated. Disk annular. Stamens 4-6, or 10. 
Ovary l-celled. Ovules pendulous from a basal funicle. Drupe pale, glabrous, with a thin 
outer coat which soon falls away from the wax-secreting sarcocarp which contains longi- 
tudinal and somewhat reticulated strands which tend to persist about the ribbed stone. 
Porson Ivy. Porson Oak. 

A. Leaf-blades 3-foliolate : vines or low shrubs. 


Vine, climbing by aérial rootlets. i 
Drupes 5-6 mm. in diameter: sarcocarp with narrow irregular ridges. 1. R. pb sas soni 
domes ha imm. in diameter: sarcocarp with broadly rounded ridges. 2. R. Flori 
S 3 


a. Leaflets with entire blades, glabrous. 3. R. Blodgettii. 


SPONDIACEAE 727 


b. Leaflets with coarsely toothed or lobed blades. 


Drupes 4-5 mm. thick. 4. R. rhomboidea. 
Drupes 6-7 mm. thick. 5. R. Toxicodendron. 
B. Leaf-blades pinnately 7-11-foliolate : tall shrub or small tree. 6. R. Verniz. 


1. Rhus radicans L. A deep green vine, with a poisonous sap. Stems climbing by 
rootlets : leaflets 3, the blades membranous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-20 cm. long, entire, 
coarsely toothed or rarely lobed, often sparingly pubescent, especially beneath, acuminate 
at the apex, rounded or acute at the base: panicles rather loosely-flowered, axillary: flow- 
ers greenish, 4-5 mm. long: sepals ovate, obtuse, 1 mm. long: petals 5, oblong or oblong- 
ovate, obtuse, nerved, recurved : stamens 5, erect: filaments linear-subulate: drupes sub- 
globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter. 

In thickets, woods and fence rows, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida, Arkansas and Nebraska. 
Spring and summer. PoisoN Ivy. POISON OAK. 

2. Rhus Floridàna Mearns. Similar to R. radicans in habit, but smaller and more 
slender. Leaflets 3, the blades relatively thin, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, entire or 
rarely undulate-toothed, glabrous or minutely pubescent : flowers smaller than those of R. 
radicans : drupes 3-4 mm. in diameter. 

In hammocks, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 


3. Rhus Blodgéttii Kearney. Shrubby, several dm. tall, the twigs pubescent, 
reddish brown. Leaflets 3, the blades leathery, ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-5 cm. long, short- 
acuminate, entire, rounded or acutish at the base, the upper surface dark green and lus- 
trous, the lower surface dull, pubescent in the axils and at the base of the midrib: drupes 
subglobose, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, yellowish white, shining: stone minutely roughened, 
10-12-ribbed, ash-colored. 

In sand, Key West, Florida. Spring and summer. 


4. Rhus rhomboidea Small. A spreading shrub, about 1 m. tall. Leaflets 3, 
the blades ovate or sometimes obovate in outline, 2-6 cm. long, 3-5-lobed, pubescent on 
both sides or glabrate above, dark green, the lobes entire or coarsely toothed : panicles 
many flowered but not dense, pubescent: pedicels slender, 4-5 mm. long, the bracts 1-2 
mm. long: flowers whitish, 5 mm. broad : sepals 5, ovate, 1 mm. long, rounded at the 
i petals oblong-ovate, conspicuously nerved, 2 mm. long, curled back and revolute, 
obtuse : stamens erect ; filaments broadly subulate, flattened, about as long as the anthers: 
drupes subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter. 

In rocky hillsides, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring. 

5. Rhus Toxicodéndron L. A low shrub 2-10 dm. tall, with tomentose foliage 
and inflorescence, spreading by underground stems. Leaflets 3, the blades leathery, ovate 
in outline or rarely obovate, coarsely crenate or lobed, obtuse, more densely tomentose 
beneath than above, the lateral ones sessile: panicles axillary, densely flowered : flowers 
greenish white, 3-4 mm. broad: sepals oblong, ascending, obtuse: petals 5, oblong to 
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, about 2.5 mm. long, curled back: stamens 5, erect ; filaments 
linear-subulate, about as long as the anthers: drupes depressed-globose, greenish yellow, 
6-7 mm. in diameter. 

In pine lands and the foothills, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring. Porson OAK. 


6. Rhus Vérnix L. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 8'm. tall, with a very poison- 
oussap anda pale bark. Leaflets 7-13, the blades oblong, elliptic or oval, the terminal one 
sometimes obovate, 4-15 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, undulate, often inequilateral, 
more or less pubescent beneath, becoming glabrous above : panicles axillary, on elongated 
peduncles, rather loosely many-flowered : flowers greenish : sepals ovate, about 1 mm. long 
apiculate ; petals linear-oblong, 2 mm. long, obtuse, curved, erect, the tips slightly turned 

ack : stamens longer than the petals in the staminate flowers, much shorter in the pis- 
tillate flowers: drupes subglobose, flattened, about 6 mm. broad, in drooping panicles, 
white. [H. venenata DC. ] 


In swamps, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. Po1son Sumac. 
Polson Oak. POISON ELDER. PorsoN DoGwoop. THUNDER-WOOD. 


4. SCHMALTZIA Desv. 


Shrubs or trees, usually with pubescent foliage and rarely if at all poisonous. Leaves 
alternate, 3-foliolate or pinnately several-foliolate : leaflets with generally toothed, or some- 
what lobed blades. Flowers in terminal panicles, sometimes densely crowded, polygamous 
or dioecious. Sepals commonly 5. Petals commonly 5, imbricated. Ovary 1-celled. 
Ovule pendulous. Drupe red, clothed with acid-secreting hairs, the sarcocarp thin and 
never wax-secreting, its slender strands tending to persist with the outer coat than with the 
even and smooth stone. SUMAC. 


728 SPONDIACEAE 


Leaves 3-foliolate throughout. . 
Leaves 2-5 em. long ; lateral leaflets with mostly obovate blades. 1. S. trilobata. 
Leaves 5-10 cm. long; lateral leaflets with mostly ovate blades. 2. S. aromatica. 
Leaves pinnately compound, 5-many-foliolate. 

Rachis of the leaf winged. 
Panicles contracted, raceme-like: leaves 2-2.5 cm. long. 8. S. microphylla. 
Panicles pyramidal: leaves 1-4 dm. long. 

Leaflets acute or acuminate: wings of the rachis broad. 
Leaflets long-acuminate, falcate: drupes about 6 mm. broad. 4. S. lanceolata. 
Leaflets acute or short-acuminate, not falcate : drupesabout4mm. broad. 5. S. copallina. 
Leaflets rounded at the apex: wings of the rachis very narrow. 6. S. obtusifolia. 

Rachis of the leaf not winged. i 
Leaflets with entire blades. 7. S. virens. 
Leaflets with toothed blades. 

. Foliage more or less glaucous or pale. . 
Twigs, panicles and drupes bristly pubescent with long spreading hairs. 8. S. hirta. 
Twigs, panicles and drupes usually pubescent with soft very short hairs. 


Leaflets with acuminate, sharply serrate blades. 9. S. glabra. 
Leaflets with crenate-serrate blades, rounded at the apex. 10. S. Ashei. —— 
Foliage densely pubescent with brownish hairs, not glaucous. 11. S. Michauxii. 


1. Schmaltzia trilobàta (Nutt.) Small. An offensive-scented shrub 0.5-1 m. or 
rarely 2 m. tall, the branches often gnarled. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, densely pubescent, or 
nearly glabrous, petioled ; leaflets 3, the blades firm, sessile, crenate or incised above, the 
terminal one cuneate, the lateral ones obovate, much smaller than the terminal one: flow- 
ers greenish, in dense spike-like racemes: sepals oblong, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, slightly 
concave: petals oblong, 3 mm. long, obtuse: drupes subglobose, 6-7 mm. in diameter, 
Sach bristly pubescent : stone lenticular, broader than high, gibbous. [Rhus trilobata 

utt. 

On plains and prairies, Missouri to North Dakota, Washington, California and Texas. Spring. 
SKUNK BUSH. ILL-SCENTED SUMAC. 

2. Schmaltzia aromática (Ait.) Desv. A straggling aromatic shrub 1-10 dm. tall. 
Leaves 5-10 cm. long, petioled ; leaflets 3, the blades leathery, coarsely crenate or serrate, 
sometimes incised, 2-6 cm. long, pubescent or rarely glabrous, the terminal one ovate to 
obovate in outline, usually acute or acuminate at the apex, more or less cuneate at the base, 
the lateral leaflets mostly ovate, inequilateral : flowers yellow, in dense spike-like racemes : 
sepals oval, obtuse, about 1.5 mm. long: petals 5, oblong, 2.5 mm. long, obtuse, nearly 
erect: stamens shorter than the petals: filaments subulate, about as long as the anthers: 
drupes subglobose, 7-8 mm. in diameter, bristly pubescent. [Rhus aromatica Ait. ] 

Pe es sandy soil and rocky woods, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Spring. FRAGRANT 

3. Schmaltzia microphylla (Engelm.) Small. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with spreading 
branches, the twigs finely pubescent. Leaves pinnately compound, 2-2.5 cm. long, the 
rachis winged ; leaflets 7-9, the blades oblong, elliptic or obovate, 6-8 mm. long, sessile, 
acute or obtuse, more or less pubescent : flowers in dense axillary clusters : sepals orbicular- 
ovate, 1.5 mm. long, ciliate: petals oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, very thin, fringed with long 
qa ias subglobose, about 5 mm. in diameter, bristly pubescent. [Rhus microphylla 

ngelm. - 

On rocky hillsides and thickets, Texas to New Mexico and northern Mexico. Spring. 


4. Schmaltzia lanceolàta (A. Gray) Small. A shrub 1-2 m. tall, or rarely lower. 
Leaves. aspi compound, 1-2 dm. long, the rachis narrowly winged ; leaflets 13-17, 
the blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, more or less falcate, 3-7 cm. long, acuminate, 
entire or indistinctly toothed, deep green and lustrous above, paler and softly pubescent 
beneath, often sessile : panicle erect, 5-14 cm. high, its branches densely pubescent : flow- 
ers white or greenish : sepals ovate, erect, 1 mm. long, obtuse : petals oblong-ovate, 2-2.5 
mm. long, obtuse, curled back : stamens exserted : drupes lenticular, 6 mm. pubes- 
cent, dark red. [Rhus copallina var. lanceolata A. Gray. ] 

In valleys and on dry uplands, Texas. Summer. ` 


5. Schmaltzia copallina (L.) Small. A shrub or tree, reaching a height of fO m., 
but often less than 1 m. tall, with a sticky milky sap and glabrous or pubescent em 
Leaves pinnately compeund, 1-3 dm. long, the rachis winged ; leaflets 9-21, the blades 
oblong or lanceolate of sometimes oval, 3-10 cm. long, normally acuminate and acute, 
undulate, sessile, lustrous above, paler and dull beneath : panicles broad, 0.5-3 dm. long; 
densely flowered : flowers greenish : sepals ovate, erect, about 1 mm. long, rather ohti 
petals oblong, obtuse, 2.5 mm. long, curled back : stamens in the staminate flowers ex d 
drupes lenticular, nearly orbicular, about 4 mm. broad, finely pubescent, bright red : stone 
lenticular, shining. [Rhus copallina L.] ia 

Indry often stony soil, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Floridaand Texas. Summer. DWARF SUMAC. 
SMOOTH SUMAC. MOUNTAIN SUMAC. 


CYRILLACEAE 729 


6. Schmaltzia obtusifdlia Small. An often evergreen shrub 1-3 m. tall, with pubescent 
foliage. Leaves pinnately compound, 2-3 dm. long, the rachis narrowly winged above; 
leaflets 17-21, the blades ovate to oblong, inequilateral, 3-5 cm. long, rounded at the apex, 
slightly revolute, abruptly acuminate at the oblique base, short-stalked : panicles 2-3 dm. 
high, about as broad as high, leafy, densely pubescent with short spreading hairs: flowers 
greenish white : sepals triangular-ovate, with hyaline edges: petals 5, oblong, 2.5 mm. long, 
curled back and revolute: filaments subulate : drupes about 4 mm. in diameter. 

In or near swamps, peninsular Florida. Summer. 


7. Schmaltzia virens (Lindh.) Small. An evergreen shrub 1-4 m. tall, with softly 
e twigs. Leaves pinnately compound, 5-14 cm. long, the rachis softly pubescent ; 
eaflets 5-9, the blades leathery, 1.5-6 cm. long, obtuse or short-acuminate, entire, lustrous 
above and hairy on the nerves, more or less pubescent and dull beneath, commonly short- 
stalked: panicles 2-5 cm. long, axillary, surpassed by the subtending leaf: flowers white : 
sepals triangular-ovate, 1.5 mm. long, obtuse, hyaline on the margins, ciliate: petals 
oblong-ovate, 3.5 mm. long, obtuse at the apex, obtuse or truncate at the base: drupes len- 
ticular, oblique, 7-8 mm. broad, pilose: stone lenticular, broader than high, smooth, 
slightly gibbous. [Rhus virens Lindh. ] 
In rocky places, Texas and New Mexico to northern Mexico. Spring. 


, 8. Schmaltzia hirta (L.) Small. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 12 m. tall, abound- 
ing in a milky sap, the twigs, petioles and panicles densely clothed with spreading hairs. 
Leaves. pinnately compound, 2-4 dm. long, the rachis not winged ; leaflets 11-31, the 
blades oblong to lanceolate, or the terminal one ovate-lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, acuminate, 
coarsely serrate, sessile or nearly.so, glabrate above, more or less pubescent beneath: pan- 
icles 1-2 dm. long: flowers greenish : sepals lanceolate, 1.5 mm. long, acuminate: petals 
oblong-oblanceolate, about 3 mm. long, obtuse,'finally curled back : drupes lenticular, 4 
mm. broad, bristly pubescent, bright red: stone smooth. [Rhus typhina L.] 

In dry or rocky soil, New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia and Mississippi. Spring and 
summer, STAGHORN SUMAC. HAIRY SUMAC. 

9. Schmaltzia glabra (L.) Small. An almost glabrous shrub, with glaucous foliage, 
the stem sometimes 4 m. tall and 7 cm. thick. Leaves pinnately compound, 1-3 dm. long, 
etioled, the rachis terete, pubescent when young; leaflets 11-13, the blades oblong or 
anceolate (the terminal one often ovate), acuminate, serrate, sessile, dark green above, 
glaucous beneath : panicles densely flowered, 1-3 dm. long: flowers bright green : sepals 
triangular-lanceolate, 2 mm. long : petals paler than the sepals, ovate, 2 mm. Jong, hooded, 
with a tuft of hairs within near the base: drupes bright red, lenticular, 5 mm. broad, 
viscid-pubescent : stone lenticular, oblique. [Rhus glabra L.] 


In dry soil and about thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida, Mississippi and Arizona. 
Spring and summer. SMOOTH OR SCARLET SUMAC. 


10. Schmaltzia Ashei Small. A low glabrate shrub 3-6 dm. high, with erect glaucous 
Stems. Leaves pinnately compound, 2-3 dm. long, the rachis terete ; leaflets 13-17, the 
blades oblong or oval-oblong, 3-9 cm. long, rounded at the apex, coarsely crenate-serrate, 
deep green above, pale green beneath, often short-stalked : panicles 8-14 cm. long, villous : 

owers greenish : drupes lenticular, 4-5 mm. long, pubescent, dark red : stone transversely 
oblong, oblique, smooth. [Rhus Caroliniana Ashe, not Mill. ] 

In sandy soil, North Carolina. Spring. \ 

ll. Schmaltzia Michaüxii (Sarg.) Small. A low densely pubescent shrub, with de- 
cumbent stems, the branches 2-3 dm. tall. Leaves pinnately compound, 1.5-4 dm. long, 
the rachis not winged ; leaflets 9-15, the blades oblong, oval, or oblong-ovate (the terminal 
one often ovate), 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, coarsely serrate, often short-stalked: panicles 1-2 

m. long, many-flowered : pedicels 2-5 mm. long: sepals lanceolate, 2 mm. long, nearly 
erect, obtuse: petals erect, 3-3.5 mm. long, hooded at the apex : stamens, included : fila- 
ments subulate, slightly longer than the anthers : drupes lenticular, 4-5 mm. long, oblique, 
M res pokemon: stone lenticular, much broader than high, smooth. [Rhus pumila 
Michx. R&. Michauzii Sarg.] 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Georgia. Spring. 


FAMILY 5. OYRILLAÀCEAE Lindl. Trrı FAMILY. 


Shrubs or small trees, with a watery sap, growing in swampy places. Leaves 
alternate, without stipules: blades simple, entire, mostly near the ends of the 
branchlets, rather persistent. Flowers perfect, regular, on pedicels which bear 
2 scales. Calyx of 5 equal or unequal imbricated persistent sepals. Corolla of 
5 hypogynous sessile or short-clawed sometimes cohering deciduous petals. 


130 — CYRILLACEAE 


Androecium of 5 or 10 stamens, those opposite the petals shorter. Filaments 
flattened, distinct. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Disk annular, cup- 
like or cylindric. Gynoecium a single pistil. Ovary 2-5-angled, 2—5-celled. 
Style commonly wanting. Stigma 2—5-lobed. Ovules 1 or 4 in each cavity, an- 
atropous, pendulous. Fruit small, crustaceous or spongy, dehiscent or indehis- 
cent, sometimes winged. Seeds often solitary in each cavity, elongated, with a 
soft or somewhat mucous testa which merges into the fleshy endosperm. Em- 
bryo cylindric, axile. 

Racemes lateral: sepals 5, equal: petals contorted, acute: stamens 5: ovary 2-celled : ovules 2-3: fruit 

dehiscent, not winged. 1. CYRILLA. 


Racemes terminal: sepals 5-8, unequal: petals imbricated, obtuse: stamens 10: ovary 
3-4-celled : ovule 1: fruit indehiscent, winged. 2. CLIFTONIA. 


1. CYRILLA Garden. 


Glabrous shrubs or small trees, with a pale bark. Leaves alternate: blades leathery, 
commonly broadest above the middle. Flowers small, in slender lateral spike-like racemes 
arising from the twigs of the present year. Pedicels erect or spreading. Sepals 5, leathery» 
equal. Petals 5, somewhat leathery, longer than the sepals, involute toward the apex, 
acute, contorted. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla. Disk cylindric. Ovary 
elongated, 2-celled, stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 2-3 in each cavity. Capsule slightly elon- 
gated, 2-celled, opening loculicidally. Seeds pointed at one end, with a membranous 
testa. Embryo with a stout radicle. Ironwoop. LEATHER-woop. Rep or WHITE 
Tri. 

Larger leaves 1-4 em. long: eapsule subglobose, 1.5-2 mm. long. 1. C. parvifolia. 
Larger leaves 5-10 em. long: capsule ovoid, 2.5 mm. long. 2. C. racemiflora. 

1. Cyrilla parvifdlia Raf. A glabrous evergreen compact and much branched shrub 
1-2 m. tall. Leaf-blades leathery, oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, acute 
or apiculate, lustrous above, paler beneath, more or less reticulated : racemes slender, | 
em. long: pedicels 1-2 mm. long, commonly surpassing the subulate bracts : sepals trian- 
gular, 1 mm. long: corolla white, 3-4 mm. broad : petals narrowly elliptic-ovate, 2.5 mm. 
long, obtuse, thickened at the base and above the midrib: stamens included : capsule sub- 
globose, 1.5-2 mm. long, slightly granular. 

In swamps and streams, Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 

2. Cyrilla racemiflóra L. A much branched glabrous shrub or small tree reaching & 
height of 10 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 3 dm., the trunks clothed with a close 
pale or whitish bark. Leaf-blades rather leathery, oblanceolate, obovate or nearly oblong, 
2-10 cm. long, obtuse, acute or acuminate, more or less strongly reticulated, lustrous 
above, dull and paler beneath : racemes slender, 8-15 cm. long: pedicels ascending or 
finally spreading, sometimes surpassed by their subulate bracts: sepals ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, 1 mm. long, acute: corolla white, 4-5 mm. broad : petals lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, acute: capsule ovoid, about 2.5 mm. long, obtuse, minutely 
granular: seeds narrowly ovoid. 

In swamps and along streams, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring and early summer. 


2. CLIFTONIA Gaertn. 


Glabrous shrubs or small trees, with a dark bark. Stems often contorted. Leaves 
alternate : blades leathery, mostly broadest above the middle. Flowers in terminal racemes. 
Pedicels drooping. Sepals 5-8, united at the base, unequal. Petals 5-8, narrowed into 
short claws, hooded at the apex, obtuse. Stamens 10, inserted at the base of the petals : 
filaments flattened below. Disk cup-like. Ovary elongated, 3-4-celled : stigma 3-4-lobed. 
Ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit indehiscent, the angles developing 3-4 wings. 
elongated, pointed at both ends, with a soft testa. Embryo with a slender radicle. Trtt. 
BUCKWHEAT-TREE. BLACK Titi. IRon-woop. 

1. Cliftonia monophylla (Lam.) Britton. An evergreen shrub or small tree, reach- 
ing a height of 6 m. with a trunk diameter of 0.5 m., the trunk clothed with a dark, 
slightly scaly bark. Leaf-blades leathery, narrowly-elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, 
em. long, lustrous above, paler beneath, obtuse or acutish, entire, sessile: racemes 2-6 cm. 
long, drooping when young, finally erect: flowers fragrant, 8-10 mm. broad : pedicels slen- 
der, 2-3 mm. long, subtended by caducous bracts : sepals ovate or orbicular, 0.5 mm. long : 


AQUIFOLIACEAE >: 731 


petals white, obovate or oblong-obovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, obtuse: stamens included : fruit 
ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, dry and indehiscent, 3-5-winged, rarely nearly as broad as long, the 
faces and wings strongly wrinkled. [Cliftonia ligustrina Spreng. ] 

In pine-land swamps, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Winter and spring. 


FAMILY 6. AQUIFOLIACEAE DC. HoLLY FAMILY. 


Usually evergreen shrubs or trees, with a watery sap. Leaves alternate, 
without stipules: blades simple, entire or toothed, sometimes spiny. Inflores- 
cence normally cymose. Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx of 
4-6 persistent imbricated sepals. Corolla white or greenish, of 4-6 deciduous 
imbricated petals which are alternate with the sepals and often united at the 
base. Androecium of 4—6 stamens inserted at the base of the corolla, alternate 
with the petals, all fertile. Filaments erect, shorter than the petals. Anthers 
introrse, the sacs opening lengthwise. Gynoecium a compound pistil. Ovary 
2-6-celled (rarely with more cavities). Stigma commonly sessile, with as many 
lobes as cavitiesin the ovary. Ovules 1-2 in each cavity, suspended, anatropous. 
Fruit a drupe with 4-8 horny or crustaceous nutlets. Seeds with a mem- 
branous testa. Endosperm fleshy, copious. Embryo cylindric and straight, 
or globose. [Jlicaceae Lowe. ] 


1. ILEX L. 


Commonly glabrous evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate: blades entire, 
toothed or rarely spiny. Flowers sometimes inclined to be dioecious, regular, the stam- 
inate in axillary clusters, the pistillate mostly solitary. Sepals 4-6, persistent. Petals 
4-6, usually united at the base, thus forming a rotate corolla. Stamens as many as the 
petals, alternate with them: filaments distinct. Ovary 4-6-celled or rarely 7-8-celled. 
Drupe subglobose, with 4-8 horny or crustaceous nutlets. Seed without an aril. 


Nutlets smooth. : 
Leaves persistent: berries black. 


Leaf-blades shallowly crenate near the apex : drupes 4-6 mm. in diameter. 1. I. glabra. 

Leaf-blades spinescent-toothed below the apex or spine-tipped: drupes 6-8 . 

mm. in diameter. 2. I. lucida. 

Leaves deciduous: berries red or scarlet. it 
Staminate and pistillate flowers on pedicels of about equal length. 3. I. verticillata. 
Staminate flowers on conspicuously slender and long pedicels. 4. I. laevigata. 

Nutlets variously roughened. 

Leaves deciduous. - 
Staminate flowers several on à common peduncle. 5. I. Amelanchier. 
Staminate flowers solitary: or clustered, without a common peduncle. : 

Pedicel several times longer than the berry. 6. I. longipes. 
Pedicel shorter than the berry. " 
Leaf-blades normally broadest above the middle. 7. I. decidua. 
Leaf-blades normally broadest below or at the middle. 
Len blades ae or with few hairs about the nerves: calyx gla- 
rous out. a 
Leaf-blades 4-7 cm. long, eres istaec toothed : Carolinian. 8. I. Caroliniana. 
Leaf-blades 6-20 cm. long, conspicuously toothed : Alleghenian. 9. I. monticola. 
lava PE sansa densely pubescent beneath : calyx pubescent, 10. I. Beadlei. 
nt. : 

Leaf-blades entire or with a few appressed teeth near the apex. A 
Leaf-blades linear, 1-4 cm. lo; EP 11. I. myrtifolia. 
Leaf-blades oblong or UM ICONS. 4-10 em. Jong. 12. I. Cassine. 

Leaf-blades toothed : 3 
Teeth crenate. 13. I. vomitoria. 
Teeth spine-like and spreading, rarely only the terminal] one present. 14. I. opaca. 


1. Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray. An evergreen shrub, with velvety-pubescent twigs. 
Stems more or less branched, 0.5-1.5 m. tall: leaf-blades leathery, obovate, oblanceolate, 
elliptic, oval or rarely ovate, 1-5 cm. long, acute or obtuse, entire or distantly serrate above 
the middle, glabrous, deep green and lustrous above, paler and dull beneath ; petioles stout : 

owers white, the staminate in corymbs, the pistillate often solitary : sepals broadly ovate, 
rounded at the apex: corolla about 7 mm. broad ; lobes obtuse: drupes globose, 4-6 mm. 
in diameter, sek, shining. 

In sandy soil, along or near the coast, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Florida and Louisiana. 

g and early summer. INKBERRY. EVERGREEN WINTERBERRY. 

2. Ilex lücida (Ait.) T. & G. An evergreen shrub 1-3 m. tall, glabrous or nearly 
Sv. Leaf-blades leathery, obovate, oblong, oblong-oblanceolate, elliptic or oval, 2-9 cm. 
long, acute or usually short-acuminate, entire or appressed-serrate above the middle, dark 


732 - AQUIFOLIACEAE 


green and lustrous above, pale beneath ; petioles stout: flowers white, the staminate clus- 
tered, the pistillate often solitary : sepals ovate or triangular-ovate, acute: corolla 5.5-7 
mm. broad ; lobes obovate, obtuse: drupes globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, black, shining. 
[I. coriacea (Pursh) Chapm. ] 


In swamps, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


3. Ilex verticillata ( L.) A. Gray. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 7 m. tall, with 
glabrous or slightly pubescent twigs. Leaf-blades thickish, elliptic or oval, varying to 
ovate or obovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends, glabrous or slightly pu- 
bescent above, more or less tomentose beneath, often strongly reticulated, serrate ; petioles 
5-10 mm. long: sepals ovate or triangular-ovate, ciliate, acutish : corolla white, 6-7 mm. 
broad ; lobes obtuse : drupes 6-8 mm. in diameter, red. 

In swamps or low grounds, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Wisconsin, Florida and Missouri. Summer. 
BLACK ALDER, WINTERBERRY. FEVER-BUSH. 

4. Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray.' A shrub or small tree, rarely 6 m. tall, with 
glabrous twigs. Leaf-blades thinnish, elliptic or oval or sometimes lanceolate or oblan- 
ceolate, 3-9 cm. long, acute or mostly acuminate, appressed-serrate, glabrous on both sur- 
faces or sometimes sparingly pubescent on the nerves beneath, short-petioled : staminate 
flowers clustered, their pedicels 1-2 cm. long; pistillate mostly solitary on short pedicels: 
pa triangular or ovate-triangular, sometimes ciliate, acute: corolla 6-7 mm. broad, 
white ; lobes obtuse : drupes subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, orange-red. 

Inswamps or wet woods, Maine to Pennsylvania, Georgia and Kentucky. Spring. WINTERBERRY. 


5. Ilex Amelánchier M. A. Curtis. A low branching shrub, with more or less per- 
sistently soft-pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades leathery, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-8 cm. 
long, acute or short-acuminate, inconspicuously serrate, glabrous, dull and finely reticulated 
above, thinly tomentose beneath, acute or rounded at the base, 6-10 mm. long, pubescent : 
flowers not seen: drupes globose, 7-10 mm. in diameter, dull red: nutlets strongly 3- 
ribbed on the back. 

In sandy swamps, North Carolina to Louisiana. Spring. 


6. Ilex lóngipes Chapm. A shrub 1-2 m. tall, with widely spreading branches and 
glabrous or almost glabrous foliage. Leaf-blades rather leathery, elliptic, varying to 
broadly oblanceolate or ovate, sometimes oval, short-acuminate, obtuse or acute, dark green 
and puberulent or glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, crenate-serrate, the teeth 
often tipped with appressed spine-like bristles; petioles stout, 5-10 mm. long: flowers 
several in axillary clusters: pedicels 1.2-2 cm. long, or longer at maturity : calyx glabrous: 
sepals triangular, acute: corolla 6-7 mm. broad, white; lobes obtuse: drupes globose, 
red, 6-8 mm. in diameter. . 

On rocky banks, North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


7. Ilex decídua Walt. A much branched shrub or small tree 1-10 m. tall, the trunk 
sometimes 2.5 dm. in diameter. Leaf-blades thickish, spatulate, oblanceolate, elliptic or 
elliptic-oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, crenate-serrate, dark green 
and glabrous above, paler and usually pubescent beneath ; petioles pubescent, 0.5-1 cm. 
long : flowers several in axillary clusters: pedicels 5-15 mm. long: calyx glabrous or 
minutely pubescent ; sepals triangular, acute, sometimes ciliate: corolla 4.5-6 mm. broad, 
white ; lobes 4, obovate or nearly oblong, obtuse : stamens shorter than the corolla-lobes : 
ae = 7-9 mm. in diameter, orange or nearly scarlet: nutlets strongly ribbed on 

e back. 

In swamps and alon oi . Spring.—A form 
with leaves 1-2 em. long and drupes 4-5 mm. [n diameter, 1s I. decidua Curtissii Fernald; it occurs in 
Florida. Possum Haw. BEARBERRY. i 

8. Ilex Caroliniàna ( Walt.) Trelease. A shrub or small tree, rarely 6 m. tall, with 
puberulent or almost glabrous twigs. Leaf-blades rather thin, broadly oval, varying to 
oyate or obovate or sometimes elliptic, 4-7 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, serrate above 
the middle with appressed bristle-tipped teeth, glabrous, gradually or abruptly attenuate 
into short petioles: flowers solitary or several in axillary clusters: pedicels 2-5 mm. long: 
calyx glabrous, 5-6 mm. broad : sepals broadly triangular, acutish, or obtuse in pistillate 
flowers : corolla 3-4 mm. broad, white; lobes obtuse: drupes globose-oblong, 6-7 mm. in 
diameter: nutlets strongly ribbed. [J ambigua (Michx.) Chapm.] 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


..9. Ilex montícola A. Gray. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 12 m. nir d 
with a trunk diameter of 3 dm., with almost glabrous foliage. -blades rather t ae 
elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or sometimes sehestlonia’; 6-20 cm. long, acuminate, serrate, 


Including I. lanceolata (Pursh) Chapm. - 


CELASTRACEAE 733 


deep green above, paler beneath, glabrous except on the nerves, more or less abruptly nar- 
esci a into short petioles: staminate flowers several in axillary clusters ; pistillate flowers 
solitary or several together: calyx glabrous, 5-6 mm. broad; sepals broadly triangular, 
acutish, eroded: corolla 4-5 mm. broad, white ; lobes broadly Do RE obtuse : stamens 
shorter than the corolla-lobes : drupes globose, about 1 cm. in diameter, bright scarlet: nut- 
lets strongly ribbed. ` 

In mountain woods, New York to Georgia and Alabama. Spring.—The form with pubescent leaf- 
blades, is I. monticola móllis (A. Gray) Britton. MOUNTAIN HOLLY. 

10. Ilex Beàdlei Ashe. A shrub or small tree, with pubescent foliage. Leaves often 
numerous ; blades elliptic, oval or suborbicular, varying to slightly broader above or 
below the middle, 3-8 cm. long, acute or short acuminate, serrate, densely pubescent 
beneath and finely pubescent above, short-petioled : pedicels pubescent : calyx nearly 2 
mm. broad; sepals obtuse, pubescent : corolla 5-6 mm. ed : drupes oblong-globose, 
6-8 mm. long. 

In rocky woods, North Carolina to Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 

ll. Ilex myrtifdlia Walt. A low, straggling shrub or small tree, with very rigid 
branches. Leaf-blades leathery, narrowly oblong or linear, or on shoots nearly oval, 1-4 
cm. long, apiculate, more or less revolute, dark green and glabrous above, pale and usually 
glabrous beneath, short-petioled : flowers solitary in the axils, or a few in a cluster: calyx 
1-1.5 mm. broad ; sepals triangular, acute : corolla 4-5 mm. broad, white ; lobes 4, obovate 
or oval, obtuse : stamens 4, shorter than the corolla-lobes : drupes globose, about 6 mm. in 
diameter, red, on pedicels about 5 mm. long. 

In swamps and wet pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


12. Ilex Cassine L. An evergreen shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 12 m. 
and a trunk diameter of 5 dm., with usually pubescent twigs. Leaf-blades leathery, 
oblanceolate or oblong or rarely obovate, 4-10 cm. long, obtuse, acute or rarely retuse at 
the apex, more or less revolute, dark green and glabrous above, pale and more or less 

ubescent beneath or sometimes glabrous ; petioles 5-10 mm. long, usually pubescent : 

owers in simple or panicled belke clusters, the common peduncles 3-20 mm. long: 
calyx 1.5-2 mm. broad ; sepals triangular-ovate, acutish, erose-ciliate : corolla 4-4.5 mm. 
broad, white; lobes obovate, obtuse: stamens mostly "shorter than the corolla-lobes : 
drupes globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, red or sometimes nearly yellow, solitary or 3 in 
a cluster, on stout pubescent pedicels: nutlets prominently ribbed. [J Dahoon Walt. ] 
vine and along streams near the coast, Virginia to Floridaand Louisiana. Spring. DAHOON. 

13. Ilex vomitória Ait. An evergreen shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 8 
m. with a trunk diameter of 2 dm., often forming dense thickets. Leaf-blades leathery, 
oblong, oval or elliptic, sometimes oblong-lanceolate on shoots, 1-2.5 em. long, obtuse, 
crenate-serrate, deep green and lustrous above, pale green beneath, abruptly narrowed into 
short petioles : flowers several in axillary clusters: pedicels 2-3mm. long: calyx 2 mm. 
broad ; sepals 4, triangular-ovate, obtuse: corolla5-5.5 mm. broad, white: lobes oval or 
obovate, obtuse : stamens 4, shorter than the corolla lobes in the pistillate flowers, longer 
in the staminate : drupes globose, red, 5-6 mm. in diameter, longer than their pedicels : 
nutlets slightly ribbed. |I. Cassine Walt. ] 

Along swamps and streams, Virginia to Florida, Arkansasand Texas. Spring. CASSINE. YAUPON. 

. 14. Ilex opàca Ait. A glabrous tree, reaching a height of 15 m., rarely with a trunk 
diameter of about 1 m., the bark close, white or pale gray, warty. Leaf-blades parch- 
ment-like, oval, elliptic or obovate, 4-10 cm. long, spine-tipped at the apex and aid 
toothed or sometimes entire, lustrous and dark green above, pale and dull beneath, short- 
petioled: staminate flowers several on a common oda istillate flowers solitary ; 
sepals triangular, about 1 mm. long, acute, ciliate : corolla 5.5-6.5 mm. broad ; lobes oblong, 
obtuse : stamens surpassing the corolla in the staminate flowers, shorter than the corolla- 
lobes in the pistillate : drupes globose or globose-ovoid, about 1 em. in diameter, glabrous, 

or rarely yellow, longer than the pedicels : nutlets ribbed. 


In moist woods and on dry mountain slo Maine to Missouri and the Gulf States. Spring. 
HOLLY. AMERICAN HOLLY. Wain HOLLY. gd 


FAMILY 7. CELASTRACEAE Lindl! STarr-TREE FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with erect or twining stems, sometimes armed with spines. 
Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, with or without stipules: blades simple. 
nflorescence normally cymose, sometimes clustered. Flowers perfect, polyg- 


‘Revised by Mr. J. R. Gardner. 


734 CELASTRACEAE 


amous or dioecious, regular, commonly pedicellate. Calyx of 4-5 imbricated 
sepals. Disk fleshy, or rarely none. Corolla of 4-5 petals, usually inserted 
under the disk, imbricated, not clawed. Androecium of 4-5 stamens inserted 
beneath, on the margin of, or on the upper side of the disk. Filaments terete 
or nearly so. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium a compound pistil. Ovary com- 
monly merging into the disk, with 2-5 cavities. Styles short or wanting. 
Stigma 2-5-lobed. Ovules solitary or 2-many in each cavity, erect or suspended, 
anatropous. Fruit a capsule, drupe or berry, sometimes winged. Seeds soli- 
tary or several in each cavity, often enclosed in the bright-colored aril. Endo- 
sperm copious, fleshy or oily. Embryo straight. 


Fruit capsular, dehiscent. 
Leaves opposite. 


Ovary 3-5-celled : capsule 3-5-lobed, 3-5-valved : aril red. 1. EUONYMUS. 
Ovary 2-celled : capsule not lobed, 2-valved : aril white. 2. PACHYSTIMA. 
Leaves alternate. 
Climbing shrubs: ovary free. 3. CELASTRUS. 
Erect shrubs : ovary confluent with the disk. 4. MAYTENUS. 
Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent. 
Gynoecium 2-carpellary or 4-carpellary : stigmas 2 or 4. 
Flowers perfect: ovary 4-celled. 5. CROSSOPETALUM. 
Flowers dioecious : ov: 2-celled. 
Leaves opposite: ovules pendulous. 6. GYMINDA. 
Leaves alternate: ovules erect. 7. SCHAEFFERIA. 
Gynoecium 5-carpellary : stigmas 5. 8. MORTONIA. 


1. BUÓNYMUS L. 

Shrubs or trees, or rarely vines, with commonly 4-angled branches. Leaves oppo- 
site : blades entire or toothed, deciduous: stipules caducous. Flowers solitary or cymose. 
Sepals 4-5, spreading or recurved. Petals 4—5, inserted under the disk, entire, toothed or 
fringed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the disk: filaments mostly very short: anther-sacs 2, 
diverging. Disk flat, 45-lobed. Ovary in the disk, with 3-5 cavities: stigma with 3-5 
inconspicucus lobes, Ovules usually 2 in each cavity, ascending. Capsule 3~-5-lobed, 
angled or winged, smooth or echinate, opening loculicidally. Seeds 2 in each cavity sur- 
rounded by an aril. 

Stems creeping, trailing or spreading : capsules covered with spiny warts. 


Leaves oval or lanceolate, usually acute or acuminate. 1. E. Americanus. 
Leaves obovate, usually obtuse. 2. E. obovatus. 
Stems erect: capsules smooth. 3. E. atropurpureus. 


1. Buonymus Americànus L. A glabrous shrub 2-20 dm. tall, with creeping or 
horizontal stems. Leaf-blades varying from oval to lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or 
acuminate, serrate, dark green above, paler beneath, short-petioled : flowers solitary or 3ona 
slender or filiform peduncle 1-2 cm. long: sepals narrowly reniform, almost 3 mm. broad, 
erose : corolla greenish purple, 8-12 mm. broad : petals 3-4 mm. in diameter, suborbicular, 
undulate : capsules 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, 3-5-lobed, covered with bristly warts: seeds with 
scarlet arils. 

On river banks, New York to Illinois, Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Summer.—The form with 
linear-lanceolate nearly entire leaf-blades 5-8 cm. long, is Æ. Americanus bifldrus (Raf.) Gardner. 
STRAWBEREY BUSH. 

. 2. Euonymus obovàtus Nutt. A spreading diffuse glabrous shrub 2-6 dm. = 
with trailing stems. Leaf-blades obovate, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or short-acuminate € 
sometimes acute, finely serrate, rather dull green above, paler beneath, often cuneately 
narrowed into short petioles : flowers 1 or 3 on slender or filiform peduncles 1-3 cm. -— 
sepals reniform, nearly 3 mm. broad, erose: corolla greenish purple, 6-8 mm. bro 3. 
p suborbicular, sessile, broader than long, erose: capsules 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, 
obed, covered with bristly warts, crimson : seeds with scarlet arils. 

On river banks, Ontario to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Tennessee. Spring. STRAWBERRY vet 
_ 3. Euonymus atropurpüreus Jacq. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 8 m. tal 
its trunk reaching a diameter of 2 dm. f-blades oblong, elliptic oval, ovate or pedir 
5-16 cm. long, acute or acuminate, serrate, dark green and glabrous above, more OF ess 
pubescent beneath, acute or rounded at the base; petioles 8-15 mm. long: cymes twice or 
thrice forked: peduncles 4-8 cm. long: sepals usually 4, reniform, 2.5-3 mm. broad : 
corolla dark purple, 10-12 mm. broad : petals 4, orbicular-ovate, or suborbicular, 2-9 mm. 
long, obtuse : capsules 4-lobed, pendulous, depressed, the lobes wing-like : seeds 8-10 mm. 
long, the arils scarlet. 


. On river banks. New York to Montana, Florida, Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Spring. 
WAAHOO. SPINDLE TREE. BURNING BUsH. BLEEDING HEART. 


CELASTRACEAE 735 


2. PACHYSTIMA Raf. 


Small or depressed evergreen shrubs. Leaves opposite: blades leathery, toothed or 
entire : stipules. minute, deciduous. Flowers greenish, solitary or clustered in the axils 
of the leaves. Sepals 4, roundish. Petals 4, longer than the sepals. Stamens 4, in- 
serted under the disk: filaments short. Disk flat, 4-angled. Ovary 2-celled, pyramidal, 
merging into the disk: style very short: stigma obscurely 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each 
cavity, erect on thickish funicles. Capsule 2-celled, leathery, somewhat flattened, opening 
lengthwise by 2 valves. Seed surrounded by a white aril : cotyledons elongated. 

1. Pachystima Cánbyi A. Gray. A diffuse glabrous undershrub. Stems much 
branched, the branches decumbent, often creeping, 1-4 dm. long, wiry : leaf-blades linear 
or linear-oblong or rarely oblanceolate, 0.5-2 cm. long, obtuse, serrate, short-petioled, dark 
pma above, paler beneath : pedicels slender, solitary or clustered, 3-6 mm. long: sepals 

roadly ovate, about 1 mm. long, rounded at the apex : hypanthium a broadly campanu- 
late tube: petals ovate, 1.5 mm. long, obtuse, more or less revolute: capsules oblong, 4 
mm. in diameter, with 2 cavities, 1-2 erect seeds in each, dehiscent at maturity. 
On cliffs and shaded banks, southwestern Virginia and northwestern North Carolina. Spring. 


3. CELASTRUS L. 

Usually twining unarmed shrubs. Leaves alternate : blades entire or toothed : stipules 
minute, slender. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, or panicles, sometimes in- 
clined to be dioecious. Sepals 5, crowning the urn-shaped hypanthium. Petals 5, in- 
serted under the disk. Stamens 5, inserted at the sinuses of the disk. Disk cup-shaped, 
5-lobed. Ovary 2-4-celled, the septa not always complete : style short, stout: stigma 2-4- 
lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, erect. Capsule oblong or subglobose, leathery, 2-4-celled, 
opening loculicidally. Seeds 1-2 in each cavity, erect, surrounded by an aril. STAFF- 
TREE. SHRUBBY OR CLIMBING BITTERSWEET. WAXWORK. 


1. Celastrus scandens L. A climbing shrub, with unarmed sometimes twining 
branches. Leaf-blades membranous, elliptic, oval, oblong, ovate or obovate, 6-10 cm. 
long, acuminate, serrate, glabrous or nearly so, usually acute at the base; petioles 8-20 
mm. long: panicles drooping, 4-8 cm. long: sepals 4, ovate, often eroded : corolla green- 
ish, about 8 mm. broad: petals 5, oblong or obovate, obtuse, eroded : stamens 5, shorter 
than the petals: capsules subglobose, 1 cm. in diameter, finely wrinkled, orange, opening 
by 3 valves : seeds enclosed in a scarlet aril. 

. Along streams, thickets and fences, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia and the Indian Territory. 
Spring or early summer. 
4. MAYTENUS Molina. 

Glabrous evergreen shrubs or small trees. Bark pale. Leaves alternate: blades 
leathery or fleshy-leathery, entire or toothed : stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers polyg- 
amous or dioecious, solitary, clustered or cymose, axillary. Sepals 5. Petals 5, inserted 
on the edge of thedisk. Stamens 5, inserted under the disk. Disk flat, undulate. Ovary 
immersed in the disk, 2-4-celled. Style none or columnar. Stigma 2-4-lobed. Ovules 
1-2 in each cavity, erect. Capsules leathery, 1-3-celled, opening loculicidally, 2-3-valved. 
x erect, surrounded at the base or throughout by an aril. Endosperm wanting or 

eshy. 

.,l Maytenus phyllanthoides Benth. An evergreen shrub or small tree 1-3 m. tall 
with an ash-colored bark.  Leaf-blades obovate or oblong-oblanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, ob- 
tuse, glabrous, undulate or obscurely toothed, more or less cuneately narrowed into a short, 
Stout petiole: clusters few-flowered : hypanthium broadly turbinate: sepals 5, triangular 
or ovate-triangular, acutish : corolla 2-3 mm. broad: petals 5: stamens shorter than the 

etals : capsules obovoid, 8-12 mm. in diameter, deep red, glabrous, opening by 3 subor- 

icular valves: seeds oblong, 5 mm. long, curved, minutely roughened, apiculate. 

In thickets, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in Mexico and Central America. 


5. CROSSOPÉTALUM P. Br. 
Glabrous or pubescent shrubs, commonly with a pale bark. Leaves alternate, opposite 
or whorled : blades entire or toothed. Flowers perfect, solitary, or cymosely disposed in 
the axils. Hypanthium urn-like. Sepals 4-5, roundish. Disk flattish, 4-5-lobed. Petals 


736 CELASTRACEAE 


4-5, inserted under the disk, reflexed. Stamens 4-5, between the lobes of the disk. Ovary 
4-celled, merging into the disk: stigmas 4. Ovules solitary and erect in each cavity. 
Drupe with little or no pulp, 1-celled, with a crustaceous or bony stone. Seeds with or 
without arils. 

Leaf-blades spiny-toothed. 1. C. Floridanum. 
Leaf-blades crenate or entire. 2. C. austrinum. 

1. Crossopetalum Floridànum Gardner. A small straggling or prostrate shrub, with 
branches 2-4 dm. long, the twigs terete, pubescent. Leaves merely opposite ; blades oval 
or ovate, 10-15 mm. long, veiny, coarsely serrate with bristle-tipped teeth, and bristle- 
tipped at the apex, rounded at the base, short-petioled : peduncles shorter than the leaves: 
sepals 4, persistent : petals 4, oblong-orbicular: stamens 4: drupes obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 
oblique, apiculate. 

In sand or on coral rock, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in St. Domingo. 

2. Crossopetalum austrinum Gardner. A shrub or tree 6 m. tall, with 4-angled 
brownish or ash-colored twigs. Leaves opposite or whorled ; blades obovate, or rarely a 
few somewhat elliptic, 1-4 cm. long, lightly crenate, at least toward the mucronate apex, 
narrowed at the base, smooth and glabrous: peduncles about 1 cm. long : sepals 4, rounded : 
petals 4, oval: stamens 4: drupes somewhat oblique, 5-6 mm. long, red 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida. 


6. GYMÍNDA Sarg. 

Glabrous evergreen dioecious shrubs or trees, with a pale bark and 4-angled branch- 
lets. Leaves opposite: blades elongated, entire or slightly toothed above the middle, : 
rounded or emarginate at the apex: stipules caducous. Flowers dioecious, in axillary 
cymes. Sepals 4 (rarely 3), rounded, persistent, imbricated. Disk cup-shaped, 4-lobed, 
filling the hypanthium. Petals 4, reflexed, entire, longer than the sepals. Stamens 4, ex- 
serted : filaments slender, converging. Ovary elongated, confluent with the disk, 2-celled ; 
a rudimentary 2-cleft column in the staminate flowers: stigmas sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules 
solitary, suspended. Drupe-like fruit with a thin pulp and a 2-celled, crustaceous stone. 
Seeds pendulous. FarsE Boxwoop. 

1. Gyminda Grisebáchii Sarg. An evergreen glabrous shrub or small tree 1-7 m- 
tall, with a maximum trunk diameter of 15 cm. Leaf-blades leathery, obovate or elliptic- 
obovate, 2-4 cm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, slightly revolute, nearly sessile: 
cymes few-flowered on peduncles usually less than 1 cm. long : sepals broadly ovate, obtuse : 
corolla 4-5 mm. broad: petals oblong or obovate-oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse, spread- 
ing or recurved : stamens shorter than the petals: drupe oblong or ovoid, 7-8 mm. long, 
sey apiculate, bluish black: seeds 1-2, suspended. [Myginda latifolia Chapm., not 

w. 


On islands and Keys of southern Florida. Also in the West Indies. Spring.—The form with leaf- 
blades about 2 em. long and glaucous above, is G. Grisebachii glaucifolia (Griseb.) Sudw. 


7. SCHAEFFERIA Jacq. 

Rigid glabrous dioecious shrubs or small trees, with a pale bark, the branches terete. 
Leaves alternate or fascicled: blades leathery, entire. Flowers dioecious, sessile or pedi- 
celled, clustered in the axils of the leaves. Sepals 4, broad, imbricated. Disk small, 
knob-like in the staminate flowers. Petals 4, hypogynous, inserted under the disk. Sta- 
mens 4, opposite the sepals: filaments incurved. Ovary 2-celled : style very short or want- 
ing: stigma 2-lobed. Ovules solitary, erect. Drupe-like fruit with little or no pulp, 2- 
celled, with a horny stone and a tuberculate coat. Seed one in each cavity, with an aril. 


f-bl . 1. S. cuneifolia- 
Peat binio oral to elifetioctiana sais: 4-6 cm. long. 2. B. frutescent. 
1. Schaefferia cuneifdlia A. Gray. A rigid glabrous evergreen shrub, with a much 
branched stem, 1-2 m. tall. Leaf-bladesleathery, clustered, obovate-cuneate, 5-12 mm. long, 
obtuse or notched at the apex, pale green, more or less prominently reticulated, sessile: cy E. 
contracted, the flowers clustered: calyx sessile ; sepals 4, suborbicular: corolla gron d 
5-6 mm. broad : petals oblong, obtuse : drupes subglobose, 4 mm. in diameter, deep scar'e 
On prairies, Texas and New Mexico to northern Mexico. ‘ 
. 2. Schaefferia frutéscens Jacq. An evergreen glabrous shrub or tree, deren " 
height of 12 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of nearly 3 dm. Leaf-blades leathery, etip- 
tic, oval, elliptic-obovate or elliptic-oblanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, pale green, acute or retuse, 


DODONAEACEAE 7317 


shining above, dull beneath, reticulated on both sides, entire, alternate at the base, sessile 
or nearly so : cymes contracted into several-flowered clusters: pedicels 3-10 mm. long: 
sepals orbicular-ovate, obtuse: corolla yellowish green, 4-6 mm. broad : petals oblong or 
oval, obtuse : stamens shorter than the petals: drupes nearly oval or globular, 5 mm. long, 
bright scarlet, slightly grooved and warty, apiculate. 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida, chiefly on the islands and Keys. Alsoin the West Indies. 
YELLOWWOOD. BOXWOOD. 


8. MORTONIA A. Gray. 


Shrubs, with erect, unarmed stems. Leaves alternate, evergreen: blades thick, sessile. 
Inflorescence terminal, of spike-like racemes. Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, with white- 
scarious margin. Petals 5, eroded, inserted under the margin of the disk. Stamens 5, 
inserted in the lobes of the disk. Ovary ovoid, immersed, or free from the disk, im- 
perfectly 5-celled. Ovules erect, usually 2 in each cavity. Stigma 5-lobed. Fruit cap- 
sular, indehiscent, slightly grooved, with 1 cavity. Seed solitary, filling the whole cavity. 

1. Mortonia Gréggii A. Gray. A low branching shrub, with yellowish green rough 
twigs, Leaves approximate ; blades linear or linear-spatulate, 1-2 cm. long, mucronate at 
the apex, entire, narrowed at the base, glabrous at maturity ; petioles 1 mm. long: sepals 
5, oval, acute, 1 mm. long : petals 5, white, oval, obtuse, 2 mm. long: filaments slender : 
style long : stigma 5-lobed : capsule oblong, 5 mm. long, the walls thick and firm : seed 
solitary, erect. [M. effusa Turcz. ] 

Southwestern Texas. 


FAMILY 8. HIPPOCRATEACEAE H.B.K. HIPPOCRATEA FAMILY. 


Shrubs or small trees, or vines with more or less twisted branches. Leaves 
opposite, rather persistent; blades simple: stipules caducous. Inflorescence 
axillary, racemose, panieulate or cymose. Flowers perfect, regular, incon- 
Spicuous. Calyx of 5 small persistent imbricated sepals. Disk large, conic, cup- 
like or spreading. Corolla of 5 sessile imbricated spreading petals inserted be- 
tweenthesepals. Androecium of 3 stamens inserted on the margin of the disk 
and the ovary. Filaments flattened and dilated at the base.  Anthers 2-4-celled, 
extrorse. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 3-celled, more or less im- 
mersed in and merged into the disk, but free. Styles united. Stigma simple, 
or 3-lobed. Ovules few or many, inserted in 1, 2 or 3 rows, anatropous or half- 
anatropous. Fruit a berry, drupe or capsule of 3 or fewer flattened carpels co- 
hering at the base. Seeds usually few, flattened, often winged at the base, with 
a membranous or erustaceous testa. Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight 
with large, often united cotyledons. 


1. HIPPOCRATEA L. 


Twining shrubs or small trees, with terete branches. Leaves opposite : blades leathery, 
on petioles which are swollen at the base. Flowers in axillary cymes or panicles. Sepals 
and petals mostly 5, spreading. Stamens 3, inserted on the disk: filaments flattened and 
dilated at the base. Ovary 3-celled: stigma 3-lobed. Ovules 2-6 in each cavity, in 2 
Series, ascending. Capsule 3-lobed (lobes sometimes suppressed), flattened, leathery, 
l-celled, the lobes 2-valved. Seeds flattened, winged below. 

l. Hippocratea ovata Lam. A high-climbing shrub. Stems several m. long, 
much branched : leaf-blades leathery, oblong or elliptic varying to ovate or obovate, 5-14 
em. long, obtuse or apiculate, crenate-serrate, short-petioled : cymes open, rusty pubescent : 
peduncles 4-8 em. long : sepals 5 or rarely 4, rounded : corolla 5-6 mm. broad: mature 
carpels broadly obovate, 2.5-3 cm. long. 

In deep woods, along water, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. 


FAMILY 9. DODONAEACEAE H.B.K. DODONAEA FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, commonly sticky with a resinous excretion. Leaves alter- 
nate, without stipules: blades simple. Flowers polygamous or polygamo-dioecious, 
variously disposed. Sepals 3-5 nearly equal, imbricated, or valvate. Corolla 

47 


738° AESCULACEAE 


wanting. Androecium of 5-8 regularly inserted stamens, filaments distinct: 
anthers 4-angled. Disk wanting. Gynoecium of 3 or 4 united carpels, wholly ' 
superior. Ovary 3-4-celled : styles united. Ovules 2 in each cavity, half-anat- 
ropous, often superposed, the upper one ascending and the lower one pendu- 
lous. Capsule membranous or leathery, reticulated, 2—6-angled, the angles 
obtuse, or winged, opening septicidally by 2-6 valves. Seed subglobose or 
flattened, without an aril. Endosperm wanting. Embryo spiral. 


1. DODONAEA L. 


Characters of the family, as given above. 

: 1. Dodonaea viscdsa L. A nearly glabrous shrub, with sticky foliage. Stems soli- 
tary or clustered, 2-4 m. tall : leaf-blades simple, mostly oblanceolate or spatulate, 3-10 cm. ; 
long, apiculate or retuse at the apex, entire, attenuate to the base, short-petioled : racemes 
chiefly axillary, 1-2 cm. long: pedicels slender, slightly pubescent: calyx greenish, 5-7 
mm. broad : sepals ovate, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, slightly pubescent : anthers longer than 
the sepals, about 2 mm. long, curved, ascending: capsules 3-celled, 12-20 mm. ‘broad, | 
po carpel produced into a reniform reticulated wing: seeds solitary in each cavity, sub- 
globose. 

In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. 


FAMILY 10. STAPHYLEACEAE DC. BLADDERNUT FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with erect stems. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, with 
stipules: blades compound : leaflets opposite, involute in vernation.  Inflores- 
cence racemose or paniculate. Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular, pedi- 
cellate, subtended by deciduous bracts. Calyx of 5 sepals. Disk cup-like, its , 
edge free. Corolla of 5 imbrieated elongated petals which are inserted under , 
the edge of the disk and are commonly slightly longer than the sepals. Androe- 
cium of 5 stamens inserted under the edge of the disk. Filaments distinct. 
Anthers introrse. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 partially or wholly united carpels. 
Ovary sessile. Styles 3, distinct or united. Stigmas simple. Ovules anatro- , 
pous, horizontal or ascending, inserted in 1 or 2 rows on the ventral suture. 
Fruit an inflated membranous capsule, or a berry. Seeds few or numerous, 
with a bony testa. Endosperm scant, fleshy, Embryo straight, with fleshy, 
plano-convex cotyledons. 


1. STAPHYLEA L. 

Shrubs, with terete branches. Leaves opposite: blades 3-foliolate or pinnately com- , 
pound. Flowers perfect, regular, mostly in axillary racemes or panicles. Sepals 5, equal, 
imbricated, deciduous. Disk lobed. Petals 5, about as long as the sepals, erect, inse 
beneath the edge of the disk. Stamens 5 : filaments equal, erect : anthers apiculate. Carpels 
2-3, 1-celled, united at the base, or rarely throughout : stigmas capitate. Ovules numerous, — 
in 2 series, anatropous, ascending. Capsule membranous, 2-3-celled, 2-3-lobed. Seeds 
solitary or many in each cavity, the aril wanting. BLADDERNUT. s 

1. Staphylea trifoliata L. A slender shrub 1-5 m. tall, with striped twigs. Leaf- 
blades 3-foliolate ; petioles 4-10 cm. long; leaflets oval or elliptic varying to ovate oF 
obovate, 5-10 em. long, acuminate or obtuse, serrate, the lateral ones inequilateral : racemes : 
5-10 cm. long, drooping : pedicels 8-12 mm. long, jointed above the middle: sepals lance- 
olate or oblong, 7-10 mm. long, obtuse, glabrous: petals spatulate, somewhat longer than ; 
the sepals, obtuse, pubescent at the base: filaments about as long as the petals, pubescent 
below the middle: style exserted : ovary pubescent: capsules bladder-like, 3-lobed, 4-6 
em. long, obovoid, the apex of each lobe apiculate. 

In thickets, Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Spring. 


Fairy 11. AESCULACEAE Lindl. Buckeye FAMILY. 

Shrubs or trees, with a tough wood and a close or flaky bark. Leaves 
opposite, without stipules: blades palmately compound. Inflorescence termi- 
nal, of thyrsoid racemes or panicles. Flowers polygamous, unsymmetrica 
and irregular. Calyx of 5 mostly united sepals. Disk annular or one-sided. 


AESCULACEAE 739 


Corolla of 4 or 5 unequal petals, which are distinguishable into blade and claw. 
Androecium of 5-8 stamens, inserted within the disk. Filaments distinct, much 
elongated. Anthers introrse Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 3-- 
celled. Styles elongated, united. Stigma entire. Ovules 2 in each cavity, 
superposed. Fruit a leathery capsule opening loculicidally by 3 valves. Seed 
usually solitary with a thick leathery testa. Endosperm wanting. Embryo 
hemispheric, the cotyledons very thick. [Hippocastanaceae T. & G.] 


1. AESCULUS L. 


Shrubs or trees, with terete branches. Leaves opposite: blades long-petioled, pal- 
mately 5-9-foliolate: leaflets mostly toothed. Flowers of various colors. Sepals 5, par- 
tially united: tube campanulate or tubular. Disk entire. Petals 4—5, narrowed into 
claws. Stamens 5-8: filaments filiform : anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary sessile, 3- 
celled: style slender. Ovules horizontal or the lower one ascending. Capsule subglobose 
or 3-lobed, smooth or echinate, often 1-2-celled by suppression. Seeds mostly solitary 
with a shining testa. BUCKEYE. HOoRSECHESTNUT. 
Capsules unarmed. " 

Stamens 2-3 times longer than the petals: corollas white. 1. A. parviftora. 
Stamens included or slightly exserted : corollas yellow, purple or red. ' 
Calyx tubular, reddish. 
Blades of the leafiets oval or oval-ovate, very oblique at the base, densely to- 


mentose beneath : calyx 10-14 mm. long. ! 2. A. austrina. 
Blades of the leaflets elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, not oblique at the base, 


glabrate beneath : calyx 15-17 mm. long. 3. A. Pavia. 
- Calyx oblong-campanulate, greenish. 4. A. octandra. 
Capsule armed with prickles. 
Shrub: blades of the leaflets incised above the middle as well as serrate. 5. A. arguta. 
Tree: blades of the leaflets serrate only. 6. A. glabra. 


1. Aesculus parvifldra Walt. A shrub 1-5 m. tall, the inflorescence and the lower 
surface of the leaflets tomentose. Leaf-blades 1-3 dm. broad: leaflets 5-7, the blades 
elliptic-oblanceolate to obovate, 5-18 cm. long, short-acuminate, obtuse or acute at the 
base, finely serrate, glabrate and deep green above, tomentose beneath: panicles 1-3 dm. 
long, raceme-like : flowers about 1.5 cm. long : calyx nearly tubular, 5-7 mm. long, mi- 
nutely glandular; lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse : corolla white: petals long-exserted, those 
of the upper pair linear-spatulate, the blades obtuse, narrowed into long winged sparingly 
villous claws, those of the lateral pair longer than the others with truncate or retuse more 
or less fiddle-shaped blades: stamens 6-7, 2-3 times longer than the petals : capsule glob- 
ular, 2.5-3 cm. in diameter. $ 

In sandy soil, South Carolina to Alabama and Florida. Spring. t 

2. Aesculus austrina Small. A shrub several m. tall, with pubescent foliage and in- 
florescence. Leaf-blades 1-3 dm. broad : leaflets 3-5, the blades firm, oval or oval-ovate, 
short-acuminate at both ends or acute at the base, very oblique at the base (except the ter-’ 
minal one), glabrate and lustrous above, tomentose beneath, sharply serrate, commonly : 
long-stalked : panicles 1-1.5 dm. high, pubescent : flowers about 3 cm. long: calyx tubu-. 
lar, reddish, 10-14 mm. long, glabrous : lobes ovate, rounded : corolla red : petals minutely: 
glandular, those of the upper pair with oval blades which are about as long as the slightly. 
villous claw, those of the lateral pair with obovate blades, and claws several times longer: 
stamens exserted : filaments sparingly villous : capsule unarmed. 

In woods, Louisiana. ‘Spring. — 

3. Aesculus Pavia L. A shrub or small tree 2-6 m. tall, with a smooth bark. Leaf-- 
blades deep green, 1-3 dm. in diameter : leaflets 5-7, the blades oblanceolate or elliptic- : 
oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, becoming firm, acuminate at the apex, finely serrate, acute at 

€ base, usually finely pubescent beneath : panicle 1-2 dm. long: flowers about 2.5 cm. 
long: calyx tubular, 1.5-1.7 cm. long, striate: lobes broadly ovate, rounded : corolla red : 
petals minutely glandular, the upper pair with oblong blades and villous claws as long as 
the blades, those of the lateral pair with suborbicular blades and winged villous claws sev- 
eral times longer than the blades: stamens exserted : filaments villous below : capsule un- 
Armed, 3-5 cm. in diameter. à 

In woods and along streams, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring. RED BUCKEYE. 

4. Aesculus octándra Marsh. A shrub, or tree reaching a height of 35 m., with a 
maximum trunk diameter of 1 m., the bark finally broken into flat scales. Leaf-blades : 
1-3.5 dm. in diameter : leaflets mostly 5, the blades oblanceolate or elliptic, 1-2.5 dm. 


740 ACERACEAE 


long, acuminate at the apex, finely serrate, acute or acuminate at the base, finely pubescent 
or glabrate in age: panicles 1-3 dm. long: flowers 2-3 cm. long: calyx oblong-campanu- 
late, 1-1.5 cm. Tong. finely glandular: lobes broadly ovate, obtuse: corolla yellow or 

urplish : petals glandular, those of the upper pair with oval blades which are about as 
fone as the villous claw, those of the lateral pair with oval or suborbicular blades narrowed 
into winged villous claws which exceed them in length several times: stamens exserted : 
filaments more or less villous: capsule unarmed, obovoid, 4-6 cm. in diameter : seeds de- 
pressed, 2-3.5 cm. long. [A. flava Ait.] 

In woods and along streams, Pennsylvania to Iowa, Georgia and Texas. Spring. YELLOw BUCK- 
EYE. SWEET BUCKEYE. LARGE BUCKEYE. 

5. Aesculus argüta Buckl. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with a smooth bark. Leaf-blades 
1-2 dm. in diameter: leaflets 7-9, the blades narrowly elliptic, 6-12 cm. long, acuminate 
at both ends, finely serrate and incised above the middle, lustrous above, dull beneath, 
villous beneath chiefly on the nerves: panicles 1-2 dm. long, finely villous: flowers 2.5 
em. long: calyx campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, minutely glandular’; lobes low and rounded : 
corolla pale yellow: petals pubescent, villous at the base of the blade where they are 
slightly dilated, those of the upper pair oval or broadly oblong, very thin, those of the 
lateral pair with oblong blades which are narrowed into a thick portion about as long as 
the claw: stamens exserted: anthers yellow: capsule subglobose, 3-4.5 cm. in diameter, 
prickly : seeds 1.5-3 cm. broad. 

On plains or prairies, Missouri to Nebraska and Texas. Spring. SHRUBBY BUCKEYE. 

6. Aesculus glabra Willd. A tree sometimes 25 m. tall, with a maximum trunk 
diameter of about 6 dm. Leaf-blades 1-3 dm. in diameter: leaflets 5 or rarely 7, the 
blades elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, 7-18 cm. long, short-acuminate, finely serrate, be- 
coming glabrous, cuneate at the base, nearly sessile or short-stalked : panicles 1-2 dm. 
long, finely pubescent: pedicels about 5 mm. long: flowers 12-18 mm. long: calyx 
campanulate, 6-8 mm. long, finely pubescent; lobes broadly ovate, rounded: corolla 
greenish yellow: petals finely pubescent, crisped, dilated just above the claw, villous near 
the base, those of the upper pair linear-spatulate, those of the lateral pair oval or oblong: 
stamens 7, exserted : anthers orange: capsule obovoid or subglobose, 3-7 cm. in diameter, 
prickly : seeds depressed, 2-4 cm. in diameter. 


In woods, Pennsylvania to Kansas, Alabama and the Indian Territory. Spring. OHIO BUCKEYE. 
STINKING BUCKEYE. 


FAMILY 12. ACERACEAE J. St. Hil. MAPLE FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees of temperate regions, of great economic value, often pos- 
sessing a saccharine usually watery sap, the bark smooth or exfoliating. 
Leaves opposite : blades simple or compound, commonly 3-lobed : stipules want- 
ing. Inflorescence racemose or cymose, more or less compound, often congested. 
Flowers perfect or polygamous, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, regular. 
. Calyx of 4 or 5, rarely 6-9, imbricated often colored deciduous sepals. Corolla 
wanting, or often of as many petals as the sepals and alternate with them, inserted 
on the margin of a hypogynous sometimes obsolete disk. Androecium of as 
many stamens as there are sepals, often 8. Filaments filiform, distinct or some- 
times almost wanting. Anthers introrse, versatile. Gynoecium of 2 more or 
less united carpels. Ovary free. Styles united. Stigma 2-cleft. Ovules 2. 
Fruit 2 nutlets with wings (samara). Seeds solitary, or rarely 2, with a mem- 
branous testa. Endosperm wanting. Embryo with curved or coiled cotyledons. 


Leaves with simple or rarely digitately compound blades: flowers polygamo-dioecious. 1. ACER. 
Leaves with pinnately compound blades: ‘sees dioecious. vicis 2. RULAC. 
x 
1. ACER L. 


Small or large trees, the trunk clothed with a close or exfoliating bark. Leaves 
opposite: blades simple, lobed or digitately compound, or rarely entire. Flowers poly- 
gamo-dioecious, regular, in axillary or terminal racemes or corymbs. Sepals 4 or 5, rarely 
6-9. Disk wanting or cup-like, mostly lobed. Petals wanting or as many as the sepals, 
imbricated. Stamens 4-9, often 8. Ovary 2-celled, 2-lobed, flattened contrary to the 
septum. Samaras 2 together, with leathery or membranous reticulated wings. Seeds soli- 
tary or rarely 2, flattened, ascending, the testa membranous. - MAPLE. 


ACERACEAE 741 


Flowers in lateral clusters : 
Clusters expanding before the leaves, sessile or nearly so, not drooping. 
Petals wanting or obsolete : ovary pubescent. 1. A. saccharinum. 
Petals present : ovary glabrous. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or glabrate beneath : samaras less than 4cm. long: 
1 


wings rather spr ing. 2. A. rubrum. 
Leaf-blades copiously woolly beneath : samaras over 4 cm. long; wings 
nearly contiguous. 8. A. Drummondii. 


Clusters expanding with the leaves, drooping. 
Trunks with gray or nearly black bark: samaras mostly over 3 em. long. 
Leaf-blades scarcely paa beneath than above: lobesentire or undulate. 4. A. nigrum. 
Leaf-blades pale or gisucous beneath : lobes coarsely toothed. 5. A. Saccharum. 
Trunks with white bark : samaras mostly less than 2.5 cm. long. 
Leaf-blades glaucous and sometimes pale-pubescent beneath : samaras 
light green. 6. A. Floridanum. 
Leaf-blades green and velvety beneath : samaras red. 7. A. leucoderme. 
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 
Flowers in panicles: petals linear or linear-spatulate, twice or thrice as long 


as the sepals: samaras less than 2.5 cm. long. . 8. A. spicatum. 
Flowers in racemes: petals oblong, about as long as thesepals : samaras over 
2.5 em. long. 9. A. Pennsylvanicum. 


1. Acer saccharinum L. A tree rarely 36 m. tall, with a maximum trunk diameter 
of about 1.5 m., the bark flaky at maturity, gray, or that of the twigs reddish brown : leaves 
appearing after the flowers; blades about as long as broad, 10-15 cm. long, with 3-5 
prominent incised lobes longer than the body, silky when young, glabrate, bright green 
above, glaucous or silvery-white beneath, truncate or cordate at} the base: flower-clusters 
sessile or nearly so: calyx greenish or yellowish: stamens exserted : fruit drooping: 
samaras 5-6 cm. long, tomentose or glabrate at maturity, at length widely spreading. [A. 
dasycarpum Ehrh. ] 

In woods and river swamps, New Brunswick to Ontario. North Dakota, Florida'and the Indian 
Territory. Late winter and spring. SILVER MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. RIVER MAPLE. 

` 2. Acer rübrum L. A tree, sometimes 35 m. tall, with a maximum trunk diameter 
of about 13 dm., the bark fissured on the trunk, smooth and pale or white-gray on the 
branches. Leaves appearing after the flowers; blades as broad as long or often longer 
than broad, deep green above, pale or glaucous and glabrate beneath, shallowly 3-5-lobed, 
rather evenly serrate, rounded or subcordate at the base: flower-clusters dense, red or 
quovis, appearing before the leaves from the ends of short branchlets or in the axils of 
ast year's leaves ; the pistillate with longer pedicels than the staminate : sepals nearly dis- 
tinct: petals narrower than the sepals: ovary glabrous or glabrate: fruit drooping from 
the elongating pedicels, commonly red : samaras less than 4 mm. long, the wings diverging 
at about 45 degrees. 

In low grounds and swamps, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Late winter and 

early spring, RED MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. WATER MAPLE. SCARLET MAPLE. 
. 3. Acer Drummóndii Hook. & Arn. A tree Par eh ia height of 26 m., with a max- 
imum trunk diameter of about 1 m., the bark pale or whitish, rough on the trunk. Leaves 
appearing after the flowers; blades varying from ovate to depressed orbicular in outline, 
8-15 cm. broad or sometimes smaller, 3-lobed, coarsely and irregularly toothed, deep green 
above, white and woolly beneath, rounded or cordate at the base: flower-clusters red, ter- 
minating short anche in the axils of last year's leaves, the pistillate with longer 
pedicels than the staminate : sepals nearly distinct, oblong or vi md narrowed upward : 
petals nearly like the sepals only narrower: ovary say Sag ruit drooping from the 
slender pedicels : samaras over 4 cm. long, the wings tending to converge. 

In river swamps, Missouri to Georgia, Florida and Texas. Spring. RED MAPLE. 


. 4. Acer nigrum Michx. f. A forest tree sometimes 40 m. tall, with a maximum trunk 
diameter of fully 1.5 m., the bark dark, coarsely flaky. Leaves eppeariug with the flowers ; 
es mainly broader than long, often 15-20 cm. broad, relatively thin, deep Ln above, 
scarcely paler and more or less downy beneath, with 3-5 entire or merely undulate lobes, 
sinus at the base closed at the overlapping lobes: pedicels drooping, pubescent when young : 
calyx UTR emigre: about 5 mm. long : sepals rounded: petals wanting : fruit drooping : 

Samaras em. long, slightly spreading. 
In rich woods or open fields, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Louisiana, Spring. BLACK MAPLE. 


5. Acer Sáccharum Marsh. A forest tree with a maximum height of about 40 m. 
and a trunk diameter of 1.5 m., the wood firm, heavy, the bark usually separating in coarse 
scales at maturity. Leaves appearing with the flowers; blades firm, mostly with 5 sinuate 
toothed lobes, 8-15 em. in diameter, deep green above, pale or glaucous and tomentulose 
at least when young, beneath, cordate with an open shallow sinus: pedicels villous, si 
ing: calyx campanulate, about 5 mm. long: sepals obtuse: petals wanting: disk in the 


742 ; ACERACEAE 


staminate flowers surrounded vi the base of the filaments: fruit drooping : samaras slightly 
spreading, 3.5—4 cm. long. [A. saccharinum Wang., not L.] 

In rich woods or open grounds, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Texas. Spring. 
SUGAR MAPLE. HARD MAPLE. SUGAR-TREE. ROCK MAPLE. BLACK MAPLE. 

6. Acer Floridanum (Chapm.) Pax. A graceful tree rarely over 18 m. tall, 
with a maximum trunk diameter of about 1 m., the bark rather close, but rough in age, 
chalky white. Leaves appearing with the flowers; blades rather broader than long, 5-6 
em. broad, with 3-5 blunt few-toothed lobes about as long as the body, deep green above, 
glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath, truncate or shallowly cordate at the base: 

dicels sparingly pubescent at least until the fruit matures: calyx campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. 
ong: sepals broad, somewhat pubescent: fruit green: samaras 1.5-2 cm. long, sparingly 
pubescent near the base, the wings rather widely spreading. 

In river swamps, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


7. Acer leucodérme Small. A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 8 m., 
with a trunk diameter of 1-5 dm., clothed with a smooth white bark, except the gray or 
reddish branchlets. Leaves appearing with the flowers; blades broader than long, or 
rarely orbicular in outline, mostly 4-lobed, sometimes imperfectly 5-lobed, 4-9 cm. in 
. diameter, cordate or truncate, with a rather open and shallow sinus, dark green, glabrous 
and marked with light nerves above, greenish, tinged with red, prominently nerved and 
` velvety (especially to the touch) beneath, the lobes acute or acuminate (the 4th. or 5th., 
‘when present, obtuse), each, or the terminal one only with two obtuse teeth: fruit 

drooping : wings of the samaras oblong-spatulate, 1-2 cm. long, red, conspicuous, parallel 
or nearly so (more or less spreading when the fruits separate at maturity). 
: On rocky river banks, North Carolina to Georgia and Louisiana. Spring. 


8. Acer spicatum Lam. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 10 m. tall, with a max- 
imum trunk diameter of 20 dm., the bark thin, relatively smooth, the twigs tomentulose 
or glabrate in age. Leaves appearing before the flowers: blades mostly longer than broad, 
mainly 3-lobed, sometimes with 2 additional lobes near the base, serrate, glabrate above, 
paler and more or less tomenulose beneath, cordate or subcordate: panicles terminal, 
raceme-like, 8-15 cm. long, peduncled, erect or ascending, many-flowered : pedicels spread- 
ing, 6-10 mm. long, or longer at maturity: petals linear or spatulate, twice or thrice as long 
as the sepals: stamens mostly 8, equal: staminate flowers with a pubescent rudimentary 

_ pistil: disk with almost distinct glands: fruit green, about 2.5-3.5 cm. broad, the wings 
of the samaras spreading at about 90 degrees. 

In damp rocky woods and on mountain slopes, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Minnesota and along 
the mountains to Georgia. Spring and early summer. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. LOW MAPLE. 

9. Acer Pennsylvánicum L. A shrub or tree, rarely over 11 m. tall, with a maximum 
trunk diameter of about 5 dm., the bark relatively smooth, longitudinally striped. Leaves 
appearing before the flowers; blades sometimes broader than long, 1-3 dm. broad, dee 

reen, with 3 nearly erect acuminate lobes, sometimes with 2 additional lobes, finely an 

oubly serrate, glabrous above, finely pubescent beneath, rounded or subcordate at the base: 
racemes drooping, 8-15 cm. long, relatively few-flowered : pedicels not spreading, 5-10 
mm. long: petals pale or yellowish green, obovate, slightly surpassing the oblong sepals : 
stamens included : filaments outside the well-developed crenate disk: staminate flowers 
with rudimentary pistils : fruit bright green, 3.5-5.5 cm. broad, glabrous, the wings of the 
samaras spreading at an angle of about 120 degrees. 


In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to Lake Superior, southward, especially along the mountains, to 
Georgia. Spring. STRIPED MAPLE. MOUNTAIN ALDER. STRIPED DOGWOOD.  . 


2. RULAC Adans. i 
Widely branching trees, the trunk with scaly bark, the branches light green. Leaves 
opposite: blades pinnately compound, the leaflets usually toothed. Flowers dioecious, 
appearing before the leaves : the staminate in drooping clusters, the pistillate in drooping 
racemes. Sepals 4 or 5, relatively small. Petals wanting. Stamens 4-5. Disk obsolete. 
Ovary, and fruit, nearly similar to that of Acer. - BoxELDER. 


nd petiol n : i j 1. R. Negundo. 
' Teriga and petioles copiously pubescent : leatlew thick, lobed. nno 2. R. Terana. 
1. Rulac Negündo (L.) A.S. Hitchcock. A tree, with conspicuously light jos 
foliage, rarely 25 m. tall, with a maximum trunk diameter of fully 1.m., the bark sc: y 
at maturity: leaves numerous ; petioles essentially glabrous ; blades pinnately 3-9-fo $ 
- ate; leaflets oval, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often 5-12 cm. long, accuminate, coarse y 
toothed, more or less pubescent on or near the nerves beneath : flowers dioecious, appear" 


. SAPINDACEAE 2748 


„ing before the leaves : staminate in drooping clusters: pistillate in racemes: fruit droop- 

ing: samaras light green, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the wings more or less incurved. [Negundo 
` aceroides Mocncb.] a 
In low grounds and along streams, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Spring. 

2. Rulac Texàna (Pax) Small. A tree, resembling R. Negundo. Twigs copiously pu- 

bescent with very fine hairs: leaves pubescent; petioles clothed with fine hairs; leaflets 
` smaller than those of the preceding species but thicker and lobed. [Acer Texana Pax.] 


Along or near rivers, Saskatchewan to Manitoba, Texas and New Mexico. Spring. 


FAMILY 13. SAPINDACEAE R. Br, SoAPBERRY FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with erect or climbing stems. Leaves opposite or alternate, 
usually with stipules: blades simple, pinnately-compound, or sometimes 1- 
‘ foliolate: leaflets commonly opposite. Inflorescence racemose, paniculate or 
corymbose. Flowers dioecious, polygamous, polygamo-dioecious, or rarely per- 
fect. Calyx of 4 or 5 imbricated sepals in 1 or 2 series. Disk entire or lobed. 
Corolla of 4-5 petals, or wanting. Androecium of 5 or 8-15 stamens, inserted 
on the disk. Filaments distinct or rarely united below. Anthers introrse, 
sometimes versatile. Gynoecium of 2-4 more or less united carpels. Ovary 
8-celled or 2-4-celled. Styles partially united. - Stigmas capitate or lobed. 
Ovules solitary or several, anatropous or half-anatropous, horizontal or some- 
. what ascending or pendulous. Fruit a leathery or membranous capsule, or berry- 
like. Seeds 1 or several in each cavity, with a bony leathery or crustaceous 
_ testa. Endosperm thin, fleshy, or wanting. 


Vines: fruit septicidal or septifragal. 
Fruit of 3 samaroid carpels : tendrils wanting. 


Leaf-blades ternate.  . 1. URVILLEA. 
Leaf-blades biternate. 2, SERJANIA. 
Fruit of inflated ng cred tendrils present 3. CARDIOSPERMUM. 
Shrubs or trees : fruit cate, or if dehiscent, loculicidal. d 
t baceate, not stalked : flowers regular. 
Ovules solitary in each cavity. 4. BAPINDUS. 
Ovules 2 in each cavity. : 
Ovary 2-celled : ovules collateral : leaflets 2, 4 or 6. 5. EXOTHEA. 
„Ovary 3-celled : ovules superposed : leaflets 3. . 6. HYPELATE. 
Fruit a leathery loculicidally 3-valved capsule, stalked. 
Flowers regular: ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary. 7. CUPANIA. 
Flowers irregular: ovules 2 in each cavityzof the ovary. 8. UNGUADIA. 


1. URVÍLLEA H.B.K. i 

. Chiefly tropical American shrubs or twining vines, with tendrils. Leaves alternate, 
` Stipulate: blades 3-foliolate ; leaflets often punctate. - Flowers whitish, irregular, pólyg- 
, amo-dioecious, on jointed stalks. Sepals usually 5, imbricated, the outer ones smaller 
. than the inner. Petals often 4, appendaged. Disk one-sided, produced into 4 glands oppo- 
site the 2 smaller petals. Stamens 8, declined. Filaments distinct or united at the base. 
Ovary ecoentrie, 3-celled : styles. united to above the middle. Ovules 1 in each cavity 
: attached about the middle of the axis. Fruit consisting of 3 samaras attached by their 
. backs, each bearing a seed at the middle. Endosperm wanting. ; 
.l. Urvillea ulmàcea H.B.K. A shrubby tomentose climber. Leaves numerous, 
ect een leaflets 3, the blades ovate or oval, obtuse, acute or acuminate, 1-5 cm. long, 
~ doubly serrate and often incised: racemes 3-10 cm. long: sepals oblong or obovate, the 3 
inner twice as long as the outer 2: petals obovate, about as long as the inner sepals, con- 
` Cave, crisped, the scales villous hooded, about 3 as long as the petals: stamens as long as. 
the petals: samaras very thin, obovate or oval in outline, 2-2.5 cm. long : seeds obovoid, 
2.5-3 mm. long, black, smooth and:shining. [U. Mexicana A. Gray.] 
do On plains and prairies, southern Texas and Mexico. Spring to winter. Also in Central America 
, &nd Colombia. : 

2. SERJANIA Plum. 
i Mostly tropical American climbing or twining shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades 
.biternate: leaflets toothed or lobed, somewhat punctate. Flowers yellowish, irregular, 
polygamous, in axillary racemes or panicles often furnished with 2 tendrils. Sepals 5, 2 
sometimes more or less united, imbricated. Petals 4, appendaged. Disk usually wavy or 


744 SAPINDACEAE 


with 2 small and 2 large glands. Stamens 8, filaments united at the base. Ovary 3-celled, 
styles united to above the middle. Ovules 1 in each cavity, attached below the apex. 
Fruit of 3 samaras attached to each other by their backs, each bearing a seed at the apex. 
Embryo curved. 

Fruit 2.5-4 cm. long, rounded at the base: leaflets 2.5-3 cm. long. 1. S. incisa, 
Fruit 1-1.5 cm. long, deeply cordate at the base: leaflets less than 2.5 cm. long. 2. S. brachycarpa. 


1. Serjania incisa Torr. A climbing vine 1-2 m. high. Leaflets 9-15, the blades 
ovate, more or less decidedly rhombic, 2.5-3 cm. long, coarsely few-toothed, or incised : 
panicles raceme-like, 2.5-3 cm. long, slender-peduncled : fruit 2.5-4 cm. long, obtuse at 
the base, the wings 7-9 mm. broad. 

In river valleys, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 

2. jania brachycárpa A. Gray. A climbing shrub several meters long. Leaflets 
often 15, the blades rhombic-ovate, 1-2 cm. long, acute or rather obtuse, incised-toothed, 
densely tomentose beneath: panicles thyrsoid, 2.5 cm. long, or larger at maturity, ap- 
promimate : peduncles nearly as long as the panicles : fruit 1-1.5 cm. long, deeply cordate 
At the base, the wings 4-5 mm. broad. 


In dry soil, southern Texas and northern Mexico. 


3. CARDIOSPERMUM L. 


"Herbs or shrubs, with channeled or angled much-branched stems climbing by tendrils. 
“Leaves alternate: blades biternate or decompound, leaflets commonly toothed, punctate. 
“Flowers polygamo-dioecious, irregular, in axillary racemes or corymbs, whose peduncles 
‘bear 2 tendrils. Sepals 4, herbaceous, imbricated, the 2 outer smaller. Disk one-sided, 
-extra-staminal, enlarged into two. glands opposite the lower petals. Petals 4, unequal, the 
itwo larger with a scale at the base, the smaller pair with a crest. Stamens 8, oblique : fila- 
ments unequal, distinct or united at the base. Ovary 3-celled, 3-angled : styles united at 
the base: stigmas 3. Ovules solitary in each cavity, ascending from the axis. Capsule 
3-angled, inflated, membranous and veiny, opening loculicidally. Seed solitary in each 
cavity, globose. Endosperm wanting. Embryo with transversely conduplicate cotyledons. 


Capsules longer than broad, 3-3.5 cm. ues g 1. C. Halicacabum. 
Capsules broader than long, 1-2 em. broad. : 
af-blades 3-foliolate: capsules 10-15 mm. broad. 2. C. microcarpum. 
Leaf-blades 5-foliolate : capsules 15-20 mm. broad. 3. C. Corindum. 


1. Cardiospermum Halicácabum L. An annual or biennial climbing or Eie. 
herb, 1-5 m. long: leaflets 3, the blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, inci 
or parted, glabrous or sparingly pubescent : flower-clusters small : peduncles slender, 3-10 
cm. long, furnished with tendrils: sepals very unequal, the outer | aep than long, the 
inner longer than broad : petals obovate, much longer than the inner sepals, rounded or 
retuse at the apex, the upper pair with oblique scales, the lower with clawed scales which 
are produced into a spur on one side: filaments pubescent : capsules broadly obovoid, 
bladder-like, 3-3.5 cm. long, longer than broad, the carpels angled, very finely pubescent : 
seeds globose, about 5 mm. in diameter, brown or black, each with a white aril. 

a qne and waste places, New Jersey, Missouri, Florida, Texas and tropical America. Summer 
2. Cardiospermum microcárpum H.B.K. An annual or biennial, glabrous oF 
sparingly pubescent climbing herb, 1-4 m. long, sometimes woody at the base: leaflets 
3, the blades ovate in outline, incised-serrate or parted, usually nearly glabrous above, 
more or less appressed-pubescent beneath, acute or acuminate, slender-petioled : peduncles 
3-8 em. long, wiry, angled, with 2 tendrils below the cyme: capsules broadly obpyramidal, 
10-15 mm. long, adir than long, the carpels angled, finely pubescent : seeds globose, 
mm. in diameter, black, each with a small white aril. 


In thickets, Florida to Texas and through the tropics to northern South America. Spring to fall. 


3. Cardiospermum Corindum L. An annual or biennial climbing or twining herb 
clothed throughout with a soft tomentum, 2-4 m. long, velvety : leaflets 5, the blades ovate 
or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate or incised, acute or acuminate, velvety : peduncle? 
stoutish, 3-10 cm. long, furnished with 2 tendrils below the cyme : capsules dep z 
globose, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, softly pubescent, the carpels angled : seeds globose, 4 mm. 
in diameter, black, dull. [C. molle H.B.K.] 


In dry soil, Texas to Mexico. Spring to fall. 


SAPINDACEAE 745 


4 SAPINDUS L. 

Shrubs or trees, with erect or somewhat climbing stems. Leaves alternate : blades 
mostly pinnately compound: leaflets with entire or toothed blades. Flowers polyg- 
amous, regular, in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 
series. Disk annular or cushion-like. Petals 4-5, inserted under the disk, naked or each 
bearing a scale at the base. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the disk : filaments distinct, often 
pubescent : anthers versatile. Ovary 2-4-celled : styles united or distinct : stigmas 2—4. 
Ovules 1 in each cavity, ascending from the inner angle. Berry-like fruit fleshy or leath- 
ery, subglobose. Seed 1 in each cavity, without an aril. Embryo straight or curved. 
SOAPBERRY. 

Leaflets obtuse at the apex, at least not acuminate. 1. S. Saponaria. 
Leaflets acuminate at the apex. 

Leaflets 7-13, 5-13 cm. long: petals of a lanceolate type. i 
Mature carpels globular, about 1.5 cm. long. 2. S. marginatus, 
Mature carpels oval, about 2 em. long. 8. S. Manatensis. 

Leaflets 8-19, 3.5-7 cm. long: petals of an ovate type. 4. S. Drummondii. 

1. Sapindus Saponària L. A shrub or small tree 5-10 m. tall, with rough grayish 
erect branches, the twigs, lower leaf-surfaces and the inflorescence tomentose. Leaves 6-25 
cm. long, the rachis winged : leaflets 4-7, the blades oblong, oval or obovate, 3-12 cm. 
long, obtuse, undulate or rarely toothed, sessile, bright green and lustrous above, more or 
less tomentose and reticulated beneath: panicles 1-2 dm. long, erect: calyx 3-4 mm. 
broad : sepals suborbicular, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter: ciliate : petals obovate or orbicular-ob- 
ovate, about $ longer than the sepals, nearly sessile, ciliate, pubescent without: stamens 
about as long as the petals: filaments pubescent to above the middle: each mature carpel 
globose, 14-18 mm. in diameter, solitary or 2-3 together, shining, the pulp orange-brown : 
seeds black, obovate. 

In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in Central and northern South 
America. SOAPBERRY. FALSE DOGWOOD. 

2. Sapindus marginàtus Willd. A small tree 10-15 m. tall, with usually erect 
branches, the twigs and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves 1-3 dm. long, the rachis usually 
margined above : leaflets 7-13, the blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 
more or less scythe-shaped, acuminate, undulate, short-petioluled, bright green above, 
paler and slightly pubescent on the nerves beneath : panicles 1-3 dm. long : sepals ovate, 
1-1.5 mm. long, acute or acutish : petals white or tinged with red ; blades ovate or oblong- 
ovate: claw produced into tufted scales at the base of the blade: stamens longer than the 
petals: filaments pubescent to the top: each mature carpel (1 or 2) drupe-like, globular, 
about 1.5 em. long, the pulp orange, not drying black : seeds obovoid, brown. 

Tn low sandy soil, South Carolina and Georgia to Florida. Spring; matures its fruit in the fall. 
WILD CHINA. SOAPBERRY. 

3. Sapindus Manaténsis Radlk. A glabrous shrub or tree 3-10 m. tall, with widely 
A eding branches. Leaves 2-3 dm. long, the rachis not winged: leaflets 7-13, the blades 
[o long-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate, undulate, slightly curved, inequilateral, 
bright green above, paler bond: oblique at the base, nearly sessile: panicles 1-2 dm. 
long: sepals ovate or oval-ovate, nearly 2.5 mm. long, ciliolate : petals white or creamy. 
about 3 mm. long ; blades ovate, ciliate ; claw shorter than the blade, produced into tufted 
scales at the base of the blade: each mature carpel drupe-like, oval, about 2 cm. long. 

On the islands at the mouth of the Manatee River, Florida. : 

4. Sapindus Drummóndii Hook. & Arn. A small tree, with spreading branches. 
Leaves numerous : leaflets 8-19, the blades narrowly lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, acuminate, 
more or less falcate, glabrous above, softly pubescent beneath or tardily glabrate ; rachis 
wingless : panicles 0.5-1.5 dm. long: calyx 3-3.5 mm. broad : sepals ovate or oval-ovate 
obtuse: petals nearly twice as long as the sepals; blades rhombic-lanceolate, more or 
less lacerate at the blunt apex: fruit from a single carpel, globose, about 1.5 cm. in diam- 
eter, not keeled, yellow, drying black. 

In dry soil, often on hillsides, Kansas to Arkansas, Louisiana and Arizona. Also in Mexico 
Spring. WILD CHINA TREE. 


5. EXÓTHEA Macfadyen. 

Shrubs or trees. Leavesalternate: blades abruptly compound. Flowers mostly polyg- 
amous, irregular, panicled. Sepals 5, partially united, imbricated, pubescent, becoming 
reflexed. Petals 5, unappendaged, narrowed into very short claws. Ovary 2-celled, sessile. 
Ovules 3 in each cavity, collateral, rather pendulous. Fruit 1-celled (by abortion). Seed 
solitary. Embryo with thick colytedons and a short radicle. 


`: 746 SAPINDACEAE 


1. Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk. A tree, with a hard but brittle wood and a 
reddish brown bark. Leaflets 2-4 or rarely 6, the blades rather thick, oblong or elliptic, 
5-13 cm. long, entire somewhat lustrous above, glabrous: flowers numerous, fragrant, from 

^elove-shaped buds: panicles corymbose : bractlets subulate : sepals 4, broadly ovate to 
| Suborbicular, 3-4 mm. long, tomentose, persistent: and reflexed : petals 4, white, similar to 
; the sepals but glabrous : fruit subglobose, 10-13 mm. in diameter, orange turning purple, 
, with a juicy pulp: seed solitary, papery coated, mahogany-colored. 
In sandy places, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. Winter and spring. 
* INKWOOD. IRONWOOD. - 
6. HYPELATE P. Br. 

Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate: blades palmately 3-foliolate : leaflets 
with leathery, prominently nerved blades. Flowers polygamo-dioecious in terminal or 
almost terminal panicles. Sepals 5, imbricated, nearly glabrous. Petals 5, unappendaged, 
sessile. Stamens 8-10, imperfect or wanting in the pistillate flowers: filaments glabrous. 
Ovary 3-celled, sessile: styles united. Ovules 2 in each cavity, superposed, the upper as- 
cending, the lower rather pendulous. Fruit l-celled (by abortion). Seed solitary. Em- 
bryo with thin crumpled cotyledons and a long radicle. : 

: 1l. Hypelate trifoliata Sw. A slender tree, with a smoothish bark and brittle 

` branches. Leaves numerous; leaflets 3, the blades spatulate to narrowly obovate, 2.5-4.5 
cm. long, leathery, rounded or retuse at the apex, cuneate at the base ; rachis usuall 

` narrowly winged above: flowers in panicles surpassing the leaves : stamens 6-8 : sepal 
suborbicular, pubescent within : corolla white, 3-4 mm. broad : petals suborbicular : fruit. 
ovoid, 5-7 mm, long, black, with a single seed. 

On the Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies. Spring and summer. WHITE IRONWOOD. 


7. CUPANIA L. 

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, without stipules, pinnate: leaflets alternate or 
opposite, entire or. shallowly toothed. ' Flowers regular, polygamo-dioecious, in racemes 
or panicles. Sepals 4-5, or rarely 3 or 6, broad. Corolla green, white or reddish, or 
wanting. Petals 4-5, each sometimes bearing 1 or 2 scales. Stamens 8, or 5, 6, 10 or 12. 
Ovary 2-3-celled, or rarely 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cavity. Capsule 2-4-lobed, 
commonly 3-lobed, leathery or firmer, loculicidal. Seeds globular or oblong. 

1. Cupania glábra Sw. A tree, with glabrous or thinly pubescent branches. Leaves 
1.5-3.5 dm. long: leaflets leathery, few or several, the blades oblong with a cuneate base, 
6-11 em. long, more or less crenate or crenate-serrate above the middle: panicle-branches 
pee : petals broad, about as long as the sepals : capsules turbinate, 3-lobed, 11-14 mm. 

road, apiculate, stout-stipitate. , 

In hammocks, Pine Key, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


8. UNGNADIA Endl. 

Shrubs or small trees, with a pale bark and a brittle wood. Leaves alternate: blades 
pinnately compound, with a terminal leaflet: leaflets 5-7 or rarely 3, with leathery 
serrate blades. Flowers irregular, polygamous, pedicelled, deep pink, in lateral clusters. 
Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 4-5, undulate or erose, nearly equal, strongly crested with 
fimbriate seales. Disk one-sided, oblique. Stamens 7-10, unequal in length, declined : 
filaments filiform. Ovary 3-celled, stalked : styles and stigmas united. Ovules 2 in each 
cavity, ascending, anatropous or amphitropous. Capsule leathery, 3-celled, ` 3-lobed. 
Seeds 1 in each cavity, globose, without an aril. Endosperm wanting. Cotyledons nearly 
. hemispheric. 5 

1. Ungnadia specidsa Endl. A shrub or tree 2-10 m. tall, the twigs, foliage and 
inflorescence more or less pubescent. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, the rachis nearly terete ; 
leaflets usually 5-7, the blades ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acutish or 
acuminate, appressed-serrate, rounded or subcordate at the base, deep green above, paler 
beneath : calyx 4-5 mm. long: sepals oblong-ovate, longer than the tube: corolla rose t 
- pink, about 2 em. broad : petals obovate-spatulate, 9-13 mm. long, the scale reaching to abou 
the middle : stamens exserted : capsules leathery, broadly obovoid, 3-5 cm. broad, shorter 
than broad, minutely pubescent or glabrous: seeds subglobose, nearly 1.5 cm. in diameter, 
black, shining. 


i Chiefly along streams, Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. Spring. SPANISH BUCKEYE. TEXAS 
UCKEYE. 


. FRANGULACEAE 747 


Order 18. RHAMNALES. 
Shrubs or small trees, or commonly vines. Leaves mostly alternate. Flowers 
regular, sometimes imperfect or incomplete. Calyx and corolla present, or the 
‘latter wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals and alter- 
nate with them. Gynoecium a compound pistil, superior or mainly so. Fruit 
.& capsule or a berry, or drupaceous. . 


Sepals manifest: petals involute: fruit capsular or drupaceous. Fam. 1. RHAMNACEAE. 
Sepals minute or obsolete: petals valvate: fruit baccate. Fam. 2. VITACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. FRANGULACEAE DC. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 


Armed or unarmed shrubs or trees, or vines, pervaded by a bitter and as- 
tringent principle. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite: blades simple, 
commonly many-nerved : stipules small, often deciduous. Inflorescence various. 
Flowers often greenish, perfect or polygamous, or sometimes dioecious. Calyx 
of 4-5 valvate sepals. Disk lining or filling the hypanthium, sometimes pro- 
duced into horns. Corolla usually present, of 4-5 petals, inserted at the throat 
of the hypanthium, or on the edge of the disk. Androecium of 4—5 stamens, 
inserted opposite to and with the petals. Filaments distinct. Anthers versa- 
tile, 2-celled. Gynoecium of 2-3 united carpels. Ovary 2-8-celled, partially 
immersed in and merging into the disk. Styles and stigmas more or less united. 
Ovules solitary, or rarely two in each cavity, anatropous, erect. Fruit capsular 
or drupaceous, rarely winged, commonly separating into several nutlets. Seeds 
with a smooth or furrowed fibrous membranous crustaceous or horny testa. 
Endosperm wanting or fleshy. Embryo with often broad cotyledons. [Rham- 
naceae Dumort.] 


Fruit pulpy, with a 1-3-celled stone. 


Petals wanting. 
Sepals crested. 1. RHAMNIDIUM. 
Sepals not crested. 2 
Endosperm ruminated. 2. REYNOSIA. 
Endosperm not ruminated. 8. CONDALIA. 
Petals present. 


Petals hooded and clawed, obtuse. 


Flowers clustered : styles nearly distinct: ovule solitary. 4. ZIZYPHUS. 
Flowers racemed : style united : ovules 2 in each cavity. 5. KARWINSKIA. 
Petals not hooded, nli , acute. 6. BERCHEMIA. 
gh d or berry-like, with 2-4 separating nutlets, 
py. 
Hypanthium flattish: disk conspicuous. - 7. SAGERETIA. 
wel cup-like: disk inconspicuous, lining the hypanthium. 8. RHAMNUS. 
Fruit not winged, seated in the persistent calyx. . 
Sepals inflexed: petals on slender claws. 9. CEANOTHUS. 
Sepals spreading: petals sessile, involutely folded over the filaments. 10. COLUBRINA. 
t winged, crowned with the sepals. 11. GOUANIA. 


1. RHAMNIDIUM Reiss. 


Shrubs or small trees, with unarmed branches. Leaves nearly opposite : blades firm, 
entire, pinnately nerved: stipules minute. Flowers perfect, in short-peduncled axillary 
cymes. Sepals 5, crested, longer than the hypanthium. Petals wanting. Stamens 5: 
filaments longer than the anthers. Ovary 2-celled : styles united, merely notched or 2-3- 
lobed. Ovule solitary. Drupe with an incompletely 2-celled stone. Seed with a large 
embryo. Endosperm not ruminated. 

1. Rhamnidium férreum (Vahl) Sarg. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 
9 m., with a trunk diameter of 25 cm., its bark broken into rounded ridges. Leaf-blades thin 
but leathery, ovate or oval, 3-6 cm. long, usually notched and mucronulate at the apex, 
entire or undulate, abruptly narrowed or rounded at the base, becoming glabrous ; petioles 
3-6 mm. long, pubescent especially on the upper side : flowers inconspicuous, 3-5 in axil- 
lary cymes : calyx 4-5 mm. mers glabrous: sepals 5, ovate, acute, prominently crested on 
the inner side: stamens 5, erect : drupes subglo or oval, 5-8 mm. long, black. [Con- 
dalia ferrea (Vahl) Griseb.] 

Along the coast, Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. Spring. BLACK IRONWOOD. 


748 FRANGULACEAE 


2. REYNOSIA Griseb. 

Unarmed evergreen shrubs or trees, with rigid branches. Leaves opposite: blades 
leathery, entire, emarginate : stipules small, caducous. Flowers perfect, very small, yellow- 
ish green, in sessile axillary umbel-like clusters. Hypanthium hemispheric, persistent. 
Sepals 5, valvate spreading. Disk fleshy, filling the hypanthium. Petals wanting. 
Stamens 5, inserted on the margin of the disk: filaments subulate, incurved, shorter than 
the sepals: anthers introrse. Ovary almost superior, 2-3-celled: styles short, thick, 
united : stigma 2—3-lobed. Ovules 1 in each cavity, erect. Drupe tipped with base of the 
style, with a thin fleshy pulp and a crustaceous stone. Seed solitary, with a thin, rugose, 
tuberculate testa. Endosperm ruminated. 

1. Reynosia latifdlia Griseb. A slender evergreen tree, reaching a maximum height 
of about 9 m., with a trunk sometimes 20 cm. in diameter, clothed with a reddish brown 
scaly bark. Leaf-blades firm, oblong, varying to ovate or obovate, usually retuse at the 
apex and sometimes mucronate, entire, glabrous, short-petioled : flowers several together 
in axillary clusters: pedicels 4-5 mm. long: calyx 5 mm. broad ; sepals 5, triangular or 
ovate-triangular, longer than the hypanthium, acute: stamens 5, shorter than the sepals: 
drupes subglobose, oval or obovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, purple or nearly black, edible. 

Near the coast, Florida and the Keys. Alsoin the Bahamas and West Indies. Spring. RED IRON- 
woop. DARLING PLUM. 

3. CONDALIA Cav. 

Usually glabrous rigid shrubs or small trees, with thorn-like branchlets. Leaves alter- 
nate, deciduous: blades leathery. Flowers perfect, very small, greenish white, solitary 
or clustered in the axils. Hypanthium broadly turbinate. Sepals 5, persistent, valvate, 
spreading. Disk fleshy, filling the hypanthium, slightly 5-angled. Petals wanting. Sta- 
mens 5, or rarely 4, inserted on the margin of the disk: filaments incurved, shorter than 
the sepals: anthers introrse. Ovary almost superior, l-celled or imperfectly 2-3-celled : 
styles stout, united : stigma 2-3-lobed. Ovules solitary, nearly erect. Drupe tipped with 
the remains of the style, with a thin fleshy pulp and a crustaceous stone. Seed flattened or 
subglobose, with a thin smooth testa. Endosperm thin. 

Leaf-blades 5-12 mm. long: stigma 2-lobed : drupes 4-5 mm. long. 1. C. spathulata. 
Leaf-blades 12-25 mm. long: stigma 3-lobed: drupes 6-8 mm. long. 2. C. obovata. 
1. Condalia spathulata A. Gray. A rigid very spinescent shrub, with velvety 
ubescent twigs and young foliage, several dm. tall, diffusely branched. Leaf-blades spat- 
ate, elliptic or oblong, 5-12 mm. long, varying from acute and apiculate to retuse, entire, 
short-petioled, at length glabrous: flowers greenish white, one or several in the axils: 
calyx becoming glabrous, about 2 mm. broad ; sepals 5, triangular, about as long as the hy- 
panthium : petals wanting: stamens 5, shorter than the sepals: drupes obliquely ovoid or 
obovoid, 4-5 mm. long. 

On plains and prairies, middle Texas to New Mexico and northern Mexico. Spring. 

2. Condalia obovàta Hook. A spinescent shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 
about 10 m., with finely pubescent twigs and young leaves, the bark pale gray : leaf-blades 
obovate varying to broadly spatulate, attenuate to the base or cuneate, entire, rounded, 
truncate or retuse and mucronate at the apex or rarely acutish, at length glabrous, with a 
prominent midrib, short-petioled : flowers greenish white, solitary or 2-4 in axillary clus- 
ters: calyx glabrous or nearly so, 1.5 mm. broad: sepals triangular, about as long as the 
hypanthium : petals wanting: stamens 5, shorter than the sepals: drupe subglobose, 6-8 
mm. in diameter, black, sweet to the taste. 

In dry soil, central and southern Texas and northern Mexico. Spring. BLUEWOOD. LOGWOOD. - 
PURPLE Haw. 

4. ZIZYPHUS Juss. 

Spinescent shrubs. Leaves alternate, mostly 2-ranked : blades firm, 3-nerved: one or 
both of the stipules commonly spine-like. Flowers greenish, in axillary cymes or umbel- 
like fascicles. Hypanthium broadly turbinate. Sepals 5, triangular, keeled on the upper 
side, valvate. Disk obscurely 5-lobed, nearly flat. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals, 
hood-like, at first surrounding the stamens. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals at the edge 
of the disk: filaments subulate: anthers introrse : sacs opening lengthwise. Ovary 
celled, nearly immersed in the disk : styles 2-6 : stigmas terminal, or lateral on the inner 
faces of the styles. Ovule solitary, erect. Drupe sometimes berry-like, fleshy, the stone 
horny. Testa thin, membranous, smooth. 


FRANGULACEAE 749 


1. Zizyphus obtusifólia (Hook.) A. Gray. A rigid spinescent much-branched 
pubescent or glabrous shrub. Leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ovate, or rarely narrowly oblong, 
1-3 em. long, acutish varying to retuse, entire or shallowly crenate, more or less abruptly 
narrowed at the base, glabrous or nearly so, a little paler beneath than above; petioles 
mainly 3-} as long as the blades: clusters rarely surpassing the petioles: peduncles and 
ps 1-2 mm. long, villous-pilose : calyx pubescent like the pedicels, about 3 mm. 

road : sepals triangular, acute: petals 5, shorter than the sepals, longer thanithe 5 stamens : 
drupe subglobose, 8-10 mm. long, black. 

On plains and prairies, Texas to Arizona. Spring. LoTIBUSH. TEXAS BUCKTHORN. 


5. KARWINSKIA Zucc. 


Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite or nearly so: blades entire, prominently 
nerved : stipules deciduous. Flowers perfect, few together in axillary cymes. Hypanthium 
turbinate or hemispheric. Sepals 5, triangular, keeled within. Petals 5, hooded, clawed. 
Stamens 5, inserted with the petals under the edge of the disk which clothes the hy panthium; 
filaments subulate, surpassing the petals. Ovary immersed in the disk, 2-3-celled: styles 
united almost to the apex: stigmas obtuse. Ovules 2 in eachcavity. Drupe varying from 
ovoid to subglobose, tipped with the persistent base of the style, the stone 1-2-celled. Seeds 
erect. Testa membranous, dark-veined. Endosperm thin. 

1l. Karwinskia Humboldtiana Zucc. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 
7 m., the twigs and young leaves sometimes puberulent. Leaf-blades firm, oblong, oval, 
oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-9 cm. long, rounded or acute at the apex, entire, 
more or less revolute, abruptly rounded or narrowed at the base, the lateral nerves promi- 
nent ; petioles slender, 5-15 mm. long: cymes about 1 cm. long: calyx glabrous, 2.5-3 mm. 
broad ; sepals triangular, about as long as the hypanthium, acute: drupes subglobose or 
oval, 10-12 mm. long, apiculate by the persistent style, brownish black. 

On dry plains or prairies, Texas to Lower California and Central America. 


6. BERCHEMIA Neck. 

Erect or high-climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades leathery, with ascending 
nerves straight and parallel : stipules small, deciduous. Flowers perfect or polygamous, 
axillary, or sometimes in terminal panicles. Hypanthium hemispheric or turbinate. 
Sepals 5. Disk clothing the hypanthium, its margin free. Petals 5, sessile, hooded. 
Stamens 5 : filaments filiform. Ovary half-immersed in the disk, but free, 2-celled : styles 
short, united: stigmas 2. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Drupe somewhat flattened, with a 
leathery sarcocarp, and a 2-celled crustaceous or woody stone. Seeds with a membranous 
testa. Endosperm wanting. 

1. Berchemia scandens (Hill) Trelease. A glabrous twining or climbing shrub. 
Stems much branched, 2-30 m. long, the branches spreading at right angles: leaf-blades 
firm, oval, elliptic, oblong, sometimes varying to lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, entire or undu- 
late-crenate, a ruptly narrowed or rounded at the base, the lateral nerves prominent ; petioles 
slender, 0.5-1 cm. long: panicles 1.5-5 em. long, terminal: calyx glabrous ; sepals 5, 
triangular or ovate-triangular, longer than the hypanthium, acute or short-acuminate : 

tals 5, obovate, acute, about as long as the sepals, sessile, the edges more or less invo- 
ute: drupes oblong or ovoid-oblong, 6-8 mm. long. [B. volubilis DC.] 

In damp soil, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


7. SAGERETIA Brongn. 

Armed or unarmed weak shrubs, with opposite or nearly opposite branchlets. Leaves 
opposite or nearly so: blades reticulated : stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers perfect, in 
axillary clusters or terminal panicled spikes. Sepals 5, keeled within. Disk cup-like, 
clothing the hypanthium, margin free, 5-lobed. Petals 5, clawed, hooded. Stamens 5: 
filaments distinct. Ovary immersed in the disk, free, 3-celled : style 8-grooved : stigmas 3. 
Drupe berry-like, separating into 3 leathery nutlets. Seeds elongated, not grooved. En- 
dosperm thin. 

1 Sageretia min ichx.) Trelease. A trailing or straggling spinescent 
shrub, wil ei OE ad DIE leaves, and diverdius bruseh "ei blades 
leathery, ovate or orbicular-ovate, 1-5 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate or rarely sub- 
mucronate, serrulate, shining above, rounded or subcordate at the base, short-petioled : 


750 FRANGULACEAE 


spikes slender, 1-4 cm. long, sometimes compound: calyx 2-2.5 mm. broad : sepals tri- 
angular acute, slightly longer than the tube: petals 5, orbicular-ovate, emarginate, very 
short-clawed, about 4 as long as the sepals: stamens 5, about as long as the petals: drupes: 
subglobose, often gibbous, 7-9 mm. in diameter. [S. Michauxii Brongn. ] 

Near the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


8. RHAMNUS L. 

Shrubs or trees, with unarmed branchlets. Leaves alternate: blades entire or toothed : 
stipules deciduous, many-nerved. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, axillary, often 
clustered, or in racemes or cymes. Sepals 4-5, keeled within, triangular-ovate. Disk 
lining the hypanthium, cup-like. Petals 4-5, or wanting, clawless, inserted on the margin 
of the disk, commonly concave, shorter than the calyx. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the 
edge of the disk: filaments very short. Ovary 3-4-celled, nearly free : styles 2-4, united : 
at the base: stigmas often 2. Berry drupe-like, with 3-4 long or cartilaginous nutlets. : 
Seeds elongated,with a membranous or crustaceous, smooth or furrowed testa. Endo- : 
sperm fleshy. BUCKTHORN. 

Flowers usually dioecious: nutlets deeply grooved on the back: raphe dorsal: cotyledons — 
Flowers perfect: nutlets not grooved: raphe lateral: cotyledons thick. 2. R. Caroliniana. 

1. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. A shrub 1-2 m. tall, with puberulent branchlets 
and a smooth grayish bark.  Leaf-blades firm, oblong or oblong-lanceolate or sometimes 
oval, acute or acuminate, serrulate, abruptly acute or rounded at the base, short-petioled : 
clusters 2-3-flowered : pedicels 2-6 mm. long: calyx about 3 mm. broad; sepals usually 4, 
triangular-ovate, acute, about as long as the tube: petals suborbicular in outline, deeply 
notched at the apex, about one-half as long as the sepals : stamens as long as the petals : 
anthers obtuse: fruits globular, 5-7 mm. thick, 2-seeded : seeds furrowed on the back. 

On river banks and moist hillsides, Pennsylvania to Iowa, Alabama, Texas and Colorado. Spring. 

2. Rhamnus Caroliniàna Walt. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 11 m. 
and a trunk diameter of 20 cm., clothed with an ash-gray bark. Leaf-blades firm, oblong 
or elliptic or often slightly broadest above the middle, 5-12 cm. long, acute or short- 
acuminate, commonly slightly revolute, undulate or serrulate, abruptly pointed or rounded 
at the often inequilateral base, short-petioled, densely tomentose or becoming glabrous : 
umbel-like clusters few-flowered : calyx 4 mm. broad; sepals 5, triangular-ovate, acute, 
slightly shorter than the hypanthium : petals 5, notched at the apex, about 3 as long as the 
sepals : stamens 5, nearly as long as the petals: fruits subglobose, 10-11 mm. thick, black, 
3-seeded : seeds smooth on the back. 


On river banks and hillsides, Virginia to Missouri, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Spring. INDIAN 
CHERRY. YELLOW-WOOD. POLECAT-TREE. 


9. CEANOTHUS L. 

Shrubs or small trees, often armed with spines. Leaves alternate, rarely almost scale- 
like : blades commonly 3-ribbed: stipules minute, caducous. Flowers perfect, crowded in 
terminal panicels or thyrsoid cymes or umbels. Hypanthium hemispheric or urn-shaped. : 
Sepals 5, white, often triangular-ovate, membranous, converging, deciduous. Disk fill- 
ing the hypanthium. Petals 5, inserted under the disk: blades long-clawed, protruding 
between the sepals, strongly hooded. Stamens 5, exserted: filaments filiform. Ovary 
immersed in the disk, somewhat cohering, or distinct, 3-celled : styles short, united 
below : stigmas 3, terminal or lateral. Drupe berry-like, 3-lobed, with a thin epicarp, sep- 
arating into 3 crustaceous, or cartilagenous nutlets. Seeds flattened, with a smooth crusta- 
ceous testa. Endosperm fleshy. 


Leaf-blades entire, fleshy. (0 1. €. microphyllus. 
Leaf-blades toothed, membranous or nearly so. ; i ifoli 
A low decumbent shrub: leaves 5-10 mm, long, persistent. 2. C. serpyllifolius. 


Erect shrubs : leaves deciduous. 
-Common peduncles abbreviated. 
Twigs and branchlets viscid-puberulent: lower surfaces of the leaf-blades 
glabrous or with few scattered hairs. _ 3 C cranes. : 
Twigs and branchlets copiously pubescent : lowersurfaces of the leaf-blades : 


PUMA id and permanently pubescent. 4. C. pubescens. 
mon peduncles elongated, ; ; 
Leaves 1-3 em. long. "i 5. C. intermedius. 


Leaves 3-10 em. long. 6. C. Americanus. - 


FRANGULACEAE 151. 


1. Ceanothus microphyllus Michx. A slender evergreen shrub 3-6 dm. tall, 
glabrous, or nearly so. Stems much branched and diffuse: leaf-blades leathery, very : 
small, 8-6 mm. long, suborbicular, oval or oblong, obtuse, often crowded, nearly sessile: : 
panicles rather loosely flowered : sepals 5, triangular, acute, converging, about as long as 
the hypanthium : petals dipper-like, about 1.5 mm. long, long-clawed: stamens 5: fila- 
ments converging: anthers brown: fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, depressed, 3-lobed, the 
lobes slightly crested on the back. 

In dry sandy pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


2. Ceanothus serpyllifólius Nutt. A low slender evergreen shrub. Stems diffusely 
branched, decumbent, the branches very slender or filiform: leaf-blades oblong or ovate- : 
oblong, 5-10 mm. long, obtuse or truncate at the apex, serrulate, obtuse at the base, 
glabrous above, strigose like the short petioles, beneath : flowers 11-15 in corymbose pani- 
cles, the panicles sometimes compound. 

In pine lands, southeastern Georgia and peninsular Florida. Spring. 

3. Ceanothus ovatus Desf. A slender shrub 2-6 dm. tall, with nearly glabrous 
foliage, the twigs and branchlets viscid-puberulent. Leaf-blades varying from narrowly 
oblong to elliptic, oval or ovate, 1.5-6 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, serrate with gland- 
tipped teeth, not very prominently veined, acute or rounded at the base, glabrous or with 
few scattered hairs beneath, slender-petioled : panicles loosely flowered : sepals 5, triangu- 
lar-oyate, longer than the hypanthium, acute, converging: petals dipper-like, 1.5-2 mm. 
long, long-clawed: filaments converging: anthers pale: fruit 4-4.5 mm. in diameter, 
3-lobed, the lobes not crested on the back. 

In sandy soil, Arkansas to Georgia and Florida. Spring. 

4. Ceanothus pubéscens (T. & G.) Rydb. A shrub similar to C. ovatus in habit, 
the twigs and branchlets copiously pubescent. Leaf-blades relatively thick, oblong-ovate to 
narrowly oblong, copiously and permanently pubescent beneath, usually prominently veined. 

On hillsides and in dry soil, Michigan to Iowa, Nebraska and Texas. Spring. 

5. Ceanothus intermédius Pursh. A shrub 3-10 dm. tall, usually much branched, 
and finely pubescent throughout. Leaf-blades ovate to oblong-ovate or nearly oblong, 1-3 
cm. long, blunt or acute, finely serrate, rather thick, prominently nerved beneath ; petioles 
1-5 mm. long: panicle 1-2.5 cm. long: flowers much like those of C. Americanus, but 
somewhat smaller: fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, less crested than that of the following 
species. 

In pine lands, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 

6. Ceanothus Americànus L. A shrub 2-9 dm. tall, with pubescent twigs and 
leaves which tend to become glabrous in age. Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate or 
rarely orbicular-ovate, 3-10 cm. long, thin, 3-nerved, acute or acutish, or rarely acuminate, 
serrate, abruptly narrowed or subcordate at the base, short-petioled : panicles 1-4 em. long, 
densely flowered : sepals 5, triangular, acute, about as long as the hypanthium, incurved : 
petals 5, dipper-like, 1-1.5 mm. long, long-clawed: anthers chocolate-colored : fruit 5-6 
mm. in diameter, 3-lobed, the lobes crested on the back. 


New D dry woods and on hillsides, Ontario to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 
NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT. ! 


10. COLUBRINA L. C. Rich. 


Tropical shrubs or small trees, with erect or sarmentose stems. Leaves alternate: 
blades sometimes 3-nerved at the base, entire or toothed: stipules deciduous. Flowers 
perfect, in small axillary cymes or clusters. Hypanthium hemispheric. Sepals 5, her- 

us, triangular-ovate, spreading. Disk filling the hypanthium, 5-angled or 5-10- 
lobed. Petals 5, inserted below the disk, the blades hooded. Stamens 5, included : fila- 
ments filiform. Ovary immersed in the disk and merging into it, 3-celled : styles 3, united 
below : stigmas obtuse. Drupe berry-like, slightly 3-lobed, with a dry or slightly fleshy 
$P!carp, separating into 3 membranous crustaceous or cartilaginous capsule-like nutlets. 
Seeds flattened, 3-angled with a smooth, shining, leathery testa. Endosperm thin. 
Flower-clusters sessile or nearly so: leaf-blades toothed : sepals and style long-persistent. 2 j 
Flower-clusters manifestly peduneled : leaf-blades entire: sepals and style deciduous. ea : : 

Leat blades Fusty-toientose beneath aerie ine EIC 
. 1. Colubrina Texénsis A. Gray. A pubescent much branched shrub 1-5 m. tall, its 
zigzag branches unarmed or nearly so. Leaf-blades leathery, ovate, oval, oblong, or obovate, ` 


752 VITACEAE 


1-4 em. long, rounded but often apiculate at the apex, serrate-dentate, gradually or abruptly 
narrowed into short petioles or sometimes truncate or subcordate at the base : flower-clusters 
sessile or nearly so: hypanthium tomentose : sepals 5, rather persistent : drupes subglobose, 
aie mm. in diameter, on recurved pedicels, which are about as longas the diameter of the 
ruit. 

On plains and prairies, Texas to New Mexico and northern Mexico. 

2. Colubrina reclinata (L’Her.) Brongn. A tree, reaching a maximum height of 
20 m., with a trunk diameter of about 1.5 m., its twigs and young leaves puberulent, the 
bark exfoliating in paper-like scales. Leaf-blades leathery, ovate-oblong or rarely oval or 
obovate, 3-8 cm. long, short-acuminate but usually obtuse, entire, sometimes undulate, not 
3-nerved, never rusty-pubescent, rounded or somewhat cuneate at the base ; petioles 1-1.5 
em. long: flowers in loose glabrate clusters which are usually surpassed by the petioles : 
calyx glabrate: sepals 5, ovate, slightly acuminate: petals sessile: drupes capsule-like, 
4-6 mm. in diameter, rather densely clustered. 


In sahd, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies and Bahamas. NAKED Woop. 
SOLDIERWOOD. 


3. Colubrina colubrina (L.) Small. Anevergreen shrub 2-5 m. tall, the foliage more 
or less persistently rusty-tomentose, Leaf-blades leathery, ovate, oblong, elliptic, or rarely 
oblanceolate, 5-15 em. long, obtuse or short-acuminate, smooth and glabrous above, rusty- 
pubescent and veiny beneath, 3-nerved, rounded or subcordate at the base; petioles 5-15 
mm. long, densely rusty-pubescent: cymes shorter than the petioles, and pubescent like 
them: calyx 3.5-4.5 mm. broad: sepals triangular-ovate, obtuse: petals spatulate, 1.5-2 
mm. long, notched at the apex, surpassed by the sepals : drupes obovoid-globose, 8-9 mm. 
in diameter, on pedicels 8-10 mm. long. {Rhamnus colubrina L., C. ferruginosa Brongn]. 

In sand, southern Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. 


11. GOUANIA Jacq. 


Shrubs, mostly high-climbing by tendrils, with slender elongated branchlets. Leaves 
alternate: blades petioled, commonly leathery, stipules elongated, deciduous. Flowers 
polygamous, in axillary or terminal, sometimes panicled spikes or racemes, whose rachis 
often gives off tendrils. Hypanthium obconic. Sepals 5, spreading. Disk epigynouss 
filling the hypanthium, 5-angled or produced into 5 horns, glabrous or pubescent. Petal, 
5, inserted in the sinuses of the edge of the disk, shorter than the calyx: blades hooded. 
Stamens 5: filaments hidden by the petals. Ovary immersed in the disk, 3-celled : styles 
3, united at the base. Drupe capsule-like, leathery, 3-winged, separating into 3 nutlets. 
Seeds plano-convex, witha shining horny testa. Endosperm thin. 

1. Gouania Domingénsis L. A slender climbing shrub, with more or less pubescent 
branches. Stems much branched, elongated : leaf-blades oval or elliptic verging to ovate, 
3-9 cm. long, short-acuminate, with obtuse commonly coarsely serrate blunt teeth, 
rounded or subcordate at the base, glabrous on both surfaces; petioles 3-12 mm. long, 
clothed with appressed hairs: spikes interrupted, 6-15 em. long, villous-tomentose, pro- , 
ducing tendrils at or near the base : flowers yellow : drupes subglobose, 3-winged, about 
cm. broad (including the wings), finally separating into three 2-winged nutlets. 

In sand, southern Florida and the West Indies. Also in Mexico. 


FAMILY 2. VITACEAE Lindl. Grapm FAMILY. 


Shrubby or tree-like vines, usually climbing by means of tendrils, possessing 
copious watery and sometimes gelatinous sap. Stems swollen at the nodes, 
clothed with a shreddy or close bark. Leaves simple or compound, the lower 
ones opposite, the upper alternate: blades petioled, coarsely toothed or lobed. 
Stipules present or wanting. Inflorescence axillary, cymose, umbel-like, race- 
mose, thyrsoid or panicled. Flowers often fragrant; perfect, polygamous or dioe- 
cious, regular. Calyx of 4-5 sepals or sometimes obsolete. Disk filling the hypan- 
thium or wanting. Corolla of 4-5 valvate and often caducous petals sometimes 
cohering by their tips. Androecium of 4-5 stamens opposite the petals. Fila- 
ments distinct. Anthers introrse. Ovary 2-celled or sometimes 3—6-celled, free 
or adnate to the disk at the base. Styles united. Stigma capitate or peltate. 
Ovules 1-2 in each cavity, anatropous, ascending. Fruit a berry, often with a 
very watery pulp. Seeds 1-2 in each cavity, erect, with a bony testa. Endo- 


VITACEAE 753 


sperm cartilaginous, sometimes channeled. Embryo at the base of the endo- 

sperm. 

Hypogynous k present, either annular, cup-shaped or glandular: leaf-blades simple or ternately 
compound. 


Petals cohering into a cap, caducous, never separating. 
Bark shreddy: pith interrupted by diaphragms at the nodes: tendrils forking. 1. VITIS. 


Bark not shreddy : pith continuous through the nodes: tendrils simple. 2. MUSCADINIA. 
Petals distinct, ne. 
Floral envelopes mostly in 4's: disk 4-lobed : plant-tissues fleshy. 8. Cissus. 
Floral envelopes mostly in 5’s: disk entire or nearly so: tissues not fleshy. 4. AMPELOPSIS. 
Hypogynous disk wanting or obsolete: leaf-blades digitately 5-7-foliolate. 5. PARTHENOCISSUS. 
1. VITIS L. 


Trailing or climbing vines, with ashreddy bark and forking tendrils. Pith interrupted 
at the nodes by diaphragms. Leaves alternate: blades simple, palmately lobed, angled or 
coarsely toothed, petioled. Stipules usually small, caducous. Flowers dioecious, polyg- 
amo-dioecious or rarely perfect, in elongated racemes, or panicles. Disk hypogynous, 
often glandular. Calyx minute. Corolla caducous : petals cohering at the top like a cap. 
Stamens exserted, alternating with the lobes or glands of the disk. Ovary 2-celled or 
rarely 3-4-celled: styles short or conic. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Berries juicy, mostly 
edible. Seeds few, pear-shaped with a constricted beak-like base. GRAPE. 

Lent blades green and glabrous beneath at maturity or merely cobwebby about the nerves or in their 
Leaf-blades merely toothed, or sometimes angled or shallowly lobed. j: 
Low shrub 1. V. rupestris. 


Elongated trailing or climbing vines. 
Diaphragms thin. 


rries less than 14 mm. in diameter. 2. V, monticola, 

Berries over 15 mm. in diameter. 8. V. Champinii. 
Diaphragms thick. 

Shoots terete, glabrous or carly becoming so. 

Leaf-blades long-pointed, the teeth rather triangular, acute. 4. V. cordifolia. 

Leaf-blades mostly rounded at the apex, the teeth rounded and 

mucronate. - b. V. Heleri. 

Shoots angled, pubescent throughout the year. 

Leaf-blades not lustrous on either side: seeds 3-4 mm. long. 6. V. Baileyana. 

Leaf-blades lustrous above and often below : seeds 4-5 mm. long. 7. V. Berlandieri. 


Leaf-blades prominently lobed. 

Lobes and sinuses of the leaf-blades acute: berries with a bloom. : 
Young foliage glabrous or essentially so: petioles green. 8. V. vulpina. 
Young foliage manifestly pubescent: petíoles white-flocculent. 9. V. Longit. 

Lobes of leaf-blades acuminate: sinuses obtuse: berries destitute of any bloom. 10. V. palmata. 

Leaf-blades densely woolly, or glaucous and s ngly pubescent beneath. x 
Lower surface of leaf-blades glaucous, glabrate. 11. V. bicolor. 
Lower surface of leaf-blades more or less densely woolly. 

Leaf-blades cobwebby or flocculent beneath at maturity. 

Young foliage gray-cobwebby or white-tomentose. : 
Leaf-blades densely white-tomentose beneath. 12. V. Doaniana. 
Leaf-blades gray-cobwebby beneath. 18. V. cinerea. 

Young foliage ferrugineous-pubescent, at least on the nerves of the leaf- 

es 


Twigs, and often the expanding leaves, clothed with a close felt-like 
pubescence. 
Berries mostly less than 10 mm. in diameter, not glaucous: Floridian ; 
jes 14. V. austrina. 


8 ^ L 
Berries mostly over 10 mm. in diameter, glaucous: Texan species. 15. V. Linsecomit. 
, and expanding leaves, more or less densely tomentose, 
wigs and petioles copiously tomentose: panicle-branches felty- 
flocculent during anthesis. 
Leaf-blades not lobed, except on the shoots, the margins shal- 
lowly sinuate-toothed. 16. V. Caribaea, 
Leaf-blades usually manifestly lobed, the margins coarsely toothed. 17. V. ruf 
Twigs, and often petioles, glabrous or nearly so: panicle-branches 
Lent-hiades felt lito or AOAO tomentose beneath at maturity ee 
E es fe e or densely tomen: neath at ma è ' 
Tendrils, or flower-clusters.. intermittent, usually every third node with- 
out tendril or inflorescence. 
Leaf-blades densely tomentose with white hairs. 


. 


Berries over 12 mm. in diameter. 19. V. candicans. 
Meters less uen 12 mm. in acer s is = £ Leine 
Leaf- es densely tomentose rusty or tawn uy . V. Simpsonii, 
Tendrils continuous, usually every node with a tendril, or inflorescence, 22. V. Labrusca. 


* l. Vitis rupéstris Scheele. Bushy, 1-2 m. tall, sometimes slightly climbing. Leaf- 

blades commonly broader than long, reniform to ovate-reniform, 4-10 cm. in diameter, 

coarsely toothed and rarely slightly and sometimes somewhat irregularly lobed, and with an 

abrupt tip at the apex, mostly lustrous above, glabrous or sparingly pubescent on the nerves 
48 


754 VITACEAE 


beneath, somewhat glaucescent on both sides, broadly cordate at the base ; petioles somewhat 
shorter than the blades, often woolly like the branches: panicles 2-10 cm. long, slender, 
not dense: berries subglobose, 7-14 mm. in diameter, purple-black, somewhat glaucous, 
pleasant-tasted : seeds pear-shaped, 5 mm. long, each with a conspicuous raphe. 

On river banks and hillsides, Pennsylvania to Maryland and Texas. Spring; fruit ripening in 
August. SAND GRAPE. SUGAR GRAPE. 

2. Vitis monticola Buckl. A slender trailing or high-climbing vine, sometimes 10 
m. long. Leaf-blades thinnish, 5-10 cm. in diameter, orbicular or reniform, glabrous 
in age, acute at the apex with an often prolonged tip, coarsely toothed and often 3-lobed, 
dark green and lustrous above, often shining beneath and gray-green, cordate at the base, 
on rather short more or less woolly petioles: panicles 3-8 cm. long: berries subglobose, 
12-14 mm. in diameter, black or paler, sweet : seeds rather broadly pear-shaped, 5-7 mm. 
long, each with a conspicuous raphe. 

In sandy or lime soil, Texas, Spring; fruit ripening in September. MOUNTAIN GRAPE. 


3. Vitis Champinii Planch. A climbing vine. Leaf-blades thinnish, broader than 
long, more or less reniform, 5-10 cm. broad, rather shiny above, coarsely toothed and some- 
times indistinctly 3-lobed, glabrous at maturity, cordate at the base ; petioles a little more 
than 3 aslong as the blades: panicles 2-10 cm. long: berries globose, fully 15 mm. in 
diameter, black, with a CE bloom, pleasant-tasted : seeds pear-shaped, 6-7 mm. long, 
each with a conspicuous raphe. 

In valleys and on hillsides, Texas. Spring; fruit ripening in September. 


4. Vitis cordifdlia Lam. A very vigorous high-climbing vine, the stems sometimes 
obtaining a diameter of 3-6 dm. Leaf-blades thin, deep green, longer than broad, com- 
monly ovate in outline, rarely 3-lobed or 3-angled near the apex, rather coarsely an 
irregularly toothed, glabrous or sometimes sparingly pubescent beneath, more or less 
deeply cordate at the base, long-petioled : panicles 1-3 dm. long, commonly drooping : 
berries globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, black, under a slight bloom, pleasantly acid, or 
fetid-aromatic, persistent: seeds broadly pear-shaped, 5-6 mm. long, each with a con- 
spicuous raphe. 

In woods and thickets, New York to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Spring; fruit ripening in Sep- 
tember and October, especially after frost.—T wo varieties of this species have been recognized : V. cor- 
difolia foétida Engelm., a native of the Mississippi valley produces fetidly aromatic berries : V. cordifolia 
sempérvirens Munson, a native of peninsular Florida bears rather persistent leaves with lustrous blades, 
sometimes suggesting those of V. palmata. Frost GRAPE. CHICKEN GRAPE. 

5. Vitis Hélleri (Bailey) Small. A high-climbing vine. Leaf-blades bright green, 
thin, suborbicular to ovate-orbicular, 5-10 cm. in diameter, mostly rounded at the apex, 
more or less pubescent on the nerves beneath, crenate, the teeth mucronate; petioles a jut 
4 as long as the blades: panicles many-flowered, 5-10 cm. long, short-peduncled : berries 
not seen. [V. cordifolia var. Helleri Bailey.] 

In thickets and on hillsides, Kerrville, Texas. Spring; fruit ripening in August or September. 


6. Vitis Baileyana Munson. A high-climbing vine, the stems with short internodes 
and often many short branches. Leaf-blades thinnish but firm, ovate or orbicular-ovate, 
5-10 cm. long, glabrous and somewhat rugose above in age or pubescent on the nerves be- 
neath, toothed, otherwise entire or angularly 3-lobed near the apex, cordate at the base: 
panicles 8-13 cm. long, compact: berries globose, 7-10 mm. in diameter, black, destitute 
of bloom or nearly so: seeds broadly pear-shaped, sometimes nearly as broad as long, 
mm. long, each with a conspicuous raphe. 

In woods and on mountain slopes, Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Spring 
and summer; fruit ripening in the fall. 

7. Vitis Berlandiéri Planch. A stocky vine, not extensively climbing. Leaf-blades 
thinnish, suborbicular or ovate-orbicular in outline, 5-15 cm. broad, toothed, aogolany 
3-lobed near the triangular apex, glabrous above in age, mostly sparingly pubescent on the 
nerves and gray-nerved beneath, cordate at the base; petioles cottony, about 3 as long as 
the blades: panicles 1-2 dm. long, compact: berries subglobose, 8-10 mm. in gane, 
purple, slightly glaucous, juicy and pleasant-tasted : seeds pear-shaped, often broadly 80, 
4-5 mm. long, each with a conspicuous raphe, frequently solitary. 

On limestone hills, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring; fruit ripening in September. 


8. Vitis vulpina L. A low bushy vine straggling over rocks and bushes, € 
climbing. Leaf-blades thin, commonly longer than broad, 5-20 cm. broad, mostly cu 
$-lobed and coarsely and irregularly toothed, glabrate or pubescent on and about te 
nerves beneath, cordate or nearly truncate at the base, the teeth and lobes acumina E 
petioles } as long as the blades or nearly equalling them in length, commonly with hod á 
stipules, glabrous or densely pubescent: panicles 6-20 cm. long, often much bran i 


VITACEAE 755 


berries globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, very dark with a copious bloom, the pulp sour: 
seeds pear-shaped, 6 mm. long, each with a conspicuous raphe. 

Mostly on banks, New Brunswick and Ontario to Montana, Florida, Texas and Colorado. Spring; 
fruit ripening in September, mostly after frost. RIVERSIDE GRAPE. 

9. Vitis Lóngii Prince. A vigorous vine, the foliage woolly pubescent when young. 
Leaf-blades firm, longer than broad, or about as long as broad, 5-15 em. broad, 3-lobed 
and coarsely toothed with angular apicülate teeth, cordate at the base ; petioles about 3 as 
long as the blades: panicles 3-10 cm. long, pubescent: berries globose, 10 mm. in diam- 
eter, nearly black, with a pale bloom: seeds pear-shaped, 6 mm. long, each with a conspic- 
uous raphe. 

In thickets or river valleys, the Indian Territory to Texas and New Mexico. Spring; fruitripening 
in PH etre el =A variety, V. Longii microspérma (Munson) Bailey, represented by very vigorous plants 
which produce smaller seeds and which seem especially adapted to resisting drought, grows along the 
Red River in northern Texas. 

10. Vitis palmata Vahl. A slender trailing but strong and handsome vine, several 
meters long. Leaf-blades thin, deeply 3-5-lobed and very coarsely toothed, green and 
glabrous on both sides or glaucescent beneath and sparingly pubescent on the nerves, 
cordate at the base, on long slender red petioles : panicles 5-12 cm. long, slender: berries 
subglobose, 7-10 mm. in diameter, black, destitute of any bloom: seeds subglobose, a 
little flattened, often solitary, 5-6 mm. in diameter, each with a conspicuous raphe. 

In sandy or rocky places, Illinois to Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. Late spring and summer; 
maturing its fruit in September and October. 

ll. Vitis bicolor LeConte. A vigorous high-climbing vine. Leaf-blades thinnish, 
mostly longer than broad, 1-3 dm. in diameter, 3-5-lobed, shallowly toothed, glabrous 
above, glaucous and glabrous beneath or the nerves sparingly pubescent, or dull green at 
maturity ; petioles elongated : panicles 5-10 cm. long, commonly long-peduncled : berries 
globose, 10-14 mm. in diameter, black beneath the bloom, rather sour but pleasant-tasted : 
yen nearly as broad as long, abruptly constricted near the base, each with a conspicuous 
raphe. 

In rocky woods and on river banks, New York to Illinois, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring; 

matures its fruit in September, chiefly before frost. BLUE GRAPE. WINTER GRAPE. 
, 12. Vitis Doaniàna Munson. A vigorous busby or high-climbing vine, with short 
internodes. Leaf-blades of a bluish green hue, about as broad as long, 8-14 cm. in diameter, 
3-lobed and coarsely toothed, firm-leathery, permanently densely pubescent beneath and 
more or less floccose above, cordate at the base, the lobes acuminate or sometimes only 
acute ; petioles somewhat more than } as long as the blades: panicles rather small : 
berries subglobose, 12-16 mm. in diameter, black beneath the bloom, with much sweet 
pulp: seeds pear-shaped, 6-10 mm. long, each with a conspicuous raphe, often solitary. 

In valleys, Oklahoma to Texas and New Mexico. Spring; fruit ripening in September. 

13. Vitis cinérea Engelm. A high-climbing vine.  Leaf-blades thinnish, mostly 
longer than broad, 8-20 cm. in diameter, shallowly toothed, otherwise entire, or distinctly 
angularly 3-lobed near the apex, cobwebby above or glabrous and rugose in age, more or 
less softly pubescent beneath, with ashy or dark brown webby hairs, cordate af the base ; 

tioles $ as long as the blades or longer: panicles 1.5-3 dm. long, irregular drooping: 
tries subglobose, 10-14 mm. in diameter, black, barely glaucous, rather numerous : see 
broadly pear-shaped, 4.5-5 mm. long, each with a conspicuous raphe. m 
n lime i xico., Spring; maturin 
ite fruit in the fall, especially after frost A variety, V. emerca canescens (Engelm) Bailey, with leaf 
blades more nearly as broad as lon , rather rounded and destitute of the triangular outline and the 
9-lobed upper portion, occurs from Illinois to Missouri and Texas. DOWNY GRAPE. 

14. Vitis austrina Small A vigorous vine, with rusty felt-covered twigs. Leaf- 
blades thinnish, orbicular or ovate-orbicular, 10-15 cm. in diameter, more or less distinct] 
3-lobed, triangular at the apex, finely pubescent beneath and often rusty on the nerves, du 
green above, cordate, the teeth very low, remote ; petioles rather short: panicles relatively 
small: peduncles often about as long as the panicles: berries mostly 6-9 mm. in diameter, 
black, without a bloom : seeds obovoid, 4-5 mm. long. [ V. cinerea var. Floridana Munson, 
not V. Floridana Raf.] 

In woods and thickets, Florida. Spring. ; 

15. Vitis Linsecdmii Buckl. A bushy or high-climbing but stocky vine. Leaf-blades 
firm, as long as broad or a little longer than broad, 3-lobed and toothed, cordate, glabrate 
above, densely cottony or velvety beneath; petioles more than } as long as the blades : 
panicles 5-10 cm. long : berries subglobose, mostly 12-20 mm. in diameter, black beneath 
ie bloom; pleasantly tasted : seeds pear-shaped, 6-10 mm. long, each with a conspicuous 

phe. 

In dry oak lands, Missouri to Tennessee, Louisiana and Texas. Spring; fruit ripening in Septem- 


ber.—A variety with glaucous-blue lower leaf-surfaces, except the rusty nerves, is V. Linsecomii láctea 
Small ( V. Linsecomii var. glauca Munson] it occurs from Missouri to Texas, and may be a distinct species. 


756 VITACEAE 


16. Vitis Caribata DC. A climbing vine, with woolly tomentose or rarely glabrate 
and striate shoots. Leaf-blades ovate or orbicular-ovate, 5-14 cm. long, acuminate, sinu- 
ate with mucronate teeth, not lobed, except rarely on shoots near the ends of the branches, 
glabrous above at maturity, usually reddish tomentose beneath, cordate, long-petioled : 
panicles elongated, 1-2 dm. long, long-peduncled, branched : berries globose, 10-12 mm. in 
diameter, purple: seeds obovate, grooved on the back. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Louisiana and Texas. Also in tropical America. ; 

17. Vitis rufotomentósa Small. A high-climbing vine, with twigs and young foliage 
copiously red or reddish tomentose. Leaf-blades suborbicular to ovate-orbicular, 10-20 cm. 
long or sometimes shorter, dull green above, finely and closely tomentose beneath, espe- 
cially rusty on and about the nerves, rather coarsely and irregularly toothed, cordate at the 
base: panicles rather small or ample, sometimes 2.5-3 dm. long: peduncles much shorter 
than the panicles : berries black, with little or no bloom, often 5-6 mm. in diameter 

In sandy soil, Florida to Louisiana. Spring; fruit ripening in the fall. 

18. Vitis aestivàlis Michx. A vigorous high-climbing vine. Leaf-blades varying 
from broader than long to longer than broad, 1-3 dm. in diameter, angularly or deeply 3-5- 
lobed, shallowly toothed, dull green and glabrate above, more or less densely often 
unevenly tomentose beneath, with, rusty or brown hairs, cordate; petioles usually glab- 
rous: panicles 1-2.5 dm. long, often conspicuously elongated and quite simple: berries 
pos, 8-10 mm. in diameter, black, under a bloom, with a tough skin, and pulp varying 

rom sweet to very astringent: seeds broadly pear-shaped, 6 mm. long, each with a con- 
spicuous raphe. . 

In thickets or rocky places, New York to Missouri, Florida and Mississippi. Spring; fruit ripening 
jn the fall. SUMMER GRAPE. 

. 19. Vitis cándicans Engelm. A vigorous high-climbing vine, with woolly foliage. 
Leaf-blades reniform, suborbicular, ovate or triangular in outline, 5-12 cm. broad, the 
young ones many lobed, at maturity coarsely and shallowly toothed and sometimes angularly 

obed, dull and glabrate above, densely white-woolly beneath ; petioles about 3 as long as 
the blades: panicles 5-12 em. long : berries globose, about 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, claret- 
colored to dark purple, with a tough skin and disagreeable taste : seeds broadly pear-shaped, 
6 mm. long, each with a conspicuous raphe. 


en low places, mostly in lime soil, Texas. Spring; fruit ripening in June and July. MUSTANG 


20. Vitis coriàcea Shuttlw. A high-climbing vine, with rusty young foliage. Leaf- 
blades reniform to suborbicular in outline, 3-10 em. broad, shallowly toothed or angularly 
lobed (those of shoots often deeply lobed), becoming glabrate above, densely cottony 
beneath, cordate or truncate and subcordate at the base ; petioles 4 as long as the blades or 
of equal length : panicles 5-12 cm. long: berries subglobose, less than 10 mm. in diameter, 
pleasantly acid : seeds broadly pear-shaped, 6 mm. long, each with a conspicuous raphe. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring; fruit ripening in late summer or fall. 

21. Vitis Simpsdnii Munson. A shrubby vine climbing over bushes. Leaf-blades 
suborbicular in outline, 5-18 cm. broad, prominently or mostly deeply 3-5-lobed, and 
shallowly toothed, glabrate above, more or less densely brownish white-tomentose beneath, 
cordate, long-petioled : panicles 5-10 cm. long, usually compact : berries commonly 15 
mm. in diameter, black, mostly 4-seeded : seeds broadly pear-shaped, 5-6 mm. long, eac 
with a conspicuous raphe. 


In sandy soil or especially on shell mounds near the salt water, peninsular Florida. Spring; fruit 
ripening in September. 


22. Vitis Labrásca L. A vigorous high-climbing vine with densely tomentose foliage. 
Leaf-blades thickish, suborbicular to broadly ovate, mostly longer than broad, shallowly 
toothed, or scalloped, otherwise entire, or 3-lobed near the apex, becoming glabrous above, 
densely tomentose beneath, with a rounded or acute sinus : petioles more than > as long as 
the blades : panicles 5-12 em. long, usually simple : berries globose, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, 
amber to purple, with a slight bloom, the skin and tough pulp sweet and musky, oF 
Ment : seeds abruptly constricted near the base, 7-10 mm. fong, each with a conspicu- 
ous raphe. 


In thickets and low places, New England to Minnesota, Georgia and Mississippi. Spring; fruit 
ripening in September and October. Fox GRAPE. PLUM GRAPE. 


2. MUSCADINIA Small: 


Trailing or climbing vines, with a close bark and simple tendrils. Stems sometimes 
producing aérial roots. Pith continuous, not interrupted at the nodes by diaphragms. 
Leaves alternate : blades simple, angled or coarsely toothed, never densely pubescent. | 


VITACEAE 757 


Stipules caducous. Flowers polygamo-dioecious or dioecious, in alternate racemes or 
panicles. Disk hypogynous. Calyx minute. Corolla caducous: petals cohering at the 
top as a cap, never expanding. Stamens exserted, alternating with the lobes or glands of 
the disk. Ovary mostly 2-celled. Styles stout. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry glo- 
bose, finally edible. Seeds shaped like a coffee-grain. BULLACE GRAPE. 


Berries 1-1.5 em. in diameter; the skin and pulp tender, the latter acid : seeds 3-5 mm. long. 
1. M. Munsoniana. 

Berries 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter; the skin and pulp tough, the latter musky: seeds 

6-9 mm, long. 2. M. rotundifolia. 

1. Muscadiaia Munsoniàna (Simpson) Small. A slender trailing or low-climbing 
vine. Leaf-blades thinnish, but rather firm, suborbicular or reniform, 4-8 cm. broad, 
coarsely toothed, glabrous, except the axils of the nerves beneath, persistent, cordate at 
the base ; petioles sometimes as long as the blades: panicles 2-8 cm. long: berries glo- 
bose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, nearly black with a slight bloom or shining, quite acid, with a 
thinnish skin, and tender pulp destitute of a musky taste: seeds 3-5 mm. long. [Vitis 
Munsoniana Simpson. ] 

In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year. 

. 2. Muscadinia rotundifolia (Michx.) Small. A bushy, spreading or high climbing 
vine sometimes 30 m. long, the stems often producing aérial roots. f-blades'firm or 
leathery, suborbicular to ovate-orbicular, 4-9 cm. in diameter or longer, usually acuminate, 
coarsely toothed, glabrous, except the axils and sometimes the nerves beneath, cordate ; 
petioles mostly shorter than the blades: panicles 2-4 cm. long, the staminate longer than 
the fruit bearing : berries subglobose, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, dull purple, without bloom, 
witha tough skin and musky pulp, the bunches globular: seeds 6-9 mm. long. [ Vitis 
rotundifolia Michx.] 


In sandy soil, on banks or in swamps and thickets, Delaware to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Spring 
and summer; fruit ripening in the summer and fall. 


3. CÍSSUS L. 


Climbing vines, with fleshy tissues and strong tendrils. Leaves alternate: blades 
simple or 3-foliolate or at least 3-parted, the segments or leaflets entire or toothed, decidu- 
ous. Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, in small cymes. Floral envelopes mostly 
in 4’s, Petals distinct, expanding during anthesis. Disk cup-like, 4-lobed. Stamens 
often 4, inserted on the margin of the disk. Ovary 2-celled, adnate to the base of the 
disk: style subulate. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Berries rather small, inedible, with scant 
pulps. Seeds more or less 3-angled. 


Leaf-blades simple. bisce sone 

Leaf-blades 3-foliolate or 3-divided. acida. 
Flowers in compound umbel-like cymes: berries thickest below the middle. 2. C. . 
Flowers in trichotomous cymes : berries thickest above the middle. 8. C. incisa. 


1. Cissus sicyoides L. A pubescent high-climbing vine, with striate branches. 
Leaves fleshy ; blades simple, ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute or often acumi- 
nate, distantly serrate with bristle-tipped teeth, rounded, often glabrate above, truncate or 
cordate at the base : petioles 1-4 cm. long: flower-clusters umbel-like, aes pend : berries 
sePeloboee, about 1 cm. in diameter, black: seeds solitary, 4-5 mm. long, acute at the 


On banks : in the West Indies and southward in the 
American tro des Tho ade DE peces Mns vy de Ustilago Cissi, which transforms the 
flowers into c -shaped bodies. 

2. Cissus ácida L. A low-climbing glabrous vine, with forking somewhat succulent 
branches and stout elongated tendrils. Leaves rigid ; blades 3-foliolate, the leaflets fleshy, 
1-3 em. long, suborbicular varying to ovate or obovate, often flabellate, more or less cune- 
ately narrowed at the base, sharply toothed near the tip : flowers in more or less compound 
umbel-like or corymb-like clusters, the rays stout : berries globose-ovoid or ovoid, abruptly 
pointed, 5-7 mm. in diameter, dark-purple, on recurved pedicels : seeds solitary, or some- 
times 2, obovoid, 7 mm. long, apiculate at the base. 

In sandy soil, Key West and southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 

3. Cissus incisa Desmoul. A succulent vine, 1-10 m. long, with wart _bark and 
forking sometimes penetrating tendrils, the roots sometimes with tuberous thickenings. 

ves fleshy : blades 3-foliolate, the leaflets pale n, very fleshy, 3-10 cm. long, coarsely 
toothed and incised, the terminal one sometimes $-lobed,the lateral ones 2-lobed, all more 
or less cuneately narrowed at the base, on stout petiolules : flowers in trichotomous umbel- 


like cymes: berries obovoid or obovoid-globose, 10-12 mm. long, apiculate, blackish, on 


758 VITACEAE 


recurved pedicels : seeds solitary or sometimes 2, obovoid, 6-7 mm. long, pointed atthe 
base. 
On sandy shores, Florida to Texas and Arkansas. 


4. AMPELOPSIS Michx. 


Bushy or climbing vines, with few tendrils and firm tissues. Leaves alternate: blades 
simple and toothed, or lobed, or bipinnately compound. Flowers mostly perfect, in flat 
cymes. Floral envelopes mostly in 5's. Calyx pedicelled. Petals distinct, expanding. 
Disk entire or merely crenulate-undulate. Stamens exserted. Ovary 2-celled, adnate at 
the base to the disk. Style slender. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Berries with scant pulp 
or nearly dry, inedible. Seeds;2-4, somewhat 3-angled. 

Leaf-blades simple: ovary not surpassing the disk but nearly free from it. 1. A. cordata. 
Leaf-blades bipinnate: ovary surpassing the disk, the latter mostly adnate to it. 2. A. arborea. 

1. Ampelopsis cordàta Michx. A high climbing vine, with forking tendrils and a 
warty bark. Leaf-blades simple, ovate or triangular-ovate, 4-12 cm. long, acuminate, shal- 
lowly, but acutely, serrate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent about the nerves and their axils 
beneath, truncate or piel sees at the base ; petioles shorter than the blades, often pubes- 
cent: cymes slender-peduncled, 3-8 cm. broad : disk cup-shaped, as high as the ovary but 
nearly free from it: style slender: berries subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, insipid, 
bluish or greenish blue: seeds 1-3, about 5 mm. in diameter, nearly as broad as long, 
granular, the raphe indistinct. [Cissus Ampelopsis Pers. ] 

On river banks and in woods, Virginia to Ohio and Illinois, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Spring; 
fruit ripening in summer and fall. 

2. Ampelopsis arbórea (L.) Rusby. A stout climber, with few forking tendrils, the 
stems sometimes very long. Leaf-blades bipinnate, 1-2 dm. long, petioled : leaflets several 
or many, the blades ovate, often broadly so or cuneate-obovate, 1-3 cm. long, acute or 
acuminate, coarsely toothed, incised or lobed, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, sessile: 
cymes long-peduncled but shorter than the leaves: disk scandal by the ovary, mainly 
adnate to it : styles conic-subulate : berries subglobose, 10-13 mm. in diameter, dark purple: 
seeds 2-4, 4.5-5 mm. long, granular, each with a conspicuous raphe. [Cissus bipinnata 
(Michx.) Nutt. ] 


In low places or swamps, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies and 
Mexico. Spring to fall; fruit ripening in the fall. PEPPER-VINE. 


5. PARTHENOCISSUS Pianch. 


Trailing or climbing vines, with forking tendrils, whose tips often bear adhering disks, 
or are merely coiling. Leaves alternate: blades digitately 5-7-foliolate : leaflets entire or 
toothed. Flowers perfect or polygamo-monoecious, in compound cymes. Calyx pedi- 
celled. Petals 5, expanding, often fugacious. Disk obsolete or wanting. Stamens 5 
Ovary 2-celled, sessile: style stout. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Berries with scant pulp, in- 
edible. Seeds 3-angled. VIRGINIA CREEPER. AMERICAN Ivy. 

Foliage pubescent, usually densely so. 1. P. hirsutus. 
a blades b 6-foliolate Alleghenian and tri i 
Tendrils with disks: ieat-biades with appressed, at least not flaring, teeth. 2. P. quinquefolia. 


Tendrils without disks: leaf-blades with flaring teeth. 8. P. laciniata. 
Leaf-blades 7-foliolate: Texan species. x 4. P. heptaphylla. 


1. Parthenocissus hirsütus (Donn.) Small A spreading vine, with pubescent mum 
leaves and inflorescence, and slender tendrils, the stems trailing. Leaflets 5, the blades 
oval, elliptic, oblong or ovate, acute or short-acuminate, coarsely toothed above the middle, 
all except the terminal one, inequilateral: corymbs 8-12 em. broad: berries sub lobose, 
dark blue, with a slight bloom, slightly pulpy: seeds 5 mm. long, glossy, notched at the 
top, with a conspicuous spatulate raphe. [Ampelopsis hirsutus Done] 

In rocky places, Georgia to Texas and Mexico. Spring; fruit ripening in August and September. 
. 2. Parthenocissus quinquefólia (L.) Planch. A high-climbing or sometimes trail- 
ing vine, with stout tendrils which adhere by disks. Leaflets 5, the blades usually d 
nish, oval, elliptic or oblong, the lateral ones inequilateral, coarsely serrate above P : 
middle with rather appressed or at least not flaring teeth, short-petioluled : corymbs 8- 
em. broad: berries subglobose, 8-9 mm. in diameter, deep blue with a scant bloom, often 
quite pulpy : seeds 4-4.5 mm. long, prominently rugose, rather dull, each with an orbicular 
raphe. [ Ampelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx.] 

In woods and on banks, Quebec to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Spring ; fruit ripening in the fall. 


TILIACEAE 759 


3. Parthenocissus laciniàta (Planch.) Small. A straggling vine, with long tendrils 

destitute of disks, the stems with a smooth or slightly Ronin bark. Leaflets 5- 6, the 

blades thin, 4-10 cm. long, coarsely toothed with more or less flaring teeth, manifestly 
etioluled : corymbs 5 cm. broad, many-flowered, drooping in fruit: berries 5-7 mm. in 
iameter. [Parthenocissus quinquefolia var. laciniata Planch. ] 

di RU river banks and in woods, Iowa to Michigan, Ohio and Colorado. Spring; fruit ripening in 
e fall. 

4. Parthenocissus heptaphylla (Buckl.) Britton. A glabrous vine, sometimes 
climbing to the height of 10 m., with long forking tendrils. Leaflets mostly 7, the blades 
oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate (or the lateral ones oblong-lanceolate), acuminate, 
coarsely toothed above the middle or incised, often cuneately narrowed at the base, sessile 
or short-petioluled : corymbs 4-8 cm. broad, pendulous : berries subglobose, about 5 mm. in 
diameter, dark blue or nearly black: seeds 3-4, nearly 4 mm. long. [Ampelopsis hepta- 
phylla Buckl.] 


In rocky or sandy soil, chiefly in or near the mountains, Texas. Spring. 


Order 19. MALVALES. 


Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves various: blades simple, commonly lobed. 
Flowers often showy, commonly involucrate. Calyx of distinct or partially 
united valvate sepals. Corolla of distinct petals. Androecium of numerous 
stamens with monadelphous filaments or these collected into several sets, or few 
in BUETTNERIACEAE. Gynoecium of several united or distinct carpels. Ovaries 
with axile placentae. Mature carpels sometimes separating from each other. 


Stamens numerous (in our genera). 


Stamens distinct or in several groups: anthers 2-celled. Fam. 1. TILIACEAE. 
Stamens monadelphous: anthers 1-celled. Fam. 2. MALVACEAE. 
Stamens as many as the sepals. Fam. 3. BUETTNERIACEAE, 


FaMILY 1. TILIACEAE Juss. LINDEN FAMILY. 


Shrubs or stately trees, or rarely herbs, pubescent with simple or branched 
hairs. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite: blades simple: stipules free, often 
deciduous. Inflorescence sometimes opposite the leaves, often racemose, cymose 
or corymbose. Flowers usually perfect, regular. Calyx of 4-5 valvate decidu- 
ous sepals. Corolla of 4-5 hypogynous imbricated or convolute often clawed 
petals which sometimes develop a more or less petaloid scale at the base. 
Androecium of usually numerous stamens or sometimes twice as many as the 
sepals. Filaments distinct, sometimes collected in groups opposite the petals, 
simple or forked. Anthers 2-celled, erect or versatile., Pollen smooth. Gynoe- 
cium a compound pistil. Ovary free, sessile or stalked, 2-10-celled, each cavity 
with an incomplete secondary partition. Styles united. Stigma capitate, di- 
lated or several-lobed. Ovules 2-many, in two rows in each cavity, anatro- 
pous. Fruit a loculicidal, a rarely septicidal capsule, or sometimes nut-like or 
berry-like. Seeds numerous or sometimes solitary, with a crustaceous or mem- 
ne testa. Endosperm fleshy or rarely wanting. Cotyledons sometimes 
obed. 


Peduncles or pedicels without a conspicuous bract: filaments not forked: fruit capsular. 
Petals inserted with the stamens: capsule often silique-like. 1. CORCHORUS. 
Petals inserted below the stamens, at the base of an elevated receptacle: capsule E iets 


subglo N 
Peduncles each with a conspicuous adnate bract: filaments forked : fruit nut-like. 8. TILIA. 


1. CORCHORUS L. 

Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades serrate. Flowers solitary or several, 
usually on short peduncles opposite the leaves. Sepals 5 or rarely 4. Petals yellow, 5 or 
rarely 4, naked at the base, convolute. Stamens numerous, or twice as many as the sepals, 
inserted with the petals: filaments filiform, not forked: anthers introrse. Ovary 2-5- 
celled, superior: stigma dilated, undulate. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule 


760 : TILIACEAE 


usually elongated and silique-like, smooth or echinate. Seeds numerous, pendulous or 
horizontal. Embryo folded, in the axis of the endosperm, with entire cotyledons. 
Capsules with 4 tooth-like beaks. 1. C. siliquosus. 
Capsules with a single beak. 2. C. pilolobus. 

1l. Corchorus siliquósus L. Plant glabrous. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, often widely 
branched : leaf-blades oval-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long (those of the ultimate 
branches smaller and rounder), acute or slightly acuminate, serrate, slender-petioled : 
clusters often 2-flowered, short-peduncled: pedicels as long as the peduncles or longer: 
sepals linear or oblong-linear, 5-6 mm. long: petals obovate, 4.5-5 mm. long: capsules 
5-8 cm. long, ascending or spreading, truncate at the apex and each with 4 tooth-like beaks. 

In waste places, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Naturalized from the West Indies. 

2. Corchorus pilólobus Link. Plant minutely pubescent or glabrate. Stems 2-8 
dm. tall, usually sparingly branched, hairy in lines: leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate, 2-5 
cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, serrate, short-petioled : clusters 2-3-flowered or 
flowers sometimes solitary: pedicels 1-5 mm. long : sepals longer than the pedicels, acumi- 
nate: petals spatulate, about as long as the sepals: stamens commonly 10: capsules 4-5 
em. long, ascending or spreading, flattened contrary to the septa, each short-beaked with 
a single process. 

In waste places, Florida to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. 


2. TRIUMFETTA L. 


Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades entire, toothed or 3-5-lobed. Flowers 
perfect, in more or less clustered cymules, axillary or opposite the leaves. Sepals 5, nar- 
row, often mucronate. Petals yellow, 5, convolute, with a pit at the base, or rarely want- 
ing. Stamens numerous or rarely twice as many as the sepals, inserted on an elongated 
receptacle above 5 glands: filaments filiform, unequal, not forked: anthers introrse. 
Ovary 2-5-celled, in the cup-shaped top of the receptacle: stigma 2—5-lobed. Ovules 2 in 
each cavity. Capsule subglobose, echinate, commonly separable into 2-5 carpels. Seeds 
solitary or 2 in each cavity. Embryo with flat, entire cotyledons. 

1. Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. Annual, stellate-tomentulose. Stems 1-1.5 m. 
tall, branched: leaf-blades ovate, rhombie or suborbicular in outline, 3-6 cm. long, ser- 
rate, angulate or often shallowly 3-lobed, rounded or truncate at the base ; petioles as long 
as the leaves or shorter: panicles narrow, elongated : sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, ap- 
pendaged below the apex : petals cuneate-spatulate, slightly pubescent at the base : stamens 
often 15 : fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, 2-celled, "et ies a prickle-armed, the prickles about 
as longas the diameter of the body, hooked at the apex. © 

In waste places, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Naturalized from the West Indies. 


: 3. TÍLIA L. 

"Trees, possessing a mucilaginous sap and a tough inner bark. Leaves alternate : blades 
oblique, crenate or serrate, petioled. Flowers fragrant, in axillary or terminal cymes whose 
elongated pedunclesare adnate to a conspicuous bract. Sepals5, thickish. Petals 5, naked, 
or with a petaloid scale at the base, imbricated. Stamens numerous, inserted in a short 
receptacle : filaments filiform, forked, often collected in 5 groups, one at the base of each 
scale: anthers extrorse. Ovary superior, 5-celled: stigma 5-toothed. Ovules 2 in each 
cavity. Fruit a berry, but nut-like, with a hard coat. Seeds 1 or 2 in each fruit, with a 
cartilaginous testa. Embryo with crumpled 5-lobed cotyledons. LINDEN. BasswooD- 
Linn. Lime-TREE. BEE-TREE. WAnOoo. 


Leaf-blades glabrous or essentially so, sometimes glaucous beneath. 
Leaf-blades green beneath, the teeth slender-tip 


f 1. T. Americana. 
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath, the teeth not slender-tipped. 


Cyme-branches glabrous: staminodia entire. 2. T. australis. 
Cyme-branches pubescent : staminodia erose. 3. T. Floridana. 
Leaf-blades copiously and closely pubescent beneath, not glaucous. 
ig rex hale giay or reds A ape ER like pollandl 
mostly abruptly narrowed to the of the uncle. 
Leaf-blades gray or silvery-gray beneath, the hairs very short and close-set. 4. T. heterophylla. 
Leaf-blades white Sedet the hairs rather long and cottony. 5. T. eburnea. 
Braets ee d gradually narrowed and terminating remote from the base of the adiri 
L SEN cre gren He us — ; 
eaf- es brown or somewhat rusty pubescent beneath. 
Leaf-blades thick and firm, co lounly pubescent beneath: 7. T. i 
Leaf-blades very thin, thinly a bescant beneath. 8. T. Teptophya. 


TILIACEAE 761 


1. Tilia Americana L. A tree, reaching a maximum height of 40 m., with a trunk 
diameter of about 1 m., the bark furrowed, its ridges flat. Leaf-blades firm, ovate or orbic- 
ular-ovate, 8-15 cm. long, abruptly acuminate, serrate with ‘acuminate gland-tipped teeth, 
oblique at the base, cordate or subcordate, essentially glabrous or minutely pubescent be- 
neath, especially in the axils of the prominent nerves when young: bracts decurrent 
nearly to the base of the peduncles: sepals ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, 
acute, puberulent : petals 9-11 mm. long, pale yellow, obtuse : staminodia spatulate, nearly 
as long as the petals: berries oval, about 1 cm. long, densely tomentulose. 

In woods, New Brunswick to the Assiniboine River, North Dakota, Georgia and Texas. Early 
summer, 

2. Tilia australis Small. A tree, becoming 20 m. tall. Leaf-blades relatively thin, 
ovate to oval-ovate, 7-17 cm. long, abruptly acuminate, serrate with prominently gland- 
tipped teeth, deep green above, glaucous beneath, essentially glabrous, cordate or nearly 
truncate at the base : bracts relatively large, often 4 cm. wide, decurrent to the base of the 
peduncle or near it, glaucous, glabrous: peduncle glabrous, the free portion 2-4 cm. long: 
sepals narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm. long : petals 5.5-7 mm. long: stami- 
nodia linear-spatulate, slightly shorter than the petals : berries globular. 

On wooded hillsides, Blount County, Alabama. Late spring and early summer. 


3. Tilia Floridàna Small. A tree, sometimes 9 m. tall, with a furrowed bark. Leaf- 
blades thin, ovate or oval-ovate, 4-11 cm. long, abruptly short-acuminate, serrate with 
conspicuously gland-tipped teeth, deep green above, glaucous beneath and with scattered 
hairs when young, dust truncate or subcordate at the base: bracts relatively small, 
mostly much less than 2 cm. wide, decurrent to within 0.5 or 1.5 cm. of the base of the 
peduncle, somewhat pubescent: peduncle pubescent, the free portion 0.5-1.5 cm. long: 
sepals lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long : petals 4.5-5.5 mm. long : staminodia 
nearly linear or linear-spatulate, slightly shorter than the petals: berries globular. 

In rich woods, Jackson County, Florida. Late spring and early summer. 


4. Tilia heterophylla Vent. A tree, reaching a maximum height of 30 m., with a 
trunk diameter of about 1 m., the bark furrowed, its ridges flat. Leaf-blades varying from 
orbicular-ovate to oblong-ovate, 10-20 cm. long, short-acuminate, serrate with more or less 
appressed mucronate teeth, cordate or truncate at the oblique base, silvery or closely gray- 
tomentulose beneath : bracts spatulate, decurrent to the base of the peduncle or nearly to 
it, mostly abruptly narrowed at the base, thinly pubescent or glabrate : free portion of the 
peduncle relatively long: sepals ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, 
acutish : petals 8-9 mm. long: staminodia oblong-lanceolate, about } shorter than the 
petals: berries globular, 7-9 mm. long. 

In rich woods, New York to Florida, Tennessee and Alabama. Late spring and early summer. 


, 9. Tilia ebürnea Ashe. A tree, becoming 22 m. tall, the bark furrowed. Leaf-blades 
thick, ovate to orbicular-ovate, 8-14 cm. long, abruptly acuminate at the apex, sharply 
serrate, densely white-tomentose beneath, obliquely cordate or truncate at the base : bracts 
nearly oblong to spatulate, decurrent to the base of the peduncle or nearly so, Mer pubes- 
cent beneath : free portion of the peduncle short : somewhat shorter than that of T. hetero- 
eg sepals ovate-lanceolate : petals 5-6 mm. long: staminodia spatulate: berries globu- 

ar, sometimes spheroidal, 5-7 mm. long. 
E low woods or along streams, middle North Carolina to northern Georgia. Late spring and early 


6. Tilia Michaüxii Nutt. A tree, sometimes fully 30 m. tall, with a broadly furrowed 
bark. Leaf-blades thick, 7-22 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, serrate, silvery or gray- 
tomentulose beneath, cordate or sometimes truncate at the usually very oblique base : bracts 
spatulate, often elongated, decurrent to within 1 or 3 cm. of the base of the pi usually 
tapering at the base, thinly pubescent beneath: free portion of the peduncle relatively long, 
glabrous : sepals narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 4.5-6 mm. long: petals 6-9 mm. 
ad 4 Staminodia spatulate, somewhat shorter than the petals: berries mostly oval, 7-11 

- long. 

In woods, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Georgia and Alabama. Late spring and early summer. 

7. Tilia pubéscens Ait. A tree, becoming 14 m. tall, with a coarsely furrowed bark. 
Leat-blades thick and firm, broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, 8-17 cm. long, acute or abruptly 
acuminate, more or less coarsely serrate, copiously brown or rusty pubescent beneath, 
truncate or subcordate at the oblique base : bracts oblong to oblong-spatulate, decurrent to 
the base of the peduncle, copiously pubescent beneath: peduncle pubescent : sepals lance- 
olate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long: petals 6-7.5 mm. long: staminodia spatulate, about 3 as long as 
the petals : berries globit. 


In low or ri Louisiana. Late spring and 
early summon rich woods, along or near the coast, Virginia to Florida and pring 


sum: 


762 MALVACEAE 


8. Tilia leptophylla (Vent.) Small. A tree, resembling 7. pubescens in habit, but 
with relatively smaller, and thin and less copiously pubescent leaf-blades: bracts smaller, 
4-7 cm. long, almost glabrous beneath or thinly pubescent: flowers and fruit smaller. 

In woods, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 


FAMILY 2. MALVACEAE Neck. MALLOW FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees, of great economic importance, the vege- 
tative parts destitute of any unwholesome substance. Foliage often pubescent 
with simple or branching hairs. Leaves alternate, stipulate: blades palmately 
nerved and often lobed, usually crenate or toothed. Inflorescence axillary, 
racemose, paniculate or corymbose, sometimes congested. Flowers regular, per- 
fect, often subtended by an involucre resembling a second calyx. Calyx of 5 
more or less united sepals, these valvate, mostly persistent. Corolla of 5 hypog- 
ynous convolute petals, these alternate with the sepals, united : blades often in- 
equilateral. Androecium of numerousstamens. Filaments monadelphous, united 
with the claws of the petals. Anthers reniform, 1-celled. Pollen-grains hispid. 
Gynoecium of several carpels. Ovary several-celled, or the several pistils dis- 
tinct. Styles terminal. Stigmas capitate. Ovules amphitropous or semianat- 
ropous, pendulous or ascending, inserted in the inner angles of the cavities. 
Fruit capsular, or the carpels separate or separable. Seeds solitary or numer- 
ous, with a crustaceous, smooth or rough sometimes pubescent testa. Endo- 
sperm scant, fleshy, mucilaginous. Embryo large, curved or folded, with folia- 
ceous cotyledons. 


Fruit of several radially disposed carpels, which separate from each other at maturity. 
c as many as there are stigmas. f 
arpels 2-several-seeded. 
arpels 1-celled. 
Carpels leathery or parchment-like, never bladdery. 1, ABUTILON. 
Carpels membranous, bladder-like. 2. GAYOIDES. 
Carpels 2-celled, sometimes imperfectly so. 
Involucel wanting. 3 
Involucel of 3 bractlets. 4 
Carpels 1-seeded. 
Stigmas decurrent on the inner side of the styles. 
Petals notched at the apex : carpels beakless, without internal processes. 
Petals erose at the apex: carpels beaked, with an internal process 
above the seed. 
Stigmas terminal, capitate. 
Involucel of 2-3 bractlets. 
Involucel wanting. 
Carpels % as many as there are stigmas. 


. WISSADULA. 
. MODIOLA. 


. MALVA. 


. MALVASTRUM. 


5. 
6. CALLIRRHOE. 
7 
8. SIDA. 


Carpels dry, achene-like. 
nvolucel wanting : inflorescence capitate. 9. MALACHRA. 
Involucel of several bractlets: inflorescence axillary or racemose. 
Involucel of 5 partially united bractlets: carpels spiny all over. 10. URENA. 
Involucel of 5-15 distinct bractlets : carpels unarmed or with 1-3 spines 
on the back. 11. PAVONIA. ü 
Carpels forming a drupe-like berry, but separating at maturity. 12. MALVAVISCU! 


Fruit a loeulicidal capsule, or rarely indehiscent. 

Styles distinct, spreading: seeds usually reniform. 2 
Capsules as long as broad or much longer, the cavities 2-many-seeded. 13. HIBISCUS. xk 
Capsules much depressed, the cavities 1-seeded. M. KOSTELETZEY 

Styles united : seeds not reniform. 

Bractlets of the involucels entire, rather inconspicuous. 


Las dd seu srholly united or nearly so: capsules indebiscent. iac 15. THESPESIA. 
ru PE x" 3 sepals merely united at the base: capsules loculicidally u CIENFUEG olá. 
Bractlets of the involucels laciniate, conspicuous. 17. GOSSYPIUM. 


1. ABUTILON Gaertn. 


Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees, with softly pubescent foliage and branching stems. 
Leaves alternate: blades entire, toothed, angled or lobed, usually cordate at the base. 
Flowers perfect, mostly axillary. Involucel wanting. Sepals 5, united below. Petals 5, 
: of various colors, often yellow, distinct. Carpels 5-30. Styles filiform or club-shaped. 
Stigmas terminal. Ovules 3-9 in each cavity. Carpels 1-celled, leathery or xoci 
like, not bladdery, disposed about a central axis, more or less prominently beaked, 2-valv 


MALVACEAE 763 


at the apex or on the back, tardily separating. Seeds 1-6 in each carpel, nearly reniform. 
INDIAN MALLOW. 
Carpels 11-30. 

nnual species. 1. A. Abutilon. 


Perennial species. 
Peduncles, or most of them, shorter than the petioles: petals yellow above the 


purple base. A. hirtum. 
ó rer or most of them, longer than the petioles: petals rose-colored. 8. A. pedunculare. 
els k 


arpels over 10 mm. high. 

af-blađes velvety white-tomentose beneath. 
Calyx-lobes shorter than the carpels. 
Calyx-lobes surpassing the carpels. 

Leaf-blades gray-canescent beneath. 

C ls less than 10 mm. high. 
orolla yellow : carpels 8-9 mm. high. 

Corolla red or pink : carpels 4-7 mm. high. 
Leaf-blades dentate, about as broad as long. 
Leaf-blades serrate, much longer than broad. 


l. Abutilon Abütilon (L.) Rusby. Annual, velvety-pubescent. Stems erect, 
3-18 dm. tall, simpleor widely branching, the branches ascending : leaf-blades suborbicular 
in outline varying to ovate or reniform-orbicular, 1-3 dm. in diameter, abruptly acuminate, 
dentate or crenate, cordate ; petioles commonly as long as the blades or longer: eduncles 
much shorter than the petioles: calyx slightly accrescent ; lobes ovate to orbicular-ovate, 
abruptly pointed, acute: petals yellow, 1-1.5 cm. long, obovate or cuneate-obovate, truncate 
or retuse at the apex : fruit 2-2.5 cm. broad: carpels 1.5-2 cm. long, villous, subulate- 
tipped : seeds granular, glabrous. [A. Avicennae Gaertn 

In waste places, Maine to South Dakota, Florida and Texas. Also on the Pacific slope. Natural- 
ized from Asia. Summer and fall. VELVET LEAF. 

2. Abutilon hirtum Sweet. Perennial and often shrubby, velvety canescent and 
more or less villous-hirsute with clammy hairs. Stems erect, more or less widely branched, 
1-3.5 dm. tall : leaf-blades ovate to suborbicular, 2-15 cm. long, unequally crenate, and some- 
times slightly lobed, cordate ; petioles about as long as the blades or shorter : peduncles as 
long as the petioles or shorter: calyx slightly accrescent ; lobes ovate, acute or acuminate : 
petals renon mostly with a purple base, 1.5-2 cm. long : carpels 15-30, somewhat surpassing 
the calyx, 8-10 mm. high, barely mucronate. 

In sand, coast of peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West and East Indies. 

3. Abutilon pedunculare H.B.K. Perennial, light green. Stems erect, 1-4 m. 
tall, branching, hirsute to the peduncles : leaf-blades ovate to suborbicular, velvety tomen- 
tose, pale beneath, obtuse, shallowly and unequally crenate, deeply cordate : peduncles 
axillary, shorter than the subtending leaves or longer : calyx somewhat accrescent ; lobes 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, longer than the tube : petals salmon-colored, 
orbicular-obovate, 2-2.5 cm. long: carpels lind 15-17 mm. high, surpassing the calyx, 
their beaks spreading. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies and South America. 

4. Abutilon permólle (Willd.) Sweet. Perennial, more or less densely velvety 
tomentose. Stems erect, 5-16 dm. tall, branched: leaf-blades ovate, 2.5-10 cm. long, 
acuminate, greener above than beneath, finely crenate: petioles as long as the blades or 
shorter : inflorescence paniculate : calyx hardly accrescent ; lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, longer than the tube : petals yellow, cuneate or obovate, 1-1.5 cm. long: carpels 
D nearly 1 cm. long, slender-beaked, surpassing the calyx : seeds minutely and sparsely 
warty. i 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. 

5. Abutilon Wrightii A. Gray. Perennial, velvety pubescent. Stems much branched 
at the base; branches ascending or decumbent, 1-4 dm. long, usually branched, more or 

ess hirsute : leaf-blades broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, 1.5— cm. in diameter, obtuse or 
acute, crenate or dentate, cordate: petioles as long as the blades or shorter: peduncles 
shorter than the subtending petioles or longer: calyx accrescent ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, 10-15 mm. long: petals yellow, 1.5-2 cm. long, very broad: carpels 7-8, softly 
pubescent, shorter than the Arar A am subulate-tipped : seeds granular, glabrous. 

On dry prairies, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

6. Abutilon Berlandiéri A. Gray. Perennial, velvety pubescent. Stems erect, 1-2 
m. tall, branching, the branches ascending : leaf-blades ovate, or triangular-ovate, 3-7 cm. 
long, barely acuminate, obtuse, slightly paler beneath than above, irregularly crenate-den- 
tate, prominently nerved beneath, cordate ; petioles about 3 as long as the blades: pe- 
duncles about as long as the subtending petioles: calyx somewhat accrescent ; lobes ovate, 
acuminate, becoming 1 cm. long: petals yellow, 1-1.5 cm. long, rounded or nearly trun- 


. 4. RE 
. A. Wrightii. 
. Berlandieri. 


. incanum. 


Co nN OOD 
hh oh hh 


. parvulum. 
Texense. 


764 » MALVACEAE 


cate at the apex: fruit 10-12 mm. broad: carpels shorter oar ae calyx-lobes, beaked 
seeds finely pilose. 

On dry prairies, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 

7. Abutilon incànum (Link) Sweet. Perennial, felty or rat'aer thinly pubescent. 
Stems erect, 5-15 dm. tall, branched: leaves rather numerous: blades ovate, 2-10 cm. 
long, acute, or the larger ones acuminate, dentate, cordate: petioles as long as the blades 
or shorter: peduncles solitary in the axils: calyx not accrescent, reflexed at maturity ; 
lobes triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube, finally reflexed : petals yel- 
low, 6-10 mm. long: carpels 8-9 mm. high, naked, surmounting the calyx: seeds minutely 
pubescent. 

In dry soil, Arkansas to Texas and Arizona. Alsoin adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 

8. Abutilon párvulum A. Gray. Perennial, more or less densely pubescent with 
stellate hairs and often somewhat hirsute. Stems diffusely branched at the base ; branches 
spreading or decumbent, 2-6 dm. long, simple or branching: leaves variable in size; 
blades ovate to suborbicular in outline, 1-5 em. long, obtuse to acutish, dentate, and often 
3-lobed, cordate; petioles shorter than the blades: peduncles solitary, surpassing the sub- 
tending leaves: calyx 2-4 mm. long ; lobes ovate, acuminate, ribbed, with the tube finally 
reflexed : petals brick-red, 4-6 mm. long: carpels nearly 1 cm. high, with erect tips. 

In dry soil, Colorado to Texas and Arizona. Spring and summer. 

9. Abutilon Texénse T. & G. Perennial, minutely but densely velvety tomentose. 
Stems erect or ascending, 3-9 dm. tall, much branched: leaves numerous ; Tisos ovate 
or ovate-lanceolate, 0.8-2 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, serrate, truncate to cordate at the 
base, prominently nerved beneath; petioles à as long as the blades or shorter : peduncles 
longer than the subtending petioles: calyx campanulate, 4-5 mm. high; lobes triangular 
or triangular-ovate, about as long as the tube, acute: petals red, 7-10 mm. long : fruit ovate 
or globose-ovoid, 6-8 mm. high : carpels with erect merely acute tips. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 


2. GAYOIDES Small. 


Perennial, often vine-like herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades 
mostly broadest below the middle, commonly toothed, often crenate, cordate: petioles 
commonly shorter than the blades. Flowers perfect, on more or less elongated axillary 
peduncles. Involucel wanting. Sepals united below. Petals 5, distinct. Carpels nu- 
merous, l-celled. Styles slender. Stigmas terminal. Ovules 2-6 in each cavity. Carpels 
membranous, bladder-like at maturity, rounded at the apex. Seeds 2-3 in each cavity. 

alyx villou 3 . G. crispum. 
QUI Miei a e z G. imberbe. 

1. Gayoides crispum (L.) Small. Velvety and more or less villous. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches diffuse, 3-7 dm. long, with diverging or ascending 
branchlets : leaf-blades ovate, 2-6 cm. long, acuminate, crenate, cordate, rominently 
nerved beneath ; petioles usually less than 3 as long as the blades: peduncles s ender, vari- 
able in length: pedicels more or less strongly refracted: calyx villous ; lobes ovate a 
triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, barely } as long as the petals: petals yellow or whitish, 
10-12 mm. long, obovate, or spatulate-obovate : fruit 1.5-2 cm. jouet carpels bladdery, 
about 12, veiny, discolored: seeds glabrous. [Abutilon crispum (L.) Medic. 

In dry or sandy soil, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Throughout the tropics. 

2. Gayoides imbèrbe (Griseb.) Small. Minutely velvety. Stems sometimes erect, 
branched at the base, the branches vine-like, diffuse or trailing, 3-9 dm. long, divergently 
branched : leaf-blades ovate, 1-5 cm. long, acute or rather obtuse, crenulate, cordate, ru- 
gose beneath ; petioles much shorter than the blades or almost wanting : peduncles com- 
monly as long as the subtending leaves or longer: pedicels finally bent at an angle : calyx 
merely velvety, not villous ; lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate : petals Teller 
or yellowish, orbicular-obovate : fruit 1.5-2 cm. thick: carpels bladdery, somewhat hispi 
above: seeds glabrous. [Abutilon crispum var. imberbe Griseb. ] 

In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys, Texas and New Mexico. Also throughout the tropics. 


3. WISSADULA Medic. 

Perennial upright herbs, resembling species of Abutilon. Leaves alternate: blades 
broadest below the middle, entire or toothed. Flowers perfect, in terminal ample, or nar 
row panicles. Involucres wanting. Sepals 5, partially united. Petals 5, yellow or 
whitish, distinct. Carpels 5, transversely 2-celled or sometimes imperfectly 2-celled or 


MALVACEAE 765 


merely constricted at the middle. Styles short. Stigmas terminal. Ovules 1 or 2 and 
horizontal, or ascending in the divergent and 2-valved upper portion, and solitary and pen- 
dulous in the lower portion. Seeds minutely pitted and often with groups of hairs. 
Plant minutely pubescent: calyx shorter than the carpels: petals less than 5 mm. long. 

1. W. periplocifolia 
Plant densely velvety-tomentose : calyx surpassing the carpels: petals over 10mm. long. 

2. W. holosericea. 

1. Wissadula periplocifólia (L.) Griseb. Plant minutely and inconspicuously 

pubescent. Stems 1-2 m. tall, paniculately branched : leaf-blades orbicular-ovate to lance- 
olate, commonly 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, entire or merely undulate, deep green and 
glabrate above, cordate: petioles as long as the blades or shorter: panicles often ample: 
calyx 2-4 mm. long, not accrescent: lobes acute: petals pale yellow, 4-5 mm. long: fruit 
5-6 mm. high, conspicuously surpassing the calyx: carpels mucronate: seeds 3-4, the 
lower one pubescent, the upper puberulent. 


On hillsides or in dry soil, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. Also in the West Indies and 
South America, and Africa. 


2. Wissadula holosericea (Scheele) Garcke. Plant densely velvety tomentose, 
heavy scented. Stems 1-2 m. tall, branching: leaf-blades ovate to suborbicular in outline, 
5-25 cm. long, acute or usually acuminate, more or less distinctly dentate and often 3-lobed, 
cordate: petioles usually shorter than the blades: peduncles solitary : calyx accrescent : 
lobes triangular-ovate, about as long as the tube, acute: petals orange-yellow, 14-18 mm. 
long: carpels pubescent, 6 mm. high, surpassed by the calyx-lobes: seeds granular- 
pitted, glabrous. 

In rocky soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


4. MODIOLA Moench. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with prostrate creeping stems or branches. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades palmately divided, angular, or lobed. Involucel of three distinct bractlets. 
Flowers perfect, inconspicuous, pedicelled, axillary. Sepals 5, united below. Petals 5, 
mostly broadest above the middle, entire. Carpels many. Styles filiform : stigmas capi- 
tate. Ovules 2, in each cavity of the transversely septate carpels. Mature carpels dis- 
posed about a central axis, 2-valved, each valve slender-tipped. Seeds reniform, two in each 
carpel, that is, 1 in each cavity. 

1. Modiola Caroliniàna (L.) G. Don. Annual or biennial, strigose or hirsute- 
Stems branched at the base, the branches spreading, 1-7 dm. long, usually branched : leaf- 
blades ovate to suborbicular in outline, pedately or palmately 3—-cleft or parted, 2-6 cm. 
long, the divisions coarsely serrate or incised : petioles shorter than the blades: peduncles 
mostly longer than the subtending petioles: bractlets of the involucels broadest above the 
middle or below it: calyx surpassing the bractlets; lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, longer than the tube: petals obovate or oval-obovate, 6-10 mm. long: carpels in 
a depressed head. [M. multifida Moench. ] 

In waste places, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also in Central and South America. Summer. 


5. MALVA L. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, usually with pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate : 
blades lobed or dissected. Flowers solitary or clustered in the axils or rarely in terminal 
spikes or racemes. Involucel of 3 or rarely 2 distinct bractlets. Sepals 5, partially united. 
Petals 5, of various colors, emarginate, sometimes eroded. Carpels many, 1-celled. Styles 

9-20, stigmatic on the inner side. Ovules solitary. Mature carpels reniform, numerous, 
indehiscent, disposed around a central axis, forming a disk-like fruit, beakless. Seeds 
ascending. Embryo circular. MALLOW. 

Corolla less than 2 em. broad : bractlets linear to lanceolate. 


Branches erect or ascending : carpels glabrous and reticulated on the back. 1. M. parviftora. 
co Branches procumbent : roe is finely Dübescant and smooth on the back. 2. M. rotundifolia. 
rolla over 2 cm. broad : bractlets oblong to ovate-lanceolate. 8. M. sylvestris. 


. Malva parvifldra L. Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems branched : 
leaf-blades reniform or suborbicular, angulately or obtusely lobed, crenate, cordate : petioles 
usually several times longer than the blades: calyx widely spreading at maturity but 
clasping the fruit in drying; lobes triangular, acute: petals whitish or purple-tinged, 
3.5-7 mm. long: fruit 7-8 mm. broad: carpels glabrous, 2-2.5 mm. long, sharply trans- 
Verse-rugose on the back, the margins slightly winged and denticulate. 


2 ane places, British Columbia to California Texas Florida and Mexico. Naturalized from 
. ummer, * 


766 MALVACEAE 


2. Malva rotundifdlia L. Annual or biennial, pubescent. Stems branched at the 
base, the branches procumbent or decumbent, 1-5 dm. long: leaf-blades orbicular to reni- 
form, 2-10 cm. broad, crenate-dentate, cordate, with 5-9 undulations or shallow lobes: 
petioles much longer than the blades: flowers in axillary clusters : calyx puberulent or 
finely pubescent ; lobes ovate or triangular-ovate, often longer than the tube, acute: petals 
light blue to white, very delicate, 9-14 mm. long: fruit 6-8 mm. broad: carpels about 15, 
finely pubescent, 1.5-2 mm. high. 

In waste places, throughout North America, except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe 
and Asia. Spring to fall. CHEESES. 

3. Malva sylvéstris L. Biennial, villous. Stems erect or ascending, 3-4 dm. tall, 
branching: leaf-blades suborbicular or reniform, 4-12 cm. broad, crenate-dentate, truncate 
or cordate at the base: petioles much longer than the blades: flowers in axillary clusters: 
bractlets oblong to ovate: calyx less villous than the pedicel ; lobes triangular or nearly 
so, shorter than the tube, acute: corolla over 2 cm. broad: petals light purple or red- 
dish purple, 2-2.5 cm. long: fruit 7-10 mm. broad : carpels about 10, reticulated, flat on 
the back, about 3 mm. high. 


In waste places, in British America, the United States and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe and 
Asia. Spring to fall. 


6. CALLIRRHOE Nutt. 


Perennial herbs, resembling species of Malva, with thick farinaceous roots. Leaves 
alternate: blades lobed or cleft, or those of the stem palmately or pedately dissected, the 
segments entire, toothed or cleft, commonly narrow. Flowers showy, pedicelled, axillary, 
or sometimes in terminal racemes. Involucel of 1-3 distinct bractlets, or wanting. Sepals 
5, united below. Petals white or pink to crimson-purple, often cuneately narrowed to the 
base or fan-shaped, sometimes erose-fimbriate. Carpels 10-20, 1-celled. Styles filiform, 
stigmatic on the inner side. Ovules solitary. Mature carpels beaked, and with a slender 
appendage below the beak, disposed around an axis forming a disk-like fruit. Seed ascend 
ing in a cavity separated from that forming the beak. Embryo curved. Poppy MALLOW. 
Perennials or probably sometimes biennials. 

Peduncles loveral-lowered. Land 1. C. triangulata. 
Peduncles 1-flowered. 
Involucels present. 
Bractlets of the involucels contiguous to the calyx. 2 
Leaf-blades with crenate or cleft-crenate lobes. 2. C. geranioides. 


Leaf-blades with remotely incised or pinnately-parted segments. 
Corolla lilac or pink: carpels 2.5-3 mm. high: leaf-blades mostly less 


a iW Bi em. broad. i "E 8. C. lineariloba. 
rolla crimson-purple or cherry-red: carpel 3.5-4 mm. h: leaf- 
blades mostly iver 5 em, pie " ^" 4. C. involucrata.~ 
Braetlets of the involucel separated from the calyx. 5. C. Papaver. 
Involucels wanting. E 
Lower petioles strigose. 6. C. alcaeoides. 
R í Lower petioles hirsute. 7. C. digitata. 
nnuals. : 
Involucel present : carpels densely pubescent, each with a short beak. 8. C. scabriuscula. 
Involucel wanting : carpels glabrous, each with a beak nearly as long as the body. 9. C. pedata. 


1. Callirrhoe triangulàta (Leavenw.) A. Gray. Perennial, from a long thick 
root, roughish pubescent. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, branched above: leaves mainly basal ; 
petioles very pubescent; blades triangular-ovate to triangular-hastate, 3-15 cm. long, 
crenate or lobed or the upper ones 3-5-cleft or parted : peduncles shorter than the bracts or 
longer: involucels of several spatulate bractlets: calyx 1.5-2 cm. broad ; lobes deltoid- 
ovate, acute, ciliate, 1-nerved: petals deep purple, 2-2.5 cm. long, undulate at the top: 
carpels 3.5-4 mm. long, pubescent, short-boaked. 

On prairies, Minnesota to Illinois, North Carolina and Texas. Spring and summer. 


2. Callirrhoe geranioides Small. Perennial, closely pubescent with very short hairs. 
Stems mostly branched at the base, the branches ascending or spreading, 1-3 dm. e x 
simple or nearly so: leaves few; blades 2-2.5 cm. broad, pentagonal in outline, 5-lo , 
or 5-cleft, cordate, the lobes cuneate, coarsely toothed or cleft, mostly rounded or obtuse ; 

tioles longer than the blades: peduncles surpassing the leaves, often 8-10 cm. a 

ractlets linear or linear-oblong, acute : calyx rather conspicuous, 10-12 mm. long, abou 
twice as long as the bractlets ; lobes lanceolate, somewhat acuminate : petals pinkish or 
pink-purple, minutely eroded at the top, 2-2.5 cm. long. 


In sandy bottoms, southern Texas. Spring and summer, 


MALVACEAE 767 


3. Callirrhoe linearíloba (T. & G.) A. Gray. Perennial, sparingly hirsute or glab- 
rate. Stems usually branched at the base, the branches spreading or decumbent, 1-5 dm. 
long: leaves few ; blades mostly less than 5 cm. broad, palmately or pedately parted, long- 
petioled, the segments narrowly linear, entire or parted : lower leaves with broader often 
cuneate segments: peduncles surpassing the leaves: bractlets linear: calyx conspicuous, 
commonly about twice as long as the bractlets ; lobes lanceolate, several-nerved: petals 
pink or lilac, often white at the base, eroded at the top: carpels 12-18, glabrous or nearly 
80, strongly reticulated, 2.5-3 mm. high. 

On plains or prairies, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 


4. Callirrhoé involucràta (Nutt.) A. Gray. Perennial, hirsute or hispid-hirsute, 
the hairs often tending to be appressed. Stems ascending or branched at the base, the 
branches spreading or procumbent, 1-8 dm. long, more or less branched: leaves several; 
blades palmately or pedately 5—7-parted, mainly 5-10 cm. broad, long-petioled, the seg-. 
ments often more or less cuneate, entire, toothed, lobed or parted : peduncles surpassing the 
leaves: bractlets linear to oblong or oblong-lanceolate: calyx conspicuous, about twice as 
. long as the bractlets ; lobes lanceolate, ribbed : petals crimson-purple to cherry-red, about 
2.5 em. long, eroded at the top: carpels 18-25, manifestly pubescent, 3.5-4 mm. high. 
On plains and sandy soil, Minnesota to Nebraska, Missouri and Texas. Spring to fall. 


5. Callirrhoe Papaver (Cass.) A. Gray. Perennial by a stout root, DE eee or 
glabrate. Stems solitary or several together, decumbent or ascending, 2-7 dm. long, 
simple or corymbose above : leaves with slender petioles; blades palmately 3-5-lobed or 
parted, the segments entire, lobed or parted, those of the basal leaves oblong, ovate or 
oblanceolate : those of the stem leaves linear or nearly so: peduncles slender, 1-3 dm. 
long : involucels usually of 3 narrow bractlets, separated from the calyx: calyx hirsute ; 
lobes lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-1.5 cm. long: petals red-purple, obo- 
"pe 2-4.5 em. long, erose-denticulate at the apex : carpels 3 mm. long, tuberculate on the 


In sandy soil, Georgia to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

6. Callirrhoe alceoides (Michx.) A. Gray. Perennial by a thick root, strigillose. 
Stems erect, 2-5 dm. tall, more or less banche at the base: basal leaves with petioles 
much longer than the blades ; blades ovate to triangular, palmately lobed or incised : stem- 
leaves with shorter petioles ; blades palmately cleft or parted into linear or linear-cuneate 
segments : flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs: calyx pubescent; lobes triangular or 
triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, less than 1 cm. long: petals pink or rose, 1-1.5 cm. long, 
erose-fimbriate at the top: carpels 4 mm. long, coarsely wrinkled on the back and sides, 
strigillose on top. 

In dry soil, Kentucky to Nebraska, Tennessee and Texas. Spring and summer. 


7. Callirrhoe digitata Nutt. Perennial by a thick root, more or less villous-hirsute 
below, glabrous above. Stems erect or decum nt, solitary or several together, 3-8 cm. 
long, corymbose above : basal leaves with petioles about as long as the blades or longer ; 

lades palmately lobed or parted or the earliér ones coarsely crenate : stem-leaves few, with 
shorter petioles ; blades palmately divided, the linear or narrow divisions usually entire, 
em. long: peduncles slender or filiform: involucels wanting: calyx nearly glabrous ; 
lobes ovate to lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long: petals red-purple, white or violet, 1.5-2 cm. 
long, erose-fimbriate : carpels nearly 4 mm. high, prominently reticulate rugose, glabrous 
or nearly so. 

In dry soil, Missouri to Kansas and Texas. Spring and summer. 

, 8. Callirrhoé scabriüscula Robinson. Annual, closely rough-tomentose with stellate 
hairs. _ Stems erect, 3-5 dm. tall, simple or nearly so: leaves several ; blades suborbicular 
in outline, 3-7 cm. in diameter, deeply palmately 3-5-cleft, the segments oblong to lanceo- 
late, obtuse, entire or few-toothed ; petioles 7-10 cm. long near the base of the stem, 
shorter above : stipules linear-lanceolate : peduncles firm, much longer than the subtending 
leaves : bractlets of the involucels linear, 4-6 mm. long: calyx about 2 cm. broad: lobes 

* lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, acuminate, 3-nerved : petals obovate, 2.5-3 cm. long: carpels 

mm. high, densely pubescent with more or less evanescent lateral walls. 

Along the Colorado River, Texas. Summer. 


9. Callirrhoé pedàta A. Gray. Annual, strigillose or glabrate. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. 
tall, simple or branched: leaves with slender petioles; blades suborbicular in outline, 
palmately 3-5-lobed, cleft or parted, the segments narrow, entire or toothed: peduncles 
Surpassing the subtending leaves: calyx glabrate or puberulent ; lobes lanceolate, 8-10 mm. 

ong, acuminate: petals red-purple or sometimes lilac or cherry-red, 2-2.5 cm. long, erose 
at the top: carpels 4 mm. long, slightly wrinkled on the sides. 

On prairies, Missouri to the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 


768 MALVACEAE 


7. MALVASTRUM A. Gray. 


Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubby plants, with pubescent foliage. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades various, narrow or broad, entire, lobed or parted. Involucels of 1-3 small 
bractlets, or wanting. F lowers perfect, axillary or in terminal spike-like racemes. Sepals 
5, partially united. Petals 5, yellow, golden or scarlet, distinct. Carpels 5 or more, 1- 
celled. Styles filiform or club-shaped. Stigmas truncate or capitate. Ovule solitary, 
ascending. Mature carpels sometimes with erect converging beaks, indehiscent or 2-valved. 
Seed filling the cavity. FALSE MALLOW. 


Annual. 1. M. angustum. 
Perennial. 
Petals yellow. 
Stems clothed with appressed or spreading hairs. 
Flowers solitary in the axils or in terminal interrupted spikes or spike-like 
racemes: stems strigose. 


Carpels 15, sometimes with an obscure tip behind the apex. 2. M. Rugelii. 
Carpels 8-12, beaked behind the apex. 8. M. Americanum, . 
Flowers in congested terminal and axillary spikes: stems hirsute. 4. M. spicatum. 
Stems clothed with very short scale-like stellate hairs. 5. M. Wrightii. 
Petals red or crimson. 
Upper leaves with entire blades. 6. M. leptophyllum. 
Upper leaves with 3-5-lobed blades. 7. M. coccineum. 


1. Malvastrum angústum A. Gray. Annual, strigose. Stems erect, 1-3 dm. tall, 
simple or with ascending branches : leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate to linear-oblong, 2-4 cm. 
jong, remotely serrate with appressed or flaring teeth: petioles much shorter than the 
blades : flowers axillary: pedicels longer than the petioles or shorter: bractlets of the in- 
volucels linear-setaceous : calyx accrescent ; tube angled ; lobes broadly triangular, acu- 
minate: petals yellow, about equalling the tips of the calyx-lobes: carpels 5-6, finely 
pubescent, reniform, finally 2-valved. 

In dry soil, Iowa to Tennessee and Kansas. Summer. 


2. Malvastum Rugélii S. Wats. Perennial, strigose or hirsute-strigillose. Stems 
erect or decumbent, 3-9 dm. long, branching : leaf-blades ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 
cm. long, usually acute, coarsely serrate, often broadly cuneate at the base: petioles as 
long as the blades or usually shorter: flowers on short axillary pedicels and crowded at the 
ends of the branches : calyx accrescent ; lobes triangular-ovate, acuminate, 3-5 mm. long, 
surpassing the tube in length : petals orange- yellow, surpassing the calyx-lobes: carpels 
about 15, hispidulous, flattened, often with an obscure tip behind the inflexed apex. 

In sand, peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 


. 3. Malvastrum Americànum (L.) Torr. Perennial, or sometimes annual northward, 
strigose with simple or 2-3-rayed hairs. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, branched : leaf-blades orbicular- 
ovate to oblong-ovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute, sharply serrate, the teeth often flaring : petioles 
3-3 as long as the blades: flowers axillary: pedicels usually solitary, shorter than the 
petioles: involucels of three bractlets: calyx accrescent ; lobes triangular, acute, longer 
than the-tube : petals light yellow, obliquely truncate, surpassing the sepals, expandin, 
about noon : carpels 8-12, conduplicate, hirsute on the top, with a beak back of the inflex 
apex and 2 beaks on the back. 

In sandy soil, Texas and Florida. Also in tropical America and on other tropical shores. Spring 
and summer. 

4. Malvastrum spicàtum (L.) A. Gray. Perennial, rough-pubescent. Stems gn 
or ascending, 3-9 dm. tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades ovate or deltoid-ovate, 
cm. long, obtuse or acutish, crenate-serrate, sometimes slightly lobed, nearly truncate e 
subcordate at the base: petioles 1-1 as long as the blades: flowers in dense terminal sp: re 
calyx densely pubescent ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, 3.5-4 mm. long: pe zi 
yellow-red, 8-11 mm. long: carpels conduplicate, 3 mm. long, hirsute on top, not t 
the tip inflexed. 

In sandy soil, Texas and Florida. Also in tropical America. 


5. Malvastrum Wrightii A. Gray. Perennial, scaly pubescent. Stems branching, 
the branches ascending, 3-6 dm. tall, rigid: leaf-blades suborbicular to ovate or dert 
long, obtuse, coarsely crenate-serrate, rounded or subcordate at the base : petioles 3 as "vd 
as the blades or equalling them in length: involucels of foliaceous ovate or Janceomee 
sometimes ar ua oce adnate to the calyx-tube: flowers nearly sessile in xpi ihe 
calyx densely scaly; lobes triangular-ovate, 5-7 mm. long, acuminate, longer t ogib- 
tube : petals pellem, 11-14 mm. long: carpels 15-20, hirsute on top, and there also 4-81 
bous, ventrally 2-pointed. 

In dry soil, usually in mesquite thickets, Texas. Summer, 


MALVACEAE 769 


6. Malvastrum leptophyllum A. Gray. Perennial, scaly pubescent with silvery 
ltate and fringed hairs. Stems usually densely branched at the base. the branches wiry : 
eaves various, the lower ones with 3-cleft or 3-parted blades and short petioles, the upper 
leaves with narrow or filiform blades: flowers few, in interrupted terminal racemes, short- 
pedicelled : calyx silvery ; lobes triangular or triangular-ovate, 2-2.5 cm. long: petals 
copper-red, about 1 cm. long: carpels 9-10, pubescent, surpassing the calyx, the back 
rounded, the sides reticulated. 

In dry soil, southern Utah to Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 

7. Malvastrum coccíneum (Pursh) A. Gray. Perennial, silvery stellate-canes- 
cent. Stems erect or ascending, usually branched at the base, the branches 1-3 dm. long: 
leaves with petioles and palmately 3-5-parted blades, the segments cuneate to linear, irreg- 
ularly toothed or incised : flowers in terminal racemes: pedicels several mm. long: calyx 
tomentose ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, about as long as the tube: petals of various shades 
of red, 11-17 mm. long: carpels 10-15, rugose-reticulated, more or less woolly. 

On prairies and plains, Manitoba and British Columbia to Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 


8. SIDA L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubby plants, with pubescent foliage. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades various, commonly relatively narrow, usually toothed, sometimes with dis- 
colored margins. Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves or some- 
times in terminal spikes or racemes. Involucels wanting or rarely of 1-3 bractlets. Sepals 
5, partially united into a usually angular base. Petals 5, of various colors, delicate. 
Carpels 5-many, l-celled. Styles filiform or nearly so. Stigmas usually capitate. Ovules 
solitary. Mature carpels disposed around an axis, unarmed, or prolonged into a single 
or double beak or spine, indehiscent or partially 2-valved. Seed pendulous, 3-angled, fill- 
ing the cavity. 

Calyx accompanied by 1-3 slender bractlets. 
etals yellow: carpels acuminate. 
Petals copper-colored : carpels obtuse. 


Calyx not accompanied by bractlets. 


S. cuneifolia. 
Calyx accrescent, membranous or scarious at maturity. 8. S. hastata. 
4 
5 


. S. Helleri. 


Calyx not acerescent. . ; 
lowers or flower-clusters in leafy involucres at the ends of the branches. . S. ciliaris. 
Flowers or flower-clusters axillary or sometimes in terminal panicles. 
Leaf-blades palmately lobed: petals white. 
Leaf-blades merely toothed : petals of various colors. 
Calyx 5-angled. 
Stems or branches decumbent or prostrate. : : 
Petals MONT over 6 mm. long, conspicuously surpassing the! 
calyx. 
Stems or branches merely canescent-puberulent : calyx-lobes 


. S. hermaphrodita. 


acute, about as long as the tube. 6. S. filiformis. 
Stems or branches with spreading hairs: calyx-lobes acumi- : 
nate, longer than the tube. ; 7. S. diffusa. 
Petals mostly less than 6 mm. long, slightly surpassing thecalyx. 8. S. supina. 
Stems erect or ascending. T 
Leaf-blades cordate. 9. S. cordifolia. 


Leaf-blades acute, rounded or truncate at the base. 
Leaf-blades ovate to cuneate or lanceolate. 
Peduncles, at least those arising from the stem, much : 
longer than the pedicels. 10. S. rhombifolia. 
Peduncles'shorter than the pedicels or only slightly longer. 
Stem-leaves with petioles less than 1 em. long. 11. S. acuta. 
Stem-leaves with petioles over 1 cm. long. 12. S. spinosa. 
Leaf-blades linear or linear-oblong. 
Peduncles, and usually both peduncle and pedicel, 
shorter than the subtending leaves. 
Calyx less than 6 mm. high at maturity. 13. S. angustifolia. 
Calyx over 8 mm. high at maturity. 
Leaf-blades and calyx with red margins. 
Leaf-blades of a narrowly linear type: mature 
e ls 4-5 mm. high. 
Leaf-blades broader: mature carpels 3-4 mm. 


high. 
— and calyx with green margins, not dis- 
Oo 


14. S. Elliottii. 
15. S. rubromarginata. 


co * 
Peduncles less than 1 cm. long. 16. S. leptophylla. 
Peduncles over 1 cm. long. 17. S. na. 

Peduncles conspicuously elongated, much surpassing the 
subtending leaves. T MR 


Calyx not angled, subglobose in the bud. 
1. Sida cuneifdlia A. Gray. Perennial, tomentulose-canescent. Stems branched at 
the base,the branches snsuiding: 2-6 dm. long, often again branched : leaf-blades cunei- 
49 


770 MALVACEAE 


form or fan-shaped, or some of them suborbicular, 7-16 mm. long, repand-dentate or cre- 
nate, closely pubescent ; stipules linear: flowers nearly sessile: calyx campanulate ; lobes 
lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, somewhat acuminate: petals yellow, 5-7 mm. long: fruit oval, 
surpassing the calyx : carpels about 5, thin-walled, acuminate, 2-beaked on dehiscing. 

In saline or partly saline soil along the Rio Grande, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 


2. Sida Hélleri Rose. Perennial, thinly cinereous-tomentose. Stems much branched 
at the base, the branches erect or spreading, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades suborbicular, 1-2 
cm. in diameter, crenate, rounded or subcordate at the base ; petioles about 4 as long as the 
blades: peduncles very short or the flowers sometimes nearly sessile: calyx campanulate ; 
lobes ovate, 6-9 mm. long, obtuse, or acutish: petals pale copper-colored, surpassing the 
calyx, slightly oblique, expanding at about 4 o’clock in the afternoon: fruit globular or 
spheroidal] : carpels obtuse. 

In sand, near Corpus Christi, Texas. Spring and summer. 

3. Sida hastata St. Hil. Perennial, hirsute or strigillose with stellate hairs. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches decumbent or prostrate, 2-7 dm. long: leaf-blades 
rather succulent, ovate, oblong or oval, 2-7 cm. long, crenate or serrate-crenate, obtuse at 
the apex, truncate or cordate at the base; petioles as long as the blades or shorter, finally 
recurving : calyx more or less hirsute, accrescent ; lobes much longer than the tube, ovate 
to suborbicular, mucronate, 6 mm. long, becoming 12 mm. at maturity, cordate, converg- 
ing, forming a 5-winged bladder in fruit: petals buff, hardly surpassing the calyx: carp 
Lu 2.5-3.5 mm. long, membranous, grooved on the back, reticulated. [S. physocalyx A. 

ray. ] 

In valleys, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Also in northern South America. Spring to fall. 

4. Sida ciliaris L. Perennial, strigose or hirsute-strigose. Stems diffusely branched 
at the base, the branches prostrate, 1-3 dm. long, more or less branched : leaf-blades oblong 
to cuneate, 1-4 em. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, serrate, especially above the middle, 
obtuse or subcordate at the base: petioles 3-8 mm. long: flowers clustered at the ends of 
the branches: pedicels slender, shorter than the subtending petioles and ciliate linear or 
spatulate stipules : calyx hirsute ; lobes triangular, about as long as the tube: petals red- 
dish purple, 6-12 mm. long: carpels 5-8, sharply reticulate-wrinkled or tuberculate on the 
back, 2-beaked at the apex. 

In sand, Florida Keys and Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to winter. 

5. Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby. Perennial, glabrous, or the young foliage 
pubescent. Stems erect, 1-4 m. tall, branched: leaf-blades 5-30 cm. in diameter, pal- 
mately 3-7-lobed, cordate, the lobes triangular, acuminate, irregularly serrate, the mi dle 
one longest; petioles shorter than the blades, at least above: peduncles corymbosely dis- 
posed: calyx softly puberulent ; lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the campanulate 
tube : petals white, obovate, rounded at the apex, 12-15 mm. long: carpels 6-7 mm. long, 
nearly glabrous, with acuminate beaks. [S. Napaea Cav. ] 

On river banks, Pennsylvania to Virginia and Tennessee. Summer and fall. 

6. Sida filifórmis Moric. Perennial, minutely canescent-puberulent. Stems several 
or many from the top of the root, simple or branched, 1-4 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate, 
lanceolate or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, crenate-dentate, truncate or subcordate at the base; 
petioles as long as the blades or somewhat shorter ; stipules subulate.: pedicels 1-2cm. long, 
much longer than the petioles: calyx becoming 5 mm. long ; tube ribbed ; lobes triangular 
or deltoid, acute, about as long as the tube: corolla yellow or yellowish white, 1-1.5 cm. 
broad : carpels about 3 mm. high, each with 2 short-subulate teeth. 

In sandy soil, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Spring and summer. 

7. Sida diffüsa H.B.K. Similar to S. filiformis in habit, but commonly somewhat 
stouter. Leaf-blades smaller and commonly narrower: calyx becoming 6-8 mm. long ; 
lobes lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, much longer than the tube : carpe 
about 3 mm. high, each with 2 short awns. 

In dry soil, southern Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. Spring and summer. 

8. Sida supina L’Her. Annual or perennial, finely tomentose. Stems branched at 
the base, the branches ascending ór prostrate, 1-6 dm. long, more or less branched : 3 
blades suborbicular to ovate, 1.2.5 cm. long, obtuse, crenate, usually cordate at the base ; 
petioles somewhat shorter than the blades: flowers axillary, not conspicuous: P iA 
very slender, shorter than the petioles : calyx slightly accrescent ; lobes acuminate, myer ba) 
than the tube: petals yellow, 4-6 mm. long, slightly exceeding the calyx: carpels oiten 
5, 2 mm. long, reticulate-wrinkled, puberulent, slightly 2-beaked at the apex. 

In sand, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies and South America. Throughout the year. 

9. Sida cordifolia L. Annual (within our range), velvety tomentose. Stems — 
6-15 dm. tall, much-branched : leaf-blades ovate or suborbicular, 4-10 cm. long, obtuse 


MALVACEAE 771 


somewhat acuminate, irregularly crenate, sometimes slightly angular, cordate at the base: 
flowers in terminal often congested racemes or panicles: pedicels shorter than the sub- 
tending petioles: calyx very densely pubescent ; tube 10-angled ; lobes triangular, longer 
than the tube: petals tawny yellow, 5-7 mm. long: carpels often 10 or 12, the body 3 mm. 
long, slightly wrinkled, tipped with 2 subulate retrorsely pubescent awns about equalling 
it in length. 

In sand, Florida Keys and about southern seaports. Spring to fall. 


10. Sida rhombifdlia L. Annual, puberulent to glabrate. Stems erect, 5-9 dm. tall, 
branching: leaf-blades rhombic, elliptic-obovate or oblanceolate, 1.5-8 cm. long, acute or 
obtuse, serrate except near the base, pubescent with pale hairs beneath; petioles 3-8 mm. 
long, sometimes with an obscure tubercle at the base: peduncles, at least those arising from 
the stem, much longer than the pedicels, mostly 1.5-4 cm. long: calyx puberulent ; tube 
finally 5-10-ribbed ; lobes triangular, acuminate, about as long as the tube: petals pale 
eae 6-7 mm. long, sometimes blotched with red at the base : .carpels 10 or 12, subulate- 

aked. 

In waste places, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. 


11. Sida acüta Burm. Annual, puberulent or glabrous. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, 
branching: leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or acu- 
minate, irregularly serrate, obtuse or subcordate at the base; petioles 3-7 mm. long; 
stipules conspicuous, narrowly linear to lanceolate, surpassing the petioles: peduncles 
mostly shorter than the pedicels, commonly 1-7 mm. long: calyx 5-10-ribbed ; lobes tri- 
angular, slightly acuminate, about as long as the tube: petals yellow to white, 6-12 mm. 
long, unequally lobed: carpels reticulate-wrinkled, 3-5 mm. long, 2-beaked on top. [S. 
carpinifolia L. f. ] 

In waste grounds, Florida to Alabama, and throughout the tropics. 


12. Sida spinósa L. Annual, minutely pubescent. Stems erect, 1-6 dm. tall, simple 
or much-branched : leaf-blades oblong to ovate, or ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1-5 
em. long, obtuse or acutish, serrate, cordate at the base or the upper ones truncate ; petioles 
slender, about 4 as long as the blades, those of the larger leaves with a spine at the base: 
flowers axillary : pedicels shorter than the subtending petioles : calyx slightly accrescent ; 
lobes triangular, acute, about as long as the tube: corolla pale yellow, 1-1.5 cm. broad : 
carpels about 5, 4 mm. long, slightly wrinkled, 2-beaked. 

In cultivated grounds, waste places and on roadsides, New York to Iowa, Florida and Texas. 
Summer. Widely distributed in the tropics. 

13. Sida angustifdlia Lam. Annual, minutely canescent. Stems more or less dif- 
fusely branched, the branches 1-6 dm. long, sometimes virgate : leaf-blades linear or nar- 
rowly lanceolate, or linear-oblong on the lower part of the stem, serrate-dentate, pale green 
above, whitish beneath, acute or nearly truncate at the base; petioles mostly 5-10 mm. 
long, with tubercle-like stipules at the base: pedicels shorter than the petioles : oye 
becoming 5 mm. high; tube sharply ribbed ; lobes triangular, slightly shorter than the 
tube, acute: corolla copper-yellow, 2-3 cm. broad : carpels about 3 mm. high. 

In dry soil, Texas to Arizona. Also in Mexico and tropical America. Spring to fall. 


14. Sida Ellisttii T. & G. Perennial, roughish pubescent or nearly glabrous. 
Stems erect, or branched at the base, the branches ascending, 3-5 dm. tall, simple or dif- 
fusely branched above: leaf-blades linear or nearly so, 2-7 cm. long, acute, serrate ; pet- 
ioles 2-4 mm. long: flowers axillary: pedicels variable in length, 4-15 mm. long: calyx 
pes ; lobes triangular, about as long as the tube, with discolored margins : corolla yel- 

ow, 2.5-3 cm. wide: carpels 8-12, 4-5 mm. long, strongly rugose-reticulated, 2-beaked. 

In sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 


15. Sida rubromarginàta Nash. Perennial, glabrous or puberulent. Stems erect, 
5-10 dm. tall, purple, much branched : leaf-blades varying from narrowly obovate, iar p 
elliptie to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, acutish, light green and purple-margined, 
serrate, above the base; petioles 3-5 mm. long: peduncles and icels shorter than the 
subtending bracts : calyx angled ; lobes triangular, about 5 mm. long, slightly acuminate, 
Somewhat longer than the tube: corolla light orange, 2.5-3.5 em. broad: carpels 8-10, 
3-4 mm. long, 2-awned at the apex, rugose-pitted on the back. 

In sand, Florida. Spring to fall. 

16. Sida leptophylla Small. Apparently perennial, thinly pubescent. Stems erect, 
over 10 dm. tall, widely branching : Tabl es thin, linear to linear-oblong, 2-10 cm. 
long, acute, sharply serrate with short flaring teeth above a short entire base, paler be- 
neath than above, obtuse or rounded at de ban} petioles 3-10 mm. long ; stipules subu- 
late-filiform : peduncles 2-8 mm. long: calyx finely pubescent ; lobes 4-5 mm. long, tri- 


772 MALVACEAE 


angular, acute, or somewhat acuminate, about as long as the tube: corolla about 2.5 cm. 
broad: fruit 6-7 mm. broad : carpels 2-ridged above, not pointed, glabrous. 

In sandy soil, Georgia to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

17. Sida Texàna (T. & G.) Small Perennial, pubescent with fine ashen hairs. 
Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, branched : leaf-blades broadly linear to linear-oblong, 2-7 cm. 
long, serrate-dentate ; petioles 3-6 mm. long: peduncles and pedicels about as long as 
the subtending bracts: calyx angled ; lobes triangular-acute, longer than the tube : corolla 

ellow, 2.5—4 cm. wide: carpels 9-12, about 3 mm. long, more or less puberulent on the 
ack, cuspidate, the sides and back coarsely rugose-reticulated. [S. Elliottii var. Texana 
T. & G., S. Lindheimeri Engelm. & Gray.] 

In dry soil, Louisiana to Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

18. Sida lóngipes A. Gray. Perennial, scabro-puberulent. Stems erect, 2-4 dm. 
tall, simple, or branching above: leaf-blades linear or narrowly-linear, 2-8 cm. long, ob- 
tuse or acutish, serrulate or serrulate-crenulate, delicately rugose, truncate or subcordate 
at the base ; petioles 3-10 mm. long: peduncles elongated, 8-20 cm. long, erect or nearly 
so, slender but not filiform: calyx nied. lobes triangular, acuminate, about as long as 
the tube: corolla orange, 3-4 cm. wide: carpels nearly 3 mm. long, glabrous, slightly 
pitted, minutely beaker. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring to fall. 

19. Sida filipes A. Gray. Perennial, velvety tomentose. Stems erect, 5-9 dm. tall, 
paniculately branched : leaf-biades narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, acutish 
or obtuse, serrate or crenate-serrate, rugose ; petioles 1-3 mm. long: peduncles filiform, 
surpassing-the leaves: flowers nodding: calyx subglobose in the bud, not angled ; lobes 
ovate, about 2 mm. long, obtuse: corolla violet-purple, about 1 cm. wide: carpels about 
7, 2.5 mm. long, pale, pitted, obtusely beaked. 

In dry soil, Texas and Mexico. Summer. 


9. MALACHRA L. 

Herbs or shrubby plants, with hispid or rigid-pubescent foliage, the hairs sometimes 
stinging. Leaves alternate: blades with angled or rounded lobes, petioled. Flowers per- 
fect, in dense axillary or terminal head-like clusters. Involucres of 3-5 bracts, often 
variegated or sometimes wanting. Sepals 5, partially united: lobes 3-nerved. Petals 
white, yellow or red. Carpels 5, 1-celled. Ovules solitary. Mature carpels 5, separating 
from the central axis, indehiscent or valvate at the ventral angle. Seeds reniform, ascend- 
ing. The plants flower throughout the year. 

Foliage densely stellate-pubescent in addition to hirsute or hispid : upper leaf-blades net lopod: at the 
Foliage merely hirsute or hispid : upper leaf-blades lobed at the base. 2. M. urens. 

1. Malachra capitàta L. Hispid, and minutely and densely pubescent with stellate 
hairs. Leaf-blades suborbicular, to ovate-orbicular, 1.5-4 cm. in diameter, crenate, or the 
lower ones sometimes palmately 3-5-lobed ; petioles shorter than the blades : flower-clusters 
peduncled : bracts of involucres variegated with white and purple, rather conspicuous, the 
outer suborbicular, the inner broadly ovate, acute: calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, obtuse: 
petals yellow: carpels 3 mm. long, nearly glabrous, slightly shorter than the calyx-lobes., 

In dry soil, Texas and Mexico. Also in tropical America. 

2. Malachra ürens Poit. Hispid, usually without fine stellate hairs. Leaf-blades 
ovate or lanceolate, angulately 3-5-lobed or somewhat hastate with rounded basal Dore 
3-10 cm. long, dentate, truncate or rarely cordate at the base; petioles shorter than the 
blades: flower-clusters nearly sessile or short-peduncled : bracts of the involucres triangu; h 
or hastate, long-acuminate, ciliate-dentate, the base or often the whole surface variegated wit 
purple: calyx-lobes subulate-tipped : petals red: carpels 3-3.5 mm. long, puberulent or 
glabrate, much surpassed by the calyx-lobes. 

In sand, Keys of Florida. Also in the West Indies. 


10. URENA L. 2 
Shrubs or shrubby herbs, with rigid branches and pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: 
blades angled or lobed. Flowers perfect, often inconspicuous, sessile or short-peduncled, 
in the axils of the leaves, sometimes clustered. Involucres wanting. Involucels of 5 more 
or less united bractlets. Sepals 5, united below, often adnate to the involucel. E etals 5 
yellowish or purplish. Carpelsl-celled. Stigmas capitate. Ovules solitary, ascending. 
Mature carpels separating from the central axis, indehiscent, bristly with barbed awns, thus 
forming a bur-like fruit, or sometimes unarmed. 


MALVACEAE 773 


1. Urena lobata L. Shrubby, tomentose. Leaf-blades orbicular-reniform, subor- 
bicular or oval on the upper part of the stem, shallowly 3—5-lobed, serrulate, cordate or 
rounded at the base, whitish and prominently nerved beneath; petioles shorter than the 
blades : peduncles axillary, several mm. long: bractlets of the involucel 5-7, linear-lance- 
olate, 3-5 mm. long: calyx about as long as the bractlets or shorter; lobes often ovate, 
acute: petals pink or rose-colored, about 2 cm. long, very delicate: carpels subglobose, 
4-5 mm. in diameter, bristly. 


In waste places, Florida. Naturalized from the West Indies, but originally from India. Through- 
out the year. 


11. PAVONIA Cav. 

Shrubs or shrubby herbs, with pubescent foliage. Stems usually upright. Leaves 
alternate, stipulate: blades angled or lobed. Flowers perfect, commonly solitary on axil- 
lary pedicels. Involucels of 5-15 bractlets. Sepals 5, partially united. Petals 5, of 
various colors. Carpels 5, l-celled. Styles 10. Stigmas capitate. Ovules solitary. Ma- 
ture carpels separating from the axis, 1-3-beaked on the back, or unarmed, rarely 2-winged, 
indehiscent or more or less deeply 2-valved. Seeds solitary, ascending. The plants flower 
from spring to fall or throughout the year. 

Carpels awnless and pointless. 
f-blades hastate: petals blotched at the base. 1. P. hastata. 

Leaf-blades ovate to orbicular-ovate: petals not blotched. 2. P. lasiopetala. 
Carpels 3-awned or 2-3-horned. 

Leaf-blades toothed : bractlets 5: carpels with 2 lateral awns. 8. P. spinifex. 

Leaf-blades nearly entire: bractlets 9-11: carpels with 2 lateral cusps. 4. P. racemosa. 

1. Pavonia hastàta Cav. A much branched, shrubby plant, 1-2 m. tall, the foliage 
roughish-canescent. Leaf-blades hastate or ovate-hastate, acutish, crenate-dentate, 2-5 cm. 
long, cordate ; petioles much shorter than the blades : peduncles much longer than the pet- 
ioles: bractlets of the involucels 5-6, ovate to obovate, 4-5 mm. long, slightly united at the 
base: calyx about as long as the bractlets; lobes broadly ovate, short-acuminate : petals 
obovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, pale red with a dark blotch at the base, delicately striped : car- 
pels obovate, 4.5-5 mm. long, prominently reticulated, without either awns or tips. 

Insandy soil, Georgia. Naturalized from South America. Spring to fall. 

2. Pavonialasiopétala Scheele. A branching shrubby plant 4-12 dm. tall, the foliage 
velvetytomentose. Leaf-blades ovate to suborbicular, 2-8 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, dentate 
or crenate-dentate, paler beneath than above, cordate; petioles as long as the blades or 
nearly so: peduncles as long as the petioles or longer: bractlets of the involucels linear, 
1-1.5 cm. long: calyx shorter than the bractlets; lobes ovate, acuminate, 3-5-nerved : 
petals pink, 1.5-2 cm. long, glabrous or pubescent, often undulate : carpels 5-6 mm. long, 
pointless, more or less strongly reticulated. [P. Wrightii A. Gray.] 

In dry and rocky woods, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 

. 9. Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav. A branching shrub, 1-3 m. tall, with hirsute and 
strigillose foliage. Leaf-blades membranous, ovate or oblong-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acute or 
somewhat acuminate, more or less distinctly doubly crenate-dentate, truncate or subcordate 
at the base; petioles densely pubescent, shorter than the blades: peduncles axillary, much 
longer than the petioles : bractlets of the involucel 5, linear to lanceolate, acute, nearly 1 
cm. long: calyx about as long as the bractlets ; lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate : m 
als yellow, 2.5 cm. long, rather cuneate : carpels 5-6 mm. high, with 1 medial and 2 lat- 
eral retrorsely barbed awns. 

In sandy soil, near the coast, South Carolina to Florida. Naturalized from tropical America. 

.*. Pavonia racemósa L. A sparingly-branched, shrubby plant ranging from 1-3 
m. in height, the foliage more or less densely puberulent. Leaf-blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 

15 cm. long, acuminate, remotely serrate or repand, rounded or subcordate at the base, 
ipomunentiy 3-nerved beneath ; petioles shorter an the blades: racemes terminal, pens d 

lowered : bractlets of the involucels 6-8, oblong-lanceolate, 9-11 mm. long: calyx equal- 

ling the bractlets or longer ; lobes ovate, acute, thickish: petals twice as long as the calyx, 

nish yellow or whitish, finely pubescent without: carpels about 1 cm. long, reticu- 
ted on the back, with a medial crest and 2 lateral cusps. 

In or near swamps, Florida and tropical America. 


12, MALVAVISCUS Dill. 
Shrubs, trees, or shrubby herbs, commonly with hispid foliage. Leaves alternate: 
blades entire, toothed or rarely angulately lobed, petioled. Involucels of 7-12 narrow 
bractlets, Flowers perfect, on axillary peduncles. Sepals 5, partially united. Petals 5, 


774 MALVACEAE 


often red, inequilateral, each with a lateral auricle. Ovary 5-celled. Styles 2-parted, the 
branches thus 10. Stigmas capitate. Ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit berry-like, by 
the union of the fleshy carpels. 

1. Malvaviscus Drummóndii T. & G. Perennial, tomentulose. Stems erect, 8-19 
dm. tall, simple or more or less widely branched : leaf-blades suborbicular in outline, angu- 
lately 3-lobed, crenate, cordate, dark green above; petioles shorter then the blades: 
peduncles axillary, about as long as the subtending petioles: bractlets of the involucels 
narrowly spatulate : calyx about as long as the bractlets; lobes ovate, shorter than the 
tube: petals vermilion, 2.5 cm. long: fruit berry-like, 1 cm. in diameter, red, subglobose : 
carpels finally separable. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


13. HIBISCUS L. 


Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees, various in habit. Leaves alternate: blades entire, 
lobed or parted : petioles commonly subtended by stipules. Flowers perfect, showy, on 
short axillary peduncles. Involucel of several, or rarely 3-5 distinct or united bractlets. 
Sepals 5, more or less united. Petals 5, of various colors, often blotched. Ovary 5-celled, 
sessile : styles 5, usually spreading: stigmas capitate or peltate. Ovules 2-many in each 
cavity. Capsules oblong to globose, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds of various 
shapes, glabrous or pubescent. Rose MALLOW. 


Bractlets of the involucels distinct. 
Calyx persistent, not spathe-like. 
Corolla cylindric, or only the tips of the petals slightly spreading: seeds woolly. 


l. H. tubiflorus. 
Corolla with more or less widely spreading petals: seeds glabrous or hirsute. 

Calyx fitting closely to the capsules. : 
Sepals united only at the base, spreading. 2. H. cardiophyllus. 
Sepals partially united into a campanulate tube. ^ 

Shrub or small tree. 3. H. Syriacus. 
Herbs, bey perennial. 
Bractlets oo“ or forked at the apex, often with 2 lateral seg- 
ments. 
Foliage finely tomentose. 4. H. furcellatus. 
Foliage híspidulous. 5. H. aculeatus. 
Bractlets entire, not dilated at the apex. 
Foliage variously pubescent. 
Leaf-blades strigose or with plush-like pubescence above : : 
bractlets conspicuously ciliate. 6. H. lasiocarpus. 
Leaf-blades glabrate or densely velvety above: bractlets 
merely pubescent. 3 
Leaf-blades about as broad as long. strongly lobed. 7. H. grandiforus. 
ms erc mE longer than eee, nee y toothed, 
- es glabrous or nearly so above: capsules 
labris 7 re 8. H. Moscheutos. 
Leaf-blades densely velvety above: capsules hispid. . 9. H. incanus. 
Foliage glabrous. i 
Leaf-blades parted into 5-7 segments. 10. H. coccineus. 
Leaf-blades merely toothed or lobed. * ifoli 
Calyx-lobes longer than the tube. 11. H. integrifolius, 
: Calyx lobes shorter than the tube. 12. H. militaris. 
Calyx inflated and bladder-like, enclosing the smaller capsule. 13. H. Trionum. 
rx spathe-like, splitting on one side and deciduous. 
ractlets oblong or oblong-lanceolate. 14. H. Manihot. 
Bractlets narrowly linear. 15. H. ei : 
Bractlets of the involucels united into a cup with 8-10 lobes. 16. H. tiliaceus. 


. 1. Hibiscus tubiflòrus DC. A branching shrub 3-18 dm. tall, with stellular- 
hirsute foliage. Leaf-blades triangular-ovate or angulately 3-lobed, 1-4 cm. long, yr 
or acutish, serrate-dentate, truncate or cordate at the base; petioles shorter than ud 
blades : peduncles as long as the subtending petioles or longer, recurving: bractlets As e 
involucel about 10, linear or nearly so, 7-9 mm. long, hispid : calyx slightly longer than 
the bractlets ; lobes triangular or triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as t 
tube: corolla crimson, 2-2.5 em. long, cylindric, or the petals with slightly spreading 
tips: capsule over 1 cm. long: seeds woolly. 

In woods, Florida Keys, also in Mexico and the West Indies. Throughout the year. 

2. Hibiscus cardiophyllus A. Gray. Perennial from a woody base, rough sad 
tomentose. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, usually branched: leaf-blades ovate to suborbica d 
more or less constricted above the middle, thus somewhat 3-lobed, 3-8 cm. long, et fi va 
acutish, dentate, prominently nerved beneath, cordate ; petioles about as iong the pe 
or shorter : bractlets of the involucel about 10, 1.5 cm. long, with lanceolate blades : : 
surpassing the involucel ; lobes lanceolate, sometimes broadly so, acute, 3-ribbed an 


MALVACEAE 775 


ticulated, nearly distinct : petals deep pink or vermilion, 2.5-3 cm. long, oblong-obovate, 
spreading : capsule shorter than the calyx, and closely invested by it : seeds puberulent. 

In dry soil or rocky places, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 

3. Hibiscus Syriacus L. A branching shrub or small tree 1-6 m. tall, with minutely 
stellate-pubescent young foliage. Leaf-blades firm, oblong-ovate, elliptic or oval in out- 
line, more or less deeply 3-lobed, 3-12 cm. long, coarsely crenate, cuneate at the base ; pet- 
ioles much shorter than the blades: peduncles usually less than 1 cm. long: bractlets of 
the involucels linear to linear-spatulate, 1-2 cm. long : calyx longer than the bractlets or 
shorter ; lobes triangular-ovate, about as long as the tube: petals spt pink or white, with 
a crimson blotch at the base, 4-7 cm. long, undulate: capsule oblong-ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. 
long, pinched at the apex, stellate-pubescent, surpassing the calyx. 

In various situations, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 
SHRUBBY ALTHAEA. RÓSE-OF-SHARON. 

4. Hibiscus furcellàtus Lam. A branching shrubby plant, with grayish finely 
tomentose foliage. Leaf-blades orbicular-ovate to ovate or lanceolate, 5-15 cm. Jong, angu- 
late or 3-5-lobed, or the upper ones hastate, denticulate, or crenate-serrate, paler beneath 
than above, cordate at the base; petioles longer than the blades or shorter above : pe- 
duncles mostly shorter than the subtending petioles: bractlets of the involucel narrow, 
about å as long as the calyx at maturity, dilated and forked at the s ye not bristly : calyx 
becoming 2.5-3 cm. long; lobes lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, longer than the tube, 
with stout lateral nerves and midrib and prominent connecting nerves: corolla 8-10 cm. 
long, yellow: capsule nearly as long as the calyx, densely strigose with lustrous hairs. 

In sand, shores of the Indian River, Florida. Naturalized from the West Indies and South Amer- 
ica. Throughout the year. 

5. Hibiscus aculeàtus Walt. Perennial, herbaceous, the foliage wy rough-pu- 
bescent. Stems 1-2 m. tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades 4-12 cm. in 
diameter, the lower ones angulate or 3-5-lobed, the upper ones 3-5-parted, the segments 
linear to oblanceolate, coarsely toothed or incised ; petioles'as long as the blades or shorter : 
peduncles shorter than the subtending petioles: bractlets of the involucels 10-12, linear, 
about 1.5 cm. long, forking, bristly: calyx surpassing the bractlets ; lobes lanceolate, 
acuminate, bristly, 3-nerved: petals 7-8 cm. long, yellow or cream-colored with a dark 
purple blotch at the base : capsule conic-ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long, acuminate. 

In sand, often near swamps, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 

6. Hibiscus lasiocárpus Cav. Perennial, with densely pubescent foliage. Stems 
1-2 m. tall, tomentose, sometimes branched above: leaf-blades ovate, 5-14 cm. long, 
acuminate, more or less distinctly serrate-dentate, sometimes angulately lobed, densely 
strigose above with lustrous hairs, softly tomentose beneath, rounded or cordate at the 
base; petioles shorter than the blades: peduncles much shorter than the subtending 
peo: bractlets of the involucel 2-3 cm. long, linear-subulate, bristly : calyx about as 
ong as the bractlets or shorter; tube campanulate ; lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, longer than the tube : petals 6-8 cm. long, pink with a purple or crimson blotch at the 

: capsule hirsute. 

In swamps, Illinois and Missouri to Georgia and Texas. Summer and fall, 

7. Hibiscus grandifldrus Michx. Perennial, with soft velvety-tomentose foliage. 
Stems erect, 1-2 m. tall, solitary or several together, soon glabrous : leaf-blades 1-3 dm. in 
diameter, mostly broader than long, hastately 3-lobed, bright green above, whitish beneath, 
truncate or cordate at the base; Fia triangular or triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate, 
irregularly toothed ; petioles usually shorter than the blades: peduncles 4-8 cm. long: 
bractlets of the involucels linear, 2-3 cm. long: calyx about twice as long as the bractlets ; 
tube campanulate ; lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, as long as the tube or longer: petals 
12-15 em. long, pale pink with a reddish blotch at the base. 

In marshes, chiefly near the coast, Georgia to Florida and Mississippi. Spring to fall. 

8. Hibiscus Moscheütos L. Perennial, velvety tomentose, or some parts glabrate. 
Stems 1-2 m. tall, often clustered : leaf-blades lanceolate to broadly ovate, 1-2 dm. long, 
acuminate, dentate-serrate, rounded or subcordate at the base, some often angulately 3-5- 
lobed, glabrous or nearly so above; petioles shorter than the blades: peduncles usually 
corymbosely disposed : bractlets of the involucel linear, 1.5-2 cm. long: calyx surpassing 
the bractlets ; tube campanulate ; lobes triangular-ovate, acuminate, shorter than the tube : 

tals pink with a crimson blotch at the base, 10-12 cm. long: capsule ovoid, 2.5 cm. 
ong, glabrous. 

In swamps, chiefly near the coast, Ontario to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. MALLOW 

E. SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW. : 
. 9. Hibiscus incànus Wendl. Perennial, velvety tomentose with pale hairs. Stems 
solitary or clustered, 1-2 m. tall: leaf-blades broadly ovate to broadly lanceolate, 5-15 em, 


776 MALVACEAE 


long, acuminate, serrate-dentate, rounded or subcordate at the base, greenish above and 
densely velvety tomentose and whitish below ; petioles shorter than the blades: peduncles 
corymbose or racemose: bractlets of the involucel linear, 1.5-2 cm. long: calyx surpassing 
the bractlets ; tube campanulate ; lobes ovate to triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, ribbed, 
shorter than the tube: petals white, sulphur yellow or pinkish, with a crimson blotch at 
the base, 8-10 cm. long : capsule ovoid, 2.5-3 cm. long, hispid. 

In swamps, chiefly near the coast, Maryland to Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 


10. Hibiscus coccineus Walt. Perennial, glabrous. Stems 1-3 m. tall, simple or 
branching, glaucous: leaf-blades 5-parted (or the upper ones 3-parted or 3-lobed), the 
segments linear to lanceolate, 4-25 cm. long, coarsely toothed or incised, long-acuminate ; 
petioles as long as the blades or shorter: bractlets of the involucels 2.5-3 cm. long, curved : 
calyx large, 4-5 cm. long; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube: petals 
crimson or deep-red, spatulate-obovate, 8-12 cm. long, rounded at the apex : capsule 2-2.5 
cm. long, acute. 

In swamps near the coast, Georgia and Florida. Summer. 


11. Hibiscus integrífólius (Chapm.) Small. Perennial, glabrous. Stems 1-2 m. tall, 
simple or sparingly branched: leaf-blades orbicular or ovate in outline, 8-15 cm. in 
diameter, 3—5-lobed, coarsely serrate, cordate, the lobes acuminate or the lateral ones 
angular: bractlets of the involucel about 2-2.5 cm. long, linear: calyx large, 4-5 cm. 
long ; lobes lanceolate, acute, much longer than the tube: petals crimson, 8-10 cm. long, 
wet onde or cuneate-spatulate. [H. coccineus var. integrifolius Chapm. H. semilobatus 

apm. 

In deep swamps, eastern Florida. Spring to fall. 

12. Hibiscus militàris Cav. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stems 1-2 m. tall, 
more or less branched : leaf-blades ovate or broadly lanceolate in outline, 6-16 cm. long, 
some or all hastately 3-5-lobed, serrate-dentate, truncate or cordate at the base, the lobes 
acute or acuminate; petioles as long as the blades or shorter : peduncles shorter than the 
subtending petioles: bractlets of the involucels numerous, linear, 1.5-2 cm. long: calyx 
accrescent; tube campanulate ; lobes ovate, shorter than the tube, acuminate : petals pink 
uico purple blotch at the base, 5-8 cm. long: capsule 1.5-2.5 cm. long, abruptly 
pointed. 

d river banks, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summerand fall. SWEATING- 

13. Hibiscus Tribnum L. Annual, more or less hispid. Stems branching at the 
base, the branches spreading, 1-4 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate to suborbicular in outline, 
pedately 3-5-lobed or parted: the divisions coarsely toothed or incised, the teeth obtuse : 
peduncles shorter than the subtending petioles: bractlets of the involucels linear, about 1 
cm. long: calyx longer than the bractlets ; lobes triangular, prominently nerved, shorter 
than the tube: petals pale yellow or whitish with a purple or brown-purple blotch at the 
base, 2.5-4 cm. long, broadly spatulate: capsule ovoid-globose, about 1.5 cm. high, ea 
surrounded by a bladder-like calyx. 

In waste places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Florida. Native of Europe. Summer and fall. 


14. Hibiscus Manihot L. Annual, stout, glabrous, or the young foliage bristly. Stems 
usually 2 m. tall, or taller: leaves ample; blades 1-4 dm. in diameter, palmately or pedately 
5-9-lobed, the lobes coarsely toothed, incised or lobed ; petioles commonly about as long a5 
the blades: peduncles club-shaped, 3-6 cm. long: bractlets of the involucel oblong-lance- 
olate 1.5-2.5 cm. long: calyx persistent; lobes lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate : pene 
suborbicular, yellow or straw-colored, blotched with purple at the base: capsule oblong- 
prismatic, 4-8 cm. long, hispid. 

In waste places and on banks or in cultivated grounds, Florida to Texas. Naturalized from Asia. 

15. Hibiscus esculéntus L. Annual, more or less densely hirsute. Stems 1-2 m. 
tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaves ample ; blades 1-3 dm. broad, palmately or ped- 
ately 5-7-lobed, the lobes ovate to lanceolate or oblanceolate, coarsely toothed or inc ; 

tioles often about as long as the blades: peduncles short, 1-3 cm. long : bractlets of the 
involucels linear, bristly, 1.5 cm. long: calyx campanulate ; lobes 1-2 cm. long: pe 
yellowish and red or purple at the base, broad, 2-4 cm. long: capsule columnar, angled, 
9-21 cm. long, tapering at the apex. nited States. 

In waste places, gardens and culti utheastern U 
Introduced trom hice and the Went n io egg «ipd coc Modo" 

_ 16. Hibiscus tiliAceus L. A shrub or small tree, with velvety tomentose young 
foliage. Leaf-blades suborbicular, 1-2 dm. in diameter, shallowly toothed, abruptly acu- 
minate, deeply cordate, prominently nerved beneath ; petioles as long as the blades oF 
shorter : A SARA stout, as long as the calyx or longer: bractlets of the involucel y 


! MALVACEAE 777 
united into a calyx-like cup with triangular teeth : calyx accrescent ; lobes lanceolate or 
triangular-lanceolate, longer than the tube, acute or acuminate: petals yellow, 5-6 cm. 
long, pubescent without: capsule oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, abruptly apiculate. 

In sandy soil, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies. Spring to fall. 


14. KOSTELETZKYA Presl. 

Perennial herbs, or shrubby plants, with erect branching stems, and often pubescent 
foliage. Leaves alternate: blades angularly lobed, or sometimes sagittate, petioled. 
Flowers perfect, axillary, or in terminal racemes or panicles. Involucels of 7-10 bractlets 
or sometimes almost wanting. Sepals 5, more or less united. Petals 5, of various colors. 
Ovary 5-celled: styles 5, slender, spreading: stigmas capitate. Ovule solitary in each 
cavity. Capsule 5-angled, depressed, opening loculicidally. Seeds solitary in each cavity, 
reniform. 


Folige glabrous or barely puberulent, not markedly pubescent. 1. K. smilacifolia. 
Foliage copiously pubescent. 
Calyx canescent : leaf-blades scabro-pubescent, 2. K. Virginica. 
Calyx hirsute as well as canescent: leaf-blades velvety. 3. K. althaeifolia. 


1. Kosteletzkya smilacifólia A. Gray. Foliage nearly glabrous. Stems 0.5-1 m. 
tall, somewhat puberulent and often slightly pubescent: leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, those 
above the base of the stem hastate, with a linear-lanceolate or linear entire or denticulate 
middle lobe and linear or nearly linear reflexed entire toothed or basal lobes ; petioles 
mostly 1-3 cm. long: calyx minutely canescent ; lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute 
or slightly acuminate, about as long as the bractlets : petals 2.5-3.5 cm. long : capsules his- 
pid, about 1 cm. broad, much depressed, surpassed by the sepals: seeds glabrous or ob- 
scurely woolly. 

In low grounds, southern peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. 

2. Kosteletzkya Virginica (L.) A. Gray. Foliage pubescent with stellate hairs 
but not velvety, often scabrous. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, branching : leaf-blades 3-15 cm. 
long, ovate to ovate-hastate, serrate-dentate, the lateral lobes triangular, acute: panicles 
leafy : bractlets of the involucels linear: calyx canescent; lobes lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 6-8 mm. long: petals pink or purple, 2-4 cm. long, 
rounded at the apex : capsules about 10 mm. broad, hirsute at maturity : seeds glabrous 
or obscurely woolly. 

In marshes along the coast, New York to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

3. Kosteletzkya althaeifdlia (Chapm.) A. Gray. Foliage mainly velvety pubes- 
cent. Stems 1-2 dm. tall, hirsute, the branches ascending: leaf-blades ovate to ovate- 
lanceolate or nearly lanceolate above, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, irregularly dentate, the 
lower ones angularly 3-lobed, cordate, the upper ones truncate or subcordate at the base : 
bractlets of the involucel linear-subulate, 8-11 mm. long: calyx hirsute as well as canes- 
cent; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, surpassing the involucel: petals pink, about 4 cm. 
long: capsules 12-15 mm. broad, hirsute-hispid : seeds glabrous, striate-lineolate. 

In marshes near the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


15. THESPESIA Soland. 

Shrubs or trees, resembling species of Hibiscus. Leaves alternate: blades entire or 
merely angularly lobed, commonly ample, usually cordate, petioled. Flowers perfect, 
showy. Involucels of 3-5 narrow deciduous bractlets. Sepals 5, more or less united, 
commonly wholly so. Petals 5, of various.colors. Ovary sessile, 5-celled : styles 5, united 
or rarely distinct : stigmas decurrent on the styles. Ovules few in each cavity. Capsule 
firm, woody-leathery, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved or indehiscent. Seeds several in each 
cavity, glabrous or pubescent. 

1. Thespesia popülnea a] Soland. An evergreen shrub or a low tree. Leaf- 
blades leathery, ovate, 5-12 cm. ong, acute or acuminate, undulate, cordate ; petioles 
shorter than the blades : peduncles stout, shorter than the subtending petioles: bract- 
lets of the involucels linear, early deciduous: calyx cup-shaped, entire: petals 5-7 cm. 
long: capsule 3-4.5 cm. wide: seeds veiny, appressed-pubescent. 

In sand, Florida Keys and throughout the tropics. 


16. CIBNFUBGOSIA Cav. 
A Shrubs or shrubby herbs, resembling species of Hibiscus. Leaves alternate: blades 
entire or lobed, petioled. Involucels of 3-many narrow bractlets. Flowers perfect, soli- 


778 MALVACEAE 


tary on axillary peduncles. Sepals 5, united below. Petals 5, usually yellow. Ovary 
sessile, 3-4-celled : styles united into a 3-4-grooved column : stigmas 3-4. Ovules 3-8 in 
each cavity. Capsule loculicidally 3-4-valved. Seeds few or numerous, usually woolly. 
The plants flower from spring to fall or throughout the year. 


Leaf-blades entire or 3-lobed : bractlets subulate. 1. C. heterophylla. 
Leaf-blades coarsely toothed : bractlets broadened upward. 2. C. sulphurea. 


1. Cienfuegosia heterophylla ( Vent.) Garcke. Stems erect or decumbent, 1-5 dm. 
long, glabrous, the branches erect or spreading : leaf-blades linear-oblong varying to lanceo- 
late or rarely obovate, 1.5-5 em. long, entire or three-lobed ; petioles rarely } as long as 
the blades : peduncles shorter than the blades or longer, gradually enlarged under the 
calyx: bractlets of the involucels linear-subulate, 1-5 mm. long: calyx glandular ; lobes 
lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long, acuminate: petals yellow and purple-blotched at the base, 
1.5-2 cm. long: capsules oblong or oval-oblong, about 1 cm. long, abruptly pointed. 

In sand, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies and Brazil. 


2. Cienfuegosia sulphirea (St. Hil.) Garcke. Stems glabrous or scurfy at the nodes, 
branched at the base, the branches 1-5 dm. long: leaf-blades broadly oblong to subor- 
bicular, 3-7 cm. long, obtuse, repand or repand-lobed, rounded or truncate at the base; 
oe about 3 as long as the blades : peduncles about as long as the petioles or longer: 

ractlets of the involucels linear to linear-spatulate: calyx glandular; lobes lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-13 mm. long: petals greenish yellow, or sulphur-colored and 
brown at the base, 1-2 cm. long : capsules subglobose, or oval-globose, 1 cm. in diameter. 


In sandy soil, Texas. Also in Brazil and Paraguay. 


17. GOSSYPIUM L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs or trees, with erect branching stems. Leaves 
alternate : blades palmately lobed, or rarely entire, thickish, petioled. Involucel of 3 
large cordate toothed or incised bracts. Flowers showy, on axillary peduncles. Sepals 5, 
united into a cup-like calyx. Petals 5, white or yellowish, often turning pink or magenta. 
Ovary sessile, 5-celled: styles united intoa five-grooved column. Ovules numerous in each 
cavity. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, leathery. Seeds various, usually densely clothed 
with long white hairs. Corron. 


Seeds 4-5 mm. broad, glabrous, that is, completely separable from the wool: lobes of the leaf-blades 
mostly longer than the git SA 1. G. Bari 
Seeds 6-7 mm. broad, woolly: lobes of the leaf-blades mostly shorter than the body. 
Wool white: plants herbaceous: foliage if pubescent, hirsute. 2. G. herbaceum. 
Wool tawny: plants shrubby : foliage closely pubescent with very short hairs. 8. G. religiosum. 


1. Gossypium Barbadénse L. Annual or perennial, glabrous. Stems often 2 m. 
tall or more, widely branching: leaf-blades 1-2 dm. in diameter, with 3-5 lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate acuminate lobes which are longer than the body of the blade; petioles 
shorter than the blades : peduncles 1-2 cm. long: bractlets of the involucels 2-6 cm. long, 
pectinate-laciniate, cordate : petals 5-10 em. long: capsules ovoid, acute, 3.5-5 cm. long, 
containing white cotton : seeds smooth and glabrous, completely separating from the cotton. 

In sandy soil, especially near the coast, North Carolina to Florida, and in tropical America. 
Throughout the year. SEA-ISLAND COTTON. , 

2. Gossypium herbàceum L. Annual, or perennial in the extreme South, degere: 
or pubescent with spreading hairs. Stems widely branching, 3-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1— 
dm. in diameter, with 3-5 triangular or ovate lobes, mostly shorter than the body of - 
blade ; petioles about as long as the blades or shorter: peduncles 1-3 cm. long: bractlets 
the involucels pectinate-laciniate: petals surpassing the involucel, white, turning ink oF 
purple: capsules subglobose, containing white cotton : seeds ciothed with a close woolly coat. 

- In fields and waste places, Virginia and Arkansas to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall, 
hroughout the year in southern Florida. CoMMON COTTON. 

3. Gossypium religiosum Roxb. Annual, shrubby, closely pubescent with very 
short hairs. Stems ya tall, branching : leaf-blades 378 cm. diameter, angular, 0 
with 3 triangular or ovate lobes; petioles mostly shorter than the blades : peduncles iy 
em. long: bracts of the involucels 2-3 em. long, pectinate-lacerate : petals 3-6 cm. Ong- 
~~ 2-2.5 cm. high, containing tawny cotton: seeds with a close persistent woo" y 
coa: 


Along the coast, Florida and Texas. Alsoin the West Indies and other parts of tropical America. 


BUETTNERIACEAE 719 


FAMILY 3. BUETTNERIACEAE H.B.K. CHOCOLATE FAMILY. 


Shrubs, trees or herbs, often resembling Malvaceae in habit. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades simple, entire or toothed. Flowers mostly perfect, regular, in 
spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx of 5 distinct or nearly distinct sepals. Co- 
rolla of 5 distinct petals, or wanting. Androecium of as many fertile stamens as 
there are sepals and alternate with them, or numerous: filaments sometimes ag- 
gregated into groups : anthers with 2 or 8 parallel sacs, opening extrorsely. Gyn- 
oecium of 5 united carpels or rarely of 1 carpel. Ovary 5-celled or 1-celled. 
Styles distinct or united. Ovules few or several, ascending or horizontal. Fruit 
a capsule or follicle. 


Corolla present. 
Petals with flat blades. 
Gynoecium of 5 united carpels: styles 5, not eccentric: stigmas capitate. 


Staminodia wanting: ovules several in each cavity : embryo curved. 1, HERMANNIA. 
Staminodia present : ovules 2 in each cavity : embryo straight. 
Involucel wanting : capsule pyramidal, loculicidal. . 2. MELOCHIA. 
Involueel of 30r more bractlets: capsule globose, loculicidal and sep- 
ticidal. 8. RIEDLEA. 
Gynoecium of a single carpel: style 1, eccentric: stigma brush-like. 4. WALTHERIA. 
Petals with hooded blades. 
Ovary stipitate: petals appendaged. 5. AYENIA. 
Ovary sessile: petals unappendaged. 6. NEPHROPETALUM. 
Corolla wanting. 7. FIRMIANA. 


1. HERMÁNNIA L. 

Shrubs or shrubby herbs, with more or less pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades 
toothed. Flowers perfect, in axillary cymes. Involucel wanting. Sepals 5, nearly distinct. 
Petals 5, broadened upward: claws involute. Stamens 5, not accompanied by staminodia : 
filaments united at the base : anthers sometimes with tapering sacs. Ovary 5-celled : styles 
nearly distinct, converging. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule 5-celled, locu- 
licidal. Seeds reniform. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo curved, with narrow cotyledons. 

l. Hermannia Texàna A. Gray. Shrubby, 5-12 dm. tall, the foliage tomentose- 
canescent with stellate hairs. Leaf-blades suborbicular to ovate or oval, 1.5-6 cm. long, 
rounded at the apex, serrate or dentate, mostly subcordate at the base: peduncles axillary, 
1-1.5 em. long, few-flowered: pedicels shorter than the peduncles, becoming recurved : 
sepals lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate: corolla dull scarlet: petals crimson, 7-9 mm. 
long: capsules globose, short-stalked, 10-12 mm. long, villous-tomentose, each valve with 
a filiform crest on the back. 

In dry or rocky soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


2. MEBLÓCHIA L. 

Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees, mostly pubescent with stellate and often simple hairs. 
Leaves alternate: blades toothed. Involucel wanting. Sepals 5, united below. Petals 5, 
convolute, flat, early withering. Stamens 5: filaments more or less united into a cup, 
sometimes with as many tooth-like staminodia. Ovary 5-celled, sessile or nearly so: styles 
5, distinct, at least above: stigmas club-shaped. Ovules mostly 2 in each cavity. Cap- 
sule pyramidal, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds solitary in each cavity, ascending. 
Endosperm fleshy. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. 


Fo to : L| : : ules with rounded basal angles. 
liage tomentose : leaf-blades leathery : filaments well united : caps 3 e 


Foliage - - : ; ted: capsules 
i ee hate ON: filaments slightly uni caps a Sproat 
1. Melochia tomentdsa L. A branching shrub several dm. tall, the foliage finely 
tomentose. Stems with relatively stout branches: leaf-blades rather firm, ovate or ob- 
long, 1.5-6 cm. long, serrate to crenate, mostly acute, truncate or cordate at the base: 
peduncles several-flowered : pedicels 2-5 mm. long: sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate : 
corolla often rose-purple : petals fully 1 cm. long : filaments united quite high up: capsules 
about 1 cm. broad, tomentulose, the prominent angles rounded or bluntly tipped at the base. 
In rocky soil, near the lower Rio Grande and in tropical America. 
2. Melochia pyramidàta L. A shrubby herb, sometimes annual, the foliage gla- 
brous. Stems with slender branches : leaf-blades rather thin, ovate-oblong below, oblong- 
lanceolate above, serrate, mostly rounded or truncate at the base : peduncles 1-few-flowered, 


780 BUETTNERIACEAE 


5-10 mm. long, terminal or opposite the leaves: sepals lanceolate with subulate tips, 3-5 
mm. long: corolla rose-red or nearly violet: petals surpassing the sepals : filaments united 
only at the base : capsules bladdery, 1-1.5 cm. broad, the wing-like angles with prominent 
tips near the base. 

In dry or rocky soil, Texas and tropical America. 


3. RIEDLEA Vent. 


Shrubs or shrubby herbs, often with pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades 
toothed. Flowers perfect, in axillary or terminal clusters. Involucel of 3 bractlets. , 
Sepals 5, nearly distinct, barely accrescent. Petals 5, convolute, flat, marcescent. Stamens 
5 : filaments more or less united at the base. Ovary 5-celled : styles sometimes united below : 
stigmas 5. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule subglobose, 5-celled, loculicidal and later 
septicidal. Seeds commonly solitary in each cavity. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo straight. 


Flowers in terminal spike-like panicles, chiefly with small bracts: petals fully 10 mm yj esata 
Flowers in terminal head-like clusters, with leaf-like bracts : petals 4-6 mm. long. 2. R. I rehorifolia. 

1. Riedlea glabréscens (Presl.) Small. A shrubby herb, 3-12 dm. tall, with some- 
what hirsute foliage. Leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 1.5-6 cm. long, usually acute or 
acuminate, serrate, rounded or subcordate at the base ; petioles 2-10 mm. long : flower- 
clusters in terminal interrupted spike-like panicles, subtended by small inconspicuous 
bracts, or sometimes 1 or 2 of the lower clusters accompanied by leaf-like bracts: sepals 
linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long : petals purple, about T cm. long : capsules 4-4.5 
mm. long. ([R. serrata var. glabrescens Pred.] 

In pine lands, southern peninsular Florida. Summer. . 

2. Riedlea corchorifdlia (L.) DC. An herb, sometimes more or less woody at the 
base, 4-11 dm. tall, glabrous or sparingly hispidulous. Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
late, 2-6 cm. long, acute, serrate or dentate-serrate, rounded or truncate at the base ;- pet- 
ioles 1-3 em. long: flower clusters chiefly in dense terminal heads accompanied by leaf- 
like bracts: sepals linear, 5-6 mm. long: petals pale purple above the yellow claws, 4-6 
mm. long: capsules about 4 mm. high. 

In waste grounds or about rice-fields, Georgia to Alabama and Florida. Spring to fall. 


4. WALTHERIA L. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with stellate and simple pubescence. Leaves alternate: blades 
toothed : stipules narrow. Flowers small, perfect, usually in axillary clusters or small 
cymes. Involucel of 3 deciduous bracts. Sepals 5, united at the base into a turbinate 10- 
nerved tube. Petals 5, spatulate, convolute, withering-persistent. Stamens 5: filaments 
united below, not accompanied by staminodia : anthers with parallel sacs. Ovary 1-celled, 
sessile : stylesimple, not central: stigma club-shaped or brush-like. Ovules 2 in a cavity. 
Follicles 1-celled, 2-valved lengthwise. Seed solitary, ascending. Endosperm fleshy. 
Embryo straight, axile. 

1. Waltheria Americana L. Foliage tomentose. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, stiff: leaf- 
blades ovate to oblong, 1-5 cm. long, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base, on stout 
petioles: flowers in dense sessile or peduncled axillary clusters: sepals subulate, about 
5 mm. long, villous-hirsute, similar to the bractlets: petals yellow, slightly longer than 
the sepals : follicles 2.5-3 mm. long, pubescent at the top. 

In sand, Florida Keys. Circumtropical. 


5. AYENIA L. d 
Low shrubby herbs, resembling EUPHORBIACEAE, commonly clothed with stellate hairs. 
Leaves alternate: blades toothed. Flowers minute, in axillary clusters or cymes, pedi- 
celled. Involucel wanting. Sepals5. Petals 5, with long involute claws, the blades d 
verging over the stigma. Stamens 5, alternating with 1-2 staminodia : filaments unit 
below into an urn-shaped cup : anthers with 3 parallel sacs. Ovary 5-celled, stalked : styles 
united : stigma 5-lobed or capitate. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule 5-celled, 5-angled, 
muricate, the carpels separating from the central column, then septicidally from each other, 
finally loculicidal. Seeds solitary in each cavity, transversely wrinkled. Endosperm 
wanting. Cotyledons spirally convolute. 


BUETTNERIACEAE 781 


1. Ayenia pusilla L. Herbaceous from a woody base, the foliage puberulent. Stems 
diffusely branched, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades various, suborbicular to ovate or lanceolate, 
5-12 mm. long, serrate or nearly entire, the broader ones subcordate at the base, all slender- 

etioled : flowers solitary on peduncles 5-10 mm. long, or 2-3 in a cluster: sepals lanceo- 
ate, about 2 mm. long, acuminate: petals nearly twice as long as the sepals, with 
filiform claws and a dorsal appendage to each hooded blade: staminal column with a 
cup-like top :staminodia rounded: ovary shorter than its stalk: capsules depressed, 4-5 
mm. broad. 
2 In dry or sandy soil, Florida Keys and Texas to California. Also in the West Indies and tropical 
erica. 


6. NEPHROPÉTALUM Robinson & Greenman. 

Shrubs, resembling species of Ayenia in habit, with stellate-tomentulose foliage. 
Leaves alternate: blades broadest below the middle, toothed. Flowers perfect, incon- 
spicuous, few in peduncled umbel-like cymes. Sepals 5, nearly distinct. Petals 5, with 
slender claws and concave reniform unappendaged blades. Stamens 5: filaments united 
into a tube with the staminodia alternating with the 3-celled anthers. Ovary 5-celled : 
styles united: stigma capitate. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule globular, muricate. 
Seed solitary. Endosperm wanting. Embryo with convolute cotyledons. 

1. Nephropetalum Prínglei Robinson & Greenman. A branching shrub, with cine- 
reous-tomentulose or early glabrate branches. Leaf-blades ovate, 8-13 cm. long, acuminate 
but blunt, crenate-dentate, palmately 7-nerved, pale-tomentulose beneath, with a deep 
narrow sinus: peduncles 10-14 mm. long: cymes 2-3-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long: pedicels 
about as long as the peduncles: sepals ovate: corolla greenish, about 2 mm. broad. 

In the Rio Grande valley, southern Texas. 


7. PIRMIANA Marsigli. 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades entire or lobed. Flowers paniculate or 
rarely racemose, unisexual or polygamous. Sepals 5 or rarely 4, partially united, often 
petaloid. Petals wanting. Staminal column broad, bearing 15, or rarely 10, anthers. 
Carpels 5, nearly distinct, each terminating in a peltate, sometimes lobed stigma. Ovules 
2-many in each carpel. Capsule leathery, opening long before maturity, the carpels dis- 
tinct, stellately spreading. Seeds usually wingless. 


1. Firmiana platinifdlia (L.) R. Br. A shrub, or a tree often 12 m. tall. Leaf- 
blades 1-3 dm. broad, suborbicular or reniform in outline, palmately, but sometimes shal- 
lowly, 3-5-lobed, copiously pubescent beneath, at least when young, long-petiolod : panicles 
commonly 2-3 dm. long, the branches pubescent: sepals linear or nearly so, 8-10 mm. 
long, reflexed, greenish : capsule stipitate, the carpels 6-9 cm. long, finely pubescent and 
veiny. 


On roadsides. in thickets and fields, Georgia and the Gulf States. Native of eastern Asia. JAPA- 
NESE VARNISH TREE. CHINESE PARASOL TREE. 


Order 20. HYPERICALES. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves various. Flowers mostly perfect, complete 
and regular (irregular in VIOLACEAE), sometimes involucrate. Calyx of distinct 
or essentially distinct sepals. Corolla of distinct petals (partially united in Fov- 
QUIERIACEAE) rarely wanting. Androecium of usually numerous stamens, but 
sometimes as few asfive. Gynoecium of several united carpels. Ovary superior, 
mostly with parietal placentae. 


Placentae parietal. Fam. 1, CANELLACEAE. 
Placentae axile. Fam. 2, CLUSIACEAE. 
Stamens distinct. 
Styles wanting: stigmas introrse. 
Placentae axile : herbs or shrubby plants. Fam. 3, ELATINACEAE. 
Placentae basal: shrubs or trees. Fam. 4, TAMARICACEAE. 
yles present, distinct or united : stigmas terminal. 
Petals united to above the middle. Fam. 5. FOUQUIERIACEAE. 


base. . 
A. Styles distinct or partially united orcoherent until maturity, 
if united to the stigmas, then grooved 


Herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves. Fam. 6. HYPERICACEAE. 
Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves. Fam. 7. THEACEAE. 


782 CLUSIACEAE 


b. Stigmas brush-like: endosperm copious. Fam. 8. TURNERACEAE. 
B. Styles wholly and permanently united. 
Corolla regular. . 
Anther-saes opening by apical chinks. Fam. 9. BIXACEAE. 
Anther-sacs opening longitudinally. Fam. 10. CISTACEAE. 
Corolla irr ar, the petals markedly unequal and one of them 
spurred : stamens 5. Fam. 11. VIOLACEAE. 


Famity 1. CANELLACEAE Mart. WILD CINNAMON FAMILY. 


Tropical American trees, with a pale aromatie bark. Leaves alternate, 
without stipules: blades entire, pellucid-punctate. Inflorescence corymbose- 
cymose. Flowers perfect, regular. Calyx of 3 thick imbricated sepals. Corolla 
of 4-12 narrow imbricated thick petals, or wanting. Androecium of numerous 
stamens. Filaments united into a tube which encloses the pistil. Anthers narrow, 
extrorse, adnate to the filament-tube. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Ovary 
free, 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentae. Style thick. Stigma 2-5-lobed. 
Ovules 2-several, horizontal, almost anatropous. Fruit a berry. Seeds 2 or 
several, with a shining crustaceous testa. Endosperm fleshy, oily. Embryo 
straight, or slightly curved in the endosperm. 


1. CANELLA P. Br. 


Trees, with a gray bark and glabrous foliage. Leaves alternate: blades leathery, 
broadest above the middle. Flowers small, in terminal cymes. Sepals 3, much longer 
than the bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens mostly 15-20: filament-tube projecting beyond the 
anthers. Ovary elongated, with 2 parietal placentae, enclosed in the filament-tube. Ovules 
3-4. Berry subglobose. Seeds 3-4, filling the cavity of the berry. Embryo slightly 
curved and to one side of the axis of the endosperm. 

1. Canella Winteriana (L.) Gaertn. A glabrous spicy tree, 5-15 m. tall. Trunk 
sometimes 2-2.5 dm. thick: leaf-blades oblanceolate, spatulate or oblong-spatulate, 3-10 
cm. long, obtuse, deep green and lustrous above, paler beneath, slightly revolute, entire, 
short-petioled : cymes few-flowered : sepals 3, orbicular-reniform, 2.5-3 mm. broad, very 
thick: petals 5, oblong, 4.5-5 mm. long, obtuse, leathery, purple, deciduous: staminal 
tube about 3 mm. high, ovoid: anthers linear, 15-20: style nearly columnar : berry sub- 


globose, about 1 cm. in diameter, bright crimson, subtended by the persistent sepals : seeds 
obovoid. [C. alba Murr.) 


In dense forests on the Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies. Flowers in the fall. CINNAMON- 
BARK. WILD CINNAMON. WHITEWOOD. 


FAMILY 2. CLUSIÀCEAE Lindl. BALSAM-TREE FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with an acrid resinous sap. Leaves opposite, sometimes 
whorled : blades entire. Flowers mostly dioecious or polygamous, solitary or in 
cymes. Calyx of 2-6 strongly imbricated sepals. Corolla white, pink or yellow, 
of 4-9 hypogynous petals. Androecium of numerous stamens, reduced in the 
pistillate flowers. Filaments wholly or partially united. Gynoecium of 2 or 
more united thick carpels. Ovary 2-several-celled, its base, at least, surrounded 
by the united parts of the androecium. Styles very stout or wanting. Stigmas 
thick. Ovules several or many. Fruit baccate, drupaceous or capsular. Seeds 
sometimes arillate. Endosperm wanting. 


1. CLUSIA L. 

Commonly evergreen epiphytic shrubs or trees, with erect or climbing stems. Leaf- 
blades broadest above the middle. Flowers solitary or few in axillary or terminal cymes. 
Sepals 4-6, imbricated. Petals 4-9, commonly broadest above the middle, leathery. Stam- 
inodia several to many in the pistillate flowers. Ovary 8-10-celled: stigma radiate. 
Ovules numerous, on axile placentae. Capsules mostly leathery, angled, septicidal. 

1. Clusia flava Jacq. A glabrous evergreen tree sometimes becoming 20 m. tall 
Leaf-blades leathery, cuneate-obovate, 1-2.5 dm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, entire 
many-ribbed, short-petioled : sepals suborbicular, leathery : petals yellow, broadly obora 


2.5-3 mm. long, somewhat unequal : capsule pyriform or globular : seeds usually 12, glo 
ular, embedded in a thin pulp. 


In sand or coral rock, Florida Keys. Also in tropical America. 


TAMARICACEAE 783 


Famity 3. ELATINACEAE Lindl.  WATER-WORT FAMILY. 


Herbs or shrubby plants, with erect or creeping stems. Leaves opposite or 
whorled, with stipules. Flowers perfect, regular, solitary or clustered in the 
axils. Calyx of 2-5 imbricated sepals. Corolla of as many hypogynous petals 
as there are sepals. Androecium of 2-5 or sometimes 10 stamens inserted with 
the petals. Filaments slender. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Ovary 
2—5-celled with central placentae. Stigmas 2-5, distinct, introrse. Ovules sev- 
eral, anatropous. Fruit a capsule opening septicidally. Seeds with a ribbed or 
wrinkled crustaceous testa. 


Plants glabrous: flowers 2-4-merous : sepals membranous, obtuse. 1, ELATINE. 
Plants pubescent: flowers 5-merous: sepals with a thick center, acute or acuminate. 2. BERGIA. 


1. ELATINE L. 


Low, soft, often aquatic herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite or whorled : 
blades commonly entire. Flowers usually solitary in the axils. Sepals 2-4, membranous, 
obtuse, nerveless. Petals as many as the sepals. Stamens as many as the sepals or twice 
as many. Ovary 2-4-celled : styles 2-4. Capsule membranous, subglobose, 2-4-valved. 
WATER-WORT. MUD-PURSLANE. 

1. Blatine Americana (Pursh) Arn. Terrestrial or aquatic, often submerged. 
Stems tufted, 1-4 cm. long, erect or spreading: leaf-blades obovate or oblong-obovate, 2-6 
mm. long, obtuse : flowers minute, sessile in the axils: sepals 2, obtuse: petals 2: stamens 
2, barely as long as the perianth, or sepals, petals and stamens 3 in terrestrial forms : cap- 
sules subglobose, nearly 1 mm. diameter: seeds slightly curved, 0.5-0.7 mm. long, with 
9-10 striae and 20-30 cross bars. 

Rd margins of ponds and in slow streams, Ontario to Oregon, Virginia, Texas and Colorado. 


2. BÉRGIA L. 


Herbs or shrubby plants, with erect or prostrate stems and pubescent foliage. Leaves 
opposite: blades toothed or entire, sometimes thickish. Flowers solitary in the axils or 
clustered. Sepals usually 5, acute, with a herbaceous or ribbed middle, and hyaline edges. 
Petals usually 5. Stamens as many as there are sepals. Ovary 5-celled: styles 5. Cap- 
sule somewhat crustaceous, septicidally or septifragally 5-valved. 

1. Bergia Texàna (Hook.) Seubert. Stems branched at the base, the branches 
prostrate or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, more or less forked : leaf-blades elliptic or spatulate- 
elliptic, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute or obtuse, serrulate, prominently nerved beneath in age, 
narrowed into short petioles: flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils: sepals ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long, acuminate, denticulate : petals oblong or slightly broad- 
ened upward, obtuse, shorter than the sepals: capsules subglobose, about 2 mm. in diam- 
eter: seeds oblong, the striae connected by cross bars. 

In alluvial or sandy soil, Illinois to California and Texas. Summer. 


FAMILY 4. TAMARICACEAE Lindl. TAMARIX FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, or partially woody herbs. Leaves alternate, without stipules, 
relatively small or scale-like, entire, often imbricated. Flowers mainly perfect, 
regular, usually in spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx of 5, or rarely 4 or 6, 
imbrieated sepals. Corolla of 5, or rarely 4 or 6, distinct imbricated petals. 
Disk 10-lobed or obsolete. Androecium of 5-many stamens. Filaments dis- 
tinct, free. Anthers opening lengthwise. Gynoecium 2—5-carpellary, superior. 
Ovary 1-celled, with 8-5 basal placentae. Stigmas 3-5, distinct. Ovules 2- 
many on each placenta. Fruit a capsule. Seeds erect, each terminating in a 


coma. k 
1. TAMARIX L. 

Shrubs or trees, with irregularly and widely branching stems, the wood firm. Leaves 
small, scale-like, clasping or sheathing. Flowers in dense spikes, racemes or panicles. 
Sepals 4-5, or rarely 6, distinct. Corolla white or pink. Petals inserted under the lobed 
disk, distinct or essentially so. Stamens 5-10, or rarely 4 or 12: filaments not adnate 


784 HY PERICACEAE 


to the corolla. Ovary with basal placentae. Stigmas 3-4, or rarely 2 or 5, short. Fruit 
capsular. Seeds numerous. Endosperm wanting. 

1. Tamarix Gállica L. A shrub or a small tree, with slender spreading branches, 
the branchlets very numerous, approximate or clustered, completely clothed with the 
imbricated scale-like acute leaves which are 1 mm. long or less: spikes numerous, in con- 
spicuous panicles : sepals triangular, about 0.5 mm. long: petals white or pinkish : capsule 
‘pyramidal, about 1 mm. long. 


On roadsides, in thickets and in waste places. warmer parts of the southern United States. Natu- 
ralized from southern Europe. Spring. TAMARISK. 


FAMILY 5. FOUQUIERACEAE DC. Coacnu-wHIP FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with soft wood, the short branches greatly out of proportion 
to thenarrowly conictrunk. Leaves solitary or clustered on the spiny branches : 
blades thick, entire. Flowers perfect, in thyrsoid panicles. Calyx of 5 dis- 
tinct sepals. Corolla crimson, of 5 well united petals, the lobes recurved. 
Androecium of 10—many stamens, in 1 or 2 series. Filaments partially adnate 
to the corolla. Gynoecium 3-carpellary. Ovary 1-celled, but with 8 septum- 
like parietal placentae. Styles united, elongated. Fruit capsular. Seeds few, 
each with a wing or a fringe of white hairs. Endosperm present. 


» 


1. FPOUQUIERA H.B.K. 


Characters of the family. CANDLEWOOD. 

1. Pouquiera spléndens Engelm. A shrub or a tree, sometimes 7 m. tall, the gray 
ridges of some of the branches terminating in spines : leaves clustered ; blades oblong to 
spatulate, leathery, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse : flowers short-pedicelled : sepals 5-6 mm. long, 
rounded at the apex : corolla scarlet or brick-red, about 1.5 mm. long, the lobes ovate to 
triangular, 3-4 mm. long, recurved : capsules conie, 7-10 mm. long. 


In roeky soil, southern Texas to California and adjacent Mexico. Spring. JAcoB's STAFF. 
OcoTILLO. COACH-WHIP. 


FAMILY 6. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. Sr. JoHN's-WORT FAMILY. 


Herbs orshrubby plants. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, without stipules : 
blades pellucid-punctate, entire or nearly so, sometimes reduced to scales. Flow- 
ers perfect, regular or nearly so, in cymes. Calyx of 4-5 herbaceous equal or 
unequal sepals. Corolla of 4-5 yellow or flesh-colored petals. Androecium of 
few or many stamens, commonly collected in 3 or 5 groups, sometimes accompanie 
by interposed glands. Filaments slender. Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Gynoe- 
cium of several united carpels. Ovary sessile, 1-celled, with parietal placentae, 
or 3-7-celled with axile placentae. Styles distinct or united. Stigmas often 
capitate. Fruit a septicidally dehiscent capsule seated in the persistent calyx. 
Seeds small, without endosperm. 


Sepals 4, in more or less unequal pairs: petals mostly 4. 
Pairs of sepals very unequal in size or shape or both, the outer pair enclosing the ve 


. ASCYRUM. 
Pairs of sepals nearly equal in size and shape, much surpassed by the capsule. 2. CROOKEA. 
pee. cao E MM mostly 5. 
etals yellow.  . 
Leaves with flat more or less spreading blades. 3. HYPERICUM- 
Lv cet to erect or appressed minute or slightly elongated scales without 4, SAROTHRA- 
es. a 
Petals pink sometimes tinged with green or purple. ; 5. TRIAD : 


1. ASCYRUM L. 


Low shrubs, with 2-edged branches. Leaves small: blades entire, sessile or clasping- 
Flowers yellow, terminal, often showy. Sepals 4, very unequal, the 2 exterior much larger 
than the inner. Petals 4, equal, oblique, convolute. Stamens numerous: filaments Qi. 
tinct or slightly united at the base: anthers adnate; sacs opening lengthwise- Glan 
wanting. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-3, or rarely 4, parietal placentae: styles distinct or coher- 
ing at the base. Ovules numerous. Capsules narrowed upward, embraced by the outer 


sepals. Seeds numerous, straight or nearly so. St. PETER'S-WORT. 


HY PERICACEAE 785 


Styles 2: inner sepals very small, petal-like or obsolete. 
Peduncles reflexed at maturity : calyx without bractlets, conspicuously surpassing the leaves. 


Í 1. A. pumilum. 
Peduncles not recurved: calyx subtended by a pair of bractlets, not conspicu- 
ously surpassing the leaves. 
Outer sepals cuneate-obovate to oblong-lanceolate or oblong, about as long as 
the capsule. 2. A. hypericoides. 
Outer sepals ovate or oblong-ovate, often much longer than the capsules. 8. A. multicaule. 
Styles 8-4: inner sepals slightly smaller than the outer. 
Leaf-blades merely sessile: outer sepals fully as broad as long. 4. A. cuneifolium, 


Leaf-blades clasping : outer sepals longer than broad. 
Outer sepals broader than the leaf-blades: inner sepalsshorter than the outer. 5. A. stans. 
Outer sepals narrower than the leaf-blades: inner sepals as long as the outer. 6. A. tetrapetalum. 


l. Ascyrum pumilum Michx. A low or depressed shrubby plant, with diffusely 
branched stems, the spreading 2-edged or 2-winged branches 5-20 cm. long. Leaves 
numerous; blades oval, obovate or linear-oblong, often cuneately narrowed at the base, 
3-9 mm. long, obtuse, sessile: peduncles slender, 1-2 cm. long or shorter, finally recurved : 
sepals very unequal, the 2 outer ovate or suborbicular, 6-10 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, the 
2 inner obsolete or nearly so: corolla bright yellow, 1.5-2 cm. broad: petals cuneate or 
obovate: capsules oblong or oval-oblong, about 5 mm. long. 


In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 


2. Ascyrum hypericoides L. A low diffusely branched shrubby plant, with irreg- 
ular stems varying from 1-5 dm. long. Leaves conspicuously numerous, rather crowded 
on the branchlets; blades narrowly linear, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, acute, somewhat revolute, 
sessile: flowers few in narrow terminal racemes or panicled cymes: sepals very unequal, 
the outer cuneate-obovate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 7-9 mm. long, acute or rather 
obtuse, the inner sepals manifest, petaloid : petals yellow : capsules oblong, about as long 
as the outer sepals. 


In sandy soil, Florida to Texas, mainly introduced from tropical America. Spring to fall. ST. 
ANDREW'S CROSS. : 


S. Ascyrum multicaüle Michx. A shrubby plant 1-9 dm. tall with a solitary or 
several erect ascending or decumbent stems. Leaves commonly numerous, sometimes con- 
spicuously so; blades linear-spatulate to oblanceolate, oblong or obovate-oblong, 1-3.5 cm. 
long, obtuse, acutish or sometimes minutely mucronate: flowers few: sepals very unequal, 
the outer ovate or oblong-ovate, 6-9 mm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, truncate or 
subcordate at the base, the inner sepals manifest, petaloid : capsules oblong-ovoid or nearly 
oblong, as long as the outer sepals or shorter. : 


In low grounds or on dry hillsides and in thickets, Massachusetts to Illinois, south to Florida and 
Texas. Spring to fall. 


..4. Ascyrum cuneifdlium Chapm. A shrubby plant 1-2 dm. tall, with erect, 
widely branching stems. Leaves few; blades leathery, cuneate or obovate, 5-20 mm. 
long, obtuse, minutely black punctate, sessile: flowers few : sepals thick, the 2 outer sub- 
orbicular, 1-1.5 cm. long, the 2 inner oblong or nearly so, shorter than the outer : corolla 
bright yellow, 2.5-3 em. broad: petals obovate, delicately striped: capsules ovoid, 7-8 
. mm. long, abruptly pointed. 

Inlow pine lands, Florida. Summer and fall. 


5. Ascyrum stáns Michx. A branching shrubby plant 3-9 dm. tall, with erect 
stems, the branches 2-edged or 2-winged. Leaves rather numerous; blades leathery, ob- 
long-elliptic varying to obovate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, spreading or ascending, sessile, 
partially clasping : cymes few-flowered: pedicels stout, 4-10 mm. long, longer than the 

eduncles, subtended by 2 small bractlets: sepals thick, the outer broadly ovate or subor- 
icular, 8-15 mm. long, obtuse, cordate, the inner lanceolate, shorter than the outer: 
corolla bright yellow, 2.5-4 cm. broad: petals somewhat persistent: styles 3-4, short: 
capsules ovoid, 7-9 mm. long, abruptly pointed. 
e swamps or moist sandy soil, Long Island to Pennsylvania, Florida and Texas. Summer to 


6. Ascyrum tetrapétalum (Lam.) Vail A showy shrub 2-9 dm. tall, with forking 
Stems. Leaves mostly rier: E leathery, ovate to oval .0.8-3.5 em. long, ob- 
tuse or acutish, cons icuously punctate, sessile and clasping : pedicels 3-12 mm. long, 
often subtended by 2 bractlets: sepals leathery, the outer resembling the leaves, 8-15 mm. 

ong, acute or short-acuminate, the 2 inner lanceolate or linear, about as long as the outer 
ones: corolla bright yellow, 2-3 cm. broad: styles 3: capsules ovoid, about 3 as long as 
the sepals. [A. amplexicaule Michx. } 

In moist sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 

' 50 


786 HYPERICACEAE 


2. CROOKEA Small. 


Weak branching shrubby plants, with the habit of species of Ascyrum. Leaves numer- 
ous, nearly equal throughout the plant: blades narrow, obtuse. Flowers solitary at the 
ends of the branches, or clustered. Sepals 4, in slightly unequal pairs, the members of 
both pairs differing very little either in size or shape. Petals 4, yellow, quite unequal in 
size or shape, fully twice as long as the sepals. Stamens numerous: filaments distinct. 
Glands none. Ovary 1-celled : styles 3, coherent, but at length separating. Capsule much 
longer than the sepals. Seeds numerous. 


1. Crookea microsépala (T. & G.) Small. A branching shrub, with decumbent 
or ascending stems. Leaves numerous ; blades cuneate to linear-cuneate or narrowly ob- 
long, 6-14 mm. long, rounded at the apex, often slightly revolute, sessile : flowers showy, 
2-2.5 cm. broad : sepals 4, linear to oblong, obtuse : petals 4, yellow, unequal, the smaller 
oblong, the larger obovate, obtuse : stamens numerous, distinct : capsules oblong, 7-8 mm. 
long, much surpassing the sepals: seeds oblong, less than 1 mm. long, striate and pitted. 
LAseyrum mierosepalum T. & G., Hypericum microsepalum (T. & G.) A. Gray. ] 

In sandy soil, southern Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


3. HYPERICUM L. 


Showy shrubby plants or herbs, with erect or depressed stems. Leaves opposite : blades 
usually thickish, commonly sessile or clasping, entire or nearly so, more or less punctate. 
Flowers solitary, or in more or less compound cymes. Sepals 5, slightly unequal. Petals 
5, yellow, smooth and glabrous, oblique, convolute. Stamens numerous: filaments distinct, 
or more or less united at the base and aggregated into 3-8 groups without hypogynous 
glands. Ovary 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentae or 3-5-celled: styles 3-5, sometimes 
coherent. Capsule tapering upward. Seeds numerous, variously marked. ST. JoHN's-WORT. 


Stamens few or several, 5-12, usually in 3 clusters. 
Leaf-blades linear. 1. H. Canadense. 
Leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong. : 
Sepals obtuse or somewhat acute : leaf-blades obtuse. 2. H. mutilum. 
Sepals acuminate : leaf-blades acute. . 8. H. gymnanthum. 
Stamens numerous, 15-40, distinct or in clusters: capsules 3-5-celled or with 
intruding placentae. 
A. Styles 3 or rarely 4: capsules 3-celled or with 3 more or less intruding 
placentae. 
a. Capsules 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled. 
Capsules with parietal placentae, 1-celled, 
Styles distinet: stigmas capitate. 
Foliage glabrous: sepals not ciliate. 
Sepals conspicuously imbricated, at least the outer broadest : 
at the Due : leaf-blades broadest about the middle. 4. H. virgatum. 
Sepals not conspicuously imbricated, at least the outer 
broadest about the middle: leaf-blades broadest about 


the base. 5. H. acutifolium. 
RE hapan: tormentas: sepals ciliate. R 6. H. setosum. 
es coherent, at leas ow: stigmas minute. 
Corolla over 18 mm. broad : capsules over 6 mm. high. 7. H. dolabriforme. 
Corolla less than 18 mm. broad : capsules less than 6 mm. high. * 
Capsules broadest at the top, about as long as the sepals. 8. H. turgidum. 
Ca xm pe ct "D Les Aiea 9. H. i 
s obtuse: seeds striate and p: i . H. opacum. 
Sepals acute or acutish : seeds transversely wrinkled. 10. H. sphaerocarpum. 


Capsules psa gente É 3-celled by the intrusion of the placentae. 
* Sepals very small or at least not foliaceous. 
ere never in conspicuous axillary clusters ; blades relatively 


Sepals obtuse or merely acutish. 
Sepals less than 14 as long as the petals: capsules 6-7 mm. 


long. 11. H. nudiflorum. 
Sepai hE as long as the petals: capsules 12-13 mm. 12. H. apocynifolium. 
Sepals manifestly acute or acuminate. 18. H. adpressum. 


Leaves in conspicuous axillary clusters; blades narrow. 
+Leaves of the axillary clusters mostly much smaller than 
v "x I i vade erae pubon; not Fabs. is 
ymes in terminal conges corymbs: bu road 
ovoid : mountain species. : 14. H. glomeratum. 
Cymes in elongated narrow panicles: buds conic : low- 
land species. 
p linear-oblong, spatulate o iairy age dii 
Sepals oblong to lanceolate, not narrowed & 15. H. interior. 


d edi : dn * 
see tte to enipapalte amore tg iu 


HYPERICACEAE 787 


tt Leaves narrowly linear or narrowly linear-spatulate. 17. H. galioides. 
Tf Leaves of the axillary clusters about as large as the main 
pair; blades subulate or linear-subulate, fleshy, about 
as thick as wide. 
Sepals as long as the petals or fully 4% as long: leaves 
mostly over 10 mm. long. 


g 18. H. fasciculatum. 
Sepals less than 14 as long as the petals: leaves mostly 


less than 10 mm. long. 19. H. aspalathoides. 
** Sepals foliaceous. 
Leaf blades cordate-clasping. 20. H. myrtifolium. 
Leaf-blades more or less narrowed to the sessile or short-peti- 
oled base. 
Flowers sessile : buds ovoid-globose. 21. H. aureum. 
Flowers pedicelled : buds conic. 22, H. splendens. 
b. Capenles completely 3-celled. 
erbs. 


Corolla less than 15 mm. broad. 
Leaf-blades short-petioled or merely sessile, with a rounded base. 23. H. subpetiolatum. 
Leaf-blades sessile and more or less clasping. 24. H. maculatum. 
Corolla over 15 mm. broad. 
Upper leaves and braets with ovate or ovate-lanceolate blades: 
petals spotted all over. 25. H. pseudomaculatum. 
Upper leaves and bracts with oblong blades: petals spotted 
around the edges. 
Sepals and peta s merely dotted : capsules usually less than 
1g. 


6mm, h. 26. H. perforatum. 
Sepals and petals striped with black: capsules usually over 
6 mm. high. 27. H. graveolens. 
Shrubs. 
Stems diffusely spreading or decumbent. 28. H. Buckleyi. 
Stems erect, relatively tall. . 
Flowers few in narrow panicles: corolla over 1.5 em. broad. 29. H. prolificum. 
Flowers numerous in rather corymb-like panicles : corolla less . 
than 1.5 em. broad. 30. H. densiflorum. 
B. Styles 5: capsules 5-celled. 31. H. lobocarpum. 


. 1. Hypericum Canadénse L. Annual, slender. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, angled, nearly 
simple or much branched : leaf-blades linear, obtuse or acutish, 3-nerved, tapering at the 
base: cymes few, many-flowered, the branches often elongated: bracts subulate: sepals 
lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, acute or somewhat acuminate: corolla yellow, 7-9 mm. broad : 
stamens 5-10: styles 3: capsules conic, 4-8 mm. long, acute, much surpassing the sepals. 

In moist sandy soil, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Georgia and Wisconsin. Summer. 


2. Hypericum mitilum L. Annual, slender. Stems 1-8 dm. tall, narrowly 4-winged 
or 4-angled, simple below, or branched at the base or throughout : leaf-blades oblong-ovate 
or the upper ones ovate, sometimes oblong, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, entire, 5-nerved, ses- 
sile and somewhat clasping, minutely punctate, glaucescent beneath : cymes open : bracts 
subulate : sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long, acute with several pellucid 
nerves : corolla yellow, 7-9 mm. broad : petals oblong, about 3.5-mm. long, obtuse : stamens 
9-12 : capsules ovoid to oblong, 2-3 mm. long, obtuse, surpassing the sepals. 

In low places, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


S. Hypericum gymnánthum Engelm. & Gray. Annual, glabrous. Stems 2-9 
dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched above: leaf-blades firm, ovate, 0.5-2 cm. long, 
acute or acuminate, or the lower ones obtuse, 5-7-nerved, sessile, clasping : corymbs often 
flat-topped, the cymes few-flowered : bracts subulate : flowers short-pedicelled : sepals lance- 
olate, 3-4 mm. long, acuminate, nerved : corolla yellow, 4-5 mm. broad : stamens 10-12: 
ere ovoid or oblong, about 4 mm. long, acute, as long as the sepals or usually surpass- 
ing them. 

In moist places, New Jersey to Missouri, North Carolina, Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 


4. Hypericum virgàtum Lam. Perennial, herbaceous. Stems slender, 2-9 dm. tall, 
4-angled, simple, or branched above: leaf-blades thinnish, oblong, or nearly so, 1-3 em. 
long, acute or acutish, flat or revolute, sessile : cymes dichotomous, forming terminal bracted 
corymbs: bracts subulate, usually very slender: sepals more or less foliaceous, variable, 
lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or slightly broadest above the middle, but the outer broadest 
at the base, 4-10 mm. long, acute or acuminate: corolla copper-yellow, 1-1.5 cm. broad : 
capsules ovoid, 3-5 mm. long. [H. angulosum Michx. ] 

In sandy soil or pine lands, New Jersey to Illinois and Florida. Summer. 


5. Hypericum acutifóültum Ell. Perennial, glabrous, herbaceous. Stems simple or 
branched, at the base, thence often simple to the inflorescence, 2-6 dm. tall, angled, usually 
strict : leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 em. long, acute or slightly 
acuminate, somewhat revolute, sessile: cymes formin several-flowe corymbs : sepals 
linear to linear-lanceolate, not conspicuously imbricated at the base, 3.5-5 mm. long, acute 
or acuminate, erect, the outer eonait about the middle: corolla copper-yellow, 15 mm. 


788 HYPERICACEAE 


broad: petals often about twice as long as the sepals: capsules ovoid, about 4 mm. high, 
commonly surpassed by the sepals. 
In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Summer. 


6. Hypericum setósum L. Annual or biennial, rough-tomentose. Stems erect or 
ascending, 3-6 dm. tall, terete, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades elliptic, oval 
to ovate-lanceolate, 3-15 mm. long, acute, longer than the internodes or slightly shorter, 
sessile: cymes few-flowered, dichotomous, corymbose : bracts lanceolate or subulate-lance- 
olate : sepals oval, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, ciliate, acute or somewhat 
acuminate : corolla yellow, 7-10 mm. broad: petals involute at maturity : capsules oval or 
ovoid-oval, 4-5 mm, long. [H. pilosum Walt. ] 

In moist pine lands and low grounds, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


7. Hypericum dolabrifórme Vent. Perennial, herbaceous. Stems decumbent, usu- 
ally branched at the base, the branches 2-5 dm. tall, slightly angled : leaf-blades linear or 
nearly so, 2-5 cm. long, with shorter leaves usually clustered in the axils, acute or acutish, 
more or less revolute, sessile: cymes simple or dichotomous, and forming broad few-flowered 
corymbs : bracts oblong to lanceolate : sepals unequal, foliaceous, lanceolate to ovate-lance- 
olate, 6-10 mm. long: corolla yellow, about 2 cm. broad: capsules leathery, conic-ovoid, 
7-9 mm. high, acuminate. 

On dry hillsides, Kentucky to Missouri, Georgia and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


8. Hypericum türgidum Small. Perennial, shrubby. Stems branching, 3-6 dm. 
high or taller, with slightly winged or merely sharply angled branchlets : leaf-blades 
almost linear to linear-oblanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute, revolute, somewhat paler 
beneath than above, sessile: flowers several in terminal cymes: sepals ovate to elliptic, 
about 3 mm. long, acute or slightly acuminate : corolla yellow, about 1 cm. broad: sta- 
mens numerous : capsules subglobose, about 3.5 mm. in diameter, abruptly pointed, turgid. 

On mountain slopes, between Huntsville and Summerville, Alabama. Summer. 


9. Hypericum opàcum T. & G. Perennial, herbaceous. Stems erect, 3-12 dm. tall, 
simple, or sparingly branched, the twigs 2-winged: leaf-blades firm, oblong to oblong- 
lanceolate, or sometimes linear-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, sessile, often somewhat clasping : 
cymes dichotomous, forming open corymbs 2-10 cm. broad: bracts subulate, 2-10 mm. 
long: sepals obovate to oblong, 2.5-4 mm. long: corolla yellow, 7-11 mm. broad: petals 
fully twice as long as the sepals, oblique and obliquely acute: capsules ‘ovoid, 5-6 mm. 
long, 3-lobed, abruptly narrowed at the apex. 

In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 


10. Hypericum sphaerocárpum Michx. Perennial, herbaceous. Stems 3-9 dm. 
tall, woody below, simple or sparingly branched above, the branches 4-angled : leaf-blades 
firm, linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate or sometimes narrowly oblong, 1.5-8 cm, long, 
obtuse or acutish, more or less revolute, sessile, often slightly clasping: cymes dichoto- 
mous, forming loosely several-flowered corymbs: bracts linear to oblong, 2-10 mm. long: 
sepals ovate to lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acute: corolla yellow, 1-1.5 cm. broad : petals 
obliquely cuneate or obovate-cuneate, laterally apiculate: capsules varying from globose 
to globose-ovoid, 4-6 mm. long. 

On river banks, Ohio to Illinois, Alabama and Arkansas. Summer. 


_ 11. Hypericum nudifldrum Michx. Perennial, shrubby. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, the 
twigs 2-winged: leaf-blades thinnish, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5-6 cm. 
long, obtuse, flat, with a narrow edge, sessile: cymes dichotomous, forming Sp 
peduncled loosely-flowered corymbs 4-12 cm. broad: bracts subulate: flowers lig 

ellow, about 2 cm. broad, short-pedicelled : sepals elliptic-oblong or elliptic-oblanceo- 

te, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse or acutish: petals bright yellow, 6-8 mm. long, over twi m 
long as the sepals: placentae extending to near the axis of the ovary: capsules conic 
ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, acuminate. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer. d tall 

12. Hypericum apocynifdlium Small. Perennial, shrubby. Stems 4-7 dm. à» 
with a red somewhat ihreddyý bark, the branchlets narrowly 4-winged : leaf-blades oblong 
or slightly broadest near the middle, 2-4 cm. long, bright green, rounded or emarginate s 
the apex, rarely revolute, pale beneath, minutely punctate, more or less cuneate T 
base, nearly sessile: flowers 3-5, in terminal cymes : sepals spatulate, elliptic or bes ow. 
mm. long, fully one-half as long as the petals, obtuse or acutish, persistent : petals y i 
oblong, 8-9 mm. long: capsules oblong-conic, 12-13 mm: long, acute. 

In swamps, Georgia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Summer. 


13. Hypericum adpréssum Bart. Perennial, shrubby below. Stems ree e 
ascending from a decumbent or creeping base, 2-6 dm. tall, simple or nearly $0 


HYPERICACEAE 789 


above: leaf-blades leathery, narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 2-6 em. long, with smaller ones 
often clustered in the axils, conspicuously nerved, sessile: flowers in terminal corymbose 
cymes: sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, acute: corolla yellow, 1-1.5 
cm. broad : petals cuneate: capsules ovoid, the body 5-6 mm. long, slender-beaked. 

In swamps or about ponds, Massachusetts to Georgia and Louisiana, Summer. 


14. Hypericum glomeratum Small. Perennial, shrubby. Stems branching, 3-10 
dm. tall, with somewhat scaly bark, the foliage glabrous: leaf-blades narrowly oblong to 
linear-oblong or nearly linear, 2-4 cm. long or those clustered in the axils shorter, more 
or less distinctly apiculate, often somewhat revolute, paler beneath than above, sessile : 
flowers in dense cymes terminating the branchlets: pedicels 2-8 mm. long: buds ovoid, 
acutish : sepals rather foliaceous, narrowly oblong to linear-oblong, 5-6 mm. long, acutish, 
strongly nerved, reflexed at maturity : petals bright yellow, cuneate-spatulate, fully 1 cm. 
long, undulate at the apex : stamens numerous : capsules densely clustered, oblong-ovoid, 
5-6 mm. high, slightly lobed, the placentae only slightly intruded. 

On mountains, North Carolina, especially on the Grandfather and Table Rock. Summer. 


15. Hypericum intérior Small. Perennial, shrubby. Stems several dm. tall, much 
branched, the branches sharply angled, glabrous: leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate to 
linear-oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute, slightly revolute, pale beneath, narrowed into 
slender petioles: panicles many-flowered : sepals linear or narrowly oblong, 3-4 mm. 
long, acute, rather rigid, more or less spreading at maturity: corolla yellow, about 1 cm. 
broad : petals cuneate: capsules conic-ovoid, 5-6 mm. long. 

Along streams, Texas. Summer. 


16. Hypericum ambíguum Ell. Perennial, shrubby. Stems 0.5-1.5 m. tall, widely 
branched, with a scaly bark : leaf-blades linear-oblong or spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute 
or apiculate, flat or slightly revolute, narrowed into short petiole-like bases : flowers few, 
in axillary cymes disposed in narrow panicles: bracts similar to the leaves but much 
smaller : sepals linear or slightly broadened upward, 3-5 mm. long, acute : corolla yellow, 
15-18 mm. broad : petals obliquely obovate or cuneate, almost laterally apiculate : capsules 
almost conic, 5-6 mm. high, surpassing the sepals. 

In and about river swamps, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama, Spring and summer. 


17. Hypericum galioides Lam. Perennial, shrubby. Stems 3-8 dm. high or taller, 
glabrous: leaf-blades narrowly linear or slightly broadened upward, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, 
acute, slightly revolute, each tapering into a very short petiole-like base or sessile : flowers 
solitary or in axillary cymes forming narrow panicles : sepals linear or linear-spatulate, 3-4 
mm. long, more or less revolute: corolla yellow, about 1.5 cm. broad: petals cuneately 
narrowed, obliquely or almost laterally pointed : capsules conie, 5-6 mm. long, acute. 

In low pine lands, Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


18. Hypericum fasciculàtam Lam. Perennial, shrubby. Stems 1-5 m. tall, with 
numerous sharply angled branchlets: leaves numerous, a bunch usually clustered in the 
axils of the larger ones; blades leathery, linear-filiform, 1-2 cm. long, or shorter in the 
clusters, acutish, revolute, sessile: flowers in loose narrow panicles, or at first rather 
corymbose: sepals linear, 3-4 mm. long, about 1 em. wide: petals bright yellow, ob- 
liquely apiculate: capsules ovoid or conic-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, acute. 

In wet sandy pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


19. Hypericum aspalathoides Willd. Perennial, shrubby. Stems nearly simple, 
or much branched, 2-8 dm. tall, with sharply angled branchlets : leaves very numerous, 
clusters of small ones borne in the axils of the large ; blades linear-subulate or linear-fili- 
form, 5-8 mm. long, or shorter in the clusters, obtuse, revolute, sessile: flowers several, in 
terminal corymbose cymes, slender-pedicelled : sepals linear, 3-4 mm. long, resemblin the 
small leaves: corolla bright yellow, about 1-5 em. broad: petals oblique, not apiculate : 
capsules conic, 5-7 mm. long, acuminate. 

In pine lands and open places, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


20. Hypericum myrtifdlium Lam. Perennial, shrubby. Stems branching, 3-10 
dm. tall, erect or creeping: leaves persistent, leathery; blades ovate to oblong-ovate, or 
ovate-lanceolate or rarely nearly oblong, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse at the apex or rarely acute, 
often slightly revolute, clasping: bracts like the leaves, but smaller, sometimes narrower : 
flowers showy, sometimes very numerous : sepals foliaceous, ovate, 5-8 mm. long, acute or 
acutish, united at the base: corolla golden yellow, about 2 cm. broad : stamens numerous : 
Pim pyramidal-ovoid, incompletely 3-celled or rarely 4-celled, 5-6 mm. high, 3-4- 
lobed or 3-4-sided. 

In sandy pine lands, especially in wet soil, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 


790 HYPERICACEAE 


21. Hypericum atreum Bartr. Perennial, shrubby. Stems wide-branching, 6-12 dm. 
tall, the twigs obscurely winged: leaf-blades leathery, oblong to ovate-oblong, 2.5-7 cm. long, 
obtuse or mucronate, flat or slightly revolute, glaucous beneath, narrowed into very short 
petioles: buds ovoid-globose : flowers very showy, sessile, usually solitary, sometimes 3 in 
terminal or axillary cymes: sepals very unequal, broadened upward: corolla golden yel- 
low, 2.5-5 cm. broad: petals quite oblique: stamens very numerous: styles 3: capsules 
conic, 10-12 mm. high, acuminate at the apex. 

On bluffs and in low grounds, South Carolina to Tennessee, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 


22. Hypericum spléndens Small. Perennial, shrubby, much branched. Stems 0.5- 
1.5 m. tall, with 2-edged glaucous twigs: leaf-blades oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, obtuse or 
rounded at the apex, slightly revolute, glaucous, especially beneath, narrowed at the sessile 
base: buds conic: flowers very showy, several or many in terminal or axillary cymes: 
sepals unequal, oblong, firm, apiculate, the outer about 8 mm. long, the inner 5 mm. long: 
corolla 3.5-4 cm. broad: petals golden yellow, cuneate, oblique, 1.5-2 cm. long: stamens 
very numerous, orange colored: styles 3, slender: capsules often crowded, conic, 1.5 em. 
high, acuminate at the apex, partially 3-celled, about thrice as long as the sepals with 3 
narrow wings and 6 obtuse angles. 

On granite rocks, Stone Mountain, Georgia. Summer. 


23. Hypericum subpetiolàtum Bicknell. Perennial from horizontal rootstocks, 
herbaceous, bright green, heavy-scented. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, nearly simple or branched, 
especially above, the branches corymbose : leaf-blades thinnish, oblong or elliptic, varying 
to elliptic-obovate or elliptic-ovate, obtuse or retuse and often apiculate at the apex, gradu- 
ally narrowed or truncate at the base, nearly sessile or short-petioled : sepals oblong to 
lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse or acutish : corolla dull yellow, 5-8 mm. broad : petals 
very delicate, oblong to elliptie, finely spotted : capsules ovoid or globose-ovoid, 4-6 mm. 
high, rather acute, much surpassing the sepals. 

In woods and thickets, Maine to New York, Georgia and Tennessee. Summer. 


24. Hypericum maculàtum Walt. Perennial from horizontal rootstocks, herbaceous, 
dark green, not heavy-scented. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, nearly simple, or considerably branched 
above: corymbs open or congested : leaf-blades leathery, ovate to oblong-ovate or nearly 
oblong, 1-6 em. long, obtuse, punctate, sessile and clasping: sepals lanceolate, 3-4 mm. 
long, long-acuminate, dotted: corolla deep yellow, 8-13 mm. broad: petals delicate, 
hed black-dotted : capsules ovoid, 3-5 mm. long, acutish, about twice as long as the 
sepals. 

In dry soil or on hillsides, Ontario to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Summer. 


25. Hypericum pseudomaculatum Bush. Perennial from horizontal rootstocks, 
herbaceous, glabrous, not heavy-scented. Stems erect, 4-8 dm. tall, corymbosely branche 
above, black-dotted: leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or oblong, 1.5-4 cm. long, obtuse or 
acutish, often strongly revolute, black-dotted, sessile and partly clasping: flowers m ter- 
minal rather crowded cymes: sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acute 
or slightly acuminate : corolla copper-yellow, 2-3 cm. broad : petals very delicate, black- 
dotted : capsules ovoid. 

In woods and dry soil, Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas. Spring and summer. 


26. Hypericum perforatum L. Perennial, herbaceous, producing runners from the 
base, especially in winter. Stems simple, or branched at the base, the branches like the 
stems, 4-7 dm. long, flattened, much branched above and topped by corymbs : leaf-blades 
linear-oblong, or elliptic-oblong or obovate on the runners, 5-20 mm. long, rounded or 
acutish at the apex, sessile, glandular-punctate, those of the main stem usually subtending 
leafy branches : sepals linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acute, glandular-punctate : coro"? 
deep yellow, 2-2.5 cm. broad: petals obliquely obovoid, 10-12 mm. long, toothed on one 
side from the middle to the apex, bearing black glands near the teeth : styles 3, shorter 
than the stamens: capsules ovoid, oblique, 6-8 mm. high. 

_In waste places and fields, throughout North America, except the extreme north and so 
uralized from Europe and northern Asia. Spring to fall. 

27. Hypericum gravéolens Buck]. Perennial from horizontal rootstocks, peace 
glabrous, heavy-scented. Stems erect or decumbent, 2-9 dm. tall, simple or sparing J 
branched above : leaf-blades thickish, oblong or ovate-oblong, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse, Pi es 
tate, sessile or clasping : flowers few, in terminal cymes or rarely solitary : sepals eas e 1 
5-7 mm. long, acute: corolla copper-yellow, 2-3 cm. broad: petals delicate, striped 4 
spotted with dark brown : capsules ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, acute. 

On mountain slopes, Virginia to North Carolina. Summer. 3 


28. Hypericum Buckleyi M. A. Curtis. Perennial, shrubby. Stems branching 1^ 
dm. tall, decumbent or ascending, often diffuse, the twigs narrowly winged : leaf- 


uth. Nat- 


HY PERICACEAE 791 


obovate, elliptic-obovate or elliptic, 0.5-2 cm. long, rounded at the apex or retuse, pale 
beneath, narrowed into short petioles: flowers solitary or a few (3) in terminal cymes: 
sepals obovate or spatulate, 4-5 mm. long, obtuse: corolla yellow, 2-2.5 cm. broad: petals 
rather delicate, about twice as long as the sepals : styles mostly 3 : capsules conic, 6-10 mm. 
long, 3-celled. 


On cliffs and rocky mountain summits, North Carolina to South Carolina and Georgia. Summer. 


29. Hypericum prolificum L. Perennial, shrubby. Stems 3-12 dm. tall with 
erect or ascending branches, the branchlets narrowly 2-winged: leaf-blades narrowly 
oblong or rarely lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, acute, usually slightly revolute, narrowed 
into short petioles : flowers mostly 2-3 in short-peduncled axillary cymes forming narrowly 
cylindric panicles or sometimes solitary: sepals usually 5, unequal, mostly obovate, 4-6 
mm. long: corolla deep yellow, 1.5-2 cm. broad: stamens very numerous, distinct : styles 
3 or rarely 4: capsules conic or narrowly ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, 3-celled. 

In sandy soil or rocky places, New Jersey to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas. Summer. 


30. Hypericum densiflorum Pursh. Perennial, shrubby. Stems slender, often 
diffusely branched, 6-18 dm. tall, with narrowly winged branchlets: leaf-blades linear, 
linear-oblanceolate or linear-oblong, 1-5 cm. long, acute, more or less revolute, narrowed 
into short petioles, small leaves usually clustered in the axils: flowers in terminal, mostly 
dense, corymbose cymes : sepals unequal, oblong to elliptic-oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long : corolla 
bright yellow, 1-1.5 cm. broad: petals obliquely pointed: stamens numerous, distinct : 
styles mostly 3: capsules ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, slightly 3-lobed, completely 3-celled. 

In swamps and on river banks, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


. 31. Hypericum lobocárpum Gattinger. Perennial, shrubby. Stems 1-2 m. tall, 
with erect or strongly ascending branches, the twigs and branches of the inflorescence nar- 
rowly winged : leaf-blades narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse or apicu- 
late, more or less revolute, sessile or narrowed into short, winged petioles : cymes dense, in 
corymbose or cylindric panicles: flowers numerous: sepals oblong to obovate-oblong, 2.5- 
3.5 mm. long, rather obtuse: corolla yellow, 1-1.5 cm. broad: petals rather cuneate : 
styles usually 5: capsules 5-celled, 5-lobed, 5-7 mm. long, separating into 5 carpels at 
maturity. 

In swamps and low grounds, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


4. SAROTHRA L. 


Firm-fleshy herbs, with erect branched stems and more or less black-dotted foliage. 
Leaves reduced to erect or appressed scales; these very short or somewhat elongated but 
destitute of blades. Flowers scattered along the branchlets, forming open or irregular 
cymes. Sepals 5, equal or nearly so, short or elongated. Petals 5, nearly equal. Sta- 
mens 5-20, shorter than the petals. Glands none. Ovary 1-celled, sessile. Styles 3, dis- 
tinct. Ovules several or numerous on the parietal placentae. Capsule more or less elon- 
gated, 1-celled, as long as the appressed sepals or much longer. Seeds ribbed or striate 
and pitted. 


Flowers sessile or nearly so: sepals much shorter than the conic capsules, 1. S. gentianoides. 
Flowers pedicelled : sepals and ovoid or oval-ovoid capsules about equal in length. 2. S. Drummondii. 


1. Sarothra gentianoides L. Annual, somewhat fleshy, but rather rigid. Stems 
1-5 dm. tall, often bushy-branched, or rarely simple, the branches wire-like, mostly 
opposite, sometimes filiform: leaves scale-like, appressed, often subulate or those on the 
lower part of the stem sometimes linear or narrowly-oblong: flowers scattered along the 
branches, sessile or nearly so: sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, acute or 
acuminate: corolla yellow, 4-8 mm. broad : stamens 5-10: capsules conic, 4-5 mm. long, 
much surpassing the sepals. [Hypericum Sarothra Michx.] 


In sandy soil and on rocks, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. PINE-WEED. 
PINE-TASSLE. ORANGE-GRASS. 


. 2. Sarothra Drummóndii Grev. & Hook. Annual, rigid. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, 
simple or bushy-branched, strongly wing-angled, the branches alternate : leaves scale-like, 
narrowly linear or linear-subulate, erect or strongly ascending, l-ribbed: cymes elon- 

ted : flowers scattered along the upper parts of the branches, pedicelled : sepals linear- 
anceolate, 3-4 mm. long, strongly nerved or slightly keeled below: corolla yellow, 10-12 
mm. broad: stamens 10-20: capsules ovoid, or oval-ovoid, shorter than the sepals or 
rarely longer. [Hypericum Drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G.] 

In dry soil, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer, 


792 THEACEAE 


5. TRIADENUM Raf. 

Perennial glabrous, Hypericum-like marsh herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves 
opposite : blades elongated, thickish, punctate, with nerves conspicuously curving along the 
margins. Flowers rather few, usually in contracted cymes. Sepals 5, erect, equal. Petals 
5, pink to greenish purple, imbricated, not oblique, deciduous. Stamens mostly 9: fila- 
ments united in groups of 3’s, which alternate with scale-like, orange-colored glands. 
Ovary 3-celled, sessile. Styles 3, distinct. Ovules numerous. Capsule 3-celled, opening 
by 3 valves at the top, surpassing the sepals. Seeds numerous. [Elodea Pursh, not 
Michx.] Marsu Sr. JOHN’ S-WORT. 

Leaf-blades sessile, partly clasping or truncate. 


Leaf-blades broadest at the base or below the middle, partly clasping. 1. T. Virginicum. 
Leaf-blades mostly broadest above the middle, merely sessile. 2. T. longifolium. 
Leaf-blades petioled, narrowed at the base. 3. T. petiolatum. 


1. Triadenum Virgínicum (L.) Raf. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, often sparingly branched, 
rooting at the lower joints : leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or ovate. 2-10 cm. long, spreading, 
rounded or emarginate at the apex, glaucous and usually black-punctate beneath, sessile, 
the broad base clasping : cymes peduncled, few-flowered : bracts like the leaves but smaller: 
sepals lanceolate or oblong, 5-6 mm. long, acute, pale-margined: petals obovate to ob- 
lanceolate or nearly oblong, 8-10 mm. long, acute, delicately nerved : capsules oblong, 
8-10 mm. long, acute, fully as long as the sepals. 

In swamps, Nova Scotia and Labrador to Manitoba, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 

2. Triadenum longifdlium Small. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, simple below the inflores- 
cence : leaf-blades oblanceolate, oblong or elliptic, thinnish, obtuse or notched at the apex, 
undulate, truncate or subcordate at the base, sessile : cymes terminal or axillary, few-flow- 
ered, sessile or short-peduncled : pedicels stout, 1-2 mm. long: sepals lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acuminate : capsules oblong, about 1 em. long, acute, glabrous, 
striate. 

In swamps and low grounds, Alabama and Florida. Summer. 

3. Triadenum petiolàtum ( Walt.) Britton. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, usually branched, 
sometimes copiously leafy above: leaf-blades oblong, or elliptic-oblong, 2-15 em. long, 
obtuse or notched at the apex, glaucescent beneath, sparingly black-dotted, gradually or 
abruptly narrowed into short petioles: cymes few-flowered : bracts similar to the leaves: 
bractlets minute: pedicels 1-5 mm. long: sepals oblong or nearly so, 2-2.5 mm. long, 
obtuse, pale-margined : petals elliptic-obovate, 4-7.5 mm. long, obtuse: capsules oblong, 
prismatic, 8-10 mm. long, acute. 

In swamps, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


FAMILY 7. THEACEAE DC. CAMELLIA FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, or rarely climbing vines. Leaves alternate: blades entire, 
toothed, or rarely digitately 3—5-foliolate: stipules wanting, or rarely minute 
and eaducous. Inflorescence commonly axillary, sometimes crowded into axil- 
lary or terminal racemes or panicles. Flowers mostly perfect, regular, showy. 
Calyx (usually subtended by several bractlets) of 5, or rarely 4-7, imbricated 
sepals. Corolla of 5, or rarely 4-7, distinct, or somewhat united, imbricated or 
contorted petals. Androecium of numerous stamens, or these rarely as many = 
the petals: anthers erect or versatile, opening lengthwise, or by terminal pores. 
Gynoecium of 3-5 united carpels. Ovary mostly 3-5-celled, sometimes partially 
immersed in the receptacle: styles as many as the cavities in the ovary, pomer 
times united. Ovules 2—many in each cavity, erect, horizontal or pendulous, 
anatropous, amphitropous or campylotropous. Fruit leathery or woody, dehis- 
cent or indehiscent. Seeds few or many. Endosperm wanting or fleshy. Em- 
bryo straight or nearly so, sometimes oblique, with flat or fluted cotyledons. 
Sepals slightly unequal : ovules 2, ascending: seeds lenticular, sometimes margined. 

Sepals ovate, united at the base: filaments united at the base: styles united : ^ 
Boxen chine MM MEME quUDM a lad dede 

PMiong-beaked: seeds apud du. : 2, MALACHODENDRON. 

Sepals very unequal: ovules 4-8, pendulous: seeds strongly angled or winged. 
Leaf-blades membranous, deciduous: flowers nearly sessile: filaments united 
into a thick tube: capsule globose: seeds angled. 3. FRANELINIA- 


Leaf-blades leathery, persistent : flowers long-pedicelled : filaments distinct : 
capsules ovoid : seeds winged. itm 4. GORDONIA. 


THEACEAE 793 


1. STUARTIA L. 


Shrubs, with upright branched stems. Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades membran- 
ous, usually toothed. Flowers perfect, showy, solitary on short axillary peduncles. Sepals 
mostly 5, slightly unequal, united at the base, persistent, relatively broad, subtended by 
2 bractlets. Petals mostly 5, imbricated, cream-colored, silky throughout, crenulate, co- 
herent at the base, deciduous. Stamens numerous in 3-4 series: filaments united into a 
ring at the base: anthers introrse, versatile. Ovary 5-celled : styles 5, united: stigma 
terminal. Ovules 2 in each cavity, ascending, anatropous. Capsule globular, hard-crus- 
taceous, loculicidal. Seeds lenticular, with a thick crustaceous testa, marginless. Endo- 
sperm fleshy. 

1. Stuartia Malacodéndron L. A shrub 1-5 m. tall, its twigs, petioles, lower leaf- 
surfaces and the outer surfaces of the sepals and petals pubescent. Leaf-blades oval, ellip- 
tic, or sometimes nearly ovate or obovate, short-acuminate and usually acute, sharply but 
finely serrate, usually acute at the base, short-petioled : sepals ovate, about 1 cm. long, 
acute: corolla 8-10 em. broad: petals obovate, 3-5 cm. long, erose : filaments united into 
a short tube at the base: styles united, surpassed by the stamens: capsule depressed-glo- 
bose, 12-17 mm. in diameter, slightly apiculate, its angles very low. [S. Virginica Cav.] 

In woods and on hillsides, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


2. MALACHODENDRON Cav. 


Shrubs, resembling Stuartia in habit. Flowers perfect, showy. Sepals mostly 6, dis- 
tinct, relatively narrow, persistent. Petals mostly 6, deciduous. Stamens numerous: fila- 
ments distinct: anthers introrse. Ovary 5-celled: styles 5, distinct: stigmas somewhat 
introrse. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule slightly elongated, sharply 5-angled, termi- 
nating in a stout beak. Seeds margined. 

1. Malachodendron pentágynum (L’ Her.) Small. A shrub 1-5 m. tall, its petioles, 
lower leaf-surfaces, outer surfaces of the calyx and corolla pubescent. Leaf-blades ovate, 
oval or elliptic, 6-12 em. long, usually acute and short-acuminate, finely but distantly and 
often inconspicuously serrate, ciliate, varying from acute to subcordate at the base : sepals 
5-6, narrowly oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, obtuse : corolla 6-7 cm. broad: petals 5-6, obovate, 
3-3.5 em. long, erose: filaments distinct: styles distinct, about equalling the stamen in 
length: capsule ovoid, 15-20 mm. long, pubescent, acuminate, with prominent, sharp 
angles: seeds obovate, 7-8 mm. long, strongly rugose, winged. [Stuartia pentagyna L’ Her. ] 

Along streams, chiefly in the mountains, Kentucky to Georgia. Spring and early summer. 


3. FRANKLINIA Marsh. 


Trees, with deciduous leaves, or sometimes shrubs. Leaves alternate : blades membran- 
ous, entire or toothed : stipules wanting. Flowers perfect, showy, white, solitary, nearly ses- 
sile. Sepals 5, very unequal, concave, silky, persistent, subtended by 2-4 bractlets. Petals 
5, concave, nearly distinct, somewhat silky without, the inner the larger, deciduous. Sta- 
mens numerous : filaments elongated, often united into 5 groups each adnate to one of the 
petals: anthers versatile. Ovary 5-celled: styles slender, united: stigmas united into a 
crenate disk. Ovules 6-8 in each cavity, pendulous. Capsule woody, blunt, loculicidally 
5-valved from top to bottom and septicidually from the bottom. Seeds more or less flat- 
tened, angled, with a woody testa. Endosperm wanting. 

l. Franklinia Alatamaha Marsh. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of about 
7 m. Leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, 6-15 cm. long, obtuse or acute, sharply 
serrate, chiefly above the middle, deep green above, tomentose beneath, attenuate into short 
petioles : sepals suborbicular, 12-14 mm. in diameter, silky, ciliate: corolla 7-9 cm. broad, 
nearly sessile : petals obovate, somewhat crisped, rounded at the apex, silky without: fila- 
ments distinct: capsule subglobose, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, depressed at the apex : seeds 
oblong, 12-14 mm. long, wingless. [Gordonia pubescens L’ Her. ] 

In low grounds, along the Altamaha River, near Ft. Barrington, Georgia. Spring. 


4. GORDONIA Ellis. 


Trees, with evergreen leaves, or sometimes tall shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades 
leathery, toothed : stipules wanting. Flowers perfect, long-pedicelled. Sepals 5, unequal, 


794 TURNERACEAE 


silky, persistent. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens numerous, on the top and inner 
face of 5 disk-like lobes confluent at the base: filaments distinct, relatively short: anthers 
versatile. Ovary 3-5-celled : styles united. Ovules 4 in each cavity. Capsule pointed, 
loculicidally 5-valved, the valves entire. Seeds 4, or mostly 2, in each cavity, each with 
a membranous wing at the top. Endosperm wanting. 

1. Gordonia Lasiánthus (L.) Ellis. An evergreen tree, reaching a height of 25 m., 
with a maximum trunk diameter of 5 dm., the bark thick, in flat parallel ridges. Leaf- 
blades narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acutish, obtuse or notched at the 
apex, appressed-serrate, glabrous, lustrous above, dull beneath, narrowed into short winged 
petioles: peduncles stout, 3-7 cm. long: sepals suborbicular, 8-10 mm. in diameter, silky 
with silvery hairs, ciliate: corolla showy, 5-7 cm. broad: petals obovate, oblong or ellip- 
tic, obtuse, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, silky without or at length glabrous: filaments united into a 
thick, fleshy, 5-lobed tube, pubescent within: capsule ovoid, 15-18 mm. long, acutish, 
silky : seeds somewhat S-shaped, 6-7 mm. long; wing membranous, about as long as the 
seed-body. 


In swamps and hammocks, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Flowers in the summer and ma- 
tures its fruit in the fall. LoBLOLLY BAY. TAN Bay. BLACK LAUREL. 


FAMILY 8. TURNERACEAE H.B.K. TURNERA FAMILY. 


Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with stingless hairs, or glabrous. Leaves 
alternate: blades simple, sometimes with 2 glands at the base. Flowers mostly 
perfect, regular, axillary. Calyx of 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla of 5 convolute 
deciduous petals, often delicate. Androecium of 5 stamens inserted with or near 
the petals. Filaments distinct, free. Anther-sacs opening lengthwise. Gynoe- 
cium compound, of 3 united carpels. Ovary free, 1-celled. Styles 3, entire, at 
least to the stigma. Stigmas dilated or usually many-cleft. Ovules numerous 
in 2 rows on the 8 parietal placentae, these opposite the three styles. Capsule 
1-celled, 3-valved at the apex or to the base. Seeds slightly curved. Embryo 
straight in the copious fleshy endosperm. 


Herbaceous : stigmas 2-cleft. 1. PIRIQUETA. 
Shrubby : stigmas not 2-cleft. 2. TURNERA. 


1. PIRIQUETA Aubl. 

Perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby at the base, with glabrous tomentose hirsute or 
stellate-pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades entire, toothed or pinnatifid, often 
biglandular at the base. Flowers axillary, or in reduced panicles. Sepals 5, imbricated. 
Petals yellow, 5, inserted below the stamens. Filaments flattened. Anthers somewhat 
elongated. Stigmas 3, 2-cleft, brush-like. Capsule 1-celled, loculicidally 3-valved to the 
base. Seeds numerous, curved, with a crustaceous often roughened testa. The plants 
flower mainly in the spring and summer. 

Foliage glabrous, at least to the inflorescence. "n 
Pedicel and calyx glabrous: braets leaf-like. 1. P. viridis. 
Pedicel and calyx pupescent, bracts scale-like. 2. P. glabrescens. 

Foliage tomentose or hirsute throughout. 

3. P. tomentosa. 


Stems tomentose. bert 
Stems hirsute as well as tomentose. 4. P. Caroliniana. 


1. Piriqueta viridis Small. Glabrous, deep green. Stems simple or sparingly 
branched near the base, smooth : leaf-blades linear or linear-spatulate on the lower part 9 
the stem, 3-8 cm. long, acute or acutish, repand, not prominently nerved beneath, sessile 
or short-petioled below: bracts leaf-like: pedicels glabrous: calyx glabrous, turbinate ; 
lobes lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, acute, ribbed : petals yellow, about 1.5 cm. long: capsules 
subglobose, 7-8 mm. in diameter, glabrous: seeds about 2 mm. long. 

In pine lands, Florida. 


2. Piriqueta glabréscens Small. Slender, glabrous to the inflorescence. Stems erect 
or ascending, often sparingly branched, 4-6 dm. tall, smooth : leaf-blades narrowly linear, 
1-5 em. long, acute or acutish, entire, not prominently nerved beneath, sessile or s d 
petioled below, much reduced above: bracts not foliaceous: pedicels tomentose : Cà yx 
turbinate, tomentose ; lobes oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute: petals yellow, spatulate, 
1-1.5 em. long ; capsules subglobose, about 5 mm. in diameter. [P. glabra Chapm., no 
Turnera glabra DC. ] 


In pine lands, peninsular Florida. ` 


CISTACEAE 795 


3. Piriqueta tomentósa H.B.K.  Pubescent with stellate tomentum. Stems erect or 
decumbent, 2-4 dm. tall, simple or branched, leafy : leaf-blades leathery, oval, oblong or 
rarely narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, slightly crenate-serrate, sessile or 
short-petioled below : calyx turbinate or campanulate-turbinate; lobes lanceolate, 5-8 mm. 
long, acute, slightly spreading: petals yellow, obovate, about 1.5 em. long : capsules sub- 
globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, minutely pubescent : seeds fully 2 mm. long. 

In pine lands, peninsular Florida. 

4. Piriqueta Caroliniàna (Walt.) Urban.  Pubescent with fulvous hirsute hairs and 
stellate tomentum. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades 
obovate, oblong or cuneate, lanceolate, or rarely oval, 1-7 cm. long, obtuse, repand or 
crenate-serrate, sessile or with short petioles: pedicels shorter than the peduncles: calyx 
turbinate ; lobes lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, acute, slightly spreading: petals yellow, obo- 
vate, 1.5-2 cm. long: capsules subglobose, 5-7 mm. in diameter, minutely pubescent : 
seeds fully 2 mm. long. 

In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. 


2. TURNERA L. 

Shrubs or shrubby plants, with glabrous or pubescent foliage. Leaves few, alternate : 
blades entire, toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers solitary in the axils, or sometimes in clus- 
ters or racemes, with or without bractlets. Sepals 5, more or less united, imbricated. 
Petals 5, usually yellow, convolute, inserted at the throat of the calyx-tube. Stamens 5, 
inserted near the petals. Filaments somewhat flattened, distinct. Anthers 2-celled. 
Stigmas 3, brush-like. Capsule barely elongated, 3-valved. Seeds curved, with a pitted 
or rough testa. 

1. Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward. A low diffuse shrub, with strigose foliage, or 
glabrate. Leaves approximate or clustered on the branchlets; blades spatulate or oblong- 
spatulate, leathery, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute, coarsely few-toothed, narrowed into slender 
petioles, the nerves prominent beneath, impressed above: calyx 4 mm. long, sessile, tubu, 
lar; lobes oblong or ovate-oblong, shorter than the tube, tips recurving: petals yellow- 
6-8 mm. long, narrowly cuneate: capsules ovoid, 4-6 mm. long. 

In dry soil, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


FAMILY 9. BIXACEAE Reichenb. BrxaA FAMILY. 


Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate: blades simple, toothed, lobed or 
rarely entire. Flowers perfect, solitary or several to many and variously dis- 
posed. Calyx of 4-5 usually imbricated sepals. Corolla wanting, or of as many 
petals as the sepals, deciduous. Androecium of numerous or rarely few stamens. 
Anthers opening by apical chinks. Gynoecium of 2-several united carpels. 
Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2-several parietal placentae which are sometimes 
well intruded. Styles as many as the placentae, but united. Ovules 2-many on 
each placenta. Fruit a valvate capsule, the valves bearing the placentae. 
Seeds numerous, often hairy. 


1. AMOREUXIA Mog & Sess. 


Branching shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades palmately lobed. Flowers in terminal 
panicles. Sepals 5, deciduous. Corolla showy. Petals 5. Stamens numerous : anthers 
narrow. Ovary 2-celled by the meeting of the placentae. Ovules numerous. Capsule 
loculicidally 3-valved, the valves leathery, separating from the endocarp and scarious 
partitions. Seeds numerous, smooth, the bony testa surrounded with a membranous coat. 

1. Amoreuxia Wrightii A. Gray. Stems solitary or several from a stout base, 2-5 
dm. tall : leaf-blades 2.5-5 cm. broad, deeply 5-7-lobed, the lobes mainly obovate, re ularly 
toothed : sepals 1.5-2 cm. long: petals twice as long as the sepals, orange above the brown- 
ish base : capsules ovoid to oblong-ovoid, mainly 4-5 cm. long : seeds obovoid. 

On dry or stony hills, Texas to Arizona and Central America. Spring to fall. 


FAMILY 10. CISTÀCEAE Lindl. Rock-RosE FAMILY. 


Shrubs or low woody herbs, with erect or spreading stems. Leaves alternate 
or opposite : blades simple. Flowers regular, generally perfect, solitary, racemose, 


796 CISTACEAE 


clustered or paniculate. Sepals 3-5, persistent, when 5 the 2 exterior ones 
smaller and scale-like, the 3 inner convolute. Petals 5 or 3, or sometimes want- 
ing, often fugacious. Stamens 8, hypogynous. Gynoecium of several united 
carpels. Ovary sessile, 1-several-celled. Ovules orthotropous, stalked. Styles 
united. Stigma entire or 3-lobed. Capsule dehiscent by valves. Seeds several 
or numerous. Embryo slender, straight or curved. Endosperm starchy or 
fleshy. 


Petals 5, yellow, fugacious or wanting. 
Styles obsolete or relatively short: leaves with flat or merely revolute blades. 1. HELIANTHEMUM. 
Styles slender, elongated: leaves scale-like, sometimes subulate. 2. HUDSONIA. 
Petals 3, not yellow, persistent. 8. LECHEA. 


1. HELIANTHEMUM Pers.! 


Woody herbs or low shrubby plants. Leaves with flat or revolute blades. Flowers 
complete or some species with both petaliferous and apetalous ones, the petaliferous often 
showy, with 12-30 long stamens and 20-60 or rarely 8-10 ovules in each ovary. Apetalous 
flowers with 3-8 short stamens and 6-20, or rarely 3-6 ovules in each ovary, as a rule less 
than one-half the number in the petaliferous flowers. Style obsolete or short: stigma capi- 
tate or 3-lobed. Capsules of the petaliferous larger than those of the apetalous flowers. Em- 
bryo curved. The plants flower in the spring or in the spring and summer. FROsT-WEED. 


Flowers all alike and petaliferous. 1. H. Carolinianum. 
Flowers of two kinds, some petaliferous others apetalous. 
Petaliferous and apetalous flowers in the same clusters. 
Flowers in a dense terminal cyme. 2. H. corymbosum. 
Flowers in seattered or panicled clusters. 
Flower-clusters scattered or solitary. 
Sepals becoming 6-8 mm. long: lateral nerves of leaves not promi- 


nent beneath. 3. H. arenicola. 
Sepals becoming 4 mm. long: lateral nerves of leaves prominent be- A 
neath. 4.. H. Georgianum. 


Flower-clusters in more or less elongated thyrsoid panicles. 
Sepals of the apetalous flowers fully 2 mm. long at maturity. D 
Sepals canescent-puberulent. 5. H. Nashii. 
Sepals hirsute. 6. H. thyrsoideum. 
.. Sepals of the apetalous flowers less than 2 mm. long. 7. H. rosmarinifolium. 
Petaliferous flowers solitary or few, vernal; apetalous flowers numerous, 
clustered, autumnal. 
Petaliferous flowers 1 or 2, their capsules far overtopped by the apetalous 


inflorescence. 8. H. Canadense. 
Petaliferous flowers 5-12, the apetalous inflorescence on short lateral A 
branches. i 9. H. majus. 


1. Helianthemum Caroliniànum Michx. Stems villous-hirsute or hirsute, erect or 
ascending, 1-3 dm. tall, often branched at the base, thence simple, or corymbose above : 
leaves few, often mostly at the base of the stem ; blades obovate, oval, oblong er somewhat 
spatulate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, ciliate, the upper ones manifestly petioled : 
flowers few : pedicels becoming 1-2 cm. long : sepals various, the larger ovate, becoming 1 
14 mm. long, acuminate, involute at the apex, much longer than broad : corolla yellow, 
2.5-3 cm. broad : petals very delicate : capsules subglobose, 7-9 mm. in diameter. 

In pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. 

2. Helianthemum corymbósum Michx. Stems finely and densely canescent, erect, 
branching from the base, 1.5-3 dm. high : leaf-blades oblong, or the lowest obovate, 2-2.5 
cm. long, obtuse or acutish, 6-10 mm. wide, entire, slightly revolute in drying, pale be- 
neath, dark green above, short-petioled : flowers in a nearly naked terminal fastigiate 
cyme, the petaliferous with 25-30 stamens and 20 ovules, the apetalous with 3-6 stamens 
and 9 ovules: corolla 16-20 mm. broad: pedicels slender, 6-16 mm. long: apetalous 
flowers nearly sessile: calyx of both kinds woolly-pubescent : outer sepals about equalling 
the inner: capsules of the larger flowers 4-6 mm. broad, many-seeded, those of the 
apetalous ones smaller and few-seeded. 

In sandy soil, Virginia and North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 

3. Helianthemum arenícola Chapm. Stems canescent-tomentulose, several from the 
woody base, erect or spreading, 1-2 dm. long, often branched above : leaf-blades linear- 
oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, only the midrib prominent beneath : flowers solitary or 
few in terminal clusters, the petaliferous with 25 stamens and 20 ovules, the apetalous 
with 5 stamens and 10 ovules: sepals various, the larger ovate or oval-ovate, becoming 
mm. long: corolla yellow, 16-20 mm. broad : capsules oval, about 4 mm. long. 

In shifting sand, along or near the coast, Florida. 


! Revised by Dr. John H. Barnhart. 


CISTACEAE 797 


4. Helianthemum Georgianum Chapm. Stems erect or spreading, 1-3 dm. long, 
usually branched at the base and above, often zigzag: leaf-blades oblong or slightly nar- 
rower below the middle, 1-2 cm. long, flat or slightly revolute, paler beneath than above, 
the lateral nerves as well as the midrib prominent beneath: flowers few, the petaliferous 
with 12-16 stamens and 35 ovules, the apetalous with 8 stamens and 17 ovules: sepals 
various, the larger ovate or oval, becoming 4 mm. long, acute or slightly acuminate: corolla 
yellow, 15-18 mm. broad : capsules ovoid-globose, about 4 mm. long, apiculate. 

In sandy soil, Georgia to Mississippi and Texas. 

5. Helianthemum Nashii Britton. Stems several or numerous, ascending or decum- 
bent, 1.5-4 dm. long, simple or sparingly branched above: leaf-blades oblong or linear- 
oblong, 1.5-3 em. long, acute or obtuse low down on the stem, the midrib and lateral 
nerves rather prominent beneath : flowers in thyrsoid panicles, the petaliferous with 15 
stamens and 8-10 ovules, the apetalous with 3 stamens and 3 ovules: sepals various, the inner 
oval or oval-oblong, becoming 3-4 mm. long, obtuse: corolla yellow, 16-20 mm. broad : 
petals broadly cuneate, slightly eroded : capsules broadly ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long, blunt. 

In the scrub, peninsular Florida. 


6. Helianthemum thyrsoideum Barnhart. Similar to H. Nashii in habit, but the 
leaves scarcely veined beneath, the inflorescence less widely branched, and the pedicels and 
the sepals densely hirsute. 

In dry sandy soil, Hillsborough County, Florida. 


7. Helianthemum rosmarinifólium Pursh. Stems erect, 2-7 dm. tall, often branch- 
ing throughout: leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, or those on basal shoots 
broader, 1-2.5 em. long, revolute, paler beneath than above, the midrib prominent beneath : 
petaliferous flowers few, on filiform pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, with 12-20 stamens and 8 ovules, 
their sepals ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, their corollas 12-15 mm. broad, their capsules 2-2.5 
cm. long: apetalous flowers in dense clusters, with 3 stamens and 3 ovules, their capsules 
short-pedicelled, about 1 mm. broad. 


In sandy soil, South Carolina and Arkansas to Florida, Mississippi and Texas. 


8. Helianthemum Canadénse (L.) Michx. Stem at first simple, later with slender 
elongated branches, erect, ascending, or sometimes diffuse, 1-6 dm. high: leaf-blades 
oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, nearly sessile, 1.2-3 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough 
and dark green above, paler and canescent beneath, the margins commonly revolute in 
drying: petaliferous flowers solitary, or rarely 2 together, with 30 stamens and 30-60 
ovules, their sepals pilose, their corollas bright yellow, 1.8-3 em. broad, their capsules 
ovoid or obovoid, rounded above, 6-8 mm. long, much overtopped by the later elongating 
axillary branches : apetalous flowers appearing later, axillary, nearly sessile, with 4 stamens 
and 6-20 ovules, their capsules about 4 mm. in diameter: seeds papillose. 

In dry rocky or sandy soil, Maine to Indiana, Wisconsin, North Carolina and Kentucky. 

9. Helianthemum majus (L.) B.S.P. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. fhigh, at first simple, 
later with numerous short ascending branches: leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 
acute or obtuse, 1.5-3.5 em. long, stellate-canescent beneath, darker above, short-petioled : 
petaliferous flowers 5-12 in a terminal cymose raceme with 30 stamens and 30-60 ovules, 
their sepals densely canescent, the outer nearly as long as the inner, their corollas 1.5- 
2.5 em. broad, light yellow, their capsules ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, little if at all overtopped 
by the later axillary branches: apetalous flowers appearing later, with 4 stamens and 6-20 
ovules, minute, clustered in the axils, nearly sessile, their capsules about 2 mm. in diam- 
eter : seeds evenly reticulated. 

In dry soil, Maine to Minnesota, South Dakota, Georgia and Texas. 


2. HUDSONIA L. 

Shrubs, with low tufted diffusely branched stems. Leaves small, subulate or scale- 
like, imbricated. Flowers numerous, yellow, terminating branches. Petals 5, obovate- 
oblong. Stamens 8. Style filiform. Stigma minute. Capsule 3-valved, included in the 
calyx. Seeds few. Embryo slender, spirally curved. Bracs HEATHER. 
DORUM a at least, with a iinesr-eubulate lobe. 1. H. montana. 


F Ovary pubescent at the top: one sepal, at least, with a tooth near the apex. 2. H. ericoides. 
lowers sessile or nearly so: p eaa scale-like: ovary glabrous. 3. H. tomentosa. 


1. Hudsonia montana Nutt. Bushy, somewhat villous throughout, the branches tufted 
1-1.5 dm. long. Leaves commonly erect, sometimes spreading in age, filiform-subulate, 
3-6 mm. long, approximate: pedicels 8-10 mm. long, slender, woolly-villous: flowers 


798 CISTACEAE 


several: sepals 5-6 mm. long, acuminate, densely pubescent: corolla yellow, 9-11 mm. 
broad : capsules oval-oblong or broadly oblong, 3-4 mm. long, sparingly pubescent. 

On the dry summit of Table Rock and adjacent peaks, North Carolina. Summer. 

2. Hudsonia ericoides L. Bushy-branched from the base, greenish, softly-pubes- 
cent throughout, 1-2 dm. high, the principal branches slender, ascending. Leaves subu- 
late, 6-8 mm. long, somewhat spreading, densely imbricated on the younger branches, 
more scattered on the older ones: pedicels very slender, 10-15 mm. long: flowers numer- 
ous : corolla about 8 mm. broad : sepals 4-6 mm. long, obtuse or acutish : capsules oblong, 
slightly pubescent: seeds about 3. 

In dry sandy soil, especially in pine lands near the coast, Nova Scotia to North Carolina. Spring. 

3. Hudsonia tomentósa Nutt. Densely tufted and intricately branched, matted 
hoary-pubescent, pale, 1-2 dm. high, the branches stout, ascending. Leaves 2 mm. long, 
oval or oblong, densely imbricated and appressed : flowers sessile, or nearly so, numerous, 
slightly smaller than those of the preceding species: sepals obtuse: capsules ovoid, 
glabrous, usually 1-seeded. 


3 In sands of the seashore and in pine lands, New Brunswick to North Carolina, and on lake and 
river shores west to Slave Lake and the Lake of the Woods. Spring and early summer. 


3. LÉCHEA L. 

Perennial branching herbs, often woody at the base, with erect or spreading stems, 
producing leafy shoots at the base in the fall. Leaves numerous: blades entire. Flowers 
minute, panicled, greenish or purplish. Sepals 5, the two outer smaller and narrower. 
Petals 3, ovate to linear, inconspicuous, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Stigmas 3, nearly 
sessile, laciniate, prominent when the plant is in flower. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, or 
by obliteration of the dissepiments 1-celled, about 6-seeded. Embryo curved or spiral. 
PIN-WEED. 


Placentae of the capsule fragile, separating from the thin dissepiments, the margins revolute. 
Leaf-blades of the basal shoots ovate or oblong, not more than about 3 times as long as wide. 


Outer sepals longer than the inner. 1. L. minor. 
Outer sepals shorter than the inner or about equalling them in length. 
Capsules oblong: pedicels 2-4 mm. long. 2. L. racemulosa. 


Capsules globose : pedicels about 1 mm. long. 
Foliage villous: stems erect. 
Stem-leaves 15-25 mm. long : branches erect or ascending. 3. L. villosa. 
Stem-leaves 4-8 mm. long : branches spreading. 4. L. divaricata. 
Foliage tomentose-canescent : stems ascending. 5. L. maritima. 
a U of the basal shoots linear or lanceolate, more than 3 times as long 
s wide. 


Stem-leaves with narrowly linear blades : inner sepals 1-nerved. 6. L. tenuifolia. 
Stem-leaves with linear or oblong-linear blades: inner sepals 3-nerved. 
Capsules i mm. in diameter. 7. L. patula. 
Capsules 1.5 mm. in diameter. ; 
Capsules ellipsoidal: plant cinereous. 8. L. Torreyt. 
Capsules obovoid: plant green. 9. L. Leggettii. |. 
Placentae of the capsule leathery, the margins not revolute: dissepiments persistent. 10. L. Drummondii. 


1. LecheaminorL. Foliage more or less pubescent with appressed hairs. Stems erect, 
1.5-6 dm. high, freely branching above, the branches slender, erect or ascending: stem- 
leaves with oval or oblong blades 8-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, acutish or obtuse, ciliate, 
the upper smaller than the lower; petioles 2 mm. long: leaves of the basal shoots oval or 
oblong, obtuse, 6-10 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide : panicle very leafy : flowers close together, 
somewhat secund : petals red-purple: outer sepals longer than the inner and longer than the 
obovoid or globose pod. 

Indry open grounds, eastern Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Florida and Louisiana. Su 


2. Lechea racemulósa Michx. Foliageslightly pilose-pubescent throughout with ap- 
pressed hairs. Stems erect, 1.5-5 dm. high, freely branching above, the branches slender, 
divergent or ascending: leaves of the stem with oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or rige 
blades narrowed at the base, 8-18 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide : leaves of the basal shoots ova 
or oblong, 4-8 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse; petioles about 2 mm. long: seen 
sparsely leafy, the branches spreading or ascending : flowers on slender divergent p 
2-4 mm. long: outer sepals equalling or shorter than the inner: pod oblong or ellipsoid. 

In dry rocky or sandy soil, Martha’s Vineyard to Indiana, Florida and Tennessee. Summer. 


3. Lechea villdsa Ell. Foliage villous-pubescent with spreading hairs. Stems s 
3-8 dm. high, branching above, leafy, the branches rather stout, ascending : leaves of keen 1 
with oblong-elliptic acute or acutish blades, 15-25 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide ; petioles 


mmer. 


CISTACEAE 799 


mm. long: leaves of the basal shoots oval or oblong, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide: 
branches of the panicle ascending, the ultimate branchlets often recurved : pedicels 1 mm. 
long : flowers more or less secund-scorpioid, close together: petals greenish purple: outer 
sepals about equalling the inner : pod depressed-globose, 1 mm. in diameter. 


In dry soil, Massachusetts to southern Ontario, Nebraska to Floridaand Texas. Summer. 


4. Lechea divaricata Shuttlw. Foliage densely villous-pubescent. Stems erect, 
divaricately branched, the branches slender, very leafy : leaves of the stem and branches 
small, 4-8 mm. long; blades oval, oblong or linear-oblong, acute, clothed with spreading 
hairs on both surfaces: inflorescence very leafy: flowers obovoid : pedicels about 2 mm. 
long, not secund : outer sepals shorter than the inner: pod globose, nearly 2 mm. in 

lameter. 


In dry soil, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


5. Lechea maritima Leggett. Foliage tomentose-canescent with whitish hairs. 
Stems densely tufted, branching from the base, stout, rigid, 1.5-3 dm. high, the primary 
branches spreading or ascending, numerous: flowering branches slender, stiff, divergent, 
elongated : leaves of the stem 8-20 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; blades linear or linear-oblong, 
blunt or acute: leaves of the basal shoots oblong or ovate-oblong, mainly acute, 6-8 mm, 
long, 3-4 mm. wide, densely canescent: pedicels 1 mm. long: flowers numerous, 
pn. petals reddish: outer sepals shorter than the inner: pod globose, 1 mm. in 

lameter. 


Insands of theseashore and in sandy pine lands, Massachusetts to Virginia and Georgia. Summer. 


6. Lechea tenuifdlia Michx. Foliage minutely strigose-pubescent. Stems densely 
tufted, erect, slender, 1-3 dm. high, divaricately branched above, the branches slender, elon- 
gated: leaves of the stem 4-15 mm. long, 1 mm. wide or less ; blades narrowly linear, or 
sometimes nearly filiform, acute, sessile, or very nearly so: leaves of the basal shoots 
linear, sessile, 6-8 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide: pedicels 2 mm. long: flowers more or 
less secund, conspicuously bracted : petals red-purple : outer sepals equalling or exceeding 
the inner in length : pod globose-oval, 1 mm. in diameter, or slightly more. 


In dry;open places, eastern Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


7. Lechea patula Leggett. Bushy, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, the foliage appressed-pubescent. 
Stems usually divergently branched, but the branches sometimes ascending. Leaves of the 
stem and branches 4-9 mm. long, 1 mm. or less wide ; blades linear or oblong, acute : leaves 
of the basal shoots canescent ; blades linear-oblong or somewhat spatulate, subacute, 6-10 
mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide: flowers minute: outer sepals about equalling the inner in 
length : pod globose, 1 mm. in diameter. 


In dry soil, South Carolina and Florida. Summer. 


8. Lechea Torreyi Leggett. Foliage cinereous-pubescent. Stems much branched, 
2.5-4.5 dm. high, the branches ascending: leaves of the stem and branches linear, 8-12 mm. 
long, about 2 mm. wide, acute, those of the basal shoots smaller and narrower, finely ap- 
pressed-pubescent: flowers numerous, short-pedicelled : calyx densely covered with ap- 
ae white hairs: outer sepals shorter than the inner: pod ellipsoidal, 1.5 mm. in 

lameter. 


In dry soil, South Carolina and Florida. Summer. 


9. Lechea Leggéttii Britt. & Holl. Foliage strigose-pubescent but green. Stems 
erect, 2-6 dm. high, rather slender, spreading or ascending : leaves of the stem 10-25 mm. 
long, 1-2 mm. wide ; blades linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, sessile or nearly so: 
leaves of the basal shoots oblong-linear, 4-6 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, acute: panicle open, 
its branches slender and divergent: racemes somewhat secund : pedicels 1-2 mm. long : 
petals brownish purple : outer sepals nearly equalling the inner in length : pod obovoid, 
1.5 mm. in diameter. 


In dry open places, Long Island, New York to Indiana and North Carolina. Summer. 


10. Lechea Drummóndii (Spach) T. & G. Foliage sparingly pubescent. Stems 
1-2 dm. high, slender, wiry, much branched, decumbent or erect, the branches ascending : 
leaf-blades narrowly linear, 6-12 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, scattered, the upper minute : 
flowers solitary in the axils of the subulate bracts, secund, slender-pedicelled : pedicels de- 
flexed, 2-4 mm. long in fruit; calyx strigose-pubescent : outer sepals about as long as the 
inner: pod depressed-globose, 2 mm. in diameter. 


In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 


800 VIOLACEAE 


FAMILY 11. VIOLACEAE DC.! VIoLET FAMILY. 


Herbs, or in tropical regions occasionally shrubs or trees, with simple alter- 
nate or basal stipulate leaves, and perfect usually irregular solitary or clustered 
flowers. Sepals and petals 5, the latter hypogynous, imbricated in the bud, the 
lowermost often spurred. Stamens 5, the anthers erect, syngenesious or con- 
nivent. Gynoecium 3-carpellary. Ovary 1-celled, enclosing numerous ovules 
on the 3 parietal placentae and becoming in fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds 
anatropous. 


Sepals auriculate at base. 1. VIOLA. 
Sepals not auriculate at base. 
Anthers syngenesious: upper and lateral petals nearly equal. 2, CUBELIUM. 
Anthers connivent: upper and Jateral petals markedly unequal. 3. CALCEOLARIA. 
1. VIOLA L. 


Leafy-stemmed or acaulescent and scapose herbs, with usually prominent stipules and 
solitary axillary flowers, often succeeded in the late season by apetalous or cleistogamous 
freely fruit-producing flowers. Petals spreading, the lowermost saccate or spurred. 
Stamens 5, the lowermost two appendaged. Capsule 3-valved, elastically dehiscent. 


I. Acaulescent : flowers scapose. 
Plants not stoloniferous. 
Leaf-blades lobed or parted (except in V. palmata asarifolia). 
Cleistogamous flowers wanting: petals beardless. PEDATAE. 1. V. pedata. 
Cleistogamous flowers present: petals bearded. HETEROPHYLLAE. 
Plants always more or less pubescent. 
Leaí-blade with the central lobe the largest. 2. V. palmata. 
Leaf-blade with the two outer lobes the largest. 3. V. falcata. 
Plants comparatively glabrous, or with slight traces of pubescence. 
Lobes extending to the center of the leaf-blade. 
Scapes surpassing the leaves: blades of the latter pedately 5-7- 
obed. . V. septemloba. 
Scapes not surpassing the leaves: blades variously 3-lobed. . V. vicinalis. 
Lobes very shallow. 
Leaf-blades subsinuately toothed or parted. 
Leaf-blades somewhat palmately 5-lobed. 
Leaf-blades merely erenate or dentate, cordate-ovate in outline, none lobed. 
COMMUNES. 
Plants small (less than 1 dm. high). 
Leaf-blades reniform-orbicular. 


V. subsinuata. 
. V. heterophylla. 


NS Oke 


Corolla reddish purple: spur small. 8. V. villosa. 
Corolla blue: spur large and broadly saccate. 9. V. Carolina. 
Leaf-blades deltoid-triangular. Ay 
Petioles slightly exceeding the blades. 10. V. Langloisii. | 
Petioles uena y twice as long as the blades. li. V. Alabamensis. 
Plants large (more than 1 dm. high). ; 
Leaves not cucullate; blades attenuate at apex. 12. V. affinis. 
Leaves cucullate; blades abruptly acute. Sis 
Corolla deep purple : scapes exceeding the leaves. 13. V. papilionacea. 
Corolla pale purple : scapes not exceeding the leaves. 14. V. Missouriensis. 


Leaf-blades crenate, dentate, or somewhat incised at the base, ovate-sagit- 
tate or ovate-lanceolate. SAGITTATAE. 


Plants distinctly villous 15. V. fimbriatula. 
Plants glabrate or only ciliate. : 
Leaf-blades sagittate-lanceolate. 16. V. sagittata. 
Leaf-blades broader. hylla 
Leaf-blades oblong-elliptical. 17. V. amorphophy%s- 
Leaf-blades deltoid-triangular. 18. V. emarginata. 
Plants stoloniferous. 
Introduced species: corolla purple. ODORATAE. 19. V. odorata. 
Native Vu : corolla not purple. ;folia 
Corolla yellow. ORBICULATAE. 20. V. rotundifolia. 


Corolla white. BLANDAE. 
Leaf-blades from broadly ovate to orbicular: cleistogenes deflexed. 
Upper and lateral petals twice aslong as broad : petioles notspotted. 21. V. blanda. 
Upper and lateral petals thrice as long as broad: petioles red- 


spotted. . 22. V. LeConteana. 
Leaf-blades from narrowly oval to linear: cleistogenes erect. : ; 
perd ere oval = ovate-oblong. : E 23. V. primulaefolia. 
eaf- es from lanceolate to linear-lanceolate. : 
Corolla 2 em. broad. 24. V. denticulosa. 
Corolla less than 1.5 em. broad. lata 
Plade and petiole distinct, of nearly equal length. 25. V. d i 
Blade and petiole coalescent. 26. V. vittata. 
II. Caulescent, leafy-stemmed : flowers axillary. 
A. Corolla yellow. HASTATAE. ta. 
a. Rootstock tuberous, white and succulent. 27. V. hasta 


1 Contributed by Mr. Charles Louis Pollard. 


VIOLACEAE 801 


b. Rootstock thick, not succulent, fibrous rooted. 
Leaf-blades lobed. 28. V. tripartita. 
Leaf-blades entire. 
Blades from hastate-lanceolate to rhomboidal. 


Plant 8-15 em. high: corolla scarcely veined. 29. V. tenuipes. 
Plant 2-4 dm. high: corolla conspicuously veined. 28. V. tripartita. 
Blades ovate-reniform. 
Plant pubescent: root-leaves usually wanting. 30. V. pubescens. 
Plant glabrate: root-leaves usually present. 31. V. scabriuscula. 
B. Corolla purple, white or cream-colored. 
Stipules entire. CANADENSES. 82. V. Canadensis. 


Stipules incised or pinnatifid. 
Perennials: stipules much smaller than the leaf-blades. CANINAE.| 


Petals eream-colored, the lower ones purple-veined. 33. V. striata. 
Petals blue or purple, rarely white, 
Spur shorter than the petals: stems prostrate. 34. V. multicaulis. 
Spur longer than the petals : stems erect. 35. V. rostrata. 
Annual: stipules nearly as large as the blades. TRICOLORES. 36. V. Rafinesquii. 


1. Viola pedata L. Plant glabrous, from a short vertical rootstock: leaves with 
blades nearly orbicular in outline, pedately divided into 5-11 linear, frequently dentate, 
lobes, those of the earlier ones broader and spatulate: corolla 2-3.5 cm. broad, blue, pale 
lilac or rarely white, the two upper petals occasionally deep purple: stigma erostrate : 
capsules prismatic, 1-1.4 em. long. 

In dry fields, woods and meadows,|Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. Spring. 

2. Viola palmàta L. Plant mostly solitary from a horizontal rootstock : leaves 
pubescent, or occasionally glabrate, the blades much shorter than the petioles, cordate- 
ovate in outline, more or less deeply 5-13-lobed, 5-15 cm. long when mature, the middle 
lobe commonly the broadest; blades of the earlier leaves merely crenate-dentate, un- 
lobed : scapes rarely exceeding the leaves: sepals lanceolate, acute: petals deep blue, 
1-2.5 em. long: capsules 8-12 mm. long: cleistogamous flowers and capsules on hori- 
zontal or deflexed peduncles. 

In woods in upland regions, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas. Spring.— V. 
palmata dilatàta Ell. has the blades of. all or most of the leaves 3-lobed, the large middle lobe ovate, the 
smaller lateral ones lunate or subfalcate ; it occurs with the type and is the prevailing form south ward. 
V. palmata asarifotia (Pursh) House, is villous and has the blades of all or most of the leaves unlobed, 
the margins merely crenate; it occurs with the type but is not common. 

3. Viola falcàta Greene. Plant solitary, from a long perpendicular rootstock : 
leaves sparingly pubescent, the blades 6-10 cm. long, broadly cordate-deltoid, cleft into 
several segments, these either simple or lobed, the outer ones distinctly falcate: flowers 
resembling those of V. palmata: cleistogamous flowers and capsules on slender horizontal 
peduncles, the capsules often partially hypogaeous. 

In dry but rich woods, southern Illinois to the mountains of North Carolina and Alabama. Spring 
and early summer. 

4. Viola septémloba Le Conte. Leaves glabrous and succulent, mostly spreading, 
the earlier ones very short-petioled ; blades cordate-ovate in outline, the first entire, the 
later dentate or lobed, those of the aestival leaves pedate, 7-lobed, the central lobe the 
largest, the lowermost lobes frequently runcinate : scapes 1-2 dm. high, surpassing the 
leaves : sepals lanceolate, whitish margined : corolla 2-4 em. broad, rather light purple, 
the petals prominently veined. 

In pine lands, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Winter and spring. 

5. Viola vicinàlis Greene. Plant glabrous, 2-5 dm. high : leaves long-petioled, the 
blades of the earlier ones cordate-ovate, those of the later broadly trigonous, with trun- 
cate base and very obtuse apex, variously 3-lobed, the central lobe the largest, the margins 
entire or obscurely crenate : scapes not surpassing the leaves: corolla large, 4 cm. in di- 
ameter, deep purple: petals oblong, nearly equal, the lateral copiously bearded : sepals 
narrowly lanceolate and acuminate. [V. insignis Pollard. ] 

In dry pine lands, Florida to Mississippi, near the coast. Winter and early spring. 

..9. Viola subsinuàta Greene. Plant similar to V. heterophylla in habit: leaves 
With traces of pubescence, the blades trigonous in outline, all, even the earliest, 
Subsinuately toothed or parted ; petioles very short : scapes slender, ascending, exceeding 
the leaves : ‘corolla light blue, the petals broad and obtuse: capsules, particularly those 
from the horizontal cleistogenes, small and short. 

On mountain slopes, eastern Tennessee. Spring. 

7. Viola heterophylla Muhl. Plant of low, spreading habit, glabrous and more or 
less succulent: leaves with blades somewhat rugose-veined, elongated-ovate, cordate, 
acute, crenate-dentate, entire or somewhat palmately 5-lobed, the middle lobe much the 

est ; petioles shorter than the blades : scapes 8-15 cm. high : corolla 2-2.5 cm. in di- 
ameter, purple, whitish at the base, veiny: sepals linear. 

In river Swamps and clay soils, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Spring. 

51 


802 VIOLACEAE 


8. Viola villósa Walt. Plant low in habit, with a short rootstock : leaves more or 
less appressed to the ground ; blades reniform or orbicular with a narrow sinus, crenate, 
obtuse, 2.5-6 cm. wide, dark green, often purple-veined above, hirsute with silvery 
pubescence, particularly above : scapes exceeding the leaves: corolla reddish purple, 10- 
16 mm. wide: sepals obtuse, lanceolate : capsules oblong, 6-8 mm. long : cleistogenes on 
short horizontal peduncles. 
ue In dry but rich woods and on hillsides, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Georgia and Alabama. 

pring. 

9. Viola Carolina Greene. Plant low, depressed, from a stout rootstock : leaves of 
thick texture, the blades and petioles of nearly equal length, the former cordate-ovate, 
very obtuse, with rounded basal lobes and a narrow sinus, the surface minutely hirsutulous, 
the margins crenulate ; petioles usually densely villous: scapes scarcely exceeding the 
leaves: sepals ovate-oblong : corolla blue, 1-2 cm. broad, the petals obovate-oblong ; 
spur large and broadly saccate : capsules oblong. 

In dry ground, North Carolina to Mississippi. Spring. 


10. Viola Langloisii Greene. Plant low, 4-16 cm. high, spreading, from a short erect 
rootstock : leaves of firm texture, glabrous ; blades from reniform-cordate to deltoid-trian- 
gular, acute, crenate-dentate, 2-4 cm. long, somewhat shorter than the petioles: scapes 
exceeding the leaves: corolla large, light blue, with a blunt spur: sepals narrowly lan- 
ceolate. 

In moist woods, Mississippi to Texas. Spring. 


11. Viola Alabaménsis Pollard. Plant low, from a slender, nearly vertical root- 
stock : leaves small, sparsely hirsute ; blades 1.5-2 cm. long, suborbicular, cordate at base, 
the slender petiole often twice as long : scape much exceeding the leaves : corolla purple, 
2.5 em. broad: petals oblong, the margins obscurely erose or fimbriate: sepals small, 
ovate-lanceolate : cleistogenes not observed. 

In dry open copses, Cullman and Sucksville, Alabama. Spring. 


12. Viola affinis Le Conte. Plant slender and usually solitary, 1-2.5 dm. high, 
from a short ascending rootstock: leaves dark green, glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; 
blades long-petioled, cordate-ovate, usually attenuate at apex, with a deep sinus at base, 
the margins crenate-dentate, 2.5-7 cm. broad, usually spreading at a right angle from the 
petiole : scapes about as long as the leaves: corolla pale blue : capsules oblong-oval : cleis- 
togenes on filiform deflexed peduncles. [V. obliqua Hill. ] 

In rich shady woods, New York to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


13. Viola papilionàcea Pursh. Plant stout, with bright green glabrous foliage, 
from a branching caudex: blades of the leaves 5-13 cm. long, from ovate to reniform, 
mostly cucullate, cordate at base, the margins crenate: scapes at flowering time exceed- 
ing the leaves: corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, deep violet purple, the two upper petals re- 
flexed, the keel petal smaller than the others : sepals lanceolate : capsules oblong. 

In meadows and woodlands, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia andJAlabama. Spring. . 


14. Viola Missouriénsis Greene. Habit of the next preceding species: blades o 
the earlier leaves obtuse, subcordate ; those of the later from deltoid to hastate-triangular, 
glabrous, 4-7 em. long, the margins remotely crenate-serrate: scapes not surpassing the 
leaves : sepals oblong-lanceolate, ciliolate : corolla from pale violet to nearly white, the 
petals obovate and obtuse: cleistogenes short-pedunculate, frequently hypogaeous. 

In woods, Missouri to Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 

15. Viola fimbriátula J. E. Smith. Plant tufted, densely villous: leaf-blades ex- 
ceeding the petioles, from ovate-lanceolate and ovate-hastate to oblong, obscurely crenate 
on the margin, the base truncate or subcordate, occasionally incised or even saree : 
scapes exceeding the leaves: corolla blue, 8-14 mm. broad, the petals oblong : capsules 
oval: cleistogenes borne on erect peduncles. [V. ovata Nutt.] 

In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Missouri, Georgia and Louisiana. Spring. 

16. Viola sagittata Ait. Plant strict, from a stout erect rootstock : leaves priam 
or with very slight traces of pubescence ; blades sagittate, ovate-lanceolate or ob ssi 
lanceolate, acute, crenate-dentate toward the apex, the base subcordate or truncate heirs 
laciniately toothed or incised auricles : scapes shorter than the leaves : corolla dark purp'^» 
the petals entire: capsules prismatic: cleistogenes on erect peduncles. 

In wet meadows and marshes, Maine to Michigan, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. ed] 

17. Viola amorphophylla Pollard. Plant spreading in habit, from a stout beer 
rootstock, glabrous throughout, and succulent: blades of the leaves elliptica] or 0 m 
elliptical, the margins entire or obscurely crenate near the obtuse apex, the base roun 


or slightly tapering, rarely with small auricles or incisions ; petioles mostly shorter than 


VIOLACEAE . 803 


the blades: scapes surpassing the leaves: corolla purple, 2.5 cm. broad : sepals ovate- 
lanceolate : petals oblong, the short spur blunt: cleistogenes borne on erect peduncles. 
On mountain slopes, Tryon, North Carolina. Spring. 


18. Viola emarginata (Nutt.) Le Conte. Plants usually solitary or sometimes 
clustered, from an ascending rootstock: leaves glabrous ; blades on elongated petioles, 
from deltoid-triangular to broadly ovate, dentate below the middle, or occasionally deeply 
cleft or lobed, subcordate at base, the margin slightly decurrent: scapes not surpassing 
the leaves occasionally branched : corolla bright blue, with oblong distinctly emarginate 
petals : capsules somewhat angled : peduncles of the cleistogenes erect. 

In dry soil, New York to Stone Mountain, Georgia. Spring. 


19. Viola odorata L. Stoloniferous, the stolons rooting freely at the nodes : leaves 
from pubescent to glabrate ; blades broadly ovate or suborbicular, cordate, obtuse, crenate 
on the margins: scapes equalling the leaves: flowers fragrant: corolla 1-2 cm. broad, 
blue: sepals oblong, obtuse: petals beardless: cleistogenes borne on short decumbent 
peduncles. [V. Thompsonae Chapm. ] 

eek escaped from gardens in the Atlantic and Pacific States ; established at Smithville, Georgia 
g. 


20. Viola rotundifolia Michx. Apparently acaulescent at flowering time, but pro- 
ducing stolons in late summer: leaves glabrate, somewhat pubescent along the petioles ; 
blades yellowish green, paler beneath, from ovate to orbicular, cordate, crenate, at first 
1-5 cm. broad, later 10-13 cm. broad and closely appressed to the ground : corolla yellow, 
8-12 mm. broad : sepals obtuse, narrowly oblong, the lateral petals bearded and marked 
with brown veins: capsules ovoid : cleistogenes on short deflexed peduncles. 

In woods, Labrador to Minnesota, and to the mountains of North Carolina and,Tennessee. Spring 


21. Viola blánda Willd. Plant glabrate, stoloniferous, from a very slender root- 
stock : leaves light green ; blades thin, from orbicular to subreniform, cordate, with a 
shallow basal sinus, obtuse at apex, the margins crenate : flower fragrant : corolla white, 
6-12 mm. broad, the petals beardless, mostly marked with purple veins: sepals lanceo- 
late, acute : capsules small, oval : cleistogenes few. 

In swamps and meadows, New Foundland to British Columbia and southward to the higher 
mountains of North and South Carolina and Tennessee. April-May. 

22. Viola LeConteana G. Don. Plant abundantly stoloniferous : leaves sparsely 
pubescent or glabrate, the petioles more or less distinctly flecked with red ; blades bright 
green above, paler beneath, ovate or suborbicular, obtuse, the basal sinus deep and nar- 
Tow : scapes not surpassing the leaves: flowers scarcely fragrant : corolla white, 1-2 cm. 
broad, the petals very narrow, the two uppermost occasionally contorted : capsules larger 
than those of V. blanda. [ V. blanda var. amoena (Le Conte) B.S.P. V. alsophila Greene. ] 

In moist woods, in upland regions, New England to Illinois, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


23. Viola primulaefólia L. Plant glabrous or rarely somewhat pubescent. stolonif- 
€rous in late summer : leaf-blades oval or ovate-oblong, truncate or subcordate at base, the 
latter somewhat decurrent, the margins entire or crenulate : sepals lanceolate, acuminate : 
corolla white, 8-12 mm. wide, the petals veined with purple, and almost beardless : cap- 
Sules oval, 6-10 mm. long, those from the cleistogenes cernuous on short erect peariaries 

In i M i i Š ring.— V. primulaefolia austràlis Pollard, 
has uhr ane WHE are EE. E ERA ear À the corolla 1-1.5 cm. 

road ; more common than the type throughout its southern range. 
. .24. Viola denticuldsa Pollard. Plant 1-2 dm. high at flowering time, 3-4 dm. high 
in late summer, producing filiform stolons often fully this length : leaf-blades of thin 
texture, lanceolate, equalling or surpassing the petiole, acute at apex and strongly decur- 
rent, the margin denticulate or subentire, the upper surface sparsely hirsute : scapes not 
Surpassing the leaves : corolla white, 2 cm. broad, the keel petal alone dark purple-veined : 
Sepals lanceolate, scarious margined : cleistogenes erect. 

In wet woods near Douglas, Georgia. Spring. 

25. Viola lanceolata L. Plant glabrous, abundantly stoloniferous : leaf-blades 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, decurrent upon the petiole, 5-12 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, 
the margins obscurely crenulate ; petioles longer than the blades: scapes not surpassing 
the leaves: sepals lanceolate, acuminate: corolla white, 8-10 mm. broad, the petals 
beardless, the lower three marked with purple veins: capsules oval, 6-10 mm. long: 
cleistogenes erect, frequently borne on the stolons. 

In wet meadows and on banks of streams, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


. 26. Viola vittàta Greene. Plant sparingly stoloniferous, glabrous: leaf-blades 
linear, 4-10 em. long, the apex obtuse, mucronate, the margins obscurely crenate ; petioles 


804 VIOLACE AE 


one-third as long as the blades: scapes shorter than the leaves, with long filiform scales : 
corolla white, the petals small and narrow, thickly beset with brown veins. 
In moist pine lands, Florida to Texas. Spring. 


27. Viola hastata Michx. Stem simple, erect, glabrous, 1-3 dm. high, from a short 
horizontal and succulent tuberous rootstock : cauline leaves short-petioled, borne near the 
summit of the stem, the blades hastate or ovate-hastate, 2-10 cm. long, denticulate or 
repand, acute ; basal leaves when present larger, cordate : corolla yellow, 8-16 mm. wide, 
= spur short : lateral petals bearded : sepals acute, linear-lanceolate : capsules 8-10 mm. 

ong. 

In woods in upland regions, Pennsylvania and Ohioto Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


28. Viola tripartita Ell. Stem stout, erect, tall, 2-4 dm. high, from a thick hori- 
zontal rootstock with numerous fibrous roots: leaves 3-5, borne near the summit of the 
stem: blades various, an occasional one rhombic-ovate, entire, the majority deeply 3-5- 
lobed or digitately 3-5-divided, the segments pubescent or glabrate, oblong-lanceolate, 
tapering to base, obtuse at apex, the margins remotely denticulate ; stipules in pairs, scarious, 
ovate, persistent : peduncles exceeding the leaves at flowering time: corolla yellow, 1.5-2 
cm. broad, faintly veined: sepals linear, acuminate: capsules prismatic, glabrous, often 
bracteate. 

In rich woods, North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Spring and early 
summer.— V. tripartita glabérrima (Ging.) Harper is similar to the type, but with the leaf-blades merely 
toothed, darker green and glabrous: corolla more conspicuously marked with brown veins; it occurs 
with the type. 

29. Viola tenüipes Pollard. Stem simple, erect, low, 8-15 em. high, from a root- 
stock similar to that of V. tripartita: leaves 3-5, borne at the summit of the stem ; blades 
glabrate, ovate-lanceolate or hastate-lanceolate, with truncate base and acute apex, the 
margins repand-denticulate, finely ciliate ; stipules ovate, membranaceous ; petiole much 
shorter than the blade: flowers on filiform peduncles greatly exceeding the leaves : corolla 
yellow, 1.5 cm. broad: petals narrow, beardless, and quite free from markings : sepals 
irregular, from linear to linear-ovate : capsules ovoid. [ V. hastata var. glaberrima Chapm. } 

In dry soil. Georgia to northern Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


30. Viola pubéscens Ait. Stem simple, erect, usually villous-pubescent, bearing 
the cauline leaves near the summit: basal leaves with long petioles, usually absent at 
lowering time ; blades of the cauline leaves ovate-reniform, 5-12 cm. broad, acute or 
abruptly attenuate, pubescent, the margins crenate-dentate ; petioles shorter than the 
blades : sepals oblong-lanceolate : corolla bright yellow, 12-16 mm. broad, the petals very 
eh marked with purple veins: capsule oblong, glabrous or white-tomentose, 10-16 
mm. long. 

In woods, Quebec to South Dakota south ward, especially in the mountains, to South Carolina and 
Tennessee. Spring. 

31. Viola scabriüscula (T. & G.) Schwein. Stems several, clustered, ascending or 
somewhat decumbent, glabrous: basal leaves more or less persistent, the blades broadly 
ovate, long-petioled: cauline leaves with blades from cordate-ovate to reniform, acute, 
glabrous, 2.5-6 cm. broad, the margins crenate: sepals linear-lanceolate : corolla pale 
yellow, 10-16 mm. broad, the petals conspicuously purple-veined : capsule oval, glabrous 
or white-tomentose, 6-10 mm. long. 

. In woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and southward, especially along the mountains, to South Caro- 
lina and Tennessee. Spring. 

32. Viola Canadénsis L. Stems clustered, leafy, ascending, 0.7-4 dm. high : leaves 
short-petioled, glabrous, the blades cordate-ovate, acute or acuminate, 2.5-6 cm. long, the 
margins serrate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire: corolla white or pale violet, 1-2 em. 
broad: lateral petals purple-veined, bearded : sepals linear, acuminate: capsule oval, 
glabrous, 6-8 mm. long. 

In woods, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, North Carolina and Nebraska. Spring and summer. 


. S3. Viola striata Ait. Stems clustered, glabrous, leafy, usually decumbent, becom- 
ing fully 6 dm. long in late summer : leaves with slender petioles, the blades ovate OF 
suborbicular, 2.5-6 cm. broad, somewhat pubescent, the later ones acute ; stipules large, 
ovate, dentate or laciniate: flowers long-peduncled: corolla white or cream-colored, 
occasionally bluish, 1-2 cm. broad: petals marked with darker veins, the lateral ones 
bearded: capsule ovoid, glabrous. 

In rich or dry woods, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Spring. 


34. Viola multicaülis (T. & G.) Britton. Stems slender, clustered, prostrate vi 
decumbent, 5-20 cm. long : leaves numerous, slender-petioled ; blades finely puberulent, 
orbicular, cordate at base with a narrow sinus, often mottled or dark-veined, 2.5-4 cm. 


PAPAYACEAE 805 


broad, the margins crenulate ; stipules laciniate : peduncles exceeding the leaves : corolla 
violet-blue, 10-14 mm. wide: petals bearded: sepals lanceolate, acuminate: capsules - 
glabrous, 6-8 mm. long: late shoots of the season bearing short-stalked cleistogenes. 

In woods and thickets, North Carolina to Kentucky, Florida and Texas. Winter to early summer. 

35. Viola rostrata Pursh. Stems clustered, erect, leafy: leaves glabrous, with 
slender petioles, the blades cordate-ovate or the lower reniform, acuminate, 1-4 cm. long, 
the margin serrulate ; stipules laciniate, ciliate : corolla pale violet, 1.5-2 cm. broad, the 
petals marked with dark veins, and beardless ; spur exceeding the petals: sepals linear- 
lanceolate : capsule glabrous, 8 mm. long. 

In woods, Quebec to Michigan and along the mountains to Georgia. Spring and early summer. 

36. Viola Rafinésquii Greene. Stem slender, glabrous, branching, 7-45 em. high : 
leaves glabrous, the blades short-petioled or subsessile, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, crenate- 
dentate or entire ; stipules large, foliaceous, pinnatifid: corolla yellowish white, the 
uppermost petals bluish-tinged, 10-16 mm. wide: sepals linear, nearly as long as the 
petals : capsule 4-6 mm. long. [V. tenella Muhl., not Poir.] 

In fields and open woodlands, Maine to Michigan, Georgia and Texas. Winter and spring. 


2. CUBELIUM Raf. 


A herbaceous caulescent perennial, with nearly entire alternate leaves and small 
greenish axillary flowers. Sepals 5, equal, not auriculate. Corolla irregular. Petals 
erect, imbricated in the bud, the lowermost one largest and gibbous below. Stamens 5, 
syngenesious, forming a sheath bearing minute glands at the base. Style hooked at the 
apex. Capsule 3-valved, obscurely 3-lobed. [Solea Ging.] 


l. Cubelium cóncolor (Forst.) Raf. Plant pubescent, 3-9 dm. high : leaf-blades ob- 
long or elliptic, acute or acuminate at the apex, tapering at the base to a short petiole: 
mes linear: flowers 8 mm. long, on short recurved peduncles, 1-3 in the axils: seeds 
arge. 

In moist woods, Ontario to Michigan, North Carolina and Kansas. Spring. 


3. CALCEOLARIA Loefl. 


Perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves and small axillary 
or racemose flowers. Sepals equal, not auriculate. Petals very unequal, the two upper 
smallest, the lowermost largest, gibbous at base. Anthers connivent, the filaments dis- 
tinct, the two lower glandular at the base. Capsule elastically 3-valved. 


1. Calceolaria verticillata (Ortega.) Kuntze. Stems clustered, ascending or erect, 
slightly pubescent, 1-4 dm. high: leaves alternate, often fascicled ; blades linear, 1.5-4 
em. long: stipules subulate or wanting : flowers solitary, white, nodding, 4-6 mm. long. 

In dry ground, Kansas to Colorado, Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


Order 21. PASSIFLORALES. 

Herbs, tendril-bearing vines, shrubby plants or succulent trees with a milky 
Sap. Leaves alternate: blades entire or lobed. Flowers perfect, or mainly 
dioecious, the staminate and pistillate very different. Calyx of 5 more or less 
united sepals. Corolla of 5 distinct or partially united petals, sometimes accom- 
panied by a fringed crown. Androecium of 5 stamens, or of 10 stamens in 2 
unequal rows. Gynoecium of 3-5 united carpels. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 
3-5 parietal placentae. Stigmas entire, notched or forked. Fruit a berry or a 
capsule. 


Corolla not accompanied by a crown: flowers mainly dioecious, the staminate and pistillate different. 
Fam. 1. PAPAYACEAE. 


Corolla accompanied by a crown : flowers perfect, all alike. Fam. 2. PASSIFLORACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. PAPAYACEAE Blume. Papaw FAMILY. 

Shrubs or trees, with a milky sap. Leaves alternate: blades ample, broad, 
palmately 7-9-lobed, Flowers unisexual, or rarely perfect. Calyx short. Stam- 
inate flowers witha salver-shaped corolla: tube slender: lobes 5, valvate or con- 
volute. Androecium of 10 stamens, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Fila- 
ments short: anthers adnate to the filaments, 2-celled. Pistillate flowers with 


806 PASSIFLORACEAE 


5 distinct petals and no staminodia. Gynoecium a compound pistil. Ovary 
l-celled, or sometimes spuriously 5-celled, free, sessile. Stigmas 5, sessile. 
Ovules numerous, inserted in two or many series on the 5 placentae. Fruita 
fleshy berry, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, flattened, with a variously rough- 
ened testa. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo axile. [Caricaceae Dumort. ] 


1. CARICA L. 
Characters of the family. CUSTARD APPLE. PAPAW. 


1. Carica Papaya L. A small tree, witha simple wand-like stem, 3-6 m. tall, leafy 
at the top. Leaves large; blades thick, suborbicular in outline, 2-6 cm. broad, mostly 
palmately 7-lobed, pale or glaucous beneath, each lobe pinnately lobed, the segments 
obtuse or acute, or the larger ones often acuminate; petioles stout : staminate flowers in 
slender panicles 1-several dm. long, the ultimate clusters rather dense : calyx of the stami- 
nate flowers 1-1.5 mm. high, that of the pistillate flowers 5-10 mm. high, the lobes longer 
than the tube, curved like the bractlets: corolla yellow or reddish, that of the staminate 
flowers 2.5-3 cm. long ; tube slender, dilated near the top ; lobes lanceolate or elliptic- 
lanceolate, barely 4 as long as the tube: corolla of the pistillate flowers longer: petals 
distinct, lanceolate, twisted : berries oblong to subglobose, mainly 2-12 cm. long, yellow or 
orange, with a milky juice. 


In woods, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Throughout tropical America.—Two well-marked 
forms occur in Florida ; the one with aslender green stem and relatively small fruit, the other with a 
stout purple or purplish stem and large fruit. 


FAMILY 2. PASSIFLORACEAE Dumort. PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. 


Perennial, mostly tropical herbs, vines or shrubby plants, often climbing by 
means of tendrils, with poisonous emetic and narcotic roots. Leaves alternate : 
blades simple or rarely compound: stipules usually present. Tendrils arising 
from the axils of the leaves. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers perfect or rarely 
polygamous, regular. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals. Corolla of 5 petals 
inserted in the throat of the calyx, near a filamentous crown, or obsolete. An- 
droecium of 5 stamens. Filaments monadelphous, adhering to the stalk of the 
ovary. Gynoecium a compound pistil. Ovary usually stalked, 1-celled, with 
parietal placentae. Styles as many as the placentae, usually 3, club-shaped. 
Ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit fleshy, berry-like, indehiscent. Seeds 
numerous, enclosed in a pulp, with a brittle sculptured testa. Endosperm thin, 
fleshy. Embryo straight in the axis of the endosperm. 


1. PASSIFLORA L. 

Perennial herbaceous or shrubby vines, climbing by simple lateral tendrils. Leaf- 
blades entire, lobed or variously parted. Flowers perfect, usually showy, solitary or 
clustered in the axils, or racemously disposed. Calyx sometimes colored : lobes 4-5, 
narrow, sometimes horned near the apex. Petals 4-5, about as long as the calyx, or 
rarely wanting. Crown single, double or triple, its filaments spreading, often filiform. 
Stamens 4-5: filaments adnate below to the gynophore: anthers elongated, versatile. 
Stigmas 3, capitate. Berry dry or pulpy. Seeds flattened. PAssroN-FLOWER. 


Peduncle bearing a conspicuous involucre of 3 bracts near the calyx. . j ents 
Leaf-blades hastately lobed : bracts of the involucre pinnately 1-3-divided into very ERU : 


Leaf-blades palmately lobed: bracts of the involucre entire. 2. P. incarnata. 
Peduncle without an involucre, or this obsolete. 
Petioles without glands. te 
Peduncles destitute of bractlets: upper leaf-blades with lobes broaderthanlong. 3. P. lutea. 
Peduncles with 20r3 bractlets: upper leaf-blades with lobes about as broad as 


ong. SE. affinis. 
Petioles with glands at the middle or at the base of the leaf-blade. 
Glands of the petiole conspicuously remote from the blade. 
Upper leaf-blades lobed nearly to the base: peduncles shorter than the [masc 
petioles. jay nan vno 
Upper leaf-blades shallowly lobed: peduncles surpassing the petioles. 6. P. su - 
Glands of the petiole contiguous with blade or approximate to it. 
A. Foliage glabrous or sparingly pubescent : peduncles solitary or by pairs. 
a. Glands elevated from the petioles. allida 
Leaf-blades mostly entire. 7. P.p gustifolia. 
Leaf-blades mostly 3-lobed. 8. P, an 


PASSIFLORACEAE 807 


b. Glands sessile at the base of the leaf-blades. 
Middle lobe of the leaf-blade less than 14 as long as the nearly linear 


lateral ones. 9. P. tenuiloba. 
Middle lobe of the leaf-blade as long as or nearly as long as the cune- 
ate lateral ones. 10. P. Bigelovii. 
B. Foliage velvety-pubescent: peduncles clustered in the axils. 11. P. multiflora. 


l. Passiflora foètida L. A herbaceous climbing vine, with villous and glandular 
foliage. Leaf-blades ovate or orbicular-ovate in outline, hastately 3-lobed, 3-10 cm. long, 
densely pubescent, ciliate, with the more or less prominent denticulations gland-tipped, 
cordate or subcordate at the base ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter: peduncles 
shorter than the leaves: bracts 3, conspicuous, once or thrice pinnately divided into slender 
segments, the ultimate ones filiform, terminating in glands: sepals 1.5-2 cm. long, pale or 
somewhat colored within: corolla white or pinkish : petals about as long as the sepals: 
crown pink, triple: berries ovoid, 3-6 cm. long, dry and inflated. 

In valleys, along the Rio Grande, Texas. Also in tropical America, 


2. Passiflora incarnata L. A trailing or climbing vine, with minutely pubescent 
foliage, the stems 3-20 dm. long, simple or sparingly branched. Leaf-blades palmately 
3-5-lobed, 8-12 cm. long, each bearing 2 glands at the base of the blade, the lobes acute 
or short-acuminate, serrate ; petioles 1-3 cm. long: peduncles 3-angled, 6-8 cm. long: 
pedicel stout, about 3 mm. long: bracts 3, ovate, 3-5 mm. long, entire, glandular: sepals 
linear-oblong, boat-shaped, each with a horn near the apex, 2.5-3 cm. long, green without, 
tinged with lavender within : petals linear-oblong, as long as the sepals, pale-lavender, ob- 
tuse : filaments of the crown longer or shorter than the petals, lavender, striped with dark- 

urple and white near the middle: staminal column about 1 cm. long: filaments 5-8 mm: 
long, spotted with purple: styles club-shaped, 1 cm. long, spotted with lavender, spread- 
ing and recurved : berries oblong or oval, 4-10 em. long, edible. 

s In dry soilor thickets, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and the Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 

-POP. 

3. Passiflora lutea L. A slender often high-climbing vine, with a scattered pubes- 
cence. Leaf-blades 3-15 cm. broad, 3-lobed, sometimes shallowly so, truncate or cordate 
at the base; lobes ovate or broader than high, entire, obtuse; petioles without glands: 
p Modes simple or in pairs, shorter than the leaves, naked : sepals oblong or linear-ob- 
ong, 8-12 mm. long: corolla greenish yellow, about 2 cm. broad: petals similar to the 
sepals in shape : crown of 3 series of filaments: berries subglobose or oval, 1-1.5 cm. in 
diameter, purple, glabrous. 

In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


4. Passiflora affinis Engelm. A glabrous high-climbing vine, with slender tendrils, 
the stems angled. Leaf-blades 5-10 cm. broad, 3-lobed, glaucous beneath, the lower cor- 
date, the upper truncate or acutish at the base, lobes obovate or oblong, nearly equal, entire, 
setaceous-mucronate ; petioles without glands : stipules setaceous : peduncles 3-6 cm. long, 
with 2 or 3 setaceous bractlets : sepals 1.5 cm. long : corolla 3-3.5 cm. broad : petals obtuse, 
shorter and narrower than the sepals, yellowish : crown with fringe about as long as the 
sepals : berries subglobose, about 12 mm. in diameter, bluish black, the stipe as long as the 
diameter of the berry. 

In valleys, from the Colorado River to the Rio Grande, Texas. Summer and fall. 


. 5. Passiflora inamoéna A. Gray. A reclining or climbing vine 3-9 dm. long, with 
hirsute foliage, the hairs barbed. Leaf-blades very thin, 8-12 cm. in diameter, deeply 
3-lobed, usually cordate ; lobes oblong to oblong-elliptic or oval, irregularly toothed, or the 
lateral ones sometimes lobed ; petioles each with 2 glands near the apex : peduncles shorter 
than the petioles, with several setaceous bractlets: sepals triangular-lanceolate, 10-14 mm. 
ong, green : corolla greenish, 2.5-3 cm. broad: berries ovoid or elliptic-ovoid, 3-3.5 cm. 
long, the stipe not surpassing the persistent calyx. 

In valleys, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 

6. Passiflora suberdsa L. A climbing vine, with nearly glabrous foliage. Leaf-blades 
ovate in outline, 6-15 cm. long, ciliate, 5-nerved at the broadly cuneate or cordate base, 
3-lobed to above the middle ; lobes ovate or triangular, acute or acuminate, the middle one 
much the larger; petioles 5-15 mm. long, each with 2 glands at or above the middle : 
peduncles surpassing the petioles, commonly in pairs: calyx greenish, 2-2.5 cm. broad : 
sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long: corolla wanting: crown-filaments 
purple at the base, shorter than the sepals: berries subglobose or oval, 10-12 mm. in 

lameter. 

In sandy woods, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys, and in the West Indies. 


7. Passiflora pallida L. A slender rather high-climbing vine, with glabrous foliage. 
Leaf-blades various, entire, oblong to ovate-oblong, 4-10 cm. long, acute or apiculate, 


808 LOASACEAE 


rounded or subcordate at the base, eciliate: petioles 4-10 mm. long, each with 2 glands 
near the top: peduncles slightly longer than the petioles, commonly in pairs: involucre 
wanting : calyx 10-14 mm, broad : sepals linear-oblong : corolla wanting: crown-filaments 
few, shorter than the sepals: berries ovoid or subglobose, 8-10 mm. long. 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies., 


8. Passiflora angustifólia Sw. A bushy vine 3-7 dm. tall, with glabrous foliage. 
Leaf-blades mostly 3-lobed, narrowly oblong, lanceolate or linear, 2-10 cm. long, acute or 
apiculate, the middle lobe longest ; petioles 1-6 mm. long, each with 2 glands near the top : 
peduncles surpassing the petioles, often in pairs : involucre wanting : calyx yellowish, 7-12 
mm. broad : sepals linear or linear-lanceolate : corolla wanting : crown-filaments in 2 rows: 
berries subglobose,:5-8 mm. in diameter. 

In sand, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. 


9. Passiflora tenuíloba Engelm. A slender bushy or somewhat climbing vine, with 
glabrous or nearly glabrous foliage. Leaf-blades curious, usually less than 2 cm. long, 
8-15 cm. broad ; petioles shorter than the usually 3-lobed or entire middle lobe, each with 
2 glands, the lateral lobes spreading or recurving, rather prominently nerved, linear, 
entire, or with 1 or few spreading teeth or lobes, slightly revolute: peduncles slightly 
longer than the petioles : involucre wanting : sepals oblong, 8-10 mm. long, obtuse, green : 
corolla wanting: berries subglobose, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter. 

In dry soil or on hillsides, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 

10. Passiflora Bigelóvii Small. A slender climbing vine, with glabrous foliage. 
Leaf-blades as long as broad or nearly so, 2-8 cm. broad, reticulated at maturity, deeply 
3-lobed, the middle lobe often cuneate, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes unequally once or twice 
lobed, all segments usually bristle-tipped ; petioles 2-6 mm. long, each with 2 glands at 
the top: peduncles surpassing the petioles: involucre wanting: sepals oblong, 1 cm. 
long, obtuse: corolla wanting: filaments of the crown shorter than the sepals: berries 
subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter. 

In sandy or rocky soil, Texas. Spring to fall. 

ll. Passiflora multiflora L. A high-climbing vine, with velvety pubescence. 
Leaf-blades leathery, oblong or slightly broadest below the middle, 5-12 cm. long, apicu- 
late, entire, more or less prominently rugose beneath, rounded or subcordate at the base ; 
petioles 5-12 mm. long, each with 2 glands near the top : peduncles 5-15 mm. long, clustered 
in the axils: involucre none: sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: petals 
linear or nearly so, delicate: berries subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. 

On prairies or mountain slopes, southern Texas. Summer and fall. 


Order 22. OPUNTIALES. 


Succulent herbs, shrubs or trees, armed with spines, leafless or essentially so, 
or rigid leafy herbs, furnished with more or less specialized hairs. Flowers per- 
fect, solitary or cymose. Hypanthium present. Calyx of 4 or 5, or many sepals 
surmounting the hypanthium. Corolla of 4 or 5, or many petals. Androecium 
of usually numerous stamens in several series or collected into groups and par- 
tially reduced to staminodia. Gynoecium of 4 or 2-several united carpels. 
Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 4 or several parietal placentae. Ovules numerous. 
Fruit baccate or capsular. 


Sepals and petals 4 or 5 each, very different: leaves entire or dissected: erect or climbing plants, with 


rigid hairs. Fam. 1. LOASACEAE. 
Sepals and petals nearly Alike, at least the latter numerous : leaves typically E 
mere scales or wanting: succulent plants, usually armed with spines. Fam. 2. OPUNTIACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. LOASAÀCEAE Reichenb. Loasa FAMILY. 


Herbs orrarely shrubs, with erect trailing or climbing stems, the foliage 
often pubescent with rigid hairs. Leaves opposite or alternate, without stipules : 
blades entire, lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, regular, variously disposed, 
often opposite the leaves. Hypanthium straight or spirally twisted. Sepals 
4-5, imbricated or convolute, often persistent. Corolla white, yellow or rec. 
Petals 4—5, sessile, or with claws. Androecium of numerous stamens or rarely 0 
only 5. Filaments filiform, sometimes collected into groups, often accompanie 


LOASACEAE 809 


by filiform or petal-like staminodia. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium of 2-5 united 
carpels. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. ‘Styles 2-5, sometimes united. Ovules solitary 
or numerous at the top of the cavity or on parietal placentae. Fruit a ribbed or 
angled straight or spiral capsule. Seed with a membranous, cellular or reticu- 
lated testa. Embryo straight in the fleshy or rarely horny endosperm or this 
wanting. 


Stamens numerous : style lobed : capsules several-many-seeded. 
Filaments inserted below the petals : style 3-lobed : placentae 3. 
e 


Outer filaments not petal-like : seeds in 1 row, ascending, angled, wingless. 1. MENTZELIA. 
Outer filaments petal-like : seeds in two rows, horizontal, flattened, winged. 2. TOUTEREA. 
Filaments inserted with the petals and adnate to their bases: style 5-lobed: pla- 
centae 5. 3. EUCNIDE. 
Stamens 5: style entire: capsules 1-seeded. 4. CEVALLIA. 


1. MENTZELIA L. 


Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, usually armed to the corolla with hooked or 
barbed rigid hairs. Bark often papery. Leaves alternate : blades relatively broad, sinuate, 
or lobed. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, equal, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Ovary 
with 3 parietal placentae. Capsule dry, irregularly opening or 3-valved at the top. Seeds 
several, angled, ascending, wingless. à 
Flowers and capsules sessile in the forks of the branches: petals abruptly pointed. 1. M. oligosperma. 
Flowers and capsules short-pedicelled : petals truncate and often with a minute 

apiculation, 2. M. Floridana. 

1. Mentzelia oligospérma Nutt. Stems erect or ascending, 3-10 dm. long, branched 
at the base or throughout, sometimes diffusely so, brittle: leaf-blades ovate to oblong, more 
or less rhombic, 1.5-6 em. long, coarsely toothed or slightly lobed : flowers sessile: hypan- 
thium bristly: sepals narrowly linear-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, rigid: petals yellow, 
obovate or elliptic-obovate, 8-9 mm. long, abruptly pointed, barely distinguishable into 
blade and claw : capsules cylindric-prismatic, nearly 2 cm. long. 

On prairies and plains, Illinois to Colorado, Louisiana, Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer. 

2. Mentzelia Floridana Nutt. Stems branching at the base, the branches trailing or 
climbing, 5-18 dm. long, pale : leaf-blades firm, ovate to deltoid-ovate, 2-8 cm. long, 3-lobed, 
toothed, acute at the apex, truncate at the base, the terminal lobe the largest: hypanthium 
densely pubescent: sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, acuminate: corolla golden yellow, 
fully 2 em. broad : petals cuneate, truncate, and often with a minute apiculation, spreading : 
capsules cylindric-prismatie, 1-1.5 cm. long, 6-seeded. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Spring and summer. 


2. TOUTEREA Eaton & Wright. 


Herbs, pubescent like Mentzelia, with diffuse or climbing stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades relatively long and narrow, sinuate or pinnatifid. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, 
often apparently 10 on account of the petal-like outer filaments. Stamens numerous: fila- 
ments various, the outer petal-like. Ovules in 2 rows on each placenta. Capsule rela- 
tively stout. Seeds numerous, horizontal, flattened, winged. The plants flower mainly in 
the summer. 

Petals less than 1 em. long: sepals about 14 as long as the capsule. 1. T. Wrightii. 
Petals over 1 em. long : sepals about 14 as long as the capsule. 9r ultioni. 


Petals 1.5-2 em. long: capsules about 5 mm. thick. h 
Petals 2.5-3.5 cm. long: capsules about 10 mm. thick. 3. T. stricta. 


l. Touterea Wrightii (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem 3-9 dm. tall, somewhat corymbose 
above: stem-leaves few ; blades oblong to lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, sinuate, rather obtuse : 
flowers several : sepals lanceolate, acuminate, about ] as long as the mature hypanthium: 
petals ochroleucous, 5-8 mm. long, obtuse: capsules cylindric, 2-2.5 cm. long. 

On plains and prairies, Texas and New Mexico. 

2. Touterea multifldra (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem 3-8 dm. tall, widely corymbose 
above : leaf-blades oblanceolate on the lower part of the stem to narrowly oblong or lance- 
olate above, 2-10 em. long, pinnatifid, the teeth narrow, mainly acute : sepals lanceolate 
from a narrow base, about 4 as long as the mature bypanthium : petals golden yellow, 1.5-2 
cm. long, abruptly pointed : capsules slender, about 5 mm. thick. , 

In dry or stony soil, Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. 


810 OPUNTIACEAE 


3. Touterea stricta (Osterhout) Rydb. Stem 4-12 dm. tall, more or less corymbose 
above: leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate, 2-11 cm. long, sinuate-pinnatifid, the teeth broad, 
obtuse: sepals lanceolate from a broad base, about j as long as the mature hypanthium : 
petals ochroleucous or straw-colored, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, gradually pointed : capsules stout, 
about 10 mm. thick. 

In dry or stony soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado and Texas. 


3. EUCNIDE Zucc. 


Annual or biennial herbs, sometimes with succulent tissues. Foliage armed with 
stinging and barbed pubescence. Stems often weak, widely branched. Leaves alternate: 
blades broad, toothed or shallowly lobed, or both, commonly long-petioled. Flowers soli- 
tary or in cymes. Hypanthium elongating in age. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united at the 
base. Stamens numerous : filaments united into a ring at the base and adnate to the pet- 
als with which they are deciduous. Ovary with 5 parietal placentae. Style 5-lobed. 
Ovules numerous. Capsule broadened upward, 5-valved at the top. Seeds numerous. 

5. Bucnide bartonioides Zucc. Delicate, succulent, the foliage softly and rather 
thinly hirsute. Stems weak, usually much branched, the branches 1-4 dm. long, spread- 
ing and often decumbent : leaf-blades suborbicular, 3-8 cm. in diameter, cordate, coarsely 
toothed and shallowly lobed ; petioles as long as the blades or longer : pedicels surpassing 
the petioles, 5-15 cm. long, simple: hypanthium bristly-hirsute: sepals lanceolate to 
linear-lanceolate, much longer than the hypanthium : petals 5, yellow, oblanceolate to 
spatulate-oblanceolate, 2-4 cm. long : stamens exserted : capsules turbinate, 1.5-2 cm. long. 

In valleys, from the Colorado River, Texas to New Mexico and northern Mexico. 


4. CEVÁLLIA Lag. 


Herbs, resembling species of Scabiosa, with pale-pubescent and bristly stinging foliage, 
and papery bark. Leaves alternate: blades sinuate-pinnatifid, rigid. Flowers collected in 
terminal, hemispheric heads. Hypanthium, like the calyx and petals, plumose-pubescent. 
Sepals 5, narrow, much longer than the hypanthium. Petals 5, narrow, about as long as 
the sepals. Stamens 5: filaments short: anthers pubescent, with the connective produced 
into a narrow tubular appendage. Ovary 1-celled, inferior: style short : stigma capitate. 
Ovule solitary, suspended. Capsule indehiscent, crowned with the persistent plumose perl- 
anth. Seed solitary. 

1. Cevallia sinuata Lag. Bark pale, armed like the rest of the plant with stinging 
hairs. Stems 1-8 dm. tall, more or less branched : stem-leaves alternate, 2-8 cm. long; 
blades pinnatifid or sinuate-pinnatifid, scabrous or strigose above, tomentose beneath, the 
segments obtuse or acutish : heads 2-2.5 cm. broad, plumose as are all the members: hy- 
panthium about 5 mm. high: calyx plumose-pubescent : sepals 5, linear, much longer 
than the hypanthium : petals 5, linear, 7-9 mm. long: filaments 5, shorter than the pet- 
als: capsules about 5 mm. long: seeds 3-3.5 mm. long. 

In dry soil or on hillsides, Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. 


FAMILY 2. OPUNTIACEAE H.B.K. Cacrus FAMILY. 


Sueculent shrubby plants, mostly peculiar to America, usually copiously 
furnished with spines, which arise from cushions of small or minute bristles 
(areolae). Leaves usually wanting. Stems depressed, globose, columnar and terete 
or angled, or flattened and jointed or continuous. Inflorescence often axillary 
or lateral. Flowers usually large and showy, perfect, solitary. Calyx of few or 
numerous imbricated sepals, the inner series petal-like. Corolla of numerous 
petals in 2 or many series. Androecium of numerous stamens in several series. 
Filaments filiform, sometimes cohering with the base of the petals. Anthers 
introrse. Gynoecium of several united carpels. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 
several parietal placentae. Styles united, terminal, simple, elongated or pyram- 
idal. Stigmas of the same number as the placentae, variable in shape. ONS 
numerous, anatropous, horizontal. Fruit a fleshy berry, or rarely dry, n: 
or more or less spiny. Seeds numerous, shining or tubercled, often with a dar 
more or less furrowed testa. Embryo curved, or thick, fleshy and rounded, in 
scant or copious endosperm. [Cactaceae Lindl.] 


OPUNTIACEAE 811 


Stems continuous or not conspicuously jointed : leaves obsolete : spines not barbed : spine-bearing and 
flower-bearing areolae distinct, with barbed bristles in the former. 
Flowers not arising from the tubercles, but from their axils: ovary naked. 1. CACTUS. 
Flowers arising from the tubercles or ribs: ovary scaly. 
Flowers arising from near to fully developed spine-bearing areolae. 


Stems mostly low : seeds tuberculate: embryo straight. 2. ECHINOCERUS. 
Stems elongated : seeds smooth or pitted: embryo curved. 3. CEREUS. 
Flowers arising near the areolae which later develop spines. : 4. ECHINOCACTUS. 
Stems conspicuously jointed : leaves scale-like: spines bar : flowers arising from 
spine-bearing areolae, which also usually contain barbed bristles. 5. OPUNTIA. 


1. CÁCTUS L. 

Fleshy plants, with globular cylindric or oval simple solitary or clustered stems whose 
surface is completely covered with variously shaped tubercles, which are usually spirally 
disposed and bear at the apex, spine-bearing areolae. Leaves obsolete. Flowers aris- 
ing from near woolly and sometimes also bristly areolae in the axils of or near the base 
of terete or angled tubercles. Hypanthium naked, funnelform or campanulate, prolonged 
beyond the ovary. Petals in several rows. Ovary hidden between the tubercles: style 
filiform. Berry fleshy, more or less emersed. [Mamillaria Haw. ] 


Flowers from the axils of old or mature tubercles which are not grooved. 
Tubercles 4-angled. 


Stems less than 14 as high as broad. 1. C. Heyderi. 
Stems about 4% as high as broad. 
Radial spines 9 or more: tubercles densely crowded, much flattened at i 5 
the base. 2. C. hemisphaericus. 
Radial spines 7 or fewer : tubercles more loosely disposed, nearly as thick : 
as wide at the base. 3. C. meiacanthus. 
Tubercles terete. : 
Radial spines less than 15, the central solitary: flowers 3.5 em. long. 4. C. sphaericus. 
Radial spines 40 or more, the centrals 5-8: flowers 1.5-2 em. long. 5. C. Texanus. 


Flowers from the base of grooves on the uppersideof young or developing tubercles. 
Flowers yellow. : 
Flowers at first central and fruit soon pushed aside by the developing tubercles. 
Radial spines 12 or more: stigmas 2-5. : EUR 
Stems simple or nearly so: seeds 1 mm. in diameter or smaller. 6. C. Missouriensis. 
Stems branched into dense tufts: seeds fully 1.5 mm. in diameter. 7. C. similis. 
Radial spines 12 or fewer: stigmas 7-8. 8. C. robustior. 
Flowers and fruit permanently terminal in the woolly top of the stem. 9. C. sulcatus. 
Flowers urple, violet or reddish. i 
Radial spines 20-30, the centrals 4-5, tawny or yellowish: seeds fully 2 mm. : 
long. 10. C. radiosus. 
Radial spines 12-40, the centrals 3-12, purplish : seeds 1.5 mm. long. 11. C. Neo-Mexicanus. 


1. Cactus Heyderi (Muhlenpf.) Kuntze. Stems depressed and flat-topped, 8-12 
em. broad, 2.5-4 cm. high, with numerous elongated tubercles: spines various, radials 
10-22, whitish, 5-12 mm. long, the upper mostly shorter more slender and paler than the 
lower ; central solitary, yellowish brown, 4-8 mm. long, stout, straight or nearly so; 
flowers reddish white, 2-2.5 cm. long : fruit club-shaped, 1.5-3 cm. long, incurved : seeds 
decidedly rugose. 


In dry soil, Texas to Arizona and Sonora. 


2. Cactus hemisphaéricus (Engelm.) Small. Stems hemispheric round-topped, 
7-12 cm. broad, with rather long-pyramidal tubercles : spines various ; radials 9-12, nearly 
equal, 4-8 mm. long; central solitary, 4-6 mm. long: flowers 2-5 cm. long and broad, 
dirty white or reddish : fruit club-shaped 2-3 cm. long, incurved : seeds slightly rugose. 
[Mamillaria hemisphaerica Engelm.] 

In sandy soil, northern Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. 


3. Cactus meiacánthus (Engelm.) Kuntze. Stems hemispheric or nearly so, from 

a top-shaped base, 7.5-12.5 cm. broad. with numerous flattened tubercles varying from 7- 

mm. in length : spines various ; radials 5-9 often 6, 6-10 mm. long, straight or slightly 
curved, whitish or yellowish, the upper ones often shorter than the lower or rarely want- 
ing ; central solitary, shorter and stouter than the radials, stout, rarely wanting: flowers 
reddish white, 2.8-3 cm. long: fruit club-shaped, slightly incurved, 2-3 em. long. 

In sandy soil, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. 

4. Cactus sphaéricus (Dietr.) Kuntze. Stems proliferous, becoming densely tufted, 
the branches obovate to club-shaped, 5 cm. high or higher, with narrowly ovoid acutish 
tubercles varying from 12-16 mm. in length, furnished with wool in their axils: spines 
narrow ; radials 12-14, bristle-like from a thick base, 7-9 mm. long, white, often curved ; 
central spine subulate, shorter than the radials, straight : flowers yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long : 
fruit not seen. 

On sandy ridges along the Rio Grande, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


812 OPUNTIACEAE 


5. Cactus Texanus (Engelm.) Small. Stems proliferous, forming a tufted mass 
2.5-6 cm. high, the branches ovoid to atohess-onovard: with tubercles varying from 7-9 
mm. in length, their axils furnished with wool and twisted bristles: spines various; radials 
very numerous in many series, those of the outer series, 30-50, white, hair-like, 12-16 
mm. long, more or less crisped, those of the inner series, 10-12, shorter, about 3 as long 
as the outer, puberulent, sometimes varying to yellow ; central spines 5-8, straight, rigid, 
white or darker above the base, pubescent : flowers yellowish white, 1.5-2 cm. long: fruit 
club-shaped, 1.5-2 cm. long: seeds 1-2 mm. long, black, shining, pitted. [Mamillaria 
pusilla var. Texana Engelm. | 


In sandy soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


6. Cactus Missouriénsis (Sweet) Kuntze. Stems usually simple, subglobose, about 
3-5 em. high, with cylindric-ovoid tubercles 12-14 mm. long, these slightly grooved : 
spines narrow ; radials 13-17, whitish, bristle-like, 8-10 mm. long, straight ; central soli- 
tary, stouter, 10-12 mm. long, puberulent, or often wanting : flowers yellow to reddish, mostly 
2-4 cm. long: stigmas 2-5: fruit subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, scarlet : seeds subglo- 
bose, about 1 mm. in diameter or a little smaller, black, pitted. 

In dry soil and on prairies, South Dakota to Colorado, Kansas and Texas. 


7. Cactus similis (Engelm.) Small. Stems proliferous, forming tufts 2-3 dm. broad : 
tubercles crowded, often in 8 rows, with woolly axils: spines various ; radials 12-15, white, 
straight, puberulent, very slender, commonly equal; central solitary, stouter or wanting: 
flowers yellow or reddish yellow, 2.5-5 cm. long : stigmas 5: fruit globose-obovoid, scarlet, 
3.5—5 mm. long: seeds AN e 1.5 mm. to fully 2 mm. in diameter, conspicuously pitted. 
[Mamillaria similis Engelm. ] 

In dry soil, Kansas to Colorado and Texas. 


8. Cactus robústior ( Engelm. ) Small. Stems usually simple, obovoid, 3.5-5 cm. high, 
with the loosely arranged tubercles often in 13 rows : spines various ; radials 10-12, rather 
stout, 6-16 mm. long ; central solitary, stout, about 12 mm. long : flowers pale yellow, 
3.5-4 cm. long and broad : stigmas 7-8 : fruit globose-obovoid, 6-10 mm. long: seeds about 
2 mm. long. [Mamillaria similis var. robustior Engelm. ] 

In sandy soil, Oklahoma and the Indian Territory to Texas. 


9. Cactus sulcàtus ( Engelm. ) Small. Stems proliferous forming tufted masses sev- 
eral dm. high: tubercles oblong-ovoid, spreading from dilated bases: spines various ; 
radials 8-12, straight, gray or whitish ; central solitary, longer, slightly recurved : flowers 
yellowish, fully 5 cm. long and broad : stigmas 7-10: fruit greenish, oblong : seeds about 
twice as long as broad, nearly smooth. [Mamillaria sulcata Engelm. ] 

In dry soil, Texas. 

10. Cactus radidsus (Engelm.) Coulter. Stems oblong-ovoid or cylindrie, 5-12 
cm. high, simple or sparingly proliferous: spines various ; radials 20-30, white, or darker 
near the apex, 6-8 mm. long, conspicuously unequal, straight ; centrals 4-5, stouter than 
the radials, 8-12 mm. long, yellowish tawny, the lower shorter than the upper: flowers 
violet or deep purple, 3.5-5.5 em. long and broad : fruit oval, about 2 cm. long, green: 
seeds narrowly obovoid, fully 2 mm. long, yellowish or brown, pitted. 

In dry soil, southern Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. : 

11. Cactus Neo-Mexicànus (Engelm.) Small. Stems subglobose to ovoid or cy lin- 
dric, 3.5-10 cm. high, simple or proliferous near the base: spines various: radials 12-40, 
slender, mostly 6-9 mm. long; centrals 3-12, purple : flowers purplish, flat, 5-6 cm. n : 
fruit oval-obovoid, 2 cm. long : seeds oblong-obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, nearly smooth. 
[ Mamillaria vivapara B radiosa Neo-Mezicana Engelm.] 

In dry soil, Kansas to Utah, Oklahoma, Texas, Arizona and adjacent Mexico. 


2. ECHINOCEREUS Engelm. 


Plants with ribbed and angled or tubercled ovoid cylindric or columnar nearly con- 
tinuous stems, the vertical ribs angled or tubercled with numerous spine-bearing areolae. 
Leaves wanting. Flowers arising from areolae situated just above fully developed, spine- 
bearing areolae. Hypanthium prolonged beyond the ovary, bearing naked or pubescent 
scales which are sometimes spiny in their axils. Style filiform. Fruit fleshy. Seeds 


tuberculate, almost destitute of endosperm. Embryo straight. : 
Radial spines 20-30, pectinate. p : 
Radial spines 4-12, not pectinate. 
A. Joints over 2 cm. thick. ubius 
Central spines usually 2-4. 2 E 
Central spines always solitary. 


OPUNTIACEAE 813 


Longer radial spines over 1 cm. long: stems erect. 3. E. Fendleri., 
Longer radial spines less than 1 em. long: stems procumbent. 4. E. Beriandieri. 
B. Joints less than 2 em. thick. 
Radial spines 4-6 : stems more or less angled : flowers over 7 cm. broad. 5. E. procumbens. 
Radial spines 9-12: stems terete: flowers less than 6 cm. broad. 6. E. Poselgeri. 


l. Echinocereus caespitósus Engelm. & Gray. Stems ovoid, globose or cylindric- 
ovoid, 2.5-5 or rarely nearly 15 cm. high, solitary or commonly 6-12 stems together, the 
ribs 12-13, straight ; tubercles confluent: areolae close together: spines numerous, white 
or rarely pink or brown; outer 20-30, straight or slightly recurved, pectinate, the lateral 
ones 4-8 mm. long, the upper and lower shorter ; central spines wanting or rarely 1 or 2 
but very short : flowers rose-purple, 5-7.5 cm. long and Al e as broad: hypanthium fur- 
nished with cushions bearing brown or black bristles: fruit ovoid, green, 18-20 mm. long: 
seeds black, 1.2-1.4 mm. long, tuberculate. 

On prairies, Kansas to Texas and adjacent Mexico.—A variety with reddish or chestnut-brown 
spines, is E. caespitosus castàneus Engelm. 

2. Echinocereus dübius ( Engelm.) Small. Stems ovoid-cylindric, 12-20 cm. high, 
pale green, rather flabby, usually tufted, the ribs 7-9, with tubercles: areolae remote : spines 
white, somewhat translucent ; lateral ones radiant, 12-30 mm. long, terete or slightly angled, 
upper ones reduced or obsolete ; central spines 1-4, straight or curved, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, 
angled : flowers pale purple, 6 cm. long and broad: fruit green or purplish, 2.5-3.5 
= w spiny : seeds globose-ovoid, 1.2-1.4 mm. long, tuberculate. [Cereus dubius 

ngelm. 


In river bottoms, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


3. Echinocereus Féndleri (Engelm. ) Small. Stems ovoid to cylindric-ovoid, 7.5~20 
cm. high, 5-7.5 cm. thick, simple or branched at the base, the branches tufted, the ribs 9-12, 
sometimes oblique, tuberculate : areolae less than 1.5 cm. distant: spines short ; radials 
5-10, straight or sometimes curved, variable, lowest one 12-25 mm. long, shorter than the 
rest, angled, the next 2 about as long or longer, more or less blackish; succeeding ones shorter 
and weaker, 6-14 mm. long, occasionally accompanied by a spine at the top of the areolae 
surpassing all the rest in length; central spine solitary, nearly terete, 2.5-5 cm. long, 
reddish black, upcurved from a bulb Mes : flowers 6-8.5 cm. broad, deep violet 
purple: fruit 2.5 cm. long, purplish green, edible: seeds less than 1.5 mm. long. [Cereus 
Fendleri Engelm. ] 


In dry soil, Utah to Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico. 


4. Echinocereus Berlandièri ( Engelm. ) Small. Stems jointed, spreading, decumbent, 
much-branched, the joints nearly terete, 3.5-15 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. thick, their ribs 5-6, 
with distinct tubercles: areolae quite close together: spines various; outer white, 6-8, 
radiant, 8-10 mm. long; central solitary, 10-25 mm. long, yellowish brown : flowers pur- 
ple, 5-10 em. long: fruit ovoid, nearly 2 cm. long, green, furnished with bristles: seeds 1 
mm. long, tuberculate. [Cereus Berlandieri Engelm. ] 

In river valleys, southern Texas. 

5. Echinocereus procimbens (Engelm.) Small. Stems jointed, diffusely branched, 
the joints nearly terete or 4-5-angled, 1.5-10 em. long, 12-16 mm. thick, contracted at the 
base, with 4 or 5 rows of distinct tubercles: spines rigid, rather slender; outer white, 
radiant, 5 or 4-6, 2-4 mm. long; central solitary, stouter than the outer, 4-6 mm. long, 
ascending or wanting: flowers delicate purple, fully 7.5 cm. long: fruit green, ovoid, 12-16 
mm. long: seeds lenticular, nearly 1 mm. thick. [Cereus procumbens Engelm.] 

In river valleys, southern Texas. 

6. Echinocereus Posélgeri (Coulter) Small. Stems weak, erect or reclining, sparingly 
branched, the joints slender, 30-60 cm. long, 8-16 mm. thick, the ribs 8, not very promi- 
nent, furnished with closely set areolae : spines bristle-like; outer white, 9-12, straight, 
barely 2 mm. lon ; central solitary, 4-6 mm. long, whitish to brown or black : flowers rose 
or purple, 5 em. Taig and broad : fruit about 2 cm. long, clothed with white and black 
bristles and wool : seeds less than 1 mm. long, tuberculate. [Cereus Poselgeri Coulter.] 

On rocky ridges, northern Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


3. CEREUS Mill. 

Plants with elongated cylindric prismatic or narrow angled or ribbed stems. Spine- 
bearing areolae more or less remote. Leaves obsolete. Flowers arising from areolae 
situated above fully developed spine-bearing areolae. Hypanthium prolonged beyond the 
ovary. Styles slender. Stigmas several. Fruit fleshy or dry. Seeds smooth or pitted. 
Embryo curved. 


814 OPUNTIACEAE 


Stems erect: branches equally 3-8-angled. 
Branches 6-8-angled. 1. C. monoclonos. 
Branches 3-4-angled. ? 2. C. princeps. 
Stems reclining or procumbent: branches climbing, unequally 3-5-sided. 
Central spine minute: radial spines conic: plants with aérial roots. 3. C. triangularis. 
Central spine 1-2 em. long: radial spines subulate: plants without aérial roots. 4. C. Bazaniensis. 


1l. Cereus monoclónos DC. Stems columnar, 1-3 m. tall, erect, green, the ribs 6-8, 
obtuse: spines brownish, radiant, varying from very short to 3.5 cm. in length: flowers 
mainly white, 15 cm. long: fruit about 5 cm. long. 

In sand, peninsular Florida and the West Indies. 


2. Cereus prínceps Pfeif. Stems erect, 1-3 m. tall, 5 cm. thick, 3-4-angled : areolae 
distant: spines unequal; outer radiant, 4—6, stout, often 2.5—3.5 mm. long ; central de- 
flexed : flowers white, 17-20 cm. long, 13-15 em. broad : fruit oval, 5-7.5 cm. long, spiny, 
scarlet without, red and pulpy within: seeds 3-3.5 mm. long, smooth and shining. 

Along the lower Rio Grande on the Mexican side and probably on the Texas side. WUERZLE. 


3. Cereus triangularis (L.) Haw. Stems reclining or procumbent, elongated, 
branched, the branches often rooting at the joints, 3-angled or with a flat side and 2 grooved 
sides, the joints commonly 32 em. long, 5-7.5 cm. broad, occasionally twisted, the ribs at 
first wing-like, with remote areolae : spines 3—5, rigid, blackish, somewhat recurved, 2-4 
mm. long, upper ones shorter than the lower : flowers white, 20 cm. broad : fruit commonly 
10 em. long, scarlet, smooth. 

In sand, peninsular Florida, the West Indies and Central America. 


4. Cereus Baxaniénsis Karw. Similar to C. triangularis in habit, but lacking the 
aérial roots. Stems sometimes 8 m. long, the joints various, a 3-angled one often arising 
from a 5-angled one: spines 5-8, the radial bristle-like or subulate, brittle, the central 
one 1-2 cm. long: flowers and fruit unknown. 

In sandy soil or coral rock, Florida Keys and the coasts of the West Indies and tropical America 


4. ECHINOCACTUS Link & Otto. 


Fleshy plants, with globular oblong or cylindric stems, with spine-bearing ribs or 
vertical or spiral rows of tubercles. Leaves obsolete, flowers arising from areolae on the 
tubercles near the areolae which later produce spines. Hypanthium with naked scales 
or others bearing wool in their axils, prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals numerous, 
merging into the sepals. Ovary 1-celled: stylecolumnar. Stigmas slender, numerous. Berry 
fleshy or dry, with scales, or tufts of bristles. Seeds often with endosperm. Embryo curved. 


Spines, especially the central, very slender, terete. P 
Ribs less than 10: central spines 4. 1. E. Schottit. 
Ribs more than 12: central spines 1-3. i 2. E. setispinus. 

Spines, erpecialiy the central, stout, flattened. , 
Central spines straight or slightly curved. 3. E. Texensis. 
Central spines hooked. 


Radial spines mostly 8: central spines 5-15 em. long: flowers 2.5-3.5em. long. 4. E. Wrightii —.... 
Radial spines 10-12: central spines 25-35 mm. long : flowers 5-7 cm. long. 5. E. Muhlenpfordtit. 


1. Echinocactus Schéttii ( Engelm.) Small. Stems ovoid or cylindric-ovoid, 10-15 
em. high, 5-7.5 em. thick, usually solitary, the ribs often 8, oblique: spines all or some 
variegated with red and white ; outer 15-17 radiant, straight, variable in length ; cent 
usually 4, of 2 kinds; uppermost 3-4 cm. long, flat above, keeled beneath, straight ri 
slightly curved, the three lower ones much shorter, nearly terete or somewhat flattened, 
straight : flowers mainly purple, 5-7.5 cm. long. [E. bicolor var. Schotti Engelm. ] 

On limestone hills, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


2. Echinocactus setispinus Engelm. Stems subglobose, solitary, 5-9.5 cm. 1n y 
ameter, the ribs 13, somewhat oblique, more or less undulate or even slightly interrupted : 
spines various ; radials 14-16, bristle-like, 1-2 cm. long, the upper longer than the rest pus 
like the lower, yellowish brown, the lateral ones white; centrals 1-3, darker cid A 
radials, 24-32 mm. long, bristle-like: flowers 4-7 cm. long, yellow and scarlet ys "E 
fruit subglobose, about 8 mm. in diameter, red: seeds obliquely globose-ovoid, 1.2-4. 
mm. long, tuberculate. : 

In mesquite thickets and dry soil, from the valley of the Brazos, Texas, south ward into Mexico. 


3. Echinocactus Texénsis Hoepf. Stems depressed or rarely subglobose, 2-3 2€: 
broad, seldom over 15 cm. high, solitary, simple, the ribs 13-27, usually 21, wavy : T o0 
reddish, stout, flattened, clustered ; radials 6-7, straight or slightly curved, spr eading, m 
mm. long, rarely longer or shorter; centralone surpassing the outer, commonly ye v: io 
broad or slightly broader, straight or slightly curved : flowers orange and scarlet benn 


OPUNTIACEAE. 815 


white above, about 5 cm. long: fruit scarlet, subglobose, 16-18 mm. in diameter : seeds reni- 
form, 2.4-2.8 mm. long, black, smooth and shining or minutely pitted. 
On prairies, south-central Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


4. Echinocactus Wrightii (Engelm.) Small. Stems ovoid or oval, 7.5-15 cm. 
high, 5-8.5 cm. thick, the ribs 13, with interrupting tubercles grooved to the base : spines 
various ; radials about 8, 3-5 cm. long, the upper straight, flattened, the 3 lower hooked, 
terete, darker than the upper; central solitary, 5-15 cm. long, erect, straw-colored with a 
dark tip, zigzag, hooked : flowers dark purple, 2.5-3.5 cm. long: fruit reddish, 1.5-2.5 
cm. long, fleshy : seeds flattened, curved, 1.4-1.6 mm. long, tuberculate, keeled along the 
back. [ÆE. uncinatus var.? Wrightii Engelm.] 

In dry soil, along the Rio Grande, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


5. Echinocactus Muhlenpfórdtii Fen. Stems globose-ovoid to oblong-cylindric, 10- 
20 cm. high, the ribs often 13, more or less oblique: spines various; radials 10-12, subu- 
late, bristle-like, 12-32 mm. long, the upper longerthan the lower ; central solitary, firm, 
25-35 mm. long, hooked: flowers 5-7 cm. long, yellow and scarlet within: fruit globular, 
red, 8-10 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


5. OPUNTIA Mi 

Fleshy plants, with conspicuously jointed stems, the joints flat or terete. Leaves scale- 
like, caducous, spirally arranged. Areolae axillary, usually spine-bearing. Flowers lateral, 
arising from the cushions of remote bristles of the areolae. Hypanthiun bearing areolae, 
not prolonged beyond the ovary. Sepals spreading, inseveralrows. Petals forming a rotate 
corolla. Ovary 1-celled: style cylindric: stigma 5-8-lobed. Berry more or less pear- 
shaped, fleshy or sometimes dry. Seeds flattened or disk-like. Embryo curved around 
the endosperm. PRICKLY PEAR. 


Joints flat. 
Spines wanting. 1. O. Ficus-Indica. 
Spines present, sometimes deciduous. 
Fruit fleshy. 
Spines flattened. 
Stems erect. 
Plants usually less than 12 dm. tall: flowers mostly over 7.5 cm. 
road. 2. O. Tuna. 
Plants usually over 12 dm. tall: flowers mostly less than 7.5 cm. S 
broad. 3. O. Engelmannii. 
Stems procumbent. 4. O. tortispina. 
Spines terete or nearly so, sometimes barely angled. 
Flowers over 5 cm. broad. 
Joints mainly over 12 cm. long: flowers over 11 cm. long. 
Joints mainly less than 12 cm. long: flowers less than 9 cm. long. 
Roots fusiform or tuberous. 
Joints narrowly obovateor oblong-obovate : species campes- 3 
trian. ; Ld 6. O. macrorhiza. 
Joints broadly obovate or orbicular-obovate : species Floridian. 7. O. austrina. 
8 
9 


g 


0. grandiflora. 


Roots fibrous. " 
Spines white tinged at the ends. . O. humifusa. 
Spines brownish black. . O. fusco-atra. 
Flowers less than 5 cm. broad. 2 : 
Spines less than 2.5 cm. long: joints about twice as long aswide, or 


$0 hick 11: 0. Pis Corvi 

i : joi times as long as thick. . O. Pes- : 
Fruit cee over 2.5 em. long: joints many ti g To ME 
Joints terete, slender. 13. O. leptocaulis. 


_1. Opuntia Ficus-Índica (L.) Mill. Stems erect, 12-18 dm. tall, proliferous : trunk 
cylindric, woody in age, the joints thick, obovate to elliptic, 10-15 cm. long, with the 
cushions of bristles immersed, spineless or sometimes with a very short spine: flowers 
yellow, 7.5-10 em. broad: fruit obovoid, bristly, 5-6 cm. long, edible, the pulp red. 

In sand, peninsular Florida and the West Indies. 

2. Opuntia Tüna (L.) Mill. Stems erect, 9-12 dm. tall, proliferous, the joints oval 
or elliptic, 10-20 em. long: cushions or bristles remoteabove, a cluster of 4—6 short rigid or 
subulate yellow spines, varying from very short to 3.5 cm. in length : flowers yellow or red- 
dish yellow, 7.5-10 cm. broad : fruit rather pear-shaped, 5-6 cm. long, edible. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida, the West Indies and Central America. 

3. Opuntia Engelmánnii Salm-Dyck. Stems erect, 12-18 dm. tall, forming a woody 
trunk, sometimes 15 cm. thick and clothed with a grayish bark, the joints ale green, 
obovate or orbicular-obovate, becoming 30 cm. long and sometimes 22 cm. broad ; cushions 
of bristles remote : spines few, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, or some shorter, flattened or angled, straw- 


816 OPUNTIACEAE 


colored to red, straight or curved, deflexed or spreading: flowers yellow within, red with- 
out, 6-7.5 cm. broad: fruit globose-obovoid or nearly so, 5 cm. long, purplish without, the 
pulp insipid or nauseous: seeds 3-4 mm. long, margined. 

In valleys, Texas to California and Mexico. 


4. Opuntia tortíspina Engelm. Stems procumbent, the branches ascending, the 
joints orbicular-obovate, 15-20 cm. long, with cushions or yellowish bristles, 2.5-3.5 cm. 
distant: spines white, 3-5 together, 3.5-6 cm. long, angled, channeled, often spirally 
twisted, accompanied by 2—4 spines about 4 as long, below them: flowers sulphur-yellow, 
6-7.5 cm. long: seeds suborbicular, 4-6 mm. broad. 

On plains, Nebraska to the Indian Territory and Texas. 


5. Opuntia grandiflora (Engelm.) Small. Stems ascending, branching, the joints 
suborbicular to obovate, 12-15 em. long, bright green : bristle-cushions remote, the bristles 
slender : spines sometimes wanting or obsolete : flowers yellow except the red center, 11- 
12.5 em. broad: fruit narrowly club-shaped, 6 cm. long: seeds 5-6 mm. broad. [0O. 
Rafinesquei var. grandiflora Engelm. ] 

In sandy soil, along the Brazos River, Texas. 


6. Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. Stems prostrate or ascending from fusiform or 
thick-tuberous roots, the joints narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate, bright green, 5-8 
cm. long, with smallleaves about 10 mm. long: bristle-cushions remote, near the base or 
margins of the joints, the bristles yellowish brown: spines scattered over the joints or 
chiefly near the top, solitary or 2-3 together, white or variegated, slender, spreading or 
deflexed : flowers pale yellow, red at the base, 5-7.5 cm. broad: fruit obovoid, green or 
pale purple, 3.5 cm. long: seeds 5 mm. thick, acute-margined. 

In sterile soil, Kansas to Arkansas, Texas and Arizona. 


7. Opuntia austrina Small. Stems more or less spreading, shrubby at the base, from 
tuberous roots, the joints broadly obovate or orbicular-obovate, deep green, 5-11 em. long, 
or rarely somewhat longer, with early deciduous leaves mostly less than 10 mm. long: 
bristle-cushions chiefly near the margins of the joints, the bristles sordid or tawny : spines 
above the middle of the joints and near the edge, usually 2 together but one of them very 
small or deciduous, whitish or pinkish and reddish near the base and apex, twisted: 
flowers bright yellow, 6-7 cm. broad: petals cuneate, truncate or retuse at the slightly 
eroded top, and mucronate: fruit 2.5-3 cm. long. 

In eoral sand, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. 


8. Opuntia humifüsa Raf. Stems prostrate, from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading, 
the joints obovate to suborbicular, 7.5-12 cm. long, deep green, with subulate leaves often 
6-8 mm. long : bristle-cushions remote, with reddish brown bristles, usually unarmed, or 
spines few, straight, whitish oroften reddish at the base and apex, terete, mostly marginal, 
1.5-2.5 em. long, straight: flowers sulphur-yellow and often reddish in the center, 6-8. 
cm. broad: fruit club-shaped, 3.5 em. long, barely 3 as thick with an edible us acid 
or sweetish pulp: seeds 5 mm. broad, flattened, acutish margined.  [O. Rajinesquet 
Engelm.] 

In sandy or rocky soil, Minnesota to Missouri, Kentucky and Texas. 

9. Opuntia füsco-àtra Engelm. Stems diffusely branched, the joints orbicular- 
obovate, 6-7.5 cm. long, tuberculate : bristle-cushions rather remote, tomentose, the upper 
one unarmed, the bristles reddish brown: spines brownish black, usually solitary, 2.5- 
cm. long, short, rather erect, an additional short deflexed one sometimes present : flowers 
yellow, 7.5 cm. broad : fruit unknown. 

In sterile soil or on prairies, Texas. 

10. Opuntia Opúntia (L.) Coulter. Stems prostrate or diffusely ascending from 
fibrous roots, the joints orbicular to obovate, pale or light green, 5-10 em. long, sie 
thick leaves 4-5 mm. long: bristle-cushions rather remote, usually unarmed : bristles urb 
yellowish green : spines few, when present solitary, less than 2.5 cm. long, variegate di 
flowers pale yellow, 5-6 cm. broad: fruit obovoid or clavate-obovoid, 2-3 cm. long : see 
9 mm. long, thick-margined. [O. vulgaris Mill.] 

In sand or sandy soil, or on rocks, Massachusetts to Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 


11. Opuntia Pès-Còrvi LeConte. Stems prostrate or diffusely spreading, 3-7 on 
long, the joints narrowly ovoid to obovoid, nearly terete, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, light pee 
loosely attached to each other: bristle-cushions quite numerous, the upper ones armec, flat- 
bristles pale : spines slender, solitary or 2-3 together, straight, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, s ak 
tened at the base and twisted : flowers yellow, 3.5-4 cm. broad : fruit oboyoid, 12-15 mm. 
long, rose-purple, bristly: seeds often 4-5 mm. long, with an obtuse margin. 

On sandy coasts or adjacent ridges, Georgia and Florida. 


BEGONIACEAE 817 


12. Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Stems prostrate, branching into large masses, the 
joints suborbicular, 5-10 cm. or rarely 15 em. long, light-green, tuberculate, bearing leaves 
3-4 mm. long: bristle-cushions rather numerous, all armed, the bristles reddish brown: 
spines 8-15 together, the 5-10 outer radiant, very slender, whitish, variegated with red, 
numerous, stouter, reddish brown with pie tips, 3-5 em. long, half of them deflexed : 
flowers yellow or orange, varying to purple: fruit obovoid, 3-5 cm. long, spiny: seeds 5-6 
mm. broad, irregular in shape. 


In dry soil and on plains and prairies, British Columbia to Nebraska, the Indian Territory, New 
Mexico and Utah. 


13. Opuntia leptocaülis P. DC. Stems with a hard close-grained wood, and a gray 
scaly bark, branching, often 12-15 dm. tall, the branches slender, terete, or angled in age; 
the outer joints loosely attached to one another, 2-3 cm. long, with terete, subulate leaves : 
spines mostly solitary, about 8 mm. long, in a close sheath : flowers sulphur-yellow, 14-20 
mm. broad: fruit scarlet, 10-18 mm. long, not juicy, more often proliferous: seeds 2-5, 
white, flattened. 

In river valleys, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


Order 22. BEGONIALES. 

Sueculent herbs or shubby plants or vines, often with large rootstocks. 
Leaves alternate: blades commonly inequilateral, toothed or lobed. Flowers 
monoceious, usually somewhat irregular, in simple or compound cymes. Stami- 
nate flowers with 2 or more sepals, 5 minute petals and numerous stamens whose 
anthers open by pores or valves. Pistillate flowers with calyx and corolla, and 
a gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Ovary inferior, 2-several-celled or rarely 
l-celled, the placentae entire or variously lobed. Stigmas curved, twisted or 
coiled. Ovules numerous. Fruit capsular, equally or unequally winged. 


FAMILY 1. BEGONIACEAE R. Br. BEGONIA FAMILY. 
Characters of the order. 


1. BEGONIA L. 

Succulent plants, but sometimes shrubby. Leaves alternate : blades oblique, usually 
toothed, petioled. Flowers in simple or compound cymes, monoecious, the staminate with 
2 unequal pairs of petals and many stamens, the pistillate with 5 somewhat unequal petals 
and an inferior 3-celled ovary. Style very short: stigmas spirally twisted. Ovules numer- 
ous, on 2-lobed placentae. Capsule membranous, unequally 3-winged, one wing much larger 
than the rest. Seeds numerous, minute. ELEPHANT’ S EAR. 


l. Begonia semperflórens Link & Otto. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, more or less branched, 
usually red: leaf-blades obliquely ovate or reniform, 4-7 cm. broad, palmately nerved, 
crenate with minutely apiculate teeth ; petioles shorter than the blades: peduncles axillary, 
simply dichotomous : bracts ciliate-fimbriate : corolla white: larger petals of the staminate 
flowers 6-14 mm. long and broad, the smaller petals spatulate: capsules drooping ; two 
angles with narrow rounded wings, the broad wing of the other angle with a rounded outer 
margin and a straight upper margin. 

In and about swamps, peninsular Florida. Naturalized from South America, 


Order 23. PROTEALES. 

Perennial herbs, or shrubs or trees, natives of the Southern Hemisphere. 
Leaves alternate, or rarely opposite or whorled: blades simple or compound, 
Flowers perfect, or occasionally polygamous or dioecious. Perianth of 4 val- 
vate partially united sepals. Androecium of 4 stamens, one on each sepal. 
Gynoecium of a single carpel. Ovary free, 1-celled, often oblique. Style 
terminal. Stigma disk-like, nipple-shaped or capitate. Ovules 1 or two in a 
cavity. Fruit indehiscent, or often follicular or capsular. Seed with a straight 
embryo. 

52 


818 DAPHNACEAE 


FAMILY 1. PROTEACEAE J. St. Hil. PROTEA FAMILY. 
Characters of the order. 


1. GREVILLEA R. Br. 

Shrubs or trees, often pubescent with medifixed or forked hairs. Leaves alternate: 
blades sometimes pinnately parted. Flowers perfect, sometimes irregular, in variously 
modified terminal racemes. Calyx-tube mostly cleft, often swollen at the base and curved 
above: limb oblique. Antherssessile or nearly so. Ovary stalked: style rather elongated, 
often protruding from the cleft in the calyx-tube. Ovules 2, collateral, amphitropous. 
Fruit either follicular or sometimes 2-valved, often curved. Seeds mostly winged. 

1. Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. A tree often 10-20 m. tall. Leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, 
bipinnately parted, the segments narrow, entire or more or less incised, acute or acuminate : 
panicle showy ; racemes 1-2 dm. long, many-flowered : calyx-lobes elliptic or oval, much 
surpassed by the bent style. 


In waste grounds and about gardens, Florida. Adventive from Australia. 


Order 24. THYMELEALES. 


Shrubs or trees, or nearly herbaceous plants, with firm or woody tissues, and 
unarmed. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioe- 
cious, regular or nearly so. Calyx of 5 or fewer sepals. Corolla wanting, in our 
species. Androecium of as many stamens as sepals or twice as many. Anthers 
opening by slits or hinged valves. Gynoecium of a single carpel. Ovary in- 
ferior. Ovule mostly solitary. Fruit usually baccate or drupaceous. 


Anthers opening by slits. 
Ovule and seed pendulous: leaves green, sometimes merely pubescent. Fam. 1. DAPHNACEAE. 
Ovule and seed erect: leaves silvery-scurfy. Fam. 2. ELAEAGNACEAE. 
Anthers opening by hinged valves. 
Leafy shrubs or trees: fruit seated on the hypanthium. Fam. 3. LAURACEAE. 
Leafless, twining, parasitic vines: fruit enelosed in the accrescent hypan- E 
thium. Fam. 4. CASSYTHACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. DAPHNACEAE J. St. Hil. MEZEREON FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, orrarely herbs, with a tough bark and an acrid sap. Leaves 
opposite or alternate, without stipules: blades entire, not glandular-punctate. 
Flowers perfect or polygamous, or dioecious, variously disposed. Calyx of 4-5 
sepals bearing 4—5 scales within, or naked. Corolla wanting. Androecium of 
as many stamens as the sepals, or twice as many.  Filaments filiform, dis- 
tinct. Anthers 2-celled: sacs opening lengthwise. Gynoecium a single pistil. 
Ovary usually 1-celled. Style variable in length, simple, often eccentric. 
Stigma small. Ovule mostly solitary, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit usually in- 
dehiscent, drupaceous or baccate. Seed solitary, pendulous. Testa crusta- 
ceous or membranous. Endosperm fleshy, often scant, or wanting. Embryo 
straight, with fleshy cotyledons. [Thymeleaceae Reichenb.] 


1. DÍRCA L. 

Shrubs, with erect branching stems. Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades membran- 
ous. Flowers appearing before the leaves from scaly buds, perfect, in short racemes. 
Hypanthium usually longer than the sepals. Corolla wanting. Stamens 8, exserted : fila- 
ments unequal in length. Ovary 1-celled, sessile, glabrous : style entire, filiform. Ovule 
solitary. Drupe slightly elongated, barely stalked. Testa crustaceous. Endosperm 
wanting. LEATHER-wOOD. MoosE-woop. ce 

1. Dirca palustris L. A slender branching shrub 0.5-2 m. tall, with asmooth per 
bark and pubescent buds. Leaf-blades oval or obovate, 4-8 cm. long, obtuse at both en - 
or acutish at the apex, sometimes subcordate at the base, entire, more or less Meri 
beneath, short-petioled : flowers lemon-yellow, 3 commonly in a raceme: hypant a 
tubular or tubular-campanulate, 7-8 mm. long: sepals very short: stamens and sty 
exserted : drupe oval, 7-9 mm. long, red. 

In woods and along streams, New Brunswick to Minnesota and Florida. Spring. 


LAURACEAE 819 


FAMILY 2. ELAEAGNACEAE Lindl. OLEASTER FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with silvery scaly or stellate-pubescent foliage. Leaves op- 
posite or alternate: blades entire. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, 
usually clustered at the nodes of branches of the present or preceding year. 
Calyx of 4 or rarely 2, sepals, surmounting the hypanthium. Corolla wanting. 
Androecium of 4 or 8 stamens, inserted near the base of the calyx. Fila- 
ments short. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Gynoecium a single pistil. 
Ovary 1-celled, sessile. Style simple. Stigma entire. Ovule 1, erect, anatro- 
pous. Fruit drupe-like, the achene surrounded with the accrescent hypanthium. 
Seed solitary, erect. Testa thin. Endosperm scant or wanting. 


1. ELAEÁGNUS L. 


Silvery scaly shrubs or rarely trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers perfect or polyga- 
mous. Often clustered in the leaf axils. Sepals 4, valvate. Stamens 4. Mature hypan- 
thium mealy or fleshy, including the achene. 

l. Elaeagnus umbellàtus Thunb. A shrub, 1-3 m. tall. Leaves numerous ; blades 
oblong to elliptic, 2-4 cm. long; mainly obtuse, green above, silvery beneath, short- 
petioled : flowers few, in umbel-like clusters, short-pedicelled : hypanthium narrowly fun- 
nelform, 4-6 mm. long during anthesis: sepals ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, silvery scaly with- 
out like the hypanthium : fruit oblong to oval, 6-8 mm. long. 

On banks and in thickets, about Augusta, Georgia, and other cities. Introduced from Japan. 


FAMILY 3. LAURACEAE Lindl. LAUREL FAMILY. 


Aromatic shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, without 
stipules: blades entire or lobed, generally glandular-punctate. Flowers per- 
fect, polygamous or dioecious, regular or nearly so, variously disposed, often in 
clusters. Perianth of 6 (rarely 4-10) sepals in 2 series, imbricated. Androe- 
cium usually of a greater number of stamens than the sepals, in 2-4 series, in- 
serted on the edge of a disk at the base of the calyx, those of the third series 
often bearing sessile or stalked glands, those of the fourth series and those in 
pistillate flowers changed to staminodia. Filaments distinct. Anthers 2-4- 
celled, the sacs opening by uplifting valves. Gynoecium a single pistil. 
Ovary l-celled. Style simple. Stigma entire or 3-lobed. Ovule anatropous, 
pendulous. Fruit a drupe seated on the accrescent hypanthium. Seed solitary. 
Endosperm wanting. 


Leaves pereistent; flowers mostly perfect: stamens 12, the 3 inner staminodia. 
Sepals persistent: hypanthium not accrescent. 1. PERSEA. 
Sepals deciduous : hypanthium accrescent. 2. NECTANDRA. 
ves deciduous : flowers mostly dioecious : stamens 9. 
Anthers 4-celled. 


Flowers racemose: trees. 3. SASSAFRAS. 
Flowers in lateral clusters: low shrubs. 4. MALAPOENNA. 
Anthers 2-celled. 5. BENZOIN. 


1. PÉRSEA Gaertn. 

Evergreen pleasantly aromatic shrubs or trees, with a furrowed bark and naked buds. 
Leaves alternate: blades entire, leathery. Flowers perfect, yellowish green, cymose, more 
or less panicled, on axillary or terminal peduncles. Sepals 6, those of the outer series 
shorter than the others. Stamens 12, in 4 series, those of the inner, or the third and inner 
series reduced to staminodia : filaments inserted near the base of the calyx, flattened, some- 
times shorter than the anthers, those of the third series with 2 glands near the base : anthers 
erect, flattened, 4-celled, the sacs opening by lids hinged at the top, extrorse in the third 
TOW, introrse in the outer. Styles gradually enlarged upward. Drupe subglobose. The 
plants flower in the spring and mature their fruit in the fall. 


rowers in per panicled cymes: tr ur Aereo d lori 1. P. Persea. 
ers in axilla uncled cymes: fruit less than 2 em. s 
Peduncles, mm T Bia petioles glabrous or appressed-pubescent : fruit over 1 cm. thick. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so, except sometimes the nerves beneath. | 
f-blades finely reticulated beneath, mainly over thrice as long as wide. 2. P. 
Leaí-blades not reticulated beneath, mainly about twice as long as wide. S P 
Leaf-blades lustrous-pubescent beneath. 4. P. humilis. 
Peduncles, pedicels and petioles tomentose : fruit less than 1 cm. thick. 5. P. 


820 LAURACEAE 


1. Persea Pérsea (L.) Cockerell. A tree becoming 10 m. tall. Leaf-blades oblong, 
elliptic or oval, or slightly broadest below the middle, glabrous in age, finely reticulated, at 
least beneath : flowers in naked panicled cymes, the branches of the panicle finely pubes- 
cent: inner sepals 4-5 mm. long, somewhat surpassing the outer: fruit more or less 
elongated, often somewhat pyriform, 8-18 cm. long, the flesh butter-like, edible. 

In woods and hammocks, peninsular Florida and the Keys.  Naturalized from tropical 
America. ALLIGATOR PEAR. AVOCADO PEAR. 

2. Persea Borbónia (L.) Spreng. A tree, reaching a height of 20 m., with a maxi- 
mum trunk diameter of nearly 1 m., its bark broken into flat ridges. Leaf-blades elliptic 
or elliptic-oblong, 5-15 cm. long, often acuminate at both ends, bright green and lustrous 
above, glaucescent and finely reticulated beneath: peduncles axillary, 1-2 cm. long, 3-6- 
flowered : sepals ascending, the inner ovate, 2-3 times longer than the outer, acutish : 
fruit obovoid or globose-obovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long, dark blue or nearly black, lustrous. (P. 
Carolinensis (Michx.) Nees.] 

In swamps and along streams, near the coast. Virginia to Florida and Texas. RED BAY. SWEET 
Bay. FLORIDA MAHOGANY. TISSWOOD. LAUREL TREE. 

3. Persea littoràlis Small. A copiously branched shrub, or a tree 5 m. tall. Leaf- 
blades elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 2-5.5 cm. long, mostly obtuse at the apex, bright green 
and lustrous above, pale and glabrous beneath, not reticulated, the lateral veins incon- 
spicuous : fruit globular, 12-14 mm. long, purple-black under the bloom. 

On sand ridges, near the coast, peninsular Florida. ; 

4. Persea hümilis Nash. A small tree 2-4 m. tall, the twigs, lower leaf-surfaces 
and the inflorescence silky-pubescent. Leaf-blades elliptic or oblong, 4-10 cm. long, 
more or less revolute, glabrous and shining above, lustrous beneath: sepals erect, obtuse, 
the inner oblong, 5 mm. long: fruit globular, about 1.5 em. long, purplish black under 
the bloom. 

In sand, peninsular Florida. 

5. Persea pubéscens (Pursh) Sarg. A shrubor small tree, reaching a height of 12 
m., with a trunk diameter of 3-4 dm., its twigs, lower leaf-surfaces and inflorescence 
tomentose. Leaf-blades narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate or rarely oval, 5-20 cm. 
long, usually obtuse, often acuminate at the apex, slightly revolute: sepals erect, acutish, 
the inner oblong-ovate, about twice as long as the outer: fruit oval, 8-11 mm. long, dark 
blue with a thin bloom. [P. Carolinensis var. palustris Chapm. ] 

In swamps and hammocks, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. SwAMP RED Bay. SWAMP BAY. 


2. OCOTEA Aubl. 


Aromatic shrubs or trees, resembling Persea. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, 
in axillary or nearly terminal pedunculate panicled cymes, the pedicels bearing 2 decidu- 
ous scales. Sepals 6, nearly equal, deciduous. Stamens 12, in 4 series, those of the inner 
series reduced to staminodia : anthers 4-celled, the sacs opening introrsely in the two outer 
series, usually extrorse in the third series. Style cylindric. Drupe varying from ellip- 
soidal to oblong, with a thin fleshy pulp. 

1. Ocotea Catesbyàna (Michx.) Sarg. An evergreen glabrous shrub, or a small 
tree 2-10 m. tall, with a quite smooth bark, the trunk sometimes 2 dm. thick. Leaf-blades 
narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate or sometimes obtuse at 
the apex, nearly flat, acute at the base, deep green and lustrous above, paler beneath : 
peduncles 2-5 cm. long: calyx creamy-white, 8-9 mm. wide: sepals oblong, oe 
spreading or recurved : filaments shorter than the anthers: drupe subglobose or oval, 1-1. 
cm. in diameter, dark blue or black, lustrous, seated in the red hypanthium. [Nectandra 
Willdenoviana Nees. ] 


In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and adjacent islands. Also in the West Indies. Early spring; 
matures its fruit in the fall. LANCE Woop. 


3. SASSAFRAS Nees. 


Commonly dioecious strongly aromatic trees, with a brown furrowed bark a 
branchlets. Leaves alternate: blades rather membranous, commonly lobed, rarel 
each narrowed into a slender petiole. Flowers dioecious or rarely perfect, yellowish green, 
in loose, axillary often corymbose racemes. Sepals 6, nearly equal. Stamens 9, in three 
series: filaments flattened, those of the inner series with 2 stalked orange-colored glands 
at the base: anthers 4-celled, introrse, each sac opening by a lid hinged at the top. Sty le 
elongated, enlarged towards the apex. Drupe subglobose or oval, with a thin pulp. 


nd brittle 
y entire, 


CASSYTHACEAE 821 


1. Sassafras Sássafras (L.) Karst. A tree sometimes 30 m. tall, with a maximum 
trunk diameter of nearly 2 m., the bark broken into flat ridges. Leaf-blades varyin 
from oblong to suborbicular in outline, usually 3-lobed, otherwise entire, sometimes lobe 
on one side only, sometimes entire, bright green above, glaucescent and glabrous beneath 
or nearly so, petioled, the lobes obtuse or acutish : racemes 2-5 em. long, pubescent : flow- 
ers greenish yellow, usually numerous: sepals 6, narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2.5-3 mm. long : 
stamens slightly longer than the sepals: drupe oval, 8-10 mm. long, red or orange, often 
apiculate, seated in the thick hypanthium. [S. officinalis Nees & Eberm. ] 


In woods and fields, Maine to Ontario, lowa, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Spring; matures its 
fruit in the summer. SASSAFRAS, SASSAFRAX. AGUE TREE. 


4. MALAPOENNA Adans. i 


Shrubs or trees, with often zigzag forking branches. Leaves alternate: blades entire, 
firm. Flowers in clusters or clustered umbels, dioecious. Calyx of 6 or sometimes 4 
sepals, deciduous. Stamens or staminodia 9, in 3 series, those of the first and second series 
without glands, those of the third row with glands: anthers 4-celled, introrse. Style en- 
tire. Drupe subglobose or oblong. [Litsea Lam. ] 

1. Malapoenna geniculàta ( Walt.) Coulter. A spreading glabrous shrub 2-3 m. 
tall, with zigzag forking branches. Leaf-blades firm, oblong or elliptic, 1.5-6 cm. long, 
acute or obtuse at both ends, dark green above, paler beneath, slightly reticulated, short- 
petioled, deciduous : flowers 2-4 together, appearing before the leaves, about 8 mm. broad, 
nearly sessile: sepals oval or elliptic, obtuse, yellow, spreading: stamens shorter than the 
sepals: filaments filiform, glabrous: anthers ovoid : drupe subglobose, 5-6 mm. long, red. 
[Litsea geniculata (Walt. ) Benth. & Hook. ] 


In shallow ponds, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Winter and spring; matures its fruit in the 
summer. 


5. BENZOIN Fabr. 

Shrubs or trees, witha spicy aromatic bark Leaves alternate: blades thinnish, entire, 
deciduous. Flowers dioecious, yellow, in clusters or umbels, appearing before the leaves. 
Calyx of 6 or rarely 7-9 nearly equal sepals. Stamens usually 9, in 3 series, all re- 
duced to staminodia in the pistillate flowers, those of the first and second series usually 
without glands, those of the third series usually with glands, Anthers 2-celled, introrse. 
Style variable in length. Drupe pulpy. SPicE-BUsH. BENJAMIN-BUSH. 

Leaf-blades rounded or cordate at the base, pubescent on both sides. 1. B. melissaefolium. 
Leaf-blades acute at the base, glabrous on both sides orsparingly pubescent beneath. 2. B. Benzoin. 

l. Benzoin melissaefdlium ( Walt.) Nees. A low shrub 3-10 dm. tall, its branches 
foliage and inflorescence pubescent. Leaf-blades quite firm, oblong or oval, 3-12 cm. long, 
acutish, usually short-acuminate, more or less densely pubescent on both sides, rounded or 
cordate at the base, short-petioled : flowers yellow, in dense lateral clusters, appearing be- 
fore the leaves : pedicels equalling the sepals or longer : sepals thin, 1-1.5 mm. long : stamens 
dilated below : drupe obovoid, nearly 1 em. long. [Lindera melissaefolia ( Walt.) Blume.] 
Mida rus ponds and swamps, North Carolina to Illinois, Missouri, Florida and Alabama. Winter and 

g. 

2. Benzoin Bénzoin (L.) Coulter. A strong-scented and spicy shrub 1-3 m. tall. 
Leaf-blades obovate, oval or elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, thin, obtuse or usually short-acumi- 
nate and acute at the apex, often slightly ciliate, acute or acuminate at the base, deep 
green and glabrous above, pale or glaucescent and glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, 
short-petioled, deciduous : flowers yellow, in dense clusters appearing before the leaves, 6-8 
mm. broad: pedicels 3-5 cm. long: sepals thin, obovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate or 
retuse at the apex: stamens shorter than the sepals, slightly dilated below: drupe oval 
about 1 cm. long, longer than the pedicel. [Zindera Benzoin (L.) Blume.] 


In swamps and along streams, Massachusetts to Ontario, Michigan, middle Georgia, Tennessee and 
Kansas. Spring: fruit ripening in August. 


FAMILY 4, CASSYTHACEAE Dumort. CassvTHA FAMILY. 


Parasitic vines, with slender or filiform stems. Leaves wanting or represented 
by mere scales. Flowers perfect, inconspicuous, in heads, spikes or racemes. 
Calyx of 6 sepals surmounting an obovoid or top-shaped hypanthium : outer 
Sepals much smaller than the inner. Corolla wanting. Androecium of 9 sta- 
mens, those of the first and second series without glands, their anthers 2-celled, 


822 MELASTOMACEAE 


introrse, those of the third usually perfect, with glands at the base, their 
anthers 2-celled, extrorse, those of the fourth series reduced to staminodia. 
Gynoecium a single pistil. Ovary nearly sessile, 1-celled, included in the hypan- 
thium. Stigma capitate, nearly sessile. Ovule pendulous, anatropous. Fruit 
a drupe included in the accrescent hypanthium, crowned with the persistent 
sepals. Seed solitary, with a membranous testa. 


1. CASSYTHA L. 
Characters of the family. 


1. Cassytha filifórmis L. A leafless plant parasitic on bushes. Stems filiform, twin- 
ing, usually matted, often sparingly pubescent, yellowish green: flowers 3-6 in a spike, 2 
mm. broad : calyx glabrous: outer sepals ovate, acute or acutish, the inner triangular- 
ovate, 2-3 times larger than the outer: stamens included: filaments shorter than the 
anthers: drupe subglobose, 5-7 mm. in diameter, included. 

On bushes, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Circumtropical. 


Order 25. MYRTALES. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, unarmed, sometimes aquatic or amphibious. Leaves 
alternate or opposite : blades sometimes prominently 3-nerved. Flowers regular 
or irregular, complete, and often showy, or reduced to a stamen and pistil adnate 
to the hypanthium. Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary or adnate to it. 
Androecium of few or many stamens. Anthers opening by slits or pores. Gyn- 
oecium 1-several-carpellary. Stigma terminating the style, or sessile. Fruit 
capsular or baccate, or resembling an achene. 

Style present, simple or compound: stigma terminal. 


Anthers opening by pores. Fam. 1. MELASTOMACEAE. 
Anthers opening by longitudinal valves. 
Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. Fam. 2. LYTHRACEAE. 


Hypanthium adnate to the ovary or mainly so. 
Cotyledons spirally convolute in the embryo. 
Ovary several-celled : ovules numerous, not pendulous. Fam. 3. PUNICACEAE. 
Ovary 1-celled : ovules 2-5, pendulous. Fam. 4. TERMINALIACEAE. 
Cotyledons not spirally convolute. 
Sepals imbricated or united and the calyx falling away as a cap. Fam. 5. MYRTACEAE. 
Sepals valvate. 


Leaves stipulate: sepals leathery. Fam. 6. RHIZOPHORACEAE. 
_ Leaves not stipulate: sepals membranous or herbaceous. Fam. 7. EPILOBIACEAE. 
Styles wanting: stigmas sessile. Fam. 8. GUNNERACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. MELASTOMACEAE R. Br. MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY. 


Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees, of little economic importance. Stems some- 
times enlarged at the joints. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, exstipulate : 
blades with two or more lateral ribs, not punctate. Flowers mostly showy, per- 
fect, regular or nearly so. Hypanthium glabrous or pubescent, campanulate, 
urn-shaped or tubular. Calyx of 3-6 valvate sepals. Corolla of 3-6 petals, con- 
torted in aestivation, oblique. Androecium of twice as many stamens as there 
are petals, or sometimes of the same number, inserted with them, all fertile or 
those opposite the petals smaller and sterile. Anthers appendaged, opening by 
pores. Gynoecium compound. Ovary free, or adnate to the hypanthium, 2—many- 
celled, often 4-celled. Styles united. Stigma undivided. Ovules numerous, anat- 
ropous, Fruit berry-like or capsular, dehiscing by longitudinal valves, 2-many- 
celled, many-seeded. Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight or curved. 


1. RHÉXIA L. 

Perennial herbs, with horizontal often tuber-bearing rootstocks. Stems terete or 
angled, the branches opposite. Leaves opposite: blades usually 3-5-nerved, commonly 
toothed. Flowers somewhat irregular, solitary or in terminal cymes. Hypanthium urn 
shaped, prolonged beyond the ovary and constricted. Sepals 4, varying from subulate to 
triangular. Petals 4, oblique, retuse or awn-tipped at the apex, deciduous. Stamens 8, 
exserted : filaments equal in length: anthers various, 1-celled, each sac opening by 4 -— 


MELASTOMACEAE 823 


minal pore. Ovary sessile, 4-celled, free: style slender: stigma truncate. Ovules numer- 
ous on the 4 placentae. Capsules 4-celled, 4-valved, included. Seeds variously roughened, 
coiled or bent. MrADOW-BEAUTY. 


Anthers relatively short, oblong, not spurred at the base. 
Corolla purple or rarely white. 


Hypanthium glandular-pubescent: upper surface of the leaf-blades glabrous. 1. R. serrulata. 
Hypanthium glabrous: upper surface of the leaf-blades bristly. 2. R. ciliosa. 
Corolla yellow. 3. R. lutea. 


Anthers elongated, linear, spurred at the base. 
Neck of the mature hypanthium as long as the body or longer. 
Leaf-blades narrowly linear, the midrib only prominent and conspicuous. 4. R. Floridana. 
Leaf-blades not linear, the 3 nerves prominent and conspicuous. 
Stems rather sparingly pubescent with delicate hairs: leaf-blades nearly 


glabrous. 5. R. Mariana. 
Stems densely pubescent with coarse yellow hairs: leaf-blades shaggy-pu- A 
bescent with hairs like those on the stem. 6. R. Nashii. 


Neck of the mature hypanthium much shorter than the body. 
Stems and branches terete or nearly so. 
Hypanthium glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. 
Leaf-blades over 2 mm. broad : hypanthium with a few scattered hairs 


Leaf-blades linear to lanceolate. 7. R. lanceolata, 

Leaf-blades oval, elliptic or oblong-ovate, yery thin. 8. R. delicatula. 
Leaf-blades less than 2 mm. broad : hypanthium glabrous. 9. R. filiformis. 
Hypanthium densely glandular-pubescent. 10. R. glabella. 


Stems sharply angled or narrowly 4-winged. 
Corolla over 2 cm. broad, colored. 
Sepals less than 14 as long as the hypanthium at maturity. E 
Stems with pubescent internodes: hypanthium pubescent at maturity. 11. R. Virginica. 


Stems with glabrous internodes: hypanthium glabrous at maturity. 12. R. stricta. 
Sepals fully ! as long as the hypanthium at maturity. 13. R. arístosa. 
Corolla less than 2 em. broad, white. 14. R. parviflora. 


1. Rhexia serrulàta Nutt. Stems slender, glabrous below, erect, 5-30 cm. tall, 4- 
angled, sometimes sparingly branched: leaf-blades thickish, ovate, oval or suborbicular, 
0.5-1 cm. long, obtuse or acute, bristly serrulate, sessile or nearly so: flowers solitary or in 
congested cymes : hypanthium bristly with glandular hairs when young : sepals triangular : 
petals purple, about 10 mm. long, apiculate: anthers oblong, not spurred : capsules sphe- 
roidal, 4 mm. broad, much longer than the very short neck of the hypanthium. 

In pine-land swamps and low ground, Georgia and Florida. Summer. 


2. Rhexia ciliósa Michx. Stems rather slender, erect, 2-6 dm. tall, 4-angled, glabrous 
or nearly so, the branches erect or strongly ascending: leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long, broadly 
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, acute, bristly serrulate, usually with scattered hairs 
above, rounded at the base, sessile or short-petioled: flowers usually in congested cymes, 
short-pedicelled : hypanthium becoming glabrous: sepals triangular, acute: petals 9-15 
mm. long, violet-purple or deep pink, rounded or apiculate at the apex: anthers oblong, 
not spurred : capsules subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter, much longer than the neck of the 
hypanthium. 

In sandy swamps, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


3. Rhexia lütea Walt. Stems deep green, bristly-pubescent, erect, 1-3 dm. tall, 
4-angled, simple, or finally with numerous short branches above: leaf-blades 1-2.5 cm. 
long, the upper ones linear-oblong to oblong, acute, the lower cuneate, obtuse, all bristly- 
serrulate, more or less reflexed : flowers rather short-pedicelled or nearly sessile, numerous : 
hypanthium glabrous in age: sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: petals deep 
green, 9-13 mm. long, spreading, more or less distinctly awn-tipped : anthers narrowly 
oblong, often shorter than the filaments: capsules subglobose, 4 mm. in diameter, longer 
than the neck of the hypanthium. 

In low sandy pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 


..*. Rhexia Floridàna Nash. Stems olive-green, erect, 2-5 dm. tall, 4-angled, often 
diffusely branched, glandular-hirsute : leaf-blades linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, glabrous, acute, 
remotely bristly-serrulate, sessile: flowers short-pedicelled, in open cymes: hypanthium 
bristly when young, glabrous in age: sepals lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acuminate : 
etals purple, 11-17 mm. long, awn-tipped, each awn terminating in a gland: anthers 

near, mainly 1 cm. long, slightly spurred at the base: capsules ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, 
about as long as the neck of the hypanthium. 

In sand or clayey swamps, southern Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Summer. 


5. Rhexia Mariàna L. Stems erect, 2-8 dm. tall, villous-hirsute, simple or much 
branched, nearly terete: leaf-blades narrowly oblong, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 
1.5-8 em. long, acute, bristly-serrulate, nearly glabrous, narrowed into short petioles: 
flowers in open cymes, short-pedicelled : hypanthium sparingly pubescent, or glabrous in 
age: sepals ovate or triangular, acute : petals pale or deep purple, 14-28 mm. long, often 


824 MELASTOMACEAE 


minutely awn-tipped: anthers linear, 8-9 mm. long, spurred at the base: capsules sub- 
globose, 6-7 mm. in diameter, shorter than the neck of the accrescent hypanthium. 
In sandy swamps, Long Island to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


6. Rhexia Náshii Small. Stems erect from tuberous roots, 3-6 dm. tall, 4-angled, 
densely hirsute, yellowish green like the rest of the foliage, often sparingly branched: 
leaf-blades thickish, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 em. long, acute, slightly bristly-ser- 
rulate, with 3 prominent yellow nerves, sessile: flowers in open cymes, short-pedicelled : 
hypanthium glabrous or nearly so: sepals triangular, acute: petals purple, 14-17 mm. 
long : anthers 1 em. long, spurred at the base: capsules subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, 
about as long as the neck of the hypanthium. 

In sandy swamps, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 


7. Rhexia lanceolàta Walt. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, slender, villous-hirsute like 
the rest of the foliage, terete or nearly so: leaf-blades oblanceolate, elliptic-oblanceolate, 
or linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute, bristly serrulate, sparingly pubescent on both 
surfaces, short-petioled or nearly sessile: flowers in open cymes, short-pedicelled : hypan- 
thium glabrous or sparingly pubescent when young: sepals lanceolate, hooked at the apex: 
petals white to pale purple, apiculate or awn-tipped : anthers linear, 6-7 mm. long, spurred 
at the base : capsules subglobose, 3.5-4 mm. in diameter, longer than the neck of the hy- 
panthium. 

EXE. dry or moist sandy soil, North Carolina and Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and 
r. 

8. Rhexia delicátula Small. Stems slender, erect, 1-4 dm. tall, solitary, obscurely 
4-angled, clothed with spreading very delicate hairs: leaf-blades thin, oblong or elliptic 
to ovate, abruptly acute or obtusish, conspicuously bristly-serrate, with a few delicate hairs 
on both surfaces, narrowed into slender petioles : flowers usually 3, in terminal cymes, short- 
pedicelled : hypanthium glabrous, or with a few hairs below the throat: sepals narrowly 
triangular, recurved: petals pale purple, 10-15 cm. long: anthers linear, 6 mm. long, 
slightly spurred.at the base: capsules subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter, longer than the 
neck of the hypanthium. 

Along streams in the mountains, Georgia. Summer. 


9. Rhexia filifórmis Small. Stems erect, wire-like, 1-4 dm. tall, sparingly pubes- 
cent, villous-hirsute, simple or branched, terete or nearly so, the branches filiform : leaf- 
blades quite numerous, linear-filiform or filiform, 1-3 cm. long, acute, serrulate, sessile, 
the larger ones involutely folded: flowers in open cymes, short-pedicelled : hypanthium 
glabrous : sepals lanceolate, acuminate: petals white or pale purple, less than 1 cm. long: 
anthers linear, 6 mm. long, spurred at the base: capsules subglobose. 

In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Summer. 


10. Rhexia glabélla Michx. Stems erect, 3-10 dm. tall, terete or obscurely 4-angled, 
glabrous, often tufted, the base spongy when growing in water : leaf-blades leathery, 3-8 
cm. long, more or less glaucous, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire 
or inconspicuously serrulate, sessile: flowers in open cymes: hypanthium bristly with 
glandular hairs: sepals triangular, acuminate: petals bright purple, 17-22 mm. long, 
apiculate: anthers linear, 7-8 mm. long, spurred at-the base: capsules subglobose, 6-7 
mm. in diameter, longer than the neck of the hypanthium. 


In moist pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


ll. Rhexia Virgínica L. Stems erect, 2-10 dm. tall, bristly pubescent or glabrate, 
sharply 4-angled, the angles sometimes slightly winged: leaf-blades very variable, oblong- 
elliptic, oval, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or obtuse, bristly serru- 
late, 5-nerved, sessile: flowers short-pedicelled, in open cymes: hypanthium glandular- 
pubescent : sepals lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate : petals bright purple, 11-17 mm. long, 
rounded or retuse at the apex : anthers linear, spurred at the base: capsules subglobose, 
9-6 mm. in diameter, much longer than the neck of the hypanthium. 
orasi? Sandy swamps or damp soil, Maine to Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Spring to ik Due 

12. Rhexia stricta Pursh. Stems erect, 6-13 dm. tall, sometimes much branched, 
tufted, 4-winged, often spongy at the base : Jeaf-blades thickish, lanceolate to oblong-lance- 
olate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, bristly-serrulate, with 3 main nerves an 2 less 
prominent marginal nerves, sessile : flowers short-pedicelled, in panicled cymes : hypanthium 
glabrous: sepals triangular, acute: petals purple, 12-16 mm. long: anthers n: 
spurred at the base: capsules ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, longer than the short neck of the 
hypanthium. 

In pine-land swamps, Georgia and Florida. Summer. 


LYTHRACEAE 825 


13. Rhexia aristósa Britton. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, 4-angled, glabrous, some- 
times branching above, sometimes spongy at the base, the branches erect or strongly ascend- 
ing: leaf-blades thickish, linear or linear-lanceolate, or sometimes linear-oblong, 1-3 em. 
long, obtusish or acute at the apex, distantly bristly serrulate, sessile, glabrous or with a 
few scattered hairs above: flowers short-pedicelled : hypanthium bristly, or the tube gla- 
brate in age: sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate : petals magenta-red, 12-20 mm. 
long, awn-tipped : anthers linear, minutely spurred : capsules subglobose, 6 mm. long, longer 
than the neck of the hypanthium. 

In sandy swamps and pine lands, New Jersey to South Carolina. Summer. 

14. Rhexia parviflóra Chapm. Stems erect, less than 3 dm. tall, 4-angled, usually 
branched at the base and above, sparingly pubescent : leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or nearly 
oval, 1-2 cm. long, acute, bristly serrulate, short-petioled : cymes few-flowered : hypan- 
thium nearly glabrous at maturity : petals white, less than 10 mm. long, often awn-tipped : 
anthers narrow, nearly straight, appendaged, fully as long as the filaments : capsules sub- 
globose, about 3 mm. in diameter: mature hypanthium with a broad neck much shorter 
than the diameter of the body. 

In shallow ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. Summer. 


FAMILY 2. LYTHRACEAE Lindl. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs, or often trees in the tropics, with firm or succulent tissues. 
Leaves mostly opposite: blades usually entire, sometimes auricled at the base. 
Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils, or in axillary cymes. Hypan- 
thium enclosing the ovary, but free. Calyx of 4-5 sepals, commonly accom- 
panied by accessory teeth. Corolla of 4-5 petals, or wanting. Androecium of 
few or many stamens in 1 or several series. Filaments mostly filiform : anthers 
versatile. Gynoecium compound. Ovary 2-6-celled, or rarely 1-celled. Styles 
united. Stigmas entire or rarely 2-lobed. Ovules numerous, or rarely few, 
anatropous. Fruit a thin-walled or firm capsule enclosed in the hypanthium, 
Sometimes indehiscent. Seeds variously marked or roughened. Embryo 
straight. 


Ss ee campanulate or turbinate, becoming hemispheric or globose. 
rps, 


Flowers inconspicuous. 


Petals wanting: capsules indehiscent. 1. DIDIPLIS. 
Petals 4: capsules ehiscent, sometimes irregularly so. 
Capsules bursting irregularly. 2. AMMANNIA. 
Capsules septicidally dehiscent. 3. RoTALA. 
Flowers conspicuous. 4. HEMIA. 
Shrubs or trees. 
Flowers in axillary cymes : aquatie shrubs. 5. DECODON. 
Flowers in terminal panicles: terrestrial shrubs or trees. 6. LAGERSTROEMIA. 
Hypanthium elongated, cylindrie or tubular. 
owers regular: hypanthium symmetrical. 7. LvTHRUM. 
Flowers irregular: hypanthium oblique. 8. PARSONSIA. 


1. DÍDIPLIS Raf. 

Flaccid aquatic or swamp herbs, resembling species of Callitriche. Stems elongated, 
4-angled. Leaves opposite: blades narrow, entire, pellucid. Flowers inconspicuous, ses- 
sile and solitary in the axils. Hypanthium prismatic-campanulate, 4-angled. Sepals 4, 
without accessory teeth. Petals none. Stamens 2-4, mostly 4: filaments very short. 
Ovary 2-celled : style very short: stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule subglobose, 2-celled, 
opening irregularly. Seeds minute. Testa membranous. Embryo clavate. 

1. Didiplis diándra (Nutt.) Wood. Stems flaccid, submerged or creeping on mud, 
1-3 dm. long, glabrous: leaves of two kinds, the submersed thin; blades linear to linear- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the emersed ones thicker in texture ; blades linear to linear- 
Spatulate, often obtuse, all 1-2 cm. long: flowers inconspicuous: hypanthium campanu- 
late, angled, about 1 mm. high: petals none : capsule urn-shaped, about 1 imm. in diameter. 

D. linearis Raf. ] 
fall ponds or on wet shores, Minnesota to North Carolina, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Spring to 
: ER PURSLANE. 
2. AMMÁNNIA L. 

Annual, leathery-succulent herbs. Stems usually 4-angled. Leaves opposite: blades 

entire, often auricled at the base. Flowers inconspicuous, solitary or clustered (cymose) in 


826 LYTHRACEAE 


the axils. Hypanthium campanulate, often becoming globular, 4-angled. Sepals 4, often 
accompanied by small teeth in the sinuses. Petals 4, mostly early deciduous. Stamens 4-8 : 
filaments filiform, sometimes short. Ovary subglobose, commonly 2-4-celled, enclosed in 
the hypanthium : style filiform, sometimes short : stigma capitate. Capsule membranous, 
subglobose, opening irregularly. Seeds angular, minute. Testa coriaceous. Embryo with 
broad auricled cotyledons. 

Flowers or capsules sessile or near] 


so. 
Leaves broadest above the middie: capsules 5-6 mm. in diameter. 1. A. Koehnei. 
Leaves broadest below the middle: capsules 3-4 mm. in diameter. 2. A. coccinea. 
Flowers or capsules in long-peduncled cymes. 3. A. auriculata. 


1. Ammannia Koéhnei Britton. Stems stout, glabrous, 1-6 dm. tall, simple or 
branched below or throughout : leaf-blades spatulate, oblanceolate or oblong, 2-8 cm. long, 
obtuse, entire, the lower ones sessile, the upper partially clasping by the auricled bases : 
flowers sessile, 1-3 in an axil : hypanthium campanulate, becoming globular : sepals acute : 
petals white or pink, spatulate, often fugacious : stamens and short style included : capsules 
subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter. [A. latifolia Chapm., not L.] 

In swamps and along streams, New Jersey to Florida. Summer and fall. 

2. Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Stems stoutish, glabrous, 1-5 dm. tall, simple or 
branched below : leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, acute or acuminate 
at the apex, entire, dilated at the cordate obtusely auricled base, sessile: flowers 1-5 in an 
axil, sessile or on peduncles much shorter than the calyx : hypanthium campanulate and 
somewhat angled when young: sepals acute: petals broadly obovate, obtuse, purple or 
pink : stamens and slender style exserted : capsules subglobose, 3-4 mm. in diameter: seeds 
0.5-0.7 mm. long. 

In swamps and low. places. Iowa to Indiana, Kansas, Florida and Texas, and through Mexico and 
Central America to Brazil. Summer and fall. 

3. Ammannia auriculàta Willd. Stems rather slender, glabrous, 0.5-2.5 dm. tall, 
simple or finally widely branching : leaf-blades oblong to linear-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, 
acute or acutish, entire, sessile, more or less clasping by the auricled bases : flowers small, 
in axillary peduncled cymes, or rarely solitary on peduncles 5-10 mm. long: hypanthium 
campanulate, becoming subglobose: sepals acute: petals white or pink, broadly spatulate : 
stamens and slender style exserted : capsules subglobose, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter : seeds 0.4 
mm. in diameter. 


_ About ponds and swamps, Nebraska to Texas, New Mexico and through Central America to Brazil. 
Spring and summer. 
3, ROTALA L. 

Annual or biennial swamp-inhabiting herbs. Stems 4-angled. Leaves opposite : blades 
narrow, entire. Flowers inconspicuous, usually solitary in the axils. Hypanthium campan- 
ulate becoming subglobose. Sepals very small. Petals usually 4. Stamens 4: filaments 
short : anthers 2-celled. Ovary subglobose, 4-celled, free : style very short : stigma entire Or 
nearly so. Capsules 4-celled, subglobose, septicidally 4-valved, the valves transversely 

triate. Seeds minute. 

1. Rotala ramósior (L.) Koehne. Stems erect or ascending from a decumbent base, 
0.5-4 dm. long, glabrous : leaf-blades oblong to linear or spatulate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or 
acutish, entire, narrowed at the base, sessile or short-petioled : flowers inconspicuous, l, or 
rarely 3 together, sessile or nearly sessile in the axils: hypanthium becoming subglobose, 


2.5-3.5 mm. in diameter: sepals acute: petals very small, white: style almost wanting: 
capsules subglobose, 2.5-3.5 mm. in diameter. 


. In swamps, about ditches and in wet sand, Massachusetts to Nebraska, Florida, Texas and Mex- 
ico. Alsoon the Pacific slope and in South America. Summer and fall. 


4. HEIMIA Link & Otto. 

Low spreading shrubby herbs, with elongated branches. Leaves opposite or whorled : 
blades narrow, entire. Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles which are shorter than the 
flowers, bearing 2 scales Hypanthium hemispheric-campanulate. Sepals 6, erect, alter- 
nating with spreading teeth at the sinuses. Petals 6, spreading, usually about as broad as 
long. Stamens 12, about uniform: filaments slender. Ovary sessile, 4-celled : style elon- 
gated. Capsule 4-celled. Seeds minute, wingless. 

1. Heimia salicifolia (H.B.K.) Link & Otto. A bright green glabrous herb, 
0.5-2 m. tall, with much-branched stems : leaf-blades narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 


LYTHRACEAE 827 


2-4 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, more or less revolute, paler beneath than above, sessile or 
nearly so: pedicels stout, 1-2 mm. long: hypanthium campanulate, often becoming tur- 
binate-campanulate, 3-4 mm. high, ribbed : sepals triangular, acute, } as long as the hy- 
panthium, erect or converging, their accessory teeth subulate, spreading-upcurved, sur- 
passing the sepals: petals yellow, obovate or orbicular-obovate, 6-10 mm. long, retuse or 
notched at the apex, somewhat crisped : stamens exserted : style surpassing the stamens: 
capsules obovoid, 5 mm. high. 
Along streams, southern Texas and through the tropics to Paraguay. Spring to fall. 


5. DECODON J. F. Gmel. 


Aquatic shrubs, with elongated virgate branches. Leaves opposite or whorled : blades 
entire. Flowers trimorphous, in axillary short-peduncled cymes. Hypanthium campan- 
ulate, ribbed. Sepals 5-7, furnished with as many accessory teeth at the sinuses. Petals 
purple. Stamens 10 or rarely 8, alternately shorter and longer, the longer exserted :. fila- 
ments filiform. Ovary 3-6-celled, globular: style filiform: stigma capitate. Capsules 
subglobose, loculicidally 3-6-valved. Seeds angled. Testa leathery. Swamp LOOSE- 
STRIFE. 

1. Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. An aquatic or marsh-inhabiting shrub, with 
pubescent or rarely glabrous foliage and wand-like curving stems, the submerged portions 
more or less densely coated with spongy tissue : leaf-blades lanceolate or elliptic-lanceo- 
late, 3-20 cm. long, acuminate, often undulate, acute or acuminate at the base, short-peti- 
oled: peduncles short and stout: pedicels 2-8 together, 5-10 mm. long: hypanthium 
campanulate, 4-5 mm. high, glabrous in age, ribbed: sepals triangular, acuminate, 
about j as long as the tube, the accessory teeth subulate, surpassing the sepals: petals 
purple, lanceolate to ovate, 7-9 mm. long, acuminate at both ends, crisped: longer 
stamens conspicuously exserted: capsules subglobose, 5 mm. in diameter: seeds angled, 
1.5-2 mm. thick. [ Nesaea verticillata (L.) H.B.K.] 


In swamps and lakes, Massachusetts to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


6. LAGERSTROEMIA L. 


Shrubs or trees, with opposite or whorled branches and 4-angled twigs. Leaves 
mainly opposite: blades entire. Flowers usually showy, in terminal panicles. Hypan- 
thium turbinate or campanulate-turbinate, sometimes grooved. Sepals 6, "shorter than the 
hypanthium. Petals 6, clawed, crisped. Stamens numerous : filaments filiform, exserted : 
anthers versatile. Ovary 1-6-celled, included : style filiform: stigma capitate. Capsule 
leathery, loculicidally 3-6-valved. Seeds flattened, winged above. Testa membranous. 
Embryo with orbicular cotyledons. 


l. Lagerstroemia Indica L. A glabrous deep green shrub, 1-7 m. tall. Trunk 
clothed with a rough brownish bark, the branches erect or ascending : leaf-blades leathery, 
obovate or oval, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, entire, sessile or nearly 80 : lene 
showy, 1-3 dm. long, many-flowered : pedicels angled, 5-10 mm. long : hypanthium broadly 
turbinate, oblique, 4-6 mm. high, glaucescent: sepals triangular, acute, unequal, shorter 

sthan the hypanthium : petals 6, purple, pink or nearly white, the blades orbicular or reni- 
form in outline, lobed, strongly crisped, the claws inostly shorter than the blades : stamens 
exserted ; filaments twisted : capsules oval-globose, 8-9 mm. high, obtuse at the ends. 

In waste places, in and near gardens, widely cultivated and sparingly naturalized, from Maryland 
to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

7. LYTHRUM L. 


Herbs or shrubs, with angled stems, our species perennial. Leaves alternate or 
Opposite, or rarely whorled: blades entire. Flowers axillary, or in terminal spikes or 
racemes. Hypanthium tubular, ribbed or finted, straight or nearly so, not spurred at the 
base. Sepals 4-6, accompanied by as many erect or spreading teeth. Petals 4-6, broadest 
above the middle, hardly clawed, essentially equal. Stamens 8-12, in 1 or 2 rows: fila- 
ments filiform. Ovary 2-celled : style filiform: stigma capitate. Capsule included, mem- 
branous, 2-celled, or becoming 1-celled by the breaking down of the septum, septicidally 2- 
valved or opening irregularly. Seeds plano-convex. Testa leathery, smooth. Embryo 
with auricled cotyledons. LOOSESTRIFE. 


828 LYTHRACEAE 


Leaves mostly opposite. 
Leaf-blades oblong to orbicular or rarely cuneate. 
Hypanthium trumpet-shaped : leaf-blades short-petioled. 1. L. Vulneraria. 
Hypanthium tubular or nearly so: leaf-blades sessile. 2. L. ovalifolium. 
Leaf-blades linear. 3. L. lineare. 
Leaves mostly alternate. 
Leaf-blades narrowed at the base. 
Larger leaves with linear blades: sepals broadly triangular, the accessory 
teeth short and stout. , 4. L. linearifolium. 
Larger leaves with elliptic or lanceolate blades: sepals mucro-like, the acces- 
sory teeth subulate. 
Leaf-blades thick, those of the branches numerous, approximate, mostly 


less than 1.5 em. long : hypanthium 6-8 mm. long. 5. L. lanceolatum. 
Leaf blades thin, those of the branches few, mostly over 1.5 em. long: hy- 
panthium 3-5 mm. long. 6. L. Curtissii. 
Leaf-blades rounded or cordate at the base. 7. L. alatum. 


1. Lythrum Vulnerària Ait. Stems more or less creeping, spreading or ascending, 1-12 
dm. long. very slender: leaves opposite; blades leathery, oblong to oval, 0.5-1 cm. long, 
obtuse, flat, rounded or cordate at the base, short-petioled: flowers axillary, about 1 cm. 
broad: hypanthium 5-6 mm. long, short-pedicelled, slightly trumpeted-shaped, fluted : 
sepals low, mucronate, the accessory teeth subulate, ascending: petals purple, cuneate- 
obovate, obtuse: stamens in short-styled flowers, exserted : capsules 4-7 mm. long. 

On margins of ponds and swamps, Florida to Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


2. Lythrum ovalifólium Engelm. Stems erect or decumbent, 1-3 dm. tall, simple 
or branched, the branches very slender: leaves opposite; blades oblong to orbicular- 
oblong, or the lower ones cuneate, 1-1.5 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, entire, sessile: flowers 
axillary, 7-9 mm. broad: hypanthium nearly tubular, 4 mm. long, fluted-angled : sepals 
short, apiculate, shorter than the subulate accessory teeth : petals violet, cuneate, rounded at 
theapex, spreading : stamens exserted : capsules narrowly oblong, included : seeds 0.4 mm. 
in diameter. [L. alatum var. pumilum A. Gray.] 

In damp soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 


3. Lythrum lineare L. Stems wand-like, 3-12 dm. tall, 4-angled, branched above : 
leaves opposite; blades linear, 1-4 cm. long, leathery, acute, or the lower ones obtuse, 
slightly revolute, sessile: flowers dimorphous, 7-8 mm. broad : hypanthium rather short, 
about 4 mm. long, trumpet-shaped, fluted : sepals triangular, awn-tipped, about as long as 
the short horn-like accessory teeth : petals cuneate or cuneate-oblong, rounded at the apex, 
pale purple or pink: stamens included, or exserted in the case of short-styled flowers: 
capsules oblong-clavate, hardly 4 mm. long: seeds 0.8 mm. long. 

In or near salt meadows, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Summer. 


4. Lythrum linearifólium ( A. Gray) Small. Stems slender, simple, or branched at 
the base or above, angled, the branches erect or spreading : leaves alternate, firm ; blades 
linear or linear-oblong, acute or acutish at the apex, slightly revolute, sessile : hypanthium 
trumpet-shaped, 5 mm. long: sepals broadly triangular, acute, their accessory teeth short 
and stout : corolla nearly 1 em. broad : petals obovate, rounded at the apex, purple, drying 
violet-purple: capsules narrowly clavate-oblong. [L. alatum var. linearifolium A. Gray. J 

In moist ground, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


5. Lythrum lanceolàtum Ell. Stems erect or ascending, 6-16 dm. tall, sharply 
angled or slightly winged, usually with numerous strongly ascending branches: leaves 
alternate or some of the lower ones opposite ; blades elliptic to linear-elliptic, 1-6 cm. long, 
acute at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, those of the branches numerous, approXi- 
mate mainly about 1 cm. long: hypanthium slender, 6-8 mm. long, fluted : sepals mucro- 
like, acute, their accessory teeth subulate, ascending : corolla violet-purple, 8-10 mm. broad : 
petals rose-purple, obovate or cuneate-obovate, obtuse : stamens included : capsule narrowly 
oblong, included : seeds 0.8 mm. long. 

Inlow grounds and in swamps, South Carolina to the Indian Territory, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


6. Lythrum Curtíssii Fernald. Similar to L. lanceolatum in habit, but less rigid. 
Stem wing-angled, the branches pliable: leaves mainly alternate ; blades relatively thin, 
those of the main stem 2-5.5 cm. long, those of the branches relatively few, distant, usuaily 
about 2 em. long: hypanthium 3-5 mm. long: sepals somewhat longer than the bristle- 
like teeth : petals pale purple. 

In low grounds and marshes, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 

7. Lythrum alàtum Pursh. Stems erect or ascending, 3-13 dm. tall, angled and 
often slightly winged, much branched, the branches erect or ascending: leaves sien 
or some of the lower ones opposite; blades lanceolate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 1-9 
em. long, acute at the apex, rounded or cordate at the more or less clasping base, Sesst'e: 
flowers conspicuous, dimorphous, on short 2-scaled pedicels: hypanthium 5-8 mm. long, 


PUNICACEAE 829 


fluted, slightly expanding above the middle: sepals triangular, acute, the accessory teeth 
subulate, surpassing the sepals, conspicuous: petals 6, deep or violet-purple, obovate or 
cuneate-obovate, slightly crisped, rounded at the apex : stamens 6: capsules oblong, about 
3 as long as the hypanthium. 

In swamps and along streams, Ontario to Minnesota, Kentucky and Arkansas, Summer and fall. 


8. PARSONSIA P. Br. 

Herbs or shubby plants, usually with a clammy pubescence. Stems terete or nearly so. 
Leaves opposite or whorled, or rarely alternate: blades entire. Flowers of various colors, 
irregular. Hypanthium elongated, saccate or spurred at the base, more or less oblique at 
the mouth, many-ribbed. Sepals 6, augmented by as many narrow teeth at their sinuses, 
or these sometimes wanting. Petals 6, unequal, clawed. Stamens 11 or 12, filaments 
short. Ovary unequally 2-celled, sessile or obliquely stalked: style filiform: stigma 2- 
lobed. Capsule oblong, included, I-celled, thin-membranous, sometimes oblique. Seeds 
flattened. Testa leathery. Embryo with orbicular cotyledons. [Cuphea P. Br. ] 


Hypanthium over 1.5 cm. long: corolla with the upper petals fully 10 mm. long. 1. P. procumbens. 
eum less than 1.5 em. long : corolla with the upper petals less than 10 mm. long. : 
edicels 1-2 mm. long: leaf-blades manifestly petioled: plants annual. - 2. P. petiolata. 
Pedicels 10-18 mm. long : leaf-blades sessile or nearly so: plants perennial. 3. P. lythroides. 


1. Parsonsía procümbens (Cav.) Small. Perennial, hispid with clammy hairs. 
Stems much branched, the branches decumbent or prostrate, 2-10 dm. long, obscurely 4- 
angled : leaf-blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, acute or acutish, spar- 
ingly ciliate, narrowed or truncate at the sometimes oblique base, short-petioled : hypan- 
thium about 2 mm. long, bristly, spurred at the base, flaring at the throat : sepals broadly 
triangular except the half-orbicular upper one, the accessory teeth gland-like, often bristly : 
corolla showy : petals purple, clawed, the 4 lower ones cuneate-spatulate, the 2 upper with 
broadly oblong blades: capsule oblong, about 1 cm. long. [Cuphea procumbens Cav. ] 

In waste places, western North Carolina. Introduced from Mexico. Summer and fall. 

2. Parsonsia petiolàta (L.) Rusby. Annual, deep green, the foliage, except the leaf- 
blades, clammy pubescent. Stems erect, 1-7 dm. tall, branched above, the branches ascend- 
ing: leaf-blades ciliate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-4.5 cm. long, rather obtuse but 
often somewhat acuminate, cuneately narrowed at the more or less oblique base ; petioles 
0.5-2 cm. long: pedicels 1-3 mm. long: hypanthium tubular, 10-15 mm. long, bristly, 
becoming more or less swollen at the middle, spurred at the base : sepals triangular, acute, 
the accessory teeth small, blunt: petals violet-purple, unequal, elliptic, oval or broadly 
obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex : stamens 12, included : capsule oblong, 8-9 mm. 
long, very thin : seeds lenticular, about 3 mm. broad. [Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. ] 

In dry rocky soilor on hillsides, Rhode Island to Ontario, Kansas, Georgia and Louisiana. Summer 
and fall. 'TAR-WEED. WaAX-WEED. 

3. Parsonsia lythroides Small. Perennial by a woody rootstock, the roots tuberous. 
Stems erect or assurgent, 2-6 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched, hispid with clammy 
hairs : leaf-blades oblong or elliptic, in whorls of 3's or 4's, 1-2 cm. long, acute or acutish, 
sessile, or nearly so: Bed ical longer than the hypanthium, clammy: hypanthium tubular, 
8-10 mm. long, somewhat expanded toward the throat, bent, spurred at the base, spiny- 
pubescent except near the top: sepals triangular, except the somewhat reniform upper 
one, acute, the accessory teeth subulate: petals white or pale purple, spatulate, 5-6 mm. 
long, obtuse. [Cuphea aspera Chapm., not Willd. ] 

In low pine lands, western Florida. Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 8. PUNICACEAE Horan. POMEGRANATE FAMILY. 


Shrubs or small trees, with terete branches. Leaves opposite or nearly so, 
sometimes clustered : blades entire. Flowers perfect, showy, solitary or clustered 
in the axils, short-peduncled. Hypanthium leathery, turbinate, adnate to the 
Ovary. Sepals 5-7, ascending. Corolla of 5-7 petals inserted at the throat of 
the hypanthium, wrinkled. Androecium of numerous stamens in many series 
on the hypanthium. Filaments filiform. Anthers versatile. Gynoecium of 
Several united carpels. Ovary several-celled, inferior. Styles united. Stigma 
slightly lobed. Ovules numerous, superposed in 2 series. Fruit a several-celled 

erry crowned with the calyx, witha leathery coat, its septa membranous. Seeds 
angled, in a watery pulp, with a leathery testa. Embryo with spirally convolute 
cotyledons, each auricled at the base. 


830 TERMINALIACEAE 


1. PUNICA L. 


Characters of the family. POMEGRANATE. 

l. Punica Granàtum L. A shrub, or a tree reaching a height of 6 m. Foliage gla- 
brous: leaf-blades leathery, oval, elliptic or oblong, varying to broadest slightly above or 
below the middle, 1-8 cm. long, obtuse or acute, or rarely retuse, flat, short-petioled : 
peduncles stout, l-several-flowered : hypanthium turbinate, becoming campanulate, later 
subglobose: sepals triangular or triangular-lanceolate, much shorter than the tube, acute, 
finally deciduous : petals scarlet ; blades suborbicular or orbicular-obovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 
short-clawed : berries subglobose or spheroidal, 5-10 cm. thick. 


In woods and waste places, Florida. Cultivated in the tropics. Native of southern Europe. 


FAMILY 4. TERMINALIACEAE J. St. Hil. WHITE MANGROVE FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, or vines in tropical regions. Leaves alternate or opposite : 
blades simple, leathery: stipules wanting: petioles often bearing two glands. 
Inflorescence racemose or capitate. Flowers often apetalous, regular, perfect 
or polygamous. Calyx of 4-5 valvate deciduous or rarely persistent sepals. 
Corolla of 4-5 petals, inserted at the base of the calyx, or wanting. Androe- 
cium of twice, or rarely thrice, as many stamens as the petals. Filaments dis- 
tinct. Anthers introrse, erect or incumbent. Gynoecium of a single carpel. 
Ovary 1-celled. Style terminal. Stigma entire or nearly so. Ovules few, 
(2-5), suspended, anatropous. Fruit drupaceous or berry-like, indehiscent, 
often crowned with the accrescent calyx. Seed solitary, filling the cavity. 
Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight, with convolute cotyledons. [Combre- 
taceae R. Br. | 
Petals wanting: calyx deciduous. 

Flowers spicate: hypanthium terete. 1. TERMINALIA. 


Flowers in heads: hypanthium flattened. 2. CONOCARPUS. 
Petals 5: calyx persistent. 3. LAGUNCULARIA. 


1. TERMINALIA L. 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or alternate: blades entire: petioles often glandular. 
Flowers perfect or polygamous, in simple or compound spikes. Hypanthium vase-shaped, 
green or white, or rarely colored, constricted above the ovary. Sepals often deciduous. 
Corolla wanting. Stamens 10, in two series, exserted: filaments filiform or subulate. 
Ovules 2-3. Drupe dry, indehiscent, flattened, or sometimes winged. Seed almond-like. 

. E . T. Buceras. 
Pri dg eie. e 

1. Terminalia Bucéras (P. Br.) Benth. & Hook. A small tree sometimes 15 m. tall, 
with naked buds. Leaves often clustered; blades 2-9 cm. long, spatulate to obovate 
oval or elliptie, obtuse or notched at the apex, undulate, short-petioled : peduneles 13 
cm. long: spikes clustered, thinly tomentose, 3-10 cm. long: hypanthium 3 mm. high, 
tomentose ; limb saucer-shaped : sepals broadly triangular, acute: stamens 10, consplcu- 
ously exserted: style villous: drupe ovoid-conic or flask-shaped, 7-8 mm. long, thinly 
tomentose, the neck slightly curved. 


In coral soil, Elliott's Key, Florida. Also in the West Indies and tropical America. Spring. 
BLACK OLIVE TREE. 

2. Terminalia Catáppa L. A shrub, or a tree sometimes 17 m. tall. Leaves alternate ; 
blades leathery, 1-3 dm. long, cuneate or oblanceolate, rounded or apiculate at the ENT 
undulate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, on short stout petioles : spikes slender, 9- 
em. long, peduncled, many-flowered : hypanthium pubescent, elongated : sepals ovate Or 
triangular, about as long as the rest of the limb : stamens exserted : anthers cordate : drupe 
elliptic or nearly so, 4-7 em. long, 2-edged or slightly winged. 


In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and Key West. Also in the West Indies and tropical America. 
Native of the East Indies. 
2. CONOCARPUS L. 
Maritime shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate: blades entire, leathery : petioles espace 
2 glands. Flowers perfect, minute, greenish, in dense spicate or panicled heads. un 
thium flattened, not prolonged beyond the ovary. Sepals 5, deciduous. Stamens usually 5, 


MYRTACEAE 831 


exserted : filaments elongated : anthers cordate. Style pubescent. Ovules 2 in each cavity. 
Fruit an aggregation of imbricated scale-like drupes. Seeds flattened. Embryo with con- 
volute cotyledons. Burronwoop. 

1. Conocarpus erécta L. A glabrate or silky-pubescent shrub or tree, sometimes 20 
m. tall, with angled or winged twigs. Leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, elliptic to oval, acute or 
acuminate at both ends, entire, short-petioled : racemes 3-5 cm. long, peduncled : heads 5-8 
mm. in diameter at flowering time : hypanthium funnel-like, greenish, a little over 1 mm. 
long: sepals triangular-ovate, about as long as the limb of the hypanthium, pubescent : 
stamens and style conspicuously exserted : heads of fruit 9-14 mm. long : drupes scale-like, 
2-winged, 4—7 mm. long. 

On muddy or sandy shores, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Common in the West Indies and on 
the shores of Central America and tropical South America. Summer. 


3. LAGUNCULARIA Gaertn. 

Maritime shrubs or trees. Leaves fleshy, opposite: blades entire, obscurely nerved : 
petioles bearing 2 glands. Flowers polygamous, inconspicuous, in simple or compound 
spikes. Hypanthium terete or nearly so, scarcely produced beyond the ovary. Sepals 5, 
persistent. Petals 5, minute, caducous. Stamens 10, included: filaments subulate, in 2 
series: anthers cordate. Ovary surmounted by an epigynous disk with a scalloped edge : 
style glabrous: stigma slightly 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Drupe leathery, some- 
what angled. Seed solitary, germinating in the drupe. Cotyledons convolute. WHITE 
BurroNwoop. WHITE MANGROVE. 

1. Laguncularia racemósa Gaertn. f. A shrub or tree, sometimes 20 m. tall, with a 
maximum trunk diameter of about 5 dm. Leaf-blades oblong, varying to oval or obovate, 
2-5 em. long, rounded or usually notched at the apex, undulate, rounded or subcordate at 
the base; petioles stout, 5-20 mm. long: spikes rather rigid, 3-6 cm. long, rather few- 
flowered : hypanthium subtended by minute scales, oblong or obovoid, ribbed, finely 
tomentose, often bearing 2 minute scales above the middle: sepals semiorbicular, acutish : 
petals 5, suborbicular, not surpassing the sepals: drupes oblong-obovoid, 2 cm. long, 
strongly ribbed, constricted below the crown of sepals. ap glabrifolia Presl. ] 

On the coast, peninsular Florida. Also in the Bermudas, West Indies and tropical America. 


FAMILY 5. MYRTACEAE R. Br. MYRTLE FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbs, abounding in pungent and aromatic volatile 
oil. Leaves opposite, or rarely alternate or whorled: blades often simple, 
pellucid-punctate, flat, terete or semiterete, with nerves parallel with the mar- 
gins. Stipules wanting. Flowers perfect, regular. Calyx of 4-5 or many val- 
vate or imbricated persistent sepals, or cup-like and deciduous. Petals inserted 
on the margin of a disk, or sometimes wanting. Androecium of numerous 
stamens, very rarely as many as the sepals. Filaments distinct or partially 
united. Anthers opening longitudinally. Gynoecium compound. Ovary in- 
ferior or partly so, ina fleshy disk, 1-many-celled. Styles terminal or rarely 
lateral, united. Stigma usually terminal, entire. Ovules solitary or numerous. 
Fruit sometimes dehiscent, often crowned with the calyx. Seeds straight, often 
angled. Testa membranous or crustaceous. Endosperm wanting. 


Calyx of several persistent valvate MAN: petals present. 
Calyx of regularly separating sepals. » : 
Inflorescence centripetal: flowers in raceme-like umbel-like or contracted clusters. 


1. EUGENIA. 
Inflorescence centrifugal: flowers in cymes. 2. ANAMONIS. 
Calyx of irregularly separating sepals. 3. PsIDIUM. 
Calyx lid-like, deciduous: petals wanting. 4. CHYTRACULIA. 


1. EUGENIA L. 

Shrubs or trees, with usually glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite : blades commonly 
leathery, feather-nerved. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in umbel-like raceme-like or con- 
gested clusters. Sepals 4-5, imbricated or valvate. Petals white, 4—5, spreading or 
converging and united. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform, distinct and in several 
series, or aggregated into 4 groups and slightly united: anthers versatile. Ovary sessile, 
2-3-celled. Ovules several in each cavity. Berries pulpy, or rather dry and leathery, 
crowned with the calyx. Seeds often 1-4. STOPPER. 


832 MYRTACEAE 


Flowers in very short racemes. 
Leaf-blades broadest above the middle: fruit longer than broad. 1. E. buxifolia. 
Leaf-blades broadest below the middle : fruit broader than long. 2. E. monticola, 
Flowers solitary in the axils, or in umbel-like clusters. 
Peduncles shorter than the subtending leaf-like bracts. 
Leaf-blades acute or slightly acuminate: corolla about 10 mm. broad: fruit much 


broader than long. 3. E. procera. 
Leaf-blades abruptly and conspicuously acuminate: corolla about 6 mm. broad: 

fruit as long as broad. 4. E. Garberi. 

Peduncles surpassing the subtending leaf-like bracts. 5. E. longipes. 


1. Eugenia buxifolia (Sw.) Willd. A shrub or small tree, rarely 6 m. tall, with a 
maximum trunk diameter of about 3 dm., the bark scaly, the branchlets terete.  Leaf- 
blades oblong-cuneate, cuneate-spatulate or nearly oblong, 2-3 cm. long, blunt, revolute, 
entire or nearly so, deep green above, yellowish green and black-dotted beneath, short- 
petioled: clusters arising from the axils of old leaves: pedicels rufous-pubescent: 
sepals 4, obtuse: corolla 3-4 mm. broad: petals white, much:longer than the sepals, 
pus glandular-punctate : fruit oval or oblong-oval, oblique, 7-8 mm. long, aromatic, 

ack. 
A nu sandy shores, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Alsoin the West Indies. Summer 
and fall. 

2. Eugenia montícola (Sw.) DC. A shrub or tree, reaching a height of 8 m., with 
a maximum trunk diameter of about 3 dm., the bark shallowly fissured, the branchlets 
terete. Leaf-blades elliptic-ovate or nearly elliptic, but broadest just below the middle, 
3-5 cm. long, often slightly pinched below the apex, entire, revolute, paler beneath than 
above and black-dotted ; petioles 2-5 mm. long, margined: racemes cluster-like, E 
pedicels pubescent: sepals 4, rounded: corolla 3-4 mm. broad: petals 4, surpassing the 
sepals, glandular-punctate : fruit depressed-globose, 10-12 mm. in diameter, black, glan- 
dular-punctate, sweet. 

On sandy shores, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Alsoin the West Indies. Summer. 

3. Eugenia procera (Sw.) Poir. A tree, reaching a height of 8 m., with a maximum 
trunk diameter of 3 dm., the bark smooth, the branchlets terete. Leaf-blades ovate to 
elliptic, 3-6 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, firm at maturity, olive-green above, 
paler beneath, slightly thickened along the margins ; petioles margined, 4-12 mm. long: 
clusters several-flowered, axillary: pedicels glandular: sepals 4, rounded : corolla white, 
about 10 mm. broad: petals about twice as long as the sepals, glandular-punctate : fruit 
depressed, globose, 16-22 mm. broad, orange, tinged with red or black at maturity, con- 
spicuously crowned with the calyx. 

In sandy shores, Key West and the West Indies. Spring. 

4. Eugenia Gárberi Sarg. A tree, reaching a height of 18 m., with a maximum 
trunk diameter of 5 dm., the bark scaly, the branchlets terete. Leaf-blades ovate or oval- 
ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-5 cm. long, conspicuously acuminate, lustrous above, paler and 
black-dotted beneath, revolute, oblique at the base; petioles 2-6 mm. long: clusters axil- 
lary, several-flowered : pedicels glabrous : calyx glabrous: sepals 4, acute or acutish : corolla 
white, about 6 mm. broad: petals 4, ovate or orbicular-ovate, surpassing the sepals: fruit 
Wes or globose-obovoid, 5-6 mm. in diameter, scarlet, conspicuously crowned with 
the calyx. 

In rich hammocks, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the Bahamas. Late sum- 
mer and fall. 

5. Eugenia lóngipes Berg. A shrub or small tree. Leaf-blades oblong to oval or 
slightly broadest above or below the middle, 1-3 cm. long, leathery, obtuse or. acutish, 
finely reticulated, short-petioled : peduncles by pairs from a short, stout stalk, 2-6 T: 
long: calyx glabrous, glandular-punctate: sepals 4, ovate or orbicular-ovate: o 
white, 8-9 mm. long: petals oblong or nearly so, much longer than the sepals: fruit su 
globose, 6-9 mm. in diameter, with an ample crown of the sepals. 

On sandy shores, Florida Keys and the West Indies. 


2. ANAMONIS Griseb. 


Shrubs or small trees, possessing an aromatic principle, the branchlets terete. Leaves 
opposite : blades leathery or parchment-like, persistent. Flowers perfect, 3, 5 oF T d 
peduncled cymes, or sometimes solitary. Sepals 4 or rarely 5, persistent. Corolla inse 
under a thick disk. Petals 4 or rarely 5, glandular-punctate. Stamens numerous : iles 
filiform, inflexed : anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules numerous 1n eac 
cavity, half-anatropous. Fruit berry-like, more or less oblique, or globose. Seeds 1 or 
rarely 2. NAKEDSTPOPER. NAKED-WOOD. 


RHIZOPHORACEAE 833 


1. Anomonis dichótoma (Poir.) Sarg. A shrub or tree, reaching a height of 8 m., 
with a maximum trunk diameter of about 1.5 dm., the bark smooth but finally separating 
insmallscales. Leaf-blades parchment-like or rather leathery at maturity, oblong to cuneate 
or obovate-cuneate, 2-4 cm. long, revolute, rarely acute; petioles 1-2 mm. long, silky or 
glabrous at maturity : peduncles sometimes surpassing the leaves, silky, at least when young : 
terminal flowers sessile in the forks of the cyme-branches : calyx tomentose ; sepals 4, ovate, 
obtuse: corolla 4-5 mm. broad, white : petals fully twice as long as the sepals: fruit oval 
or subglobose, 6-7 mm. long, reddish brown, oblique, crowned with the calyx. 

On sandy shores, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. Spring. 


3. PSIDIUM L. 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite: blades leathery, prominently ribbed. Flowers 
solitary or several together on axillary pedicels. Sepals 4-5, irregularly separating from 
each other. Petals 4-5, relatively large. Stamens very numerous. Ovary inferior, 2-5- 
celled or sometimes 7-celled. Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary. Berry pulpy, 
often aromatic and somewhat acid. Seeds numerous. GUAVA. 

1. Psidium Guajava Raddi. A shrub, or a small tree sometimes 5 m. tall, with 
pubescent 4-angled branchlets. Leaf-blades firm-leathery, oblong or nearly so, 4-8 cm. 
long, mostly obtuse, pubescent beneath, with prominent rib-like lateral nerves, short-peti- 
oled : sepals 1-1.5 cm. long: petals 1.5-2 cm. long: berries globular or pyriform, 3-6 cm. 
in diameter. 

In fields and thickets, peninsular Florida and southern California. Introduced from the tropics. 


4. CHYTRACULIA P. Br. 


Shrubs or trees, somewhat aromatic. Leaves opposite: blades often leathery, feather- 
nerved. Flowers inconspicuous, numerous, in clustered open cymes at the ends of axillary 
peduncles. Sepals persistently united into a cap-like body. Corolla wanting. Stamens 
numerous, inserted in many series : filaments filiform, distinct : anthers opening lengthwise. 
Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cavity, side-by-side. Berry shorter than the 
remains of the hypanthium. Seeds usually 1-2. STOPPER. 

1. Chytraculia Chytracülia (L.) Millsp. A shrub or tree, sometimes 8 m. tall, with 
a maximum trunk diameter of about 1 dm., the bark smooth, or with broad scales in age. 
Leaf-blades elliptic or nearly so, 3-8 em. long, acuminate at both ends or merely acute at 
the base, deep green and lustrous above, pubescent beneath, at least when young ; petioles 
5-12 mm. long: panicles 5-10 cm. long and about as broad: hypanthium pubescent with 
red hairs: sepals suborbicular, deciduous: corolla wanting: fruit subglobose or oval, 5-7 
mm. in diameter, reddish brown. 

In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Alsoin the West Indies and Mexico. 


FAMILY 6. RHIZOPHORACEAE Lindl. MANGROVE FAMILY. 


Maritime shrubs or trees, with terete branches and usually glabrous foliage. 
Leaves usually opposite, with stipules: blades leathery. Flowers perfect, soli- 
tary in the axils or variously disposed in spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. 
Calyx of 3-4 valvate sepals. Corolla sometimes showy. Petals as many as the 
Sepals, 2-cleft or lacerate. Androecium of twice or 4 times as many stamens as 
the petals, or rarely of the same number, inserted at the base of a more or less 
conspicuous disk. Filaments short or elongated. Anthers 2-celled, opening 
lengthwise. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Ovary inferior, or partly in- 
ferior, usually 2—5-celled or rarely 1-celled. Styles united. Stigmas various, 
Sometimes lobed. Ovules 2 or rarely 4 or more in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit 
leathery, crowned with the calyx, indehiscent or tardily septicidal. 


1. RHIZOPHORA L. 


Evergreen trees, with an astringent bark, and stout pithy branchlets. Leaves oppo- 
site : blades entire: stipules elongated, interpetiolar, caducous. Flowers cream-colored or 
yellow, 2 or several on forking peduncles. Hypanthium short, adnate to the base of the 
ovary. Sepals 4, léathery. Petals 4, emarginate, leathery. Stamens 4-12, alternate with 
the petals: filaments short. Ovary 2-celled, half-inferior, produced into a fleshy cone. 


53 


834 EPILOBIACEAE 


Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit pendulous, 1-celled, leathery. Seed 
solitary, germinating in the persistent fruit, the elongating radicle sometimes reaching 
the ground before the fruit falls. Endosperm wanting. MANGROVE. 


1. Rhizophora Mángle L. A shrub or tree, reaching a height of 10 m., forming 
impenetrable thickets by the precocious and greatly elongating radicles of the embryo and 
the numerous roots. Leaves 5-15 cm. long; blades leathery, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 
obtuse, with a stout midrib; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. in length : peduncles 1-4 cm. long, 2-3- 
flowered: pedicels stout, 5-10 mm. long: bractlets scale-like: hypanthium fleshy, tur- 
binate or campanulate, 3-5 mm. long: sepals lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, involute, 
keeled within, very firm, recurved at maturity: petals pale yellow, leathery, linear or 
nearly so, cleft at the tip, involute above the middle, cobwebby along the edges : anthers 
clustered around the style : fruit 2-3 cm. long, curved, the radicle protruding asa narrowly 
clavate pendent body. 

Along the coast of peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. 


FAMILY 7. EPILOBIACEAE DC. EVvENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 


Herbs, or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules, or 
with mere glands in their place: blades simple. Flowers usually perfect. Hy- 
panthium often elongated. Calyx of 2-6, usually 4, sepals. Corolla of 2-9, 
usually 4, petals, convolute in the bud, or rarely wanting. Androecium of as 
many stamens as the sepals or twice as many. Gynoecium of several, usually 
4, united carpels. Ovary 1-6-celled, usually 4-celled, inferior. Styles united. 
Stigmas distinct, or united, and capitate or discoid. Ovules generally anat- 
ropous. Fruit capsular or rarely nut-like. Seeds sometimes appendaged, the 
appendage either tubercle-like or a tuft of hairs. Endosperm scant or wanting. 
[Onagraceae Dumort. ] 


Floral whorls of 4 parts or more. 
Fruit a many-seeded capsule, esu by valves or by a pore, or by the breaking down of the walls. 
Hypanthium not prolonged beyond the ovary. 
Seeds naked, i. e., without a tuft of hairs. 
Stamens 4, in 1 row. 
Leaves opposite: stems prostrate, creeping or floating: flowers sessile or on peduncles 
longer than the leaves. : 
Flowers sessile: petals wanting or very small : leaf-blades petioled : capsules sessile, 
short, flat at the apex. 1, ISNARDIA. 
Flowers long-peduncled : pose conspicuous : leaf-blades sessile: 
capsule long-peduncled, elongated, eurved, with a promi- 
nent 4-lobed stylopodium at the apex. 2. LUDWIGIANTHA. 
Leaves alternate: stems erect or ascending : flowers sessile, the hy- 
anthium and ovary sometimes narrowed into a pedicel-like 


ase. 3. LUDWIGIA. 
Stamens 8-12 in 2 rows. 4. JUSSIAEA. 
Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 5. CHAMAENERION. 
Hypanthium prolonged beyond the ovary. 
Seeds with a tuft of silky hairs. 6. EPILOBIUM. 
Seeds naked or merely tuberculate. ; 
Stigmas 4, linear. 
Flowers with all the stamens equal in length. 1 
Ovules and seeds horizontal, borne in 2 or rarely more rows, pris- 
matic-angled. : 7. ONAGRA. 
Ovules and seeds ascending, not angled. 
Buds erect : corolla yellow : ovules and seeds in 2 rows. 8. OENOTHERA. 
Buds drooping : corolla white turning pink : ovules and seeds 
in 1 row. 9. ANOGRA. 
Flowers with the alternate stamens longer. 
dura and nen numerous, not tuberculate, clustered on slender 
uniculi. 
Corolla yellow: capsules depressed at the apex. 10. KNEIFFIA. 
Corolla red, purple or white: capsules pointed. 11. HARTMANNIA. 
Ovules and seeds few, sessile in 1 or 2 rows. 
Plants normally acaulescent. 12. LAVAUXIA. 
vers rere 4-angled diffuse :1 0.5- 
apsules shar -an : stems wiry, diffuse : leaves 0. 
2.5 om. long. — ^ Ex 13. GAURELLA. 
Capsules b -W : n ffused, stout : leaves a 
: re Shea ig wr 14. MEGAPTERIUM. 
Lu er Su Me. evum ar ne À ron x h MU 
ree portion of the nthium longer than the ovary : stigm 
entire : stamens oxen in length. id 15. GALPINSIA. 
Free portion of the hypanthium shorter than the ovary: stigma x 
E slightly 4-toothed : stamens unequal in length. . 16. MERIOLIX. 
and MEUS. Po tert 17. GAURA 
aments each with a scale at the base : ovary 4-celled. . af 
Filaments naked : ovary 1-eelled. d 18. STENOSIPHON. 


Floral whorls of 2 parts. 19. CIRCAEA. 


EPILOBIACEAE 835 


. 1. ISNÁRDIA L. 

Succulent herbs. Stems creeping or floating. Leaves opposite, relatively few : blades 
more or less petioled. Flowers axillary, sessile. Sepals 4, shorter than the hypanthium 
or slightly longer. Corolla not yellow. Filaments very short. Ovary very short: style 
often almost wanting. Capsule obovoid or turbinate, straight, sessile. MARSH PURSLANE. 


Fruit 2.5-4 mm. long: corolla usually wanting. 


Plant pubescent : fruit 2.5-3 mm. long. 1. I. spathulata. 
Plant glabrous: fruit 3-4 mm. long. 2. I. palustris. 
Fruit 6-7 mm. long: corolla usually present. 3. I. natans. 


1. Isnardia spathulata (T. & G.) Small. Stem diffusely branched at the base, the 
branches 1-3 dm. long, decumbent and creeping, appressed-pubescent : leaf-blades spatu- 
late or oval, sometimes obtuse, 2-2.5 cm. long, winged, petioled: flowers inconspicuous, 
hypanthium densely pubescent: sepals 4, broader than high or as broad as high: petals 
wanting: capsules globose-obovoid or obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, obscurely 4-sided, pubes- 
cent. [Ludwigia spathulata T. & G.] . 


Around pine-land ponds, middle Florída. Summer. 


2. Isnardia palustris L. Stems branching, 1-5 dm. long: leaf-blades oval, ovate or 
spatulate, 12-25 mm. long, narrowed into slender petioles: flowers solitary, about 2 mm. 
broad: bractlets at base of the hypanthium usually none: sepals triangular, acute : petals 
small, reddish, or usually wanting: capsules 4-sided, slightly longer than wide, 3-4 mm. 
long, slightly exceeding the sepals in length. [Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell.] 

In muddy ditches and swamps, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Oregon, Florida, California and Mexico. 
Widely distributed in the Old World. Spring to fall. 

3. Isnardia nàtans (Ell.) Small. Stems creeping or floating, more or less branched, 
usually diffuse, 1-5 dm. long, glabrous : leaf-blades ovate, elliptic or oval, 1-3 cm. long, 
petioled, or the lower ones sometimes nearly sessile: sepals 4, ovate-lanceolate, acute : 
petals 4, as long as the sepals, inconspicuous: capsules inversely pyramidal, 6-7 mm. long, 
4-sided. [Ludwigia natans Ell.] 


In streams and marshes, North Carolina to Florida and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


2. LUDWIGIANTHA Small. 


Fleshy herbs. Stems prostrate, creeping. Leaves opposite, numerous : blades sessile. 
Flowers on slender bracted peduncles. Sepals narrow, longer than the hypanthium. 
Corolla yellow. Petals conspicuous, surpassing the sepals. Filaments elongated. Ovary 
relatively long : style filiform, elongated. Capsule club-shaped, curved at the base, sur- 
mounted by a 4-lobed stylopodium, about as long as the persistent sepals. 

1. Ludwigiantha arcuata (Walt.) Small. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 8-30 cm. 
long. Leaf-blades oblanceolate, leathery, smooth, obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the 
base, 12-25 mm. long: flowers axillary, solitary: sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
shorter than the obovate petals: corolla bright yellow, 8-12 mm. broad : capsules club- 
shaped, somewhat curved, glabrous, 8-10 mm. long. [Ludwigia arcuata Walt. 

In swamps, Virginia to Florida. Spring and summer. 


3. LUDWIGIA L. 


Perennial or annual herbs. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes angled or winged. 
Leaves alternate: blades usually entire. Flowers axillary or terminal. Sepals generally 
persistent. Petals usually 4. Stamens usually 4. Ovary 4-5-celled. Capsule terete, 
ribbed or winged, septicidal, or opening by an apical pore. 


Corolla inconspicuous, obsolete or wanting: valves of the capsule separating from the disk-like top. 
A. Petals wanting or minute, shorter than the sepals. 
Capsules 1-2 mm. long: stem-leaves of a spatulate type. 
E rna Viii à 
eaf- es toot near the apex. a 1 $i 
Leaf-blades broadly palate peres much shorter than the hypanthium. 2. L. Simpsonii. 
Leaf-blades narrowly spatulate: sepals about as long as the hypanthium. 3. L. Curtissit. 
Capsules 3-8 mm. long: stem-leaves not spatulate. 
a. Vp Sch aoon as tci as long, nor oy onone. OE ER 
* Foliage and fruit glabrous or merely appressed- . : 
Po ina terminal head or congested panicle. 4. L. suffruticosa. 
Flowers in elongated interrupted spikes or axillary. 
+ Fruit turbinate, cubic-turbinate or obpyramidal. 
2 Fruit slightly longer than broad, the angles rounded or 
merely square. 


1. L. mierocarpa. 


836 EPILOBIACEAE 


Fruit glabrous, the angles rounded : bractlets adnate to the 


hypanthium. 5. L. polycarpa. 
Fruit puberulent, the angles square : bractlets not adnate 
to the hypanthium. 6. L. simulata. 
£e Fruit a broader than long, the angles winged or mar- 
ined. 
Sepals nearly as broad as long. almost as long as the capsule: 
seeds oval. : . 7. L. alata. 
Sepals broader than long, 14 as long as the capsule: seeds 
cylindric. 8. L. lanceolata, 
Fruit globular. 9. L. sphaerocarpa. 
** Foliage and fruit copiously pilose-tomentose. 10. L. pilosa. 
b. Capsules cylindric. 11. L. glandulosa. 
B. Petals longer than the sepals. 
Fruit cylindric, terete or nearly so. 12. L. linifolia. 
Fruit narrowly obpyramidal. 13. L. linearis. 
Corolla conspicuous : flowers peduncled : capsule opening by a terminal pore. 
Foliage, sepals and fruit hirsute. 14. L. hirtella. 
Foliage, sepalsand fruit glabrous, puberulent or minutely appressed-pubescent. 
Stem-leaves with closely sessile blades: petals about twice as long as the 
sepals: pedicels longer than the capsules. 15. L. virgata. 
Stem-leaves with short-petioled blades: petals about as long as the sepals : 
pedicels shorter than the capsules. 16. L. alternifolia. 


1. Ludwigia microcárpa Michx. Stems slender, glabrous, erect or decumbent and 
creeping, 1-4 dm. long, 3-angled, simple or much branched, often stoloniferous, the angles 
sometimes slightly winged : leaf-blades spatulate or obovate-spatulate, 0.5-3 cm. long, acute 
or obtuse, short-petioled : leaves of the stolons with orbicular blades : flowers inconspicuous, 
axillary, sessile: sepals triangular, acute: petals wanting: capsules broadly obpyramidal, 
1.5-2 mm. long. 

In muddy places, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring to fall. 

2. Ludwigia Simpsdnii Chapm. Stems often branched near the base, the branches 
glabrous, simple or again branched, often slightly decumbent, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades 
broadly spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, finely toothed near the apex : leaves of the stolons with 
very broadly spatulate blades: flowers inconspicuous, axillary, sessile: sepals triangular, 
much shorter than the hypanthium: petals wanting : capsules broadly turbinate, about 2 
mm. long, depressed. 

In ditches and low grounds, western peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. 


3. Ludwigia Curtissii Chapm. Stems glabrous, erect, 2-5 dm. tall, simple or 
branched, especially above, nearly terete, often spongy below: leaf-blades narrowly spatu- 
late, acute, toothed above, narrowed at the base, sessile: flowers inconspicuous, axillary, 
sessile: sepals glabrous, about as long as the hypanthium, triangular: petals wanting: 
capsules turbinate, about 2 mm. long, terete. 

In ponds, eastern peninsular Florida. Summer and fall. 


4. Ludwigia suffruticdsa Walt. Stems glabrous or rarely puberulent, 3-10 dm. tall, 
erect or decumbent, simple and virgate or virgately branched : leaf-blades narrowly oblong 
to narrowly lanceolate or linear, 2-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, sessile, those of the 
stolons broadly oblong to obovate, short-petioled : flowers inconspicuous, crowded into a ter- 
minal head or congested panicle: sepals broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, acute: pe 
minute or wanting: capsules broadly obpyramidal, 4-5 mm. long, longer than the per- 
sistent sepals. 

In wet pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. 


5. Ludwigia polycárpa Short & Peter. Stems glabrous, erect or nearly so, 3-9 dm. 
tall, more or less winged : leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, 5-10 cm. long, 
rough-margined, sessile, those of the stolons spatulate : flowers inconspicuous, sessile : bract- 
lets adnate to the hypanthium : sepals triangular-lanceolate, acute, sometimes serrulate, 
much shorter than the mature hypanthium : petals minute, greenish : capsules glabrous, 
slightly 4-sided, about 5 mm. high, often twice the length of the sepals. 

In swamps, Ontario to Minnesota, Massachusetts, Tennessee and Nebraska. Summer and fall. 

6. Ludwigia simulàta Small. Stems puberulent, freely branching, 4-9 dm. a 
nearly terete: leaf-blades narrowly elliptic to almost linear, 1.5—5.5 cm. long, acute at "is 
ends, entire, sessile, those of the stolons obovate to suborbicular: bractlets not adnate ? 
the hypanthium : sepals triangular or ovate-triangular, about as long as the mature hypan 
eias : petals minute: capsules puberulent, obpyramidal, manifestly 4-sided, about 4 mm. 

ong. 

In swamps, eastern North Carolina. Spring to fall. 
.. 7. Ludwigia alata Ell. Stems glabrous, 3-9 dm. tall, narrowly winged, often stolon 
iferous : leaf-blades linear-oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, or sometimes nearly linear, ^ 
10 cm. long, those of the stolons suborbicular or spatulate: flowers inconspicuous : sep 


EPILOBIACEAE 837 


glabrous, nearly as broad as long, almost as long as the capsule: petals wanting : capsules 
3-4 mm. high, the angles winged. 
In marshes, North Carolina to Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


8. Ludwigia lanceolata Ell. Stems glabrous, erect, 3-7 dm. tall, angled or some- 
times winged. often much branched, sometimes stoloniferous : leaf-blades linear-oblanceolate 
to linear-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, acute, entire, sessile, those of the stolons suborbicular 
or spatulate : flowers inconspicuous : sepals glabrous, about 4 as long as the capsule, broader 
than long, acute : petals wanting : capsules cubic-turbinate, about 4-5 mm. high, the angles 
margined, about twice as long as the sepals. 

In swamps, North Carolina to Florida. Summer and fall. 


9. Ludwigia sphaerocárpa Ell. Stems generally finely pubescent, 6-9 dm. high, the 
lower part clothed with aerenehyma when growing in water : leaf-blades variable, those of 
the stem and branches lanceolate, acute at both ends, 5-10 cm. long, scabrous and minutely 
denticulate, sessile, those of the stolons obovate: flowers sessile: sepals triangular, acute : 
aber commonly wanting: capsules globular, about 4 mm. high, scarcely longer than the 
sepals. 

P In swamps, eastern Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

10. Ludwigia pilósa Walt. Stems woody, rather densely pilose, erect or assurgent, 
6-12 dm. tall, nearly terete, usually much branched, often stoloniferous : leaf-blades lance- 
olate, oblong or linear-oblong, 1-6 cm. long, acute, sessile or nearly so, those of the branches 
much smaller than those of the stem, those of the stolons more or less spatulate: flowers 
inconspicuous: sepals silky when young, triangular-ovate, acuminate: petals minute or 
wanting : capsules subglobose-cubic, 4-6 mm. in diameter, hoary, sessile. 

In swamps, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


11. Ludwigia glandulósa Walt. Stems glabrous, much branched, 3-9 dm. tall: 
leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, 5-10 mm. long, sessile or short-petioled : 
flowers axillary, rarely 2 together: bractlets at the base of the hypanthium minute or 
wanting : sepals triangular-ovate, acute: petals wanting: capsules 4-grooved, 6-8 mm. 
long, glabrous, 4-5 times as long as the sepals. 

In swamps, Illinois to Kansas, South Carolina, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


12. Ludwigia linifólia Poir. Stems glabrous, erect or assurgent, 1-5 dm. tall, sim- 
le or diffusely branched, often purplish, stoloniferous at the base, 4-angled : leaf-blades 
linear-oblanceolate or linear, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or acute, sessile or nearly so : flowers 
inconspicuous, sessile: sepals glabrous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: petals 
about as long as the sepals: capsules cylindric, 1 cm. long, sessile. 
In pine-land swamps, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 


13. Ludwigia lineàris Walt. Stems glabrous, 3-7.5 dm. high, branching, often 
stoloniferous, the lower part clothed with aerenchyma : leaf-blades narrowly linear, ses- 
sile, acute at each end, 2.5-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, with roughish margins, those 
of the stolons obovate: flowers sessile: sepals triangular-ovate, acute: petals yellowish, 
slightly longer than the sepals: capsules narrowed at the base, 6-8 mm. long, 3-5 times as 
long as the sepals. 

In swamps, New York to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


14. Ludwigia hirtélla Raf. Stems hirsute, branching, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades ob- 
long-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, rounded at the 
base, sessile: flowers solitary, peduncled : corolla 20-30 mm. broad: sepals ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute : corolla 12-20 mm. broad : petals yellow, longer than the sepals: capsules cubic 
above a rounded base, about 5 mm. high, shorter than the sepals, each opening by an 
apical pore. 

In swamps, mainly in pine lands, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

15. Ludwigia virgata Michx. Stems from more or less thickened tuberous roots, 
slender, puberulent, erect or ascending, 4-13 dm. tall, simple and wand-like or branched 
at the base or above, angled, especially above : leaf-blades variable, the lower ones mostly 
oval or oblong, 1-5 em. long, the upper linear, 2-10 em. long, all obtuse or minutely apicu- 
late, sessile : flowers in elongated interrupted racemes: pedicels 8-15 mm. long: sepals puber- 
ulent, ovate, acute, reflexed: corolla bright yellow, 3-4 cm. broad: petals about twice as 
long as the sepals : capsules globular-cubic, 5-8 mm. long, the angles often slightly winged. 

In dry pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 


16. Ludwigia alternifdlia L. Stems glabrous or puberulent, often from tuberous 
roots, branching, 6-12 dm. high: leaf-blades lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, 
5-12 cm. long, short-petioled : flowers short-peduncled, axillary : sepals ovate, acuminate : 
corolla 12-16 mm. broad: petals about equalling the sepals, falling away when the plant 


838 EPILOBIACEAE 


is shocked : capsules cubic above a rounded base, slightly wing-angled, 5-7 mm. high, 
each opening by a pore. 
In swamps, New Hampshire to Ontario, Michigan, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Spring to fall. 


4. JUSSIAEA L. 

Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with erect or creeping stems. Leaves alternate: 
blades usually entire. Flowers perfect, axillary. Sepals 4-6, acute, persistent. Petals 
4-6 (rarely more), white or yellow. Stamens 8-12, in 2 rows. Ovary 4-6-celled. Cap- 
sule linear, oblong or club-shaped, the body often narrowed into a pedicel-like base, 
angular or ribbed, septicidal or opening by the breaking down of the capsule-walls. The 
plants flower from spring to fall. 


Capsule-body narrowly cylindric, 2.5-5 cm. long. 
Sepals 5 or 6. 
Petals much surpassing the sepals: stems decumbent: sepals 5. : 
Corolla 2-2.5 cm. broad : leaf-blades long-petioled. 1. J. diffusa. 
Corolla 4-5 em. broad : leaf-blades short-petioled. 2. J. grandiflora. 
5 rens about as long as the sepals: stems erect or ascending: sepals mostly 6. 3. J. leptocarpa. 
Sepals 4. 3 
Branches and leaves glabrous or nearly so, if pubescent the hairs appressed. 4. J. suffruticosa. 
Branches and leaves hirsute. 5. J. scabra. 
Capsule-body oblong or oblong-obovate, 1.5-2 cm. long. ; 
af-blades sessile, decurrent as wings on the angles of the stem: fruit winged. 6 
Leaí-blades short-petioled : fruit not winged. 
Corolla about 1 em. broad: fruit 2-3 mm. thick. 7. J. erecta. 
Corolla 4-5 em. broad : fruit 7-9 mm. thick. 8. J. Peruviana. 
1. Jussiaea diffüsa Forskl Stem creeping or floating, glabrous, 3-9 dm. long: 
leaf-blades oval, oblong, spatulate or obovate, 2.5-10 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, 
slender-petioled: peduncles slender: sepals 5, lanceolate: corolla yellow, 2-2.5 cm. 
broad: stamens 10: capsule-body 2.5-4 cm. long. . 
In and about ponds, Kentucky to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America and Asia. 


2. Jussiaea grandifldra Michx. Stems villous or hirsute, 6-10 dm. long, decum- 
bent, creeping or floating, the ends erect: leaf-blades various, spatulate on the lower part 
of the stem, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate above, 3-12 cm. long, acute or acutish, grad- 
ually narrowed into short petioles: sepals 5, about 12 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate : 
corolla 4-5 cm. broad, yellow: petals suborbicular, retuse, narrowed into short claws, 
2-2.3 cm. long: fruit not seen. 

In ponds and streams, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 


3. Jussiaea leptocárpa Nutt. Stems mostly bristly hirsute, especially above, erect 
or ascending, 6-20 dm. tall, much branched : leaf-blades oblanceolate to lanceolate, 3-20 cm. 
long, acute or acuminate, more or less hirsute, especially along the midrib beneath, narrowed 
into short petioles or nearly sessile: hypanthium hirsute, elongated: sepals 6 or some- 
times 5, lanceolate, acuminate: corolla yellow, about 1.5 cm. broad: petals about as long 
as the sepals: fruit narrowly cylindric, 3.5-6 cm. long, the body 6-8 times longer than the 
pedicel-like base. 


In swamps, Georgia to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. 


4. Jussiaea suffruticdsa L. Stems glabrous, or sparingly appressed-pubescent above, 
erect, 4-16 dm. tall, angled, more or less branched : leaf-blades narrowly oblong or lanceo- 
late, 4-15 cm. long, acute or acutish, short-petioled: hypanthium sparingly pubescent, 
elongated : sepals 4, ovate, acute or acuminate, 3-5-nerved : corolla yellow, 2-3 cm. ce : 
petals broadly obovate, retuse, nearly twice as long as the sepals : capsule-body narrowly 
cylindric, 4—5.5 cm. long, 4-sided, 8-nerved, narrowed into a short pedicel-like base. 

On moist banks, North Carolina and Arkansas to Florida and Texas. Also through the tropics to 
Brazil and in the West Indies. 

5. Jussiaea scábra Willd. Stems often woody, hirsute throughout, much-branched, 
6-14 dm. tall, the leafy branches spreading: leaf-blades various, ovate to obovate, hire 
long, obtuse or acutish, densely pubescent on both surfaces, short-petioled : hapeni as 
hirsute, elongated : sepals 4, ovate, acute or short acuminate, 3-nerved : corolla, 7 ow, 
2-2.5 cm. broad: petals 4, longer than the sepals: capsule-body narrowly cy lindric, 4. 
cm. long, 3-4 times longer than the hirsute pedicel-like base. 

In moist soil, Florida and tropical America. T. 

6. Jussiaea decürrens (Walt.) DC. Stems angled, branching, 3-6 dm. ahs : 
blades lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, decurrent on the stem, 2.5-10 cm. Ag 
sepals 4, ovate-lanceolate : corolla yellow, 8-12 mm. broad : stamens 8: capsule-body zd 
em. long, 2-3 times longer than the pedicel-like base, 4-sided, the angles somewhat wingec. 

In swamps, Maryland to Illinois, Arkansas, Florida and Texas. 


. J. decurrens. 


EPILOBIACEAE 839 


7. Jussiaea erécta L. Stems glabrous, erect or ascending, 1-2 m. tall, branched : leaf- 
blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate, flat, short-petioled : 
hypanthium slender, elongated : sepals 4, lanceolate, 5 mm. long, acuminate: corolla deep 
yellow, 1 cm. broad : petals about as long as the sepals: capsule-body cylindric, 1.5-2 cm. 
long, 4-sided, narrowed into a very short pedicel-like base. 

In sand or sandy soil, Manatee, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 

8. Jussiaea Peruviana L. Stems shrubby, 1-4 m. tall, hirsute, much branched, the 
branches wide-spreading : leaf-blades ovate, oval, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. 
long, abruptly or gradually acuminate, leathery, short-petioled : hypanthium hirsute, short- 
obconic: sepals 4, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, ciliate: corolla large, 
yellow, 4-5 em. broad: petals broad, 2-3 cm. long: capsule-body oblong-obovate, 1.5-2 
em. long, 4-sided, somewhat longer than the stout pedicel-like base. 

On banks of rivers, lakes and in swamps, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 


5. CHAMAENERION Adans. 


Perennial herbs, with tufted stems, often woody at the base. Leaves mostly alternate : 
blades entire. Flowers irregular, showy, in terminal racemes. Hypanthium not prolonged 
beyond the ovary. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, entire. Stamens 8, declined : filaments 
dilated at the base. Ovary 4-celled : stigma 4-cleft. Capsule obtusely 4-angled, elongated, 
loculicidal. Seeds with a tuft of hairs (coma) at the end. FrRE-wEED. WILLOW-HERB. 

1. Chamaenerion angustifdlium (L.) Scop. Stems erect, often finely pubescent 
above, 0.5-2.5 m. high : leaf-blades lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, pale beneath, acute at the 
apex: flowers in elongated terminal spike-like racemes: corolla 1.5-3 cm. broad, purple, 
or sometimes white : capsules 5-7.5 cm. long, finely canescent, at least when young: seeds 
about 1 mm. long, the coma about 10 mm. long, whitish. [Epilobium angustifolium L. ] 

In dry soil, Labrador to Alaska, North Carolina. Kansas, Arizona and California. Alsoin Europe 
and Asia. Summer to fall. 


6. EPILOBIUM L. 


Caulescent herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades 
often toothed. Flowers solitary, spicate or racemose. Hypanthium prolonged beyond 
the ovary. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, often notched. Stamens 8. Ovary 4-celled : 
stigma club-shaped or 4-lobed. Capsule narrow, elongated, 4-sided, loculicidal. Seeds 
terminating in a tuft of hairs. WILLOW-HERB. The plants flower in summer and fall. 
Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly entire. 1. E. lineare. 
Leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate. 2. E. coloratum. 

1. Epilobium lineàre Muhl. Stems canescent throughout with incurved hairs, 3-6 
dm. tall, at length much branched: leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, acute at both 
ends, 2.5-5 cm. long, mostly entire, usually short-petioled, the veins obscure: flowers 
erect : corolla pink or whitish, 4-8 mm. broad : capsules about 5 cm. long : seeds less than 
2 mm. long, slightly papillose. 

Iuswamps, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Delaware, the Indian Territory and Wyoming. 

2. Epilobium coloràtum Muhl. Stems commonly much branched, 3-9 dm. tall, 
more or less canescent above with incurved hairs which are often arranged in lines. Stem 
and leaves often purplish : leaf-blades mainly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-15 cm. 
long, sharply serrulate or denticulate, generally short-petioled but sometimes sessile : 
flowers generally nodding: corolla pink or white, 4-6 mm. broad: capsules short-pedi- 
celled, finely pubescent, 2.5-5 cm. long: seeds papillose, less than 1 mm. long. 

In low grounds, Maine to Ontario, Wisconsin, South Dakota, South Carolina and Kansas. 


7. ÓNAGRA Adans. 
Annual or biennial herbs, with mostly erect stems. Leaves alternate : blades undulate 
or toothed. Buds erect. Flowers nocturnal, in terminal spikes. Sepals elongated. 
Corolla yellow. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules in 2 or more rows, horizontal. Capsule 4-angled, 


more or less tapering, loculicidal. Seeds prismatic-angled. |EvENING-PRIMRORE. 
Hypanthium slender, 2.5-5 em, long: corolla 2.5-5 em. broad. 1. O. biennis. 
Hypanthium stout, 6-11 cm. long : Coala 8-13 cm. broad. 2. O. Jamesii. 
. l. Onagra biénnis (L.) Scop. Stems generally stout, 3-25 dm. tall, more or less 
hirsute: leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate, 2.5-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate, repand- 
denticulate : sepals slender, much longer than the hypanthium : corolla bright yellow, 2.5-5 


840 EPILOBIACEAE 


em. broad : capsules narrowly oblong-conic, erect, pubescent, 18-25 mm. long, nearly terete. 
[ Oenothera biennis L.] P 


In dry or stony soil, Labrador to Florida west to the Mississippi Valley. Summer and fall.—A 
variety, O. biennis grandiflora ( Ait.) Lindl., is larger and stouter, has larger, thicker and broader leaf- 
blades and a corolla 5-8 cm. broad ; it is more common in the southern part of the range. 


2. Onagra Jamésii (T. & G.) Small. Stems stout, canescently strigillose, decumbent, 
1-4 m. long, more or less branched : leaf-blades narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, 
often curved, acute, repandly denticulate, the lower ones narrowed into short petiole-like 
bases, the upper sessile or nearly so : hypanthium stout, 5-11 cm. long: sepals nearly linear, 
about half as long as the hypanthium : corolla showy, yellow, turning to rose: capsules 
tapering upward, 35-40 mm. long. [Oenothera Jamesii T. & G.] 

In dry soil, southern Utah to Texas and Arizona. Summer. 


8. OENOTHERA L. 

Caulescent annual biennial or perennial herbs, with depressed or erect stems. Leaves 
alternate : blades sinuate or pinnatifid. Flowers axillary, or sometimes in terminal spikes, 
nocturnal. Buds erect. Hypanthium filiform or slender. Sepals deciduous. Corolla yel- 
low. Ovary 4-celled, elongated. Ovules in 2 rows, ascending. Capsule usually narrowly 
cylindric, sometimes slightly tapering, spreading or ascending. Seeds terete, each crowned 
with a tubercle. EvENING PRIMROSE. 


Flowers axillary. 
Stems clothed with dense appressed or ascending hairs. 


Corolla 2-3 em. broad : species native along the Atlantic Coast. x 1. O. humifusa, 
Corolla 7-9 cm. broad : species native along the western Gulf Coast, occasion- Ms 
ally naturalized on the Atlantic Coast. 2. 0. Drummondii. 
Stems glabrous or rarely with spreading hairs. 3. O. laciniata. 
Flowers in a terminal bracted spike. 
Spike lax: bracts ovate: hypanthium villous. 4. O. heterophylla. 
Spike dense: bracts narrow: hypanthium silky-strigose. 5. O. rhombipetala. 


1. Oenothera humifiisa Nutt. Stems branched at the base, the branches spreading, 
decumbent or ascending, 2-5 dm. long, silky canescent : leaves various, the basal with ob- 
long-spatulate pinnatifid blades, the cauline with oblanceolate to lanceolate acute, undulate 
repand or toothed blades, 2-3.5 cm. long : flowers axillary : hypanthium 2-3 em. long : sepals 
about à as long as the hypanthium : corolla 2-3 cm. broad : capsules narrowly cylindric, 2-3 
em. long, somewhat curved upward : seeds 1.5-2 mm. long, striate. 

In drifting sand along the coast, New Jersey to Florida. Spring to fall. 


2. Oenothera Drummóndii Hook. Stems branched at the base, the branches de- 
cumbent, 2-7 cm. long, pubescent with appressed stiff-silky hairs: leaves various ; blades 
spatulate to lanceolate, or sometimes ovate or obovate towards the ends of the branches, 
1-4 cm. long, entire or distantly toothed: flowers axillary: hypanthium stout, 2-4 cm. 
long: sepals nearly linear, more than $ as long as the hypanthium : corolla 7-9 cm. broad : 
capsules cylindric, 2.5-4 cm. long, spreading, curved upward: seeds nearly 1.5 mm. 
long, pitted. 

On the coast of Texas. Spring to fall. 


3. Oenothera laciniàta Hill. Stems decumbent or ascending, sometimes branched, 
1-5 dm. tall, glabrous or sparingly hirsute : leaf-blades oval, lanceolate, oblong, or oblan- 
ceolate to spatulate at the base of the plant, 2.5-5 cm. long, acute or obtusish at the apex, 
sinuate-dentate or often pinnatifid : flowers axillary: hypanthium 3-4 cm. long : sepals re- 
flexed : corolla 12-36 mm. broad : capsules linear-cylindric, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, more or less 
pubescent : seeds 1.2-1.5 mm. long, strongly pitted. [Oenothera sinuata L. ] 

In dry sandy soil, southern Vermont to New Jersey, Nebraska, Florida, Texas and Mexico, extend, 
ing into South America. Spring and summer.—0. laciniata grándis Britton, with more prominen "d 
toothed leaf-blades and corollas 5-7 em. wide, ranges from Missouri to Kansas and Texas, an 3 d 
laciniata Mexicana (Spach.) Small, with shaggy hirsute stems, leaves and capsules, occurs in Texas & 
northern Mexico. 

. 4. Oenothera heterophylla Spach. Stems relatively slender, erect, 4-9 dm. tall, 
rather sparingly appressed-pubescent : leaf-blades narrowly oblong to lanceolate, sometimes 
narrowly lanceolate or spatulate on the lower part of the stem, 1-6 cm. long, acute, un p 
late or remotely and shallowly toothed, sessile and slightly clasping on the upper " s 
the stem : corolla 2-4 em. broad : sepals sparingly and loosely glandular-pubescent : pe 
obovoid, 1-2 em. long: capsules columnar, but slightly tapering to the apex, curve, 
1.5-2 em. long, loosely pubescent : seeds fully 1 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, sometimes in woods, Florida to Texas. Spring and summer. 


5. Oenothera rhombipétala Nutt. Stems relatively stout, erect, 6-12 oe wage 
finely and densely appressed-pubescent : leaf-blades lanceolate to linear-lanceola 


EPILOBIACEAE 841 


broadest above the middle on the lower part of the stem, 5-10 cm. long, sessile and 
rounded at the base or the lower narrowed into petioles, acuminate at the apex, remotely 
denticulate : sepals closely strigose: petals rhombic-obovate, 2-3 cm. long: capsules 
columnar, curved, 12-16 mm. long, closely pubescent: seeds obovoid, tuberculate at 
the top. 

On prairies, Minnesota to Indiana, Nebraska and the Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 


9. ANOGRA Spach. 

Caulescent annual or perennial herbs, often with a papery bark. Stems often some- 
what woody. Leaves alternate: blades usually pinnatifid. Buds drooping. Flowers 
usually axillary, diurnal. Hypanthium elongated. Sepals narrow. Corolla white or 
pink. Ovary slender. Ovules numerous, in 1 row in each cavity, ascending. Capsules 
elongated, spreading or ascending, loculicidal. Seeds terete. EVENING PRIMROSE. 


Sepals without free tips in the bud. 1. A. albicaulis. 

Sepals with free tips in the bud. : 
Hypanthium villous in the throat. 2. As sie alae 
Hypanthium glabrous in the throat. 3. A. Nuttallir. 


1. Anogra albicaülis (Pursh) Britton. Stems diffusely branched, the branches 
decumbent or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, more or less hirsute or puberulent, with whitish and 
often shreddy bark: leaves alternate; blades oblanceolate or lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid 
or the lower ones repand-dentate (rarely entire), 2.5-10 cm. long: sepals lanceolate, acu- 
minate, hirsute, the tips not free in the bud: corolla 3.5-7.5 cm. broad, white, becoming 
rose-color: capsules linear-cylindric, 2.5-3.5 cm. long: seeds finely pitted. [Oenothera 
albicaulis Pursh. ] 

On prairies, North Dakota and Nebraska to Mexico. Spring and summer. 


2. Anogra coronopifólia (T. & G.) Britton. Stems erect or nearly so, branched, 
1.5-6 dm. tall, more or less hispid or canescent: leaf-blades lanceolate or oblanceolate in 
outline, 1.2-5 cm. long, usually finely and deeply pinnatifid into linear-oblong lobes: 
sepals linear: corolla white, turning pink, 1.8-3 em. broad: capsules oblong, abruptly 
constricted at the top, straight, 8-20 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick: seeds tuberculate. 
[ Oenothera coronopifolia T. & G. ] 

On prairies, South Dakota to Utah, Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 


3. Anogra Nuttállii (Sweet) Rydb. Stems erect, 1.5-12 dm. tall, white or pale, 
rarely with scattered hairs, the bark often shreddy: leaf-blades linear or oblong-linear, 
2.5-8.5 cm. long, entire, repand or somewhat pinnatifid : sepals linear: corolla white, 
turning pink, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad: capsules linear, curved, 2.5-5 cm. long, about 3 mm. 
thick: seeds smooth. [Oenothera Nuttallii Sweet]. 

On prairies, Minnesota to Idaho and Texas. Spring and summer. 


10. KNEIFFIA Spach. 


Annual or perennial caulescent often shrubby herbs. Leaves alternate: blades 
mostly narrow, entire or shallowly toothed. Buds erect. Flowers diurnal, in ter- 
minal spikes or racemes. Sepals narrow. Corolla yellow. Ovary usually club-shaped, 
4-angled. Ovules numerous, on slender stalks, in many rows. Capsule club-shaped, or 
oblong by the wings, 4-winged or rarely sharply 4-angled. Seeds not angled, without a 
tubercle. SunpRops. 


Stem-leaves linear-filiform : capsules 4-angled or 4-margined. 1. K. linifolia. 
Stem-leaves with relatively broad blades : capsules winged. 
A. Capsules paasa rm ties the body gradually narrowed into the pedicel-like 
base or essentially sessile. 
a. Petals over 15 mm. long: capsules pubescent. 
Capsule-body less than twice as long as thick. 
eaves silvery-strigose: capsules hirsute, the body stout-stalked. 2. K. arenicola. 
Leaves glabrous or minutely and inconspicuously pubescent: cap- 
C sules minutely appressed ee the body slender-stalked. 3. K. subglobosa. 
apsule-body over twice as long as thick. Á 
yof the capsule shorter than the pedicel-like base. 4. K. longipedicellata. 
Body of the capsule longer than the pedicel-like base. 

Sepals less than 1.5cm. long, the tips united in the bud or if dis- 
tinct less than 1 mm. long: ng hoor less than 4cm. wide: cap- 
sules mostly less than 1.5 cm. long. 

Capsule-bod ad slender pedicel-like base clearly defined, the 
wings thin and commonly glabrous. _ 

Capsule-body narrowed into a stout, little differentiated base, 
the wings thick and copiously pubescent. 

Sepals over 1.5 em. long, the tips distinct, 2.5-4 mm. long: corolla 


5. K. linearis. 


6. K. Spachiana. 


- 


842 EPILOBIACEAE 


over 4 em. wide: capsules mostly over 2 cm. long. 
Plants glabrous or minutely pubescent : leaf-blades mainly of 

a linear or narrowly oblong type. 7. K. riparia. 

Plants hirsute :leaf-blades of an elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate 
ype. 8. K. pratensis. 
b. Petals less than 13 mm long: capsules glabrous or nearly so. 9. K. pumila. 
B. Capsules oblong or nearly so, sometimes abruptıy narrowed into a short pedi- 
cel-like base. 

Capsule-body less than 1 em. long: plants not glaucous. 10. K. fruticosa. 

Capsule-body over 1 em. long: plants glaucous. 11. K. glauca. 

1. Kneiffia linifòlia ( Nutt.) Spach. Stems slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, finely pubescent 
above: basal leaves tufted, with oblanceolate or spatulate blades about 2-5 cm. long; 
stem-leaves filiform-linear, entire, 1-3 em. long: flowers in loose spike-like racemes : sepals 
2-3.5 mm. long: corolla 6-8 mm. broad: stigma-lobes very short: capsule-body ovoid, 
4-6 mm. long, puberulent, sharply 4-angled or slightly winged. [Oenothera linifolia Nutt. } 

In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 


2. Kneiffia arenícola Small. Stems erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, branched above, strigil- 
lose: leaf-blades linear or nearly so, or some of them narrowly oblong, 1.5-5 cm. long, 
rather obtuse, silvery strigose, thick, often revolute, entire or essentially so: hypanthium 
somewhat hirsute : sepals 5.5-8 mm. long: petals 16-23 mm. long: capsule-body globular 
or obovoid-globose, about 4 mm. long, more or less hirsute, broadly winged above, nar- 
rowed into a relatively stout hairy pedicel-like base. 

On sand hills or in pine lands, North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. Sunmer and fall. 


3. Kneiffia subglobósa Small. Stems slender, 2-3 dm. tall, much branched, puberu- 
lent, widely stoloniferous, red : basal leaves 4-10 cm. long, with spatulate undulately 
toothed blades, each gradually narrowed into a short petiole-like base: stem-leaves often 
numerous; blades linear or nearly so, 2-7 cm. long, entire or distantly toothed : hypan- 
thium villous or silky : sepals 6-9.5 mm. long: petals 1.5 to almost 2 cm. long: capsule- 
body globose-obovoid, 6-7 mm. long, terminating a much longer pedicel-like base, the angles 
strongly winged, the faces strongly ridged. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


4. Kneiffia longipedicellàta Small. Stems slender, puberulent, erect or assurgent, 
3-8.5 dm. tall: basal leaves with spatulate or obovate-spatulate blades 3.5-7.5 cm. long: 
stem-leaves few ; blades linear-lanceolate, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, entire, sometimes undulate: 
sepals hirsute, 12-19 mm. long: petals mostly over 2 cm. long: capsule-body narrowly ob- 
ovoid, 6-10 mm. long, terminating a much longer pedicel, the angles with stout closely 
pubescent wings, the faces strongly ridged. 

In dry soil, New York to West Virginia, Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


5. Kneiffia lineàris (Michx.) Spach. Stems slender, pilose or nearly glabrous, erect 
or ascending, 1.5—5 dm. tall, finally angled : basal leaves with spatulate or broadly oblance- 
olate blades, 5-8 em. long, entire or nearly so: stem-leaves usually few ; blades linear or 
linear-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, slightly toothed : sepals about 1 cm. long, pue 
petals mostly 1.5-2 cm. long : capsule-body oblong-clavate, 7-14 mm. long, the angles wit 
papery glabrous or loosely pubescent wings, its faces ridged. [Oenothera linearis Michx. 

In dry or sandy soil, Connecticut to Arkansas and Georgia. Spring to fall. 


6. Kneiffia Spachiàna (T. & G.) Small. Stems minutely puberulent and somewhat 
hoary, erect, 1-4 dm. tall, terete, branched at the base or above: basal leaves spatulate 2. 
oblong-spatulate : stem-leaves few ; blades linear, 2-6 cm. long, nearly flat, obtuse or pix 
undulate, slender-petioled : sepals about 10 mm. long, minutely pubescent : petals Drs ; 
9-15 mm. long: capsule-body club-shaped, 1-1.5 cm. long, 4-winged, essentially sessile. 
[Oenothera Spachiana T. & G.] 


In sandy soil, Texas and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


7. Kneiffia riparia ( Nutt.) Small. Stems stout, finely pubescent, 5-12 dm. tall, o 
sparingly branched : basal leaves with spatulate blades commonly over 10 cm. long : age 
leaves often numerous ; blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 5-13 cm. long, or d 
branches, acute or acutish, entire or undulate-denticulate : sepals about 2 cm. long, isa r 
pubescent : petals over 2 cm. long : capsule-body clavate, pubescent all over, mostly ove 
cm. long. [Oenothera riparia Nutt.] 

On river banks or low grounds, North Carolina to Georgia. Spring and summer. 


8. Kneiffia praténsis Small. Stems erect or nearly so, 5-11 dm. tall, often sparingly 


branched above, hirsute: leaf-blades narrowly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 2.5. te 


long, undulate or sinuate, acute, thin, hirsute, flat: hypanthium more le-body 
sepals 17-22 mm. long, the free tips 2.5-4 mm. long: petals 2-3.5 cm. long: capsu cae) 
clavate, 17-21 mm. long, narrowly winged, hirsute, the pedicel-like base usually very 


In low grounds, Ohio to Missouri and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 


EPILOBIACEAE 843 


. Kneiffia pümila (L.) Spach. Stems sometimes finely puberulent, erect, 2-6 dm. 
high : basal leaves with oblanceolate or spatulate blades: stem-leaves few or many ; blades 
oblong, linear or elliptic, 2-8 cm. long, entire or very nearly so: sepals 5-7 mm. long: 
petals 6-9 mm. long: capsule-body obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 6-12 mm. long, sessile or 
short-pedicelled, glabrous or nearly so, the 4 wings thick. [Oenothera pumila L.] 

In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Georgia and Kansas. Spring and summer. 

10. Kneiffia fruticdsa (L.) Raimann. Stems usually branched, 3-9 dm. tall, com- 
monly slightly pubescent: leaf-blades lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 2.5-10 cm. 
long, repand-denticulate, or rarely nearly entire: sepals 15-20 mm. long: petals 2-3 cm. 
long : capsule-body oblong, 6-9 mm. long, prominently winged, glabrous or slightly pubes- 
cent, sometimes abruptly narrowed into pedicel-like base. [ Oenothera fruticosa L. ] 


In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Georgia, Minnesota and Louisiana. Spring and summer.—Kneiffia fruti- 
cosa pilosélla (Raf.) Britton, is pubescent with long spreading hairs throughout and is widely distributed 
in the range of the species. 


11. Kneiffia glaüca (Michx.) Spach. Stems glabrous and glaucous, 4-9 dm. high : 
leaf-blades ovate or oval, 5-14 cm. long, repand-denticulate: sepals 20-25 mm. long: 
petals 2.5-3 em. long: capsule-body oblong, 11-13 mm. long, broadly 4-winged, glabrous, 
abruptly narrowed into the short pedicel-like base. [Oenothera glauca Michx.] 

In dry woods, mountains of Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Spring to fall. 


11. HARTMANNIA Spach. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with branched stems. Leaves alternate: blades commonly 
pinnatifid or lyrate. Buds drooping. Flowers diurnal, in terminal spikes or apparent 
racemes. Hypanthium funnelform. Corolla white, red or purple. Ovary elongated. 
Ovules numerous, on slender stalks, in many rows. Capsule club-shaped, oblong or 
elliptic, 4-winged, the body sometimes narrowed into a pedicel-like base. Seeds not 
tuberculate. The plants flower from spring to fall. PRIMROSE. 


Petals less than 20 mm. long: capsule-body shorter than the pedicel-like base. 1. H. rosea. 
Petals over 20 mm. long: capsule-body longer than the pedicel-like base. 
Stem with spreading hairs: capsule-body with a pedicel-like base. 2. H. tetraptera. 
Stem with appressed hairs: capsule-body without a pedicel-like base. 3. H. speciosa. 


1. Hartmannia rósea (Ait.) G. Don. Stems slender, puberulent, erect or ascending, 
2-6 dm. tall, branched at the base or throughout: basal leaves with oblanceolate blades 

em. long: stem-leaves often numerous; blades ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1-5 cm. 
long, obtuse or acute, entire or distantly toothed, the lower ones sometimes pinnatifid at 
the base: spikes much interrupted, with leaf-like bracts: sepals 7-9 mm. long: petals 
deep pink or purple, suborbicular, 9-13 mm. long, entire : capsules club-shaped, the body 
5-10 mm. long, the angles winged, the faces prominently ridged, the pedicel-like base 
usually longer than the body. [Oenothera rosea Ait. ] 

On plains or prairies, Texas to New Mexico, Central and northern South America. 

2. Hartmannia tetraptera (Cav.) Small. Stem rather slender, hirsute, erect or 
decumbent, 1-3 dm. long, simple or usually branched at the base: leaf-blades mostly pin- 
natifid, rarely only coarsely toothed, 2-7 cm. long, variable in shape, the lower ones often 
ovate in outline, the rest varying from lanceolate to oblanceolate, acute: spikes few-flow- 
ered : sepals 14-18 mm. long: petals purple or rose-purple, often rounded, 2.2-3 cm. long : 
capsules club-shaped, 3-4 cm. long, the body obovoid, usually longer than the pedicel-like 

ase, its angles winged, the faces ridged. [Oenothera tetraptera Cav. ] 

On plains or prairies, Texas to Arizona, Mexico, Central America and northern South America. 

3. Hartmannia specidsa (Nutt.) Small. Stems relatively stout, strigillose-canes- 
cent, erect, ascending or somewhat decumbent, 2-7 dm. tall, simple or branched : leaf- 
blades lanceolate or oblong, or sometimes nearly linear, 2-12 cm. long, obtuse or acute, 
distantly toothed or pinnatifid, the lower ones sometimes lyrate: spikes lax : sepals 2-4 
em. long: petals white, turning pink, obovate or suborbicular, 2.5-5 cm. long, retuse or 
emarginate at the apex: capsules oblong or elliptic, 1-2 cm. long, not narrowed into a 
pedicel-like base, the angles stoutly winged, the faces each with a stout ridge. [Oenothera 
speciosa Nutt. ] 


On plains and prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Louisiana, Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico, 
and extensively naturalized in Illinois, South Carolina and Georgia. 


12. LAVAUXIA Spach. 


Perennial or annual usually low acaulescent herbs. Leaves mostly basal: blades pin- 
natifid. Flowers few. Sepals narrow. Corolla white, pink or pale yellow. Ovary short, 


844 EPILOBIACEAE 


4-angled. Ovules few. Capsule stout, the angles sometimes winged above. Seeds few. 
PRIMROSE. 

Perennial: corolla 4-6.5 em. broad, widely expanding: capsule 20-30 mm. long. 1. L. triloba. 
Annual: corolla 1-2 cm. broad, barely, if at all, expanding: capsule 10-15 mm. long. 2. L. Wotsonii. 

l. Lavauxia tríloba (Nutt. ) Spach. Perennial, nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves 
basal; blades oblong-lanceolate in outline, 7-30 cm. long, runcinate-pinnatifid or sinuate, 
sometimes ciliate: corolla white or pink, 4-6.5 cm. broad: petals often 3-lobed : capsules 
ovoid, 20-30 mm. long, manifestly longer than broad, 4-winged above, reticulate-veined. 
[Oenothera triloba Nutt. ] 

In dry soil, Kentucky and Tennessee to Wyoming, California, Mississippi, Texas and northern 
Mexico. Spring and summer. 

2. Lavauxia Watsónii (Britton) Small. Similar to L. triloba in habit, but smaller 
and annual. Leaf-blades thinner and less finely pinnatifid: flowers fertilized mainly in 
the bud, the corolla barely, if at all, expanding, 1-2 cm. broad : capsules 10-15 mm. long, 
as broad as long at maturity, strongly ridged, few, or sometimes in a dense globular mass. 
[ Lavauzia triloba Watsonii Britton. ] 

On prairies, Kansas to Oklahoma. Spring and summer. 


13. GAURELLA Small. 


Low perennial herbs, with wiry diffusely branched stems. Leaves alternate: blades 
nearly entire or distantly toothed. Flowers axillary, sessile. Hypanthium slightly 
dilated at the throat. Sepals slightly longer than the hypanthium. Petals white or pink, 
spotted or striped with red. Ovary short: style stout, enlarged above. Capsule sessile, 
with a curved beak, the faces swollen. Seeds angled, delicately striate. 

1. Gaurella guttulata (Geyer) Small. Stems 1-5 dm. long, canescent with appressed 
hairs, the branches decumbent or ascending: leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
8-16 mm. long, repand-denticulate or entire: corolla white or pink, 18-25 mm. wide : 
petals obovate, entire: capsules canescent, 8-10 mm. long, angled, not winged: seeds 
angled, slipper-shaped. [Oenothera guttulata Geyer. ] 


On prairies, Nebraska to New Mexico. Summer and fall. 


14. MEGAPTERIUM Spach. 

Perennial herbs, with stout spreading stems. Leaves alternate: blades entire or 
slightly toothed, or rarely partly pinnatifid. Flowers few, but large and showy, axillary 
to leaf-like bracts. Sepals elongated. Corolla yellow. Ovary 4-angled or 4-winged : sty le 
filiform. Ovules few, sessile. Capsules broadly 4-winged. Seeds crested. PRIMROSE. 
Petals 2-4 cm. long: capsules less than 5 zi , obl to i ^ 

Stem and ieaves closely pubescent: capsules less than 2 cm. wide. x P Maryse 
em and leaves : 2 em. . EU Yepéi 
Petals 5-7 em. jong: Capsules over DAN IUE. MEOIN. 3. M. Missouriente. 

1. Megapterium Fremóntii (S. Wats.) Britton. Stems ascending, 5-15 cm. ong, 
closely appressed-pubescent : leaf-blades lanceolate to somewhat oblanceolate, or linear, 
3.5-7.5 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, entire or very nearly so, silvery canescent : epe 
2.5-3.5 cm. long: petals 3-4 em. long: capsules oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long, winged, roun 
at the summit. [Oenothera Fremontii S. Wats.] : 

On plains and prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer. : 

2. Megapterium Oklahoménse Norton. Stemsor branches 1.5-3 dm. long, gan 1 
leaves rather numerous ; blades lanceolate or almost oblong, 4-9 cm. long, remotely too avum 
or merely undulate, glabrous : sepals nearly 2 cm. long : petals 1.5-2.5 cm. broad : caps 
oblong or oval, 2.5-3.5 em. long, rounded at the summit. 

On prairies and hillsides, Kansas to Oklahoma and Texas. Summer. di 

3. Megapterium Missouriénse (Sims) Spach. Stems decumbent or €— NEm 
densely canescent, 1.5-6 cm. long : leaf-blades thick, linear-lanceolate or oblong- rae 
5-15 cm. long, acuminate or acute at the apex, entire or remotely denticulate : sepa 


4.5-5.5 cm. long: petals 5-7 cm. long: capsules nearly orbicular, fully 5 cm. long, very 
broadly winged. EE Missouriense Sims. | 
On plains or prairies, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas. Spring and summer. 
15. GALPINSIA Britton. 
Flowers 


Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with branched stems. Leaves alternate. EPUM 
axillary to leaf-like bracts. Hypanthium slender, the upper portion longer ee 


EPILOBIACEAE 845 


ovary. Corolla yellow. Ovary 4-celled, elongated: stigma disk-like, entire. Capsule 
elongated, narrowed at the base, more or less curved. Seeds sometimes tuberculate. 
PRIMROSE. 


Free portion of the hypanthium 9-13 mm. long, the lower portion very slender. 1. G. tubicula. 
Free portion of the h Mee peni 80-50 mm. long, the lower portion relatively stout. 
Low copiously tufted plants about 1 dm. tall: leaves very numerous and crowded. 2. G. lavendulaefolia. 
Relatively tall, not copiously tufted plants, mostly 2 or 3 dm. tall: leaves not 
conspicuously numerous. 
Hypanthium about 10 mm. wide at the mouth. 
Stem and lower portion of the hypanthium glabrous orslightly canescent : 


leaf-blades mainly linear. ; 3. G. Hartwegii. 
Stem and lower portion of the hypanthium hirsute-tomentose : leaf- 
blades mainly oblong. 4. G. ínterior. 
Hypanthium about 15 mm. wide at the mouth. 5. G. Fendleri. 


1. Galpinsia tubícula (A. Gray) Small. Stems erect, 1-3 dm. tall, somewhat 
branched, flexuous, its bark thin and papery : leaves numerous but not crowded ; blades 
linear or lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, acute, entire, nearly glabrous or slightly glandular- 
tese short-petioled or nearly sessile: flowers usually near the ends of the branches : 

ypanthium abruptly and widely dilated above: sepals lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long : petals 
9-12 mm. long, obtuse or apiculate : capsules due 1.2-1.8 em. long, constricted be- 
low the summit, somewhat angled. [Oenothera tubicula A. Gray.] 

On plains, Texas and New Mexico. Spring and summer. 

2 Galpinsia lavendulaefólia (T. & G.) Small. Stems copiously tufted, radially 
spreading and seldom rising more than 1 dm., the internodes very short: leaves very 
numerous and crowded ; blades linear or linear-spatulate on the lower part of the stem, 
entire or essentially so, finely but closely pale-pubescent: flowers few: hypanthium elon- 
gated, rather gradually dilated : sepals 11-16 mm. long: petals 13-19 mm. long: capsules 
narrow, 2-2.5 cm. long. [Oenothera lavendulaefolia T. & G.] 


On plains or prairies, Kansas to Wyoming, Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 


3. Galpinsia Hartwégii (Benth.) Britton. Stems more or less branched, but not 
densely tufted, mostly 2-4 dm. tall: leaves sometimes many but not crowded ; blades linear, 
1-3.5 cm. long, entire or slightly repand-denticulate : flowers few: hypanthium elongated, 
rather gradually dilated: sepals about 2 cm. long: petals 2-3 cm. long: capsule narrowly 
cylindric, 12-25 mm. long. [Oenothera Hartwegu Benth. ] 

On prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and northern Mexico. Spring to fall. 


4. Galpinsia intérior Small. Stems somewhat tufted, erect or ascending, 2-3 dm. 
tall, hirsute-tomentose : leaves often rather numerous but not densely crowded ; blades 
mainly oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, entire, sessile and partly clasping : flowers few: hypanthium 
elongated, rather gradually dilated, about 10 mm. wide at the mouth, hirsute-tomentose 
near the base : sepals 1-1.5 cm. long: petals 1.5-2.5 em. long : capsules 1.5-2 cm. long. 

On plains or prairies, Nebraska to Texas. Spring and summer. 


. 5. Galpinsia Féndleri (A. Gray) Heller. Stems loosely tufted, more or less spread- 
ing, 2-4 dm. tall, rather stout, slightly glandular-pubescent: leaves relatively few ; blades 
mainly oblong, varying to oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, abruptly narrowed at the base, 
sessile: flowers few : hypanthium elongated, gradually dilated, about 15 mm. wide at the 
mouth : sepals 2-2.5 cm. long: petals 2.5-3.5 cm. long: capsules narrow, 2-2.5 cm. long. 
[Oenothera Fendleri A. Gray.] 

In dry or stony soil, Texas and New Mexico. Spring and summer. 


16. MERIOLIX Raf. 


Biennial or perennial herbs, with branched stems, or sometimes shrubby plants. 
Leaves alternate: blades narrow, entire or sharply serrate. Flowers regular, axillary, 
yellow. Hypanthium funnelform, the free portion mostly shorter than the ovary, abruptly 
and widely dilated above. Sepals keeled on the back. Petals mostly yellow, often blotched 
at the base. Stigma disk-like, 4-toothed. Capsule linear, 4-angled, sessile. Seeds 
longitudinally grooved. The plants flower mainly in the spring and summer. PRIMROSE. 


A. Free portion of the hypanthium yellow within: stigma yellow. 
Petals less than 15 mm. long. 
Euri epe nnt blanceolate or li 
a. Leaf- es spatulate to oblanceolate or linear. : 
Stem and joa vts markedly whitish or grayish pubescent. 2. M. intermedia. 
Stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so. d 
* Lower cauline leaves with acute blades, scarcely wider than those à 
of the upper leaves, the teeth sharp or spinulose. 3. M. spinulosa. 


1. M. serrulata. 


846 EPILOBIACEAE 


** Lower cauline leaves with obtuse blades, manifestly wider than 
those of the upper leaves, the teeth rather blunt. 4. M. Drummondiana. 
b. Leaf-blades linear-filiform. 5. M. capillifolia. 
B. Free portion of the hypanthium brown-purple within: stigma brown-purple. 
Plant, at least the upper portions. pale-pubescent: petals over 15 mm. long. 6. M. melanoglottis. 
Plant glabrous or nearly so: petals less than 15 mm. long. 7. M. Hillii. 


1. Meriolix serrulàta ( Nutt.) Walp. Stems often copiously branched at the base, 

the branches canescent, 1-5 dm. high : leaf-blades spatulate to linear-oblong, or linear, 2-5 

em. long, serrate: hypanthium 3-4 mm. broad at the mouth, the free portion yellow 

within : sepals 5-7 mm. long: petals obovate, 8-12 mm. long, crenulate : anthers 2.5-3 mm. 

ions ` capsules linear-cylindric, 1.5-2 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. thick. [ Oenothera serrulata 
utt. 


In dry soil, Manitoba and Minnesota to Texas and New Mexico. 


2. Meriolix intermédia Rydb. Similar to M. serrulata in habit, but mostly taller, 
and larger throughout. Stem and leaves, especially on the upper part of the plant, 
markedly whitish or grayish pubescent : leaf-blades spatulate to linear, 4-7 cm. long, or 
shorter on the branches, serrate : hypanthium 6-10 mm. broad at the mouth, the free por- 
tion yellow within : sepals 7-8 mm. long : petals 2-2.5 cm. long : capsules 2-2.5 cm. long, 
pubescent. 

In dry or stony soil, Manitoba to Minnesota and Texas. 


3. Meriolix spinulòsa (T. & G.) Heller. Similar to M. serrulata in habit, but more 
slender : leaf-blades linear-spatulate to narrowly linear, 3-8 cm. long, or sometimes shorter, 
spinulose-serrate, or sharply serrate : hypanthium 4-5 mm. broad at the mouth, the free 
portion yellow within: sepals 5-6 mm. long: petals 18-22 mm. long: anthers 4-4.5 mm. 
T oe 2-3 em. long, about 2 mm. thick, sparingly pubescent. [Oenothera serrulata 


On plains or prairies, Arkansas to Texas and New Mexico. 


4. Meriolix Drummondiàna (Spach.) Small. Stem branched at the base, the 
branches ascending or decumbent, 0.5-3 dm. long, sometimes branched above : leaf-blades 
various, those of the lower cauline leaves spatulate, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse, rather bluntly 
toothed, those of the upper cauline leaves linear, usually narrowly so, more sharply but 
less prominently toothed than those of the lower leaves: hypanthium 5-6 mm. wide at the 
mouth, the free portion yellow within: sepals 5-6 mm. long: petals 2-2.5 cm. long: an- 
thers 44.5 mm. long: capsules 1-1.5 em. long, sparingly pubescent. [Calylophis Drum- 
mondiana Spach. ] 

In open woods or dry soil, Texas. 


5. Meriolix capillifdlia (Scheele) Small. Stem branched at the base, the branches 
3-5 dm. tall, slender, glabrous or nearly so: leaf-blades linear-filiform or very narrowly 
linear, 2-5 em. long, entire or essentially so, revolute: hypanthium 3-4 mm. broad at the 
throat, yellow within: sepals 5-6 mm. long: petals 15-20 mm. long: anthers 3-4 mm. 
long: capsules 2-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick. [Oenothera capillifolia Scheele. Oenothera 
serrulata var. pinifolia Engelm.] 

In dry or stony soil, Texas. 


: 6. Meriolix melanoglóttis Rydb. Stem usually branched at the base, the pred 
ascending or decumbent, 2.5-4 dm. tall, the upper portion as well as the leaves, paie- 
pubescent, the bark yellowish: leaf-blades spatulate to almost linear, 2.5-6 cm. long, 
rather shallowly serrate, flat: hypanthium 5-6 mm. wide at the mouth, the free portion 
brown-purple within : capsules straight, nearly 2 cm. long, copiously pubescent. 

In dry soil, Texas to Colorado. 

7. Meriolix Hillii Small. More slender than M. melanogloitis, glabrous or nearly 
so, the branches often wiry, the bark whitish: leaf-blades narrowly linear-spatulat® (d 
narrowly linear, 2-4.5 cm. long, sinuate-toothed, involute : hypanthium 3-4 mm. wt r M. 
the mouth, the free portion brown-purple within : capsules more slender than those ot J£. 
melanoglottis, incurved, nearly glabrous. 

In dry or sandy soil, Texas. 


17. GAURA L. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, with branching stems. Leaves alternate : blades 
narrow, or relatively so. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Hypanthium gore 
prolonged beyond the ovary. Sepals 4 or rarely 3. Petals unequal, with clawed ae y 
Stamens usually 8, declined, each filament with a small scale at the base. Ovary rem : 
style declined : stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a cup-like border. Ovules usually 4, pen 


EPILOBIACEAE 847 


dulous. Fruit nut-like, ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, 1-4-seeded, sessile or 
often with a pedicel-like base. 


Anthers oval, attached near the middle. 1. G. parviflora. 
Anthers linear or narrowly oblong, attached near the base. 
Fruit sessile or essentially so, that is, without a pedicel-like base. 
Petals over 15 mm. long. 2. G. Lindheimeri. 
Petals less than 12 mm. long. 
Fruit ovoid, elliptic, oval-elliptie or obovoid. 
Fruit pubescent: buds puberulent or pubescent. 
Fruit 6-8 mm. long: buds less than 2 em. long. 
Fruit with rounded or obtuse angles. 


Stems hirsute: leaf-blades relatively thin. 3. G. biennis. 
Stems puberulent or puberulent-canescent: leaf-blades rela- 
tively thick. 4. G. Pitcheri. 


Fruit with sharp angles. 
Stem simple or with few ascending branches above: species 


ranging from South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. 5. G. angustifolia. 
Stem diffusely much branched : species of the lower Mississippi 
valley. 6. G. filiformis. 
Fruit 3-4 mm. long: buds over 2 em. long. 7. G. longiflora. 
Fruit glabrous: buds glabrous or essentially so. 8. G. suffulta. 


Fruit pyramidal. 
Fruit mainly 3-angled, the base and angles rounded. 9. G. tripetala. 
f Fruit mainly 4-angled, the base flat, the angles auricled at the base. 10. G. brachycarpa. 
Fruit contracted into a slender or stout neck-like or pedicel-like base. 
Pedicel-like base of the fruit very stout and short, angled or ribbed, but less 
so than the body of the fruit. 
Fruit 5-7 mm. long: bracts persistent : sepals slightly longer than the free 


part of the hypanthium. 11. G. coccinea. 
Fruit 8-11.5 mm. long : bracts caducous: sepals about twice as long as the 5 
. free part of the hypanthium. 12. G. Drummondii. 
Pedicel-like base of the fruit relatively slender and long. ; or 
Body of the fruit 3-4 mm. long, ovoid, pubescent. 13. G. Michauxii. 


Body of the fruit 7-10 mm. long, oblong or fusiform, glabrous. 
Fruit-body fusiform, merely angled: leaves finely and inconspicuously : 
pubescent. 14. G. sinuata. 
Fruit-body oblong or nearly so, wing-angled: leaves copiously pubescent. 15. G. villosa, 

1. Gaura parviflóra Dougl. Stem 6-15 dm. tall, villous-hirsute with whitish hairs: 
leaf-blades lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 3.5-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, 
repand-dentate, softly pubescent: spikes elongated, many-flowered: buds glabrous or 
nearly so: flowers crowded or approximate: petals 2.5-4 mm. long: fruit fusiform, 6-8 
mm. long, 4-nerved, obtuse between the angles, glabrous or nearly so. 

In dry soil, South Dakota to Oregon, Missouri, Louisiana and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


. 2. Gaura Lindheimeri Engelm. & Gray. Stem 5-9 dm. tall, strigose, or somewhat 
hirsute below, more or less branched above: leaf-blades spatulate or oblong to lanceolate, 
2.5-7 cm. long, or shorter above, acute, sinuate, strigose : spikes several-flowered : buds 
pilose : flowers not crowded : petals 17-22 mm. long: fruit oblong or elliptic-oblong, 5-7 
mm. long, glabrous, with acute angles and 1-ribbed faces. 

On prairies, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 

. 3. Gaura biénnis L. Stem 6-15 dm. tall, villous-hirsute : leaf-blades relativel 
thin, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at eac 
end, remotely denticulate or merely undulate : spikes slender, often elongated : buds pubes- 
cent: flowers numerous : corolla white, sometimes turning pink: petals 7-11 mm. long: 
fruit elliptic to oval-elliptic, 6-10 mm. long, 4-ribbed, more or less hirsute. 

In dry soil, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


4. Gaura Pítcher (T. & G.) Small Similar to G. biennis in habit, but larger and 
stouter, often copiously branched, merely puberulent or puberulent-canescent : leaf-blades 
thick, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 4-11 cm. long, remotely denticu- 
late or almost entire: spikes many-flowered, often elongated : buds puberulent: flowers 
not densely crowded : corolla pinkish : petals 6-9 mm. long : fruit elliptic to ovoid-elliptic, 

mm. long, puberulent. 

On prairies, Iowa to Nebraska and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 

5. Gaura angustifolia Michx. Stem 7-12 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched 
above, finely appressed-pubescent : leaves relatively few ; blades spatulate to linear or linear- 
lanceolate, 1-6 cm. long, acute, sinuate or nearly entire, sparingly pubescent: spikes vir- 
gate, sometimes greatly elongated : buds finely pubescent to glabrate: petals white or pink, 

-7 mm. long : fruit elliptic, 5-9 mm. long, 4-angled or sometimes 5-angled, the faces occa- 
sionally transverse-wrinkled. 

In dry or sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 

.. 6. Gaura filifórmis Small. Stem 1-2.5 m. tall, canescent-puberulent, widely and often 
diffusely branched above, the branches slender or filiform : leaves numerous ; blades linear 


848 EPILOBIACEAE 


to narrowly linear-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, sharply, but finely toothed, 
or entire and somewhat reduced, especially toward the inflorescence: spikes elongated, in- 
terrupted : buds puberulent, less than 1.5 cm. long: petals pink-purple, about 7 mm. long: 
fruit narrowly elliptic, 6-7 mm. long, sessile, canescent. 

On banks or in sandy soil, Arkansas to Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 


7. Guara longifldra Spach. Similar to G. angustifolia in habit. Leaves rather 
numerous; blades linear, narrowly so above, remotely and inconspicuously toothed or 
entire, somewhat revolute, acute or acuminate: spikes elongated, interrupted: buds 
canescent-puberulent, over 2 cm. long: petals pink, about 10 mm. long: fruit oval-elliptic, 
about 4 mm. long, canescent, sessile. 

In sandy soil, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 


8. Gaura suffilta Engelm. Stem simple or usually branched at the base, the 
branches ascending, 3-6 dm. tall, hirsute, at least below: leaf-blades spatulate to linear, 
2.5-7 cm. long, acute or acuminate, sinuate or undulate: spikes virgate, usually simple, 
interrupted : buds glabrous or essentially so : petals 8-9 mm. long: fruit ovoid or oval- 
ovoid, 4—5 mm. long, wing-angled above, obtusely angled below, glabrous, sessile. 

On prairies or mountain slopes, Texas and northern Mexico. Spring to fall. 


9. Gaura tripétala Cav. Stem simple or branched at the base, the branches 3-5 dm. 
. tall, hirsute, sometimes with few branches: leaf-blades relatively thick, spatulate to 
oblong, or linear-elliptic, 2.5-5 em. long, acute or slightly acuminate, shallowly, but some- 
times rather sharply, toothed : spikes elongated, interrupted : buds more or less pubescent : 
petals 5-7 mm. long: fruit pyramidal with the base rounded, mostly 3-angled and the 
angles rounded at the base, 6-7 mm. long, the faces somewhat transverse-wrinkled. 

On plains and prairies, the Indian Territory, Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


10 Gaura brachycárpa Small. Stem usually branched at the base, the branches 
decumbent 1-3.5 dm. long, simple or sparingly branched, finely hirsute : leaf-blades rela- 
tively thin, spatulate to lanceolate or almost linear, 1.5-4.5 em. long, acute, undulate or 
sinuate, or the lower ones lyrate-sinuate : spikes slender, much interrupted at maturity: 
buds pubescent : petals 8-9 mm. long: fruit pyramidal with the base flat, 5-7 mm. long, 
nearly glabrous, mostly 4-angled and the angles auricled at the base, the faces prominently 
tranverse-wrinkled. 

In dry soil, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 


11. Gaura coccinea Pursh. Stem branched at the base, the branches erect or decum- 
bent, often much branched, 1.5-6 dm. high, hirsute and canescent: leaves numerous; 
blades oblong, lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, repand or on the ultimate 
branches entire, acute or obtuse at the apex, 1-3.5 cm. long : racemes elongating 1n age: 
bracts persistent: corolla red, turning scarlet: fruit 5-7 mm. long, the neck-like base 
nearly as long as the body. 


.On prairies and in dry soil. Manitoba to Minnesota, Montana, Texas, Utah and Arizona, ee 
Mexico. Spring and summer.—The form with merely canescent stems has been separated as a spec 
by Lehmann as G. marginata. 


12. Gaura Drummóndii T. & G. Stem branched at the base, the branches pre 
ing or decumbent, 3-7 dm. long, more or less branched, more or less hirsute: leaf-blades 
oblong-spatulate to oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, sinuate-toothed, or some- 
times merely undulate, acute or obtuse: racemes elongating in age: bracts codona 
o red or scarlet : fruit 8-11.5 mm. long, the obconic neck-like base much shorter than 
the y. 


On prairies or river banks, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


13. Gaura Michaüxii Spach. Stem 6-18 dm. tall, puberulent, paniculately branched 
above: leaf-blades linear or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate at both ends, Ege : 
remotely dentate, 2.5-8 cm. long: racemes loosely flowered, slender, elongated: 3 a 
canescent: petals white, turning reddish, 4-6 mm. long: fruit puberulent, the 1 ie 
mm. long, sharply 4-angled above, the pedicel-like base as long as the body or near y 59- 

In dry fields, Virginia to Kansas, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


14. Gaura sinuàta Nutt. Stem erect or decumbent, 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous iios d 
so, branched at the base: leaf-blades spatulate to lanceolate, or nearly linear, "sem eg 
toothed or pinnatifid, 2.5-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate: buds slightly We ae 
petals 8-10 mm. long: fruit glabrous, at least at maturity, the body 4-ridged and Be thick 
above, fusiform, 5-7 mm. long, merely angled, much longer than the relatively 
pedicel-like base. 


In dry soil, Kansas to Arkan:as, Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


GUNNERACEAE 849 


15. Gaura villdsa Torr. Stem erect or nearly so, 3-9 dm. tall, canescent or villous: 
leaf-blades varying from spatulate to lanceolate or sometimes nearly linear, 2.5-7.5 cm. 
long, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, acute or acuminate: buds canescent: petals 10-14 mm. 
long: fruit glabrous, the body oblong, wing-angled, abruptly narrowed into the much 
shorter and relatively slender pedicel-like base. 

On plains or prairies, Kansas to Arkansas and Texas. Summer and fall. 


18. STENOSIPHON Spach. 


Perennial herbs, with erect stems. . Leaves alternate : blades sessile, narrow. Flowers 
in elongated terminal spikes. Hypanthium filiform, much prolonged beyond the ovary. 
Sepals 4. Petals white, with clawed blades. Stamens 8, declined, the filaments without 
scales at the base. Ovary l-celled : stigma as in Gaura. Fruit 8-ribbed, indehiscent, 1- 
celled, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. i 

1. Stenosiphon linifòlium (Nutt. ) Britton. Stems slender, glabrous, 6-15 dm. tall : 
leaf-blades lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or linear, 2.5-5 cm. long, acuminate or acute at 
the apex, entire: spikes dense, narrow, sometimes 3 dm. long at maturity: sepals very 
narrow, 8-10 mm. long: corolla 8-12 mm. broad: fruit ovoid, pubescent, 2-3 mm. long, 
very much shorter than the linear-subulate bracts. 

On prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to the Indian Territory and Texas. Summer. 


19. CIRCABA L. 


Low perennial herbs, with watery or relatively succulent stems. Leaves opposite : 
blades petioled. Flowers small, in racemes. Hypanthium slightly prolonged beyond the 
ovary. Sepals2. Petals 2, white, notched. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals. Ovary 
1-2-celled. Ovules usually 1 in each cavity. Fruit obovoid, indehiscent, bristly with 
hooked hairs or rarely glabrous. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. 

Fruit 1-celled : bracts small: leaf-blades mainly of a cordate type. 1. C. alpina. 
Fruit 2-celled : bracts obsolete : leaf-blades mainly of an ovate type. 2. C. Lutetiana, 

l. Circaea alpina L. Stems 7-20 cm. tall, weak, glabrate or pubescent above : leaf- 
blades ovate, mostly cordate at the base, 2.5-5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, 
coarsely dentate : pedicels 3-4 mm. long: bracts small: corolla about 2 mm. broad : fruit 
narrowly obovoid, about 2 mm. long, covered with weak soft hooked hairs, 1-celled. 


In cold moist woods, Labrador to Alaska, Georgia, Indiana and South Dakota. Also in Europe 
and Asia. Summer and fall. 


1. Circaea Lutetiàna L. Stems pubescent, at least above, 3-6 dm. high : leaf-blades 
ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, mainly rounded or rarely slightly cordate at 
the base, remotely denticulate: pedicels 4-8 mm. long: bracts deciduous or obsolete: 
corolla about 3 mm. broad: fruit broadly obovoid, nearly 4 mm. long, densely covered 
with stiff hooked hairs, 2-celled. 


ou: In woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, South Dakota, Georgia and Kansas. Also in Europe and Asia. 
mmer. 


FAMILY 8. GUNNERACEAE Endl. WATER Mirror, FAMILY. 


Perennial, or rarely annual, caulescent mainly aquatic or amphibious herbs. 
Leaves alternate or whorled: blades all alike or of two kinds, the submerged 
finely divided, the emersed entire or merely toothed. Flowers perfect or monoe- 
cious, solitary or clustered, either in the axils or in terminal spikes. Calyx of 
2-4 sepals. Corolla of 2-4 small petals, or wanting. Androecium of 1-8 com- 
paratively large stamens. Filaments sometimes elongated. Anthers 2-celled. 
Gynoecium of 1-4 sometimes united carpels. Ovary 1-4-celled, inferior, 2-8- 
angled or rarely 2-4-winged. Styles wanting. Stigmas 1-4, papillose, or 
plumose. Ovules 1-4, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit an angled ribbed or winged 
nutlet or drupe with 1-4 carpels. Embryo in the fleshy endosperm. [ Haloragi- 
daceae Kl. & Garcke.] 


Fruit 3-4-angled. 1. PROSERPINACA. 
Fruit of 2-4 bony nutlets. 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM. 


1. PROSERPINACA L. 
Aquatic herbs, with glabrous foliage. Stems usually simple, creeping. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades toothed to pectinate-pinnatifid, the lower ones more finely dissected than the 
54 


850 GUNNERACEAE 


upper. Flowers perfect, minute, axillary, greenish. Hypanthium sessile or nearly so, 
8-4-angled, adnate to the ovary. Sepals 3-4, broad. Petals wanting. Stamens 3-4, in- 
cluded. Ovary 3-4-celled. Stigmas 3-4, cylindric or conic-subulate. Ovules solitary in 
each cavity. Nut-like fruit bony or crustaceous, 3-4-angled, 3-4 celled. Seeds 3-4 in each 
fruit, cylindric. MERMAID-WEED. 


Leaves all nearly alike: sepals obtuse: fruit with obtuse angles. 1. P. pectinata. 
Leaves of 2 kinds; submerged and emersed, different: sepals acute: fruit with acute angles. 2. P. palustris. 


1. Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. Stems decumbent and creeping, 1-4 dm. long, 
simple or branched : leaves all nearly alike ; blades pectinate or pectinate-pinnatifid, 1-3 
cm. long, the segments linear or filiform, entire or sparingly toothed, acute: flowers ses- 
sile or nearly so: sepals ovate, obtuse, persistent, erect: petals wanting : fruit ovoid-pyra- 
midal, 3.5-4 mm. long, the angles rather obtuse, the faces transversely wrinkled or 
slightly tuberculate. 

In pools and wet sandy soil, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

2. Proserpinaca palustris L. Stems decumbent at the base, rooting, 2-7 dm. long, 
sometimes branched : leaves usually of 2 kinds; blades linear to elliptic or oblong, often 
varying to broadest above or below the middle, the submerged ones coarsely serrate or 
pectinate, the segments entire or serrulate, the emersed leaves more entire, usually merely 
serrate : flowers sessile, often clustered: sepals triangular, acute, ascending or converging : 
petals wanting: fruit pyramidal or ovoid-pyramidal, 3 mm. long, the angles acute, the 
faces concave, more or less distinctly tuberculate. 


In ponds, ditches and slow-flowing streams, New Brunswick to Iowa, Florida and Central America. 
Spring to fall. Also in the West Indies. 


2. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. 


Aquatic, often delicate herbs, with glabrous foliage. Stems commonly floating. 
Leaves alternate or whorled, the emersed ones with entire toothed or pectinate blades, the 
submersed ones with pectinate blades, their segments more delicate than those of the 
emersed. Flowers usually monoecious, minute, axillary or often in terminal spikes, the 
upper ones commonly staminate, with a short hypanthium, 2-4 sepals, or these obsolete, 2-4 
petals and 4-8 stamens ; intermediate flowers generally perfect ; lower ones pistillate, with 
a 4-grooved hypanthium, 4 minute sepals, 4 small petals, or these wanting, and a 4-celled 
or rarely 2-celled ovary, with 2-4 often plumose stigmas and 1 ovule in each cavity. F ruit 
bony, at maturity splitting into 2 or 4 angled, smooth or tuberculate nutlets. Seed soli- 
tary in each nutlet. WATER MILFOIL. 


Emoersed leaves or bracts minate, shorter than v flowers. 1. M. laxum. 
mersed leaves or bracts much longer than the flowers. "e : 
ees essentially smooth. 2. M. verticillatum. 
arpels 2-keeled and roughened on the back. ; 
Slender : emersed leaves pectinate or pectinate-serrate. 3. M. po 
Stout: emersed leaves nearly entire or serrate. 4. M. heteropiy 


é , 
l. Myriophyllum láxum Shuttl. Slender, 2-8 dm. long. Leaves in whorls of 4's, 
of two kinds, the submersed ones ones 1-3 em. long, rather crowded, the hain 
ments in about 3-5 pairs, the emersed leaves minute, less than 1 mm. long, spatu dine 
entire or nearly so: spikes 1-2 cm. long, delicate : flowers longer than the subtend g 
leaves, nearly 1 mm. long: fruit minutely warty. 
In ponds and lakes, middle and western Florida. Summer. 


2. Myriophyllum verticillàtum L. Slender, 2-12 dm. long. Leaves of : 
the submerged in whorls of 3’s or 4's, rather crowded, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the hair-li sl ix 
ments in about 10 pairs, often minutely roughened, the emersed leaves, or bracts m m. 
5-10 mm. long, pectinate-pinnatifid : spike 4-15 cm. long, erect: flowers shorter tha dh 
bracts: staminate flowers about 2-2.5 mm. broad, with 4 purple hooded petals à 
stamens : fruit smooth or nearly so, 2-2.5 mm. long, enlarged below the middle. 


à r. 
In still water, Quebec to Minnesota, California and Florida. Also in Europe and Asia. Penn 

i s 6 dm. 
3. Myriophyllum pinnàtum ( Walt.) B.S.P. Slender, 1-2 dm. or sometimes V is 


long. Leaves in whorls of 3's to 6’s, of two kinds, thesubmersed ones rather crow er 
cm. long, the hair-like segments usually in 3-5 pairs, the emersed leaves linear, me 
than the submersed, pectinate or serrate-pectinate: spike erect, 6-20 cm. long; £ s 
flowers shorter than the bracts, the staminate about 2.5 mm. broad, with 4 purple pe 


NYSSACEAE l 851 


and 4 or rarely 8 stamens: fruit globose-ovoid, 2 mm. long, each carpel strongly 2-keeled 
on the back and roughened. [M. scabratum Michx. ] 

In shailow ponds and ditches, Rhode Island to Missouri, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in 
Central America. Spring and summer. 

4. Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Normally stout, 2-10 dm. long. Leaves 
of 2 kinds, the submersed ones crowded, more or less scattered, 1.5-5 cm. long, the hair- 
like segments in 6-10 pairs, the emersed leaves in whorls of 3's to 6’s, linear to oblong, 
sometimes varying to lanceolate or oblanceolate, sharply serrate: spikes erect or slightly 
nodding, 1-5 dm. long, simple or branched : flowers shorter than the bracts, the staminate 
about 3 mm. broad, with 4 oblong or ovate-oblong petals and 4-6 stamens : fruit 2-2.5 mm. 
long, each carpel 2-keeled on the back and slightly roughened. 

In ponds and slow-running water, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Summer. 


Order 27. AMMIALES. 

Herbs, shrubs, trees or vines. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades mostly 
toothed, lobed, divided or compound. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, 
variously clustered, but commonly in umbels. Hypanthium present. Calyx of 
typically 5 relatively small sepals surmounting the hypanthium. Corolla typ- 
ically of 5 petals. Androecium of asmany stamens as there are sepals or petals. 
Gynoecium of 2 united carpels or rarely more, or sometimes 1-carpellary. Ovary 
inferior, 1-several-celled, sometimes surmounted by a stylopodium. Stigmas ter- 
minal or introrse. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, or dry and a cremocarp with 
smooth or spiny, ribbed or winged carpels. 

Fruit drupaceous or baccate: gynoecium 1-several-carpellary, if 2-carpellary, stigmas introrse. 
Ovule with a dorsal raphe: leaves mostly opposite; blades entire or merely toothed. 


Fam. 1. NYSSACEAE. 


* 
Ovule with a ventral raphe: leaves mostly alternate; blades lobed or com- 
Fam. 2. HEDERACEAE. 


. . pound. 2 
Fruit dry, a eremocarp: gynoecium 2-carpellary : stigmas terminal. Fam. 3. AMMIACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. NYSSÀCEAE Dumort. DoGgwoop FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbaceous shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, 
without stipules : blades mostly firm or leathery, usually entire. Flowers perfect 
or unisexual, in cymes or heads, sometimes subtended by involucres. Calyx of 
mostly 4-5 sepals. Corolla of 4-5 or rarely many, imbricated or valvate petals, 
inserted at the base of an epigynous disk, or wanting. Androecium of usually 
aS many stamens as there are petals and inserted with them. Filaments terete 
or flattened. Anthers attached at the base or the back. Gynoecium of 1-4 
united carpels. Ovary 1-4-celled, inferior. Styles united. Stigmas entire, lobed 
or cleft. Ovules solitary in each cavity or rarely 2, anatropous, pendulous, 
Fruit mostly a drupe, with an acid pulp, stones solitary or rarely 2, 1-4-celled. 
FRA with a membranous or thin-leathery testa. Endosperm fleshy. [Cornaceae 

ink. | 


Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious : stigmas lateral. 
Stigmas 2: ovules 2 in each cavity : staminate flowers in ament-like spikes. 1. GARRYA. 


Stigma 1: ovule 1 in each cavity : staminate flowers capitate. 2, Nyssa. 
Flowers perfect: stigmas terminal. 
Flowers in open cymes, not subtended by an involucre: fruit surmounted by the s ie! 


Style. > 
Flowers in a head subtended by a large involucre : fruit surmounted by the calyx. 4. CYNOXYLON.' 


1. GARRYA Dougl. 

Shrubs, with 4-angled branches. Leaves opposite, persistent : blades entire or slightly 
toothed. Flowers dioecious, inconspicuous, in axillary ament-like spikes, the staminate 
with 4 narrow sepals, no petals, 4 stamens with distinct filaments and linear anthers, and an 
obsolete gynoecium.  Pistillate flowers with 2 more or less manifest sepals and a gynoe- 
cium with a 1-celled ovary, 2 stigmas and 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe short, terminating 
1n the 2 persistent stigmas. Seeds 2, or sometimes 1, flattened. 


! The genera Svida and Cynozylon are commonly included in the genus Cornus. 


852 NYSSACEAE 


l. Garrya Lindheimeri Torr. A branching shrub 5-20 dm. tall, with tomentulose 
twigs: leaf-blades leathery, oblong to oval or obovate, 2.5—5 cm. long, mucronate, tomen- 
tulose on both sides, but less so or glabrate above: drupes globular, 6-9 mm. long. 

In dry soil, central and southern Texas. Spring. 


2. NYSSA L. 


Shrubs or lofty trees, with a tough wood. Branches alternate. Leaves alternate: 
blades entire or rarely with a few lobe-like teeth. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, greenish ; 
staminate numerous, with 5-several sepals, 5-many petals, 5-many stamens, a large swollen 
entire or lobed disk and a rudimentary ovary ; pistillate flowers fewer, with 5 sepals, no 
petals, rudimentary stamens, a swollen disk and a 1-celled sessile ovary. Drupes solitary 
or clustered, slightly elongated, pulpy: stone terete or flattened, sometimes ribbed. Seed 
filling the cavity. Testa membranous. TUPELO. 

Pistillate flowers 2-several together: drupes 1-2 cm. long, the stone with rounded ridges. : 
Pistillate flowers usually 2: stone of the drupe prominently ridged. 1. N. biflora. 
Pistillate flowers 3 or more: stone of the drupe indistinctly ribbed. 2. N. sylvatica. 

Pistillate flowers solitary : drupes 3-4 em. Jong, the stone with acute or winged angles. 
Low shrub : leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so. 

Tall trees: leaf-blades pubescent beneath and on the midrib above. 


3 
Leaf-blades abruptly pointed : pedicel shorter than the fruit. 4. N. Ogeche. 
Leaf-blades acuminate: pedicel longer than the fruit. 5. N. aquatica. 


. N. acuminata. 


1. Nyssa bifldra Walt. A forest tree, with a maximum height of 40 m. and a trunk 
diameter of 2 m., its bark usually broken into longitudinal ridges. Leaf-blades oblanceolate, 
oblong, elliptic, oval or rarely ovate, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse or acute, entire, becoming 
glabrous, acute or rarely truncate at the base, short-petioled : staminate flowers rather few 
in loose heads: pistillate flowers usually 2 at the end of a slender peduncle: bracts ovate: 
petals ovate, obtuse: fruiting peduncles 2-6 cm. long: drupes oval or elliptic, 10-13 mm. 
long, dark-blue, the pulp acid : stone oval, strongly ribbed, blunt at both ends. 

In swamps and on margins of ponds, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. BLACK GUM 
WATER TUPELO. 

2. Nyssasylvática Marsh. A forest tree, reaching a height of 50 m. with a maximum 
trunk diameter of 1.5 m., its bark finally breaking into hexagonal blocks. Leaf-blades oval 
or obovate to rarely oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse or acute and usually acuminate, 
entire or angulariy lobed above, acute or rounded at the base, short-petioled, glabrous and 
often lustrous above, more or less pubescent, or glabrate beneath : staminate flowers numer- 
ous, in dense heads: pistillate flowers usually 3 at the end of a slender peduncle: bracts 
ovate: petals ovate, obtuse: fruiting pedicels 1-6 cm. long: drupes oval, nearly 1.5 cm. 
long, dark blue, the pulp acid, thin : stone narrowly ovoid, acute at the apex with 10-12 
indistinct ribs. 

In swamps and on hillsides, Maine to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and Texas. Spring. 
BOUR GUM. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK GUM. 

3. Nyssa acuminata Small. An almost glabrous shrub 2-3 m. tall, with a smooth 
bark, the branches and twigs red, spreading. Leaf-blades narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, 
4-15 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, entire, slightly revolute, glabrous, dark green above, 
pale and prominently nerved beneath ; petioles about 1 cm. long : pistillate flowers solitary 
on short pedicels : fruiting pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, pubescent with brown hairs: drupes 
oblong, inequilateral, about 2 cm. long, slightly curved. 

In pine-land swamps near the coast, Georgia. Spring. 


4. Nyssa Ogéche Marsh. A tree sometimes 20 m. tall, with a maximum tuok 
diameter of about 6 dm., the bark irregularly fissured. Leaf-blades firm, oblong varymg t 
oblanceolate or lanceolate, or rarely oval, 5-20 cm. long, rounded at both ends or apicula $ 
at the apex, or sometimes acute at both ends, glabrate above, softly pubescent beneath ; 
petioles about 1 cm. long: staminate flowers in heads, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, with oblong 
pedicels: pistillate flowers solitary with suborbicular petals : fruiting pedicels 1-1.5 cm. 
long: drupes oblong, 3-4 cm. long, red, very acid : stone flattened, with 10-12 papery 
wings. [N. capitata Walt. ] 

In river swamps, South Carolina to Georgia and Florida. Spring. OGEECHE PLUM. 


5. Nyssa aquática L. A forest tree, reaching a height of 35 m., with a wae dis 7 
trunk diameter of 1.5 m. above the much enlarged base. Leaf-blades ovate to eum fe 
dm. long, acute or acuminate, usually angularly toothed, glabrate above, thinly tomen oe 
beneath, acute to cordate at the base; petioles stout, 2-5 cm. long: staminate ee 
heads 1-1.5 cm. in diameter : pistillate flowers solitary : bracts linear : petals oblong, obtuse : 


NYSSACEAE 853 


fruiting pedicels curved, 4-9 cm. long : drupes oblong or oblong-obovate, nearly 3 cm. long, 
dark purple, acid : stone with about 10 sharp ridges, slightly flattened. [N. uniflora Wang. ] 
In river swamps, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring. TUPELO GUM. COTTON GUM. 


3. SVIDA Opiz. 


Shrubs or trees with a hard close-grained wood. Branches mostly opposite. Leaves 
opposite or rarely alternate: blades entire. Flowers perfect, in naked dichotomous 
cymes. Sepals 4.  Petals 4, valvate, elongated, white. Stamens 4: filaments filiform or 
subulate. Ovary 2- or rarely 3-celled. Drupe with a thin pulp: stone crustaceous or 
bony, 2-seeded. Seeds variously flattened, with a membranous testa. CORNEL. Dog- 
WOOD. 


Leaves alternate. 1. S. alternifolia. 
Leaves opposite. 

Lower leaf-surfaces glabrous. ; 
Twigs gray : drupes white: stones broader than high. 2. S. candidissima. 
Twigs reddish brown: drupes pale blue: stones mostly longer than broad. 3. S. stricta. 

Lower leaf-surfaces with straight or curled hairs. 

Stones longer than broad: drupes 3-4 mm, in diameter. ; 
Leaf-blades membranous, those below a peduncle oblong or oval. 4. S. microcarpa. 
Leaf-blades leathery, those below a peduncle ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 5. S. Priceae. 

Stones broader than long: drupes 6-8 mm. in diameter. r 
Sepals much shorter than the hypanthium: drupe white: stone sharply pee 

4-angled. 6. S. asperifolia. 
Sepals about as long as the hypanthium: drupe pale-blue: stone slightly 
angled. 7. S. Amomum. 


1. Svida alternifdlia (L. f.) Small. A shrub or tree sometimes 9 m. tall, with a 
smooth or shallowly fissured bark. Leaves alternate ; blades elliptic or oval, varying to 
ovate or obovate, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate at both ends or rounded at the base, promi- 
nently nerved, sparingly pubescent when young glabrous in age, whitish beneath ; petioles 
slender, 1-5 cm. long: cymes open, 5-10 cm. broad: hypanthium ME: sepals 
minute, acute: corolla 7 mm. broad: petals oblong-ovate, recurved, thickened at the 
apex: drupe depressed-globose, 8-10 mm. broad, blue-black : stone broader than high, 
obovoid, 5-6 mm. broad, with many longitudinal furrows. [Cornus alternifolia L. f.] 


On hillsides, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


2. Svida candidíssima (Marsh.) Small. A slender shrub 1-5 m. tall, with gray 
glabrous branchlets. Leaves opposite ; blades firm, elliptic or lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, 
acute or acuminate at both ends, sparingly appressed-pubescent or glabrous, pale or glau- 
cescent beneath; petioles 6-18 mm. long: cymes 3-6 cm. broad, loose, paniculate : 
hypanthium urn-shaped : sepals triangular, acute : corolla 6-7 mm. broad : petals oblong 
or oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse: stamens sometimes longer than the petals : drupe 
subglobose, white, 4-5 mm. in diameter : stone broader than high, 3-4 mm. broad, slightly 
oblique, faintly ribbed and furrowed. [Cornus candidissima Marsh. ] 


In rich or dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Nebraska. Spring. 


3. Svida stricta (Lam.) Small. A shrub or tree 2-5 m. tall, with reddish brown 
twigs and glabrous or sparingly pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite ; blades elliptic, oval 
or ovate, 4-12 cm. long, firm, acuminate at both ends or acute at the base, undulate, paler 
beneath than above ; petioles 5-10 mm. long, often sparingly appressed-pubescent : cymes 
3-6 em. broad, flat-topped : hypanthium urn-shaped : sepals triangular, about 0.5 mm. 
long, acute: corolla 5-6 mm. broad: petals linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, acutish : 
drupe subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, pale blue : stone mostly longer than broad, slightly 
oblique, faintly ribbed, hardly furrowed. [Cornus stricta Lam. ] 


In swamps, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


4. Svida microcárpa (Nash) Small. A shrub 3-4 m. tall, with recurved stems, 
branched above, the twigs brownish, sparingly pubescent. Leaves opposite ; blades thin- 
nish, oval or elliptic, 3-9 cm. long, acute at each end and acuminate at the apex, appressed- 
pubescent on both sides, the hairs on the lower surface more or less curled ; petioles 2-10 
mm. long: cymes 2-5 cm. broad, pubescent : hypanthium pubescent, urn-shfped : sepals 
triangular, acute : corolla 5 mm. broad : petals ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, re- 
curved, rather obtuse: stamens slightly longer than the petals : drupe subglobose, 4 mm. 
in diameter, light blue: stone much longer than broad, very slightly compressed, slightly 
oblique. [Cornus microcarpa Nash. ] 

In low woods, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


854 HEDERACEAE 


5. Svida Priceae Small. A branching shrub 1-2 m. tall, with red finely pubescent 
twigs. Leaves numerous ; blades elliptic to ovate-elliptic or ovate, 5-12 cm. long, usually 
acuminate, deep green and roughish pubescent above, pale and more copiously but more 
softly pubescent and prominently nerved beneath ; petioles 1-2 cm. long, pubescent like the 
twigs: corymbs 4-6 cm. broad at maturity : drupe about 3 mm. in diameter, subglobose, 
Tuo. stone 2.5 mm. long, slightly longer than broad, faintly ribbed. [Cornus Priceae 

mall. | 

On river banks, southern Kentucky and northern Tennessee. Spring. 

6. Svida asperifdlia (Michx.) Small. A shrub 1-5 m. tall, with reddish brown twigs 
and rough pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite ; blades firm, ovate to elliptic or oval, 4-15 
em. long, acuminate, prominently nerved beneath, acute to subcordate at the base, the pubes- 
cence less harsh beneath than above ; petioles 4-18 mm. long: cymes 3-6 cm. broad, often 
paniculate : hypanthium minutely pubescent : sepals triangular, 0.5 mm. high, acute : petals 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, recurved: stamens about as long as the petals: 
drupe subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, white: stone oblique, about 3 mm. broad, very 
slightly angled, furrowed around the edge. [Cornus asperifolia Michx.] 

In low grounds or moist banks, Ontario to Iowa, south to Alabama and Texas. Early summer. 

7. Svida Amómum ( Mill.) Small. A shrub 1-4 m. tall, with slightly pubescent foliage 
and purple branchlets. Leaves opposite; blades firm, varying from lanceolate to broadly 
ovate, acuminate, glabrate Xbove, silky or rusty-pubescent beneath, acute or rounded at 
the base; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. long : cymes rather densely flowered, 5-10 cm. broad : hypan- 
thium urn-shaped: sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, about as long as the tube: petals 
linear-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, spreading or recurved : stamens shorter than the petals : 
drupe subglobose, pale blue, 6-8 : stone oblique, about 5 mm. in diameter, usually pointed 
at both ends, broader than high, sharply longitudinally ridged. [Cornus sericea L. ] 

Along streams, New Brunswick to Ontario and Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Spring. 


4. CYNÓXYLON Raf. 


Trees, with spreading branches and a very rough bark. Leaves opposite: blades 
rather thick, prominently several-nerved, entire. Flowers perfect, in dense clusters sub- 
tended by conspicuous involucres of usually 4 petal-like bracts. Sepals erect, about as broad 
as long, persistent. Corolla greenish or yellow-green: petals 4, valvate. Stamens 4, ex- 
serted. Filaments slender. Ovary 2-celled, sessile: styles united: stigma depressed, 
Ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Drupe manifestly elongated, red, 
with a somewhat elongated stone. FLOWERING Doawoop. 


1. Cynoxylon flóridum (L.) Raf. A shrub or small tree sometimes 15 m. tall, with a 
maximum trunk diameter of about 0.5 m., the bark black, in high ridges, the wood hard 
and close-grained. Leaf-blades elliptic to oval, 6-18 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate 
at both ends, bright green and sparingly pubescent above, pale and more densely pubescent 
beneath, short-petioled : bracts showy, white or pink, obovate, 4-6 cm. long, notched and 
thickened at the apex : hypanthium cylindric-funnelform : sepals as broad as long: petals 
linear, 3-4.5 mm. long, obtuse, curled back: stamens exserted : drupes oblong, usually 
clustered, about 1.5 cm. long, red: stone elliptic, rather pointed at both ends, 2-grooved. 
[Cornus florida L.] 


In woods with deciduous-leaved trees, Massachusetts to Ontario and Missouri, south to Florida, 
Texas and Mexico. Spring; fruit ripening in the fall. Docwoop. 


FAMILY 2. HEDERACEAE L. Ivy FAMILY. 


Aromatie herbs, shrubs, trees or vines, possessing stimulant and somewhat 
tonic properties. Leaves alternate or whorled: blades simple or compound. 
Inflorescence variously disposed, the ultimate divisions often umbels. Flowers 
perfect or polygamous, regular, sometimes involucrate. Calyx of 5 sepals, these 
sometimes:very short. Corolla of five or ten valvate petals, inserted in the 
margin of an epigynous disk. Androecium of 5 or 10 stamens inserted with the 
petals, and alternate with them, Filaments short, distinct. Anthers introrse. 
Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Ovary 2-5-celled, crowned with an epigynous 
disk. Styles as many as the cavities of the ovary, spreading or converging, 
sometimes united. Stigma simple. Ovules solitary, anatropous. Fruit a berry 


HEDERACEAE 855 


or a drupe. Seed solitary, with a crustaceous testa. Endosperm copious, fleshy. 
Embryo straight. [Araliaceae Vent. ] 


Vines: leaf-blades simple. 1, HEDERA. 
Herbs, shrubs or trees: leaf-blades compound. 
Seapose: bracts whorled ; blades digitately compound. 2. PANAX. 
Caulescent : leaves alternate ; blades pinnately decompound. 3. ARALIA. 


1. HEDERA L. 


High-climbing vines, with rope-like stems. Leaves without stipules: blades simple, 
entire or lobed, leathery, often lustrous. Flowers polygamous, in panicled umbels, jointed 
to the pedicels. Calyx truncate or of 5 sepals. Petals5, valvate, inconspicuous. Stamens 
5: filaments short. Ovary 5-celled. Styles united into a conic or cylindric column. 
Berry-like fruit angled, somewhat pulpy: nutlets papery or membranous. Seeds solitary. 
Endosperm ruminated. 

1. Hedera Hélix L. An evergreen high-climbing vine. Stems rope-like, clinging 
by rootlets: leaves alternate; blades leathery, dark green and lustrous above, dull be- 
neath, ovate, angular or 3-5-lobed or 3-5-cleft, 2-10 cm. long: flowering branches stiff : 
umbels solitary or a few in terminal racemes or panicles: hypanthium pubescent, tur- 
binate : sepals obsolete: corolla yellowish green: petals ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-3 mm. 
long, obtuse: stamens 5, ascending : fruit subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter, 2—5-seeded. 

A bout houses and cemeteries, sparingly naturalized from Europe. Ivy. 


2. PANAX L. 


Perennial scapose herbs, with globose or elongated tuberous rootstocks. Scapes simple, 
topped by a whorl of digitately compound petioled bracts. Peduncle erect, naked. Um- 
bel simple, terminal, solitary. Flowers polygamous, inconspicuous. Sepals minute or 
nearly obsolete. Petals 5, valvate, spreading, white or greenish. Stamens 5: filaments 
short. Ovary 2-3-celled, or rarely 5-celled. Styles 2-3, distinct. Stigmas obliquely 
facing inward. Berries drupe-like, pulpy without, 2-3-celled within, red or yellowish. 
Seeds more or less flattened. 

Rootstock globular : leaflets sessile, obtuse: berries yellow. 1. P. trifolium. — 
Rootstock fusiform: leaflets stalked, acuminate: berries bright crimson. 2. P. quinquefolium 

l. Panax trifdlium L. Rootstock subglobose: scape erect, 1-2 dm. tall, topped by 
a whorl of 3 bracts, simple: bracts with petioles; blades digitately 3-foliolate ; leaflets 
oblong or elliptic, often varying to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1-8 cm. long, obtuse, more 
or less distinctly doubly serrate, acute or abruptly contracted at the base, sessile : 
peduncles 1-8 cm. long: umbel solitary, the pedicels 2-5 mm. long: hypanthium turbi- 
nate in flower: petals ovate to oblong, 0.5-1 mm. long, obtuse: berry 3-angled or didy- 
mous, 4—5 mm. broad, yellow. 


In open woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Illinois. Spring and early summer. 
GROUND-NUT. DWARF GINSENG. 


2. Panax quinquefólium L. Rootstock fusiform, simple or forking: scape 2-4 dm. 
tall, topped by a whorl of 3 or 4 bracts, simple: bracts with long petioles ; blades digi- 
tately 5-foliolate or rarely 6—7-foliolate ; leaflets obovate or the lower ones oval or suborbic- 
ular, 2-15 em. long, acuminate at the apex, doubly serrate, acute to subcordate at the 
base: peduncles 2-10 cm. long, topped by a solitary umbel : hypanthium campanulate : 
sepals triangular : petals ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, yellowish green : berries flattened, rather 
didymous, 8-10 mm. broad, bright crimson. 

In rich soil in woods, Quebec to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Florida and Alabama. Sum- 
mer. GINSENG. SANG. 


3. ARALIA L. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, shrubs or trees, with glabrous pubescent or prickle-armed 
foliage. Stems erect, horizontal or creeping. Leaves alternate: blades petioled, pin- 
nately or ternately decompound : leaflets usually toothed. Flowers perfect or polygamo- 
monoecious, white or whitish, in racemose or paniculate umbels, or in compound umbels. 
Sepals 5 or obsolete. Petals 5, more or less imbricated, obtuse or with inflexed tips. 
Stamens 5: filaments curved. Ovary 5-celled. Styles 5, spreading. Ovules solitary in 
each cavity. Berry 5-lobed, black, fleshy : nutlets crustaceous. Seeds flattened. SPIKE- 
NARD. SARSAPARILLA. 


856 AMMIACEAE 


Umbels few, in terminal corymbs or few-rayed umbels. 
Plants with elongated rootstocks, a peduncle or a leaf, or both arising together at intervals from the 


rootstock. 1. A. nudicaulis. 
Plants with leafy branches arising from the rootstocks. 2. A. hispida. 
Umbels numerous in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. 
Large unarmed herb: leaflets membranous. 3. A. racemosa. 
Shrub or small tree with prickle-armed stems: leaflets leathery. 4. A. spinosa. 


1. Aralia nudicaülis L. Stems (rootstocks) horizontal or creeping. Leaves few, one 
usually arising from the very short branch ; petioles 2-3 dm. long, erect, dividing into 3 
branches: primary leaf-divisions 3-5-foliolate, 6-15 cm. long, oblong to ovate or the 
terminal one oblanceolate, acuminate at the apex, doubly serrate: peduncles erect, 
shorter than the leaves, topped by 3 rays, each of which terminates in an umbel : hypan- 
thium turbinate: sepals rounded: petals greenish, ovate, shorter than the hypanthium: 
berries subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, dark purple or black. 

In woods and on ledges, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to North Carolina and Missouri 
Spring and fall. WILD SARSAPARILLA. 

2. Aralia hispida Vent. Stems (rootstocks) horizontal or creeping, the branches 
erect, 2-9 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched, bristly with rather rigid hairs or glabrate : 
leaves alternate, bipinnate, the lower ones long-petioled, the upper short-petioled : leaflets 
oblong, elliptic, oval or ovate, 1.5-5 em. long, acute, irregularly serrate, acute or rounded 
at the base, glabrous or pubescent on the nerves beneath : umbels several in a terminal 
corymb : peduncles slender: bractlets of the involucels subulate: hypanthium turbinate: 
sepals minute, acute: petals oblong or oblong-oval, 1.5-2 mm. long, white, recurved: 
berries subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, dark-purple. 

In rocky soil and open woods, Newfoundland and Labrador to Minnesota, south to North Carolina 
and Indiana. Summer. 

3. Aralia racemósa L. A spreading shrubby herb with large aromatic roots. Stem 
much branched, 1-2 m. tall, often purple or spotted : leaves thrice or five times pinnately 
compound : leaflets thin, ovate to suborbicular, 4-20 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, 
doubly serrate, cordate at the base, more or less pubescent on the nerves beneath, petioluled : 
umbels numerous, in compound racemes which vary from 5-10 em. in length : peduncles 
and pedicels hairy: bractlets of the involucels subulate: sepals minute, hooked : corolla 
greenish, about 2 mm. broad : petals ovate or ovate-lanceolate : berries subglobose, about 5 
mm. in diameter, dark red or purple. 

In woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Missouri and Georgia. Summer. INDIAN-ROOT. 


4. Aralia spinósa L. A shrub or small tree sometimes 12 m. high, the stems and 
branches armed with hard prickles. Leaves large, long-petioled, twice or thrice pinnate, 
usually with a leaflet at the base of each division ; leaflets thickish, ovate, oval or elliptic- 
lanceolate, 2-10 em. long, acuminate at the apex, more or less sharply serrate, cordate or 
rarely acute at the base, pale or glaucous or sometimes slightly pubescent beneath, short- 
stalked : umbels numerous, in panicled racemes, varying from 1.5-5 dm. long: peduncles 
and pedicels pubescent : sepals triangular: petals ovate, whitish, 2mm. long: berries 6- 
mm. in diameter, black. 


In woods and low grounds, New York to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Summer. TOOTH 
ACHE-TREE. PRICKLY ASH. HERCULES CLUB. ; 


FAMILY 3. AMMIACEAE Presl. CARROT FAMILY. 


Herbs of wide distribution, all possessing a volatile oil or balsam, many 
with an alkaloid principle and acrid-narcotic poison, many yield odorous gum- 
resins with active stimulant properties. Stems hollow. Leaves ipsis 
sometimes all basal, or rarely opposite : blades more or less dissected, or gei 
toothed or entire ; petiole dilated at the base. Inflorescence umbellate, usually 
compound, the umbels sometimes contracted into heads. Flowers perfect or 
polygamous. Calyx of 5 tooth-like sepals or a mere border. Corolla of five 
valvate petals, inserted on a disk which crowns the ovary. Androecium of five 
stamens, inserted with the petals. Gynoecium of 2 1-celled carpels, inferior. 
Styles 2, their bases often united and thickened. Fruit dry, a cremocarp, S 
two united carpels, separating at maturity from each other and often from 
slender axis, as two achene-like mericarps which are either ribbed or T 
Seed with the pericarp and testa united. Endosperm copious. Embryo straight. 
[Umbelliferae B. Juss. ] 


A. Fruit with obscure or obsolete oil tubes. 
a. Fruit strongly flattened laterally. 


: : : i LE. 
*Involucre wanting: fruit without secondary ribs or reticulations. 1. HYDROCOTY 


AMMIACEAE 


** Involucre conspicuous: fruit with secondary ribs and reticulations. 


Seed-face concave. 


Stylopodium conic. 
Fruit bristly, elongated. 
Fruit smooth, of almost distinct globular carpels. 
Stylopodium obsolete or flat. 
Seed-face essentially flat. 


B. Fruit with distinct oil tubes. 
Inflorescence glomerate, the flowers aggregated into dense heads. 
Inflorescence manifestly umbellate. 

Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs of the carpels more or less 


prominentiy winged. 
Oi 


tubes solitary in the intervals. 


Stylopodium conic. 


Fruit not notched at the apex, the carpels not very flat. 
Fruit notched at the apex, the carpels very flat. 


Stylopodium obsolete or flat. 
Plants caulescent. 
Corolla white. 
Fruit armed with barbed spines. 
Fruit spineless. 


Leaf-blades pinnately dissected: fruit with filiform dorsal 


Leaf-blades ternately or pinnately compound: fruit with 


Fruit with prominent dorsal ribs, the lateral ribs not corky thick- 


ribs. 


b. Fruit not strongly flattened, sometimes turgid. 


stout dorsal ribs. 
Corolla yellow. 

Plants acaulescent or essentially so. 

Oil tubes more than one in the intervals. 
Plants caulescent. 
Fruit with obsolete dorsal ribs, the lateral ribs corky thickened : 
corolla yellow. 


ened : corolla white. 
Leaf-blades 1-2-ternately divided. 
Leaf-blades much more divided. 
Plants acaulescent or essentially so. 
Lateral wings of the fruit thin. 
Lateral wings of the fruit thick. 


Fruit more or less flattened laterally, or sometimes slightly dorsally flattened. 


Oil tubes solitary in the intervals. 
Stylopodium conic. 
bd leaves with narrowly linear segments. 
nvoluere wanting: naturalized species. 
Corolla white. 
Corolla yellow. 
Involucre present. 


Low plants with diffusely branched stems, 
Taller plants with erect. not diffusely branched, stems. 
Leaves with finely dissected blades, the segments numerous. 


Fruit with thick corky ribs, at least the lateral ones. 


Fruit about as thick as long. 


Fruit smooth. 


Fruit bristly or tuberculate. 
Fruit long and narrow. 
Leaves with few segments. 
Upper leaves with relatively broad segments. 
Seed-face concave. 
Fruit glabrous or merely pubescent. 
Fruit spiny. 
Seed-face flat. 
Fruit nearly as broad as long. 
Fruit linear-oblong. 
Stylopodium obsolete or flat. 
Corolla white. 


Dorsal ribs filiform : plants aquatic. 


Dorsal and lateral ribs corky and prominent. 


Stylo ium flat or flattish. 
eter regular or nearly so, the petals with inflexed 


tips: rays of the secondary umbels not concreted 


Pase. 


at the base. 


Corolla markedly irre 
rays of the secondary umbels concreted at the 


lar, the 


Stylopodium obsolete. 
Fruit with obsolete or obscure ribs. 
Corolla yellow. 

Fruit with winged ribs. | 

Fruit with merely filiform ribs. 
Oil tubes more than one in the intervals. 
Stylopodium conic. i ^ 
Fruit rounded, the globular earpels with slender inconspicuous 


ribs. 

Fruit of an ovate or oblong type. 
Mature carpels with stout equal ribs. 
Mature carpels with filiform ribs. 

Stylopodium flat or obsolete, 

Seed-face grooved or markedly concave: plants acaulescent or essentially so. 


tals cleft at thea 


2. 


857 


CENTELLA. 


. WASHINGTONIA. 
. BIFORA. 

. BUPLEURUM. 

. BOWLESIA. 


. ERYNGIUM. 


. Ox YPoLIS. 
. HERACLEUM. 


. DAUCUS. 


. EURYTAENIA. 


. ANGELICA, 
. PASTINACA. 
. LOMATIUM. 


38. POLYTAENIA. 


35. ANGELICA. 
34. CONIOSELINUM. 


. LOMATIUM. 


97. CYMOPTERUS. 


26. 
32. 


24. 


. CORIANDRUM. 
. FOENICULUM. 


. AMMOSELINUM. 


. PTILIMNIUM. 

. SPERMOLEPIS. 

. TREPOCARPUS. 
. CYNOSCIADIUM, 


. CHAEROPHYLLUM. 
. TORILIS. 


. CICUTA. 
. DERINGA. 


. LILAEOPSIS. 


. APIUM. 


. AMMI. 


SIUM. 


. APIASTRUM. 


. THASPIUM. 
. ZIZIA. 


BERULA. 


LIGUSTICUM. 
EULOPHUS. 


858 AMMIACEAE 


Fruit not notched at the apex. 13. MUSENIOPSIS. 
Fruit notched at the apex. 12. ERIGENIA. 
Seed-face flat or nearly so: plants evidently caulescent (except 
Phellopterus). 
Fruit without ribs, spiny. 4. SANICULA. 
Fruit ribbed, spineless. 
Carpels with prominently winged ribs. 36. PHELLOPTERUS. 
Carpels with wingless ribs. 
Ribs filiform, 23. TAENIDIA. 
Ribs corky, at least the lateral ones. 
Oil-tubes continuous around the seed cavity. 14. BUPLEURUM. 
Oil-tubes 2-3 in the intervals. 25. SIUM. 


1. HYDROCOTYLE L. 

Perennial herbs of damp situations, with creeping stems. Leaves alternate, one at a 
node, with long petioles; blades entire or lobed, palmately nerved, sometimes peltately 
attached to the petiole. Bracts of the involucre obsolete, or wanting. Flowers perfect or 
unisexual, inconspicuous, in simple or proliferous peduncled umbels. Sepals manifest. 
Petals white,acute, valvate. Disk flat or nearly so. Fruit lenticular, laterally flattened, 
orbicular or depressed, smooth : carpels with 5 primary distinct ribs, without large oil- 
tubes but a layer of oil-bearing tissues beneath the epidermis. Seeds lenticular. 

MARSH PENNYWORT. WATER PENNYWORT. 


Leaf-blades suborbicular to transversely oblong, peltate. 

Fruit notched at the base and the apex at maturity: intermediate ribs corky. 
Umbels not proliferous at least not normally so. 1. H. umbellata. 
Umbels or most of them proliferous. : 

Peduncle produced beyond the first umbel as a single rachis, bearing one 
or more umbels beyond it. 
Fruit between 2 and 3 mm. broad : dorsal ribs obtuse. 
Fruit between 3 and 4 mm. broad : dorsal ribs acute. : 
Peduncle produced beyond the first umbel branching and bearing sev- pore 
eral more or less proliferous umbels. : . H. Bonariensis. 
Fruit rounded at the base and the apex or cuneate at the base: intermediate 
ribs not corky, very slender. 
Fruit rounded or truncate at the base, not cuneate. 


. H. prolifera. 
. H. Canbyi. 


wre 


Fruit sessile or nearly so. 5. H. verticillata. 
Fruit pedicelled. 6. H. australis. 
Im MADE ee at the base. 7. H. cuneata. 
eaf-blades reniform to suborbicular, not peltate. ; 
Umbels long-peduncled : leaf-blades deeply lobed. 8. H. ranunculoides. 
Umbel nearly sessile: leaf-blades shallowly lobed. 9. H. Americana. 


1. Hydrocotyle umbellàta L.  Rootstock producing tubers on its descending 
branches: leaf-blades peltate, suborbicular, 2-5 em. broad, crenate or crenate-lobed : po- 
duncles as long as the petioles or longer : umbels many-flowered, normally not proliferous : 
pedicels 4-12 mm. long: fruit 2 mm. long, about 3 mm. broad, notched at the base an 
apex, the prominent dorsal ribs obtuse. 

In swamps and meadows, Massachusetts to Minnesota, California, Florida, Texas an 
Also in the West Indies. Spring to fall. : 

2. Hydrocotyle prolifera Kellogg. Rootstocks producing tubers on deco 
branches: leaf-blades peltate, suborbicular, 2-5 cm. broad, crenate : peduncles as long as "s 
leaves or longer : umbels commonly proliferous, the whorls with 5-20 flowers: pecune 3 
prolonged beyond the first umbel ? pedicels slender, 2-6 mm. long: fruit between 2 an 
mm. broad, slightly notched at base and apex, the dorsal ribs obtuse. 

In low grounds, Texas to California and Central America. Spring to fall. RNE, 

3. Hydrocotyle Cánbyi Coult. & Rose. Rootstocks sometimes tuberous at pad i s 
leaf-blades peltate, suborbicular, 1.5—4 cm. broad, shallowly crenate-lobed : A siti di 
shorter than the leaves or longer : umbels generally proliferous, the whorls 3-9- d 1r aet 
pedicels slender, 1-4 mm. long : fruit between 3 and 4 mm. broad, slightly notched a 
and apex, the dorsal ribs,acute. 

In damp sandy soil, New Jersey to Maryland and perhaps to Florida. Spring to fall. eins 

4. Hydrocotyle Bonariénsis Lam. Kootstocks often greatly elongated : lea F e 
depressed orbicular or orbicular-reniform, 3.5-9.5 cm. broad, shallowly porom is d 
the lobes crenate : petioles and peduncles 6-11 cm. long or sometimes rags a eo 
umbels proliferous and branching, the whorls often many-flowered : pedicels variable, 
times 2 cm. long: fruit 2 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide, slightly notched. anon 

In waste grounds and on ballast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Also in Central an 
America. ]tate, 

5. Hydrocotyle verticillàta Thunb.  Rootstocks much elongated : jet o the 
suborbieular or oval, 1-6 cm. broad, shallowly crenate : peduncles much shorter 


d Mexico. 


AMMIACEAE 859 


leaves or longer : umbels proliferous, and forming an interrupted raceme, the whorls few- 
flowered : pedicels usually 1-3 mm. long: fruit depressed, 2 mm. high, 3-4 mm. broad, 
rounded or truncate at the base and apex, the ribs prominent, the dorsal acute, none of 
them corky. [H. interrupta Muhl.] 

In low grounds or swamps, Massachusetts to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

6. Hydrocotyle australis Coult. & Rose. Similar to H. Canbyi in habit. Umbels 
proliferous, the 3-6 whorls few-flowered : pedicels 2-4 mm. long: fruit 2 mm. long and 
slightly broader, rounded at the base. 

In low grounds, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

7. Hydrocotyle cuneàta Coult. & Rose.  Resembling H. australis in habit. Umbels 
pones the few whorls few-flowered : pedicels very short : fruit 2 mm. long, 3-4 mm. 

road, tapering to the pedicels by a cuneate base. 

In damp places, Texas to California. Spring to fall. 

8. Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f.  Hootstocks extensively creeping, or often 
floating: leaf-blades rather fleshy, not peltate, reniform or orbicular-reniform, 2-5 cm. 
broad, 3-7-lobed, cordate, the lobes crenate : peduncles 1-8 em. long, shorter than the 
leaves: umbels capitate, 5-10-flowered : pedicels often 1-2 mm. long at maturity : fruit 
2-3 mm. broad, obscurely ribbed, oblong in cross-section. 

In ditches, swamps and shallow ponds, Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Also on the Pacific 
Coast from Oregon to Lower California. Spring to fall. 

9. Hydrocotyle Americàna L.  Rootstocks creeping, often producing elongated 
tubers: leaf-blades thin, not peltate, reniform, 2-5 cm. broad, crenate and crenate-lobed, 
cordate: peduncles very short: umbels axillary, few-flowered: nearly sessile: pedicels 
commonly less than 1 mm. long: fruit 1-1.5 mm. broad, slightly ribbed, oval in cross-sec- 
tion, the oil-bearing layer obsolete. 

In damp soil, Nova Seotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania and in the mountains 
to North Carolina. Spring to fall. 

2. CENTELLA L. 

Perennial herbs, with creeping or horizontal rootstocks. Leaves clustered at the nodes, 
with long erect petioles: blades entire or toothed, palmately nerved.  Bracts of the invo- 
luere 2-4, small. Flowers in capitate long-peduncled umbels. Hypanthium truncate. 
Sepals obsolete. Petals white, obtuse, imbricated. Disk flat or concave. Fruit lenticular, 
laterally flattened, suborbicular, cordate or reniform, smooth: carpels without large oil- 
tubes, the prominent ribs anastomosing. Seeds lenticular. 

1. Centella repánda (Pers. ) Small. Foliage glabrate or slightly pubescent. Root- 
stocks elongated : leaves clustered ; petioles erect, 10-30 cm. long; blades thickish, ovate, 
2-6 cm. long, obtuse, repand, cordate or nearly truncate at the base: peduncles usually 
several together, villous, 1-6 cm. long, mostly shorter than the petioles : umbels 2-4 flow- 
ered, chiefly capitate : fruit depressed, 4-5 mm. broad, prominently ribbed and reticulated. 
[ Hydrocotyle repanda Pers. } 

In sand or moist pine lands, Maryland to Florida and Texas.—A form from eastern Florida, with 
petioles about 2.5 em. long and larger fruit, is C. repanda Floriddna (Coult. & Rose) Small. [Hydrocotyle 
Asiatica var. Floridana Coult. & Rose.] 

3. BOWLESIA R. & P. 

Annual caulescent herbs, with stellate pubescence. Leaves opposite: blades merely 
. lobed. Flowers in simple, few-flowered umbels which terminate axillary peduncles. Sepals 
5, prominent. Corolla white. Disk rather flat. Fruit turgid, smooth : carpels ribless, 
becoming depressed on the back, nearly distinct: oil-tubes wanting or obsolete. Seed dor- 
sally flattened, the face essentially flat. 

1. Bowlesia septentrionàlis Coult. & Rose. Stems weak, 0.5-6 dm. long, dichoto- 
mously branched : leaf-blades reniform to ovate-cordate, 1.5-3 cm. broad, thin, 3—5-lobed, 
slender-petioled : umbels short-peduncled, 1-4-flowered : fruit about 2 mm. long, sessile or 
nearly so. 

In rich or shaded ground, Texas to California. Spring. 


4. SANICULA L. 
Biennial or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades pinnatifid or pal- 
mately 3—7-foliolate: leaflets toothed or incised. Flowers usually unisexual, in irregular 


! Contributed by Mr. E. P. Bicknell. 


860 AMMIACEAE 


compound few-rayed umbels. Bracts of the involucres resembling the leaves. Sepals 5. 
persistent. Petals white, yellowish or purple, broadest above the middle, emarginate. 
Disk flat. Fruit subglobose or oblong, somewhat dorsally flattened, armed with hooked 
bristles : carpels without ribs: oil-tubes usually 5. SNAKE-Roor. BLACK SNAKE-ROOT. 


Perennial: stamens and style exserted. 
Roots slender: leaf-blades 5-divided or 5-foliolate: stamens and styles slenderly exserted. 
Petals and anthers greenish white: sepals linear-subulate: fruit about 6 mm. long. 
1. S. Marylandica. 


Petals and anthers yellow : sepals ovate: fruit about 3 mm. long. 2. S. gregaria. 
Roots tuberous thickened : leaf-blades3-divided or 3-foliolate : stamens and style = 
short-exserted. 3. S. Smallii. 


Biennial: stamens and style included. 
Pedicels of the staminate flowers 3-4 times the length of the hypanthium and e 
calyx : seeds with 2 large oil tubes. ; 4. S. trifoliata. 
Pedicels of the staminate flowers 1-2 times the length of the hypanthium and 
calyx: seeds with 5 large oil-tubes. 
Leaf-bades becoming 8-i5 em. broad: leaflets or leaf-segments thin, the teeth 


weakly aculeate. ds 5. S. Canadensis. 
Leaf-blades mostly less than 6 em. broad : leaflets or leaf-segments thickish, ; 
the teeth spinulose-cuspidate. 6. S. Floridana. 


1. Sanicula Marylándica L. Rather stout, 4.5-13 dm. tall. Stems usually simple 
below the 3-branched umbel, the branches bearing simple or compound secondary umbels : 
basal leaves with long petioles : stem-leaves 2-3, the upper sessile, all firm, bluish green, 
paler beneath than above ; segments 4-15 cm. long, the lower pair obovate to oblanceolate, 
parted or divided, mucronate-serrate or dentate, often incised above : involucre of small 
3-cleft bracts: involucel of scale-like bractlets: ultimate rays 3: staminate flowers numer- 
ous, their pedicels 3-6 mm. long : calyx and hypanthium 1.5-2 mm. long : petals oblanceo- 
late, slightly longer than the sepals : fruits 2-6 together or solitary, obovoid, sessile, with 
recurved spreading styles and strong bristles: pericarp corky-thickened, with five large 
oil-tubes: seeds dorsally 3-grooved. 

In rich woods, Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountain region, south to Georgia and Colorado. 
Spring and summer, 

2. Sanicula gregaria Bicknell. Slender, 3-9 dm. tall. Stems weak, often clustered, 
the slender ascending branches umbellately compound : leaves mainly basal ; blades thin, 
bright green, the segments mostly less than 8 em. long, obovate-cuneate to lanceolate, 
doubly serrate with bristle-tipped teeth and sharply incised, the lower pair usually cleft : 
stem-leaves 1-2, or wanting, petioled: involucre of large 3-parted bracts: involucels of 
foliaceous bractlets ; rays 2-3, slender, 12-30 cm. long: staminate flowers numerous, Hes 
pedicels 2-3 mm. long, 3-4 times the length of the minute campanulate hypanthium an 
calyx: petals obovate, much surpassing the sepals: fruits 3-5 together, stipitate, broadly 
obovoid, with widely recurved styles and minute weak bristles, the pericarp thin, with 
small oil-tubes : seeds not grooved. A 

In moist woods and thickets, Vermont to Wisconsin and Nebraska, south to North Carolina and 
Kansas. Spring and summer. l 

3. Sanicula Smállii Bicknell. Stems 2.5-6 dm. tall, widely 2-forked above. Base! 
leaves slender-petioled, the divisions obovate or broadly rhombic, 4-8 cm. long, nd - 
tuse, dentate-serrate with aculeate teeth or sparingly incised above, somewhat leat oth 
deep and dull green above, paler beneath, the lateral segments cleft or parted ; Siem 

: involuere of nearly sessile 3-cleft bracts: involucels of very small md ray! 
2-6, rigid, spreading, 2-3.5 cm. long: staminate flowers numerous, their pedicels the 
mm. long: sepals linear-cuspidate, 1.5-2 mm. long: petals obovate, not surpassing 
sepals, yellowish or greenish: fruits 3-6 together, ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, Senge E 
Panis slender bristles, the pericarp somewhat thickened, with 5 oil-tubes: seeds 
grooved. 

In rich or rocky woods, North Carolina to Missouri, south to Florida and Mississippi. end Š s 

4. Sanicula trifoliàta Bicknell. Stems slender, 3-8 dm. tall, often with SEDE te 
widely forking branches. Leaf-bladesample, thin, bright green, the divisions ovate or Dowd 
bic, manifestly acute, the lateral pair 6-9 dm. long, coarsely and doubly serrate, UT 0-20 
cleft, the teeth somewhat spinulose-tipped : involucre of foliaceous bracts: rays sti hthium 
mm. long: staminate flowers few, their pedicels about 4 mm. long : calyx and hyp * ellip- 
about 1 mm. long: sepals linear-aculeate: petals minute, white : fruits 3-5 EE Sristles : 
soid or broader, becoming 7 mm. long, sessile, the pericarp thickened, with slender 
seeds not grooved, with a large oil-tube on one or both sides and several small ones. 

In rieh woods, Vermont and Ontario to Indiana, Pennsylvania and Tennessee mE IM 

5. Sanicula Canadénsis L. Stems solitary, 3-13 dm. tall, leafy, the ide E short- 
nate, dichotomously compound. Leaf-blades dull green, those of the upper stem- pi oming 9 
petioled, 3-divided, the lateral divisions parted or divided again, sometimes 


AMMIACEAE 861 


cm. long, cuneate-obovate to narrowly oblong, acute, serrate or incised, the teeth weakly 
mucronate : involucre of minute bracts: rays mostly 2, only 2-10 mm. long: staminate 
flowers very few or wanting : calyx and hypanthium 1 mm. long: sepals linear, acute : petals 
minute, shorter than the sepals: fruits three together, short-stalked, subglobose, the peri- 
carp thickish, with slender bristles : seeds 3-grooved on the back, with 5 oil-tubes. 

In woodlands, Vermont to Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

6. Sanicula Floridana Bicknell. Similar to S. Canadensis, but smaller and stiffer, 
the stems more closely leafy. Leaves much smaller; blades thicker, the divisions abruptly 
cuneate with concave sides, acutely dentate-serrate and cut-lobed, with yellowish spiny- 
cuspidate teeth : branches of the inflorescence slender, dichotomous, the branchlets stiff and 
wide-spreading : involucre of very small or minute bracts: fruits very small. 

In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring to fall. 


5. ERYNGIUM L. 


Biennial or perennial often rigid herbs, with erect or creeping stems. Leaves alter- 
nate or whorled, sometimes mainly basal : blades spiny-toothed, lobed or incised, or rarely 
entire. Flowers in dense capitate or elongated spikes. Bracts of the involucre various, 
often colored, resembling the leaves. Sepals rigid, acute or spine-like. Petals 5, prolonged 
into an inflexed acumination. Fruit varying from ovoid to obovoid, slightly laterally flat- 
tened : carpels with obsolete ribs and 5 oil-tubes. Seeds slightly flattened. | ERYNGO 
BUTTON SNAKE-ROOT. 


Leaf-blades not parallel-veined. 
Blades of the basal leaves entire or merely toothed, sometimes spinulose, not spiny-toothed. 
Stems filiform or relatively slender, like the branches mostly prostrate: plants biennial. 
Bractlets longer than the flowers: stem-leaves with narrow blades or segments: fruit strongly 


tuberculate. 1. E. Baldwinii. 
Bractlets shorter than the flowers: stem-leaves with broad blades or seg- 
ments: fruit not strongly tuberculate. 2. E. prostratum. 


Stems relatively stout, erect or ascending: plants perennial or perhaps 
rarely biennial. 
Lower leaves with elongated hollow petioles and long blades. 


Bractlets entire. 3. E. Floridanum. 
Bractlets 3-pronged. e 
Teeth of the bractlets unequal, the lateral teeth smaller. 4. E. Virginianum. 
Teeth of the bractlets about equal. : 
Heads fully 1.5 em. long: plant mostly over 11 dm. tall. 5. E. Mettaueri. 
Heads about 1 em. long : plant mostly less than 10 dm. tall. 6. E. Ravenelii. 


Lower leaves with short petioles and blades. 
Bractlets 3-toothed : upper leaves with merely toothed blades. 
Leaf-blades ovate, oblong or lanceolate, serrate or crenate: heads Lis UE 
mostly over 7 mm. high. i 7. E. integrifolium. 
Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, laciniately toothed, at least 
near the base: heads mostly less than 7 mm. high. 
Bractlets entire : upper leaves with palmately 5-7-parted blades. 
Blades of the basal leaves lobed or parted, the segments spine-tipped, some- 
times reduced to nodose phyllodes. 
Heads 12 em. long or less : sepals entire. j 
Bracts of the involucre cleft or toothed : heads depressed or ovoid. 


8. E. Ludovicianum. 
9. E. Hookeri. 


Bracts of the involucre 3-cleft: bractlets 3-toothed. — 10. E. aromaticum. 
Braets of the involucre spiny-toothed: bractlets entire. : 
Heads subglobose or depressed : bracts green within. 13: E. diffusum. 
Heads longer than broad : bracts conspicuously colored. 12. E. Wrightii. 
Braets of the involucre entire: heads oblong or cylindric. 13. E. compactum. — 
Heads 25-40 mm. long : sepals 3-5-toothed. 14. E. Leavenworthii. 
Leaf-blades parallel-veined. x 
Bristles of the leaf-margins 2-4 together. 15. E. synchaetum. 
Bristles of the leaf-margins solitary. 16. E. aquaticum. 


1. Eryngium Baldwinii Spreng. Biennial, glabrous. Stems often branched at the 
base, the branches very slender or filiform, 1-6 dm. long, prostrate or creeping : leaf-blades 
various, those of basal leaves oblong, varying to broadest above or below the middle, 2-6 
em. long, entire or incised, long-petioled, those of stem-leaves smaller, 3-parted, the seg- 
ments filiform, linear or oblong, entire or toothed : heads ovoid to cylindric, 4-6 mm. long: 
bracts of the involucres subulate, shorter than the heads: bractlets similar but smaller: 
fruit 1 mm. long or shorter, prominently tuberculate. 

In sandy soil, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Also reported from Missouri. Spring to fall. 


2. Eryngium prostratum Nutt. Biennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stems usually 
branched at the base, the branches prostrate, often creeping, 2-5 dm. long, sometimes nearly 
filiform : leaf-blades various, those of the basal and lower stem-leaves oblong or ovate, 2-4 
em. long, entire or repand, long-petioled, those of upper stem-leaves smaller, often clustered 
at the nodes, some entire, others often 3-cleft: heads oblong, 5-6 mm. long: bracts of the 


862 AMMIACEAE 


involucres linear-lanceolate or linear-spatulate, reflexed at maturity, longer than the head : 
fruit about 1 mm. long, sparingly tuberculate. 

In low grounds and pine lands, Kentucky to Missouri, Georgia, Florida and Texas. Summer. 

3. Eryngium Floridanum Coult. & Rose. Perennial. Stems 6-9 dm. tall, often 
sparingly branched : leaf-blades various, those of the basal leaves narrowly oblong, 2.5-10 
em. long, usually entire, long-petioled, those of the upper stem-leaves long-linear, mostly 
remotely serrulate, sessile or nearly so: heads subglobose, 10-12 mm. long : bracts of the in- 
volucre linear-lanceolate, reflexed, longer than the head : bractlets linear, much longer than 
the flowers, entire, sharp-pointed : fruit about 2 mm. long, crowned with the ovate acute 
sepals. 

In brackish marshes, Florida. Spring to fall. 

4. Eryngium Virginiaànum Lam. Perennial. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, more or less cor- 
ymbosely branched above : leaf-blades linear or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long or longer, 
serrate or laciniate above, acute, sessile or those of the lower cauline or basal-leaves undulate 
and long-petioled : heads cylindric or oblong-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long, bur-like : bracts of the 
involuere linear, entire or spiny-toothed, as long as the heads or longer: bractlets rigid, 
3-pronged, the middle prong longer than the lateral: fruit scaly, crowned with the lan- 
ceolate acuminate sepals. 

In swamps and on margins of ponds, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

5. Eryngium Mettaüeri Wood.  Perennial, glabrous. Stems 10-18 dm. tall, sim- 
ple or nearly so below : leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, those of basal or lower stem- 
leaves 1-2 dm. long, undulate, their petioles often 2-3 dm long, jointed, those of upper 
stem-leaves attenuate, more or less spiny-toothed near the base: heads ovoid or globose- 
ovoid, about 1.5 em. long, robust: bracts of the involucres linear or narrowly linear-lan- 
ceolate, spiny-toothed, as long as the heads or longer, reflexed : bractlets with three equal 
prongs: fruit about 2 mm. long, crowned with the ovate acute sepals. 

In low grounds, Florida. Summer and fall. 

6. Eryngium Ravenélii A. Gray. Perennial. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, branched above : 
leaf-blades linear, elongated, conduplicate, undulate or slightly toothed, those of basal and 
lower stem-leaves 3-5 dm. long, those of the upper stem-leaves shorter: heads subglobose, 
about 1 em. long: bracts of the involucre spiny-toothed or entire, reflexed at maturity: 
bractlets 3-pronged : fruit about 2 mm. long, crowned with the short mucronate sepals. 

In swampy pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Summer and fall. 

7. Eryngium integrifolium Walt. Perennial. Stems 4-9 dm. tall branching above, 
or sometimes also at the base : leaf-blades oblong to ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
cm. long, shallowly serrate or crenate, acute or obtuse, crenate or subcordate at the 
base, all but the upper ones with broad petioles seldom over 1 em. long: heads few, 8-1 
mm. long, often broader than high: bracts of the involucres linear, entire or with few 
spine-like teeth, longer than the head, spreading : bractlets 3-pronged, surpassing the flow- 
ers: fruit over 2 mm. long, crowned with lanceolate acuminate sepals. [. virgatum Lam. ] 

In pine woods, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. : 

8. Eryngium Ludoviciànum Morong. Similar to Æ. integrifolium in habit, but more 
slender : leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm. long, laciniately toothed at least 
near the base: heads numerous, mostly less than 7 mm. long: bracts of the involucre very 
narrowly linear or linear-filiform, commonly less than 1 cm. long: fruit less than 1.5 mm. 
long, crowned with the triangular sepals. 

In thickets and low grounds, Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. j : 

9. Eryngium Hoókeri Walp. Perennial. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, branching cath 
leaf-blades various, those of basal leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 3-6 cm. long, shallowly 
toothed, their petioles shorter than the blades, those of the lower stem-leaves langoni 
laciniately-toothed and spinulose, with a pair of small laciniate segments at the base, sessile 
or nearly so, those of upper leaves palmately 5-7-parted : heads ovoid-globose, 8-12 mm. 
high : bracts of the involucres linear or linear-lanceolate, longer than the head, spiny 
toothed : bractlets entire, spine-tipped, the terminal ones elongated: fruit scaly, 1 mm. 
long, crowned with the spine-tipped sepals. 

In low grounds, Texas. Spring and summer. 

10. Eryngium aromáticum Baldw. Perennial. Stems often branched at the base, 
the branches ascending or prostrate, 1-6 dm. long, corymbosely branched near the bac 
leaf-blades rigid, 1-3 cm. long, pinnately parted, the segments various, the lower dari w 
the upper lanceolate to oblong or oval, spine-tipped and cartilaginous margined : heads ao 
globose, 5-10 mm. in diameter, bristly: bracts of the involucres 3-cleft, longer prir tle- 
head: bractlets 3-toothed : fruit 1 mm. long, tuberculate, crowned with the longer bri$ 
like sepals. 

In dry pine lands, Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


AMMIACEAE 863 


11. Eryngium diffüsum Torr. Biennial or perennial, glabrous. Stems 1-3 dm. 
tall, more or less diffusely branched above or even from the base, prominently ridged : leaf- 
blades rigid and leathery, palmately parted, the segments incised-serrate, spinose, thick- 
margined : heads subglobose or depressed, 10-12 mm. in diameter, bristly : bracts of the 
involucres incised-spinose, resembling the leaves, longer than the heads: bractlets lanceo- 
late, entire, spine-tipped: fruit scaly, 1.5 mm. long, crowned with the long-tipped sepals. 

On sandy plains, Arkansas to Oklahoma, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 


12. Eryngium Wrightii A. Gray. Perennial. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, branching: 
leaf-blades rigid, various, those of basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 5-15 cm. long, 
pectinate-dentate or pinnatifid, the triangular teeth tipped with long bristles; blades of 
upper stem-leaves 2-4 cm. long, pinnately laciniate or pinnately parted, the segments 
bristle-tipped : heads ovoid or oblong, 10-12 mm. long: bracts of the involucres linear or 
linear-lanceolate, entire or remotely spiny-toothed, about twice as long as the head: 
bractlets subulate, surpassing the flowers, the terminal ones elongated : fruit 1 mm. long, 
crowned with the ovate mucronate sepals. 

On hillsides, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Summer. 


13. Eryngium compáctum Small. Similar to E. diffusum in habit, but smaller and 
more slender. Stems terete or nearly so: leaf-segments pinnately incised, the margins 
barely thickened : heads oblong or cylindric, 5-9 mm. long, slightly bristly : bracts of the 
involucre linear, entire, mainly longer than the heads: bractlets linear-lanceolate, entire, 
spine-tipped : fruit scaly, about 1 mm. long, crowned with the acuminate sepals. 

In low grounds, near the lower Rio Grande, Texas. Spring. 


14. Eryngium Leavenwórthii T, & G. Perennial, glabrous. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, 
branching above: leaf-blades various, those of basal or lower stem-leaves oblanceolate, 
spiny-toothed, 4-10 cm. long, passing into palmately cleft or parted ones on the upper T 
of the stem ; segments incised-pinnatifid, very spiny : heads cylindric or oblong-cylindric, 
2.5-4 em. long, each topped with a tuft of bractlets: bracts of the involucres rigid, incised- 
pinnatifid, spinose, about as long as the head: bractlets 3-7-toothed, the terminal ones 
elongated, resembling the bracts : fruit 1 mm. long, crowned with the 3—5-toothed sepals. 

On dry prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer and fall. 

15. Eryngium synchaétum (A. Gray) Rose. Perennial, bright green. Stems 
slender, 3-7 dm. tall, corymbose above, often almost leafless : leaf-blades linear, 1-4 dm. 
long, attenuate, few and shorter on the stem, the marginal bristles commonly in clusters of 
2-4: heads 1-1.5 cm. long, oval or ovoid: bracts of the involucres lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, often toothed, shorter than the length of the head : bractlets similar to the bracts 
but smaller and entire : fruit about 2 mm. long. 

In pine lands, Georgia to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

16. Eryngium aquáticum L. Perennial, glaucous. Stems 3-18 dm. tall, corymbose 
above : leaf-blades linear, often broadly so, 1-9 dm. long or shorter on the upper part of the 
stem, remotely bristly along the margins, their bases folded around the stem: heads 
peduncled, ovoid or subglobose, 10-20 mm. thick: bracts of the involucres lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, entire, with strong midrib and marginal nerves, shorter than the di- 
ameter of the heads: bractlets similar, but smaller: fruit 3-4 mm. long, scaly. [H. yucca- 
foelium Michx. ] 

In low grounds or meadows, Connecticut to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


6. CHAEROPHYLLUM L. 


Annual caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades ternately decompound into often 
delicate segments. Flowers often polygamous, in irregular compound umbels. Involucres 
of 1-2 bracts, or mainly wanting. Involucels of several small bracts. Hypanthium trun- 
cate. Sepals obsolete. Petals white, usually unequal, inflexed at the apex. Disk with a 
small conic stylopodium. Fruit elongated, laterally flattened : carpels more or less distinctly 
5-angled, the angles equally ribbed : oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 in the inner 
face. CHERVIL. . 


Fruit sometimes contracted below the apex, but beakless: plants glabrous. 
Mature umbels with 2-4 fruits on lax and spreading pedicels. 


Fruit less than 2 mm. broad, constricted below the apex. 1. C. rect. 
Fruit fully 2 mm. broad, not constricted below the apex. 2. C. Shortii. 
Mature umbels with 10-17 fruits on stout pedicels, or fruitsessile. — 3. C. Texanum. 

Fruit beaked or narrowed to the apex : plants more or less pubescent. 
Fruit with the ribs narrower than the intervals. 
Fruit pubescent. 4. C. dasycarpum. 


Fruit glabrous. 5. C. Floridanum, 
Fruit with the ribs broader than the intervals. 6. C. Teinturieri. 


864 AMMIACEAE 


1. Chaerophyllum procümbens (L.) Crantz. Stems weak, decumbent or spreading, 
1-5 dm. long, simple or sparingly branched : umbels few-rayed, peduncled or nearly sessile : 
pex sometimes 8 mm. long, lax and spreading: fruit narrow, about 8 mm. long, gla- 

rous, contracted below the apex, the ribs narrower than the intervals. 

In open woods and copses, Ontario to Michigan, south to North Carolina and Kansas. Spring. 

2. Chaerophyllum Shórtii (T. & G.) Bush. Stems 2-5 dm. long, spreading or de- 
cumbent, often branched : umbels few-rayed, sessile or peduncled : fruit oblong, 5-6 mm. 
long, not contracted below the apex, the ribs narrower than the intervals. [C. procumbens 
var. Shortii T. & G.] 

In fields and prairies, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and Virginia. Spring. 

3. Chaerophyllum Texànum Coult. & Rose. Stems erect, 3-7 dm. tall, glabrous: 
umbels several-rayed, at maturity with 10-17 fruits on stout pedicels, or fruits sessile, beak- 
less, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous, the very prominent ribs almost obliterating the intervals. 

In moist grounds, Missouri to Texas. Spring. 

4. Chaerophyllum dasycárpum Nutt. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, branching : umbels 
sessile or short-peduncled, the rays ascending or spreading, 3-5 cm. long: fruit narrow, 
5-6 mm. long, pubescent, beaked, the ribs prominent, narrower than the intervals. [C. 
Teinturieri var. dasycarpum ( Nutt.) Hook. ] 

On prairies and hillsides, Mississippi and Texas. Spring. 

5. Chaerophyllum Floridànum (Coult. & Rose) Bush. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, 
glabrous or somewhat pubescent : umbels peduncled, the rays 2-5 cm. long: fruit narrow, 
7 mm. long, glabrous, the beak } or } as long as tbe body. 

In low sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida, and in Missouri. Spring. 

6. Chaerophyllum Teinturiéri Hook. Stems erect, 2-7 dm. tall, more or less 
branched: umbels sessile or short-peduncled: rays 2-3, 2-5 cm. long: fruit narrow, 6-7 
mm. long, beaked, glabrous or nearly so, the ribs prominent, broader than the intervals. 

In waste places and thickets, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


7. WASHINGTONIA Raf. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, with more or less aromatic roots. Leaves alternate: blades 
ternately compound. Flowers in loose compound umbels. Involucres and involucels of 
few bracts, or wanting. Hypanthium truncate. Petals white, inflexed at the apex. Disk 
with a conic stylopodium. Fruit elongated, laterally flattened: carpels 5-angled, with 
nearly equal ribs : oil-tubes obsolete or wanting. [Osmorrhiza Raf.] SWEET CICELY. 
Rachis of leaf-blades glabrous or with short hairs: stylopodium and styles fully 3 mm. s longistylis. 


Rachis of leaf-blades with villous hairs: stylopodium and styles about 1mm.long. 2. W. Claytonii. 


1. Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton. Roots sweet, aromatic. Foliage gla- 
brous or finely pubescent : leaf-segments mainly ovate or oblong-ovate, 5-10 cm. longs 
acute or short-acuminate, coarsely serrate or incised, or even divided : umbel-rays usua^y 
3-6, ascending: corolla white, 4-5 mm. broad: fruit narrowly oblong, 15-18 mm. logi 
the body longer than the slender very strigose base. [Osmorrhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. 

In woods and copses, Nova Scotia to Montana, North Carolina and Colorado. Spring. : 

2. Washingtonia Claytdnii ( Michx.) Britton. Roots slightly if at all aromatic. 
Foliage villous-hirsute : stems erect or ascending, 3-9 dm. tall, usually branched : ded : 
segments 4-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate, coarsely toothed, cleft, incised or dres : 
umbel-rays 4-6, 2-5 em. long: bracts of the involucres, and bractlets, linear to 0 [Aes 
linear, acute: corolla white, about 4 mm. broad : fruit narrowly oblong, 18-20 mm. t008, 
the body longer than the slender strigose base. [ Osmorrhiza brevistylis DC.] in 

On shaded hillsides and in copses, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, North Carolina and Nebraska. Spring. 


8. TÓRILIS Adans. 2s 
Annual caulescent herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate : blades pue X 
decompound. Flowers in compound head-like or spreading umbels. involucres of z 
bracts, or wanting. Involucels of several or many narrow bracts. Sepals prominent, ae 
Petals often unequal, obovate or cuneate, inflexed at the apex. Disk with a conic a H 
podium. Fruit flattened laterally, spiny : carpels with 5 primary ribs and 4 winged ps ds 
ary ribs. Oil-tubes solitary, under the secondary ribs and two in the inner face. ee 
with sulcate faces. HEDGE-PARSLEY. 


AMMIACEAE 865 


1. Torilis noddsa (L.) Gaertn. Foliage hispid. Stems usually branched from the 
base, the branches ascending, spreading or decumbent, 1-4 dm. long, often zigzag: leaf- 
blades once or twice pinnate, 2-6 cm. long; segments pinnatifid: umbels sessile or short- 

eduncled, forming clusters opposite the leaf-bases: bracts narrow: rays 1-3, very short: 
ruit ovoid or oblong-ovoid, about 3 mm. long, the outer armed with barbed spines, the inner 
sharply tuberculate. 


In waste places, Pennsylvania to Iowa, California, Florida, Texas and Central America. Natural- 
ized from Europe and Africa. Spring to summer. 


9. CORIANDRUM L. 

Annual slender caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate : blades pinnately dissected. Flow- 
ers perfect, in compound umbels. Involucres wanting. Sepals acute, unequal. Petals 
white, often unequal, broadest above the middle, inflexed at the apex. Disk with a conic 
stylopodium. Fruit subglobose, not constricted at the commissure : carpels with 5 delicate 
ribs: oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs. CORIANDER. 

1. Coriandrum sativum L. Foliage glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. 
tall, branched: leaf-blades various, dissected, those of the lower cauline and basal leaves with 
coarse-toothed incised or lobed segments, those of the upper leaves with narrowly linear seg- 
ments: umbels peduncled, 1.8-5 cm. broad: rays 4-8, spreading or ascending, 1-2 mm; 
long: pedicels 1-3 mm. long: corolla white: fruit sabitobote or ovoid-globose, 3-3.5 
mm. long, slightly ribbed. 

In waste places, in and about most of the larger cities of the United States. Naturalized from the 
-Mediterranean region. Summer. 

10. BIFORA Hoftm. 

Annual caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately 
dissected. Flowers perfect, in compound umbels. Involucres and involucels of few 
bracts or wanting. Hypanthium truncate, or sepals very small. Petals white, broadest 
above the middle, inflexed at the tip. Disk with a small conic stylopodium. Fruit 
broader than long, laterally flattened : carpels without primary ribs and with 4 secondary 
ribs : oil-tubes wanting. 

1. Bifora Americana (DC.) S. Wats. Foliage more or less scabrous. Stems 2-6 
dm. tall, corymbosely branching above: leaf-blades 2-6 cm. long, the segments narrowly 
linear or linear-filiform : umbels 1.5-5 em. broad: bracts linear-subplate, or pud 
rays 5-8, nearly equal, 10-20 mm. long: pedicels 2-3 mm. long: corolla white, 3-3.5 
mm. broad : fruit 4-5 mm. broad, faintly ridged, each carpel subglobose. 

In dry soil, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. Spring and summer. 


ll. APIÁSTRUM Nutt. 


Annual, usually slender caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves alternate : 
blades finely dissected. Flowers in naked or nearly naked compound umbels. Involu- 
cels rarely present. Hypanthium truncate or nearly so. Sepals obsolete. Petals white, 
entire, flat or inflexed at the apex. Disk with a small stylopodium. Styles short. Fruit 
longer than broad, laterally flattened: carpels tuberculate, not ribbed : oil-tubes solitary 
in the intervals and under the secondary ribs, and 2 in the inner side. 

1. Apiastrum patens (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, branched above, the 
branches slender, more or less spreading: leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, once or twice ter- 
nately parted, the segments filiform : umbels long-peduncled : rays very variable in length, 
1-15 mm. long, erect or ascending : corolla white, minute: fruit ovoid, stout, 1 mm. long, 
granular. i 

On prairies and plains, Indiana to Nebraska, Texas and New Mexico. Spring and summer. 


12. ERIGÈNIA Nutt. 

Low perennial caulescent herbs, with tuberous roots. Leaves alternate : blades ter- 
nately decompound. Flowers in few-rayed compound umbels. Involucres usually of a 
single bract. Hypanthium truncate. Petals white, broadest above the middle, flat. 
Fruit broader than high, laterally flattened : carpels with 5 delicate ribs: oil-tubes 2-3 in 
each interval. 

55 ` 


866 AMMIACEAE 


1. Erigenia bulbósa (Michx.) Nutt. ‘Tuber deep-seated, subglobose, 5-12 mm. in 
diameter. Foliage glabrous: leaves basal, 3-5 cm. long; petioles dilated at the base; 
blades ternately twice compound ; segments of an oblong type: scapes erect, 5-20 cm. tall, 
sometimes branched at the base: involucres foliaceous: fruit about 2 mm. high, 3-4 mm. 
broad, conspicuously ribbed. 

In open woods or copses, Ontario to Minnesota, District of Columbia, Alabama and Kansas 
Spring. HARBINGER OF SPRING. 


13. MUSENIOPSIS Coult. & Rose. 

Perennial acaulescent herbs, with thick and elongated roots. Leaves basal: blades 
pinnate. Involucre wanting. Involucels of few small bractlets. Flowers perfect, in simple 
umbels. Hypanthium truncate or nearly so. Sepals obsolete. Petals yellow. Fruit 
laterally flattened, smooth, considerably longer than broad: carpels with equal filiform 
ribs, the pericarp thin: oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals and 4 on the commissural side. 
Seed-face with a deep groove. 

1. Museniopsis Texana (A. Gray) Coult. & Rose. Glabrous. Leaf-blades 5-7-pin- 
nate, the lower divisions stalked and pinnately parted, the segments cuneate, 3-5-cleft: 
scape 5-20 cm. tall, surpassing the leaves, somewhat scabrous near the umbels: umbels 5-8- 
rayed : fruit oblong-ovoid, about 3 mm. long, smooth and glabrous. 

On plains or prairies, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring. 


14. BUPLEURUM L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with glabrous or glaucous foliage. Leaves alternate : blades 
entire, sessile, clasping or perfoliate. Flowers perfect, in compound umbels. Involucres 
wanting (in our species). Involucels whorls of entire bracts. Hypanthium truncate or 
nearly so. Sepals obsolete. Petals broad, yellow or greenish, with inflexed or infolded 
tips. Styles short. Fruit oval to oblong, somewhat laterally flattened : carpels with 
slender ribs and no oil-tubes in our species. 

1. Bupleurum rotundifólium L. Plant glaucescent. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, branched 
above : leaf-blades thickish, oblong, ovate or elliptic, 2-8 cm. long, perfoliate, palmately 
nerved : bracts of the involucre wanting : bractlets of the involucels oblong, oval, ovate or 
suborbicular, abruptly pointed, prominently nerved: fruit 3-3.5 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. 
broad, the ribs slender ; oil-tubes wanting. 


In fields and on roadsides, New York to South Dakota, south to North Carolina and Arkansas. 
Summer. HARE’s EAR. 


15. TREPOCÁRPUS Nutt. 

Annual caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately 
decompound, the segments slender. Flowers mostly perfect, in compound umbels. 
Sepals unequal. Petals broadest above the middle, inflexed at the apex. Disk with a 
short conic stylopodium. Fruit crustaceous, elongated, laterally flattened : carpels with 4 
secondary ribs, the primary ribs wanting: oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs. 

1. Trepocarpus Aethisae Nutt. Stems 1-10 dm. tall, branched : leaf-blades 5-10 cm. 
long, finely dissected, the lower ones with petioles about equal to them in length, the upper 
short-petioled, the segments narrowly linear, entire or incised : umbels commonly pee 
duncled : rays 2-5, becoming 1-2 cm. long: flowers few in each umbellet : fruit oblong; 
8-10 mm. long, sharply ribbed. 

On prairies, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 


16. APIUM L. 
Annual or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades pinnate or ternately 
decompound : leaflets toothed or incised. Flowers in compound umbels. panne 
present or wanting. Hypanthium truncate or nearly so. Petals white, broad, pees 2 
the apex. Fruit somewhat latterly flattened, smooth or tuberculate : carpels pee htl 
ribbed with 1 oil-tube in each interval or two in the inner face. Seeds terete or $38 y 
angled. 


mi. 
Leaf-blades ternately divided into filiform entire segments. x rà ae 
Leaf-blades pinnately divided into broad-toothed segments. : ed 
z nched : 
l. Apium Ámmi (L.) Urban. Stems erect, 1-6 dm. tall, more or less pis 


^ : hite 
leaf-blades ternately divided ; segments filiform or narrowly linear, acute : son ee 


AMMIACEAE 867 


less than 1 mm. broad : fruit oval or ovoid-oval, 1.5-2 mm. long, prominently ribbed. [A. 
leptophyllum (DC.) F. Muell.] 

In sandy soil, New Jersey and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Widely distributed in trop- 
ical countries. Spring and summer. MARSH PARSLEY. 

2. Apium nodiflórum (DC.) B. & H. Stems prostrate, often creeping, 3-7 dm. long, 
sparingly branched : leaf-blades pinnately compound, 5-10 cm. long; leaflets oblong, ovate- 
lanceolate or lanceolate, serrate, mostly acute : umbels opposite the leaves, 1.5-3 cm. broad, 
short-peduncled : bractlets of the involucels 5-6: corolla white, about 1 mm. broad : fruit 
oval or orbicular-oval, about 2 mm. long. 


In ditches and waste places, near Charleston and other seaport towns. Introduced from Europe. 
Spring and summer. 


17. SPERMOLEPIS Raf. 


Annual herbs, with erect slender branching stems. Leaves alternate : blades dissected 
into narrow segments. Flowers in compound umbels. Involucres wanting. Involucels 
of a few narrow bracts. Hypanthium truncate. Petals white. Disk with a thick conic 
stylopodium. Fruit somewhat laterally flattened, tuberculate or bristly: carpels with 5 
prominent or obsolete ribs between which isa single oil-tube, except in the inner side where 
there are two. Seeds angled.  [Leptocaulis Nutt. ] 

Fruit tuberculate, broadest at the middle, the ribs rather prominent. 1. S. divaricatus. 
Fruit with hooked hairs, broadest above the middle, the ribs obsolete. 2. S. echinatus. 

1. Spermolepis divaricatus ( Walt.) Raf. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, often widely 
branched, sometimes diffusely so, the branches very slender or nearly filiform : leaf-blades 2- 
8cm. long, twice or thrice pinnately parted ; segments narrowly linear or filiform : corolla 
white, about 1 mm. broad : fruit broadest about the middle, about 1 mm. long, tuberculate, 
prominently ribbed. 

In sandy soil and on prairies, Missouri and Kansas to North Carolina, Florida and Texas. Spring. 

2. Spermolepis echinatus (Nutt.) Heller. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, more or less diffusely 
branched : leaves 1-6 cm. long ; blades twice or thrice pinnately parted ; segments narrowly 
linear or filiform : umbels slender-peduncled, 1.5-4 cm. broad: rays slender, more or less 
variable in length : corolla white, less than 1 mm. broad : fruit broadest below the middle, 
2 mm. long, covered with hooked bristles, the ribs obsolete. 

In dry soil, Missouri to California, Alabama and Texas. Spring. 


18. AMMOSELINUM T. & G. 

Annual caulescent diffuse herbs. Leaves alternate: blades ternately dissected. Flow- 
ers perfect in compound umbels. Involucres and involucels of several entire or dissected 
bracts. Hypanthium truncate or nearly so. Petals white, broadest above the middle, 
often nearly flat. Disk with a short conic stylopodium. Fruit longer than broad : carpels 
terete or slightly laterally flattened, with 5 prominent ribs which are tuberculate or spiny : 
oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 in the inner side. SAND PARSLEY. 


Plant nearly grabrous : fruit 2 mm. long. . l. A. Butleri. 
Plant manifestly scabrous: fruit 4-5 mm. long. 2. A. Popei. 

1. Ammoselinum Bütleri (Engelm.) Coult. & Rose. Plant nearly glabrous. 
Stems branched from the base; branches spreading or ascending, 0.5-1 dm. long, zigzag : 
leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long, the lower ones long-petioled, the upper sessile; segments nar- 
rowly oblong or spatulate: umbels small, 5-15 mm. broad: bracts similar to the leaves 
but smaller: rays 3-6, unequal : corolla about 1 mm. broad: fruit oblong or ovate-oblong, 
2 mm. long, the ribs prominent, more or less scabrous. 

In wet soil, Missouri and the Indian Territory, south to Texas. Spring. 

2. Ammoselinum Pópei T. & G. Foliage manifestly scabrous. Stems usually 
branching from the base ; branches spreading or ascending, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades 1-4 
cm. long, dissected, the lower ones slender-petioled, the upper sessile; segments linear 
or linear-oblong : umbels sessile or on short stout uncles: bracts usually smaller than 
the leaves: rays 2-5, stiff, 0.5-2.5 cm. long: sepals oblong: corolla about 1 mm. broad: 
fruit ovate-oblong, 4-5 mm. long, the ribs more or less sharply tuberculate. 

In sandy soil, Missouri and Kansas to Texas and New Mexico. Spring. 


19. ZIZIA Koch. 


Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades 3-foliolate or ternately compound 
or the basal ones sometimes simple. Flowers in compound umbels, the central umbellet 


868 AMMIACEAE 


sessile. Involucres wanting. Involucels of a few bracts. Sepals prominent. Petals 
yellow. Disk flat. Fruit somewhat elongated, laterally flattened : carpels with 5 slender 
wingless ribs and an oil-tube in each interval and under each rib. Seeds angled. The 
plants flower in spring and summer. 


Basal leaves with merely toothed cordate blades. 1. Z. cordata. 
Basal leaves with 2-3-ternately compound blades. 
Foliage light green: rays of the umbel stiff, ascending : fruit 4 mm. long. 2. Z. aurea. 
Foliage dark green : raysof the umbel filiform, irregularly spreading : fruit less than 3 
mm. long. 7 3. Z. Bebbii. 


1. Zizia cordata ( Walt.) DC. Stems 4-10 dm. tall, mostly branched, pale green : 
leaf-blades various, those of the basal leaves ovate or suborbicular, 3-10 cm. long, crenate, 
deeply cordate, those of the stem-leaves mostly 3-foliolate or sometimes 5-foliolate ; seg- 
ments crenate or serrate-crenate : umbels 2-6 cm. broad: rays 7-16, ascending, 1-5 cm. 
long : corolla yellow, about 2 mm. broad : fruit ovate or oval, 3 mm. long, 10-ribbed. 

In woods and copses, Connecticut to the Northwest Territory, Georgia, Missouri and Oregon, 

2. Zizia aürea (L.) Koch. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, simple or branched above : leaf- 
blades once to thrice ternately compound, those of the basal and lower stem-leaves long-pe- 
tioled, those, of the upper stem-leaves once ternate, on short winged petioles ; segments 
oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, sharply serrate : umbel 3-6 cm. broad : rays 9-25, 
stiff, ascending, unequal, 2-5 cm. long: corolla yellow, 3-3.5 mm. broad: fruit oblong, 
about 4 mm. long. 

In meadows and swamps, New Brunswick to Ontario, Montana, Florida and Texas. 

3. Zizia Bébbii (Coult. & Rose) Britton. Stems often tufted, 1-6 dm. tall, simple 
or branching, dark green: leaf-blades once to thrice ternately compound, the lower ones 
long-petioled, the upper with winged'petioles: leaflets thickish, oval, oblong, elliptic or 
lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, serrate : umbels slender-peduncled, straggling : rays 2-12, filiform, 
unequal, 2-8 mm. long, unequally spreading: fruit suborbicular or broader than high, 
2-2.5 mm. long. |Z. aurea var. Bebbii Coult. & Rose.] 

1n woods on mountain slopes, Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia. 


20. CICUTA L. 

Perennial herbs, with tuberous roots. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately compound, 
or decompound : leaflets toothed. Flowers in compound umbels. Involucres of few bracts 
or wanting. Involucels of several small bracts. Sepals acute. Petals white, broad, the 
tips inflexed. Fruit slightly -laterally flattened : carpels with 5 corky ribs and an oil-tube in 
each interval, and 2 in the inner face. Seeds nearly terete. WATER HEMLOCK. 


Fruit oval or ovoid, 4 mm. long, not constricted at the commissure. 1. C. maculata. 
Fruit orbicular, 2 mm. long, constricted at the commissure. 2. C. Curtiss. 
1. Cicuta maculata L. Tubers clustered, elongated. Stems 1-2 m. tall, glaucous 
marked with purple ridges, at length branched dengue: leaf-blades ample, triangular 
in outline, 1-6 dm. long, twice or thrice compound, the lower ones long-petioled, the 
upper with short dilated involute petioles: leaf-segments lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 
2-14 cm. long, acuminate, coarsely serrate, their nerves impressed above, very prominent 
beneath, ending in the notches: bracts subtending the compound umbels linear-subulate, 
deciduous : rays numerous, very unequal : sepals triangular: petals white, about 1 mm. * 
diameter, broader than long, apiculate and rolled in at the apex, short-clawed : fruit = 
or oval, 4 mm. long, not constricted at the commissure, the lateral ribs much the largest, 

wedge-shaped in section and contiguous : oil-tubes large. 
S swamps and meadows, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Virginia and Texas. Summer. MUSQUASR 


2. Cicuta Curtíssii Coult. & Rose. Resembling C. maculata, but with a stouter "n 
stock, thicker and more reticulated leaf-segments : fruit orbicular, 2mm. long, wey n 
at the commissure, the ribs apparently nearly equal, but the lateral ones largest, neit 
wedge-shaped nor contiguous. ; 

In swamps and low grounds, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


21. DERÍNGA Adans. ; 
Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades 3-foliolate : leaflets toothed, te 
cised orlobed. Flowers perfect, in irregular compound umbels. Involucres and invo'u 
cels wanting. Hypanthium truncate. Petals white. Disk with a conic cyl 
Fruit elongated, latterally flattened : carpels slightly 5-angled with low ribs, and an oil-tu 
beneath each rib and in each interval. Seeds nearly terete. HoNEWORT. 


AMMIACEAE 869 


1. Deringa Canadénsis (L.) Kuntze. Glabrous or nearly so. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, 
finally widely branched : leaf-blades 3-foliolate ; leaflets ovate, oval or elliptic, 4-10 cm. 
long, acute or abruptly pointed, doubly serrate with sharp teeth, the lateral ones often 
lobed : umbels peduncled : rays few, slender, unequal in length : pedicels 2-25 mm. long : 
corolla white, 2-3 mm. broad: fruit oblong, 4-6 mm. long, straight, or curved at full 
maturity. [Cryptotaenia Canadensis (L.) DC. ] 

In thickets and copses, New Brunswick to South Dakota, Georgiaand Texas. Spring and summer. 


22. AMMI L. 

Herbs resembling Daucus in habit and inflorescence. Leaves alternate: blades finely 
divided or dissected, the segments entire or toothed. Flowers perfect, very numerous in 
compound umbels. Involucres and involucels present, the bracts of the involucre, at least, 
divided. Hypanthium truncate. Petals white, very unequal, cleft at the apex. Stylo- 
podium flat. Fruit short, laterally flattened: carpels 5-angled, with prominent ribs and 
an oil tube in each interval. Seeds terete or half-terete. 


Ultimate segments of the leaf-blades toothed : mature umbel open. 1. A. majus. 
Ultimate segments of the leaf-blades entire: mature umbel contracted. 2. A. Visnaga: 


1l. Ammi màjus L. Stem 3-8 dm. tall, branched. Ultimate segments of the leaf- 
blades toothed: mature umbels and umbellets open, the concreted bases of the rays of the 
latter barely 2 mm. broad : fruit 1.5-2 mm. long. 

In waste places, southern Texas. Introduced from Europe. 

2. Ammi Visnàga (L.) Lam. Stem 5-12 dm. tall. Ultimate segments of the leaf- 
blades entire: mature umbels and umbellets contracted, the concreted bases of the rays of 


the latter 3-4 mm. broad : fruit 2-2.5 mm. long. 
In waste places, near Pensacola, Florida, and on ballast at other seaports. Introduced from Europe. 


23. TAENIDIA Drude. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous or glaucous foliage. Leaves alternate: 
blades pinnate or ternately compound : leaflets entire or toothed. Flowers in spreading 
naked umbels. Hypanthium with a truncate or nearly truncate margin. Petals 5, their 
tips inflexed. Stylopodium wanting. Styles slender. Fruit oblong, more or less strongly 
laterally flattened : carpels 5-angled, with slender ribs and 3 oil-tubes in the intervals. 
Seeds nearly terete except the flat face. PIMPERNEL. 

1. Taenidia integérrima (L.) Drude. Root stout, tough. Foliage glaucous: stems 
sometimes branched at the base, 3-9 dm. tall, branching above : leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long : 
twice or thrice ternately compound ; leaflets ovate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire, 
1-3 cm. long, apiculate: umbels long-peduncled ; rays 10-20, wire-like, 5-8 cm. long, un- 
equal: pedicels 8-15 mm. long: corolla yellow, 1-1.5 mm. broad: fruit broadly oblong, 


3.5-4 mm. long. 
On rocky hillsides and in sandy soil, Quebec to Minnesota, Georgia and Mississippi. Spring. 


24. BULOPHUS Nutt. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, with tuberous roots. Leaves alternate: blades ternately 
compound. Flowers in compound umbels. Involucre wanting or of 1 bract. Involucels 
usually of 2 bracts. Sepals prominent. Petals white or pink, broadest above the middle, 
inflexed at the tip. Disk with a conic stylopodium. Fruit somewhat elongated, laterally 
flattened : carpels delicately ribbed : oil-tubes 2-5 in the intervals. 

1. Eulophus Americànus Nutt. Foliage glabrous. Stems 8-15 dm. tall, branched 
above, leaf-blades various, those of the basal and lower stem-leaves 1-4 dm. long, biter- 
nately compound, with linear or oblong-linear leaf-segments, those of the upper stem-leaves 
ternate, their leaf segments narrowly linear and elongated : umbels with 10-20 rays : bracts 
of the involucres much reduced or none ; those of the involucels linear-lanceolate, 2 mm. 
long: fruit oblong or oblong-ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, the oil-tubes 3 between 
the more or less obsolete ribs, 4 in the inner side. 

In low grounds, Ohio to Missouri, Tennessee and Arkansas. 


25. SIUM L. 


Perennial caulescent herbs of swamps or marshy places. Leaves alternate: blades 
pinnately compound : leaflets toothed, pinnatifid or dissected. Flowers perfect, in com- 


870 AMMIACEAE 


pound umbels. Involucres and involucels of narrow bracts. Sepals small, acute. Petals 
white, inflexed at the apex. Disk with a conic or rounded stylopodium. Styles short. 
Fruit stout, somewhat laterally flattened: carpels ribbed, the intervals with 1-3 oil-tubes. 
Seeds 5-angled. WATER PARSNIP. 


1. Sium cicutaefdlium J. F. Gmel. Stems 5-18 dm. tall, more or less branched: 
leaf-blades 1-8 dm. long, pinnately compound ; leaflets 7-17, linear, oblong or lanceolate, 
4-15 cm. long, acute, sharply serrate ; submersed leaf-blades sometimes finely dissected : 
umbels peduncled, many-rayed, 3-10 cm. broad; rays 2.5-4 cm. long: corolla white, 
about 2 mm. broad: fruit orbicular or oblong-orbicular, 3-3.5 mm. long, prominently 
ribbed, with 2-6 oil-tubes on the commissural sides. [S. lineare Michx.] 


In low grounds or shallow water, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida, 
Louisiana and California. Summer and fall. 


26. BÉRULA Hoftm. 


Perennial more or less aquatic caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades pinnate, 
the segments variously cleft. Involucres and involucels present. Flowers in many-rayed 
ümbels. Hypanthium supporting minute sepals. Corolla white. Stylopodium conic. 
Fruit laterally flattened, about as broad as long, notched at the base: carpels turgid, with 
slender inconspicuous ribs and a corky pericarp: oil-tubes several, contiguous around the 
seed cavity. Seeds nearly terete. 


1. Berula erécta (Huds.) Coville. Stems 1.5-9 dm. tall, sometimes lower: leaves 
glabrous, the segments 10-18, linear to oblong or even ovate, 1-7.5 cm. long, mostly ser- 
rate, incised or laciniately lobed : umbels many-rayed, the rays 5 cm. long or shorter : fruit 
suborbicular or orbicular-ovoid, nearly 2 mm. long, scarcely ribbed. 


In swamps and streams, Ontario to British Columbia, Texas, Mexico and California. Spring to fall. 


27. PTILIMNIUM Raf. 

Annual caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately or ternately dissected 
into narrow or filiform segments. Flowers in compound umbels. Involucres and involu- 
cels of several slender often dissected bracts. Hypanthium truncate. Petals white, 
broadened upward. Disk with a thick stylopodium. Fruit slightly flattened, smooth : 
carpels wide, the dorsal and contiguous ribs prominent, the lateral ones thick and corky, 
between each of which is an oil-tube. Seed angled. [Discoplewra DC.] BisHoP-WEED. 
e ee or eee a ae ag eee eee | oe a ree 

Bracts of the involucre entire : fruit fully 2 mm. long. 2. P. Nuttallii. 
Fruit oblong, 3-4 mm. long: leaf-segments over 2 mm. broad, laciniate-toothed. 3. P. laciniatum. 

1. Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Hollick. Stems slender, erect or decumbent, 
2-18 dm. tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades finely dissected ; segments filiform : bracts 
of the involucres filiform, cleft or parted: umbels peduncled, 2-6 cm. broad : rays 5-20, 
8-25 mm. long, rather uniform in length : pedicels 3-6 mm. long, filiform : corolla white, 
about 1 mm. broad: fruit broadly ovoid, barely 2 mm. long, pinched under the apex, 
prominently ribbed. 

In wet sandy soil, often in brackish meadows, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


2. Ptilimnium Nuttállii (DC.) Britton. Stems erect or ascending, stouter i 
those of the preceding species, 4-10 dm. tall, branching above: leaf-blades dissected li s 
those of R. capillacwm, but rather firmer: bracts of the involucres linear, mostly up 
umbels larger than those of the preceding species: rays 7-25, becoming stout, ascen ng : 
corolla white, about 2 mm. broad: fruit oval or globose-oval, fully 2 mm. long, no 
pinched under the apex. 


In swamps and on damp hillsides, Illinois and Arkansas to Georgia and Texas. Spring to fall. 


3. Ptilimnium laciniàtum (Engelm. & Gray) Kuntze. Stems erect, 5-10 dm. ge 
branching above: leaf-blades coarsely dissected ; segments linear or lanceolate, acu d 
acuminate, laciniately pinnatifid or toothed : umbels peduncled, 4-8 cm. broad Ped I oder 
1.5-3 cm. long, nearly equal in length: bracts of the involucres 3-5-parted, wit viue 
segments : bractlets similar but smaller: corolla white, 3-3.5 mm. broad: fnnt qn 
3-4 mm. long, the dorsal ribs flat, the lateral forming a prominent acute margin. 

On prairies, Texas. Spring and summer. 


AMMIACEAE 871 


28. CYNOSCIADIUM DC. 


Annual caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately or palmately divided 
into narrow segments, or the basal leaves with entire blades : flowers perfect, in compound 
umbels. Involucres and involucels of persistent or deciduous narrow bracts. Sepals per- 
sistent. Petals broadest above the middle, inflexed at the apex. Disk with a conic stylo- 
podium. Fruit elongated, dorsally flattened: carpels with strong ribs, the lateral ribs 
more prominent: oil-tubes solitary in each interval or two in the inner face. 


Leaf-segments palmately disposed: fruit with an oval or globose body and a long beak. 1. .C. digitatum. 
Leaf-segments pinnately disposed : fruit with an oblong body and no beak. 
Stems simple at the base: fruit fully 3 mm. long. 2. C. pinnatum. 
Stems branched at the base: fruit about 2 mm. long. 3. C. pumilum, 

1. Cynosciadium digitatum DC. Stems erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. tall, branching 
above: leaf-blades various; those of the basal leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, those 
of the stem-leaves palmately 3-5-parted ; segments linear or nearly so, each narrowed to a 
slender tip: umbels peduncled, rather irregular: rays usually 3-8, 2-3 mm. long: pedicels 
unequal, 6-20 mm. long: fruit 3 mm. long, the body oval or subglobose, longer than the 
beak, prominently ribbed. 

In wet grounds, Arkansas to Alabama and Texas. Spring and summer. 

2. Cynosciadium pinnàtum DC. Stems erect or decumbent, 1—5 dm. tall, sparingly 
branched : leaf-blades various; those of the basal leaves entire, 3-8 cm. long, longer than 
those of the stem, or like those of the stem pinnately divided ; segments few, linear, atten- 
uate, the terminal one larger: umbels many-flowered, 2-5 cm. broad : rays 5-10, often uni- 
form in length, 1-2.5 cm. long: pedicels 2-8 mm. long, very slender: fruit oblong, 3 mm. 
long, not beaked, less prominently ribbed than in C. digitatum. 

In wet grounds, Missouri to Arkansas and Texas. Spring and summer. 

3. Cynosciadium pümilum (Engelm. & Gray) Coult. & Rose. Stems low and 
diffusely branched : leaf-blades similar to those of C. pinnatum : umbels with 3-6 rays : sepals 
larger than in C. pinnatum : fruit oval to suborbicular, about 2 mm. long, terminating in 
the small stylopodium. 

On prairies, southern Texas. Spring. 


29. LILAEÓPSIS Greene. 

Low succulent herbs of marshy situations, with creeping stems. Leaves clustered at 
the nodes, reduced to terete club-shaped septate organs, sometimes dilated above. Bracts 
of the involucre several. Flowers perfect, several in simple peduncled umbels. Sepals 
acute. Petals white, concave, somewbat hooded atthe apex. Fruit subglobose, or lentic- 
ular, laterally flattened : carpels with thick, corky lateral ribs and filiform dorsal and inter- 
mediate ribs or all sometimes corky, with oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seeds terete, 
[Crantzia Nutt. ] 


Peduncles surpassing the leaves: fruit pinched at the base; lateral ribs only corky. 1. L. lineata. —— 
Peduncles shorter than the leaves: fruit not pinched at the base; all ribs corky. 2. L. Carolinensis. 

1. Lilaeopsis lineata ( Michx.) Greene. Stems creeping in the mud. Leaves 2-5 
em. long ; petioles dilated upward, usually linear-spatulate, barely broadened into blades, 
conspicuously cross-partitioned : peduncles 3-7 cm. long, surpassing the leaves: fruit or- 
bicular-ovoid, pinched near the base, about 2 mm. long, the lateral ribs corky, the dorsal 
not at all corky. [Crantzia lineata Nutt. ] 

In salt and brackish marshes and low grounds, Massachusetts to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 

2. Lilaeopsis Carolinénsis Coult. & Rose. Stems creeping in the mud. Leaves 
5-25 em. long; petioles elongated ; blades oblong or spatulate : shorter than the petioles : 
peduncles 1-1.5 cm. shorter than the leaves: fruit suborbicular or oval-orbicular, about 
3 mm. long, not pinched near the base ; all the ribs corky. 

In low grounds, eastern North Carolina and.Louisiana. Summer. 


30. EURYTAENIA T. & G. 

Herbs, with slender branching stems and glabrous foliage. Leaves alternate: blades 
pinnately dissected. Flowers perfect, in compound umbels. Involucres and involucels of 
cleft bracts. Sepals prominent, thin. Corolla white. Disk with a depressed stylopo- 
dium. Fruit usually flattened : carpels with slender dorsal and contiguous ribs and lateral 
wings : oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. 


872 AMMIACEAE 


1. Burytaenia Texàna T. & G. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, branching especially above : 
leaf-blades 5-12 cm. long, pinnately dissected ; segments narrowly linear or oblong, often 
toothed : umbels 5-8 cm. broad: bracts pinnately parted: rays 8-15, slender, variable in 
length, 2-5 cm. long: pedicels 5-10 mm. long: corolla white, 3-4 mm. broad: fruit oval, 
4 mm. long, with pale conspicuous wings. 

On prairies, the Indian Territory, Oklahoma and Texas. Spring and summer. 


31. FOENICULUM Adans. 


Biennial or perennial caulescent herbs, often aromatic. Leaves alternate: blades 
delicately pinnately decompound. Flowers in naked compound umbels. Hypanthium 
truncate. Petals yellow or yellowish. Disk with a stout conic stylopodium. Styles short. 
Fruit elongated, nearly terete : carpels 5-ribbed : oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, and 2 on 
the inner side. FENNEL. 

1. Foeniculum Foenículum (L.) Karst. Foliage glabrous, glaucescent. Stems 
5-15 dm. tall, branched : leaf-blades finely dissected ; segments filiform or linear-filiform : 
umbels peduncled, 2-10 em. broad ; rays 5-6, often glaucous, 2-5.8 mm. long at maturity : 
corolla yellowish green: fruit oblong, 5 mm. long. [F. vulgare Gaertn. ] 

In waste places and fields, New Jersey, Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


32. LIGUSTICUM L. 

Perennial aromatic herbs. Leaves alternate: blades ternately compound ; leaflets 
toothed. Flowers perfect, in compound umbels, Involucres of a few narrow bracts. In- 
volucels of numerous narrow bractlets. Hypanthium truncate. Petals white, broadened 
upward, inflexed at the apex. Disk with a conic stylopodium. Fruit more or less elon- 
gated, scarcely flattened : carpels with sharp prominent ribs and 2-6 oil-tubes in each inter- 
val. Seeds dorsally flattened, sometimes angled. ANGELICO. NONDO. 

1. Ligusticum Canadénse (L.) Britton. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems 
5-20 dm. tall, branched above: leaf-blades 3-4 times ternately compound ; leaflets oblong, 
elliptic-oval or ovate, 3-8 cm. long, serrateor dentate-serrate, the teeth often acuminate: rays 
8-20, 2-8 cm. long: fruit oblong or oval, 4-6 mm. long, the ribs narrowly winged : oil- 
tubes 2-3 in the intervals, and 6 in the commissural side. 

In rocky or rich woods, Pennsylvania to Missouri, Georgia and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


33. THÁSPIUM Nutt. 

Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades 3-foliolate or ternately com- 
pound or the basal ones sometimes simple: leaflets toothed, incised or lobed. Flowers 
perfect, in compound umbels. Involucres and involucels wanting or the latter of a few 
bractlets. Sepals deciduous. Petals yellow, or deep purple, inflexed at the apex. Disk 
flat. Styleslender. Fruit somewhat longer than broad, terete, slightly dorsally flattened : 
carpels with more or less strongly winged ribs and 1 oil-tube in each interval. Seeds 
slightly angled. MEADOW PARSNIP. : 

Leaf-blades mostly ternate, the divisions thick, finely toothed. 1. T. trifoliatum. 
Leaf-blades mostly biternate or more divided, the divisions thinnish, incised or lobed, 

or pinnatifid. 

Leaf-divisions toothed or cleft: fruit fully 5 mm. long. 2. T. barbinode. 
Leaf-divisions pinnatifid : fruit less than 5 mm. long. 3. T. pinnatifid IL 

1. Thaspium trifoliàtum (L.) A. Gray. Foliage glabrous. Stems 2-7 fate tall, 
sparingly branched, often zigzag : leaf-blades various, those of the basal or lower stem- Mex 
ovate and undivided or 3-foliolate ; segments ovate to lanceolate, serrate ; petioles slen i , 
often longer than the blades : upper stem-leaves similar to the divided basal leaves ; se un 
shorter than the blades, winged : umbels peduncled, 2-5 cm. broad : rays variable in length : 
corolla dark purple : fruit oval, 4 mm. long, the ribs prominently winged. 3 

In thickets and on sunny slopes, Rhode Island to Illinois, North Carolina and Tennessee. een re 
and fall.—The state with yellow corollas, is T. trifoliatum aüreum (Nutt.) Britton ; itis rather more 
distributed than the form with purple corollas. 3-12 

2. Thaspium barbindde (Michx.) Nutt. Finely pubescent or glabrate. Stems ee 
dm. tall, more or less widely branched, pubescent about the nodes : leaf-blades id vi 
twice ternately compound, 5-15 cm. long ; segments commonly ovate, coarsely ps : in 
ternately cleft or parted: umbels peduncled, 3-7 cm. broad: rays sometimes un! rji 
length : corolla rather pale or light yellow : fruit oblong or oval, fully 5 mm. long, 8! 


AMMIACEAE 873 


or nearly so; ribs mostly winged, 7 of them prominently winged, the other 3 sometimes 
nearly wingless. 

In woods and on banks, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Arkansas. Spring and summer.—7. 
barbinode Chapmánii Coult. & Rose. has more finely divided leaf-segments and puberulent; fruit; it 
occurs in southern Georgia and northern Florida. 


3. Thaspium pinnatifidum (Buckl.) A. Gray. Often finely pubescent. Stems 5-12 
dm. tall, more or less widely branched : leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, once to twice ternately 
compound ; basal longer than the rest ; segments 1-2-pinnatifid, rather delicate, suggesting 
those of leaf-blades of many FUMARIACEAE: umbels peduncled, 2-4.5 cm. broad ; rays 
7-14, usually quite uniform in length : corolla light yellow, 2.5-3 mm. broad : fruit o 
long, barely 5 mm. long, all ribs winged, 3-5 of the wings commonly narrower than the rest. 

In woods and copses, North Carolina to Kentueky and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


34. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. 

Perennial, caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves alternate: blades 2-3 pin- 
nately decompound, the alternate segments narrow, incised or lobed. Flowers perfect, in 
compound umbels. Involucres and involucels of several narrow bracts or the former 
wanting. Hypanthium truncate. Corolla white : petals inflexed at the tip. Disk with a 
round-conic stylopodium. Fruit longer than broad, dorsally flattened : carpels with the 
dorsal and contiguous ribs prominent and the lateral ones winged : oil-tubes 2-3 in the inter- 
vals, and 4-8 in the inner face. HEMLOCK PARSLEY. 

l. Conioselinum Chinénse (L.) B.S.P. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, simple or sparingly 
branched above : leaf-blades twice compound, the lower long-petioled, the upper short-peti- 
oled or nearly sessile ; segments acute, incised : umbels peduncled, 5-10 cm. broad: bracts 
narrow or wanting : rays 9-20, slender, 2-4 cm. long: pedicels 6-8 mm. long : corolla white, 
3-4 mm. broad : fruit oval or oblong-oval, 4-5 mm. long, rather prominently winged, the 
faces prominently ridged.  [C.(?) Canadense T. & G.] 


In swamps and on wet cliffs, Labrador to Minnesota, New York and Indiana and in the mountains 
to North Carolina. Summer and fall. 

35. ANGELICA L. 

Perennial caulescent heavy-scented herbs. Leavesalternate: blades pinnate or decom- 
pound : leaflets usually toothed. Flowers perfect, in compound umbels. Involucres and 
involucels present or wanting. Hypanthium truncate, or sepals small. Petals white or 
greenish, broadest above the middle, inflexed at the tip. Disk with a rounded stylo- 
podium. Fruit longer than broad, dorsally flattened : carpels with the dorsal and contigu- 
ous ribs prominent, and broadly winged lateral ribs: oil-tubes solitary or several in the 
intervals and 2-10 in the inner face. ANGELICA. 


Peduncles and rays pubescent. b Ab teste 
Peduncles and rava glabrous. isii 
Leaflets thin ; Ìobes ascending : oil-tubes 1-3 in each interval. 2. A. Curtisii. 


Leaflets leathery ; lobes spreading : oil-tubes about 20, contiguous and continuous. 8. A. dentata. 


l. Angelica villósa (Walt.) B.S.P. Foliage glabrate below, tomentose above. 
Stems 6-18 dm. tall, commonly branching above: leaf-blades once or twice ternately com- 
pound: leaflets thickish, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oval, 2-5 cm. long, serrate : umbels 
dense, becoming looser, 3-8 cm. broad: rays 7-30, 2-5 cm. on pedicels slender, 3-4 
mm. long: corolla white: fruit oval or obovate, 5-6 mm. long, finely pubescent, broadly 
winged ; oil-tubes generally 3-6 in each interval. [A. hirsuta Muhl.] 

In rocky woods and dry soil, Connecticut to Minnesota, Florida and Tennessee. Summer. 

2. Angelica Curtisii Buckl. Foliage glabrous, at least below. Stems 6-18 dm. tall, 
commonly branched above: leaf-blades twice ternately compound, 1-4 dm. long, long- 
petioled : leaflets thinnish, ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate or incised, acuminate : 
umbels 5-15 cm. broad: rays 12-25, ascending, 3-10 cm. long: pedicels 6-12 mm. long : 
corolla greenish : fruit oblong or oval, 4-6 mm. long, broadly winged, glabrous, notched 
at the base ; oil-tubes mostly solitary in the intervals. 

In woods on mountain slopes and summits, Pennsylvania to Georgia. Summer and fall. 

3. Angelica dentàta (Chapm.) Coult. & Rose. Foliage glabrous to the inflorescence. 
Stems 5-10 dm. tall, simple or branching above : leaf-blades ternately compound : petioles 
longer than the blades: leaflets rather remote; thickish, oblong to lanceolate, acute, 1-2.5 
mm. long, incised or incised-serrate: umbels solitary or few, 3-8 cm. broad: rays 5-12, 
1-4 em. long: corolla white: fruit oval, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous or minutely pubescent, 
broadly winged ; oil-tubes about 20, continuous, 8 on the commissural side. 

In dry pine lands, Florida. Summer. 


874 AMMIACEAE 


36. PHELLOPTERUS Nutt. 


Perennial acaulescent or nearly acaulescent herbs, with thick roots. Leaves basal : 
blades bipinnate. Flowers inconspicuous. Involucres rarely present. Involucels of hyaline 
bractlets. Sepals manifest. Petals pink, purple or rarely white, inflexed at the apex. Disk 
flat, stylopodium wanting. Fruit oblong to orbicular, slightly dorsally flattened : carpels 
with 3-5 wings of about equal breadth : oil-tubes usually 3 in the intervals. Seeds flattened. 


Corolla white: bractlets of the involucel entire: fruit 8-12 mm. long. 1. P. montanus. 
Corolla pink: bractlets of the involucel fringed: fruit 4 mm. long. 2. P. macrorhizus. 


1. Phellopterus montanus Nutt. Roots elongated, sometimes fusiform. Foliage 
often pubescent when young. Leaves clustered ; blades glaucous, bipinnately parted or 
bipinnate, 4-10 cm. long, the segments pinnatifid, suggesting pinnae of many common 
species of ferns: peduncles very short, solitary or clustered, the umbels during anthesis 
appearing sessile in the cluster of leaves: rays 6-12, unequal, 6-18 mm. long: bracts of 
the involucre and involucels conspicuous, membranous, entire: fruit oblong in outline, 
8-12 mm. long: wings of the carpels 3-5, very thin, from a thicker ‘base ; oil-tubes 1-3 in 
the intervals, and 4-8 on the commissural side. 

On dry slopes or hillsides, Wyoming to Nebraska and Texas. Spring. 

2. Phellopterus macrorhizus (Buckl.) Coult. & Rose. Similar to P. montanus in 
habit, but with peduncles becoming twice as long as the leaves: umbels with longer rays 
and pedicels: bractlets of the involucels lacerate at the apex: corolla pink: fruit 4 mm. long. 

On prairies, eastern Texas. Spring and summer. 


| 37. CYMÓPTERUS Raf. 

Perennial dwarf acaulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, basal: blades pinnate or bipin- 
nate. Involucre generally wanting. Involucel of foliaceous bractlets. Umbels dense. 
Hypanthium truncate or supporting small sepals. Corolla white or yellow. Stylopodium 
wanting. Fruit dorsally flattened, broad, normally glabrous: carpels with the dorsal and 
intermediate ribs filiform or winged, the lateral wings broad, corky, those of each carpel 
coherent until maturity : oil-tubes small, 4-8 in each interval, and 8-14 on the commissural 
side. Seeds flat. 

1. Cymopteris acaülis (Pursh) Rydb. Plant glabrous, 7-20 cm. tall. Peduncles 
clustered, mostly surpassed by the leaves: umbels congested: bractlets linear, entire: 
corolla white : fruit oval, 6-8 mm. long, each carpel with 3-5 broad wings. 

On dry plains, Assiniboia to Arkansas and Colorado. Spring. 


38. POLYTAENIA DC. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, with thick roots. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately 
decompound. Flowers in compound umbels. Involucres and involucels of few narrow 
bracts or the former wanting. Sepals triangular. Petals broadest above the middle, 1n- 
flexed at the apex. Disk without a stylopodium. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally : oue 
pels with the dorsal and contiguous ribs corky but obscure and thick broadly winged lateral 
ribs with a nerve near the margin : oil-tubes numerous, 12-18 accompanied by smaller ones 
irregularly disposed. 

1. Polytaenia Nuttállii DC. Root fusiform. Foliage nearly glabrous: stems i 
dm. tall, often branching above, slightly scabrous : leaf-blades twice pinnately divide EE 
parted, 5-20 cm. long, the lower ones long-petioled, the upper nearly sessile ; segments nar 
rowly cuneate, toothed or lobed: umbels peduncled, 2-7 cm. broad: bracts of the in 
volucres wanting : rays 6-12, 2-3 cm. long, a few conspicuously short: pedicels 2-4 Eve 
long : corolla 2.5-3 mm. broad : fruit broadly oblong, 6-10 mm: long, the edges thickened, 
the faces often depressed. Coult. & 

Ind il, Michi to Wi In; P dT . Spring.—P. Nuttallii Tezàna Cours, 
Rose, has obovate fruit with thinner wings, filiform dorsal and | intermediate ribs and broader more 
tinct oil-tubes ; it occurs in southern Texas. 

39. OXYPOLIS Raf. 

Perennial caulescent herbs of marshy localities, with glabrous foliage. Leaves re 2 
nate: blades pinnate or ternate, or rarely reduced to hollow septate phyllodes : lea #0 
toothed. Flowers perfect, in compound umbels. Sepals acute. Petals white. Disk wi 


AMMIACEAE 875 


a conie stylopodium. Fruit longer than broad, dorsally flattened: carpels with the dorsal 
and contiguous ribs thin, and winged lateral ribs, the latter nerved near the inner part of 
the wing: oil tubes solitary in the intervals and 2-6 in the inner face. Seeds much flat- 
tened dorsally. [ Tiedemannia DC. ] 


Leaves reduced to hollow, terete, transversely-jointed petioles (phyllodes). 1. O. filiformis. 
Leaves with simple, pinnate or palmate blades. 
Leaf-blades simple, or of 3 palmately disposed leaflets at the end of an elongated 


petiole. 2. O. ternata. 
Leaf-blades pinnately divided. 
Leaflets conspicuously elongated, less than 3 mm. wide: fruit 4 mm. long. 3. O. longifolia. 
Leaflets not conspicuously elongated, over 3 mm. wide: fruit 5-6 mm. wide. 4. O. rigidior. 


1. Oxypolis filifórmis ( Walt.) Britton. Stems 5-18 dm. tall, simple or branched 
above : leaf-blades reduced to elongated hollow jointed phyllodes, 0.3-6 dm. long, attenuate : 
bracts of the involucres linear-subulate : umbels 3-10 cm. broad : rays slender, 6-16, 2-7 
em. long: corolla white, about 2 mm. broad : pedicels 4-8 mm. long : fruit oblong-oval or 
oval-obovate, 5-6 mm. long, broadly winged ; oil-tubes one in each interval, and 2-4 in 
the commissural side. — [ Tiedemannia teretifolia DC.] 

In swamps, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

2. Oxypolis ternàta (Nutt.) Heller. Stems 5-9 dm. tall, usually somewhat 
branched : leaf-blades entire or divided into 3 elongated linear or filiform entire leaflets: 
umbels 3-10 em. broad: rays very slender, 2-6 cm. long, ascending or curved upward : 
cose white, 2-2.5 mm. broad: fruit oblong, 4-5 mm. long, winged, rather delicately 
ri i 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Fall. 

3. Oxopolis longifólia (Pursh) Small. Similar to O. rigidior in habit. Leaves 
with conspicuously elongated entire leaflets less than 3 mm. wide : umbels few-rayed : fruit 
4 mm. long. [Sium longifolium Pursh.] 

In low grounds and swamps, New Jersey to South Carolina and Tennessee. Summer and fall. 

4. Oxypolis rigídior (L.) Raf. Stems 5-18 dm. tall, nearly simple or widely 
branched: leaf-blades pinnately divided; leaflets 3-9, thinnish, linear to oblong or 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3-12 cm. long, entire or sharply toothed or incised : umbels 
5-15 em. broad : rays 7-25, 2-10 cm. long: corolla white, 3-3.5 mm. broad : fruit oblong 
or oval, 5-7 mm. long, winged ; oil-tubes 1 on each interval, 4-6 on the commissural side. 

In swamps or on wet banks, New York to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 
Cow-BANE. WATER DROPWORT. 

40. LOMATIUM Raf. 

Perennial herbs, with tuberous or thick roots, often acaulescent. Leaves basal: blades 
pinnate, ternate, or more or less finely dissected. Flowers in compound umbels. In- 
volucres wanting. Involucels of several or many bractlets. Hypanthium truncate, or nearly 
so. Petals white or variously colored. Disk with a depressed stylopodium, or flat. Fruit of 
various shapes, dorsally flattened : carpels with slender dorsal and contiguous ribs and 
lateral wings : oil-tubes usually 1-4 in the intervals and 2-10 in the inner side. 

1. Lomatium daucifdlium ( Nutt.) Coult. & Rose. Foliage tomentose, less densely 80 
in age. Stems very short: leaves clustered at base ; blades 5-15 cm. long, finely dissected, 
the ultimate segments narrowly linear or filiform : peduncles usually overtopping the leaves, 
1-2 dm. tall: umbels irregular, 2-10 cm. broad : rays 3-20, stoutish, 2.5-8 cm. long, those 
of the same umbel very variable in length : fruit broadly oblong, 5-8 mm. long, the wings 


3 = wide as the body, glabrous ; oil-tubes 1-3 in each interval, and 2-4 on the commissural 
side. 


On prairies, Missouri to Nebraska and Texas. Spring. 


41. PASTINACA L. 

Annual or biennial herbs, with thick conic roots and heavy scented. Leaves alternate : 
blades pinnately compound ; leaflets toothed or lobed. Flowers perfect, in compound 
umbels. Involucresand involucels usually wanting. Hypanthium truncate. Petals yellow. 
Disk with a depressed stylopodium. Fruit somewhat longer than broad, much dorsally 
flattened: carpels with the dorsal and contiguous ribs slender, and thin lateral wings: oil- 
tubes solitary in the intervals and 2-4 in the inner side. Seeds flat. WILD PARSNIP. 


1. Pastinaca sativa L. Biennial, glabrous below. Root narrowly conic, strong- 
scented : stems 6-20 dm. tall, simple or widely branched, sharply ridged: leaf-blades 


876 AMMIACEAE 


pinnately compound, oblong or oblong-ovate in outline, 5-30 cm. long ; segments ovate or 
oblong, oblique, crenate-serrate, incised or lobed : umbels very variable, 5-20 cm. broad, 
flat: rays unequal, 1.5-5 cm. long: sepals obsolete : corolla yellow: petals about 1 mm. 
long, strongly revolute: fruit obovate, oval or orbicular-oval, 5-6 mm. long. 

In waste places and fields, common throughout the United States and southern British America. 
Summer and fall. 


42. HERACLEUM L. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, with a heavy odor. Leaves alternate: blades ternately 
compound ; leaflets broad, toothed or lobed. Flowers perfect, in compound umbels. In- 
volueres and involucels of few often deciduous bracts or the former wanting. Hypanthium 
truncate, or sepals small. Petals white, broadest above the middle, those of the outer and 
inner flowers different in shape. Disk with a thick conic stylopodium. Fruit usually 
longer than broad, strongly dorsally flattened : carpels with the dorsal and contiguous ribs 
slender, and broadly winged lateral ribs, the latter nerved near the outer edge : oil-tubes 
solitary in each interval, and 2-4 in the inner face, rarely extending beyound the middle of 
the carpel. Cow PARSNIP. 

1. Heracleum lanàtum Michx. Heavy scented, more or less densely pubescent. 
Stems stout, 6-25 dm. tall, often branched : leaf-blades ample, ternately divided, 1-4 dm. 
long; segments ovate to suborbicular, lobed, sharply serrate ; petioles with conspicuous 
wing-like stipules: umbels 8-30 em. broad, flat: bracts of the involucres mainly wanting: 
rays 8-30, stout, 3-15 cm. long: pedicels 6-20 mm. long, rather slender at maturity: 
corolla white: fruit oval or obovate-oval, 8-12 mm. long, minutely pubescent, emarginate 
at the apex. 

‘In low ground, Labrador to Alaska, Georgia and California. Spring and summer. 


43. DAUCUS L. 


Annual or biennial caulescent herbs, with rough-pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate : 
blades pinnately decompound. Flowers in spreading compound umbels. Involucres and 
involucels various, or wanting : hypanthium truncate or nearly so. Sepals obsolete. Petals 
white or rarely colored, often unequal, broadest above the middle, inflexed at the apex. 
Disk often with a depressed or conic stylopodium. Fruit longer than broad, dorsally flat- 
tened : carpels with 5 low primary ribs and 4 winged secondary ribs, which are armed with 
a row of barbed bristles ; oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs and 2 in the inner face. 
CaRROT. 

Carpels broadest at the middle; wings divided into 12 or more bristle-like prickles. 1. D. Carota. 
Carpels broadest below the middle; wings parted into 1-8 flat prickles. 2. D. pusillus. 

1. Daucus Cardta L. Bristly-hispid. Stem erect, 4-12 dm. tall, often branched, 
channeled : leaf-segments acute or cuspidate, cleft or toothed: rays of the compound 
umbel numerous: corolla white, a few in each umbel larger than the rest, the central one 
often purple: petals very unequal, suborbicular, unequally cleft, crisped : fruit 3-4 mm. 


a LI 
Jong the carpels broadest at the middle, the Wiups Mood into 12 or more bristle-like 
prickies. 


In fields and waste places, nearly throughout North America; except the extreme north and 
south. Naturalized from Europe and Asia. Spring to fall. 


2. Daucus pusíllus Michx. Hispid. Stem erect, 1-8 dm. tall: umbels long- 
peduncled : rays several or numerous, 1-2 cm. long, nearly equal: corolla white, or the 
central one larger and purple: fruit ovoid-oblong, 3-4 mm. long, the wings parted into 
1-8 flat prickles. 

In fields and waste places, Virginia and British Columbia to Florida and California. Spring to fall. 


Series 2. GAMOPETALAE. 


Petals partly or almost wholly united, or occasionally distinct, OT 
very rarely wanting. 


Order 1. ERICALES. 
Herbs, undershrubs, shrubs, trees, or sometimes humus-plants or sapro- 


phytes. Leaves alternate, often evergreen, often reduced to scales : blades com- 
monly leathery. Flowers mainly perfect and complete, regular or nearly 80. 


CLETHRACEAE 877 


Calyx of 2-8, often 5 partially united sepals. Corolla of 2-8, often 5, more or 
less united petals or these occasionally distinct. Androecium of as many sta- 
mens as there are petals or twice as many, sometimes partially reduced to stam- 
inodia, mostly free from the corolla. Gynoecium of several united carpels. 
Ovary superior or inferior, 1-several-celled. Styles united. Fruit capsular, 
baccate or drupaceous. 

Stamens free and separate. 


Gynoecium superior: fruit capsular, sometimes fleshy but not truly baccate or drupaceous. 
Corolla of essentially distinct petals. 


Ovary 3-celled: shrubs or trees: leaves deciduous. Fam. 1. CLETHRACEAE. 
Ovary 4-5-celled : low evergreen herbs or saprophytes. 
Herbaceous perennials with persistent green leaves. Fam. 2. PYROLACEAE. 
Herbaceous saprophytes destitute of green leaves. Fam. 3. MONOTROPACEAE. 
Corolla of manifestly united petals. 
Herbaceous saprophytes destitute of green leaves. Fam. 3. MONOTROPACEAE, 
Shrubs or trees with deciduous or persistent green leaves. Fam. 4. ERICACEAE. 
Gynoecium inferior: fruit baccate or drupaceous. Fam. 5. VACCINIACEAE. 
Stamens adnate to the corolla-tube, or partially united into a lobed tube. 
Caulescent plants: staminodia wanting. Fam. 6. DIAPENSIACEAE. 
Scapose plants: staminodia present. Fam. 7. GALACACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. CLETHRACEAE Klotzsch. WHITE ALDER FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with stellately branched pubescence. Leaves alternate, de- 
ciduous: blades simple, often toothed, pinnately nerved. Flowers perfect, in 
showy terminal, elongated racemes or panicles. Sepals 5, imbricated, persistent. 
Corolla white, of 5 essentially distinct imbricated deciduous petals, these usually 
broadest above the middle. Stamens 10. Filaments slender. Anthers sagittate, 
inverted in anthesis: sacs opening by apical pores. Pollen of simple grains, 
Disk obsolete. Ovary superior, 3-celled, pubescent, 3-lobed. Styles united, 
topped by a 3-lobed stigma. Ovules numerous. Fruit a subglobose 3-lobed 
loculicidally 3-valved capsule, the valves 2-cleft at maturity. 


1. CLETHRA L. 


Characters of the family. PEPPERBUSH. 


Leaves glabrous or nearly so: both filaments and style glabrous. 1. C. alnifolia. 
Leaves pubescent, at least beneath : either filaments or style glabrous. 
Sepals obtuse : filaments glabrous or nearly so: style pubescent: capsules depressed. 2. C. tomentosa. 
Sepals acute: filaments pubescent: style glabrous: capsules ovoid. 3. C. acuminata, 


1. Clethra alnifólia L. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with erect or ascending branches and 
sparingly pubescent twigs. Leaf-blades obovate or cuneate, 3-8 cm. long, usually acute or 
short-acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, at least beyond the middle, glabrous or nearly 
so on both sides, short-petioled : racemes erect, canescent, 5-15 cm. long, simple or panicu- 
lately branched : pedicels 1-3 mm. long, subtended by narrow bracts: flowers fragrant: 
mid oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse or sometimes acute, longitudi- 
nally ridged in age: corolla white, 8-9 mm. broad: petals oblong or cuneate-oblong, 5-6 
mm. broad, hooded and often notched at the apex: filaments glabrous: style glabrous : 
capsule subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter, erect or ascending. 

In swamps and moist woods, Maine to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Florida. Summer. SWEET 
PEPPERBUSH. WHITE ALDER. 


2. Clethra tomentósa Lam. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with tomentose foliage, the branches 
erect or ascending. Leaf-blades obovate, narrowly or broadly cuneate, 4-10 cm. long, acute 
or short-acuminate, abruptly serrate, mainly above the middle, more or less pubescent 
above, densely white-tomentose beneath, short-petioled: racemes solitary or paniculate, 
6-15 cm. long: pedicels 2-5 mm. long, shorter than the narrow subtending bracts : flowers 
fragrant: sepals ovate or ovate-oblong, 3-3.5 mm. long, slightly ridged in age: petals 
white, spatulate or oblong-spatulate, 5-6 mm. long, concave above: filaments glabrous or 
nearly so: style pubescent : capsule depressed-globose, 4-4.5 mm. broad, drooping. 

In swamps, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 


3. Clethra acuminata*Michx. A shrub, or a small tree, with a maximum height of 
6 m., the branches erect or rarely spreading. Leaves crowded near thee nds of branchlets ; 
blades thinnish, oval or elliptic, 10-20 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, finely serrate 
except the cuneate or rounded base, deep green above, paler and more or less pubes- 


878 PYROLACEAE 


cent beneath, at least on the nerves, short-petioled : racemes 5-20 cm. long, usually simple, 
densely pubescent : pedicels 3-8 mm. long: flowers secund : sepals ovate, 3.5—4 mm. long, 
acute, strongly ribbed: petals erect, cuneate, 6-7 mm. long, notched at the apex: fila- 
ments villous: style glabrous: capsule ovoid, 5 mm. long, drooping. 

On cliffs and in mountain woods, Virginia to West Virginia, Georgia and Alabama. Summer. 


FAMILY 2. PYROLACEAE Agardh. WINTERGREEN FAMILY. 


Perennial mostly evergreen herbs, with elongated branching rootstocks. 
Leaves basal, or approximate on the short stems or branches: blades thickish, 
entire or toothed. Flowers perfect, often slightly irregular, solitary or in 
terminal racemes or corymbs. Calyx of 4-5 persistent sepals. Corolla often 
white or pink, of 4-5 distinct or slightly united wax-like petals. Androecium 
of twice as many stamens as there are petals. Filaments often subulate. Anthers 
introrse, becoming inverted in anthesis: sacs opening by pores or slits. Pollen 
grains in 4s. Gynoecium of 4-5 united carpels. Ovary superior, 4—5-celled. 
Styles united, sometimes declined. Stigma 5-lobed. Ovules very numerous, 
anatropous. Fruit a 4-5-celled loculicidally valved capsule. Seeds minute, 
numerous. Testa loosely fitting the very slightly differentiated embryo. 

Flowers in racemes: style elongated: capsules opening from base to top, the valves cobwebby. 


1. PYROLA. 
Flowers solitary or in corymbs: style short, covered by the stigma: capsules opening 
from top to base, the valves glabrous. 2. CHIMAPHILA. 


1. PYROLA L. 

Low scapose often stoloniferous herbs. Leaves mainly basal, persistent: blades 
often leathery and lustrous, entire or finely toothed. Flowers wax-like, nodding or 
ascending, short-pedicelled. Sepals spreading. Corolla deciduous: petals 5, concave. 
Stamens 10, declined or converging: filaments glabrous. Anthers erect in the bud, 
mostly inverted in anthesis: sacs usually beaked at the base, opening apparently by 
apical pores. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule 5-celled, 5-lobed, loculicidally 5-valved, often 
nodding ; valves opening from the base, with cobwebby margins. Seeds very numerous. 
WINTERGREEN. 

Leaf-blades about as long as broad, leathery, mainly shorter than the petioles. 1. P. rotundifolia. 
Leaf-blades longer than broad, membranous, longer than the petioles. 2. P. elliptica. 

1. Pyrola rotundifolia L. Dark green. Leaves basal; blades leathery, suborbicu- 
lar, 2-5 cm. in diameter, obtuse or rounded at both ends, veiny, on 3-sided red petioles 
(the inner side channeled), which usually exceed the blade in length: scapes erect, 2-3 
dm. tall, 3-angled, furnished with a few scales: racemes 3-10 cm. long: flowers wax-like, 
on spreading or reflexed pedicels which are less than 1 cm. long, and subtended by linear- 
lanceolate acute bracts: sepals ovate to triangular, acute, with narrow white margins: 
corolla 1.5 cm. broad: petals concave, obovate, 8-9 mm. long, obtuse : stamens bent back : 
style strongly declined : capsules depressed, 6-7 mm. broad. 

In dry woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south in the mountains to Georgia, and Ohio. Summer. 

2. Pyrola ellíptica Nutt. Deep green. Leaves basal; blades thinnish, elliptic- 
oval or oblong, 3-9 cm. long, usually mucronulate, crenate with low teeth, narrowed into 
petioles which are shorter than the blades: scapes erect, 1-3 dm. tall, simple: racemes 
6-16-flowered : pedicels as long as the subtending bracts or longer: sepals triangular or 
ovate-triangular, acute or acuminate, about as long as the tube: corolla about 1.5 em. 
broad : petals oblong-cuneate, obtuse or truncate : anthers scarcely beaked : style declined, 
exserted : capsule depressed-globose, about 6 mm. in diameter. 


In rich soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to the District of Columbia, Tennessee and 
New Mexico. Summer. SHIN-LEAF. 


2. CHIMÁPHILA Pursh. 


Low almost scapose perennial herbs. Leaves persistent, approximate : blades leathery, 
sometimes variegated. Flowers perfect, in terminal corymbs.  Pedicels commonly with 
small bracts. Sepals 5, persistent. Corolla white or pink, wax-like : petals 5, broad, con- 
cave, sessile. Stamens 10. Filaments often slightly pubescent. Anther-sacs opening by 
pores at the apices of the basal (then erect) beaks. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule 5-lobed, 


MONOTROPACEAE. 879 


erect, loculicidally 5-valved from the top; valves not cobwebby on the margins. Seeds 

numerous, with the loose testa somewhat produced at both ends. 

Leaves variegated, broadest below the middle: sepals longer than broad. 1. C. maculata. 
*Leaves not variegated, broadest above the middle: sepals as broad as long. 2. C. umbellata. 

1. Chimaphila maculata ( L.) Pursh. Leaf-blades ovate or lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, 
acute or obtusish, distantly serrate with somewhat spreading teeth, short-petioled, dark 
green, variegated with pale green above: peduncles 5-12dm. long: flowers wax-like, nod- 
ding, 2-5 in a terminal cluster or sometimes solitary, on pedicels 1-3 cm. long: sepals 5, 
ovate, 4-5 mm. long, green, ciliolate: petals 5, oblong or suborbicular, 10-12 mm. long, 
ciliolate, concave, more or less reflexed : filaments dilated below, with 2 tufts of hairs 
below the middle: anthers tan-colored: capsules depressed, 7-8 mm. broad. 

In woods, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Mississippi. Summer. SPOTTED WINTERGREEN. 

2. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Leaf-blades deep green, oblanceolate, cuneate 
or obovate-cuneate, 2-10 cm. long, obtuse or acute, sharply serrate, shining above, paler 
beneath, short-petioled : peduncles erect, 5-15 cm. tall, glabrous or nearly so, corymbosely 
branched above: pedicels 1-2 cm. long, erect or ascending: sepals half-orbicular or orbicu- 
lar-ovate, 2 mm. long, obtuse, erose-ciliate : petals suborbicular or orbicular-obovate, erose 
along the edges: filaments glabrous: capsules depressed-globose, 7-8 mm. broad. 


In dry woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Mexicoand California. Summer. 
PIPSISSEWA. PRINCE’S PINE. 


FAMILY 3. MONOTROPACEAE Lindl. IwDIAN-PIPE FAMILY. 


Saprophytic or root-parasitic herbs, with densely matted roots and with foli- 
age destitute of green coloring matter. Stems solitary or clustered, scape-like. 
Leaves reduced to scales, these often imbricated at the base and top of the stem. 
Flowers perfect, or nearly so, usually drooping. Calyx free, of 2-6 imbricated 
deciduous sepals. Corolla white or colored, of 3-6 distinct or partially united 
petals, or wanting in the western genus Allotropa. Androecium of 6-12, hypog- 
ynous stamens. Filaments distinct or united at the base. Anthers 2-celled, or 
with confluent sacs, opening by valves or pores. Pollen of simple grains. Disk 
8-10-toothed or more. Gynoecium of a single pistil. Ovary 1-6-celled, supe- 
rior. Styles united. Stigma capitate, disk-like or funnelform. Ovules numer- 
ous, anatropous. Fruit a 1-6-celled loculicidally opening capsule. Seeds 
numerous, minute. Testa reticulated. 


Corolla of several distinct petals, deciduous. 


Flowers solitary : plants white or pink (black in drying). 1. MoNoTROPA. 
Flowers several: plants yellowish or red. 2. HYPOPITYS. 
Corolla gamopetalous, campanulate, persistent. 3. MONOTROPsIS. 


1. MONOTROPA L. 


Scapose odorless herbs, with white or pink foliage. Leaves reduced to sessile scales. 
Flowers perfect, solitary, nodding. Sepals 2-4, imperfectly distinguished from the upper 
bracts, deciduous. Corolla colorless : ‘petals 5-6, somewhat dilated at the apex, not 
saccate at the base, tardily deciduous. Stamens 10-12. Anthers peltate, opening at first 
by 2 transverse chinks, becoming transversely 2-valved. Disk 10-12-toothed. Ovary 5- 
celled, confluent with the disk at the base. Stigma funnelform, with a glabrous obscurely 
crenate edge. Capsule 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved, erect. Seeds numerous, minute, 
with the testa produced at each end. INDIAN PIPE. 

1. Monotropa unifldra L. Foliage white or pink, turning blackish in drying, 
glabrous. Stems scape-like, usually gregarious, 1-3 dm. tall, simple, wax-like as is the 
rest of the plant: scales remote or approximate, 10-15 mm. long, succulent: flowers soli- 
tary, nodding, odorless: sepals broadened upward, 10-15 mm. long, obtuse: petals sur- 
passing the calyx, abruptly dilated near the apex, strigillose within : filaments usually 10, 
pubescent : capsule erect, 10-18 mm. high, obtusely angled. 

In moist woods, Anticosti to British Columbia, Florida, California and Mexico. Summer and fall. 


2. HYPOPITYS Adans. 


Scapose, often violet-scented herbs, with tawny or red more or less pubescent foliage. 
Leaves reduced to sessile scales. Flowers perfect, few or several in terminal racemes, the 


880 ERICACEAE 


terminal (earliest) with usually 5 members in each perianth-whorl, the lateral with 3-4 
members. Calyx regular or nearly so: sepals dissimilar from the bracts. Corolla colored: 
petals distinct, as many as the sepals, saccate at the base. Stamens 6-10. Anthers hori- 
zontal : sacs confluent, opening by 2 unequal valves, the smaller erect, the larger spreading 
or reflexed. Disk 6-10-toothed. Ovary 3-5-celled, confluent with the disk at the base. 
Stigma funnelform or disk-like, sometimes retrorsely bearded. Capsule 3-5-celled, erect, 
loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds numerous, minute. PINE-sAP. FALSE BEECH-DROPs. 
Stigma not retrorsely bearded : style sparingly pubescent: sepals and petals with short cilia. 

1. H. Americana. 
Stigma retrorsely bearded : style copiously pubescent : sepals and petals with long cilia. 2. H. lanuginosa. 

1. Hypopitys Americana (DC.) Small. Plants tawny or deep pink, finely pubes- 
cent. Stems 1-3 dm. tall: scales crowded at base of the stem, 4-12 mm. long, the upper 
ones sometimes irregularly toothed : flowers several: sepals spatulate to oblanceolate, 7-10 
mm. long, often irregularly toothed, ciliate with very short hairs: petals mainly cuneate, 
8-13 mm. long, sparingly pubescent and ciliate like the sepals: style sparingly pubescent: 
stigma not retrorsely bearded : capsule oval or oblong-oval, 7-10 mm. long. [H. multiflora 
B Americana DC.] 

In woods, Newfoundland to Ontario and New York and southward in the Alleghenies. 

2. Hypopitys lanuginósa (Michx.) Nutt. Plants yellowish and crimson, markedly 
or copiously pubescent. Stems 0.5-3.5 dm. tall: scales 5-15 mm. long : flowers few : sepals 
cuneate, oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic-spatulate, 6-9 mm. long, acute or acuminate, 
ciliate with relatively long hairs : petals cuneate to almost oblong, 10-11 mm. long, mark- 
edly queen without, ciliate like the sepals: style copiously pubescent : stigma retrorsely 
bearded : capsule globular, 4-5 mm. long. 


In woods, Nova Scotia southward, especially in and near the mountains, to South Carolina, 
Tennessee and Florida. 


3. MONOTROPSIS Schwein. 


Succulent herbs, with glabrous more or less colored foliage and scape-like stems. 
Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers perfect, fragrant. Calyx persistent: sepals 5. Corolla 
campanulate, gamopetalous: tube 5-saccate at the base: lobes 5, erect or spreading. 
Stamens 10, included. Anthers awnless: sacs confluent, opening by large terminal pores. 
Disk 10-toothed. Ovary 5-celled, slightly lobed. Stigma rather discoid, 5-angled. Cap- 
sule 5-celled. Seeds minute, very numerous. [Schweinitzia Nutt.] SWEET PINE-8AF. 

: i i . M. odorata. 
of res epe E Cie E Me eolit 

1. Monotropsis odorata Ell. Stems scape-like, usually clustered, 5-10 cm. tall, 
purple or purplish brown: scales several, remote, ovate, 3-8 mm. long, acute, appressed, 
membranous in age: flowers fragrant, 4-9, more or less nodding, becoming erect: spikes 
continuous: calyx usually subtended by 2 bracts: sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
acute or acutish: corolla pink, about 1 em. long; lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse. 


In moist woods in or near the mountains, Maryland to Kentucky, Georgia and Tennessee; rare. 
Early spring. CAROLINA BEECH-DROPS. 


2. Monotropsis Reynóldsiae (A. Gray) Heller. Stems scape-like, clustered, 9-12 
em. tall, purple: scales numerous, imbricated, ovate, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, ap- 
pressed or ascending, membranous in age: flowers usually 5-14, nodding or spreading : 
racemes continuous : calyx short-pedicelled : sepals linear, acute: corolla white, 7-9 mm. 
long, surpassing the sepals, persistent ; lobes ovate, acute. 

In sandy thickets, Florida; local. Fall. 


FAMILY 4. ERICACEAE DC. Heats FAMILY. 


Perennial herbs, or shrubs or trees, sometimes aromatic. Leaves alternate, 
opposite or whorled, without stipules: blades commonly leathery and peni 
sistent. Flowers perfect or typically so. Calyx of 4-7 distinct or partially bert 
sepals. Corolla regular or slightly 2-lipped, of 4-7 distinct or partially unt 
petals. Androecium of as many or twice as many hypogynous stamens as there 
are petals or corolla-lobes. Filaments usually distinct. Anthers 2-celled : -— 
sometimes prolonged into terminal tubes, like the filaments often awned, oed 
ing by terminal pores or chinks, or lengthwise. Gynoecium of 2-5 united cà 


ERICACEAE 


pels. 
usually numerous, anatropous. 
ceous. 
Embryo central. 


Capsule opening septicidally, naked. 
Corolla of 3-7 distinct petals. 


Ovary 2-6-celled. Styles united. Stigmas capitate or peltate. 


881 


Ovules 


Fruit a capsule, or sometimes baccate or drupa- 
Seeds numerous or sometimes solitary in each cavity. Endosperm fleshy. 


Anther-sacs opening at the apex : petals 6-7. 1. BEJARIA. 
Anther-sacs opening lengthwise: petals 3-5. 
Petals 3-4. 2. ELLIOTTIA. 
Petals 5. 3. DENDRIUM. 
Corolla of several united petals. 
Corolla funnelform, limb 2-lipped. 4. AZALEA. 
Corolla campanulate, urn-shaped or saucer-shaped. 
Corolla without sacs for the anthers. 
Corolla campanulate or rotate-campanulate. 
Upper corolla-lobe exterior: sepals minute or obsolete: leaves 
deciduous ; blades membranous. 5. BiLTIA. 
Upper corolla-lobe interior: sepals prominent: leaves persistent ; 
blades leathery. 6. RHODODENDRON. 
Corolla urn-shaped. 7. MENZIESIA. 
Corolla with 10 sacs for the anthers. 
Sepals persistent : capsule spheroidal: corolla-lobes rounded. 8. KALMIA. 
Sepals deciduous: capsule ovoid : corolla-lobes acute. 9. KALMIELLA. 
Capsule opening loculicidally, sometimes enclosed in the berry-like hypanthium. 
Calyx and hypanthium neither accrescent nor enclosing the capsule like a 
rry. 
Anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks. 

Sepals imbricate, at least in the bud. os 
Capsule opening by a single layer of 5 valves. 10. LEUCOTHOE. 
Capsule opening by 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. 11. CHAMAEDAPHNE. 

Sepals valvate or separated even in the bud. 

Anthers or filaments 2-awned on the back. 
Corolla campanulate : sepals manifestly united. 12. ZENOBIA. 
Corolla urn-shaped or cylindraceous : sepals distinct. 13. PIERIS. 
Anthers and filaments awnless. 14. XOLISMA. 
Anther-sacs opening length wise. 
Corolla contracted at the throat: upright shrubs or trees. 15. OXYDENDRON. 
Corolla dilated at the throat : creeping, shrubby plants. 16. EPIGAEA. 


Calyx and hypanthium accrescent, enclosing the capsule like a berry. 17. GAULTHERIA. 


1. BEJARIA Mutis. 


Evergreen shrubs, with branching stems. Leaves alternate: blades entire, leathery. 
Flowers perfect, in terminal racemes or corymbs. Calyx often glutinous: sepals 6-7. 
Corolla white, yellow or red: petals 6-7, spreading, or ascending, somewhat unequal, 
imbricated. Stamens 12-14. Filaments filiform, somewhat declined. Anthers versatile, 
opening by terminal pores. Ovary 6-7-celled. Stigma 6-7-lobed, or nearly entire. 
Ovules numerous. Capsule depressed, 6-7-lobed, septicidally 6-7-valved. 

1. Bejaria racemósa Vent. An evergreen shrub 1-2 m. tall, with sparingly hispid 
branches. Leaf-blades oblong to oval or sometimes broadest above the middle, glabrous, 
usually lustrous above, acute or obtuse at the apex, short-petioled : racemes terminal, 1-2 
dm. long, simple or compound, with bracts 5-12 mm. long: pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long: 
calyx 5-6 mm. broad: sepals about 7, triangular or rounded: corolla white, glutinous ; 


lobes linear-spatulate, 2-2.5 cm. long, spreading: capsules 6-8 mm. broad, depressed, 7- 
lobed, 7-celled. 


In sandy soil, southeastern Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 


2. BLLIOTTIA Muhl. 


Shrubs, with erect branching stems and glabrous foliage. Leaves alternate: blades 
entire, with alternate nerves. Flowers perfect, in terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals 
3-5, often 4. Corolla white or pink: petals elongated, unequal, imbricated. Stamen 
4-10. Filaments flattened. Anthers sagittate, opening lengthwise. Ovary 3-5-celled, 
curved or declined. Stigma minutely lobed. Ovules variable in number. Capsule 3-5- 
lobed, septicidally 3-5-valved. 

1. Elliottia racemósa Muhl. A glabrous shrub 1-3 m. tall. Leaf-blades firm, 
oblong, elliptic or oblong-oblanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acuminate at both ends and bristle- 
pointed, more or less glaucous beneath, short-petioled : racemes narrow, 1-4 dm. long, 
simple or compound : pedicels 8-20 mm. long: calyx 3-3.5 mm. broad: sepals broadly 
triangular: petals linear-oblong, about 1 cm. long, more or less strongly recurved. 

On sand hills, eastern Georgia and adjacent South Carolina. Spring. 

56 


882 ERICACEAE 


3. DENDRIUM Desv. 


Low evergreen shrubs, with much branched stems. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades 
leathery, entire. Flowers perfect, in terminal corymbs, pedicelled. Calyx persistent : 
sepals 5, rigid. Corolla white or pink : petals 5, sessile, imbricated. Stamens 10, exserted. 
Filaments filiform, glabrous. Anthers awnless, opening lengthwise. Disk 10-lobed. 
Ovary 2-5-celled. United styles straight. Stigma truncate. Ovules numerous. Capsule 
ovoid, septicidally 2-5-valved. [Leiophyllum Pers.] SAND MYRTLE. 

Leaves mainly opposite; blades oval or broadly oblong: lobes of the capsules toothed on back. 
1. D. prostratum. 


Leaves mainly alternate; blades oblong: capsules smooth or nearly so. 
Leaf-blades 4-8 mm. long: filaments nearly twice as long as the petals: capsules 


about thrice as long as the sepals. 2. D. buxifolium. 
Leaf-blades 1-1.5 em. long: filaments about as long as the petals: capsules about i 
twice as long as the sepals. 3. D. Hugeri. 


1. Dendrium prostràtum (Loud. ) Small. An evergreen shrub 1-2 dm. tall, with 
diffuse and depressed branches. Leaves mainly opposite ; blades leathery, oval or broadly 
oblong, 4-7 mm. long, obtuse, revolute, lustrous above, pale and dull beneath, narrowed 
into petioles 1-2 mm. long ; flower-clusters loose or dense : bracts mostly oblong-ovate, ob- 
tuse : pedicels 5-8 mm. long, minutely glandular : sepals variable, lanceolate to linear, 
obtusish : corolla white ; petals oval-oblong or sometimes somewhat ovate, 3.5 mm. long, 
obtuse : filaments club-shaped, longer than the petals : capsules broadly ovate or orbicular- 
ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, somewhat lobed, the lobes toothed on the back, more than twice as 
long as the sepals, commonly elevated on a disk-like stipe. 

On rocky mountain summits, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring. 


2. Dendrium buxifdlium (Berg.) Desv. An evergreen shrub 0.5-5 dm. tall, with 
erect or spreading much-branched stems. Leaves mainly alternate; blades leathery, ob- 
long, obtusish or acutish, lustrous above, paler and dull beneath, narrowed into petioles 
about 1 mm. long: flower clusters dense: bracts oblong or nearly so, 1-1.5 mm. long: 
pedicels 2-6 mm. long, glabrous or very sparingly glandular: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 1 
mm. long, obtusish : corolla white; petals oblong-ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse: filaments 
club-shaped, nearly twice as long as the petals: capsules ovoid, 3 mm. long, glabrous or 
nearly so, prominently lobed, about thrice as long as the sepals. 

In sandy pine lands, New Jersey to Florida. Spring. 


3. Dendrium Hügeri Small. An evergreen shrub 2-4 dm. tall, with erect much- 
branched stems. Leaves mainly alternate; blades leathery, oblong, 1-1.5 em. long, 
lustrous and dark green, paler beneath, obtuse, revolute, somewhat obliquely narrowed 
into petioles 1-2 mm. long: flower-clusters dense : bracts oblong-ovate, 3 mm. long, 
obtuse: pedicels 5-10 mm. long, minutely glandular: sepals lanceolate, almost 1 mm. 
long, acute: corolla white; petals ovate, 4 mm. long, obtuse: filaments club-shaped, as 
long, as the petals: capsules ovoid, 3.5-4 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so, obtusely lobed, 
twice as long as the sepals, abruptly contracted into the stoutish style which is about as long 
as the capsule-body. 

On cliffs and rocky mountain summits, North Carolina. 


4. AZALEA L. 


Shrubs, with erect irregularly branching stems. Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades 
entire or bristle-toothed. Flowers perfect, in terminal clusters. Sepals 5. — Corolla 
funnelform, of various colors: tube narrow, elongated: lobes 5, unequal, spreading, E 
posed in 2 lips. Stamens 5, or rarely 10, conspicuously exserted. Filaments often col- 
ored, declined. Anthers awnless, opening by terminal pores. Ovary 5-celled. : Styles 
declined, long-exserted. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule elongated, septicidally 
5-valved.. 


Corollas expanding before the leaves. 
Corolla red. orange or yellow. 1 Annien 
Corolla pink or white. 9. A. canescens. 
Leaf-blades canescent beneath: corolla-tube glandular-pubescent. 2 3 4. nudiflora. 
Leaf-blades strigose especially on the midnerve beneath: corolla-tube hirsute. 3. 4. 
Corollas expanding after the leaves. A. candida. 
Leaf-blades densely white-tomentose beneath. 4. 4. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or with scattered hairs beneath. 
A. Midnerve strigose beneath at maturity. 


a. Corolla-tube less than 3 em. long: eastern species. 5. 4 m 


ERICACEAE 883 


b. Corolla-tube over 3 em. long: Texan species. 6. A. oblongifolia. 
B. Midnerve glabrous beneath at maturity. 
Leaf-blades broadest at the middle: corolla-tube contracted upward: Flor- 


idian species. 7. A. serrulata. 
Leaf-blades broadest above the middle: corolla-tube dilated upward : Appa- 
lachian species. 8. A. arborescens. 


1. Azalea lutea L. A branching shrub 0.5-5 m. tall, with glabrate or sparingly 
pubescent foliage. Leaves unfolding after the corollas ; blades oval, elliptic or obovate, 
3-8 em. long, usually acute at both ends, ciliate, more or less densely canescent beneath, 
short-petioled : pedicels stout, 0.5-1 cm. long, glandular-pubescent : corolla yellow to red, 
often variegated ; tube gradually dilated upward, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, glandular-pubescent : 
capsules oblong or oblong-ovoid, 1-2.5 cm. long, hirsute. [A. calendulacea Michx. ] 

In dry and rocky woods, New York to Pennsylvania and chiefly in the mountains to Georgia and 
Alabama, Spring. FLAME AZALEA. 

2. Azalea canéscens Michx. An asymmetrical shrub 1-5 m. tall, with more or less 
densely pubescent young foliage. Leaves unfolding after the corollas ; blades thinnish, 
oval or elliptic, varying to obovate, 2-8 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, or usually short- 
acuminate at both ends, ciliate, canescent beneath: pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long, glandular : 
corolla rose-colored to whitish ; tube 1.5-2 em. long, widely dilated above the middle, 
glandular: capsules oblong or ovoid-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, glandular-pubescent. 

In rocky woods, Massachusetts to New York, south, chiefly in the mountains, to Florida and Louisi- 
ana. Spring. MOUNTAIN AZALEA. 

3. Azalea nudifldra L. An irregularly branching shrub 0.5-3 m. tall, with more or 
less densely pubescent young foliage. Leaves unfolding after the corollas; blades firm, 
oblong to obovate, 3-10 em. long, acute or short-acuminate at both ends or apiculate at the 
apex : pedicels 1-2 cm. long, strigose: corolla pink to white ; tube gradually dilated above 
the middle, 1.5-2.5 em. long, pilose and rarely sparingly glandular: capsules oblong or 
linear-oblong, 1-3 em. long, strigose or hirsute-strigose. 

On dry hillsides and in wet woods, Maine to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. Spring. WILD 
HONEYSUCKLE. 

4. Azalea cándida Small. A rigid shrub 1-2 m. tall, with wide branching stems 
and white-tomentose young foliage. Leaves unfolding before the corollas ; blades leathery, 
obovate-oblanceolate or oblong, 1-5 cm. long, acute or apiculate, somewhat revolute, thinly 
tomentose above, densely white-tomentose and reticulated beneath, short-petioled : corolla 
white or pinkish ; tube about 2.5 cm. long ; limb about as broad as the length of the corolla- 
tube: capsules 1.5-2 cm. long, canescent, curved. 

In hammocks along the Withlacoochee River, southern Georgia. Spring. 


5. Azalea viscdsa L. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with more or less densely pubescent 
young foliage. Leaves firm ; blades oblong or elliptic-oblanceolate, cuneate or obovate, 
2-6 cm. long, obtuse or mucronate, ciliate, dull or shining, short-petioled ; pedicels 
glandular-hirsute: corolla white or pink ; tube relatively slender, rather abruptly dilated 
near the limb, which is 2-3 em. broad : capsules 1.5-2 em. long, hirsute. 

In swamps, Maine te Ohio, south to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. Swamp HONEY- 
UCKLE. 

6. Azalea oblongifdlia Small. A shrub 1-2 m. tall with branching erect or more or 
less spreading stems. Leaves rather firm ; blades oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. 
long, mucronate, dull and strigillose on both surfaces, ciliate, short-petioled : pedicels 
glandular-hirsute, 1-1.5 em. long: corolla white or pinkish, glandular-pubescent ; tube 
stoutish, over 3 cm. long, rather abruptly dilated near the limb. 

In sandy bogs, Tom Green County, Texas. Spring. 

7. Azalea serrulata Small. An asymmetrical shrub 2-4 m. tall, with almost glabrous 
foliage. Leaves clustered at the ends of the branches: blades thinnish, oblong to oval or 
elliptical-oblanceolate, 4-9 cm. long, mucronate, lustrous, serrulate with bristle-tipped 
teeth, narrowed into short petioles : clusters few-flowered : pedicels rather slender, 9-13 
mm. long, glandular-hirsute: corolla white: tube more or less expanded at each end, 
2.5-3 em. long, glandular-hirsute. 

In wet hammocks, Lake County, Florida. Spring. 


8. Azalea arboréscens Pursh. A shrub or small tree 0.5-6 m. tall, with almost 
glabrous foliage, fragrant in drying. Leaves firm ; blades elliptic, oval, oblanceolate or 
cuneate, 4-10 em. long, usually abruptly pointed at the apex, ciliate, usually lustrous 
above, short-petioled: pedicels 5-10 mm. long: corolla white or pink ; tube dilated above 
the middle, about 2.5 cm. long, glandular-pilose ; limb 4-5 em. broad ; lobes irregularly 
spreading: styles red : capsules oblong, 1-2 cm. long, bristly-glandular. 

Along streams in the mountains, Pennsylvania to Georgia. Spring and summer. 


884 ERICACEAE 


5. BILTIA Small. 


Shrubs, with glabrous or nearly glabrous mature foliage. Leaves alternate, deciduous : 
blades thinnish, not scurfy. Flowers preceding the leaves, in clusters, from few-scaled 
buds. Calyx a mere undulate border. Corolla irregular: tube short, oblique, campanu- 
late: lobes 5; the 2 lower overlapping, larger than the others and spreading, the 3 upper 
spreading, the middle one exterior. Stamens 5-7, commonly 7 : filaments declined : anthers 
opening by terminal pores. Ovary -celled : style curved. Capsule slightly narrowed 
upward, ribbed, glandular-pubescent. 

1. Biltia Vaseyi(A. Gray) Small. A nearly glabrous asymmetrical shrub 1-5 
m. tall. Leaf-blades elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 6-15 cm. long, membranous, acuminate 
at both ends, ciliate, with a prominent midrib beneath; petioles 3-6 mm. long: pedicels 
1-1.5 em. long, somewhat glandular: corolla mainly pale rose-colored, rotate-campanulate ; 
lobes 5, ovate to obovate, unequal, the 2 lower divergent, inequilateral, the 3 upper spread- 
ing with yellow-orange or reddish-orange spots: stamens 7 or sometimes 5: capsules 
oblong-ovoid, about 1 cm. long, lobed. [Rhododendron Vaseyi A. Gray.] ; 


On rocky mountain slopes and summits, North Carolina. Spring. 


6. RHODODÉNDRON L. 


Evergreen shrubs or small trees, with glabrous pubescent or waxy foliage. Leaves 
alternate : blades entire, leathery. Flowers perfect, showy, in terminal clusters. Calyx 
persistent : sepals 5. Corolla variously colored, campanulate, somewhat irregular : lobes 
5, the 3 upper a little more spreading than the lower, the middle one interior : stamens 
usually 10, slightly exserted. Filaments sometimes declined. Anthers awnless, opening 
by terminal pores. Disk lobed. Ovary 5-20-celled. Stigma capitate or 10-lobed. Ovules 
numerous. Capsule variable, often elongated, septicidally 5-20-valved. 

Foliage glabrous or with scurfy pubescence which is soon deciduous. 


Sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse, 4-6 mm. long: corollas white or pink. 1. R. maximum. 
Sepals triangular, acute, 1-2 mm. long: corollas lilac-puryple. 2. R. Catawbiense. 
Foliage persistently lepidote with peltate scales. 
Corolla-tube less than 1.5 em. long: corolla-lobes not crisped. 3. R. punctatum. 
Corolla-tube over 1.5 cm. long: corolla-lobes crisped. T 
Leaf-blades rounded at the apex : upper corolla-lobe not yellow-blotched. 4. R. Chapmanii. 


Leaf-blades acute or acuminate at the apex : upper corolla-lobe yellow-blotched. 5. R. Cuthbertii. 


1. Rhododendron máximum L. An evergreen shrub or small tree nearly 12 m. 
tall, with glabrous or sometimes sticky foliage or this thinly tomentose when young. Leaf- 
blades oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, 10-25 em. long, acute or SUE acuminate, lustrous 
above, more or less densely scurfy beneath ; petioles stout, 2-5 cm. long: flower-clusters 
dense : pedicels stout, glandular, 2-5 cm. long : calyx campanulate ; lobes ovate to oblong, 
obtuse, longer than the tube: corolla white or pink, mottled within with yellow or orange, 
3-6 cm. broad: capsules oblong or ovoid-oblong, about 1.5 cm. long. 

_ On hillsides and mountain slopes, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Ohio, south to Georgia and Alabama. 
Spring and summer. GREAT LAUREL. RosE BAY LAUREL. 

2. Rhododendron Catawbiénse Michx. An evergreen shrub or small tree 0.5-6 
m. tall, with glabrous foliage, except the young twigs and petioles. Leaf-blades oblong or 
oval, usually abruptly pointed, dark green above, more or less revolute, mostly rounded ps 
subcordate at the base; petioles stout, 1-2.5 cm. long: flower-clusters dense : pedice s 
2-3.5 em. long, glabrous or pubescent : sepals obtuse : corolla lilac-purple, 3-6 em. broad ; 
lobes 5, somewhat longer than broad, erose-crenulate, notched at the apex : capsules oblong 
or oblong-ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. broad. 

On mountain slopes, Virginia to West Virginia, Georgia and Alabama. Spring and early — 

3. Rhododendron punctàtum Andr. A branching shrub 0.5-2 m. tall, with qui 
ous-dotted foliage. Leaf-blades elliptic or oval, 8-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate at bot 
ends, lustrous above; midrib prominent beneath; petioles stout, 1-1.5 cm. long: sant 
clusters dense : pedicels 1-2 cm. long: corolla rose-colored, often mottled ; tube broa e 
funnelform ; limb spreading, its 5 lobes obovate or ovate : stamens mainly shorter than the 
corolla : capsules oblong-ovoid, 8-11 mm. long, resinous dotted. 

In sandy soil on mountain slopes, North Carolina and Tennessee, to Georgia and Alaba 


_ ,4. Rhododendron Chapmanii A. Gray. An evergreen shrub 1-2 m. tall, as 
rigid branches. Leaf-blades oblong or oval, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse, revolute, resinous- di 
beneath, somewhat lustrous above ; petioles 3-6 mm. long : flower-clusters dense : pe cp 
5-15 mm. long: corolla rose-colored, mottled within ; tube broadly funnelform, 1.9-2 em. 


ma. Spring. 


ERICACEAE 885 


long ; limb 2.5-3 em. broad, the lobes rounded, more or less crisped : capsule nearly 1 cm. 
long. 

In sandy pine lands, western Florida. Spring. 

5. Rhododendron Cuthbértii Small. A branching straggling shrub 1-3.5 m. tall, 
with resinous-dotted foliage.  Leaf-blades elliptic, 3-7 cm. long, acute at both ends, 
or acuminate at the apex, revolute, somewhat reticulated above, scurfy beneath ; petioles 
5-10 mm. long, stout: flower-clusters rather dense: pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long: corolla clear 
rose-colored ; tube narrowly funnelform, 1.5 cm. long, abruptly expanded about the mid- 
dle; limb about 3.5 cm. broad, the upper lobe copiously blotched : capsule oblong-ovoid, 
8-12 mm. long. 

In sandy woods, middle Georgia. Spring. 


7. MENZIESIA J. E. Smith. 


Shrubs, with erect branching stems. Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades membra- 
nous, entire. Flowers perfect, in terminal clusters. Sepals 4-5. Corolla white, greenish 
or reddish, globose, campanulate or urn-shaped : lobes 4-5. Stamens 5, 8 or 10, included : 
filaments flattened, sometimes dilated below: anthers elongated, awnless, opening by terminal 
pores or chinks. Disk 8-10-lobed. Ovary 4-5-celled, usually 4-celled. Stigma truncate 
or 4-5-lobed. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule depressed or elongated, septici- 
dally 4-valved. ; 

1. Menziesia pilosa (Michx.) Pers. An asymmetrical shrub 0.5-2 m. tall, with 
sparingly pubescent foliage. Bark scaly: leaf-blades membranous, elliptic to oval or 
elliptic-oblanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, abruptly glandular-pointed, ciliate, glaucescent be- 
neath, acute or acuminate at the base, short-petioled : flower-clusters loose: pedicels 1-2.5 
em. long, glandular-pubescent : calyx flattish, 2-2.5 mm. broad: sepals pectinate-ciliate : 
corolla white or pink, ovoid becoming ovoid-campanulate, 6-7 mm. long; lobes rounded, 
shorter than the tube: capsules ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, bristly with gland-tipped rigid hairs. 

In mountain woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Alabama. Summer. 


8. KALMIA L. 


Evergreen shrubs or trees with glabrous or finely glandular-pubescent foliage. Leaves 
alternate, opposite or whorled : blades entire, often lustrous, not ciliate. Flowers perfect, 
showy. in terminal or axillary corymbs or umbels, the bracts early deciduous. Sepals 5, 
leathery, persistent, obtuse or acute. Corolla white or pink, rotate: tube short, with 10 
sacs: limb 10-keeled, with 5 rounded lobes. Stamens 10: filaments shorter than the co- 
rolla, straightening elastically at maturity : anthers awnless, opening by terminal pores at- 
tached to the filaments near the top. Disk 10-lobed. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule spheroidal, 
depressed at the apex, septicidally 5-valved. 


Inflorescence lateral: sepals not ciliate. 


Leaves mostly alternate: corolla 15 mm. broad: capsules 4-5 mm. broad. 1. K. cuneata. 
m mostly opposite or whorled : corolla 6-8 mm. broad: capsules 3-3.5 mm. 
road. 
Leaf-blades glabrous, at least at maturity : vois glabrous. 2. K. angustifolia. 
Leaf-blades permanently canescent-tomentulose, at least beneath: style pu- 
bescent. 3. K. Carolina. 
Inflorescence terminal : sepals ciliate. 4. K. latifolia. 


1. Kalmia cuneàta Michx. A low branched shrub, with pubescent foliage. Leaves 
mostly alternate, deciduous : blades spatulate or cuneate, 1.5-5 cm. long, mucronulate, spar- 
ingly pubescent and pale beneath, deep green and somewhat shining above, sessile : clusters 
few-flowered : pedicels 1-1.5 em. long, becoming glabrous : sepals oblong, 3-3.5 mm. long: 
corolla white or pinkish, about 1.5 cm. broad : capsules spheroidal, 4-5 mm. broad. 

In swamps, eastern North Carolina. Spring. WHITE WICKY. 


2. Kalmia angustifólia L. A branched shrub 2-12 dm. tall, with glabrate foliage. 
Leaves numerous, persistent ; blades leathery, oblong to lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, usually 
obtuse or acutish, slightly revolute, short-petioled : corymbs lateral, few-many-flowered : 
pedicels slender, 1-2 cm. long, minutely glandular: calyx glandular : sepals ovate, 1-1.5 
mm. long: corolla purple to crimson, 6-8 mm. broad : style glabrous : capsules spheroidal, 
3-3.5 mm. broad, minutely and inconspicuously glandular, on recurved pedicels. 


In various situations, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, south to Georgia. Summer. SHEEP LAUREL. 
LAMBKILL. WICKY. 


886 ERICACEAE 


3. Kalmia Carolina Small. Similar to K. angustifolia in habit, but with the foliage, 
especially the younger parts, copiously pubescent. Leaf-blades oval to oblong, 1.5-4.5 em. 
long, obtuse, permanently canescent-tomentulose, at least beneath : sepals oblong-lanceolate : 
corolla 5-7 mm. broad: style finely pubescent: capsules spheroidal, pale-pubescent and 
somewhat glandular. 

In open woods, mountains of North Carolina. Summer. 


4. Kalmia latifólia L. An evergreen asymmetrical shrub or small tree rarely 12 m. 
tall. Bark flaky: leaves dark green; blades leathery, elliptic or oval, usually acute at 
both ends or abruptly acuminate at the apex, lustrous above, short-petioled : corymbs 
often dense, terminal: pedicels slender, 1-3 em. long, glandular-pubescent : calyx glabrous 
or nearly so ; sepals oblong or oblong-ovate, 2 mm. long: corolla white or pink, 2-2.5 cm. 
broad, sticky : capsules spheroidal, 5-7 mm. broad, glandular-viscid, erect. 


In roeky or sandy woods, New Brunswick to Ohio, south to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 
CALICO-BUSH. LAUREL. SPOONWOOD. Ivy. POISON LAUREL. 


9. KALMIELLA Small. 


Low shrubs, with hirsute foliage. Leaves alternate: blades relatively small. Flowers 
usually solitary on slender pedicels axillary to the leaf-like bracts. Sepals 5, foliaceous, 
acuminate, deciduous. Corolla pink, similar to those of Kalmia, but with acute lobes. 
Stamens 10: anthers attached to the filaments near the middle. Disk prominently lobed. 
Ovary 5-celled. Capsules ovoid, not depressed at the apex. 


1. Kalmiella hirsüta ( Walt.) Small. A much branched shrub 1-6 dm. tall, with 
hirsute foliage. Leaves 5-10 mm. long ; blades oblong, lanceolate or oval-orbicular, acute 
or acutish, more or less strongly revolute, nearly sessile: flowers solitary or several to- 
gether in the axils : pedicels slender, 4-10 mm. long, hirsute : calyx bristly ; sepals oblong- 
lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, acuminate : corolla rose-purple, 10-15 mm. broad : capsules about 
3 mm. long. [Kalmia hirsuta Walt.] 

In pine lands, Virginia to Florida. Spring and summer. 


10. LEUCÓTHOE D. Don. 


Shrubs, with terete branching stems. Leaves alternate, sometimes persistent : blades 
entire or toothed, the teeth often bristle-pointed. Flowers perfect, in one-sided racemes. 
Calyx subtended by 1 or 2 bracts: sepals 5, more or less elongated. Corolla white, ovoid, 
urn-shaped or cylindric, with 5 erect or spreading lobes. Stamens 10, included : filaments 
adnate to the base of the corolla-tube : anthers often awned at the apex, opening by termi- 
nal pores. Disk 10-lobed. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma entire, or 5-lobed. Ovules numer- 
ous in each cavity. Capsule depressed, loculicidally 5-valved. 


Racemes from the axils of the persistent leaves of the preceding season : anthers awnless. 
Filaments merely scabrous, nearly straight : anthers more or less manifestly bimucronate. 
Twigs puberulent ; sepals imbricated. ois 
Larger sepals ovate: corolla 5-6 mm. long: leaf-blades mainly oblong. 1. L. arlane 
Larger sepals orbicular-ovate : corolla 6-7 mm. long : leaf-blades mainly oval. 2. L. platyphya. 
. Twigs glabrous: sepals not imbricated. Ae rata 
Filaments pubescent, sigmoid-curved above: anthers pointless. 4. L. acumina 
Racemes terminal: leaves deciduous: anthers awned. 
Racemes curved : capsules manifestly lobed. 5 
Racemes straight or nearly so: capsules not lobed. sa. 
Sepals 14-14 as long as the corolla, shorter than the capsules. 6. L. pape mg 
Sepals about 12 as long as the corolla, surpassing the capsules. 7. L. elongata. 


1. Leucothoé axillaris (Lam.) D. Don. An evergreen shrub 1-2 m. tall, with 
puberulent twigs. Leaf-blades leathery, oval, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, 
acute or acuminate, rather remotely serrate, revolute, often sparingly pubescent beneath, 
acute to rounded at the base ; petioles 0.5-1 cm. long: racemes axillary, 2-7 cm. ec 
simple or compound : bracts broadly ovate, 2-3 mm. long, acute: pedicels 1-4 mm. ag 
minutely pubescent : calyx 4-5 mm. broad : sepals ovate, 2 mm. long, acute : corolla white, 
cylindric-ovoid, 5-6 mm. long: capsules spheroidal, 6-7 mm. broad. 

In damp woods and swamps near the coast, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


o 2 : : ding 
2. Leucothoé platyphylla Small. A straggling shrub 0.5-1 m. tall, with sprea 
or drooping branches, the twigs and branches Rach pubescent. Leaf-blades suborbicular to 
oval, broadly oblong or oblong-ovate, 5-8 cm. long, abruptly pointed or slightly acuminate, 
serrulate with very fine spinulose teeth, especially above the middle ; petioles am 2 
mm. long, pubescent: racemes 2-5 cm. long; rachis pubescent like the twigs: pe s 


. L. recurva 


ERICACEAE 887 


3-5 mm. long: calyx glabrous; larger sepals orbicular-ovate: corolla white, 6-7 mm. 
long : capsules 5.5 mm. broad, 4 mm. high. 
In low thickets, Georgia to Mississippi. Spring. 


3. Leucothoe Catesbaéi ( Walt.) A. Gray. An evergreen shrub 1-2 m. tall, with 
more or less densely puberulent twigs, the stems and branches often reclining. Leaf-blades 
lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 6-15 cm. long, leathery, acuminate, serrate with spine- 
tipped teeth, lustrous above, acute or rounded at the base; petioles 1-1.5 em. long: 
racemes axillary, 4-8 cm. long, simple: bracts broadly ovate, acute, 4-5 mm. long: pedi- 
cels 4-8 mm. long: calyx about 5 mm. broad: sepals ovate, about 2 mm. long, acute: 
corolla white or pinkish, cylindric-ovoid, 5-6 mm. long: capsules spheroidal, lobed, about 
5 mm. broad. 

Along streams, chiefly in the mountains, Virginia to Tennessee and Georgia. Spring. 


4. Leucothoe acuminata (Ait.) D. Don. An evergreen shrub 1-4 m. tall, with 
hollow branches. Leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-10 em. long, leathery, acute 
or usually acuminate, finely reticulated : racemes corymb-like, axillary, 1-3 em. long, few- 
flowered : calyx puberulent, about 3 mm. broad : sepals broadly ovate, acute : corolla oblong- 
cylindrie, 8-10 mm. long: capsules spheroidal, 5-6 mm. broad, lobed 


In swamps and about ponds, South Carolina to Florida. Spring. 


5. Leucothoe recárva (Buckl.) A. Gray. A widely branching shrub 1-4 m. tall, 
with glabrate or minutely pubescent foliage. Leaves deciduous ; blades thinnish but often 
quite firm, oval, elliptic, or oval, 4-10 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, serrate, rarely 
rounded at the base, short-petioled : racemes 2-10 cm. long, simple or branching, often 
many-flowered : pedicels stout, 1-2 mm. long: calyx glabrous: sepals oblong-ovate, nearly 
2 mm. long, acute, involute: corolla white, 6-7 mm. long, oblong-cylindric ; lobes ovate, 
recurved : anthers with slender awns: capsules spheroidal, 5-6 mm. broad, lobed. 

On mountain slopes, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


6. Leucothoe racemósa (L.) A. Gray. A wide-branching shrub 1-4 m. tall, with 
glabrous or puberulent twigs. Leaves firm ; blades oblong or elliptic, 2-7 cm. long, acute 
or slightly acuminate, serrulate, short-petioled : racemes 3-10 cm. long, simple or 
branched: pedicels 1-2 mm. long: calyx glabrous : sepals triangular, becoming triangular- 
lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, acute, ciliolate: corolla white or pink, 8-9 mm. long, cylindric, 
constricted at the throat; lobes ovate, recurved: anthers with long subulate awns : cap- 
sules spheroidal, 4 mm. broad, surpassing the sepals. 

In swamps and damp thickets, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


7. Leucothoe elongata Small. A branching shrub 1-3 m. tall, with puberulent or 
glabrate foliage. Leaves firm ; blades oblong, elliptic, or sometimes oblong-oblanceolate, 
or oblong-obovate, 2-5 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, serrulate, gradually or ab- 
ruptly narrowed into short petioles: racemes 10-20 cm. long: pedicels 1.5-3 mm. long: 
calyx usually puberulent : sepals lanceolate, often narrowly so, 3-4 mm. long, acuminate, 
ciliolate : corolla white or pinkish, 7-8 mm. long, cylindric, somewhat constricted at the 
throat; lobes ovate, recurved: anthers with short subulate awns: capsules spheroidal, 
3.5-4 mm. broad, much shorter than the sepals. 

In swamps, Virginia to Florida. Spring. 


11. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. 


Evergreen shrubs, with branching stems. Leaves alternate : blades leathery, slightly 
toothed. Fowers perfect, in one-sided leafy-bracted racemes. Calyx subtended by 2 bracts, 
the 5 sepals nearly distinct, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped, with 5 recurved lobes. Sta- 
mens 10, included: filaments adnate to the base of the corolla: anthers prolonged into 
tubes, opening by terminal pores. Disk 10-lobed. Ovary 5-celled, 5-grooved. Stigma 
entire. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule depressed, loculicidally 5-valved. 
[Cassandra D. Don. ] 

1. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. An asymmetrical shrub, 1-12 dm. 
tall, with scurfy foliage. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, 1-5 cm. 
long, obtuse or acute, serrulate, narrowed into very short petioles: racemes 2-12 cm. long, 
conspicuously bracted : bracts similar to the leaves but smaller: pedicels 1-3 mm. long: 
sepals triangular or triangular-ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, acute: corolla white, 6-7 mm. long: 
capsules spheroidal-angular, 4 mm. broad. [Cassandra calyeulata D. Don.] 


In cold or sphagnous swamps, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Illinois and British 
Columbia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Spring. 


888 ERICACEAE 


12. ZENOBIA D. Don. 

Shrubs, with glabrous or glaucous foliage. Branches terete. Leaves alternate: blades 
entire or irregularly toothed, reticulated. Flowers perfect, in axillary clusters. Calyx 
free: sepals 5, manifestly united. Corolla white or pink, campanulate : lobes 5, rounded. 
Stamens 10, included: filaments dilated at the base: anthers narrow, each sac with 2 
slender awns. Disk 10-lobed. Ovary 5-celled. Stylecolumnar. Stigma entire. Ovules 
numerous. Capsule depressed, loculicidally 5-valved. i 


Pedicels and lower surface of the leaf-blades green. 1. Z. cassinifolia. 
Pedicels and lower surface of the leaf-blades densely glaucous. 2. Z. pulverulenta. 


1. Zenobia cassinifólia ( Vent.) Pollard. A branching shrub 1-2 m. tall, with 
glabrous foliage. Leaves deciduous; blades oblong, varying towards ovate or obovate, 
2-6 cm. long, leathery, acute, retuse, reticulated, irregularly and shallowly serrate, nar- 
rowed into short petioles: flower-clusters in racemes 1-3 dm. long, the rachis zigzag: 
pedicels 1-2 em. long: calyx 5-6 mm. broad: sepals ovate or triangular-ovate : corolla 
white, campanulate, 6-8 mm. long. [Andromeda speciosa Michx. ] 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida. 

2. Zenobia pulverulénta ( Willd.) Pollard. A branching shrub 1-2 m. tall, with 
densely glaucous foliage. Leaves deciduous; blades leathery, oblong to oval, 2-7 cm. 
long, cuspidate or obtuse in age, entire or obscurely serrate, slightly reticulated above, 
short-petioled : flower-clusters in elongated racemes: pedicels 1-2 cm. long: sepals tri- 
angular, acute or short-acuminate, appressed : corolla white, campanulate, 6-7 mm. long. 
[Andromeda pulverulenta Willd. ] 

In sandy pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. 


13. PIERIS D. Don. 

Shrubs or trees, often evergreen. Leaves alternate: blades leathery, entire or toothed, 
often lustrous. Flowers perfect, in one-sided racemes or axillary umbel-like clusters. Calyx 
usually subtended by several bracts: sepals essentially distinct, persistent. Corolla white, 
urn-shaped or elongated, with 5 recurved lobes. Stamens 10, included : filaments often pu- 
bescent, adnate to the base of the corolla-tube: anthers usually awned on the back, open- 
ing by terminal pores. Disk 10-lobed. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma truncate. Ovules numer- 
ous in each cavity. Capsule 5-lobed, depressed or elongated. FETTERBUSH. 

Filaments unappendaged: anthers awned. 


Twigs strigose : racemes in terminal panicles. due floribunda., 
. Twigs glabrous: racemes solitary in Hen axils. 2. P. phillyreifolia. 
Filaments appendaged : anthers awnless. x ay 
Leaves and sepals persistent : corolla 4-5 mm. thick: capsules ovoid-globose. 3. P. nitida. 


Leaves and sepals deciduous: corolla 5-6 mm. thick : capsules ovoid-pyramidal. 4. P. Mariana. 


l. Pieris floribünda (Pursh) B. & H. A handsome shrub 3-18 dm. tall, with 
strigose or somewhat bristly twigs and erect branches. Leaf-blades leathery oblong, elliptic 
or oblong-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, serrulate, bristly-ciliate, 
obtuse or subcordate at the base : petioles 3-10 mm. long, strigose: panicles rather dense, 
9-10 cm. long: pedicels 1-3 mm. long: calyx glabrate: sepals lanceolate or ovate-lance- 
olate, 3-4 mm. long, acute: corolla white, conic-urceolate, 4.5-6 mm. long: capsules 
oblong-globose or ovoid-globose, 5-6 mm. long, somewhat angled, longer than the style. 
[Andromeda floribunda Pursh.] 

On dry mountain slopes, Virginia to Georgia. Spring. 

_ 2. Pieris phillyreifólia (Hook.) DC. A branching shrub 3-6 dm. tall with glabrae 
foliage. Leaf-blades oblong to elliptic, oval, or oblong-oblanceolate or rarely obovate, 2- 
cm. long, leathery, serrate near the apex, revolute, more or less lustrous above, —— 
into short petioles: racemes 1-4 em. long, solitary in the axils, 4-12-flowered "page A 
2-6 mm. long, with small subulate-lanceolate bracts: sepals lanceolate or triangu i 
lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acute, lustrous: »orolla ovoid, 7-8 mm. long, terete : Ed 
ellipsoidal, 4-5 mm. broad, ribbed, shorter than the style. [Andromeda phillyreifolia Hook.] 

In wet pine lands and swamps, Florida and adjacent Georgia. Winter and spring. 


3. Pieris nítida ( Bartr.) B. & H. An evergreen shrub 1.5-2 m. tall, with sharp 
angled branches. Leaf-blades leathery, elliptic to oval or obovate, 2-8 cm. long, abrup y 
acuminate, revolute, narrowed into short petioles: flower-clusters axillary, often eur 
tiguous: pedicels 3-8 mm. long, club-shaped: calyx often minutely pubescens; Sep. 
lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acuminate, lustrous: corolla white to red, ovoid-cylinaric, 


ERICACEAE 889 


7-9 mm. long, somewhat constricted at the throat, the short lobes recurved : capsules sub- 
globose, 4 mm. high, surpassed by the sepals. [Andromeda nitida Bartr. ] 

In sandy bogs and pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 

4. Pieris Mariana (L.) B. & H. A shrub 1-2 m. tall with glabrate foliage and erect 
or nearly erect branches. Leaves deciduous ; blades firm, oblong to oval, sometimes broad- 
est slightly above or below the middle, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, somewhat reticu- 
lated, short-petioled: flower-clusters in elongated racemes: pedicels about 1 cm. long, 
club-shaped : calyx often puberulent: sepals lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, acute, firm in 
age and slightly accrescent: corolla white or pinkish, ovoid-cylindric, 9-11 mm. long; 
lobes mostly spreading : filaments pubescent without, usually with 2 appendages below the 
top: capsules ovoid-pyramidal, 7-9 mm. long. [Andromeda Mariana L.] 

In low grounds, Rhode Island to Florida, Tennessee and Arkansas. Spring. 


14. XOLÍSMA Raf. 


Shrubs or trees, with terete branches. Leaves alternate: blades entire or nearly so, 
sometimes persistent. Flowers perfect, in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-6, broad, often 
slightly united. Corolla white, subglobose to urn-shaped, with 4-6 recurved lobes. Stamens 
8-12, included: filaments flat, incurved, pubescent : anthers not awned, opening by ter- 
minal pores. Disk 8-12-lobed. Ovary 4-6-celled. Stigma truncate. Ovules numerous 
in each cavity, pendulous. Capsule dry, loculicidally 4—6-valved. 


Flowers clustered in the axils of persistent leaf-like bracts : Sage, lepidote-scurfy. j 
Leaves conspicuously reduced towards the ends of the branchlets: blades prominently reticulated. 


1. X. fruticosa. 
Leaves barely if at all reduced towards the ends of the branchlets: blades incon- : 
spicously reticulated. 2. X. ferruginea. 
Flowers in racemes or panicles: leaves deciduous: foliage glabrous or pubescent. ae 
Racemes or panicles leafy-bracted. 8. X. foliosiflora. 
Racemes or panicles naked or nearly so. 4. X. ligustrina. 


1. Xolisma fruticósa ( Michx.) Nash. An evergreen erect shrub 1-1.5 m. tall, with 
scurfy young foliage. Leaves conspicuously reduced towards the ends of the branchlets ; 
blades leathery, oval or obovate to oblanceolate, acute or abruptly acuminate at both ends 
or sometimes obtuse, glabrous and reticulated above, prominently nerved beneath, revolute, 
short-petioled : panicles narrow, leafy-bracted, often ga aeri : pedicels 4-10 mm. long: 
calyx 2.5-3 mm. broad, accrescent and 6-7 mm. broad in fruit: sepals broader than long, 
acute: corolla pale, subglobose, scaly, 3-4 mm. in diameter: capsules ovoid, 4-5 mm. 
high, 5-6-ribbed. [Andromeda ferruginea var. fruticosa Michx. ] 

In sandy woods, South Carolina to Florida. 


2. Xolisma ferruginea (Walt.) Heller. An evergreen wide branching shrub or small 
tree sometimes 5 m. tall, with scurfy twigs. Leaves barely if at all reduced towards the ends 
of the branchlets ; blades leathery, elliptic to oval or obovate to oblanceolate, 2.5-7 cm. 
long, glabrous above, acute or short-acuminate, revolute, scurfy-pubescent beneath, short- 
petioled : panicles leafy-bracted : pedicels 5-10 mm. long: calyx 3.5-4 mm. broad : sepals 
about as broad as long, abruptly-pointed : corolla white or pinkish, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, 
Walt] capsules oblong-ovoid, or oval, 4-6 mm. high, 5-6-ribbed. [Andromeda ferruginea 

alt. 

In pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. 


3. Xolisma foliosifldra (Michx.) Small. A widely branching shrub 1-4 m. tall, 
with glabrous or sparingly pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades leathery, oblong to narrowly 
elliptic or sometimes oval or obovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends, dis- 
tinctly serrulate, usually lustrous above, short-petioled : panicles copiously leafy-bracted : 
pedicels 3-8 mm. long: calyx flattish, 3-4 mm. broad : sepals ovate or half-orbicular : co- 
rolla white or pinkish, subglobose, 2-3 mm. in diameter : capsules subglobose or spheroidal, 
3-3.5 mm. long, 5-6-ribbed [ Andromeda paniculata var. foliosiflora Michx. ] 

In swamps and low pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


4. Xolisma ligüstrina (L.) Britton. A branching shrub 1-4 m. tall, with more or 
less densely pubescent foliage. Leaves firm; blades oblong, elliptic or obovate, 3-7 cm. 
long, analy acute or abruptly acuminate, nearly entire or serrulate, narrowed into short 
petioles: panicles elongated or cluster-like, naked : pedicels 1-6 mm. long: calyx 3.5-4 
mm. niit : sepals triangular-ovate, acute or acutish, spreading : corolla white, subglobose 
or ovoid-globose. 2.5-3.5 mm. in diameter: capsules spheroidal, 3 mm. in diameter, 5-6- 
ribbed. [Andromeda ligustrina Muhl.] 


In swamps and on hillsides, Canada to Florida and Arkansas. 


890 VACCINIACEAE 


15. OXYDENDRON DC. 

Trees, with a furrowed bark and terete branches. Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades 
toothed, elongated. Flowers perfect, in graceful horizontally expanded panicles. Calyx 
persistent, of 5 valvate sepals. Corolla ovoid, drooping, with 5 short lobes. Stamens 
10, included: filaments broadened: anthers linear, awnless, the sacs opening by terminal 
chinks. Disk 10-lobed. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma entire. Ovules numerous. Capsule 
erect, ovoid, loculicidally 5-valved. 

1. Oxydendron arbóreum (L.) DC. A shrub or tree sometimes 20 m. tall, with 
shallowly furrowed bark, the trunk sometimes 6 dm. in diameter.  Leaf-blades oblong, 
elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, acuminate, serrate, lustrous above: panicles 
1-2 dm. long, the branches distichous: pedicels 3-10 mm. long, drooping in flower, erect 
in fruit, often with several ovate scales: calyx puberulent: sepals ovate, 1.5 mm. long, 
acute or acuminate: corolla white, wax-like, conic, 6-7 mm. long, constricted at the throat ; 
lobes ovate, obtuse or mucronulate : capsules 4-5 mm. high, angled, canescent. 


In woods, Pennsylvania to Ohio, Florida and Alabama. Summer. SoUR-wooD. SORREL-TREE. 
Sour GUM. TITI. 


16. EPIGAÈA L. 

Low evergreen shrubby plants, with creeping stems. Leaves alternate : blades leath- 
ery, entire. Flowers perfect or dioecious, often heteromorphous, in axillary clusters. 
Calyx subtended by several bracts : sepals 5, imbricated, persistent. Corolla white or pink, 
salverform : limb usually with 5 lobes. Stamens 10, included : filaments adnate to the 
base of the corolla-tube : anthers elongated, awnless. Disk 10-lobed. Ovary 5-celled, 5- 
lobed, pubescent. Stigma 5-lobed. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule depressed- 
globose, loculicidally 5-valved, hirsute. TRAILING ARBUTUS. 

1. Epigaea répens L. Bright green, hirsute. Stems branched at the base, the 
branches creeping, 0.5-3 dm. long: leaves persistent ; blades leathery, oblong to oblong- 
ovate or suborbicular, 2-10 cm. long, apiculate or acute, reticulated, ciliate, rounded or 
cordate at the base; petioles 6-30 mm. long: clusters few-many-flowered : bracts ovate to 
lanceolate, acute : calyx glabrous or nearly so : sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 5-6 mm. long : 
corolla pink or white; tube cylindric, nearly twice as long as the sepals ; lobes spreading, 
ovate obtuse, about 3 as long as the tube, pubescent within : capsules spheroidal, pubescent. 


, , In sandy or rocky soil, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Kentucky and 
Michigan. Spring. MAYFLOWER. 


17. GAULTHERIA L. 


Evergreen shrubs, various in habit, with horizontal or erect stems. Leaves usually 
alternate: blades leathery. Flowers solitary in the axils, or in racemes. Calyx sometimes 
subtended by several bracts : sepals longer than the hypanthium, often accrescent. Corolla 
campanulate or urn-shaped, with 5 spreading or recurved lobes. Stamens 10, included : 
filaments adnate to the base of the corolla-tube: anthers usually 2-awned, opening by ter- 
minal pores. Disk 10-lobed. Ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed, glabrous. Stigma entire. Ovules 
numerous in each cavity. Berry fleshy, inclosed in the accrescent hypanthium and calyx, 
often highly colored and aromatic. : 

1. Gaultheria procümbens L. Perennial, glabrous or minutely pubescent er 
upcurved hairs. Stems creeping, the branches erect or ascending, 3-15 mm. high, rarely 
branching, leafy at the top: leaves persistent ; blades leathery, oval or elliptic, varying to 
ovate or obovate, or often apiculate, serrate with bristle-tipped teeth, commonly variegate 
above, narrowed into short petioles: pedicels 4-8 mm. long, recurved, with 2 broadly ors 
bractlets : calyx white: sepals ovate, acutish, ciliolate : corolla white, wax-like, siot 
6-7 mm. long, with a flat base ; tube constricted at the throat ; lobes ovate, obtuse, roe 
villous within : filaments densely villous : fruit subglobose, 7-11 mm. in diameter, brig 
red or white, spicy. 


. In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Georgia and Michigan. Spring and summer. 
WINTERGREEN. 


FAMILY 5. VACCINIACEAE Lindl. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY. 


Shrubs or small trees, sometimes evergreen. Leaves alternate : blades simple, 
mostly ciliate. Flowers perfect, regular, in variously disposed clusters, Or a 
tary. Calyx of 4—5 sepals. Corolla usually gamopetalous. Androecium 


CREEPING 


VACCINIACEAE 891 


twice as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes. Filaments usually flattened, 
epigynous or adnate to the base of the corolla. Anthers 2-celled, attached 
by the back, sometimes 2-awned. Gynoecium compound. Ovary 2-10-celled, 
inferior, crowned with the epigynous disk. Styles united. Stigmas simple or 
minutely 4—5-toothed. Ovules anatropous, solitary or several in each cavity. 
Fruit a berry or drupe, pulpy. Seeds or nutlets 1-several. Testa bony. En- 
dosperm fleshy. Embryo central. 


Ovary 10-celled: fruit a berry-like drupe with 10 nutlets. 1. GAYLUSSACIA. 
Ovary 4-5-celled : fruit a many-seeded berry. 
Petals more or less united. 
Petals united to near their tips into a variously shaped corolla. 
Upright shrubs or trees : ovary wholly inferior: berries variously colored. 
Corolla campanulate. 
Stamens included : hypanthium jointed to the pedicel. 2. BATODENDRON. 
Stamens exserted : hypanthium continuous with the pedicel. 8. POLYCODIUM. 
Corolla globose, ovoid, urn-shaped to cylindric. 4. VACCINIUM. 
Creeping shrubby plants: ovary half-inferior: berries white, acute. 5. CHIOGENES. 
Petals united only near the base, the lobes curled back. 6. HUGERIA. 
Petals distinct. 7. OXYCOCCUS. 


1. GAYLUSSACIA H.B.K. 


Often evergreen shrubs, with erect or underground stems. Leaves alternate : blades 
mostly entire, usually glandular. Flowers varying from white to red, in axillary drooping 
racemes. Sepals 5. Corolla campanulate to tubular-conic, terete or 5-angled: lobes 5, 
erect or reflexed. Stamens 10, usually included : filaments distinct, more or less winged : 
anther-sacs prolonged into tubes. Disk ring-like or swollen. Ovary 10-celled: style 
often exserted. Ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe with a 10-celled stone, 
the 10 nutlets bony or horny. Seeds solitary, flattened. Testa very thin. HUCKLEBERRY. 
The plants flower in the spring and mature their fruit in the summer. 

Corolla campanulate or globose-campanulate : leaves destitute of sticky resin. 


Stems horizontal, underground, the branches erect. 
Pubescence consisting of gland-tipped hairs 


Twigs and racemes pubescent with short close-set hairs. . G. dumosa. 

Twigs and racemes bristly-hispid. . G. hirtella. 
Pubescence consisting of simple non-glandular hairs. 

Leaves glaucous, glabrous or nearly so. . G. nana. 


Leaves densely tomentose, especially beneath. G. tomentosa. 


Stems erect. the branches spreading. 

Leaves firm ; blades obtuse or retuse: drupe glaucous. 

Leaves flaccid ; blades acuminate and apiculate: drupe black. 
Corolla conic : leaves sticky with a resinous secretion. 

1. Gaylussacia dumósa (Andr.) T. & G. A low shrub, 1-5 dm. tall, with under- 
ground stems and erect solitary or tufted branches, the twigs, leaves and inflorescence glandu- 
lar-pubescent. Leaf-blades leathery, oval, obovate or oblanceolate, rarely linear-lanceo- 
late, 2-4 cm. long, apiculate at the apex, ciliate, short-petioled, deep green above, paler 
beneath : calyx glandular, about 5 mm. broad : sepals triangular or triangular-ovate, acute, 
about as long as the hypanthium: corolla campanulate, 5-6 mm. long, white or pink, 
wax-like ; lobes broadly ovate, more or less recurved or revolute: filaments pubescent : 
anthers longer than the filaments, prolonged into filiform tubes : drupes globose, black, 6-5 
mm. in diameter, commonly somewhat pubescent. 

In sandy soil, Newfoundland and along the coast to New York, south to eastern Pennsylvania, 
North Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. DWARF HUCKLEBERRY. 

2. Gaylussacia hirtélla (Ait.) Klotzsch. A shrub, with underground stems, the 
branches, twigs and inflorescence bristly-hispid, the tips of the hairs with minute glands. 
Leaf-blades oblanceolate-spatulate or elliptic, 3-6 cm. long, apiculate, glandular-ciliate, 
sparingly hispid above, short-petioled : racemes many-flowered : calyx hispid, 6 mm. 
broad: sepals triangular, rather acuminate, about as long as the hypanthium: corolla 
broadly campanulate, 7-8 mm. long ; lobes broader than long, the tips recurved, the edges 
revolute : filaments pubescent: anthers longer than the filaments, prolonged into filiform 
tubes: drupes not seen. [G. dumosa var. hirtella A. Gray.] 

In sand, Florida to Louisiana. 


3. Gaylussacia nàna (A. Gray) Small. A low glaucous shrub 1-4 dm. tall, spread- 
ing by underground stems.  Leaf-blades leathery, elliptic, obovate or nearly spatulate, 
2-3 cm. long, obtuse or minutely apiculate at the apex, glaucous on both sides, becoming 
bright green above, prominently rugose and sprinkled with amber-colored resin beneath, 
short-petioled : racemes few-flowered: pedicels slender, puberulent when young: calyx 


. G. frondosa. 
. G. ursina. 
. G. resinosa. 


Nao Fe be 


892 VACCINIACEAE 


glabrous, 3 mm. broad : sepals triangular, acute, about as long as the tube : corolla globose- 
campanulate, 3 mm. long ; lobes ovate, acutish, longer than broad: filaments glabrous: 
anthers longer than the filaments, prolonged into slender tubes: drupes subglobose, 6-7 
mm. in diameter, rather dry, glaucous. 

In sandy pine lands, Georgia to Florída and Alabama. 


4. Gaylussacia tomentósa (Pursh) Chapm. A low shrub, spreading by under- 
ground stems, the foliage tomentose with brownish hairs. Leaf-blades leathery, oblong or 
elliptic, often slightly broadest above the middle, 2.5-7 cm. long, obtuse and apiculate at 
the apex or sometimes notched, brown-tomentose on both sides, densely so beneath, short- 
petioled : racemes few-flowered : pedicels 5-15 mm. long: calyx glabrous, about 3.5 mm. 
broad : sepals ovate, acute, about as long as the hypanthium : corolla white or pink, cam- 
panulate, 3.5 mm. long ; lobes ovate, about as long as broad, the tips recurved, the edges 
revolute : filaments dilated, glabrous : anthers longer than the filaments : drupes depressed- 
globose, 8-9 mm. in diameter, glaucous. 

In sand or sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. 


5. Gaylussacia frondósa (L.) T. & G. An irregularly branched shrub 1-3 m. tall, 
with puberulent twigs and young leaves. Leaf-blades oblong-oblanceolate, ovate, oval or 
obovate, obtuse or notched at the apex, delicately revolute, short-petioled, bright green and 
glabrate above, glaucous and sprinkled with minute golden globules of resin beneath: 
racemes loose : pedicels long and slender : calyx glabrous, 3-4 cm. broad : sepals triangular, 
acute or acutish, about as long as the hypanthium : corolla globose-campanulate, about 4 
mm. long, green to purplish ; lobes triangular, broader than Jong, recurved and revolute : 
filaments dilated, glabrous:.anthers longer than the filaments, prolonged into slender 
tubes : drupes globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, with a pale bloom. 

In sandy soil or cold swamps, New Hampshire to Kentucky, Florida and Louisiana. TANGLEBEREY. 
DANGLEBERRY. BLUE TANGLE. 

6. Gaylussacia ursina (M. A. Curtis) T. & G. A straggling branching shrub, 6-15 
dm. tall, with sparingly pubescent twigs and young foliage. Leaf-blades dark green, thin, 
oblong, elliptic or oblanceolate, usually rhomboidal, 4-10 em. long, usually short-acumi- 
nate, apiculate, ciliate, deep green above, paler beneath, pubescent on the nerves on both 
sides, obtuse or rounded at the base, short-petioled : flowers few, in lateral somewhat droop- 
ing racemes : calyx and hypanthium with numerous golden glands, about 3 mm. broad : 
sepals 5, very low, obtuse: corolla globose-campanulate, greenish white or twany-red, 
about 4-5 mm. long; lobes triangular, acutish, recurved, revolute: filaments dilated, 
pubescent, incurved at the apex, longer than the anthers each sac of which js prolonged 
into a short tube at the apex : drupes globose, 10-12 mm. in diameter, black, shining, sweet. 

In deep forests on the mountains, North Carolina and northern Georgia. BEAR HUCKLEBERRY. 


_ 7. Gaylussacia resindsa (Ait.) T. & G. A rigid branching shrub 3-10 dm. tall, its 
twigs and foliage more or less pubescent and sticky with a resinous secretion when young. 
Leaf-blades elliptie, oval or oblong, sometimes broadest above the middle, firm, obtuse or 
apiculate, entire, ciliolate, short-petioled : racemes drooping: pedicels 2-8 mm. long, 
usually with two narrow bracts: calyx about 2 mm. broad: sepals 5, ovate, obtuse, about 
as long as the hypanthium : corolla obconic, red or reddish green, 5-6 mm. long, more OF 
less constricted near the apex ; lobes ovate, spreading or recurved, revolute, obtuse : fila- 
ments winged, pubescent, shorter than the anthers, each sac of which is prolonged into a 
tube : drupes globose, 6-10 mm. in diameter, black or rarely white, sweet. 


In rocky woods and on hillsides, Newfoundland to the Saskatchewan, south to Georgia.—A ie 
ranging from Maine to North Carolina, with larger fruit which is blueand witha bloom, is knownas 
resinosa glaucocárpa Robinson. BLACK OR HIGH BUSH HUCKLEBERRY. 


2. BATODENDRON Nutt. 


Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate: blades leathery, often lustrous, commonly 
entire or nearly so, or glandular-denticulate. Flowers in leafy-bracted sometimes dilated 
racemes or panicles. Calyx persistent: sepals 5, free. Corolla campanulate, qu 
or pink : lobes 5, erect or slightly recurved. Stamens 10: anthers included. Filaments 
distinct. Anthers 2-awned on the back : sacs prolonged into slender tubes. Ovary inferior, 
5-celled. Berries black: mostly inedible. Seeds numerous. FARKLEBERRY. SPARKLE- 
BERRY. TREE HUCKLEBERRY. GOOSEBERRY. 


Bracts of the racemes or panicles much smaller than the leaves and mainly dif- 
ferently shaped: corolla open-campanulate. 
Bracts of the racemes or panicles similar to the leaves and but slightly smaller : 
corolla globular-campanulate. 
Leaves green: blades mainly oval, less than 2.5 em. long, finely toothed. 
Leaves glaucous: blades mainly cuneate, over 2.5 cm. long, entire. 


B. arboreum. 


p 


9. B. andrachneforme. 
3. B. glaucescens. 


VACCINIACEAE 893 


1. Batodendron arbóreum ( Marsh.) Nutt. A shrub or small tree, usually much 
branched. Leaves numerous; blades leathery oval or obovate, 2.5-5 cm. long, usually 
acute or apiculate at the apex, entire or glandular-toothed, deep green and lustrous above, 
slightly paler beneath, short-petioled : racemes or panicles spreading, more or less copiously 
bracted : pedicels slender: corolla open campanulate, white or pinkish ; lobes 4 or 4 as 
long as the tube : anthers included : style exserted : berries subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diam- 
eter, scarcely edible, black. [ Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. ] ; 

In sandy woods and sandy soil, North Carolina to Illinois and the Indian Territory, Florida and 
Texas. Late spring. 

2. Batodendron andrachnefórme Small. A much branched shrub resembling B. 
arboreum, but with very numerous and conspicuously smaller leaves, the twigs finely pubes- 
cent. Leaf-blades leathery, mainly oval, 1-1.5 cm. long or slightly larger but less than 2 
cm. long, finely toothed, deep green and shining above, paler, dull and finely pubescent 
beneath : racemes or panicles with leaf-like bracts: pedicels 2-6 mm. long: corolla globu- 
lar-campanulate, about 4 mm. long, the lobes barely } as long as the tube. 

On blufis, Missouri and Arkansas. Spring. 

S. Batodendron glaucéscens Greene. An irregularly branched shrub, the twigs 
finely pubescent. Leaf-blades leathery, mainly cuneate, 3-6 cm. long, glaucescent on both 
sides, but less copiously so above: racemes or panicles with leaf-like bracts: pedicels 6-13 
mm. long: corolla about 5 mm. long, the lobes barely 1 as long as the tube. 

In dry or sandy soil, the Indian Territory. Spring. 


3. POLYCODIUM Raf. 


Shrubs, with erect or horizontal stems. Leaves alternate: blades longer than broad, 
entire. Flowers in simple or branched more or less copiously bracted racemes. Calyx 
persistent: sepals 5. Corolla campanulate, white or pink or purplish green: lobes not 
contiguous in the bud, nearly erect at maturity. Stamens 10, erect : anthers conspicuously 
exserted : filaments distinct: anthers 2-awned on the back: sacs prolonged into slender 
tubes. Ovary inferior, 5-celled. Berries subglobose, green or yellowish, often mawkish. 
Seeds few. BuckBERRY. Squaw HUCKLEBERRY DEERBERRY. 


Racemes with bracts resembling the leaves. 1. P. caesium. 
Racemes with bracts conspicuously smaller than the leaves. . 
Leaf-blades glabrous. 2. P. neglectum. 


Leaf-blades more or less pubescent, especially beneath. 
Berries green, greenish, yellowish or glaucous. | ‘ 
Leaf-blades green beneath, the hairs inconspicuous: berries green or yel- 


lowish. 3. P. stamineum. 
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath, the hairs pale or white: fruit glaucous. 4. P. candicans. 
Berries dark plum-purple. DP. melanocarpum. 


1. Polycodium caésium Greene. An irregularly branched shrub 2-12 dm. tall, with 
sparingly pubescent or glabrate green or more or less glaucous foliage. Leaf-blades various, 
relatively thin, elliptic, oblong or oblong-ovate, 1.5-4 em. long, obtuse, acute or apiculate, 
ciliolate, often revolute and slightly rugose in age, short-petioled, the broader ones subcor- 
date at the base: racemes or panicles conspicuously bracted, few-flowered : bracts mainly 
similar to the leaves: pedicels shorter than the bracts: berries subglobose, about 10 mm. 
in diameter. f Vaccinium caesium Greene. | 

In pine lands or hammocks, South Carolina to Florida.—P. oblongum Greene, a little known species. 
of western Tennessee, is said to have corolla-lobes 44 as long as the tube, and pedicels longer than the 
bracts, at least during anthesis. 

2. Polycodium negléctum Small. A branching shrub 1-1.5 m. tall, with glabrous 
foliage. Leaf-blades relatively thin, sometimes firm at maturity, elliptic to oblong or ob- 
long-lanceolate, or occasionally cuneate, 3-10 em. long, acute or slightly acuminate, gradu- 
ally or abruptly narrowed at the base, glabrous, sometimes glaucous at least when 
young : racemes or panicles few- or often many-flowered : bracts much smaller than leaves : 
corolla white or pink : berries subglobose or globose-obovoid, 5-8 mm. in diameter, green 
or yellow, mostly inedible. 

In open woods and thíckets, Virginia to Kansas, Florida, Alabama and Louisiana. 


3. Polycodium stamíneum (L.) Greene. A branching shrub, 1-2 m. tall, with 
more or less pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades oblong or elliptic, varying to oblong-lanceo- 
late or oblong-cuneate, 3~7 cm. long, green and inconspicuously pubescent beneath : rachis 
of the raceme or panicle, and the pedicels, pubescent : corolla 4-5 mm. long : berries globu- 
lar, about 10 mm. in diameter, green. [ Vaccinium stamineum L.] 

In open woods and on hillsides, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Alabama.—4A form, 


894 VACCINIACEAE 


perhaps specifically distinct, with relatively narrower and more acuminate leaf-blades and more exserted 
stamens, occurs from Tennessee to Louisiana. 

4. Polycodium cándicans (C. Mohr) Small. An erect branching shrub 1-2 m. tall, 
with pale and pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades narrowly oblong or elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, 
acuminate or sometimes only acute, deep green or bright green above, glaucous and pubes- 
cent beneath with pale or white hairs, narrowly subcordate or truncate at the base: rachis 
of the raceme or panicle and the pedicels pubescent like the twigs: hypanthium glabrous : 
corolla white, about 5 mm. long: berries globular, fully 10 mm. in diameter, glaucous. 
[ Vaccinium melanocarpum candicans C. Mohr. ] 

In woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Alabama. 


5. Polycodium melanocárpum (C. Mohr) Small. An irregularly branching shrub 
0.5-1.5 m. tall, with tomentose or tomentulose young foliage. Leaf-blades firm at ma- 
turity, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-10 em. long, acute or slightly acuminate, ciliate, per- 
manently tomentose at least beneath, short-petioled, never subcordate : racemes or panicles 
few or many-flowered : pedicels curved, slightly enlarged upward, 5-10 mm. long, hairy: 
braets oblong to ovate, acute or apiculate, persistent : hypanthium usually more or less 
pubescent : berries globular or pyriform, 8-10 mm. in diameter, deep plum-purple, shining, 
palatable but slightly tart; pulp juicy, deep purple. [ Vaccinium stamineum var. melano- 
carpum ©. Mohr. | 


In mountain woods, North Carolina to Missouri, Georgia and Alabama. 


4. VACCINIUM L. 


Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, sometimes persistent : blades membranous or 
leathery, entire or toothed. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or clusters or rarely 
solitary, appearing before the leaves or with them. Calyx persistent : sepals 4-5. Corolla 
white, pink or red, campanulate, tubular or urn-shaped. Stamens twice as many as the 
sepals : anthers sometimes awned ; sacs prolonged into terminal tubes, opening by pores 
or chinks. Ovary 4-5-celled or 8-10-celled by false partitions. Berries red, blue or black, 
sometimes with a bloom. BLUEBERRY. 


Leaves persistent, evergreen ; blades leathery. 
Vine-like shrub, with elongated, spreading, decumbent or procumbent branches: corolla campanu- 
late, 4 mm. long. EK crassifolium. 
Erect shrubs: corolla cylindric or conic-cylindric, 6 mm. long. 
Sepals obtuse: leaf-blades glandular-toothed : berries black. 
Sepals acute: leaf-blades bristly-toothed : berries blue. 
Leaves deciduous, or somewhat persistent southward: blades membranous, or 
thieker south ward but not truly leathery. 
Corolla cylindric or nearly so, mostly over twice as long as thick. 
Leaf-blades more or less pubescent beneath. 
Leaves with serrulate blades. 
Flowers appearing after the leaves: leaf-blades mainly less than 2 cm. 


V. nitidum. 
V. Myrsinites. 


git 


long. 
Leaf-blades narrowly elliptic or elliptie-spatulate, not rounded at 
the base: berries giniboos : Sante mainly less than 4 dm. tall. 4. V. tenellum. 
Leaf-blades oval or ovate, rounded at the base: berries not glau- liottii 
cous: plants mainly over 15 dm. tall. 5. V. Ellio ^h 2 
Flowers appearing before the leaves: leaf-blades mainly over 3 cm. long. 6. V. virgatum. 
Leaves with entire blades. 


Corolla rose-red : berries not glaucous. 7. V.formosum. 
Corolla white: berries glaucous. V. fuscatum 
Pares CODDORIy bron- pubescent benenta n Fd i V peior onm, 
eaf- es sparingly and inconspicuously pubescent beneath. . V. 
Leaf-blades glabrous ere E d : 10. V. australe. 
Corolla wap shaped, or somewhat campanulate, mostly less than twice as long as 
ick. 


Ovary and berry glabrous. 
Leaf-blades pubescent beneath. 


m. 
Leaf-blades entire: berries not glaucous. 11. v. airoto i 
Leaf-blades serrulate : berries glaucous. 12. V. simulatum 
Leaf-blades glabrous beneath. V. pallidum. 
Berries 8-12 mm. in diameter: stout shrub mostly over 1 m. tall 13. V. pa 


Berries 6 mm. in diameter or less : low shrub mostly less than 0.8 m. tall. beg E pisce 


Ovary and berry glandular-hirsute. 


1. Vaccinium crassifóülium Andr. A vine-like shrub, with elongated spreadin ded 
cumbent or procumbent branches, the twigs finely pubescent. _Leaves numerous : yer 
leathery, oval or elliptic, varying to ovate or obovate, or suborbicular near the base o scs 
plant, obtuse, shallowly toothed or nearly entire: hypanthium and calyx glabrous : co 
rose-red, campanulate, 4 mm. long. 


In moist sandy pine lands, North Carolina to Georgia. Spring. 


g de- 


VACCINIACEAE 895 


2. Vaccinium nitidum Andr. A branching shrub 3-6 dm. tall, with smooth and 
glabrous foliage, or the branches sometimes finely pubescent. Leaves numerous ; blades 
obovate to elliptic, 6-12 mm. long, acute or apiculate, shallowly toothed and often glandu- 
lar-ciliate, lustrous at least above, nearly sessile: racemes umbel-like : sepals rounded, ob- 
tuse, like the bracts: corolla rose-red, often becoming white, 6 mm. long, slightly nar- 
rowed upward: berries obovoid-globose or subglobose, 4-5 mm. long, black. 

In dry pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


3. Vaccinium Myrsinites Lam. A much branched shrub 2-6 dm. tall with glabrous 
and sometimes glaucous foliage at maturity, the young foliage usually puberulent. Leaf- 
blades obovate to oblanceolate, oblong or elliptic, 8-20 mm. long, acute or cuspidate or 
sometimes rather obtuse, shallowly toothed or nearly entire, lustrous above, paler or glau- 
cous beneath, sessile or nearly so : racemes very short or umbel-like : sepals acute or acutish : 
corolla white, slightly narrowed upward or becoming cylindric, 6 mm. long: berries sub- 
globose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, blue. 

In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


4. Vaccinium tenéllum Ait. A relatively low shrub, with underground stems, the 
branches upright, 2-4 dm. tall, finely pubescent, mostly branched: leaves numerous ; 
blades elliptic to elliptic-spatulate, 1-2 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate at both 
ends, serrulate, pale green and rather conspicuously but delicately nerved beneath, nearly 
sessile: racemes often umbel-like, appearing after the leaves: pedicels shorter than the 
corollas, slightly pubescent : corolla white or nearly so, oblong-cylindrie, 5-6 mm. long, 
slightly constricted at the throat ; lobes very short, obtuse : berries subglobose, about 6 mm. 
long, black, with a bloom. 

In pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi. Spring. 

5. Vaccinium Ellióttii Chapm. A shrub 1-2.5 m. tall, with glabrous or sparingly 
pubescent zigzag branches. Leaves often numerous ; blades ovate, oval or elliptic, 1-2.5 
em. long, acute at the apex, or rounded at the base, ciliate-serrulate, somewhat lustrous 
above, dull and more or less pubescent beneath, nearly sessile: racemes umbel-like, few 
flowered, appearing after the leaves: pedicels shorter than the corollas, glabrous or nearly 
so: corolla reddish, conie, 5-6 mm. long; lobes very short: berries subglobose, 7-8 mm. 
in diameter, black. 

In pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Early spring. : 


6. Vaccinium virgàtum Ait. A shrub 1-3.5 m. tall, with slender branches and 
puberulent twigs. Leaf-blades oblong-elliptic or oval-oblong, 2.5-6 em. long, narrowed at 
both ends, serrulate, deep green above, pale or glaucescent beneath, short-petioled : racemes 
cluster-like or only slightly elongated, appearing before the leaves: corolla white or pink- 
ish, 6-8 mm. long, nearly cylindrie, slightly narrowed at the throat: berries subglobose, 
5-7 mm. in diameter, black, sometimes with a slight bloom. 

In sandy swamps, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


7. Vaccinium formósum Andr. A branching shrub 3-12 dm. tall, with bright green 
twigs. Leaf-blades ovate, elliptic or oblong, 2.5-6 cm. long, acute at the apex, entire, 
rounded at the base, deep green and almost glabrous above, more or less pubescent, short- 
petioled : flowers in clusters appearing before the leaves: corolla rose-red, 7-8 mm. long, 
cylindric-conic ; lobes very small: berries globular, 5-6 mm. in diameter, not glaucous. 

In and about swamps, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


8. Vaccinium fuscàtum Ait. A branching shrub, 1-2 m. tall, the twigs finely and 
often copiously pubescent. Leaf-blades thickish, oblong or elliptic, 2-4.5 cm. long, acute, 
entire, more or less copiously pubescent beneath with brownish hairs: flowers appearing 
with the leaves: corolla white, 6-7 mm. long: berries globular, 6-7 mm. in diameter, 
somewhat glaucous. 


In and about swamps, Georgia to Florida, Arkansas and Lonisiana. Spring. 


9. Vaccinium corymbósum L. A shrub 1-4 m. tall, with rigid spreading branches 
and puberulent or glabrous twigs. Leaf-blades oblong to elliptic, 2.5-8 cm. long, usually 
acute at both ends, entire, mostly ciliate, pubescent at least on or near the nerves beneath, 
short-petioled : racemes appearing before the leaves, fully as long as the peduncles: bracts 
deciduous: corolla white or pale pink, cylindric or slightly constricted near the throat, 
6-12 mm. long; lobes 5: berries subglobose, 6-8 mra. in diameter, deep blue, beneath 
the bloom, edible. 

Inswamps about meadows and in moist woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Florida 
and Louisiana. Spring. TALL BLUEBERRY. 

10. Vaccinium austràle Small. A branching shrub 3-15 dm. tall, with wholly gla- 
brous foliage. Leaf-blades elliptic or oval, or elliptic-ovate to oblong-elliptic, mainly 4-8 


896 VACCINIACEAE 


em. long, rarely shorter, acute, entire, deep-green above, pale beneath, glabrous, short- 
petioled: corolla white or whitish, nearly cylindric, 7-8 mm. long: berries globular, 7-9 
mm. in diameter, glaucous. 

In and about swamps and along rivers, Georgia and Florida, and perhaps northward along the 
Atlantic coast. Spring. 

11. Vaccinium atrocóccum (A. Gray) Heller. A shrub similar to V. corymbosum 
in habit, more or less pubescent. Leaf-blades oval to elliptic or sometimes slightly broad- 
est above the middle, acute, entire, dark green above, paler beneath and more or less pubes- 
cent : flowers appearing with the leaves: corolla white or pinkish, campanulate, 4-6 mm. 
long: berries globular, 6-10 mm. in diameter, not glaucous. 

In swamps and moist woods, New Brunswick to Ontario and North Carolina. Spring. 


12. Vaccinium simulatum Small. A shrub resembling V. pallidum. Leaf-blades 


'^' thinnish, elliptic to oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm. long, somewhat acuminate or 


merely acute, serrulate, bright green above, more or less pubescent and pale or glaucescent 
beneath : flowers appearing after the leaves: corolla white or pinkish green, urn-shaped, 
3.5-4.5 mm. long: berries globular, 5-7 mm. in diameter, somewhat glaucous. 

In woods, southern New York and Pennsylvania to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


13. Vaccinium pallidum Ait. An asymmetrical shrub 1-2.5 m. tall, with glabrous, 
bright green twigs. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong, 2.5-7 cm. long, acute or acuminate 
at the apex, ciliate-serrulate, bright green above, pale or glaucous and wholly glabrous 

_beneath, short-petioled : racemes several-flowered : corolla greenish pink, campanulate or 
slightly urn-shaped, 4-5 mm. long: berries subglobose, 8-12 mm. in diameter, deep blue, 
with a bloom, delicious. 

In woods, and on open slopes or summits, mountains of Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Spring 
MOUNTAIN BLUEBERRY. 

14. Vaccinium vacíllans Kalm. A shrub 1-2 dm. tall, with rigid glabrous yellowish 
green branches and twigs. Leaf-blades oval, broadly oblong or sometimes ovate to obovate, 
2-5 cm. long, usually apiculate, nearly entire or serrulate, glabrous, pale or glaucous be- 
neath, short-petioled : racemes short or cluster-like, few-flowered : corolla pink or whitish, 
cylindric-oblong, slightly constricted at the throat, 4-6 mm. long; lobes 5: berries sub- 
globose, 4—7 mm. in diameter, blue, with a bloom, sweet. 

In dry or rocky soil, Maine to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia and Missouri. Spring 
BLUE HUCKLEBERRY. 

15. Vaccinium hírsütum Buckl An irregularly branching shrub 3-10 dm. tall, 
with finely hirsute foliage at least when young. Leaf-blades oblong to elliptic or oblong- 
ovate, 2-3 cm. long, acute or cuspidate, entire, deep green above, paler and more pubescent 
beneath especially on the nerves, very short-petioled : racemes few-flowered : hypanthium 
and calyx, like the pedicel, closely hirsute : sepals acute : corolla pale or reddish, ovoid-cam- 
panulate, 9-12 mm. long, persistently hirsute : ovary glandular-hirsute : berries subglobose, 
6-7 mm. in diameter, purplish black. 

On shaded mountain slopes, North Carolina to Tennessee and Georgia. Summer. 


5. CHIOGENES Salisb. 

Evergreen shrubs, with prostrate creeping stems, the foliage finely pubescent. Leaves 
small, alternate, 2-ranked. Flowers solitary, subtended by 2 bracts. Sepals 4, free. 
Corolla campanulate, with 4 rounded lobes. Stamens 8, included: filaments rough : 
anthers destitute of awns ; sacs not prolonged into tubes at the apex, opening from apex 
to middle. Ovary 4-celled, crowned with an 8-lobed disk. Berry white, 4-celled, mealy. 
Seeds numerous. SNOWBERRY. 

1. Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. & G. Perennial, evergreen. Stems taca 1s 
the base, the branches creeping, strigose: leaf-blades leathery, oval or suborbicular, "i 
mm. long, abruptly pointed, ciliate, pale beneath, revolute, short-petioled : pedicels p 
tary in the axils, 1-3 mm. long: calyx minutely pubescent: sepals 4, the outer nee : 
broader than the inner: corolla white, campanulate, somewhat longer than the calyx; 
lobes acute: berries subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, white, bristly, aromatic, crowne 
with the calyx. ins to 

In damp woods and swamps, Newfoundland to British Columbia south along the mountains 
North Carolina, and Michigan. Spring. $ 


A 


6. HUGERIA Small. = 
Shrubs, with upright branching stems. Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades ee 
thin, finely serrate, short-petioled. Flowers solitary on axillary pedicels, drooping. Sep 


DIAPENSIACEAE 897 


4, or rarely 5, broad. Petals 4-5, markedly united at the base, the narrow lobes curled 
back. Stamens 8-10: anthers conspicuously exserted : filaments pubescent. Ovary 4-5- 
celled: style elongated. Berries subglobose, drooping, red. MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY. 

2. Hugeria erythrocarpa (Michx.) Small. A widely branching shrub 1-2 m. tall. 
Leaf-blades oblong or ovate-lanceolate, or ovate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, rather thin, acuminate, 
finely serrate with bristle-tipped teeth, flat, green on both sides but paler beneath, short- 
petioled : pedicels solitary, axillary, recurved, less than 3 as long as the leaves: sepals 
acuminate : corolla red ; lobes lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, curled back : filaments villous, 
about $ as long as the anthers: berries subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, deep red, acid. 
[ Vaccinium erythrocarpon Michx. ] 


On mountain slopes or summits, Virginia to Tennessee and Georgia. Spring and summer. 


7. OXYCÓCCUS Hill. 

Shrubs, with trailing or creeping stems. Leaves alternate, persistent: blades entire, 
leathery. Flowers solitary or several together, nodding from axillary or terminal stalks. 
Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, pink or red, conic in bud, distinct, narrow, recurved. Stamens 
8-10. Anthers converging into a conspicuous long-exserted cone: sacs prolonged into 
slender tubes opening by apical pores. Ovary 4-5-celled. Berries globose or somewhat 
elongated or rarely depressed, red, very juicy, sour or tart. CRANBERRY. 

1. Oxycoccus macrocárpus (Ait.) Pers. Foliage glabrous. Stems creeping, elon- 
gated, sometimes 1 m. long, branched: leaves numerous; blades oblong, or rarely 
varying to ovate or orbicular, 6-14 mm. long, obtuse at both ends, entire, more or less 
copiously glaucous beneath, revolute, short-petioled : pedicels slender, recurved at the tip : 
flowers usually few, nodding : sepals acutish : petals white or pale pink, 7-8 mm. long, lan- 
ceolate: filaments puberulent, about 3 as long as the anthers: berries subglobose or often 
oval, ovoid or depressed, 1-2 cm. in diameter, red, acid. [ Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. ] 


. In bogs or low sandy soil, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina, 
Michigan and Minnesota. Summer. 


FAMILY 6. DIAPENSIACEAE Link. DiIAPENSIA FAMILY. 


Perennial, caulescent shrubby herbs. Leaves alternate, sometimes numer- 
ous and crowded, without stipules: blades mostly leathery, simple. Flowers 
perfect, solitary or in terminal racemes. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals, per- 
sistent. Corolla white, pink or purple, of 5 distinct or partially united equal 
petals. Androecium of 5 stamens. Filaments adnate to the throat of the 
corolla-tube. Staminodia wanting. Anthers 1-2-celled. Pollen of simple grains. 
Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary superior, 3-celled, free. Styles united, 
Stigma 3-lobed. Ovules many, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 3-celled. 
loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds minute. Embryo terete, in fleshy endosperm. 


1. PYXIDANTHERA Michx. 


Evergreen herbs, with creeping stems. Leaves numerous, imbricated : blades entire, 
ciliate at the base, sessile. Flowers solitary and sessile in an involucre of imbricated 
bracts. Calyx-lobes parchment-like, imbricated, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla white or pink, 
persistent: tube short: lobes 5, spreading, eroded. Stamens 5, near the sinuses of the 
corolla: filaments broad: anther-sacs transversely 2-valved, the lower valve cuspidate. 
Staminodia none. Ovary 3-celled : stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Ovules numerous in each 
cavity, amphitropous. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds few, the testa 
pitted, close. 

1. Pyxidanthera barbulàta Michx. Depressed, nearly glabrous. Stems branched 
at the base, the branches creeping, forming large mats, 1-4 dm. long, leafy throughout : 
leaves numerous ; blades leathery, linear-oblanceolate, or linear-elliptic, imbricated, 3-8 
mm. long, acute or spine-tipped, glabrous, except the ciliate base, sessile: bracts of the 
involucre lanceolate, about 4 mm. long, densely ciliate, silky within: flowers about 9 mm. 
broad: calyx campanulate, nearly 4 mm. high ; lobes 5, broadly oblong, concave, obtuse : 
corolla white; tube oblong-campanulate ; lobes 5, broadly spatulate or cuneate-obovate, 
about as long as the tube, spreading: anthers yellow: capsules subglobose, about 2 mm. in 
diameter, sessile. 

In sandy pine lands, New Jersey and North Carolina. Spring. PYXIE. FLOWERING Moss. 

57 


898 GALACACEAE 


FAMILY 7. GALACACEAE Small. GALAX FAMILY. 


Perennial scapose herbs. Leaves alternate, basal, few, not crowded, without 
stipules : blades ieathery, merely toothed, relatively broad. Flowers perfect, 
solitary or in a terminal raceme. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals, persistent. 
Corolla white, of 5 partially united petals. Androecium of 5 stamens. Fila- 
ments united below. Staminodia 5, partially adnate to the corolla and some- 
times to the filaments. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary superior, 3- 
celled, free. Styles united. Stigma 3-lobed. Ovules numerous in each cavity 
of the ovary. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds minute. 

Flowers solitary : corolla-lobes erose: staminodia distinct at the base of the corolla-tube. 1. SHORTIA. 


Flowers in elongated racemes: corolla-lobes entire: staminodia united to the filaments ies 
. GALAX. 


1. SHÓRTIA T. & G. 

Evergreen scapose herbs, perennial by slender branching rootstocks. Leaves persistent : 
blades toothed, cordate or truncate at the base, lustrous : petioles elongated, dilated at the 
base. Scapesoften scaly, simple, each topped with a nodding flower. Calyx-lobes 5, strongly 
imbricated, those of the outer and inner series dissimilar, striate-nerved. Corolla white or 
pink: tube campanulate : lobes 5, imbricated, more or less spreading, strongly erose at the 
apex. Stamens 5: filaments distinct above, short: anther-sacs opening obliquely. Stami- 
nodia 5, scale-like, on the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 3-celled : stigma obscurely 3- ' 
lobed. Ovules numerous, inserted in axile placentae. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3- 
valved. Seeds in three rows, the testa granular. 

1. Shortia galacifólia T. & G.  Acaulescent, glabrous. Leaves basal; blades 
leathery, oval to suborbicular, 1-7 cm. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex, crenate- 
dentate with more or less mucronate teeth, truncate or cordate at the base, lustrous above; 

etioles much longer than the blades: scapes 5-15 cm. tall, from a set of acuminate 1m- 
ecated bracts, simple, naked or with several thin scales near the top: calyx glabrous; 
lobes unequal, oblong or ovate-oblong, often 'becoming broadly lanceolate, 1-10 mm. long, 
obtuse or acutish, finely ribbed in age: corolla white, 2-3 cm. broad; lobes obovate or 
broadly cuneate, coarsely erose or erose-laciniate, longer than the tube: stamens included : 
staminodia ovate, barely 3 as long as the tube: style exserted : capsules ovoid, 5-6 mm. 
long, surrounded by the sepals. 

Near mountain streams, North Carolina and South Carolina. Spring. SHORTIA. 


2. GALAX L. 
Acaulescent herbs, perennial by colored horizontal scaly rootstocks. Leaves basal, 
persistent : blades thick, suborbicular, crenate, palmately-nerved, cordate : petioles elon- 
gated somewhat sheathing at the base. Scapes erect, naked. Flowers in dense elongated 
spike-like racemes, short-pedicelled. Bracts small, deciduous. Calyx-lobes 5, imbricated, 
nerveless, persistent. Corolla white, with a short tube and 5 entire spreading lobes. 
Stamens 5: filaments spatulate, united below with 5 alternating spatulate staminodia : 
anthers 1-celled, transversely 2-valved, introrse. Ovary 3-celled : stigma 3-lobed. Ovules 
numerous in each cavity, anatropous. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, 
angled, the testa loose. : 
1. Galax aphylla L. Scapose, glabrous. Leaves basal; blades leathery, suborbic- 
ular in outline, 4-10 cm. broad, copiously crenate with apiculate teeth, cordate, iris 
petioles several times longer than the blades: scapes erect, solitary or clustered, ri mm 
tall: racemes spike-like, virgate, strict, densely-flowered : pedicels slender, 1-3 mm. aro 
bracts deciduous: calyx 1.5 mm. high; lobes oblong, slightly narrowed at the : , 
3.5-4 mm. long, obtuse, often crisped: stamens not exserted : capsules ovoid, neariy 
mm. long, erect or ascending, acute. 


In dry soil, chiefly in the mountains, Virginia to middle Georgia, a 
and North Carolina. Spring and summer. GALAXY. BEETLE-WEED. 


Order 2. PRIMULALES. 


Herbs, shrubs, trees or vines. Leaves alternate or opposite, som ad 
basal: blades mostly entire. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, variously 


nd near the coast of Virginia 


etimes all 


ARMERIACEAE 899 


disposed. Calyx of 4-several partially united sepals. Corolla of 4-several dis- 
tinct or partially united petals, or wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as 
there are petals or sepals, and sometimes accompanied by as many staminodia, 
mainly partially adnate to the corolla. Gynoecium of 4-6 united carpels, or 
rarely more. Ovary superior, or mainly so, mostly 1-celled. Styles distinct or 
united. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, or rarely an achene or a utricle. 


Styles distinct: fruit an achene or utricle: ovule 1. Fam, 1. ARMERIACEAE. 
Styles united : fruit capsular or drupe-like: ovules several. 
Herbs: ovules or seeds not immersed : fruit capsular. Fam. 2, PRIMULACEAE. 


Shrubs or trees: ovules or seeds immersed : fruit drupe-like. _ 
Staminodia at the sinuses of the corolla-lobes : fruit containing few 
or many seeds. Fam. 3. THEOPHRASTACEAE. 


Staminodia wanting: fruit containing a single seed. Fam. 4, ARDISIACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. ARMERIACEAE Dumort. PLUMBAGO FAMILY. 


Perennial or rarely annual mostly acaulescent herbs, or shrubby plants, with 
erect or climbing stems. Leaves various: petioles dilated at the base, or clasp- 
ing. Flowers perfect, regular, in widely branching panicles, or dense terminal 
heads. Calyx tubular or funnelform : tube 5-15-ribbed, the main ribs converg- 
ing or uniting above by pairs and prolonged into the 4—5 lobes. Corolla hypog- 
ynous: petals 4—5, their claws distinct, or united into a tube. Androecium of 5 
stamens opposite the petals. Filaments distinct or united into a tube. Anthers 
2-celled, attached by the back. Gynoecium of 5 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, 
often 5-angled. Styles distinct or united. Stigmas capitate, or elongated. 
Ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous, its funicle from the base of the cavity. 
Fruit a utricle or achene, or rarely capsular, enclosed in the calyx. Seed solitary, 
filling the cavity. Testa membranous. Endosperm mealy, sometimes none. 
Embryo straight. [Plumbaginaceae Lindl.] 


Calyx glandular: claws of petals united into a tube: styles united to near the top. 1. PLUMBAGO. 
Calyx not glandular: claws of petals distinct or nearly so: styles distinct or united at the base. 


E 2. LIMONIUM. 
1. PLUMBAGO L. 


Perennial herbs, shrubby plants or vines. Leaves alternate: blades auricled at the 
base and clasping, or with short often clasping petioles. Flowers in terminal bracted 
spikes. Calyx tubular, glandular: lobes 4-5, erect, hyaline in the sinuses. Petals 4-5, of 
various colors: claws united : tube slender: blades entire, spreading, equal. Stamens 5, 
free and distinct: filaments dilated at the base: anthers rather elongated. Ovary 1- 
celled : styles filiform, stigmatic within. Capsule membranous, circumscissile or 5-valved. 
Seed filling the cavity. Endosperm mealy, scant. 

1. Plumbago scándens L. Shrubby, glabrous. Stems erect, decumbent or climb- 
ing, 5-12 dm. long, much-branched, the branches slightly grooved : leaf-blades oblong to 
oblong-lanceolate or ovate, 2-10 cm. long, shining, acute or short-acuminate, undulate, nar- 
rowed into short petioles with clasping bases : spikes terminal, 2-8 em. long: calyx bristly- 
glandular ; tube about 1 cm. long, the green nerves alternating with white wings; lobes 
4-5, terminating in minute hooks: corolla white or purplish ; tube slender, about 2 cm. 
long ; lobes 4-5, spreading, oblong, obtuse: stamens 4, exserted: anthers blue: capsules 
slender, invested by the hardened calyx. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring and summer. 


2. LIMONIUM Adans. 

Perennial or rarely annual acaulescent herbs, with glabrous or scaly foliage. Leaves 
mostly basal: blades flat, entire or rarely pinnatifid or dissected. Scapes branched, often 
densely so. Bracts scale-like. Flowers one or more, subtended by a single bract. Calyx 
funnelform : tube 10-ribbed, the ribs uniting by pairs above: limb scarious, plicate, its 
lobes often awn-tipped. Petals 5: claws distinct or merely united at the base : blades entire 
or 2-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals: filaments distinct or united below, some- 
times adnate to the petals. Ovary 1-celled, 5-angled : styles 5, distinct: stigmas capitate 
or minute. Utricle included, membranous. Seed filling the cavity. Endosperm mealy, 


900 PRIMULACEAE 


usually scant. [Statice Willd.] The plants flower mainly in the spring and summer. SEA 
LAVENDER. MARsH ROSEMARY. CANKERROOT. 


Calyx-tube glabrous. 
Leaf-blades linear. 1. L. angustatum. 
Leaf-blades oblong or spatulate. 
Braets oval, obtuse: calyx-lobes round-ovate: species of the southeastern 


states. 2. L. Brasiliense, 
Bracts suborbicular, abruptly pointed: calyx-lobes triangular, mucronate: 
species of the southwestern states. 3. L. Californicum. 


Calyx-tube pubescent. 
Branches spreading, the tips recurved : bracts oval: calyx-tube sparingly pubes- 
cent at the base. 4. L. Nashii. 
Branches ascending, the tips curved upward: bracts mainly suborbicular: 
calyx-tube bristly-pubescent. 

Limb of calyx erect: species of the southeastern states. 5. L. Carolinianum. 

Limb of calyx spreading: species of the southwestern states. 6. L. hmbatum. 

1. Limonium angustatum (A. Gray) Small. Leaves basal, few ; blades linear, 4-7 
cm. long, cuspidate, 1-nerved, narrowed into petioles which are somewhat shorter than the 
blades and with dilated bases: scapes erect, about 3 dm. tall, with several scale-like clasp- 
ing bracts sparingly branched above: bracts subtending the flowers broadly oblong, 4 
mm. long, acute: calyx about 5 mm. long; tube glabrous ; lobes 5, ovate, the connecting 
membranes eroded. 

In salt marshes, Pine Key, Florida. 


2. Limonium Brasiliénse (Boiss.) Small. Leaves basal; blades oblong, 6-12 cm. 
long, rounded or retuse at the apex, usually cuspidate or mucronate, gradually narrowed 
at the base ; petioles about equalling the blades in length or surpassing them: scapes erect, 
bearing a few scales, branched above, the slender elongated branches spreading : bracts 
subtending the flowers broadly oval, 3 mm. long, eroded at the rounded apex: calyx ¢ 
mm. long; tube glabrous; lobes round-ovate, about 5 mm. long, obtusish : corolla white. 

In salt marshes or on beaches, North Carolina to Florida. Also in South America. 


3. Limonium Califórnicum (Boiss) Heller. Resembling L. Brasiliense in habit, 
but stouter. Bracts suborbicular, abruptly pointed : calyx-lobes triangular, mucronate. 

In saline places, California, extending eastward along the southern border of the United States, 
probably to within our range. 

4. Limonium Náshii Small. Leaves basal; blades oblong or elliptic, sometimes 
varying to narrowly obovate, 4-10 cm. long, rounded or notched at the apex, occasionally 
mucronate, narrowed into petioles which are shorter than the blades or longer: scapes 
erect, 3-7 dm. tall, furnished with a few scales, widely branching above, the tips of the 
spreading branches recurved : bracts subtending the flowers oval, about 4 mm. long, obtuse : 
calyx 6-7 mm long; tube 4 mm. long, sparingly pubescent with soft hairs at the base 
only ; lobes 5, triangular, slightly acuminate, more than 1 mm. long: corolla deep blue. 

In salt marshes, Georgia to Florida and Mississippi. 

5. Limonium Caroliniànum (Walt.) Britton. Leaves basal; blades elliptic or 
oblanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, cuspidate, narrowed at the base; petioles shorter than the 
blades or usually longer: scapes erect, 2-6 dm. tall, bearing a few scales below, much 
branched, the tips of the branches usually erect or curved upward : bracts subtending the 
flowers suborbicular, about 4 mm. long, eroded at the apex: calyx 5-6 mm. long; tube 
bristly to above the middle with ascending or spreading hairs; lobes 5, ovate, about 
mm. long, acute: corolla 4-5 mm. broad, pale purple. 

In salt meadows, Labrador to Florida. 

6. Limonium limbàtum Small. Leaves basal; blades leathery, spatulate or m 
spatulate, 0.5—1.5 dm. long, obtuse or notched at the apex, prominently nerved beneath in 
drying ; petioles shorter than the blades or rarely longer, margined : scapes erect, bores 
or several together, corymbosely branched, the branches zigzag, ascending : spikes 1n du 
terminal corymbs : bracts suborbicular or sometimes orbicular-oval, obtuse, often ELS , 
the apex, hyaline-margined : calyx trumpet-shaped with a flaring limb, nearly 4 mm. OnB: 
tube hirsute ; lobes broadly deltoid, apiculate : corolla bright blue. 

In alkaline soìl, Texas and New Mexico. 


FAMILY 2. PRIMULACEAE Vent. PRIMROSE FAMILY. 


Caulescent or scapose herbs, various in habit. Leaves alternate or IS 
or whorled, sometimes all basal, without stipules : blades commonly EEN f 
Inflorescence variously disposed. Flowers perfect, usually regular. Ca ir n 
4-9 partially united sepals, commonly persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 9 es 
gamopetalous, with 4-9 manifest lobes, or rarely wanting. Androecium 0 


PRIMULACEAE 901 


many stamens as there are corolla-lobes and opposite them, adnate to the tube 
or on the calyx, rarely alternating with staminodia. Filaments sometimes united 
at the base. Anthers 2-celled: sacs opening introrsely. Gynoecium a single 
pistil. Ovary free or nearly so, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Style 
entire. Stigma entire or lobed. Ovules amphitropous, numerous or two. 
Fruit a 1-celled capsule opening by 2 to 8 valves. Seeds 2 or many, with a 
smooth roughened or furrowed testa. Endosperm fleshy or horny. Embryo 
usually transverse. 


Corolla-lobes erect or spreading. 
Lobes of the corolla imbricated. 


Ovary superior: plants with dissected leaf-blades. 1. HOTTONIA. 
Ovary partly inferior : with entire leaf-blades. 2. SAMOLUS. 
Lobes of the corolla valvate or convolute. 
Capsules opening lengthwise. 
Staminodia wanting: filaments united at the base. 3. LYSIMACHIA. 
Staminodia present : filaments distinct or essentially 80. 4. STEIRONEMA. 


Capsules circumscissile. 
Corolla longer than the calyx : filaments pubescent, adnate to the baseof the 
corolla. 5. ANAGALLIS. 
Corolla shorter than the calyx: filaments glabrous, adnate to the corolla- 
tube. 6. CENTUNOULUS. 
Corolla-lobes reflexed. . DODECATHEON. 


~J 


l. HOTTÒNIA L. 


Aquatic herbs, with glabrous foliage. Stems submerged. Leaves numerous, the sub- 
mersed with pinnately dissected blades : petioles often inflated. Scapes erect, the inter- 
nodes inflated. Bracts whorled. Flowers whorled at the nodes, pedicelled. Calyx persist- 
ent: lobes 5, narrow, imbricated, longer than the tube. Corolla white, salverform : 
tube longer than the 5 imbricated lobes of the spreading limb. Stamens 5, adnate to the 
corolla-tube below the middle: filaments about as long as the anthers. Ovary sessile: 
style filiform: stigma capitate. Ovules numerous, anatropous, inserted on a rounded 
stalked placenta. Capsule membranous, partially 5-valved. Seeds numerous, slightly 
angular. FEATHERFOIL. 

1. Hottonia inflata Ell. Stems submerged, spongy, 2-6 dm. long, leafy, simple or 
branching : leaf-blades ovate to oblong in outline, 5-10 cm. long, finely divided almost to 
the middle into linear-filiform segments: scapes tufted, 1-3 dm. long, jointed, the lower 
joint often 2.5 cm. thick, the upper ones successively smaller: bracts linear or linear-spat- 
ulate, 5-15 mm. long: flowers whorled at the nodes: pedicels variable in length, 0.3-5 cm. 
long: calyx often minutely glandular; tube very short; lobes linear, 5-10 mm. long, 
rather obtuse: corolla white, 3 mm. long, shorter than the calyx, the lobes oblong, obtuse, 
3 aslong as the tube: stamens included : capsules subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter, 
glabrous: seeds about 0.5 mm. long. 

In ponds and ditches, Massachusetts to New York, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


2. SAMOLUS L. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, various: blades entire. 
Flowers white or pink, in simple or panicled bracted or naked racemes. Sepals united at 
the base, persistent. Corolla perigynous: tube very short, the rounded lobes of the limb 
imbricated. Stamens 5, adnate to the corolla-tube, sometimes alternating with 5 narrow 
staminodia in the sinuses of the corolla-lobes. Anthers cordate, erect. Ovary 1-celled : 
stigma obtuse or capitate. Ovules numerous, half-anatropous, in a subglobose placenta. 
Capsule barely, if at all, elongated, 5-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous WATER 
PIMPERNEL. BROOKWEED. 


Racemes sessile or nearly so: staminodia at the sinuses of the corolla. 1. S. floribundus. 
Racemes long-peduncled : staminodia wanting. 
Peduncles glandular-pilose: corolla 4-5 mm. broad ; lobes broadly cuneate. 2. S. cuneatus. 
Peduneles glabrous: corolla 6-9 mm. broad; lobes suborbicular. x 
Glaucous: corolla 8-9 mm. broad. 3. S. alyssoides. 
Bright green : corolla 6-7 mm. broad. 4. S. ebracteatus. 


1l. Samolus floribündus H.B.K. Light green, glabrous, 1-6 dm. tall. Stems 
simple or diffuse: leaves few; blades obtuse, mainly 3-15 cm. long, spatulate or oval, 
or obovate, narrowed into winged petioles, the lower stem-leaves like the basal, passing 
through oval to ovate, the upper ones sessile or nearly so: racemes sessile or very short- 
peduncled : pedicels 1-2 cm. long, spreading or ascending: calyx campanulate ; lobes 


902 PRIMULACEAE 


ovate or triangular-ovate, acute, about as long as the tube: corolla white, 3 mm. broad ; 
lobes oblong, rounded or emarginate at the apex, longer than the tube: staminodia 5 : cap- 
sules subglobose, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter. 

In wet soil and marshes, fresh, brackish and salt, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to 
Florida, Mexico and California. Spring and summer. 

2. Samolus cuneàtus Small. Deep green, 1-3 dm. tall. Stems solitary or tufted, 
ascending or reclining, usually branched : leaves opposite or mainly so ; blades obdeltoid- 
eee or broadly spatulate, 4-12 cm. long, truncate or coarsely mucronulate at the apex, 
the bases decurrent as broad wings: racemes 1-3 dm. long, their peduncles longer than the 
stems, like the racemes, glandular-pilose : pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, 1-38 cm. 
long: calyx campanulate ; lobes triangular, acute, longer than the tube, or at maturity 
shorter : corolla white, 4-5 mm. broad ; lobes 5, broadly cuneate, flattish or truncate at the 
apex, toothed, as long as the tube: stamens included: capsules depressed-globose, 3-3.5 
mm. in diameter. 

On wet limestone rocks or in moist soil, Texas. Spring. 


3. Samolus alyssoides Heller. Glabrous, glaucous, 2-3 dm. tall. Stems more or 
less tufted, erect or ascending, usually branched: leaves numerous, 4-7 em. long; blades 
dee acute or acutish, narrowed into winged often purple petioles, which are shorter 
than the blades : racemes 2-4 cm. long, on peduncles as long as the stem or longer : pedicels 
5-10 mm. long, ascending: calyx campanulate ; lobes triangular or triangular-lanceolate, 
acute, about as long as the tube: corolla white, 8-9 mm. broad ; lobes 5-6, suborbicular, 
shorter than the tube, rounded at the apex, glandular at the base: stamens included: 
stigma nearly entire: capsules subglobose, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter. 

In dry sandy soil, on the coast, southern Texas. Spring. 


4. Samolus ebracteàtus H.B.K. Glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 dm. tall. Stems soli- 
tary or tufted, often sparingly branched : leaves alternate ; blades spatulate or obovate, 
3-10 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, sessile or with short winged petioles, decurrent : racemes 
2-20 em. long, their peduncles usually elongated, commonly longer than the stem : pedi- 
cels 1-5 em. long or rarely shorter, ascending: calyx campanulate ; lobes triangular- 
ovate, acute or acutish, about twice as long as the tube: corolla pink, 6-7 mm. broad ; 
lobes suborbicular, conspicuously retuse at the apex, densely glandular at the base, shorter 
Wan the tube: stamens included : stigma notched : capsules subglobose, about 4 mm. 1n 

lameter. 


_ In salt marshes, saline and brackish soil, Florida to Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. 
Spring to fall. 


3. LYSIMACHIA L. 

Perennial or sometimes annual caulescent herbs, with glandular-punctate foliage. 
Leaves opposite or whorled, various: blades entire, prevailingly narrow. Flowers yellow, 
solitary on slender pedicels or racemosely disposed. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united into à 
rotate or short funnelform corolla: lobes entire, convolute. Stamens 5. Staminodia 
wanting. Filaments united at the base. Anthers short. Ovary l-celled : style filiform. 
Capsule globose or subglobose. LOOSESTRIFE. ; 


Corolla without dark dots or streaks. i 
Stems creeping: flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts: calyx-lobes ovate. 1. L. Nummularia. 
Stems erect : flowersin terminal panicles : calyx-lobeslinearorlinear-lanceolate. 2. L. Fraser. 

T with dark ae streaks. th 

nflorescence extending nearly the length of the plant: flowers axillary to the 227 
leaf-like braets. i 7 s P 3. L. quadrifolia. 
Inflorescence terminal : flowers axillary to bracts smaller than the leaves. 
Pedicels shorter than the bracts. j 
Pedicels 1.5-2 em. long: leaf-blades 1-ribbed. HE ar ta RA 
Pedicels 0.5-1.5 cm. long: leaf-blades 3-ribbed. 5. L. aspero à 
Pedicels longer than the bracts. 


Bracts mostly over ¥4 as long as the pedicels: leaf-blades linear. 6. L. irr 
Bracts mostly much Tess than 14 as long as the pedicels : leaf-blades broader. 7. L. terresinis- 


1. Lysimachia Nummularia L. Perennial, deep green, glabrous. Stems pres 
creeping 1-7 dm. long, usually branching: leaves opposite, the blades suborbicular, 0. 
em. in diameter, rounded or retuse and sometimes apiculate at the apex, punctate, reu le i 
truncate or cordate at the base; petioles usually 2-3 mm. long: flowers axillary : pedice 
stoutish, 1-2 cm. long: calyx punctate, the lobes ovate, 8-9 mm. long, acute at the apex 
cordate at the base : corolla bright yellow, about 2 cm. broad, the lobes obovate, punctate : 
filaments glandular, united at the base. 


In waste places and meadows, Newfoundland to Indiana, New Jersey and Georgia. 
from Europe. Spring and summer. 


Naturalized 


PRIMULACEAE 903 


2. Lysimachia Fraseri Duby. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so below. Stems erect, 
1-2 m. tall, simple or sparingly branched, slightly grooved, often glaucous, commonly glan- 
dular near the nodes: leaves in whorls of 3's or 4's, or the upper ones opposite, the blades 
lanceolate, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, sometimes ovate-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, 
usually acuminate at both ends, or acute at the base, punctate; petioles 2-8 mm. long: 

anicle 0.5-1.5 dm. long, glandular: bracts linear-lanceolate to subulate: pedicels lanceo- 
ate, about 5 mm. long, glandular-ciliate, reddish margined, acute: corolla yellow, about 
1.5 cm. broad, the lobes elliptic or oval, obtuse or retuse at the apex, many times 
longer than the tube: filaments glandular, unequal, united into a cup at the base : capsules 
3-4 mm. long. 

In open woods, South Carolina to Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. Summer. 

3. Lysimachia quadrifólia L. Perennial, more or less villous. Stems erect or 
ascending, 2-9 dm. tall, usually simple: leaves in whorls of 3-7, mostly 4, or rarely some 
or all opposite; blades lanceolate to oval, acute, or short-acuminate, sessile or short- 
petioled : flowers axillary : pedicels filiform, 2-4 cm. long: calyx punctate, the lobes lan- 
ceolate, 5-6 mm. long, ciliate, acuminate : corolla yellow, 12-15 mm. broad, the lobes oblong 
or oblong-ovate, rounded at the apex, usually spotted or streaked : filaments unequal, glan- 
dular: capsules subglobose, more or less oblique, 3 mm. ‘thick. 

In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. Summer. 


4. Lysimachia foliosa Small. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, simple, glabrous or sparingly 
pubescent. Leaves in whorls of 3’s, or rarely opposite or 4 in a whorl; blades lanceolate 
or oblong-lanceolate, 2-8 dm. tall, much paler beneath than above, sessile or nearly so: 
flowers in terminal leafy-bracted racemes 1-2 dm. long: pedicels 1-2.5 cm. long, slender, 
shorter than the bracts: calyx streaked ; lobes narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 3 mm. long, 
acute or acutish, ciliate: corolla 10-12 mm. broad, firm ; lobes ovate to oblong-ovate, more 
ur = notched at the apex : filaments unequal, glandular : capsules subglobose, about 2 mm. 
thick. 

In woods or thickets, District of Columbia to North Carolina. Summer. 


5. Lysimachia asperulaefòlia Poir. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, simple or ‘sparingly 
branched above: leaves in whorls of 3's or 4's, or sometimes merely opposite ; blades lan- 
ceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, 3—5-ribbed, sessile, glaucous beneath, finely 
wrinkled above : raceme terminal, 5-12 cm. long: pedicels slender, 0.5-2 cm. long, glandu- 
lar: calyx glandular, the lobes lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, ciliate, acute, concave: corolla 
yellow, 12-15 mm. broad, the lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, glandular-ciliate, acute : 
filaments unequal, glandular: capsules spheroidal, 3.5—4.5 mm. thick. 

In pine woods, North Carolina to Georgia. Summer. 

6. Lysimachia Loomisii Torr. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, more or less branched, gla- 
brous or nearly so, ridged: leaves opposite or alternate; blades linear, 1-3 cm. long, 
blunt, reduced to scales at the base of the stem, sessile or nearly so: flowers yellow, in 
cylindric racemes varying from 2-20 em. in length: pedicels very slender, 6-10 mm. long: 
calyx mottled ; lobes lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute, glandular-ciliate : corolla yellow, 
about 1 em. broad; lobes oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, striped with purple: filaments 
glandular: capsules subglobose, about 2.5 mm. in diameter. 

In low ground, North Carolina to Georgia. Summer. 

7. Lysimachia terréstris (L.) B.S.P. Stems glabrous, 5-8 dm. long, simple or 
branching, sometimes producing suppressed branchlets in the form of elongated axillary 
bulblets: leaves opposite, or rarely alternate; blades lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or nar- 
rowly elliptie, 2-6 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends, sessile or short-petioled, 
abruptly reduced at the base of the raceme: flowers yellow, in terminal simple or branch- 
ing usually elongated cylindric racemes : pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long: calyx mottled with 
black ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, 2 mm. long, acute or obtusish: corolla yellow, 11-13 mm. 
broad; lobes oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or emarginate, streaked with purple: filaments 
glandular-pilose : capsules depressed-globose, 2 mm. in diameter. [L. stricta Ait.] 

In swamps and low places, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Summer. 


4. STEIRONEMA Raf. 

Perennial caulescent almost glabrous herbs. Leaves opposite, often whorled above: 
blades destitute of glandular dots: petioles mostly ciliate. Flowers nodding, on slender 
axillary peduncles. Sepals 5. Corolla yellow : lobes 5, erose-denticulate, each convolute 
or involute about its stamen. Stamens 5, alternating with 5staminodia : filaments distinct 
or nearly so: anthers linear. Ovary 1-celled: style filiform. Capsule rounded, naked. 
Seeds 10-20. LOOSESTRIFE. 


904 PRIMULACEAE 


Upper stem-leaves with ovate or broadly lanceolate blades. 
Stems reclining or decumbent: calyx-lobes less than 5 mm. long: corolla 8-10 mm. broad. 
1. S. radicans. 
Stems erect: calyx-lobes over 5 mm. long at maturity : corolla 15-25 mm. broad. 


Petioles glabrous: leaf-blades with glabrous margins. 2. S. tonsum. 
Petioles ciliate: leaf-blades ciliolate. 3. S. ciliatum. 
Upper stem-leaves with linear, oblong or narrowly lanceolate blades. 
etioles ciliate only or mainly near the base: staminodia lanceolate. 4. S. lanceolatum. 


Petioles ciliate throughout, the cilia extending along the base of the blade: 
staminodia subulate. 
Leaf-blades mainly linear: upper stem-leaves with blades mostly narrowed 


at the base. 5. S. heterophyllum. 
Leaf-blades mainly oblong to narrowly lanceolate: upper stem-leaves with 
manifestly petioled blades. 6. S. hybridum. 


1l. Steironema radicans (Hook.) A. Gray. Stems weak, 3-8 dm. long, erect when 
oung, finally decumbent or reclining, and often rooting at the nodes: leaf-blades mem- 
ranous, ovate to lanceolate 2-8 cm. long, acute at both ends or truncate at the often 

oblique base: more or less ciliolate; petioles 4 as long as the blades or shorter, winged, 
glabrous: flowers axillary : pedicels filiform, 1-2.5 cm. long: calyx glabrous ; lobes lance- 
olate, about 4 mm. long, acute: corolla sulphur-yellow, 8-10 mm. broad ; lobes broadly 
clawed, eroded at the apex, minutely apiculate : filaments distinct, subulate, glabrous or 
nearly so : staminodia triangular-ovate, glandular : capsules globose, 3 mm. thick, about as 
long as the sepals. 

In swamps, Virginia to Missouri and Louisiana. Summer. 


2. Steironema tónsum (Wood) Bicknell. Stems erect, 2-7 dm. tall, sparingly 
glandular above, obtusely 4-angled, often purple: leaf-blades membranous, ovate to ovate- 
lanceolate, 1.5-8 em. long, acute or somewhat acuminate, glabrous, rounded or cordate at 
the base ; .petioles not ciliate, the lower ones often as long as the blades, the upper much 
shorter: flowers axillary : pedicels slender, 1-2 cm. long : calyx glandular at the base like 
the pedicels ; lobes lanceolate, almost 5-6 mm. long, acute : corolla sulphur-yellow, 1.5-2 
em. broad; lobes suborbicular, erose-lacerate above the middle: filaments glandular, 
nearly distinct : staminodia subulate: capsules subglobose, about 4 mm. thick, j shorter 
than the calyx. [S. intermedium Kearney. ] 


In dry woods, Virginia to Tennessee and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


3. Steironema ciliàtum (L.) Raf. Stems erect, 2-15 dm. tall, sometimes much 
branched : leaf-blades membranous, ovate, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, 4-12 em. long, acute 
or acuminate, ciliate, rounded to cordate at the base ; petioles slightly winged, conspicu- 
ously ciliate, the lower ones often as long as the blades or longer, the upper very short : 
flowers axillary: pedicels slender, 2-5 cm. long: calyx glabrous or slightly glandular 
below ; lobes lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, acuminate, spreading or recurved : corolla sulphur- 
yellow, 2-2.5 cm. broad; lobes obovate, strongly apiculate, eroded especially near the 
apex : filaments glandular, nearly distinct : staminodia subulate, shorter than the filaments : 
capsules subglobose, 4-5 mm. thick, much shorter than the calyx. 

In dry soil or along streams, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida and Arizona. 
Naturalized in Europe. Spring and summer. ; 

. _. Steironema lanceolàtum (Walt.) A. Gray. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, simple or spar- 
ingly branched: leaves few ; blades narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. 
long, acute or slightly acuminate at the apex, acute at the base; petioles slender, 1-2 cm. 
long, except near the top of the stem, ciliate only at the base, or sparingly so throughout, 
the cilia never extending up. on the blade: pedicels slender, commonly surpassing the 
bracts: calyx glabrous; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, becoming 6-7 mm. long: core 
sulphur yellow, 1.5-2 em. broad; lobes obovate: staminodia lanceolate: capsules 4.5- 
mm. long. 

In low grounds and thickets, Maine to New York and Georgia. Summer. 


5. Steironema heterophyllum (Michx.) Raf. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, more or vac 
branched : leaves often numerous, various, the basal with oblong oval or ovate blades i 
em. long and slender ciliate petioles, the upper ones abruptly narrower and longer ; bla lv 
nearly linear, attenuate, 3-15 em. long, merely narrowed to the ciliate base, not distinct y 
petioled : pedicels often shorter than the bracts: calyx glabrous; lobes lanceolate, acu 
minate, becoming 5 mm. long: corolla bright yellow, 1-1.5 cm. broad ; lobes eroded, eac 
terminating in a slender tail-like tip : staminodia subulate : capsules about 4 mm. long. 

In woods and meadows and on banks, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida and Mississippi. — . 

6. Steironema hybridum (Michx.) Raf. Stems 0.5—4 dm. tall, simple or sparingly 
branched : leaves various, the basal with oblong or oval blades and ciliate petioles, the ri» 
stem-leaves more numerous ; blades mainly oblong to narrowly lanceolate, 2-10 -— o = 
acute or slightly acuminate, narrowed into marked by ciliate petioles : pedicels usually sho 


. 


PRIMULACEAE 905 


than the bracts: calyx glabrous; lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, becoming 6-7 mm. 
long, acuminate: corolla bright yellow, 1.5~2 em. broad ; lobes toothed : staminodia sub- 
ulate : capsules 4—4.5 mm. long. 

In thickets or moist soil, Minnesota to New Jersey, Florida and Arizona. Spring and summer. 


5. ANAGALLIS L. 


Annual or rarely perennial often glabrous caulescent herbs. Leaves mostly opposite 
or whorled: blades entire. Flowers on slender axillary peduncles. Sepals 5, united be- 
low, narrow, persistent. Corolla rotate: lobes 5, usually entire, convolute. Stamens 5, 
adnate to the base of the corolla: filaments slender, sometimes pubescent. Ovary 1-celled: 
style filiform: stigma capitate. Ovules half-anatropous, in a subglobose placenta. Cap- 
sule subglobose, circumscissile. Seeds numerous. Poor Max's OR SHEPHERD’S WEATHER- 
GLASS. PIMPERNEL. 

1. Anagallis arvénsis L. Annual, glabrous. Stems simple or usually branched, the 
branches slender, spreading, 5-30 cm. long, 4-angled : leaf-blades ovate or oval, 5-20 mm. 
long, obtuse or acutish, punctate, entire, sessile or clasping, the upper ones sometimes 
alternate: peduncles filiform, 1-2 em. long, recurving at maturity: sepals narrowly 
lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, keeled, acuminate: corolla scarlet or rarely white, mostly 
darker in the center, 5-7 mm. broad, the lobes glandular-ciliate : capsules subglobose, about 
4 mm. in diameter. 


In waste places, Newfoundland to Vancouver Island, south to Florida and Mexico. Naturalized 
from Europe. Also in Asia and Africa. Spring and summer.—A state with blue corollas, is known as 
A. arvensis caerùlea (Lam.) Ledeb. 


6. CENTUNCULUS L. 


Small annual caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves alternate, or the lower 
opposite: blades entire. Flowers minute, solitary, on axillary pedicels or nearly sessile. 
Sepals 4-5, united below, persistent. Corolla not exceeding the calyx: tube subglobose : 
lobes entire, spreading. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the throat of the corolla-tube : filaments 
somewhat dilated: anthers sometimes cordate. Ovary 1-celled: style filiform: stigma 
capitate. Ovules numerous, half-anatropous, in a subglobose placenta. Capsule subglo- 
bose, circumscissile. Seeds numerous. FALSE PIMPERNEL. 


Flowers on pedicels about as long as the leaves: parts of the flowers in 5's. 1. C. pentandrus. 
Flowers sessile or nearly so: parts of the flowers in 4’s. 2. C. minimus. 


1. Centunculus pentándrus R.Br. Stems erect, 5-20 cm. tall, often branching: 
leaf-blades oval to suborbicular, 3-10 mm. long, apiculate, entire, the lower ones short- 
petioled, the upper sessile: pedicels slender or filiform, 5-15 mm. long, usually as long as 
the leaves or longer : sepals 5, lanceolate, acuminate, 2-2.5 mm. long : corolla about 2 mm. 
broad : stamens 5 : capsule about 2 mm. in diameter. 

In low grounds, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 

2. Centunculus minimus L. Stems erect, 2-15 cm. tall, simple or branched : leaf- 
blades spatulate, oblong or obovate, 3-8 mm. long, acutish or obtuse at the apex, short- 

etioled or the upper sessile : flowers sessile or nearly so: calyx much shorter than the 
eaves: sepals 4-5, subulate-lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, acuminate: corolla pink; tube 
globose, lobes 4: capsule nearly 2 mm. long. 


In low grounds and moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Illinois, Texas and Mexico. 
Also in South America and Europe. Spring to fall. 


7. DODECATHEON L. 


Perennial showy scapose chiefly cliff-inhabiting herbs. Rootstocks short. Leaves 
basal: blades entire or coarsely toothed, various: petioles winged. Scape solitary, topped 
by a few- to many-rayed umbel. Flowers pink, purple or white, nodding at the ends of 
slender pedicels. Calyx-lobes 5, reflexed in flower, longer than the tube. Corolla hypog- 
ynous : tube very short : lobes 5, imbricated in the bud, reflexed, many times longer than 
the tube. Stamens 5, exserted: filaments usually united: anthers attached by their 
bases. Ovary free: style filiform: stigma capitate. Ovules numerous, half-anatropous, 
inserted in a rounded stalked placenta. Capsule partially 5-valved. Seeds numerous, the 
testa punctate. MEADIA. SHOOTING STAR. AMERICAN COWSLIP. 


906 ARDISIACEAE 


Connective-body broad, less than 14 as long as the anther-saes: corolla-lobes linear or spatulate. 


Anthers prominently auricled at the base: corolla typically white. 1. D. Hugeri. 
Anthers scarcely if at all auricled at the base: corolla typically pink-purple. 
Capsules oblong-cylindric, over 1 em. long: filament-tube over 1 mm. long. 2. D. Meadia. 
Capsules ovoid, less than 1 em. long: filament-tube very short or filaments 


distinet. 3. D. brachycarpa. 
Connective-body narrow, over 1% as long as the anther-sacs: corolla lobes obovate. 4. D. Stanfieldüi. 


1. Dodecatheon Hügeri Small. Leaf-blades spatulate, oblong or oblong-oblanceo- 
late, 5-40 cm. long, often undulate or repand-crenate: scapes erect, overtopping the 
leaves: calyx-lobes lanceolate, somewhat longer than the tube : corolla white or delicately 
tinged with purple, 1-2 em. long: anthers prominently auricled at the base: capsules 
oblong-conic, 1-1.5 cm. long, much longer than the calyx. 

On river banks and bluffs, Maryland to Kentucky, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 

2. Dodecatheon Meàdia L. Leaf-blades spatulate to oblong, 5-20 cm. long, entire 
to coarsely crenate: scapes overtopping the leaves: calyx-lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, 
much longer than the tube: corolla pink-purple or almost white: petals 1-1.5 em. long: 
filaments mostly united, the tube over 1 mm. long: anthers scarcely if at all auricled at 
the base : capsules oblong-cylindric, 1.2-1.5 cm. long, much longer than the calyx. 

On rocky bluffs and river banks, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, Georgia and Texas. Spring and 
summer. 

3. Dodecatheon brachycárpa Small. Similar to the two preceding species in 
habit. Corolla pink-purple: filaments mostly united but the tube very short: anthers 
scarcely if at all auricled at the base: capsules ovoid, less than 1 em. long, slightly longer 
than the sepals. 

On prairies, Maryland to Missouri, Alabama, and Arkansas. Spring and summer. 

4. Dodecatheon Stanfiéldia Small. Leaf-blades spatulate, 7-13 cm. long, entire, 
undulate and obtuse, the petiole-like bases relatively slender: scapes erect, 3-4 dm. tall, 
slender, glabrous: umbels few-flowered : calyx-lobes lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, acute: 
corolla rose-purple, showy ; lobes obovate, mainly about 2 cm. long. 

In moist soil, San Marcos, Texas. Spring. 


FAMILY 3. THEOPHRASTACEAE D. Don. JACQUINIA FAMILY. 


Shrubs or small trees, with a light bark. Leaves opposite or somewhat 
whorled : blades leathery, yellowish, varying from retuse to apiculate, persistent. 
Flowers perfect, yellowish, in racemes, corymbs or panicles. Calyx campanu- 
late, of 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla campanulate or rotate-salverform : lobes 
5, imbricated in the bud, spreading, with a series of staminodia which represent 
the outer series of stamens, attached below each sinus. Androecium of 5 stamens 
adnate to the base of the corolla-tube. Staminodia at the sinuses of the corolla. 
Gynoecium of 5 united carpels. Styles united, mostly hidden by the converging 
anthers. Ovules not immersed in the placentae. Berry leathery, subglobose. 
Seeds few or many. E 
1. JACQUINIA L. 

Characters of the family, as given above. JOEWOOD. 

1. Jacquinia Keyénsis Mez. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of us an 
a maximum trunk diameter of 10 em., with a smooth blue-gray blotched bark, branc e 
above into a round top, the young branchlets angled, rusty-puberulent, sometimes orange OF 
yellowish green, becoming terete, darker and glabrous with age and marked with conspicu 
ous orbicular leaf-scars. Leaf-blades leathery, cuneate-spatulate or oblong-obovate, m 
long, yellowish green, 3-nerved, glabrous, shining, retuse or obtuse, often mucronu'? d 
revolute, short-petioled : racemes 2-6 cm. long: calyx campanulate, 2-3 mm. bise iod 
rowed to the club-shaped pedicel: sepals orbicular-ovate, obtuse: corolla sae Pies 
salverform, about 1 cm. broad ; lobes longer than the tube, spreading, oblong, o rm z 
staminodia shorter than the corolla-lobes, oblong, erose at the apex : stamens = pail eer 
Las disp berry subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. [J. armillaris Chapm., 

acq. : 


On and near the coast, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. 


FAMILY 4. ARDISIACEAE Juss. MYRSINE FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with rather compact wood and usually a gray bark. 
mostly alternate: blades leathery, entire, punctate: stipules none. 


Leaves 
Inflores- 


ARDISIACEAE 907 


cence racemose, corymbose, cymose, or clustered on scaly spurs. Flowers regu- 
lar, perfect or polygamo-dioicous. Calyx persistent: sepals 4—6, or rarely more. 
Corolla flat, salverform or rotate, white, pink or yellowish: tube very short: 
lobes spreading, reflexed or even curled back, sometimes glandular-spotted like 
the sepals. Androecium of 4-7 stamens adnate to the base or the throat of 
the corolla-tube or at the base of the corolla lobes. Filaments sometimes form- 
ing a tube. Staminodia wanting. Gynoecium of 4-7 united carpels. Styles 
united. Stigma capitate, truncate or somewhat foliaceous. Ovules immersed 
in the fleshy placenta. Fruit a rather dry berry, sometimes leathery, globose or 
subglobose, rarely obovoid, often tipped with the base of the style. Seed soli- 
tary, filling the fruit-cavity, often lobed at the base. 


Stamens adnate to the base of the corolla-lobes ; anthers blunt. 1. RAPANEA. 
Stamens adnate to the throat of the corolla-tube; anthers acute. 2. ICACOREA. 


1. RAPANEA Aubl. 

Shrubs or small trees, with a dark gray bark. Trunks often densely branched. Leaves 
alternate: bladesleathery. Flowers small, polygamo-dioecious, sessile or pedicelled, mostly 
clustered on scaly spurs. Calyx free, campanulate : sepals persistent, 4-5, or sometimes 7. 
Corolla rotate: lobes usually 4—5, imbricated, spreading, often marked with dark lines or 
dots. Staminodia wanting. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, adnate to their bases. 
Filaments very short. Anthers introrse, lying against the corolla-lobes, usually obtuse. 
Style somewhat elongated. Stigma capitate or foliaceous. Ovules immersed in the fleshy 
placenta, only one maturing. Fruit a rather dry berry, pea-like. Seed solitary. 

1. Rapanea Guyanénsis Aubl. A branching shrub or small tree, reaching a height 
of 6 m. and sometimes with a trunk diameter of 16 cm., with white, rather dense wood and 
a grayish bark, sparingly branched, the branches straight, rather naked. Leaves mostly con- 
fined to the ends of the branchlets ; blades obovate- Dons. 4-10 cm. long, leathery, obtuse 
or retuse, revolute, mostly shining, paler on the lower side, short-petioled : flowers sessile 
or nearly so on short stout scaly spurs scattered along the naked branchlets: calyx cam- 
panulate, 1 mm. high ; sepals 5-6, broadly ovate, obtuse or acutish, spotted with purple: 
corolla rotate, whitish, 4 mm. broad, 3 times longer than the calyx ; lobes 5-6, unequal, 
oblong, spotted and striped with purple, usually obtuse, somewhat erose and glandular- 
ciliate : anthers rather sagittate, somewhat shorter than the lobes of the corolla: fruit sub- 
globose, 4 mm. in diameter, bluish or black, often depressed and apiculate, short-pedicelled. 
[.Myrsine Rapanea Roem. & Schult. ] 

Near the coast, Florida, from the Indian River, southward through the Keys and the West Indies 
to Paraguay. 3 

2. ICACOREA Aubl. 

Shrubs or trees, usually much branched. Leaves alternate: blades mostly entire, 
punctate. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, in panicles or cymes or sometimes um- 
bellate. Calyx free, persistent, campanulate: sepals 4-5, mostly imbricated. Corolla 
white or pink, rotate, more or less reflexed : tube short: lobes sometimes curled, marked 
with dark lines and dots. Stamensas many as the corolla-lobes, exserted. Filaments bent, 
inserted at the top of the corolla-tube. Anthers introrse, erect, acute. Stigma truncate 
or disk-like. Ovules immersed'in a fleshy placenta. Fruit a rather dry berry, varying 
from black to scarlet. Seed solitary, depressed-globose, roughened. Embryo transverse in 
the plentiful endosperm. MARLBERRY. CHERRY. i 

1. Icacorea paniculata (Nutt. ) Sudw. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 
7 m. and a diameter of 15 cm. with a hard, close-grained wood, and a light gray or nearly 
white scaly bark : branches and branchlets numerous, rather erect, terete, the latter often 
contorted, usually rusty. Leaf-blades usually oblanceolate, sometimes elliptic, 4-18 cm. 
long, leathery, acute or obtuse, glabrous, slightly revolute, narrowed into short grooved 
petioles, the nerves prominent beneath : panicles 5-12 cm. long: calyx campanulate, 2 mm. 
high ; sepals 4-6, ovate or obovate, obtuse, marked with purple dots and lines, ciliolate, 
the tips more or less reflexed : pedicel as long as the calyx: corolla rotate-reflexed, 1 cm. 
broad ; lobes 5, or rarely 4-6, oblong, obtuse, marked with several purple dots and lines, 
reflexed or curled back: fruit depressed-globose, 7-8 mm. in diameter, apiculate, papil- 
lose, black and lustrous: seeds somewhat reniform. [Ardisia Pickeringia T. & G.] 


On the coast, south Florida, from 26? on the west and 29? on the east coast southward through the 
Keys and the West Indies. Also in Mexico. 


908 EBENACEAE 


Order 3. EBENALES. 

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, sometimes persist- 
ent: blades simple, commonly entire. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioe- 
cious. Calyx of 3-12 partially united sepals. Corolla of 3-12 partially united 
petals. Androecium of as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes or twice as 
many, or more, sometimes accompanied by staminodia. Gynoecium of 3-several 
united carpels. Ovary superior or inferior. Styles and stigmas distinct or 
united. Ovules solitary or several in each cavity of the ovary. Fruit capsular 
or baccate. 


Styles or stigmas distinct: flowers mostly monoecious or dioecious. Fam. 1. EBENACEAE. 
Styles and stigmas united: flowers mostly perfect. : 
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, at least in our representatives. Fam. 2. SAPOTACEAE. 
` Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes or more. 
Stamens in several series. Fam. 3. SYMPLOCACEAE. 
Stamens in 1 series. Fam. 4. STYRACACEAE. 


FAMILY 1l. EBENACEAE Vent. EBoNY FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with a watery or milky sap, a compact wood and a very 
astringent bark. Leaves alternate, or rarely opposite or whorled: blades sim- 
ple: stipules wanting. Flowers inconspicuous, dioecious, or rarely polygamous 
or perfect, regular, solitary or in cymes. Calyx inferior, 3-7-lobed, persistent, 
accrescent. Corolla gamopetalous, variable in shape, with 3-7 valvate, imbricated 
or contorted lobes. Androecium of 8 or 4 times as many stamens as the petals, 
adnate to the corolla-tube. Anthers introrse, opening lengthwise or by pores. 
Ovary 3-several-celled. Styles commonly united at the base. Stigmas simple 
or 2-cleft. Ovules solitary, or 2 in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit 
a fleshy berry or sometimes capsular. Seeds mostly flattened, with a smooth 
membranous or leathery testa. Endosperm copious, cartilaginous, sometimes 
channeled. Embryo straight or slightly curved in the axis of the endosperm. 


Styles distinct : anthers opening lengthwise : filaments pubescent : pistillate flowers with staminodia. 
1, DIOSPYROS. 


Styles united : i y api : : pistil- 
: late (owen UL MR S Fg ap e HM 2. BRAYODENDRON. 
1. DIOSPYROS L. 

Shrubs or trees, with hard wood and watery sap. Leaves alternate or rarely nearly 
opposite: blades entire. Flowers dioecious, or rarely polygamous, solitary or 1n axillary 
cymes. Calyx 3-7-lobed. Corolla varying from urn-shaped to salver-form, 3-7-lobed : 
lobes contorted or imbricated. Stamens 4, 8, 16 or more, inserted, sometimes 1n pairs, at 
the base of the corolla, or hypogynous, reduced to staminodia in pistillate flowers: anther- 
sacs opening by lateral chinks. Ovary 4-12-celled: styles 2-6, distinct. Berry spheroidal, 
globose or conic, subtended by the accrescent calyx. 5 

1. Diospyros Virginiàna L. A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 39 m., 
with a trunk diameter of less than 1 m. Bark deep brown or black, finally divided into 
small blocks: leaf-blades rather leathery, ovate, oval or elliptic, 8-20 cm. long, acute or 
acuminate, entire, undulate, varying from acute to cordate at the base, becoming gana 
deep green above, pale beneath ; petioles 1-3 cm. long: calyx-lobes 4, triangular, ova 
triangular or sometimes ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish : corolla urn-shaped, 8-13 gu 
long; lobes 4, more or less reniform, the tips recurved : staminodia 8, lanceolate-sagitta d 
stamens mostly 16, included : anthers often bearded at the base : ovary glabrous or vari 
so: berry depressed-globose or obovoid-globose, 3-4 cm. in diameter, very astringent W 
green, sweet and luscious when mature. 

In fields and woods, Connecticut to Iowa, Florida and Texas. Flowers in the spring and matures 


its fruit after frost. PERSIMMON. DATE PLUM. SIMMON. POSSUMWOOD. 
2. BRAYODENDRON Small. des 
Shrubs or small trees, with a relatively smooth bark. Leaves alternate, AD 
near the ends of twigs: blades leathery, broadened upward, entire. Flowers ee d 
solitary or 2-3 together in clusters. Calyx mostly 5-lobed. Corolla urn-shaped, pu 


SAPOTACEAE 909 
cent without : lobes 5, spreading. Stamens 16, included: anther sacs opening by nearly 
terminal pores. Staminodia wanting. Ovary sessile, often 4-8-celled, pubescent: styles 
united : stigmas narrow, spreading or recurved. Berry spheroidal. 

1. Brayodendron Texanum (Scheele) Small. An intricately branched shrub, or 
tree reaching a height of 16 m., with a trunk diameter of 6 dm. Bark smooth, gray : leaf- 
blades leathery, cuneate, oblong-cuneate or obovate, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse or retuse at the 
apex, entire, commonly abruptly narrowed at the base, nearly sessile, becoming glabrous 
above, more or less tomentose beneath: calyx-lobes 5-6, ovate, obtuse, spreading or re- 
flexed: corolla urn-shaped, pubescent without, 5-8 mm. long; lobes 5, suborbicular, 
notched at the apex, spreading: stamens 16-20 ; anthers glabrous: staminodia wanting : 
ovary pubescent : berry depressed-globose, about 2 cm. in diameter, black, apiculate, becom- 
ing luscious : seeds 3-8. 

In river valleys, Texas and northern Mexico. Spring; matures its fruit in August. BLACK PER- 
SIMMON. MEXICAN PERSIMMON. CHAPOTE. 


FAMILY 2. SAPOTACEAE Reichenb. SApopILLA FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, sometimes thorn-armed, usually possessing a milky sap. 
Leaves mostly alternate, without stipules: blades entire, commonly densely 
nerved. Inflorescence clustered. Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous, com- 
plete. Calyx of 4-12 sepals, imbricated in one or two series. Corolla often 
white, with 4—several lobes, deciduous, with or without appendages at the sinuses. 
Androecium of usually as many stamens as the corolla-lobes, adnate to the 
corolla-tube, often to the bases of the lobes and opposite them, alternating with 
commonly conspicuous staminodia. Filaments distinct. Anthers often attached 
at the base, opening somewhat extrorsely. Gynoecium of several united carpels. 
Ovary 4—12-celled, free, sessile. Styles united. Stigmas entire or slightly lobed. 
Ovules solitary in each cavity, ascending, anatropous. Fruit a many-celled or 
by suppression a one-celled berry. Seeds nut-like, with a shining testa. Endo- 
sperm fleshy or wanting. Embryo straight, central or somewhat lateral. 


Sepals and corolla-lobes 5. 


Staminodia and corolla-appendages wanting. 1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM. 
Staminodia present. 
Appendages of the corolla wanting. 2. SIDEROXYLON. 
Appendages of the corolla present. 
Ovary glabrous: endosperm copious. 3. DIPHOLIS. 
Ovary pubescent: endosperm wanting or very scant. 4. BUMELIA. 
Sepals and corolla-lobes 6-12. 5. MIMUSOPS. 


1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM L. 


Shrubs or trees, with a milky sap, and sometimes lustrous-pubescent foliage. Leaves 
alternate: blades leathery. Flowers small, in axillary or lateral clusters. Sepals mostly 
5, nearly equal. Corolla-lobes mostly 5, without appendages at the sinuses. Stamens 5, 
adnate to the bases of the corolla-lobes, or on the tube, included. Anthers often pubes- 
cent, opening longitudinally. Staminodia wanting. Ovary mostly 5-celled, pubescent. 
Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. Seed compressed, with a leathery opaque or shining testa. Endo. 
sperm fleshy. Embryo straight. SATINLEAF. 

1. Chrysophyllum monopyrénum Sw. A small evergreen tree, sometimes 10 m. tall, 
with a maximum trunk diameter of 3 dm., the twigs and lower leaf-surface and inflores- 
cence with a lustrous copper-colored pubescence. Leaf-blades leathery, oblong, elliptic or 
oval, 3-10 em. long, acute or short-acuminate, glabrous and lustrous above, acute or 
rounded at the base ; petioles stout, about 1 cm. long : clusters few-flowered : pedicels 5-8 
mm. long, thickened upward : calyx silky ; sepals suborbicular, 1.5 em. long: corolla 5 
mm. broad, white; lobes suborbicular, obtuse : appendages and staminodia none: anthers 
nearly sessile: berries oval, about 2 cm. long, dark purple: seed smooth.  [C. oliviforme 
Lam., not L.] 


Southern Florida, on the peninsula and the Keys. Alsoonthe Bahamas and the West Indies. 
Flowers throughout the year. 


2. SIDERÓXYLON L. 


Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate: blades leathery, sometimes rather thin. 
Flowers small, in often dense axillary or lateral clusters. Sepals ovate to obovate, com- 
monly .obtuse, strongly imbricated. Corolla-lobes 5, shorter or longer than the tube, 


910 SAPOTACEAE 


usually obtuse. Stamens mostly 5, included, adnate to the base of the corolla-lobes or on 
the tube opposite the lobes: anthers opening lengthwise. Staminodia scale-like, or peta- 
loid, entire or toothed. Ovary 5-celled or rarely 2—4-celled : style variable. Berry ovoid 
or subglobose. Seed mostly solitary, with a crustaceous often shining testa. Endosperm 
fleshy. Embryo central. Mastic. WILD OLIVE. 

1. Sideroxylon mastichodéndron Jacq. A massive tree, sometimes 25 m. tall, 
with a maximum trunk diameter of about 1.5 m. Leaf-blades leathery, oblong to oval 
or rarely ovate, 4-15 cm. long, obtuse or short-acuminate at both ends, undulate, bright 
green and lustrous above, yellowish green and dull beneath, becoming glabrous ; petioles 
slender, commonly 3 as long as the blade or longer: pedicels 4-7 mm. long: calyx gla- 
brous ; sepals suborbicular, about 2 mm. long: corolla 6-7 mm. broad, light yellow ; lobes 
5, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse : staminodia lanceolate, long-acuminate, 1 mm. long: 
stamens about as long as the petals: drupes oval, nearly 2.5 cm. long, yellow: seed 
obovoid, smooth: pulp rather dry, somewhat acid. 

In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Fall and spring. 


3. DIPHOLIS A. DC. 


Unarmed shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary or lateral 
clusters. Sepals 5, ovate to suborbicular, strongly imbricated, nearly equal. Corolla-lobes 
5, furnished with 2 appendages at each sinus. Stamens 5, adnate to the corolla-tube, oppo- 
site the lobes, exserted : filaments filiform: anthers opening lengthwise. Staminodia 5, 
petaloid, commonly acuminate, keeled. Ovary 5-celled, somewhat 5-lobed, glabrous: 
style elongated. Berry ovoid or oblong, fleshy. Seed usually solitary, with a leathery 
testa. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo somewhat lateral. Bustic. CassaDA. 

1. Dipholis salicifdlia (L.) A. DC. An evergreen tree, sometimes 16 m. tall, with a 
maximum trunk diameter of about 5-dm. Leaf-blades leathery, elliptic or elliptic-ob- 
lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, usually acute at the apex, entire, acuminate at the base Into 
slender petioles, glabrous and lustrous above, dull and glabrous or rarely pubescent 
beneath : pedicels stout, enlarged upward, 2-3 mm. long: calyx pubescent; sepals ovate 
or oblong, 1.5 mm. long, obtuse: corolla 4 mm. broad ; lobes oblong or oval, rounded at 
the apex, about as long as the tube: staminodia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, laciniate- 
toothed : appendages at least 3 as long as the corolla-lobes: berries subglobose or oval, 
about 8 mm. in diameter, black. 

In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Alsoin the West Indies. Spring. 


4. BUMELIA Sw. 


Shrubs or small trees, with a milky or gummy sap and a very hard wood. Leaves 
alternate, their axils sometimes spine-bearing : blades sometimes conspicuously or promi- 
nently nerved. Flowers mostly perfect, few or many in axillary clusters. Calyx long- 
pedicelled or nearly sessile, persistent. Sepals unequal, strongly imbricated. Corolla 
white, deciduous : lobes longer than the tube, with an appendage on each side. Stamens 
5, adnate to the corolla-tube : anthers versatile. Staminodia 5, petal-like. Ovary 5-celled, 
pubescent. Ovules 5. Berry drupe-like. Seed mostly solitary, erect. Endosperm want- 
ing or nearly so. The plants flower in spring and summer. BUCKTHORN. 


A. Leaf-blades glabrous, or merely with scattered hairs or inconspicuously cobwebby beneath. ., . 
Fruit oblong-cylindric. d : A 1. B. angustifolia. 
Eo Dd or oval. n aal 

eaf- es of an obovate or spatulate type, mainly broadest above the middle. 
Twigs copiously pubescent with deep red hairs. 2. B. rufotomentoes- 
Twigs glabrous or soon becoming so. 

Fruit less than 8 mm. long. ;^rocarpa. 
Corolla-lobes about 1.5 mm. long: leaf-blades blunt: fruit5mm.long. 3. B. d ree : 
Corolla-lobes about 2 mm. long: leaf-blades retuse: fruit6-7 mm. long. 4. B. rechnatd. 

Fruit over 9 mm. long. acocca. 
Leaf-blades 1-3.5 em. long: fruit over 10 mm. broad. 5. B. meg : 
Leaf-blades 4-10 em. long : fruit less than 10 mm. broad. s: 

EA EUN TUDIN : staminodia serrulate: sepa 6. B. cassinifolia. 
Corolla-lobes entire: staminodia entire: sepals pubescent. 7. B. monticola. 
Leaf-blades of an elliptic type broadest at the middle. Tezana 
Pedicels and sepals pubescent. 8. B. i 
9. B. lucida. 


Pedicels and sepals glabrous. : 
Corolla3 mm. long ; lobes as broad as long : leaf-blades not reticulated. 
Corolla 4 mm. long; lobes longer than broad: leaf-blades copiously cioides. 
retieulated. 10. B. ictor 


SAPOTACEAE 911 


B. Leaf-blades manifestly or copiously pubescent beneath. 
Pubescence woolly, not at all lustrous. 


Leaf-blades cuneate, mostly 1-3 em. long. 11. B. rigida. 
Leaf-blades not cuneate, mostly 4-10 em. long. 12. B. lanuginosa. 
Pubescence lustrous, white, becoming tawny, brown or coppery. 18. B. tenaz. 


1. Bumelia angustifolia Nutt. A glabrous depressed shrub, or a small tree reach- 
ing a height of 8 m. Stems sometimes 15 cm. in diameter: leaves persistent ; blades 
leathery, varying from narrowly oblanceolate-spatulate to obovate, cuneately narrowed at 
the base, 2-4 cm. long, entire, usually rounded at the apex, somewhat shining above, paler 
and dull beneath, short-petioled : fascicles few-flowered or many-flowered, sometimes 
dense: pedicels 3-6 mm. long, slightly thickened upward: sepals ovate, 2 mm. long, 
obtuse, the inner much broader than the outer: corolla-lobes suborbicular, erose-denticu- 
late; appendages narrowly-lanceolate, acuminate: staminodia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
2 mm. long, obtuse or acute, erose-dentate: berries oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long, fleshy, edible. 

Florida, on the peninsula and the Keys. Alsoin the lower Rio Grande valley, Texas and Mexico. 
Flowers in November and October; matures its fruit in the spring. SAFFRON PLUM. ANTS-WOOD. 
DOWNWARD PLUM. 

2. Bumelia rufotomentósa Small. A thorny shrub, with densely and deep red 
tomentose twigs and petioles. Stems stout, rigid, spreading or ascending, several dm. long, 
slightly zigzag: leaves firm ; blades obovate or oval, 1.5-2 cm. long, obtuse or slightly re- 
tuse at the apex, more or less undulate, prominently reticulated, especially beneath, shining 
and becoming glabrous above, paler, dull and usually sparingly pubescent beneath with 
red hairs, on short slender petioles: fascicles many-flowered : pedicels slender, 2-3 mm. 
long, gradually enlarged upward, like the calyx, pubescent with straggling hairs: sepals 
suborbicular, nearly 1.5 mm. broad, the inner slightly larger than the outer: corolla- 
lobes suborbicular, often slightly broader than long, about 1.5 mm. in diameter; ap- 
pendages ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish: staminodia ovate-lanceolate, a little over 1 
mm. long, obtuse: berries subglobose, about 5 mm. in diameter. 

In pine woods, peninsular Florida. 


3. Bumelia microcárpa Small. A low shrub, with zigzag branches and spreading 
thorn-armed twigs. Leaves firm; blades spatulate, oblanceolate or rarely oblong- 
obovate, rounded or acutish at the apex, lustrous and finely reticulated above, cobwebby- 
pubescent beneath or glabrate in age, attenuate into slender petioles 2-6 mm. in length: 
fascicles dense, on short scaly spurs: pedicels 1-4 mm. long, rather thinly tomentose: 
sepals suborbicular, concave, 1-1.5 mm. broad, tomentose or glabrous in age : corolla- 
lobes white, depressed-orbicular, about 1.5 mm. broad, rounded at the apex ; appendages 
broadly lanceolate, 0.7 mm. long: staminodia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, about 1 mm. 
long, barely acute : berries subglobose, 5 mm. in diameter. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. 


4. Bumelia reclinàta Vent. A low decumbent or ascending armed glabrous shrub, 
1-2 m. tall, the spine-like branches often leafy and bearing flowers. Stems commonly 
zigzag or somewhat twisted: leaves numerous ; blades thinnish, oblanceolate ovate, obo- 
vate or spatulate, 2-5 cm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, deep green and shining 
above, paler and dull beneath, somewhat prominently reticulate, narrowed into petioles 
varying from 2 to 4 mm. in length : fascicles few-flowered : pedicels glabrous, 3-5 mm. 
long, enlarged upward: sepals broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, 1.8 mm. long: berries 
oval, 6-7 mm. long. : 

In sandy soil, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. 


5. Bumelia megacócca Small. An evergreen glabrous thorny shrub, with spreading 
or procumbent branches. Bark pale, raised in angular pede ridges which are broken by 
numerous lenticels: leaves few ; blades leathery, obovate or oblong-oblanceolate, 1-3.5 cm. 
long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, deep green and somewhat shining above, paler and 

rominently reticulated beneath, slightly revolute, short-petioled : pedicels stout, 1-3 mm. 
ong : berries globose or oblong-globose, 11-13 mm. in diameter, black : seeds 9-10 mm. in 
diameter, pale, smooth and shining, variegated. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. 


6. Bumelia cassinifdlia Small. A glabrous or glabrate commonly armed shrub, or 
small tree, 5-10 m. tall, the twigs and the lower surface of the leaves puberulent. Stems 
rarely more than 16 cm. thick, clothed with a reddish brown bark : leaves numerous ; blades 
thinnish, oblong-obovate, or oblanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, 
undulate, narrowly revolute, dark green above, somewhat paler beneath, the main nerves 
slightly prominent beneath ; petioles slender, varying from 8-12 mm. in length : fascicles 
many-flowered : pedicels glabrous, 2-5 mm. long, slightly enlarged upward : sepals sub- 
orbicular, 2 mm. long, the inner with a broad scarious margin : corolla-lobes suborbicular, 


912 SAPOTACEAE 


1.5-2 mm. in diameter, often erose-toothed ; appendages lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
crisped or erose: staminodia ovate, about 2 mm. long, obtuse, serrulate : berries oval or 
globose-oval, 1-1.5 cm. long. 

In sandy soil or woods, Louisiana. 


7. Bumelia monticola Buckl. A straggling thorn-armed shrub 1-3 m. tall, the 
petioles, nerves of the lower surface of the leaf-blades and inflorescence sparingly pubescent. 
Stem clothed with a reddish brown bark : leaves stiff ; blades spatulate or oblong-oblanceo- 
late, rounded and often slightly apiculate at the apex, slightly revolute, usually acuminate 
or cuneately narrowed at the base, the nerves prominent and reticulate on the pale under 
surface, not prominent on the dark green upper surface ; petioles slender, 3-8 mm. long: 
fascicles often many-flowered : pedicels slender, much thickened toward the apex : sepals 
suborbicular, about 2 mm. long, the inner slightly broader than the outer: corolla-lobes 
suborbicular, a little broader than long, about 1.5 mm. in diameter ; appendages lanceolate, 
rather obtuse : staminodia ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, less than 2 mm. long: ovary 
hairy : berries elliptic, 1-1.3 mm. long, often tipped by the persistent style: seeds subglo- 
bose, slightly longer than thick. 

In dry soil, western and southern Texas. 


8. Bumelia Texana Buckl. A rigid somewhat thorny shrub or small tree, several 
m. tall, glabrous or with a slight inconspicuous pubescence on the petioles, and mid- 
rib of the leaf-blades beneath. Leaves firm ; blades leathery, oval or oblong, 2-3 em. long, 
rounded, truncate or retuse at the apex, hardly revolute, prominently nerved and pale 
green on both surfaces, sometimes cuneately narrowed at the base; petioles slender, 5-10 
mm. long: fascicles few-flowered : pedicels stoutish, 1-3 mm. long: berries oblong or 
elliptic, about 1 cm. long. 

On plains and mountains, southwestern Texas. 


9. Bumelia lücida Small. A glabrous shrub, or a small tree 2-7 m. tall, with rigid 
thorny branches. Leaves numerous; blades leathery, elliptic varying to elliptic-ovate 
or elliptic-oblanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute or obtuse at both ends, deep-green, shining and 
hardly reticulated above, paler, dull and prominently reticulated beneath ; petioles slender, 
2-5 mm. long: fascicles rather many-flowered : pedicels glabrous, slender, 3-7 mm. long, 
very slightly if at all enlarged at the apex : sepals suborbicular, about 2 mm. in diameter, 
the outer somewhat smaller than the inner: corolla-lobes suborbicular ; appendages lan- 
ceolate, obtuse: staminodia ovate, 2 mm. long, sometimes inequilateral, obtuse : berries 
mostly oval, about 7-8 mm. long. 

In woods, Louisiana and eastern Texas. 


10. Bumelialycioides (L.) Gaertn. A glabrous usually armed shrub, or a small tree 
reaching a height of 8 m., the stems clothed with a gray bark. Leaves numerous ; blades 
thickish but barely leathery, oblong, elliptic or rarely oblanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acute 
or acuminate or rarely rounded at the apex, pale green and prominently reticulate on both 
surfaces, narrowed into petioles which are 5-12 mm. long: fascicles densely flowered : 
pedicels slender, 7-10 mm. long, hardly enlarged at the apex: sepals oval, or orbicular- 
ovate, 2 mm. long, the inner somewhat broader than the outer: corolla-lobes longer than 
broad ; appendages lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate : staminodia ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, boat- 
like, obtuse, often keeled : ovary hairy: berries oval, fully 1 cm. long. 

In low or damp soil, Virginia to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. BUCKTHORN. IRONWOOD. 
Mock ORANGE. SHITTIMWOOD. 

11. Bumelia rígida (A. Gray) Small. A low tree with rigid spreading prn 
Leaves numerous: blades cuneate or oblong-cuneate, 1.5-3 cm. long, rounded or ashe 
the apex, dark green and glabrous above, woolly beneath ; petioles 1-3 mm. long: -— . 
rather few-flowered : pedicels 4-8 mm. long, slightly thickened above: sepals su orbicu "i , 
2 mm. long, the inner somewhat larger than the outer: corolla-lobes suborbicular, 2 itd: 
in diameter, truncate at the base, erose ; appendages lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pis : 
staminodia ovate-lanceolate, erose, obtuse : ovary hairy : berries oblong-oval or oval, 

mm. long, often tipped with the persistent style. ; 

Along streams, Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 


12. Bumelia lanuginòsa (Michx. ) Pers. An armed or thornless shrub or s x 
m. tall, its twigs, the lower surface of the leaves and the inflorescence tomentose w1 re 
or reddish hairs, never lustrous, the stems rarely becoming nearly 1 m. thick. egies ie 
ous ; blades oblong-oblanceolate, oblong-obovate or elliptic, acutish, rounded o el pim 
the apex, glabrous above, gradually or cuneately narrowed at the base ; pu enlarged 
long: fascicles few- or many-flowered: pedicels 5-8 mm. long, considerably e ias 
towards the base of the calyx : sepals suborbicular or orbicular-ovate, about falc : 


SYMPLOCACEAE 913 


concave : corolla-lobes orbicular-ovate, 2mm. long ; appendages ovate-lanceolate or lanceo- 
late, acute or acutish : staminodia ovate, acute or acutish, usually erose-denticulate, about 
as long as the petals: ovary hairy: berries oval or obovoid-oblong, 10-15 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Missouri and Kansas to Georgia, Florida and Texas. GUM ErasTIC. BLACK Haw. 
SHITTIMWOOD. 

13. Bumelia ténax (L.) Willd. An unarmed or thorny shrub, or small tree, 2-9 
m. tall, its twigs, the lower surface of the leaf-blades and the inflorescence clothed with a 
lustrous silky pubescence, at first whitish, becoming tawny or brownish, the stem seldom over 
16 em. in diameter. Leaves numerous ; blades oblanceolate, obovate-spatulate or obovate 
(those of the twigs sometimes inclined toward oblong-elliptic), 2-7 mm. long, obtuse or re- 
tuse, glabrous above, slightly revolute ; petioles 2-5 mm. long: fascicles many-flowered : 
pedicels slender, 8-13 mm. long, or rarely shorter, very slightly enlarged upward: sepals 
concave, suborbicular, 1-1.5 mm. long, erose-denticulate or entire, rounded at the apex or 
notched ; appendages ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often erose on one side: staminodia ovate, 
1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse: berries obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 10-14 mm. long, often tipped 
with the slender persistent style. 


In thickets and sandy soil, mostly near the coast, North Carolina to Cape Canaveral and Cedar 
Keys, Florida. BLACK HAW. IRONWOOD. TOUGH BUCKTHORN. 


5. MIMUSOPS L. 


Tropical shrubs or trees, with a milky sap. Leaves alternate: blades leathery, with 
fine and often indistinct venation. Flowers in clusters at the ends of short branches. 
Sepals 6-12, in 2 rows, the exterior set valvate. Corolla-lobes mostly included in the 
calyx, 6-12, with two appendages at each sinus, the tube short. Stamens 6-12, adnate to 
the corolla-tube, opposite the appendages: filaments slightly dilated below, anthers often 
slightly pubescent and toothed at the end: sacs opening lengthwise. Staminodia 6-12, 
sometimes cohering with the stamens, commonly toothed or cut. Ovary 6-8-celled, pu- 
bescent. Berry subglobose, fleshy. Seeds mostly solitary, rarely few, oblique, slightly 
compressed, with a crustaceous or hard testa. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo nearly central. 

1. Mimusops Siéberi A. DC. An evergreen tree, sometimes 10 m. tall, with a dis- 
torted trunk nearly 3 dm. in diameter, the young foliage finely pubescent. Leaves clus- 
tered at the ends of branchlets ; blades leathery, oblong, 3-10 cm. long, notched at the apex, 
slightly revolute, glabrous in age, rounded or acute at the base, with numerous obscure 
lateral nerves ; petioles rather slender, 1-2 cm. long: clusters few- or many-flowered : pedi- 
cels red-tomentose, drooping, 1-3 cm. long: calyx pubescent like the large sepals lan- 
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rather acute : corolla about 1.5-2 em. broad, light yellow ; lobes 
linear, commonly toothed at the apex : appendages much like the corolla-lobes, but only 
3 as long : staminodia triangular : stamens shorter than the petals : berry depressed-globose, 
nearly 3 em. in diameter, scaly, with a milky juice: seed smooth. 


. Southern Florida, on the Keys. Also in the Bahamas and the West Indies. Spring; fruit matur- 
ing in the fall. WILD SAPODILLA. WILD DILLY. 


FAMILY 3. SYMPLOCACEAE Miers. SwEET-LEAF FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with glabrous foliage, or the pubescence, if present, of simple 
hairs. Leaves alternate: blades usually leathery, often yellowish and yielding 
a yellow dye: stipules wanting. Inflorescence axillary, variously disposed, 
sometimes fascicled. Flowers often polygamo-dioecious, or sometimes perfect, 
regular. Calyx inferior: lobes 5, imbricated, the whole accrescent. Corolla of 
5 nearly distinct, or united petals, often imbricated. Stamens numerous, ad- 
nate, in several series, to the corolla-tube. Flaments more or less flattened, 
distinctorcohering. Anthers short, innate. Ovary 2-5-celled. Styles terminal, 
united. Stigmas entire or slightly lobed. Ovules 2 or rarely 4 in each cavity, 
pendulous from the upper part of the angle. Fruit a berry, or a drupe with a thin 
or thick hard endocarp. Seeds often solitary. Embryo terete, straight or curved, 
axile or nearly so. ‘ 

1. SYMPLOCOS L. 


Characters of the family. SWEET-LEAF. 
1. Symplocos tinctdria (L.) L’Her. An often evergreen shrub or small tree, reach- 
ing a height of 10 m., with a trunk diameter of less than 3 dm., the bark smooth or warty. 


58 


914 STYRACACEAE 


Leaf-blades elliptic, oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, usually short-acuminate 
and acute or acutish at the apex, undulate or shallowly toothed, glabrous and shining 
above, more or less tomentose beneath, often tinged with yellow or bronze, attenuate or 
abruptly narrowed into short petioles : flowers sessile, 5-17 in axillary clusters: calyx cam- 
panulate, 2-2.5 mm. high ; lobes ovate to triangular-ovate, obtuse, slightly shorter than the 
tube: petals 5, obovate, or obovate-spatulate, 6-8 mm. long, united below, rounded or 
notched at the apex, yellowish : stamens exserted : drupe nut-like, oblong or ovoid, 10-14 
mm. long, glabrous, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. 


Chiefly in rich soil, Delaware to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. YELLOWWOOD. HORSE SUGAR. 
WILD LAUREL. 


FAMILY 4. STYRACACEAE A. DC. Srorax FAMILY. 


Commonly stellate-pubescent or scurfy shrubs or trees, some yielding a fra- 
grant balsamic resin. Leaves alternate, without stipules: blades entire or 
toothed. Inflorescence racemose, cymose or fascicled. Flowers perfect, regular. 
Calyx with 5, or rarely 4-8, short or obsolete lobes. Corolla of 5, or rarely 4-8, 
distinct or nearly distinct petals. Stamens few (8-16), adnate, in one series, to 
the corolla-tube. Filaments flattened and coherent at the base. Anthers in- 
trorse, adnate. Ovary 2-5-celled, the cavities opposite the calyx-lobes. Styles 
united. Ovules solitary or few in each cavity, anatropous, ascending or pen- 
dulous, or both. Fruit commonly a drupe or a capsule. Seeds mostly solitary, 
with a thin or leathery testa. Endosperm fleshy or horny. Embryo usually 
straight, axile. 


Ovary superior: fruit drupaceous, subglobose. 1. STYRAX. 
Ovary inferior: fruit nut-like, elongated, winged. 2. MOHRODENDRON. 


1. STYRAX L. 


Shrubs or trees, often clothed with scurfy or stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate : 
blades entire or slightly toothed. Flowers in short racemes, white, often drooping, sub- 
tended by small bracts. Calyx slightly adherent to the ovary, not accrescent, entire or 
slightly 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct, or somewhat united, valvate or imbricated. Stamens 
10 or rarely more, adnate to the base of the corolla : anthers elongated, erect, the sacs 
united. Ovary superior, 3-celled or at length 1-celled by the obliteration of the septa. 
Ovules several in each cavity, ascending: stigma 3-toothed or 3-lobed. Drupe dry, 
subglobose, superior. Seeds commonly solitary. SroRAx. The plants flower in spring. 


Corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. 1, S. Americana. 
Corolla-lobes manifestly imbricated or convolute in the bud. 

Corolla-lobes lightly imbricated or convolute: pedicel and calyx canescent. 
noH inflorescence mostly leaf-like: leaf-blades slightly pubescent 
Bracts of the inflor n nly -li the panicle or raceme:, v 

on leaf-blades densely a, beneath. m i Ex dtd: 3. S. grandifolia. 

O. s parle : = strongly imbricated or convolute: pedicel and calyx g 4. S. plata nifolia. 

1. Styrax Americana Lam. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with glandular and slightly pue 
cent twigs, peduncles and petioles. Leaf-blades oval, elliptic or oblong, often beset ee 
ovate or obovate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, entire or sere: T 
toothed, usually acute at the base, dark green above, pale beneath, becoming gla d 
short-petioled : flowers white, about 2.5 cm. broad, drooping, their pedicels P ae 
long, often slightly pubescent: calyx about 4 mm. high, 5-lobed, much shorter t n : 
pedicel: corolla rotate; lobes valvate in the bud, elliptic-oblong or laneediao o diee 
acute, slightly pubescent without : filaments erect : anthers bright yellow : drupe subglobose, 
6-8 mm. in diameter, finely tomentose. 

On banks of streams, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. 


2. Styrax pulverulénta Michx. A shrub, ranging from 1-4 m. in height, with 
canescent or hoary young foliage. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or obovate, acute or ia edie 
sharply serrate or rarely undulate, acute at the base, dark green above, more or e edi- 
escent beneath, short-petioled : flowers white, fragrant, loosely racemed, drooping. F i 
cels 2-4 cm. long, canescent or hoary: calyx 3-4 mm. long, 5-lobed, about I Soph 
the pedicel: corolla rotate; lobes 5, imbricated in the bud, oblong or ORE e 7-9 
rather obtuse, pubescent : filaments nearly erect: anthers yellow: drupe gubglobose, 
mm. in diameter, minutely but densely pubescent. 

In pine-land swamps or along streams, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida and Texas. 


2. S. pulverulenta. 


STYRACACEAE 915 


3. Styrax grandifdlia Ait. A shrub 0.5-3 m. tall, with pubescent young foliage. Leaf- 
blades thinnish, obovate, oval or sometimes elliptic, 10-20 cm. long, obtuse or short-acumi- 
nate, coarsely toothed or nearly entire, cuneately narrowed or nearly rounded at the base, 
becoming glabrous above or minutely pubescent on the impressed nerves, densely and 
finely tomentose beneath ; petioles 3-7 mm. long: racemes 0.5-1 cm. long, often leafy : 
flowers white, solitary or 2 together: pedicels 4-9 mm. long: calyx 4-5 mm. long; lobes 
5, triangular, acute: corolla 2-2.5 cm. broad; lobes elliptic, acute, 10-12 mm. long, 
slightly pubescent without: anthers bright yellow : filaments pubescent : drupe subglobose, 
8-12 mm. in diameter, apiculate, pubescent. 

In woods, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. 

4. Styrax platanifólia Engelm. A branching shrub 1-4 m. tall, with glab- 
rous or almostglabrous foliage. Leaf-blades suborbicular in outline, undulate, angu 
late, or sinuate-lobed, 5-10 cm. broad, more or less abruptly acuminate, reticulate- 
veined,truncate or subcordate at the base, slender-petioled : racemes corymbiform : pedi- 
cels glabrous or nearly so, subtended by minute bracts: calyx glabrous, or nearly so: 
petals oblong or oblong-obovate, 15-19 mm. long: drupe globular, 8-10 mm. in diameter, 
apiculate. 

In wooded bottom lands, Texas. 


2. MOHRODÉNDRON Britton. 


Shrubs or trees, often with some stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate, deciduous ; 
blades commonly membranous. Flowers in racemes, white, mostly drooping. Hypanthium 
adnate to the ovary, 4—5-ribbed, 4—5-lobed, accrescent. Petals 4-5, sometimes almost dis- 
tinct, imbricated, erect or nearly so, convolute or imbricated. Stamens 8, 10, 12 or 16 in 
one series, often exserted : anthers elongated, the sacs commonly free at the base. Ovary 
inferior, 3-5-celled : style elongated : stigma scarcely enlarged. Ovules 4 in each cavity, 
the upper pair ascending, thelower pairpendulous. Fruit nut-like, becoming dry, crowned 
with the calyx-lobes, 2-4-winged. Seeds 1-3, elongated. [Halesia Ellis.] The plants 
flower in the spring. 

Fruit 2-winged, the stipe wholly included in the wings. 


Corolla 8-12 mm. long: fruit less than 3 em. long. 1. M. parviflorum. 
Corolla 20-30 mm. long: fruit over 3 cm. long. 2. M. dipterum. 
Fruit 4-winged, the base of the stipe not included. 3. M. Carolinum. 


1. Mohrodendron parvifldrum (Michx.) Britton. A shrub similar to M. 
Carolinum in habit, but smaller, the young leaves, pedicels and calyx densely pubes- 
cent. Corolla white, 8-12 mm. long: drupe less than 3 cm. long, the two wings, includ- 
ing the stipe. 

In sandy soil, southern Georgia and Florida, 


2. Mohrodendron dípterum (Ellis) Britton. A shrub or small tree, reaching a 
height of 15 m. with a trunk diameter of 3 dm. Bark broadly fissured : twigs, leaves and 
flowers pubescent: leaf-blades firm or somewhat leathery, oval, oblong or obovate, 
acuminate, coarsely toothed, acute or subcordate at the base, softly pubescent beneath, 
finely and sparsely pubescent, at least on the nerves above ; petioles stout, 1-2 cm. long: 
pedicel about as long as the corolla: calyx 6-7 mm. long, densely pubescent ; lobes 
triangular, acuminate: corolla campanulate, 2-3 cm. long; lobes pubescent without, 
oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse or notched : stamens included : filaments and style pubes- 
cent: drupe oblong or elliptic, 4-5 cm. long, 2-winged. 

In wet woods, Tennessee and South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring. SNOWDROP TREE. 
SILVERBELL TREE. Cow LICKS. 


3. Mohrodendron Carolinum (L.) Britton. A shrub or tree, reaching a maximum 
height of 25 m. and a trunk diameter of less than 1 m. Bark broken into flat ridges : 
twigs, lower leaf-surfaces and pedicels pubescent. Leaf-blades thinnish, oblong, oval or 
obovate, 5-17 cm. long, acuminate, finely serrate, acute or truncate at the base, glabrous 
or minutely pubescent on the nerves above, more or less densely pubescent beneath ; 

etioles 1-2 cm. long: pedicel about as long as the corolla: calyx 5-6 mm. long, gla- 
rous: lobes triangular, acute: corolla campanulate, 2-2.5 cm. long; lobes pi 
without, rounded, shorter than the tube: stamens included : filaments and style glab- 
ars drupe oblong or oblong-obovoid, 4-5 em. long, 4-winged, tipped with the persistent 
Style. 

In woods, Virginia to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. SNOWDROP TREE. SILVERBELL TREE. 
WILD OLIVE TREE. BELL TREE. OpossuM WOOD. RATTLEBOX. CALICO Woop, Tiss Woop. 


916 OLEACEAE 


Order 4. OLEALES. 


Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbaceous plants, of great economic value. Stems 
erect or climbing. Leaves opposite, or rarely alternate or whorled, sometimes 
persistent: blades simple or pinnately-compound: stipules wanting: leaflets 
entire or toothed. Inflorescence variously disposed. Flowers perfect, or polyga- 
mous or dioecious, complete or incomplete, mostly regular. Calyx free: sepals 4 
or more, partially united, sometimes wanting. Corolla of 2-6 distinct or partially 
united narrow imbricated or valvate petals, or sometimes wanting. Androecium 
of 2 or 4 stamens adnate to the base of the corolla. Filaments commonly 
short. Anthers variable. Ovary free, 2-celled. Stigmas capitate or 2-lobed. 
Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a cap- 
sule opening loculicidally by 2 valves, a samara or a berry, usually by suppres- 
sion l-celled. Seeds commonly solitary, sometimes 2-4 with a usually thin 
testa. Endosperm fleshy or somewhat horny, often oily, sometimes wanting. 
Embryo straight. 


FAMILY 1. OLEACEAE Lindl. OLIVE FAMILY. 


Characters of the order. 
Fruit dry, an indehiscent or dehiscent capsule. 
Fruit a variously dehiscent capsule : leaf-blades simple. 
Capsule not paired, opening loculicidally by 2 valves: ovules and seeds pendulous: calyx-lobes 4. 


SYRINGA. 
Capsules paired, opening septicidally by 2 valves: ovules and seeds erect or 
ascending: calyx-lobes 7-15. 
Corolla rotate or campanulate: stamens exserted; filaments filiform. 2. MENODORA. 
_ Corolla salverform ; stamens included : anthers nearly sessile. 3. MENODOROPSIS. 
Fruit a samara: leaf-blades compound at least in our species. 4. FRAXINUS. 


Fruit fleshy, a drupe or rarely a berry. 
Flowers apetalous or sometimes with 1 or 2 small petals, mainly polygamo-dioe- 
cious: styles slender. 9. ADELIA. 
Flowers with a corolla, perfect or polygamous: styles short or stout. 
Corolla rotate, with elongated strap-like nearly distinct petals: leaves decidu- 
6. CHIONANTHUS. 


ous. 

Corolla funnelform or salverform, with short lobes: leaves mostly persistent. 
Corolla funnelform, white ; lobes induplicate-valvate. 7. LIGUSTRUM. 
Corolla salverform, greenish ; lobes imbricated. 8. OSMANTHUS. 


il. SYRÍNGA L. 

Shrubs, with much-branched stems. Leaves opposite: blades entire. Flowers in termi- 
nal panicles, fragrant. Calyx-lobes unequal. Corolla white or purple: tube cylindric : 
lobes 4. Ovary 2-celled : styles united, elongated : stigma 2-cleft. Ovules 2 in each cavity, 
pendulous. Capsule leathery, somewhat elongated, terete or slightly flattened, loculicidally 
2-valved. Seeds flattened, obliquely winged. Endosperm fleshy. ; 

1. Syringa vulgaris L. An erect shrub, with glandular-puberulent young foliage. 
Leaves numerous ; blades thickish, ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, varying from acute 
to cordate at the base; petioles 1-4 em. long: panicles short-peduncled, 1-3 dm. long: 
pedicels club-shaped, 2-6 mm. long: calyx oblique, 2-2.5 mm. long ; lobes ovate to tri- 
angular, acute: corolla lilac or white; lobes oval, varying to ovate or obovate: capsules 
oblong, about 1.5 cm. long. 

In waste places and gardens. Native of eastern Europe. Spring. LILAC. 


2. MENODORA H.B.K. 

Shrubs or herbaceous perennials, with glabrous, or rarely pubescent foliage. Leaves 
opposite or alternate: blades entire, toothed or pinnately lobed. Flowers showy, solitary 
at the ends of branchlets, or sometimes in corymbose cymes. Calyx persistent: tube short : 
lobes 5-15, narrow. Corolla white, yellow or reddish, campanulate to rotate: tube rela- 
tively short: lobes 5-6, imbricated, blunt. Stamens 2-3, exserted : filaments filiform. 
Ovary 2-celled : stigma capitate. Ovules4, or rarely 2. Capsule membranous, didymous, 
circumscissile near the middle. Seeds usually two in each cavity. Endosperm wanting. 


Leaf-blades entire or undulate: capsules erect. 4. M. scabra. la. 
Leaf-blades pinnately cleft or parted : capsules nodding. 2. M. heterophyl 


OLEACEAE 917 


1. Menodora scabra A. Gray. Resembling species of Linum. Stems tufted, often 
branched at the base, the branches ascending or spreading, 1-4 dm. long, corymbose at the 
top: leaves mostly alternate, 8-20 mm. long; blades linear, oblong or oblanceolate, acute, 
entire or undulate, the lower ones sometimes short-petioled: peduncles always erect: 
calyx-lobes linear-subulate, 5-6 mm. long, acute: corolla bright yellow ; lobes obovate, 
6-10 long: capsules 6-8 mm. broad. 


In dry soil, Texas to Arizona. Spring and summer. 


2. Menodora heterophylla Moric. Stems branching at the base, the branches 0.5-2 
dm. long, decumbent or spreading: leaves mainly opposite, 0.5-2 cm. long; blades pin- 
nately 3-7-cleft or 3-7-parted ; segments mostly linear-oblong, acute: flowers few: pe- 
duncles finally recurved: calyx-lobes narrowly linear, 3-6 mm. long: corolla light yellow 
or reddish purple without; tube shorter than the calyx-lobes, obovate, 6-10 mm. long, 
obtuse: capsules 10-12 mm. broad. [Bolivaria Grisebachii Scheele. ] 

In sandy soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


3. MENODOROPSIS Small. 


Shrubby herbs, with tufted stems. Leaves mostly opposite: blades firm, relatively 
narrow, entire or sometimes cleft near the base of the stem. Flowers few in terminal 
corymbs. Calyx pedicelled : tube ribbed: lobe 10, narrow. Corolla salverform, bright 
yellow: tube elongated, glabrous within: limb spreading: lobes mucronate or abruptly 
acuminate. Stamens included: anthers nearly sessile in the throat of the corolla-tube. 
Gynoecium similar to that of the next preceding genus. Capsule didymous, circum- 
scissile near the middle. 

1. Menodoropsis longifldra (A. Gray) Small. Stems tufted, erect or ascending, 
2-4 dm. tall, simple or branched. Leaves opposite or the upper ones sometimes alternate, 
1-2.5 em. long ; blades linear to lanceolate, acute, revolute, entire or the lower ones some- 
times 3-cleft, sessile or the lower ones short-petioled : calyx-lobes linear-filiform, acute, 
erect: corolla light yellow; tube gradually dilated upward, 3-5 cm. long; lobes ovate- 
lanceolate or oblong, acute : capsules nearly 15 mm. broad. [Menodora longiflora A. Gray. ] 

On plains and prairies, southern and western Texas. Spring and summer. 


4. FRAXINUS L. 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite: blades unequally pinnate, or rarely simple : leaf- 
lets entire or toothed. Flowers inconspicuous, polygamous or dioecious, or rarely perfect, 
in clusters or panicles. Calyx wanting, or with a short tube and 4 unequal lobes. Corolla 
none, or of 2-4 petals, these distinct or united by pairs at the base. Stamens 2 or rarely 
3-4 : filaments short or elongated, inserted at the base of the petals or hypogynous : anthers 
oval to linear, rather extrorse. Ovary 2-celled : styles united : stigma 2-cleft. Ovules 2 
in each cavity, pendulous. Samara various: body flat or terete: wings terminal or sur- 
rounding the body, 2 or rarely 3. The plants flower in the spring and mature their fruit 
in the summer. AsH. 

Lateral leaflets sessile: calyx wanting: samara with the wing extending around its base. 


Lateral leaflets stalked : calyx present in the pistillate flowers. F. nigra. 
Samara with a flat body, the wing extending to its base or around it. 
Leaflets 7-11: twigs 4-sided : samara rounded or obtuse at the base. 2. F. quadrangulata. 
Leaflets 5-7: twigs terete: samara narrowed and acute at the base. 
Samara spatulate or oblong-spatulate. F. pauciflora. 
Samaras elliptic to ovate or obovate. F. Caroliniana. 
Samara with a terete or nearly terete body, the wing terminal or merely de- 
current on the body. 
Wing of the samara extending along the sides of the body. 
Twigs, petioles and icels velvety pu ent. : 
Samaras 5-7 cm. long; body not sharply differentiated from the wing. 5 
» Samaras Cm a ae ; pest sen ae differentiated from the wing. 6 
wigs, petioles an cels glabrous. its 
Lateral leaflets cuneate at the base: leaflets 3-5. 7. F. Berlandieri. 
Lateral leaflets not cuneate at the base: leaflets 5-9. 8. F. lanceolata. 
Wings of the samara terminaljor nearly so. 
Twigs and leaves glabrous or nearly so. 


mo 


. F. profunda. 
. F. Pennsylvanica. 


Samara-body fully or nearly as long as the spatulate wing. P 9. F. Texensis. 
Samara-body much shorter than the linear or oblong-linear wing. 10. 2 . Americana. 
Twigs and leaves densely pubescent. 11. F. Biltmoreana. 


l. Fraxinus nìgra Marsh. A forest tree rarely over 32 m. tall, with almost gla- 
brous foliage. Leaves 2—4 dm. long, resembling those of Sambucus Canadensis ; leaflets 7-11, 
the blades of the lateral ones lanceolate to oblong, acuminate, 8-15 cm. long, serrate, more 


918 OLEACEAE 


or less pubescent on the nerves beneath, narrowed or truncate at the base, sessile: samaras 
oblong or linear-oblong, 3-4 em. long, longitudinally nerved ; body flat, winged all around, 
3 as long as the wing or longer. 

Inswamps or damp soil, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Virginia and Arkansas. BLACK ASH. BROWN 
ASH. WATER ASH. 

2. Fraxinus quadrangulàta Michx. A forest tree, rarely 36 m. tall, with glabrous 
or nearly glabrous foliage and 4-sided twigs. Leaves 2-3 dm. long ; leaflets 7-11, the 
blades of the lateral ones lanceolate, oblong-elliptic or ovate, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, 
serrate, rounded or acute at the base, with short stalks: samaras linear-oblong or oblong- 
ae 3-4 em. long, longitudinally nerved ; body flat, longer than the part of the wing 
beyond it. 


In rich woods, Ontario to Minnesota and Alabama. BLUE ASH. 


3. Fraxinus paucifldra Nutt. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of about 10 
m., with glabrous foliage. Leaves 2-3 dm. long; leaflets firm, 5-7, the blades of the lateral 
ones lanceolate, elliptic or oblong or some ovate, 4-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the 
apex, undulate or repand, rounded or acute at the base: samaras oblong or spatulate, 
4-6 cm. long, longitudinally nerved ; body flat, about as long as the part of the wing be- 
yond it or shorter. 

In river swamps, southern Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. 


4. Fraxinus Caroliniàna Mill. A shrub, or a small tree sometimes 12 m. tall, with 
glabrous or pubescent twigs. Leaves 1-3 dm. long; leaflets 5-9, usually 5-7, the 
blades of the lateral ones elliptic-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, usually acute at both ends, 
shallowly serrate or nearly entire: samaras elliptic or nearly so, varying to ovate or obo- 
vate, 4-5 cm. long, acute at both ends or sometimes obtuse at the apex, the linear body 
flat, the 2-3 wings pinnately nerved. [F. platycarpa Michx.] 

In swamps and low ground, Virginia and Arkansas to Florida and Texas. WATER ASH. POP ASH. 
POPPY AsH. 

5. Fraxinus profúnda Bush. A forest tree sometimes 35 m. tall, the twigs, petioles 
and lower leaflet-surfaces usually velvety pubescent. Leaves 2-4 dm. long ; leaflets leathery, 
7-9, the blades of the lateral ones lanceolate-ovate, elliptic or rarely oblong, 6-12 cm. 
long, acuminate at both ends or rounded and more or less inequilateral at the base, entire 
or undulate, dark green, glabrous and sometimes lustrous above: samaras 4-5 cm. long; 
each with a thick oblong body and a linear-oblong wing which is decurrent to about the 
middle of the body and emarginate or with a deep sinus at the apex. 

In swamps or on river banks, Pennsylvania to Missouri, south to Georgia. PUMPKIN ASH. 


6. Fraxinus Pennsylvánica Marsh. A small tree, sometimes 26 m. tall, with 
pubescent twigs, petioles and lower leaflet-surfaces. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long ; leaflets 5-7, 
the blades of the lateral ones lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic, 5-15 cm. long, pale 
green, acute or acuminate at both ends, undulate or irregularly serrulate: samaras 2-6 cm. 
long, each with a linear wing mostly longer than the slender body on which it is decurrent 
to the middle or below it. 

RED 2 streams and on riyer banks, New Brunswick to South Dakota, North Carolina and Kansas. 

7. Fraxinus Berlandiéri DC. A shrub or small tree, with glabrous young apo 
Leaves 1-2 dm. long; leaflets 3—5, the blades of the lateral ones lanceolate to elliptic, the 
terminal one, and rarely the rest broadest above the middle, acute or acuminate, raene 
sharply serrate, narrowed at the base : samaras with a club-shaped body and an elliptic- 
spatulate or lanceolate wing which is decurrent to the middle of the body or below it. 

On river banks, Texas and northern Mexico. 


8. Fraxinus lanceolàta Borck. A tree, sometimes 20 m. tall, with glabrous toran 
Leaves 1-3 dm. long ; leaflets firm, 5-7, the blades of the lateral ones lanceolate or ellip "i 
lanceolate and sometimes elliptic, 5-20 cm. long, pale or light green, usually acuminat i 
at both ends, entire or serrate, especially near the apex: samaras 3.5-6 em. long, than 
with a slender linear body and a linear or linear-oblong wing which is much longer 
the body or rarely about equal in length and decurrent to the middle or near it. 

Along streams, Quebec to the Northwest Territory, Florida, Louisiana and the Indian Territory. 
GREEN AsH. SWAMP ASH, 

9. Fraxinus Texénsis (A. Gray) Sargent. A tree 8-12 m. tall, with eosin 
nearly glabrous foliage. Leaves 1-2 dm. long; leaflets 5-7, the blades of the x irs be- 
lanceolate to oval, 4-8 cm. long, usually DEA glabrous or with few scattered A the 
neath: samara about 2 em. long, the body oblong, terete, fully or nearly as "ODE 
spatulate terminal wing. 

On rocky hills, Texas. 


or 


OLEACEAE 919 


10. Fraxinus Americana L. A forest tree, reaching a height of 40 m., with a maxi- 
mum trunk diameter or nearly 2 m., the foliage glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 1-4 dm. 
long ; leaflets 5-9, the blades of the lateral ones lanceolate, oblong or elliptic, 5-15 cm. 
long, deep green and often lustrous above, pale and commonly glaucous or rarely with 
scattered hairs beneath, entire or shallowly toothed, inequlateral or strongly oblique at the 
base: samaras 2.5-3.5 em. long, each with a stout oblong-cylindric body and a linear-oblong 
or oblong-spatulate wing which is terminal or nearly so. 

In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. WHITE ASH. CANE ASH. 

11. Fraxinus Biltmoreàna Beadle. A tree, reaching a height of about 18 m., with 
a maximum trunk diameter of about 4 dm., the branches widely spreading, the branchlets 
stout, the voung ones densely and softly pubescent. Leaves 2-3 dm. long; leaflets 7-9, the 
blades of the lateral ones ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 7-14 cm. long, acuminate, entire or 
obscurely toothed, dark green and slightly lustrous above, whitish and more or less copi- 
ously pubescent beneath, sometimes falcate ; petiolules like the petiole and rachis closely 
pubescent to puberulent : samaras 3.5-5 cm. long, the wing 23-3 times longer than the 
stout terete body. : 

In valleys and on river banks, Pennsylvania to Georgia. 


5. ADELIA P. Br. 


Shrubs or trees, often wide-branching. Leaves opposite, deciduous: blades simple. 
Flowers inconspicuous, mainly polygamo-dioecious, appearing before the leaves in lateral 
clusters or racemes on the branchlets of the preceding year. Calyx usually present but 
small : tube very short : lobes 4-6, unequal. Corolla usually wanting, rarely of 1-2 decidu- 
ous petals. Stamens 2-4: anthers rather extrorse. Ovary 2-celled: stigmas thick, some- 
times 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe various. Seeds solitary or 
rarely 2. Testa membranous. Endosperm fleshy. [Forestiera Poir.] 


Leaves persistent; blades leathery, punctate. 


Leaf-blades linear to linear-cuneate, less than 4 mm. wide. 1. A. angustifolia. 
Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate or spatulate, over 5 mm. wide. 2. A. segregata. 
Leaves deciduous; blades membranous, not punctate. 

Leaf-blades pubescent, at least beneath. : 
Pistillate flowers and drupes pedicelled. 3. A. pubescens. 
Pistillate flowers and drupes sessile or nearly so. 4. A. ligustrina. 

Leaf-blades glabrous. i 
Calyx persistent: drupes 4-5 mm. long. 5. A. parvifolia. 
Calyx fugacious : drupes 12-15 mm. long. 6. A. acuminata. 


1. Adelia angustifòlia (Torr.) Kuntze. An evergreen, often large shrub, with gla- 
brous foliage. Leaves firm-leathery, 1-2.5 cm. long; blades linear to linear-cuneate, 
obtuse, entire, revolute, lustrous above, not reticulated beneath, sessile: flowers often per- 
fect, in small clusters: drupes ovoid, acute, short-pediceled. 

In dry soil, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring. 


2. Adelia segregata (Jacq.) Small. An evergreen shrub, with glabrous foliage. 
Leaves thin-leathery, 1.5-5 cm. long ; blades oblong-lanceolate, or spatulate, obtuse, slightly 
revolute, lustrous above, finely reticulated beneath, narrowed into short petioles: flowers 
from the branchlets of the previous year: drupes oval or ovoid, 7-8 mm. long, short- 
pedicelled : stone longitudinally many-ribbed. [| Myrica segregata Jacq. ] 

In dry woods and sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. Spring. 


3. Adelia pubéscens (Nutt.) Kuntze. A shrub, with widely branching stems and 
densely hairy twigs. Leaves deciduous, 1-4 cm. long; blades elliptic-oval or oblong- 
obovate, obtuse, somewhat serrate, narrowed into short petioles : flowers from the branchlets 
of the preceding year, the pistillate in clusters in short spurs, slender-pedicelled : drupes 
oblong, 6-7 mm. long, the pedicels somewhat shorter : stone ribbed. 

On river banks, Arkansas to Florida and Texas. Spring. 


4. Adelia ligustrina Michx. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with widely branched stems, the 
twigs and leaves pubescent, or glabrate in age. Leaves becoming firm, deciduous, 1-4 cm. 
long ; blades elliptic, oblong, oval or approaching obovate, finely serrate, obtuse or acute, 
manifestly petioled: flowers from the branchlets of the preceding year; staminate in 
numerous dense sessile clusters; pistillate in clusters on very short spurs: calyx minute: 
drupes nearly sessile, broadly oblong or oval, 7-8 mm. long. 

On river banks and in damp soil, Tennessee to Georgia and Florida. Summer. 


5. Adelia parvifólia (A. Gray) Small. A glabrous shrub 2-3 m. tall, with much- 
branched stems. Leaves 1-4 cm. long, deciduous ; blades firm, oblong, elliptic or spatulate, 


920 OLEACEAE 


obtuse or acutish, serrate, acuminate into short petioles: flowers from the branchlets of the 
preceding year: staminate in sessile clusters: pistillate in clusters on short spurs : calyx 
quite persistent : drupes oval-oblong, 4-5 mm. long, acute. [Forestvera acuminata var. parvi- 
folia A. Gray. ] 

In dry soil, Texas and Colorado. Spring. 

6. Adelia acuminata Michx. A shrub, or a small tree sometimes 10 m. tall, with 
glabrous foliage, the trunk widely branching. Leaves deciduous ; blades membranous, ellip- 
tic-oval or ovate-elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, slightly serrate especially 
about the middle; petioles 5-15 mm. long: flowers from the branchlets of the preceding 
year ; staminate flowers in clusters ; pistillate in short panicles : calyx obsolete or caducous : 
drupes narrowly oblong, 12-15 mm. long, finally straight, deep purple. 

On river banks and in river swamps, Illinois to Missouri, Georgia and Texas. Spring. 


6. CHIONANTHUS L. 


Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite: blades entire. Flowers perfect or polyga- 
mous in axillary drooping panicles. Calyx persistent : tube short : lobes 4. Corolla white: 
tube very short: lobes 4, narrow, elongated, induplicate in the bud. Stamens 2: filaments 
adnate to the corolla-tube : anthers rather extrorse, with an apiculate connective. Ovary 
2-celled : stigmas notched or 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe oval to 
subglobose, with a hard sometimes bony endocarp. Seed usually solitary. Testa thin. 
Endosperm fleshy. 

1. Chionanthus Virgínica L. A shrub or small tree, rarely 10 m. tall, with glabrous 
or softly pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades oval, oblong or elliptic, varying to obovate, 5-15 
em. long, rounded at the apex, or acute or acuminate, undulate, narrowed into short petioles : 
panicles drooping, 5-20 cm. long, usually with leaf-like bracts: calyx-lobes ovate to lan- 
ceolate, acute, longer than the tube : petals white, linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, acute, somewhat 
spreading : drupes oblong or oval-oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long, deep purple or nearly black. 


Inrocky soiland along streams, Pennsylvania to Floridaand Texas. Spring. FRINGE TREE. OLD 
MAN’s BEARD. FLOWERING ASH. SUNFLOWER TREE. 


7. LIGUSTRUM L. 

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite: blades simple. Flowers in terminal panicles. 
Calyx-tube short, sometimes truncate: lobes usually 4. Corolla white or greenish, 
funnelform: tube short: lobes 4. Stamens 2: filaments attached to the corolla-tube : 
anthers rather extrorse. Ovary 2-celled: stigma thickened. Ovules 2 in each cavity, 
pendulous. Drupe berry-like, with a membranous or parchment-like endocarp. Seeds 
1-3, pendulous. Testa thin. Endosperm fleshy. 

1. Ligustrum vulgare L. A shrub 0.5-3 m. tall, with much-branched stems and 
glabrous or nearly glabrous foliage. Leaves 1-6 cm. long, tardily deciduous ; blades 
leathery, oblong, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, deep green, acute or obtuse, entire, narrowe 
into short petioles: panicles erect, 2-15 cm. long, dense when young: corolla white, 4-6 
mm. long ; tube about as long as the lobes or sometimes shorter : drupes subglobose, 6-8 mm. 
in diameter, black. 

In thickets and on roadsides, Ontario to Pennsylvania and North Carolina. June. PRIVET. 


8. OSMANTHUS Lour. 

Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite: blades leathery. Flowers polygamous, 
in axillary clusters or short racemes. Calyx persistent: tube short: lobes 4, Corolla 
greenish : tube short: lobes 4, imbricated. Stamens 2 or rarely 4, included: filaments 
inserted on the corolla-tube: anthers rather extrorse. Ovary 2-celled: stigma entire. 
Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe ovoid to subglobose, with a thick bony or horny 
endocarp. Seeds usually solitary. Testa thin. Endosperm fleshy. DEviLwoop. WD 


OLIVE. 
Panicles glabrous: drupe dark purple. = E poene 


Panieles pubescent: drupe yellowish green. b 

1. Osmanthus Americàna (L.) B. & H. An evergreen glabrous slender i: And 
tree, reaching a height of 15 m., the bark pale. Leaves leathery, 5-20 cm. long ; gas 
narrowly elliptie, varying to lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire, lustrous above, vagy ne 
revolute, attenuate into short petioles : panicles surpassing the subtending petioles : 


SPIGELIACEAE 921 


polygamous or dioecious: calyx glabrous; lobes triangular or ovate-triangular: corolla 
3-4 mm. long ; lobes spreading, ovate to suborbicular: drapes oval-ovoid or oval-obovoid, 
10-14 mm. long, deep purple. 


In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring. 


2. Osmanthus Floridana Chapm. An evergreen shrub or tree similar to the pre- 
ceding in habit. Leaves sometimes larger and with thicker blades: inflorescence finely 
pubescent : calyx pubescent ; lobes acute: corolla 4-5 mm. long ; lobes recurved : drupes 
yellowish green, 16-20 mm. long. 

In hammoeks, peninsular Florida. Spring. 


Order 5. GENTIANALES. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes aquatic plants, sometimes vines, rarely sap- 
rophytes. Leaves mainly opposite: blades simple, typically entire. Flowers 
mostly perfect, in variously modified cymes, or solitary. Calyx of 5 partially 
united sepals or fewer. Corolla of 5 partially united petals, or fewer. Androe- 
cium of as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes. Filaments free or partially 
adnate to the corolla-tube.  Anthers erect or versatile. Gynoecium of 2 more or 
less united carpels, or rarely of more. Styles distinct or united. Ovules numer- 
ous. Fruit capsular, baccate or drupaceous. 


Ovary 2-celled : leaves stipulate or the bases connected by stipular lines. Fam. 1. SPIGELIACRAE. 
Ovary 1-celled : leaves not stipulate. 
Corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Fam. 2. GENTIANACEAE. 
Corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud. Fam. 3. MENYANTHACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. SPIGELIACEAE Mart. LoGANIA FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs or vines, or sometimes trees in the tropics. Leaves opposite 
or whorled, with stipules: blades simple. Flowers perfect, or rarely somewhat 
dioecious, regular, in cymes or panicles, or somewhat capitate, of various colors. 
Calyx inferior: limb 4—5-lobed, the lobes imbricated or valvate. Corolla gamo- 
petalous, 4-5-lobed : lobes valvate, imbricated or convolute. Androecium of 4-5 
stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes. Filaments filiform or subulate. Anthers 
2-celled, opening lengthwise. Pollen granular. Ovary superior, 2-celled or 
rarely 3-5-celled. Styles united, sometimes only partially so. Stigmas distinct 
or united. Ovules solitary or 2, or sometimes numerous in each cavity of the 
ovary, amphitropous or anatropous. Fruit sometimes capsular, dehiscent by 2 
valves, or baccate or drupacous and indehiscent. Seeds winged, or wingless, 
with a smooth rugose or tuberculate testa. Endosperm copious. Embryo 
straight or curved in the endosperm. [Loganiaceae Dumort. ] 

Shrubby vines: stigmas 4: corolla yellow. 1. GELSEMIUM. 
Herbs: stigmas entire or barely 2-lo : corolla not yellow without. 


Corolla-lobes valvate. 
Corolla funnelform or salverform : styles permanently united. 


Flowers in the forks of leafy branches: style jointed near the middle. 2. COELOSTYLIS, 
Flowers in terminal — or spike-like racemes : style jointed near the base. 3. SPIGELIA. 
Corolla urn-shaped : styles soon distinct. 4. CYNOCTONUM. 
Corolla-lobes imbricated. 
Annual herb: sepals nearly distinct : capsule loculicidal. 5. POLYPREMUM. 
Shrubs, trees or shrubby herbs: sepals chiefly united: capsule septicidal. 6. BUDDLEIA. 


1. GELSEMIUM Juss. 

Shrubby vines. Leaves opposite : stipules minute, caducous, leaving only an incon- 
spicuous scar. Inflorescence cymose. Flowers solitary or sometimes four together. Calyx- 
lobes 5: membranous. Corolla funnelform, dilated, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Sta- 
mens 5, adnate to the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled: style filiform: stigma 4, 
flat. Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary, borne in several rows on narrow 
placentae. Capsule compressed contrary to the narrow septum, septicidal: valves 2, at 
length two-cleft at the apex. Seeds usually numerous, compressed, winged. Endosperm 
fleshy. YELLOW JESSAMINE. EvENING TRUMPET-FLOWER. 


1. Gelsemium sempérvirens (L.) Ait. f. An evergreen high-twining vine. Stems 
often tangled and matted : leaf-blades thickish, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or sometimes 


922 SPIGELIACEAE 


ovate, 1.5-9 em. long, entire, dark green, acute, or acuminate, short-petioled : flowers on 
short scaly pedicels: calyx-lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acutish or ob- 
tuse : corolla deep yellow: capsules elliptic, oblong or ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long, marked with 
a conspicuous suture on each flat side, veiny : seeds obliquely-oblong, 5-6 mm. long, 
strongly papillose, each prolonged into a hyaline wing 5 mm. long with a toothed end. 

In sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also in Mexico and Central America. Spring. 


2. COELOSTYLIS T. & G. 


Caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite: blades entire. Flowers in the forks of leafy 
branches, or axillary to leaves. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla white or whitish, salver- 
form : limb plaited in the bud, the edges turned outward. Stamens 5, included, adnate to 
the corolla tube. Ovary 2-celled: styles permanently united, included, jointed near the 
middle. Fruit didymous. 


Corollas 12-14 mm. long: species of Florida. 

Corollas 8-10 mm. long: species Texano-Mexican. 
Seabrous: capsules lineolate: calyx-lobes with erose-denticulate margins. 
Smooth: capsules smooth: calyx-lobes with scabrous margins. 


1. Coelostylis loganioides T. & G. Annual or perennial, glabrous, dull green. 
Stems ascending, 1-3 dm. tall, sometimes branched at the base, rather wiry : leaf-blades 
leathery, oval, elliptic or lanceolate, 1.5-3.5 em. long, obtuse or acute, conspicuously 
nerved : flowers white, solitary in the axils of the leaves or three in terminal clusters: 
calyx-lobes narrowly linear, long-pointed, the margins scarious and denticulate : corolla 
narrowly funnelform, 1 em. long; lobes lanceolate or acutish, about 4 as long as the tube. 


In sandy soil, eastern Florida. 


2. Coelostylis Lindheimeri (A. Gray) Small. Annual, low, tufted, puberulent, pale 
green. Stems diffusely branched from the base, somewhat scabrous, the branches 1-2 dm. 
long, branched throughout: leaf-blades lanceolate or oblanceolate, or those of the branches 
often oblong-spatulate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or acute, even slightly apiculate, slightly 
revolute, ciliolate, more or less narrowed at the base, the lower short-petioled : flowers 
terminal and axillary : calyx slender; lobes linear, 4 mm. long, scarious-margined and 
erose-denticulate, persistent and at length twisted : corolla funnelform, 1 cm. long; lobes 
ovate, 2-5 mm. long, obtuse: capsule 2-lobed, 4 mm. high, 5 mm. broad, longitudinally 
marked with distinct lines : seeds dark brown or black, 2 mm. in diameter, tuberculate and 
pitted. — [ Spigeha Lindheimeri A. Gray. ] 


On dry prairies, western and southern Texas to New Mexico, and northern Mexico. 


. 3. Coelostylis Texàna T. & G. Annual, glabrous, slender, dark green. Stems 
simple or sparingly branched from the base, 3-4 dm. tall, branched above: leaf-blades lan- 
ceolate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 3-5 cm. long, thinnish, acute, ciliolate, narrowed at 
the base, sessile or very short-petioled : stipules triangular: flowers terminal or axillary on 
the upper branches : calyx-lobes linear-subulate, 3 mm. long, the margin scabrous : corolla 
8 mm. long, funnelform ; lobes narrowly ovate, acutish, more than twice shorter than us 
tube: capsule 5 mm. broad, 3 mm. high, smooth and glabrous, somewhat 9-lobed : seeds 
dark brown, 1 mm. in diameter, minutely rugose and punctate. 


In dry soil, eastern Texas. 


5 


C. loganioides. 


bo 


. C. Lindheimeri. 
. C. Texana. 


eo 


3. SPIGELIA L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, rarely somewhat shrubby. Stems often branched, mainly 
from the base. Leaves opposite, subtended by small inconspicuous caducous stipules : 
blades entire. Flowers often showy, in terminal spikes or spike-like racemes. Calyx 
slender: tube often bearing 5 or more glands within at the base: lobes narrow. Corolla 
tubular or funnelform : lobes 5, their edges barely turned outward. Stamens 5, often vith 
exserted anthers, adnate to the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled : style jointed near the base. 
Ovules numerous in each cavity, densely attached to peltate placentae. Fruit 2-celled, 
borne on a cup-shaped base. 


Annual: inflorescence subtended by a whorl of bracts larger than the leaves. 1. S. anthelmia. 

Perennial : inflorescence not subtended by a whorl of bracts. Marylandica. 
Corolla scarlet without, 4-5 em. long: anthers and style exserted. 4 2. S. tianoides. 
Corolla white or purplish without, 1.5-2.5 em. long: anthers and style included. 3. pies 


1. Spigelia anthélmia L. Annual, deep green. Stem 1-4 dm. tall, often branched: 
leaf-blades lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, finely ciliolate, acute or slightly acuminate, P 


SPIGELIACEAE 923 


beneath : inflorescence subtended by a whorl of bracts larger than the leaves: spikes 5-15 
em. long: calyx-lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm. long: corolla 5-9 mm. long, 
inconspicuous : capsules 5-6 mm. broad, copiously tuberculate. 

In sandy soil and fields, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. 


2. Spigelia Marylándica L. Perennial, nearly glabrous, dark green. Stem branched 
from the base ; branches 2-6 cm. tall, slender: leaf-blades ovate or lanceolate, sometimes 
elliptic, 3-10 em. long, acuminate or rarely acute, sessile, rounded at the base, three- 
nerved or five-nerved, sometimes very sparingly pubescent, especially on the nerves: 
spikes one-sided, more or less recurved, 5-15 cm. long: calyx slender; lobes nearly subu- 
late, long-pointed, the tips pubescent: corolla showy, somewhat club-shaped, 4-5 em. 
long, scarlet without, yellow within ; lobes usually lanceolate, acute, 1 or 4 as long as the 
tube: capsules 7-11 mm. broad, smooth. 

In dry woods and on hillsides, New Jersey to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. Spring. 
INDIAN or CAROLINA PINK. PINK-ROOT. 

3. Spigelia gentianoides Chapm. Perennial, light green, sometimes glaucescent. Stem 
usually branched at the base ; branches 2-3 dm. tall, rarely branched above, puberulent : 
leaf-blades ovate, sometimes ovate-lanceolate near the base of the stem or nearly orbicular, 
1.5-5 em. long, obtuse or acute, the uppermost sometimes acuminate, nearly glabrous, 
sessile, the bases rounded: spikes few-flowered: calyx slender; lobes 7-9 mm. long, 
linear-subulate, ciliate, the tips dark green: corolla white or purplish without, 1.5-2.5 cm. 
long ; lobes 1— as long as the tube, erect or converging : stamens included : style included. 

In light dry soil, western Florida. Spring. 


3. CYNOCTONUM J. F. Gmel. 


Caulescent herbs, often with short rootstocks. Leaves opposite: blades entire, 
leathery, sometimes finely nerved: stipules small, entire. Flowers white or slightly 
colored, in terminal compound cymes, whose ultimate divisions are secund spikes or 
spike-like racemes. Calyx shorter than the corolla, usually 5-lobed. Corolla urn-shaped : 
tube often swollen below and contracted at the throat, which is usually closed by jointed 
hairs : lobes 5, spreading or converging. Stamens 5, included, adnate to the corolla-tube. 
Ovary 2-celled, terminating in 2 styles, whose tips are more or less united when young, 
but at length distinct. Ovules numerous, attached to peltate placentae. Capsule mitre- 
shaped, tipped with 2 curved horns. Seeds smooth or variously roughened. The plants 
flower mainly in the summer and fall. [Mitreola R. Br.] MITREWORT. 


Leaf-blades more or less petioled, membranous: inflorescence lax. 1. C. Mitreola. 
Leaf blades sessile, fleshy-leathery : inflorescence dense. 
Leaf-blades ovate, oval or orbicular. 2. C. sessilifolium. 
Leaf-blades linear, linear-oblong or narrowly lanceolate. 3. C. angustifolium. 


. 1. Cynoctonum Mitréola (L.) Britton. Deep green. Stems 1-7 dm. tall, some- 
times branched throughout, slightly four-angled: leaf-blades rather membranous, elliptic- 
oblong, ovate, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, the lowest sometimes oblanceolate, 1.5-8 
cm. long, acute or acuminate, spreading, not prominently nerved, narrowed at the base, 
petioled : calyx campanulate, about 1 mm. long, sessile; lobes ovate, entire, about as long 
as the tube : corolla about 2 mm. long, marked with dark stripes, constricted at the throat 
and closed by a ring of jointed hairs, its tube purplish, longer than the white, rather acute, 
converging 3-nerved lobes: capsule 2-2.5 mm. long, its two horns slightly longer than the 
body. [Mitreola petiolata (Walt.) T. & G.] 

In damp or muddy places, Virginia to Texas and Mexico and Florida. Also in the West Indies. 


2. Cynoctonum sessilifolium (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. Pale green. Stems 1-5 dm. 
tall, simple, virgate, four-angled leaf-blades almost leathery, ovate or orbicular, 1-5 
em. long, obtuse or oe at the apex, sessile, appressed to the stem, often revolute and 
prominently nerved beneath: calyx campanulate, 1 mm. high; lobes lanceolate, obtuse, 
denticulate : corolla nearly 1 mm. long, surpassing the calyx, marked with dark stripes, 
i pana at the throat which is stopped by jointed hairs; tube longer than the ovate- 
ob ong, acute or acutish 3-nerved loben : capsule nearly oblong or subglobose, 4 mm. long, 
yellowish, almost smooth. 

In low grounds and sandy bogs, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 

3. Cynoctonum angustifolium (T. & G.) Small. Pale green and Sabbatia-like. 
Stems 2-6 dm. tall, virgate : leaf-blades narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, ob- 
tuse or acutish at the apex, sessile or the lowest pair narrowed into short petiole-like bases, 


924 GENTIANACEAE 


not prominently nerved : calyx narrowly campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long’; lobes ovate-lanceo- 
late, obtuse, denticulate : corolla at length much longer than the calyx, whitish, 3-5 mm. 
long, marked with dark stripes ; tube somewhat constricted at the throat, about as long as 
the linear-lanceolate erect or converging, rather obtuse lobes: capsule sessile or nearly so, 
4 mm. long, its two horns slightly longer than the body, converging. 

In wet plaees, southern Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 


4. POLYPREMUM L. 


Annual glabrous herbs. Stem diffusely branched at the base: branches dichotomous, 
four-angled. Leaves basal and clustered, cauline and opposite: blades narrow, the bases 
dilated and somewhat connate. Flowers solitary and sessile in the forks of branchlets and 
axils of the leaves. Calyx longer than the corolla : lobes 4 or 5, somewhat foliaceous, rigid. 
Corolla campanulate : tube slightly constricted near the top: lobes 4 or 5, shorter than the 
tube, imbricated, bearing a ring of villous hairs at their junction with thetube. Stamens 4 
or rarely 5, adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled : style very short, 
tipped with a capitate or somewhat 2-lobed stigma. Ovules numerous in each cavity, at- 
tached to placentae which are fixed by their bases totheseptum. Capsule slightly 2-lobed, 
somewhat flattened contrary to the septum, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, smooth. 

1. Polypremum procümbens L. Stems diffusely branched, often tufted, the branches 
erect or spreading, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades acute, obscurely scabrous in the margins with 
spine-like hairs, dilated at the base and somewhat connate by their narrow stipules : flow- 
ers axillary or in small terminal cymose clusters: calyx about 3 mm. high ; lobes lanceo- 
late, with a strong midrib, scarious margins and spine-like hairs: corolla white : capsules 
obovoid or subglobose, about 2 mm. long, flattened contrary to the septum, each tipped with 
the short style : seeds numerous, subglobose or obscurely angled, 0.4 mm. in diameter. 

In dry sandy soil, Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies and Mexico. 


6. BUDDLEIA L. ; 

Shrubs or trees, or shrubby herbs, usually with pubescent, scurfy or granular foliage. 
Leaves opposite: stipules evident, but sometimes a mere line. Flowers in dense heads or 
more rarely in open panicles. Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed or rarely 5-lobed. Corolla 
rotate-campanulate, or sometimes salverform: tube straight or curved: lobes broad. 
Stamens 4 or rarely 5: filaments adnate to the corolla-tube, sometimes up to the throat. 
Ovary 2-celled : styles united. Capsule globular or oblong, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 
mostly 2-cleft at the apex and separating from the united placentae. 


Powers 3 i 2 i : - ntire. 1. B. Lindleyana. 
FE eee eae Petre A deett ua, E B mema 

1. Buddleia Lindleyàna Fort. A diffusely branching shrub 1-2 m. tall, the 
branches angled. Leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 3-9 cm. long, acuminate, entire, 
glabrous and paler beneath than above: panicles raceme-like, loosely spreading or verd 
what drooping: calyx 2-2.5 mm. long, puberulent: corolla purplish violet or Rei" 
12-15 mm. long, granular-puberulent : tube curved. R 

In waste places and about gardens, throughout the Gulf States and in some of the contiguous 
States. Introduced from China. Summer and fall. 

2. Buddleia racemósa Torr. A branching shrub, 4-11 dm. tall, the ipee 
nearly terete. Leaf-blades ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2.5-1 À se 
long, acute or obtusish, coarsely toothed, broadly cuneate or truncate and often geri une 
hastate at the base, puberulent beneath: branches of the panicle terminating in & E die 
heads 5-8 mm. in diameter: calyx tomentulose : corolla 2-2.5 mm. long ; tube straight, 
upper part tomentulose. 

In rocky soil or on banks, southern and western Texas. Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 2. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. GENTIAN FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, or rarely shrubs, with à den 
and pervaded with a bitter tonic principle. Leaves typically opposite : gu 
simple, sometimes connate at the base and sheathing. Inflorescence ie } 
often congested. Flowers perfect, regular, often showy. Calyx of 2, onvo- 
more or less united sepals, persistent. Corolla of 4 or 5, or more, mostly eee 
lute, sometimes imbricated petals : limb often spreading, commonly showy : 


GENTIANACEAE 925 


entire or fringed. Androecium of as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes and 
alternate with them, partially adnate to the corolla-tube or in the throat. Fila- 
ments filiform or dilated at the base. Anthers erect or versatile. Gynoecium 
compound. Ovary 1-celled, superior, with two parietal more or less in- 
truded placentae. Styles mostly united. Stigmas 2, distinct or united. Ovules 
numerous, inserted on the placenta or over the whole surface of the cavity of the 
ovary, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a membra- 
nous or crustaceous variously roughened testa. Endosperm fleshy. 

Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud : leaves present. 


Style filiform, mostly deciduous: anthers recurving or twisting at maturity. 
Stigmas roundish, much shorter than the style. 


Corolla-tube surpassing the calyx. 1. ERYTHRAEA. 
Corolla-tube much shorter than the calyx. 2. EUSTOMA. 
Stigmas linear or nearly so, about as long as the style. 
Flowers pedicelled, when more than one, paniculate: anthers coiled. 8. SABBATIA. 
Flowers sessile, when more than one, capitate: anthers curved. 4. LAPITHEA. 
Style stout, short or wanting : anthers straight at maturity. 
Corolla not furnished with nectariferous pits, glands or scales. 
Corolla without plaits in the sinuses of the lobes: calyx without an in- 
terior membrane. 
Sepals unequal, the inner much broader than the outer and thin- 
margined : corolla-lobes fimbriate or erose. 5. ANTHOPOGON. 
Sepals essentially equal, or if unequal the inner narrower than the 
outer: corolla-lobes entire or merely toothed. 6. GENTIANELLA. 
Corolla with plaits in the sinuses of the lobes: calyx with an inte- 
rior membrane. 7. DASYSTEPHANA. 
ee with nectariferous pits, glands or scales, 1 or 2 for each 
obe. 
Corolla rotate, with a fringed gland at each lobe. 8. FRASERA. 
Corolla campanulate, with spurs at the base. 9. TETRAGONANTHUS. 
Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud : leaves, or those of the stem, reduced toscales. 
Stigmas 2, distinct: foliage green. 
Calyx-lobes 4, narrowed upward. 10. BARTONIA. 
_Calyx-lobes 2, broadened upward. 11. OBOLARIA. 
Stigmas united, dilated: foliage white. 12. VOYRIA. 


1. ERYTHRAEA Neck. 


Annual, biennial or sometimes perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite: blades 
entire, mostly sessile or clasping. Flowers in terminal cymes, often numerous. Calyx 
pedicelled: lobes 4-5, narrow, keeled. Corolla white, pink, rose or yellow, salverform : 
tube more or less elongated : lobes 4-5, spreading, convolute or contorted. Stamens 4-5, 
partially adnate to the corolla-tube: filaments short, but filiform : anthers twisted at ma- 
turity. Ovary l-celled, with the placentae sometimes intruded: stigmas 2. Capsules 
ovoid-oblong to fusiform, 2-valved. Seeds several or numerous, reticulated. CENTAURY. 
Corolla-lobes much less than 15 as long as the tube. 

Corolla-lobes obtuse: species naturalized eastward. 1. E. pulchella. 
. Corolla-lobes acute: species native, Texan. 2. E. Texensis. 
Corolla-lobes fully 14 as long as the tube or nearly equalling it in length. 


Corolla-lobes acute. 3. E. Beyrichii. 
Corolla-lobes obtuse. 4. E. calycosa. 


1. Erythraea pulchélla (Sw.) Fries. Stem square, 3-25 cm. tall, more or less 
branched : leaf-blades spatulate at the base of the stem, to oblong or ovate above, usually 
1-2 em. long, obtuse, entire, sessile: flowers in diffuse cymes : calyx-lobes linear-subulate, 
6-8 mm. long, unequal in length, mostly shorter than the corolla-tube : corolla glabrous ; 
tube greenish, 8-10 mm. long; lobes deep pink, 5-6.5 mm. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse: 
stamens slightly exserted : anthers lemon-yellow : capsule 7-9 mm. long, as long as the 
calyx or longer. 

In fields and waste places, New York to Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. 


2. Erythraea Texénsis Griseb. Stems 0.5-2 dm. tall, corymbosely branched above, 
not diffuse : leaf-blades lanceolate to linear or subulate above, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, acute, 
entire, sessile: calyx 8-10 mm. long; lobes subulate: corolla light rose-colored ; tube 
surpassing the calyx ; lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, much shorter than the tube : 
capsule surpassing the calyx. 

In rocky soil, Texas. Spring. 


3. Erythraea Beyríchii T. & G. Stems erect, or branched at the base, the branches 
ascending, 0.5-2 dm. long, often densely branched above the middle: leaf-blades linear- 
spatulate to linear, usually narrowly so, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute, the lower onesslender-petioled : 
calyx 8-10 mm. long; lobes setaceous-subulate : corolla deep pink ; lobes oblong-lanceo- 


926 GENTIANACEAE 


late to linear-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, acute, more than à as long as the tube: capsule 
often shorter than the calyx. 

In dry soil, Arkansas to Texas. Spring to fall. 

4. Erythraea calycósa Buckl. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, more or less branched, the branches 
ascending or spreading: leaves spatulate to oblong or linear, 1-3 cm. long, acute or apiculate, 
entire, sessile: calyx 8-10 mm. long; lobes linear-setaceous: corolla pink ; lobes oval or 
oblong, obtuse ; 7-10 mm. long ; tube slightly surpassing the calyx : capsule 8-10 mm. long, 
cylindric-oblong. 

In wet soil, Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 


2. HUSTOMA Salisb. 

Annual caulescent herbs, with glabrous and usually glaucous foliage. Leaves opposite: 
blades sessile or clasping. Flowers in terminal panicles, or sometimes solitary. Calyx 
with 5-6 narrow keeled lobes. Corolla white, blue or purple: tube campanulate : lobes 
5-6, oblong or broadened upward, convolute in the bud, usually erose-denticulate. Sta- 
mens 5-6, adnate to the throat of the corolla-tube : filaments filiform : anthers versatile, 
nearly straight, or recurved at maturity. Ovary l-celled : stigmas 2. Ovules numerous. 
Seeds pitted. The plants flower from spring to fall. 


Style short, little longer than the stigmas: corolla-lobes oblong or nearly so: cuju 
ES atum. 
Style elongated, much longer than the stigmas: corolla-lobes obovate: capsule 
oblong-cylindric. 
Leaves below the inflorescence with ovate tooblong blades: capsule acuminate- : 
i 2. E. Russellianum. 


tipped. 
Du Eos the inflorescence with lanceolate blades: capsule blunt. 3. E. gracile. 

1. Eustoma exaltàtum (L.) Griseb. Stems 1-9 dm. tall, simple or branching. 
Leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-7 em. long, apiculate or acute, entire, sessile 
and partly clasping : calyx about 1.5 cm. long ; lobes subulate from a broader base: corolla 
blue, 3-3.5 em. long; tube barely as long as the calyx; lobes mainly oblong, about twice 
as long as the tube : capsules oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long, obtuse. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Texas, California and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. 

2. Eustoma Russellianum (Hook.) Griseb Stems 3-9 dm. tall, more or less 
branched. Leaf-blades ovate to oblong, 2-8 cm. long, acute or apiculate, sessile and partly 
clasping: calyx glabrous, 1.5-2 em. long; lobes subulate from a broader base: corolla 
lavender-purple, 4-5.5 cm. long ; tube often barely as long as the calyx ; lobes cuneate to 
obovate, about 4 times as long as the tube : capsules oblong, about 1.5 cm. long, pointed. 

In dry soil, Nebraska to Colorada, Texas and New Mexico. 

3. Eustoma gracile Engelm. Smaller than E. Russellianum and more slender. 
Leaves few ; blades lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so, acuminate : corolla 3.5-4 cm. long: 
capsule oblong, about 1 cm. long, blunt. 

On plains, southern Texas and northern Mexico. 


3. SABBATIA Adans. 


Annual or biennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite or rarely 
whorled : blades sessile or rarely petioled, or clasping. Flowers solitary or in termin 
open cymes. Calyx pedicelled : lobes 4, 2 narrow. Corolla white, pink, cream-colored or 
rose, with a distinct eye, rotate: lobes 4-12. Stamens 4-12: filaments adnate to the short 
corolla-tube, filiform: anthers coiled. Ovary 1-celled, with intruding placentae: styles 
united : stigmas shorter than the style or longer. Capsule short, 2-valved. Seeds numer- 
ous, reticulated. 


A. Ba ne = ge plc 6-7. 

ranches o e stem all opposite. . 

Stems terete: calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. 1. S. macrophylla 

Stems 4-angled or 4-winged : ealyx-lobes longer than the tube. 
Stigmas longer than the style. 


Upper leaf-blades acute: calyx-lobes subulate. 2. S. lanceolata. 
_Upper leaf-blades obtuse, apiculate : calyx-lobes linear. 8. S. paniculata. 
Stigmas shorter than the style. ustifolia. 
Stem-leaves with blades several times longer than broad, sessile. _ 4. 8. angularis. 
Stem-leaves with blades little longer than broad at the most, clasping. 5. S. an 
Branches of the stem alternate, or some of the lower ones rarely opposite. 
a. Calyx-tube prominently 5-ribbed, mostly enclosing the capsule. ampestris. 
Leaf-blades mostly broadest near the base, clasping. F s carnosa. 
Leaf-blades mostly broadest at the middle, sessile. TR: 


GENTIANACEAE 927 


b. Calyx-tube not prominently ribbed, surrounding the base of the capsule only. 
Calyx-lobes foliaceous, often chal eps the corolla. 8. S. calycina. 
Calyx-lobes very narrow, slender, usually shorter than the corolla, if nearly 
as long as the corolla-lobes, then filiform. 
Stigmas longer than the style. 


Calyx-lobes less than 14 as long as the corolla. 9. S. Elliottii. 

Calyx-lobes fully as long as the corolla. 10. S. stellaris. 
Stigmas shorter than the style. 

Corolla-lobes 1-1.5 em. long. 11. S. campanulata. 

Corolla-lobes 2-3 em. long. 12. S. grandiflora. 


B. Corolla-lobes 8-12. 
Corolla-lobes less than 2.5 em. long. 
Calyx-lobes about 14 as long as the corolla. 
Leaf-blades narrowed at the base, merely sessile: calyx-lobes narrowed 


IAE 13. S. dodecandra. 
Leaf-blades broad at the base, partly clasping: calyx-lobes broadened 


upward. 14. S. Harperi. 
Calyx-lobes as long as the corolla or nearly so. 15. S. foliosa. 
Corolla-lobes over 2.5 cm. long. 16. S. decandra. 


1. Sabbatia macrophylla Hook. Stems erect or ascending, 6-10 dm. tall, terete ; 
branches opposite: leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, or rarely ovate, 
2-6 cm. long, acute, sessile: calyx glabrous; lobes lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, 
shorter than the tube: corolla white; lobes oblong or oblong-spatulate, 6-8 mm. long, 
obtuse : capsules subglobose or ovoid, 3-4 mm. long. 

In wet pine lands or bogs, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


2. Sabbatia lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G. Stems erect, 4-9 dm. tall, corymbose 
above, narrowly wing-angled ; branches opposite: leaf-blades suborbicular to ovate or 
lanceolate above, 1-3 cm. long, apiculate or acute, sessile: calyx glabrous; lobes nar- 
rowly linear or linear-filiform, longer than the tube: corolla white, drying yellowish ; 
lobes spatulate or obovate-oblong, 12-15 mm. long: styles shorter than the stigmas : cap- 
sules ovoid or globose-ovoid, 6-7 mm. long. 

In wet pine lands, New Jersey to Florida. Spring and summer. 


. 3. Sabbatia paniculata (Michx.) Pursh. Stems erect often branched at the base : 
branches ascending, 1-4 dm. long, corymbose at the top, wing-angled : leaf-blades oblong- 
spatulate to oblong, oblong-lanceolate or nearly linear, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse but usually 
apiculate, partly clasping : calyx glabrous; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, about thrice 
as long as the tube: corolla white ; lobes oblong-spatulate, 1-1.5 em. long, obtuse: style 
shorter than the stigmas: capsules oblong, 7-9 mm. long. 

In meadows and pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


4. Sabbatia angustifdlia (Michx.) Britton. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, with several 
opposite branches above or sometimes branched at the base : leaf-blades narrowly oblong to 
linear-lanceolate, or oblong-spatulate at the base of the stem, 1.2-3.5 em. long, acute or 
obtuse, sessile: calyx glabrous; lobes narrowly linear, 8-10 mm. long, often variable in 
length: corolla rose-colored ; lobes oblong to spatulate-oblong, often barely surpassing the 
calyx-lobes : style longer than the stigmas : capsules oval, 5-7 mm. long. [S. brachiata Ell. ] 

In moist soil, Indiana and North Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


5. Sabbatia angulàris (L.) Pursh. Stems erect, 3-8 dm. tall, narrowly 4-winged ; 
branches opposite : leaf-blades broadly ovate, to ovate-lanceolate, or orbicular to orbicular- 
ovate at the base of the stem : calyx glabrous ; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, 10-14 mm. 
long, much shorter than the corolla: corolla deep pink or rarely white, with a lemon or 
greenish eye; lobes oblong or cuneate-obovate, 1.5-2 cm. long, obtuse: anthers bright 
lemon : capsules oblong, about 5 mm. long. 

In rich soil, Ontario to Florida, Michigan and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 


6. Sabbatia campéstris Nutt. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, more or less widely 
branched above: leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-4 em. long, apiculate or acute, 
broadest near the base and partly clasping : calyx deep green ; tube prominently ribbed ; 
lobes linear, or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, acute, with prominent marginal 
ribs : corolla lilac ; lobes oval or obovate, as long as the calyx-lobes or shorter: capsules 
wholly or mostly enclosed by the calyx-tube, 8-10 mm. long. 

On prairies, Missouri to Arkansas and Texas. Spring and summer. 

. 7. Sabbatia carndsa Small. Stems erect, often branched at the base ; branches ascend- 
ing, 1-3 dm. long, zigzag: leaf-blades oblong, spatulate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate in the 
inflorescence, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse, usually broadest about the middle, sessile, not clasping : 
calyx bright green; tube prominently-ribbed ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. 
ong, with prominent marginal nerves: corolla pink or lilac ; lobes cuneate or oblong- 
cuneate, 6-9 mm. long, usually surpassed by the calyx-lobes, inequilateral : capsules mostly 
included in the calyx-tube, about 8 mm. long. 

Insandy soil, Texas. Summer and fall. 


928 GENTIANACEAE 


8. Sabbatia calycina (Lam.) Heller. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, terete, with all or 
the upper branches opposite : leaf-blades thinnish, spatulate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
2-6 cm. long, apiculate or acutish or sometimes obtuse, narrowed into short margined 
petioles or sessile : calyx deep green; lobes foliaceous, linear or linear-oblanceolate, 1-2 
em. long, commonly surpassing the corolla : corolla rose or nearly white; lobes spatulate 
or oblong-spatulate, rarely surpassing the calyx-lobes: capsules subglobose or oval, 7-8 
mm. long. [S. calycosa Pursh. ] 

‘In sand on or near the coast, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


9. Sabbatia Ellicttii Stend. Stems erect, 2-7 dm. tall, more or less effusely branched : 
leaf-blades obovate to oblong or linear, 0.5-2 cm. long, acute or obtuse, sessile : calyx gla- 
brous ; lobes subulate, 4-5 mm. long, about twice or thrice as long as the tube: corolla 
white or cream-colored ; lobes spatulate to oblanceolate, 10-12 mm. long, fully twice as 
long as the calyx-lobes: capsules oblong or oval, 4-5 mm. long. 

In pine lands, Virginia to Florida. Summer and fall. 


10. Sabbatia stellàris Pursh. Stems erect, 2-4 dm. tall, more or less branched; 
branches mostly alternate : leaf-blades spatulate to narrowly elliptic or linear, 2-6 cm. long, 
acute, or obtuse at the base of the stem : calyx glabrous; lobes narrowly linear, 8-12 mm. 
long, acute, fully as long as the corolla-lobes: corolla pink or white ; lobes oblong or 
oblong-spatulate, rarely surpassing the calyx-lobes obtuse : capsules oblong, 5-6 mm. long. 

In brackish marshes, Maine to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


11. Sabbatia campanulàta (L.) Britton. Stems erect, often branched at the base ; 
branches alternate, ascending, 1-4 dm. long, sometimes zigzag : leaf-blades spatulate at the 
base of the stem, oblong-lanceolate to linear above, 1-3 cm. long, acute or acutish : calyx 
glabrous ; lobes linear-filiform, 8-12 mm. long : corolla deep rose or magenta with a yellow 
eye ; lobes oblong to oblong-spatulate, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes: capsules ob- 
long or oblong-obovoid, 6-8 mm. long. [S. gracilis Salisb. ] 


In swamps and meadows, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


12. Sabbatia grandifldra (A. Gray) Small. Stems 8-12 dm. tall, more or less 
branched above : leaf-blades linear-oblong at base of the stem to linear or linear-filiform 
above, 3-10 cm. long, acute, often erect: calyx glabrous; lobes narrowly linear to linear- 
filiform, 1.5-2 em. long: corolla pink to white, sometimes with delicate stripes ; lobes 
oval, elliptic or rhombic-obovate, somewhat longer than the calyx-lobes: capsules oblong 
a 9 or slightly narrowed at the base, 8-10 mm. long. [S. gracilis var. grandiflora A. 

ray. 


On sandy shores, Florida. Spring. 


13. Sabbatia dodecándra (L.) B.S.P.' Stems erect, 2-4 dm. tall, simple or 
sparingly branched above : leaf-blades linear-spatulate at the base of the stem to lanceolate 
or linear above, 2-4 cm. long, acute or the broader ones obtuse: calyx glabrous; lobes 
linear or linear-spatulate, 10-17 mm. long : corolla rose-purple to white, with a yellow eye ; 
UE or oblong-spatulate : capsules broadly oblong, 8-9 mm. long. [S. chloroides 

ursh. 


In pine lands, Massachusetts to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


14. Sabbatia Hárperi Small. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, simple or sparingly 
branched above, stoloniferous : leaf-blades thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, or spatu- 
late at the base of the stem, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, acute, broad at the base and partly clasping, 
mainly about as long as the internodes or longer : calyx glabrous ; lobes slightly broadens 
upward, about 3 as long as the corolla, flat or nearly so: corolla bright pink, or whitish, 
with a yellowish eye ; lobes spatulate or elliptic-spatulate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long : capsules oval, 
5-7.5 mm. long. 

In swamps or on pond margins, South Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


15. Sabbatia folidsa Fernald. Stems erect, 1-5 dm. tall, simple or sparingly 
branched, stoloniferous: leaf-blades thin, linear-oblong, to linear-lanceolate or irs 
linear, or spatulate at the base of the stem, 2-6.5 cm. long, more or less spreading, sess! ae 
mainly as long as the internodes or longer : calyx glabrous ; lobes linear, acute, as ae a 
the corolla or nearly so, flat : corolla rose-colored, with a yellowish eye ; lobes oblanceols 
to elliptic-spatulate, 1.2-2.5 cm. long: capsules oval, 5-7 mm. long. 

In low grounds, Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 


. 16. Sabbatia decándra (Walt.) Harper. Stems erect, 6-9 dm. tall, simple or spar 
ingly branched above : leaf-blades thick, spatulate at base of stem to narrowly linear a = 
3-10 cm. long, usually erect: calyx glabrous; lobes subulate, 7-12 mm. long, Tank 
strongly revolute: corolla deep rose to white, with a yellow eye; lobes 2.5-3 cm. j 


GENTIANACEAE 929 


spatulate or oblong-spatulate, twice or thrice as long as the calyx-lobes: capsules oval, 
about 1 cm. long. [/S. eMoroides var. stricta A. Gray. ] 
In pine-land swamps, Georgia to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


4. LAPITHEA Griseb. 


Annual or biennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite: blades 
narrow, sessile. Flowers solitary or few in congested terminal cymes. Calyx sessile, 
membranous: lobes mostly 7-10, narrow, unequal. Corolla red, purple or pink, rotate: 
lobes 7-10, spreading, narrow, contorted. Stamens 7-10, partially adnate to the corolla 
tube. Filaments short, but filiform. Anthers merely curved. Ovary 1-celled with in- 
truding placentae: styles wholly united: stigmas 2. Capsules little longer than broad, 
2-valved. Seeds numerous, reticulated. 

Stem-leaves with oblong or oblong-lanceolate blades : bracts oval or oblong. 1. L. Boykinii. 
Stem-leaves with narrowly linear blades: bracts linear. 2. L. gentianoides. 

l. Lapithea Boykínii (A. Gray) Small. Stems erect, 2-4 din. tall, simple or nearly 
so: leaf-blades broadly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, par- 
tially clasping: flowers solitary or clustered : braets oval or oblong: calyx glabrous; 
lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-9 mm. long: corolla pink or whitish ; lobes spatu- 
late or oblong-spatulate, 1.5-2 cm. long, longer than the calyx-lobes. [Sabbatia Boykinii 
A. Gray.] 

In swamps, Georgia and Alabama. Summer and fall. 

2. Lapithea gentianoides (Ell.) Griseb. Stems erect, 2-7 dm. tall, simple or nearly 
so: leaf-blades spatulate to oblong at the base of stem, 2-5 cm. long, the upper linear, 
3-10 cm. long, involute: flowers solitary or in terminal clusters: calyx glabrous; lobes 
lanceolate-subulate, 8-12 mm. long: corolla reddish, lilac or pink-purple ; lobes spatulate 
or oblong-spatulate, 2-2.5 em. long, much longer than the calyx-lobes. [Sabbatia gentia- 
noides Ell. ] 


About pine-barren ponds, Georgia to Florida. Summer. 


5. ANTHOPOGON Neck. 


Annual, biennial or rarely perennial herbs. Leaves opposite: blades entire, sessile. 
Flowers perfect, solitary at the end of the stem or its branches, the whorls mostly of 4 
parts each. Calyx relatively large: lobes unequal, keeled, the inner broader and markedly 
wider than the outer, scarious- or hyaline-margined. Corolla showy : tube campanulate- 
funnelform : lobes more or less spreading, erose or fimbriate, not accompanied by plaits in 
the sinuses. Stamens usually accompanied by a row of. glands at the base of the filaments. 
Ovary l-celled. Ovules numerous. Capsule stipitate. FRINGED GENTIAN. 

1. Anthopogon crinitum (Froel.) Raf. Annual. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, commonly 
branched : leaf-blades ovate to lancevlate, mainly 2-5 cm. long, sessile and partly clasping : 
calyx 2.5-3 cm. long, glabrous, the outer lobes lanceolate, acuminate, the inner much 
broader, scarious-margined : corolla deep sky-blue, 4-5 cm. long; lobes spreading, copi- 
ously fimbriate beyond the middle: capsule about 3 em. long. [Gentiana crinita Froel. 

In low grounds, Quebec to Minnesota, Georgia and Iowa. Late summer and fall. 


6. GENTIANELLA Moench. 


Annual, biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite : blades entire, mainly sessile. 
Flowers perfect, solitary or in open or contracted cymes, the whorls of 4 parts each or 
sometimes of 5 parts. Calyx relatively small: lobes imbricated, essentially equal, or the 
outer broader than the inner. Corolla funnelform or salverform : lobes entire or sparingly 
toothed, not accompanied by plaits in the sinuses, but often filamentose at the base. 
Ovary l-celled. Ovules numerous. Capsule mainly sessile. 

. Gentianella quinquefólia (L.) Small. Annual or biennial. Stems 1-11 dm. 
tall, more or less branched, 4-winged : leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, acute, 
sessile and partly clasping: flowers solitary or sometimes fully 360 on a single plant: 
calyx deep green, 6-9 mm. long; lobes linear, acute or acuminate, much longer than the 
tube : corolla blue or purplish blue, about 2 cm. long; lobes 5-7 mm. long, slenderly 
acuminate: capsule about 1.5 cm. long. [Gentiana quinquefolia L.] 


In moist soil or woods, Maine and Ontario to Michigan, Florida and Missouri. , Summer and fall.— 
The form with larger foliaceous calyx-lobes and a more funnelform corolla, is G. quinquefolia occidentalis 
(A. Gray) Small. [Gentiana quinqueftora var. occidentalis A. Gray.] 


59 


930 GENTIANACEAE 


7. DASYSTEPHANA Adans. 


Annual, biennial or mainly perennial herbs. Leaves opposite: blades entire or essen- 
tially so, but the margins often more or less ciliolate-scabrous or erose. Flowers perfect, 
commonly sessile and clustered, rarely solitary and pedicelled, the whorls mainly of 5 parts 
each. Calyx persistent: lobes minute or foliaceous, smooth and glabrous or ciliolate- 
scabrous. Corolla salverform, funnelform or clavate, with neither glands at the base of the 
tube nor filaments at the base of the lobes: lobes converging, erect or spreading, accom- 
panied by plaits in the sinuses. Stamens with converging or cohering anthers. Ovary 
l-celled. Ovules numerous, mainly over the whole ovary-cavity. Capsule stipitate. The 
plants flower in summer and fall. GENTIAN. 

Calyx-lobes ciliolate-scabrous. 

Corolla open funnelform : anthers separate, often converging. 1. D. puberula. 
Corolla campanulate-funnelform or clavate: anthers coherent into a ring or tube. 
Corolla-lobes larger than the plaits, surpassing them or equalling them in length. 
Corolla-lobes much longer than the plaits: stem pubescent. 
Calyx-tube glabrous. d 
Leaf-blades rounded or subcordate at the base: corolla-plaits with 2 
unequal fimbriate lobes. 
Leaf-blades narrowed at the base: corolla-lobes with 2 equal nearly 
entire lobes. 
Calyx-tube pubescent. 
Corolla-lobes about as long as the plaits : stem glabrous. 

Corolla-lobes minute or obsolete. 

Calyx-lobes smooth and glabrous or essentially so. X 
Flowers sessile, clustered : corolla-plaits entire or 1-2-toothed. D. villosa. . 
Flower solitary, pedicelled: corolla-plaits fimbriate. . D. Porphyrio. 

1. Dasystephana pubérula (Michx.) Small. Stems 2-4.5 dm. tall, finely pubescent 
or rather puberulent : leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-4 cm. long, slightly 
revolute, sessile: calyx about 2 cm. long ; lobes linear to narrowly linear-lanceolate, about 
as long as the tube: corolla rose-purple, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, campanulate-funnelform ; lobes 
ovate, 9-12 mm. long, spreading, much larger than the cleft and laciniate plaits : capsule- 
body about 2 cm. long: seeds oblong, conspicuously winged. [Gentiana puberula Michx. ] 

In dry or stony soil, Ohio to the Northwest Territory, Georgia and Kansas. 


2. Dasystephana parvifdlia (Chapm.) Small. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, finely pubescent : 
leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-4.5 cm. long, rounded or subcordate at 
the base : calyx 2.5-3 cm. long ; lobes erect, linear-elliptic to almost linear, much longer than 
the glabrous tube : corolla rose-purple, 4-5 em. long, funnelform ; lobes ovate, much longer 
than the unequally cleft and fimbriate plaits: capsule-body about 2.5 cm. long : seeds con- 
spicuously winged. [Gentiana Elliothi Chapm., not Raf. G. Elliottii var. parvifolia Chapm.] 

On river banks and in ditches, Virginia to Florida. 


3. Dasystephana latifdlia (Chapm.) Small. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, finely jme 
leaf-blades oblong to broadly elliptic, or sometimes nearly linear, 2-8 cm. long, more = ess 
narrowed at the base: calyx 1.5-2.5 cm. long ; lobes spreading, linear to linear-lanceolate, 
about as long as the glabrous tube or sometimes slightly shorter or longer: corolla Wer 
purple, 4-5 cm. long, funnelform ; lobes ovate, relatively narrower and more seu i n : 
those of D. parvifolia, much longer than the nearly equally cleft and almost entire plat Zs 
capsule-body nearly 2.5 cm. long: seeds conspicuously winged. [Gentiana Elliottii var. 
latifolia Chapm. ] 

In moist soil, especially on river banks, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. f 

4. Dasystephana décora (Pollard) Small. Similar to G. latifolia in habit : -— : 
blades thinner and more decidedly acuminate : calyx less than 1.5 em. long ; lobes M 
ing, subulate to linear-subulate, shorter than the pubescent tube : corolla purple, 2. p6s ds 
long ; lobes ovate, much longer than the cleft plaits: capsule-body about 2 cm. long: 
winged. [Gentiana decora Pollard. } 

In moist soil, in mountain woods, Virginia to Georgia. blades 

5. Dasystephana Saponaria ( L.) Small. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, glabrous : ek HD "s 
lanceolate to oblong or elliptic, 2.5-7.5 em. long: calyx 1.5-2 cm. long ; lobes spa en is 
linear-spatulate, mainly slightly shorter than the glabrous tube : corolla blue or R e 
blue, 3.5-4 em. long ; lobes broad, scarcely, if at all, longer than the broad cleft an ios 
toothed plaits: capsule-body fully 1.5 em. long: seeds winged. [Gentiana Sapona 

In swamps and moist soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Jub 

6. Dasystephana Andréwsii (Griseb.) Small. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, seater 2 
blades lanceolate varying to linear-lanceolate or more often ovate-lanceolate, Tio odd 
em. long, acute or acuminate: calyx 1 cm. or barely 1.5 cm. long; lobes emph 


. D. parvifolia, 


D. latifolia. 
D. decora. 

. D. Saponaria. 
. D. Andrewsii. 


Cy PAV m 


GENTIANACEAE 931 


or ovate, acute, shorter than the tube: corolla blue, or purplish or rarely white, 2.5-3.5 
cm. long, stout-clavate ; lobes minute or obsolete, shorter than the broad fimbriate-toothed 
pale or white plaits : capsule-body 2-2.5 cm. long: seeds conspicuously winged. [Gen- 
tiana Andrewsii Griseb. ] 

In moist soil or thickets, Quebec to the Northwest Territory, Georgia and Missouri. 

7. Dasystephana villòsa (L.) Small. Stem 1-6 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf-blades spat- 
ulate to obovate, oblong or oval, 2-8 cm. long, those on the lower part on the stem often 
much smaller than those on the upper : flowers clustered, sessile: calyx 3-5 cm. long ; lobes 
linear to linear-spatulate, much longer than the thin glabrous tube, sometimes surpassing 
the corolla, smooth-edged: corolla greenish white or purplish green, 4-5.5 cm. long, 
funnelform ; lobes ovate or triangular-ovate, erect, much longer than the oblique entire or 
sparingly toothed appendages : capsule-body 2.5-3 cm. long, longer than the stipe: seeds 
wingless. [Gentiana villosa L. G. ochroleuca Froel. ] 

In shaded places, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana. 

8. Dasystephana Porphyrio (J. F. Gmel.) Small. Stems 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, glabrous : 
leaf-blades linear-spatulate to linear, 2-6.5 cm. long: flowers solitary, pedicelled : calyx 
2.5-3 cm. long; lobes narrowly linear, longer than the tube: corolla deep or brilliant 
azure-blue, or rarely nearly white, 4—5.5 cm. long, funnelform ; lobes ovate, much longer 
than the broad fimbriate plaits: capsule-body about 1.5 cm. long, shorter than the stipe : 
seeds wingless. [Gentiana Porphyrio J. F. Gmel. G. angustifolia Michx.] 


In moist pine lands, New Jersey to Florida. 


8. PRASERA Walt. 


Biennial or perennial herbs, with hollow stems and glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite 
or whorled: blades entire, thickish. Flowers in terminal panicled cymes. Calyx pedi- 
celled: tube short: lobes4, narrow. Corolla whitish, yellowish or blue, rotate : tube short : 
lobes 4, convolute, each furnished with 1 or 2 fringed glands on the inner side. Stamens 
4, adnate to the throat of the corolla-tube : filaments distinct or united at the base : anthers 
versatile. Ovary l-celled : stigma nearly entire, or 2-lobed. Capsule leathery, somewhat 
flattened, 2-valved. Seeds flattened, margined or winged. AMERICAN COLUMBO. 

1. Frasera Carolinénsis Walt. Stems erect, 1-2.5 m. tall, stout: leaves usugally in 
whorls of 4; blades spatulate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, acute or 
acuminate, the lower narrowed into winged petiole-like bases, the upper sessile : pedicels 
becoming 3-6 cm. long: calyx glabrous ; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 
acuminate: corolla ochroleucous, dotted with purple, 2.5-3 cm. broad ; lobes broadly 
oblong or oval, each with a fringed gland just below the middle: capsules ovoid, 2 cm. 
long, acute : seeds 7-S mm. long, granular. 

In woods, Ontario to Michigan, Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


9. TETRAGONANTHUS J. F. Gmel. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrousfoliage. Leaves opposite: blades 
entire, leathery. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes or panicles. Calyx pedicelled : 
tube short: lobes 4, longer than the tube. Corolla white, yellow, blue or purple: tube 
short : lobes 4, each produced into a spur at the base ; this glandular within at the apex. 
Stamens 4, adnate on the lower part of the corolla-tube : filaments filiform or dilated at the 
base: anthers versatile. Ovary 1-celled, with more or less intruded placentae: style stout 
or wanting: stigma 2-lobed. Ovules numerous. Capsule ovoid to oblong, 2-valved. 
Seeds often slightly flattened. Testa smooth. [Halenia Borck.] SPURRED GENTIAN. 

1. Tetragonanthus defléxus (J. E. Smith) Kuntze. Stems simple or sparingly 
branched, 1-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades often spatulate and petioled at the ae of the stem, 
ovate to oblong or lanceolate above, 2-6 cm. long, or shorter above, obtuse or acute, 3-5- 
nerved, entire, sessile: calyx glabrous ; lobes narrow, constricted below the middle, acute : 
corolla white or purplish, 6-8 mm. broad : lobes ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute ; spurs 
3 or } as long as the corolla, deflexed : capsules 10-14 mm. long, conic-oblgng, acute. 

In woods and thickets, Labrador to South Dakota, south to New York, Michigan and the Indian 
Territory. Summer. 


10. BARTÓNIA Muhl. 


Annual or biennial slender caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves reduced to 
scales; these opposite or sometimes alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, or 


932 MENYANTHACEAE 


sometimes solitary. Calyx-lobes 4, keeled. Corolla white or yellowish: lobes 4, imbri- 
cated. Stamens 4, included: filaments adnate to the sinuses of the corolla. Ovary 
1-celled, with 4 intruded placentae : style very short or wanting: stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 
numerous. Capsule longer than thick, 2-valved. Seeds minute. 


Corolla 6 mm. long or more ; lobes spatulate to obovate-spatulate. 1. B. verna. 
Corolla 5 mm. long or less ; lobes lanceolate to oblong. 
Corolla-lobes oblong, more or less erose, abruptly pointed. 2. B. Virginica. 
Corolla-lobes lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate. 3. B. lanceolata. 


1. Bartonia vérna (Michx.) Muhl. Stems 0.5-3 dm. tall, simple or sparingly 
branched above: leaves (scales) few, opposite, 1-2 mm. long: calyx lobes linear-lanceo- 
late, about 3 mm. long, acute : corolla white, fully 1 em. broad ; lobes spatulate to obovate- 
spatulate, 7-10-mm. long: capsules oblong or ovoid-oblong, 5-6 cm. long. 

In wet pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Late winter and spring. 

2. Bartonia Virgínica (L.) B. S. P. Stem 1-4 dm. tall, simple or commonly 
branched, the pedicels or branches erect or appressed : leaves opposite or commonly alter- 
nate in the case of depauperate plants, often approximate near the base of the stem : calyx- 
lobes subulate or lanceolate-subulate, 2-3 mm. long: eorolla 3-5 mm. broad, yellowish 
white ; lobes oblong, erose near the apex, abruptly pointed : capsules 3-5 mm. long. 

In open woods or swamps, Newfoundland to Michigan, Florida and Louisiana, Summer. 

3. Bartonia lanceolàta Small. Stem 2-6 dm. tall, simple, or typically paniculately 
branched, the pedicels or branches lax or spreading : leaves opposite or alternate : calyx- 
lobes subulate or lanceolate-subulate, 2-3 mm. long: corolla commonly about as large as 
that of B. Virginica; lobes lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate: capsules 4-5 mm. long. 

In moist soil or wet pine lands, New York to Florida and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 


11. OBOLARIA L. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with fleshy tissues and glabrous foliage. Leaves reduced 
to scales, typically opposite. Flowers in short spikes, few, subtended by thick bracts. 
Calyx-lobes 2, spatulate. Corolla white or purplish : lobes 4, about as long as the tube, 
toothed. Stamens 4, included: filaments adnate to the sinuses of the corolla. Ovary 
1-celled, with 4 placentae: style slender: stigmas 2. Ovules numerous. Capsule 2-valved 
or opening irregularly. Seeds minute. PENNYWORT. 

1. Obolaria Virginica L. Foliage purplish green. Stems 0.5-2 dm. tall, simple or 
branched : leaves various, the lower ones reduced to small scales, the upper cuneate or 
cuneate-obovate, 5-10 mm. long, obtuse: calyx sessile or nearly so ; lobes 2, nearly oblong 
or oblong-spatulate, shorter than the corolla: corolla white or pinkish, 7-10 mm. long ; 
lobes slightly shorter than the tube, acute, toothed near the apex: capsules oblong or 
oval-oblong, 5-6 mm. long. 

In woods and thickets, New Jersey to Illinois, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


12. VOYRIA Aubl. 

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, growing in humus, often with colorless foliage. 
Leaves reduced to scales, opposite, or alternate on the lower part of the simple or sparingly 
branched stem. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx pale: lobes 4 or 5. Corolla white, 
yellow or golden or rarely pink or blue, salverform: lobes 4-5, spreading, contorted. 
Stamens 4-5, included, partially adnate to the corolla-tube: anthers opening introrsely : 
Ovary 1-celled, with entire or 2-parted placentae: style single: stigma dilated. Capsule 
longer than thick, 2-valved. Seeds wrinkled or reticulated. 

1. Voyria Mexicana Griseb. Foliage colorless, glabrous. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, often 
mainly subterranean, simple or sparingly branched above, rather slender: leaves (scales 
opposite, 3-5 mm. long, usually few: calyx slightly fleshy ; lobes lanceolate or enu 
lanceolate, acute: corolla white or pink, 6-8 mm. long; lobes triangular, acute, 1-1. 
mm. long: capsules 5-6 mm. long. 

Insandy woods, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies and Mexico. 


FAMILY 3. MENYANTHACEAE G. Don. BUCKBEAN FAMILY. 
Perennial aquatic or bog herbs, with horizontalrootstocks. Leaves altera 
often all basal: blades simple or 3-foliolate. Flowers perfect, solitary OT lla 
terminal clusters or racemes. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals. Coro 


APOCYNACEAE 933 


white or colored, rotate or funnelform ; lobes induplicate-valvate. Androecium 
of5stamens. Filaments adnate to the corolla-tube. Anthers versatile. Pollen- 
grains 3-angled. Gynoecium compound. Ovary 1-celled, with placentae at the 
sutures. Style entire, terminal. Stigmas terminal, of 2 blades, sometimes 
nearly sessile. Ovules few or many. Fruit a capsule, this indehiscent, irregu- 
larly opening or valvate. Seeds with a smooth or variously roughened testa. 


1. LIMNANTHEMUM J. F. Gmel. 

Aquatic herbs, with floating or creeping stems. Leaves often all basal : petioles elon- 
gated : blades always broad, leathery, or membranous when submerged, with a deep sinus, or 
peltate. Flowers solitary or clustered at the nodes, their pedicels sometimes accompanied 
by tubers. Calyx green: lobes 5, rather narrow. Corolla white or yellow, somewhat 
rotate : lobes 5, surpassing the sepals. Stamens 5: filaments very short, adnate to the base 
of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled. Capsules slightly longer than broad, indehiscent, or open- 
ing irregularly, Seeds with a smooth or tuberculate testa. FLOATING HEART. 
Leaf-blades relatively small: corolla about twice as long as the calyx: capsule slightly longer than the 


calyx : seeds smooth. 1. L. lacunosum. 
Leaf-blades relatively large: corolla about thrice as long as the calyx: capsule about 
twice as long as the calyx: seeds tuberculate. 2. L. aquaticum. 


1. Limnanthemum lacundsum (Vent.) Griseb. Leaf-blades ovate to orbicular- 
ovate, 2-4 cm. long, undulate, sometimes pubescent beneath, deeply cordate : flower-clusters 
usually accompanied by a cluster of slender tubers: calyx usually glabrous, 3-4 mm. long : 
lobes linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate: corolla white, 6-9 mm. broad: capsules slightly 
longer than the calyx : seeds smooth. 

In shallow ponds, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

2. Limnanthemum aquáticum ( Walt.) Britton. Leaf-blades suborbicular to reni- 
form, 5-15 cm. in diameter, undulate or repand, cordate, reticulated and pitted on the lower 
discolored surface: flower-clusters commonly destitute of tubers: calyx 4-5 mm. long: 
lobes oblong to lanceolate : corolla white, 12-20 mm. broad : capsules twice as long as the 
calyx : seeds rough. [L. trachyspermum A. Gray. ] 

In ponds, Delaware and Maryland to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


Order 6. ASCLEPIADALES. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, commonly with a milky juice. Leaves alternate or 
opposite: blades entire. Inflorescence cymose, sometimes umbellate. Calyx of 
usually 5 partially united sepals. Corolla of usually 5 partially united petals, 
Androecium of 5 distinct or monadelphous stamens, partially adnate to the co- 
rolla in ASCLEPIADACEAE and accompanied by a 5-lobed crown. Pollen granu- 
lar or in waxy masses. Gynoecium of usually 2 carpels sometimes only united 
at the apex. Stigma terminal. Fruit a pair of follicles, or drupaceous. 


Styles united : stamens distinct: pollen loosely granular. Fam. 1. APOCYNACEAE. 
Styles distinct: stamens usually monadelphous: pollen united into waxy 
masses, or the grains in groups of 4. Fam. 2, ASCLEPIADACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. DoGBANE FAMILY. 


Perennial herbs, vines, shrubs or trees, mostly with a milky acrid juice. 
Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules: blades simple. Flowers perfect, 
regular. Calyx of 5 persistent sepals imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 par- 
tially united petals, the lobes convolute in the bud. Androecium of 5 stamens 
alternating with the corolla-lobes. Filaments partially adnate to the corolla- 
tube. Anthers 2-celled. Pollen-grains simple. Gynoecium of two distinct car- 
pels or 2 united carpels. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, or 
2-celled. Styles united. Stigmas simple. Ovules anatropous or amphitropous. 
Fruit usually of 2 follicles or drupes. Seed often appendaged. Endosperm 
fleshy. Embryo with straight cotyledons. 


Anthers unappendaged at the base, not connected with the stigma: corolla-lobes sinistrorsely convolute. 
it drupaceous: shrubs or trees. 
Corolla salverform, relatively smal! ; lobes equilateral, shorter than the bs E 
. VALLESIA. 


934 APOCYNACEAE 


Corolla funnelform, relatively large ; lobes inequilateral, longer than the 
` 2. THEVETIA. 
Fruit a pair of follicles: herbs sometimes partially shrubby. 
Flower without a disk : leaves alternate. 3. AMSONIA. 
Flower with a 2-lobed disk : leaves opposite. 
Anther with a foliaceous connective: carpels 6-8-ovuled : stigma gla- 


brous : corolla funnelform. : 4. VINCA. 
Anther with an inconspicuous connective: carpels several-ovuled : 
stigma pubescent: corolla salverform. 5. AMMOCALLIS. 


Anthers appendaged at the base, converging around the stigma and partially 
adherent to it: corolla-lobes mostly dextrorsely convolute. 
Shrubs or trees. 6. NERIUM. 
Herbs or vines. 
Corolla appendaged within: calyx-tube partially attached to the gynoe- 
cium by the thick disk: upright herbs. 7. APOCYNUM. 
Corolla unappendaged : calyx-tube wholly free: vines. 
Stigma appendaged with a reversed cup or 5 lobes. 
Corolla funnelform, the throat widened upward. 
Calyx-lobes relatively long and narrow: scale-like glands borne 


at the base of the calyx within. 8. URECHITES. 
Calyx-lobes relatively broad and short: scale-like glands wanting. 9. RHABDADENIA. 
Corolla salverform, the throat narrowed upward. 10. ECHITES. 
Stigma merely thickened. 11. TRACHELOSPERMUM. 


1. VALLESIA R. & P. 

Shrubs, with branching stems. Leaves alternate, relatively few : blades entire. Flow- 
ers in long-peduncled cymes becoming opposite the leaves. Calyx-lobes 5, relatively short. 
Corolla salverform : tube swollen into a short neck which is constricted at the mouth: lobes 
5, shorter than the tube, equilateral. Stamens adnate up to the throat of the corolla-tube : 
anthers cordate, unappendaged. Disk wanting. Carpels 2. Stigma clavate. Drupe 
mostly from 1 carpel, 1-2-seeded. Seeds clavate, naked. 

1. Vallesia glàbra Cav. Shrub several m. tall, the bark pale. Leaves remote; 
blades elliptic to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, 
fleshy-leathery, glabrous, short-petioled : cymes few-flowered : calyx-lobes triangular, less 
than 1 mm. long: corolla white: tube 5-6 mm. long: lobes spreading, 3-4 mm. long ; 
drupe narrow, 10-14 mm. long, rather dry. 

In thickets, Key West, Florida. Alsoin tropical America and Chile. 


2. THEVETIA L. 

Shrubs or trees, with stout branches. Leaves alternate, numerous: blades narrow, 
entire. Flowers solitary or few together. Calyx-lobes 5, relatively long. Corolla funnel- 
form : tube dilated into a throat not constricted at the mouth : lobes 5, longer than the tube, 
Inequilateral. Stamens adnate up to the bearded throat of the corolla: anthers unappen- 
daged. Disk lobed. Carpels 2. Stigma 2-pointed. Drupe from 2 carpels, broad, a4 
seeded. Seeds rather triangular, naked. 

1. Thevetia Thevétia (L.) Millsp. Branching shrub. Leaves approximate ; blades 
narrowly linear, 8-16 mm. long, lustrous above, slightly revolute, glabrous, sessile : calyx- 
lobes lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, acuminate : corolla saffron-colored ; tube 2-2.5 cm. er 
lobes ascending, 3-4 cm. long : drupe depressed, 3-4 cm. broad. [Thevetia neriifolia Juss. 

In dry soil, Key West, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


3. AMSONIA Walt. 

Herbs. Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers in terminal thyrsoid or cory mbose 
cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, acuminate. Corolla mainly salverform : tube slightly dilated up- 
ward, villous within: lobes narrow. Disk wanting. Stamens included: anthers unap- 
pendaged. Carpels 2, connected by the slender styles. Stigma appendaged by a reflexed 
membrane. Follicles 2 together, erect, several-seeded. Seeds unappendaged. 


A. Corolla or corolla-lobes pubescent without. dovici 
Leaf-blades densely white-tomentose beneath: follicles pubescent. 1. A. Lu — 
Leaf-blades glabrous beneath or rarely with scattered hairs: follicles glabrous. 

Leaf-blades relatively broad, oval to broadly oblong-lanceolate, not glaucous sonia. 
beneath at maturity, not callous-margined. 2. A. Am 

Leaf-blades relatively narrow, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, glaucous be- salicifolia 
neath at maturity and callous-margined. B d A 

B. Corolla glabrous without. igida. 
Leaf-blades elliptic, glaucous beneath. b enm 
Leaf-blades oblong, linear or linear-filiform, green beneath. 


APOCYNACEAE 935 


Longer calyx-lobes about 2 mm. long: corolla-tube 9-11 mm. long: stem and 

branches glabrous. 5. A. Texana. 
Longer calyx-lobes about 1 mm. long: corolla-tube 6-8 mm. long: stem and 

branches pubescent. 6. A. ciliata. 

1. Amsonia Ludoviciàna Vail. Stems 5-11 dm. tall, sparingly branched, pubescent, 
at least when young: leaves few; blades broadly elliptic to oval-elliptic, 6-9 cm. long, 
acute or acuminate at both ends, essentially glabrous above, densely white-tomentose 
beneath, the short petiole pubescent: calyx-lobes triangular or triangular-lanceolate, barely 
1 mm. long: corolla bluish ; tube 6-7 mm. long, pubescent about the base of the limb; 
lobes lanceolate, slightly shorter than the tube: follicles 8-10 cm. long, pubescent, at least 
the upper portion manifestly hairy. 

In moist or shaded grounds, southern Louisiana. Spring. 

2. Amsonia Amsónia (L.) Britton. Stems 6-13 dm. tall, more or less branched 
above, glabrous or sometimes with scattered hairs on the upper parts: leaves relatively 
few ; blades relatively broad, oval to broadly oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, dull 
above, green and sometimes thinly pubescent beneath, thin-margined and ciliolate at 
maturity : calyx-lobes triangular, barely 1 mm. long : corolla purplish blue; tube 6-8 mm. 
long, pubescent about the base of the limb ; lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, shorter than 
the tube: follicles 9-12 em. long, glabrous, green. 

On river banks or in moist woods, New Jersey to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

3. Amsonia salicifolia Pursh. Similar to the next preceding species in size and 
habit : leaves relatively few ; blades relatively narrow, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 7-16 
em. long, acuminate, more or less lustrous above, glaucous beneath, callous-margined, not 
ciliolate : corolla purplish blue; lobes as long as the tube or longer: follicles 8-12 cm. 
long, glabrous, glaucous. 

In low grounds or thickets, Missouri to Tennessee, Alabama and Texas. Spring and summer. 

4. Amsonia rígida Shuttlw. Stems 8-13 dm. tall, regularly branched above, glabrous, 
more or less glaucous: leaves very numerous; blades elliptic or rarely oblong-ovate, 
2.5-6 cm. long, acute at each end or slightly acuminate at the apex, glabrous, deep green 
above, glaucescent beneath, short-petioled : calyx-lobes triangular or triangular-lanceo- 
late, about 1 mm. long: corolla purple-blue ; tube 4-6 mm. long, glabrous; lobes lanceo- 
late or oblong-lanceolate, as long as the tube or longer: follicles 7-12 cm. long, glabrous. 

In moist pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 

5. Amsonia Texàna (A. Gray) Heller. Stems 1.5-7 dm. tall, often sparingly 
branched, glabrous: leaves numerous; blades oblong to narrowly elliptic or linear, con- 
spicuously narrower on the upper part of the plant, 2.5-6 cm. long, acute or blunt, often 
somewhat lustrous above, glabrous at least at maturity : calyx-lobes acuminate, the longer 
about 2 mm. long : corolla glabrous ; tube 9-11 mm. long ; lobes usually about as long as 
the tube : follicles 6-10 em. long, glabrous. 

In rocky soil, Texas. Spring and early summer. 

6. Amsonia ciliata Walt. Similar to the next preceding species in habit, but taller 
and more widely branched, the stem and branches pubescent: leaves numerous; blades 
linear, or filiform-linear on the upper part of the plant, broader below, pubescent or 
glabrous in age : calyx-lobes acute, the larger about 1 mm. long: corolla glabrous ; tube 
6-8 mm. long, as long as the tube or slightly shorter : follicles 8-16 cm. long, glabrous. 

Indry soil or pine lands, North Carolina and Arkansas to Floridaand Texas. Spring and summer. 


4. VÍNCA L. 

Perennial herbs, with creeping or trailing stems. Leaves opposite : blades thickish, 
entire. Flowers mostly solitary in the axils. Calyx-lobes 5, acuminate. Corolla funnel- 
form : tube terete, pubescent within: lobes broad, oblique. Stamens included : anther 
with a foliaceous connective. Disk of 2 glands alternating with the carpels. Carpels 2, 
united by the slender styles. Stigma glabrous. Ovules 6-8 in each carpel. Follicles 2 
together, few-seeded. Seeds slightly elongated, truncate at each end. PERIWINKLE. 


1. Vinca minor L. Stems 2-7 dm. long, branched: leaf-blades thick, ovate to 
oblong, 1.5-4 cm. long, blunt, lustrous on both sides but paler beneath, short-petioled : 
calyx-lobes lanceolate or subulate-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long, glabrous: corolla blue; 
tube funnelform, about 1 cm. long ; lobes as long as the tube or nearly so, almost truncate. 

On roadsides and about gardens, Ontario to Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Spring and summer. 


5. AMMOCÁLLIS Small. 
Shrubby plants, with erect stems, Leaves opposite: blades flat, entire. Flowers 
axillary, often 2 together. Calyx-lobes 5, slender. Corolla salverform: tube narrow, 


936 APOCYNACEAE 


somewhat swollen near the top: lobes broad, spreading. Stamens included: anther 
with an inconspicuous connective. Disk of 2 glands alternating with the carpels. Carpels 
2, united by the styles. Stigma pubescent. Ovules several. Follicles 2 together, several- 
seeded. Seeds unappendaged. 

1. Ammocallis rosea (L.) Small. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, usually somewhat branched, 
pubescent, woody, at least below: leaf-blades rather fleshy, oblong or slightly narrower 
below the middle, 4-8 cm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex and mucronulate, pubescent, 
short-petioled : calyx-lobes linear-subulate, 3—4 mm. long, pubescent: corolla-tube 2.5-3 
em. long, finely pubescent, with a protruding pit behind each anther; limb white or pink 
or white with a pink eye, the lobes 1.5-2.5 cm. long, oblique: follicles cylindric, 2-3 
cm. long, pubescent. [ Vinca rosea L.] 

In sandy soil, Florida. Also in the tropics generally. 


6. NERIUM L. 


Shrubs or trees, with stout branches. Leaves opposite, numerous: blades leathery, 
entire. Flowers in terminal compound cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow. Corolla rather 
salverform : tube dilated into a narrowly campanulate throat: lobes spreading, about as 
long as the throat. Stamens adnate to the corolla-tube : anthers appendaged at the base. 
Carpels 2. Stigma surrounded by the anthers. Follicles narrow. OLEANDER. 

1. Nerium Oleander L. A shrub, or a tree becoming 10 m. tall, with smooth 
branches. Leaf-blades narrowly elliptic or linear-elliptic, 6-15 cm. long, acute or acumi- 
nate at both ends, conspicuously many-nerved : calyx-lobes lanceolate, 4.5-6 mm. long, 
acuminate, puberulent : corolla showy, rose-purple; limb 3-4.5 cm. broad, the lobes 
obliquely apiculate : follicles erect or nearly so, 1-2 dm. long. 

In fields and on roadsides, Gulf States and adjacent territory. Naturalized from the Old World. 


7. APOCYNUM I. 


Herbs, with upright more or less branched stems. Leaves opposite: blades entire. 
Flowers small, in corymbed cymes. Sepals 5, acute. Corolla white or pink, campanulate : 
tube terete or angled, with 5 small appendages alternating with the stamens : lobes 5. 
Stamens adnate to the base of the corolla-tube : anthers sagittate, converging about the 
stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk 5-lobed. Carpels 2, united only by the slender 
styles. Stigma ovoid or sometimes 2-lobed. Ovulesseveral in each carpel. Follicles 2 to- 
gether, terete. Seeds numerous, each tipped with along coma. DoGBANE. INDIAN HEMP. 
Corolla pink, 5-7 mm. long: lobes revolute. 1. A. androsaemifolium. 
Corolla greenish white, 3-3.5 mm. long: lobes erect or nearly so. 2. A. cannabinum. 

1. Apocynum androsaemifdlium L. Stems 3-15 dm. tall, like the widely-spread- 
ing branches, mostly glabrous : leaf-blades ovate, oblong or oval, 4-11 em. long, deep green 
and glabrous above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath, short-petioled : cymes rather 
lax : calyx-lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long: corolla pink, 5-7 mm. long ; 
lobes revolute : follicles 10-17 cm. long. 

In thickets and woodlands, Anticosti to British Columbia, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 

2. Apocynum cannábinum L. Stems 8-18 dm. tall, the branches erect or ascend- 
ing, glabrous at maturity : leaf-blades oblong to ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 
em. long, glabrous, or slightly pubescent beneath, short-petioled : cymes rather dense: 
calyx-lobes lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long: corolla greenish white, 3-3.5 mm. long; lobes 
erect or nearly so: follicles 12-20 em. long. 

In fields and thickets, Anticosti to British Columbia, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


8. URECHITES Muell. Arg. 
Twining vines, with somewhat woody stems. Leaves opposite: blades flat, entire. 
Flowers in cymes terminating axillary or terminal peduncles. Calyx-lobes 5, relatively 
long and narrow. Corolla relatively large, funnelform, the tube abruptly dilated into à 
campanulate throat. Carpels 2. Follicles 2, spreading at maturity, usually very long. 


Leaf-blades glabrous: peduncles and pedicels glabrous or a prr dod puberulent. 1. U. Andrevsii. 
M ey soft-pubescent beneath: peduncles and pedicels more or less pu- 

ent. 
, 1. Urechites Andréwsii (Chapm.) Small. Stems 3-30 dm. long, reclining da dnt 
ing, glabrous : leaf-blades leathery, oval to ovate or suborbicular, 2.5-5 em. long, 8ta ms 
paler beneath than above, short-petioled : cymes 3-5-flowered : calyx-lobes lanceo'6 


2. U. neriandra. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 937 


8-11 mm. long, acuminate: corolla yellow ; the campanulate throat over 2 cm. long : an- 
thers with a linear-filiform appendage at the apex : follicles incurved, 12-15 cm. long: 
seeds with the lower part of the beak naked. [Kchites Andrewsii Chapm. ] 

In sandy or rich thickets, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys 

2. Urechites neriándra (Griseb.) Small. Similar to U. Andrewsii, but more pubes- 
cent, sometimes hirsute: leaf-blades relatively narrower, often oblong: corolla yellow, 
the cylindric throat often less than 2 cm. long, more hairy, much longer than the limb. 

In thickets, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. 


9. RHABDADENIA Muell. Arg. 


Vines, similar to Urechites in habit. Calyx lacking the scale-like glands at the base 
within, or these obsolete: lobes relatively broad and short. Corolla-tube usually gradually 
dilated into the funnelform throat. Carpels and follicles as in Urechites. 


Corolla yellow, less than 3 em. long ; limb 1 as long as the throat : calyx-lobes acuminate. 
l. R. Sagraei. 


Corolla white, over 4 em. long; limb about as long as the throat: calyx-lobes acute. 2. R. biflora. 


1. Rhabdadenia Ságraei (A. DC.) Muell. Arg. Similar to R. biflora in habit, but 
smaller. Leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 cm. long, revolute: cymes several-flowered : peduncles 
longer than the leaves : calyx-lobes subulate above an ovate base : corolla yellow, the throat 
1-1.5 em. long ; lobes about 3 as long as the throat: follicles slender, 8-12 cm. long: 
seed with the beak plumose to the base. . [ Echites Sagraei A. DC.] 

In sandy thickets, Pine Key. Florida. Also in the West Indies. 

2. Rhabdadenia biflóra (Jacq.) Muell. Arg. Stems greatly elongated, often very 
woody, branched, twining or floating : leaf-blades leathery, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 
4-9 em. long, apiculate, glabrous, short-petioled : cymes 1—3-flowered : calyx-lobes oblong 
or nearly so, 5-6 mm. long, merely acute : corolla white, the throat campanulate ; lobes 
about as long as the throat: follicles slender, 12-15 cm. long. [Echites paludosa A. DC.] 

On muddy shores, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Alsoin the West Indies. 


10. ECHITES P. Br. 

Twining vines, with somewhat woody stems. Leaves opposite: blades flat, entire. 
Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla relatively large, salver- 
form, the tube cylindrie, but abruptly somewhat swollen. Stamens included : anthers 
appendaged at the base. Carpels2. Ovules numerous. Follicles 2, spreading at maturity. 

1. Echites umbellàta Jacq. Stems widely twining: leaf-blades leathery, ovate to 
oval, 4-9 cm. long, short-pointed, truncate or cordate at the base, more or less involutely 
folded and recurved : cymes several-flowered : calyx-lobes triangular, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: 
corolla white or greenish white ; tube 5-6 cm. long, swollen about the middle ; lobes 1.5- 
2.5 em. long, rounded: follicles 15-20 em. long. 

In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. 


11. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire. 

Vines, with woody stems or sometimes nearly erect shrubs. Leaves opposite : blades 
entire. Flowers relatively small, in compound cymes. Sepals narrow, glandular within. 
Corolla funnelform or salverform : tube slightly dilated above: lobes 5. Stamens mainly 
included: anthers sagittate, converging about the stigma. Disk 5-lobed. Carpels 2, 
united by the somewhat thickened styles. Stigmas ovoid or globular. Ovules numerous. 
Follicles 2 together, much elongated. Seeds many, each tipped with a long coma. 

l. Trachelospermum diffórme ( Walt.) A. Gray. Stems 3-5 m. long, twining, more 
or less pubescent when young : leaf-blades ovate or oval to elliptic or lanceolate, rather 
thin, 3.5-9 cm. long, acuminate, sometimes abruptly so, paler beneath than above, short- 
petioled ; cymes several-flowered : calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, 3-3.5 cm. long : corolla 
greenish ; tube 5-6 mm. long with a prominently swollen throat ; lobes ovate, shorter than 
the tube : follicles slender, 15-22 cm. long. 


In low grounds and on river banks, Delaware to Florida, Texas and Mexico, most!y near the coast. 
Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 2. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl: MiLKWEED FAMILY. 


Perennial herbs, vine or shrubs, mostly with milky juice. Leaves alternate, 


Opposite or whorled, exstipulate. Flowers perfect, regular, mostly umbellately 
S TP ER E aE ee RURAL PORE 


! Contributed by Miss Anna Murray Vail. 


938 ASCLEPIADACEAE 


disposed. Calyx inferior: tube very short or none: sepals imbricated or separate 
in the bud. Corolla campanulate, urceolate, rotate or funnelform, 5-lobed : 
lobes commonly reflexed. A 5-lobed crown (corona) is borne between the corolla 
and the stamens, and adnate to the one or the other, or to both. Stamens 
5, adnate to the corolla, usually near its base. Filaments mostly monadel- 
phous, or distinct. Anthers attached at the base, introrse, 2-celled, converging 
around the stigma, sometimes united to each other : sacs tipped with an inflexed 
or erect scarious membrane, or unappendaged at the top, sometimes appendaged 
at the base. Pollen coherent into waxy or granular masses, one or rarely 2 such 
masses in each sac, connected with the stigma in pairs or fours by 5 glandular 
corpuscles alternate with the anthers. Disk none. Gynoecium of 2 carpels. 
Styles 2, connected at the summit by the peltate-discoid stigma. Ovules numer- 
ous in each cavity, mostly anatropous, pendulous. Fruit of 2 several-many- 
seeded follicles. Seeds compressed, usually appendaged by a long coma. Endo- 
sperm cartilaginous. Embryo nearly as long as the seed : cotyledons flat. 


Pollen granular, the grains grouped in 4’s: caudicles spoon-shaped, without a bid "h 
. PERIPLOCA. 
Pollen united in 2 waxy masses (pollinia): caudicles united by a corpuscle. 
Pollinia pendulous. 
Crown double, the outer a shallow ring, the inner consisting of 5 fleshy hood- 


like scales. 2. PHILIBERTELLA. 
Crown single. 
Erect, ascending or procumbent herbs. 
Corolla oblong-campanulate : lobes erect. 3. PODOSTIGMA. 


Corolla rotate. the lobes spreading or refiexed in anthesis. 
Corolla-lobes refiexed during anthesis. 
Anther-wings corneous. 
oods of the crown involute-concave, entire or auricled below 
the middle, crestless within, or in Acerates angustifolia 
with an obscure crest-like midrib. 4. ACERATES. 
Hoods of the crown erect, involute or complicate, each with 
an acute horn-like process within. 
Anther-wings membranous or papery: hoods of the crown ob- 
long-clavate, ascending and incurved over the anthers, with 
a narrow, lamelliform, pointless crest within. 6. ANANTHERIX. 
Corolla-lobes erect-spreading during anthesis: hoods of the crown 
pendulous or saccate at the base, curved upwards, obtuse, 


. ASCLEPIAS. 


on 


ris crested within, at least in the upper part. 7. ASCLEPIODORA. 
Twining vines. 
Crown-lobes entire or more or less 3-lobed. 
Lateral margins of the crown-lobes not involute: leaf-blades rela- 
tively narrow and not cordate at the base. 8. METASTELMA. 


Lateral margin - inv : f-blades cordate 
ae tbe of the crown-lobes involute: leaf-blade 9. ROULINIELLA. 
Crown-lobes notched or 2-awned at the apex. 
Crown-lobes 2-awned at the apex: follicles stout, strongly and 


sharply angled. 10. GONOLOBUS. 
Crown-lobes merelyznotehed at the apex: follicles slender, essen- k 
e . tially terete. 11 SEU ETOXIUUM 
Pollinia horizontal or nearly so: stigma sharply 5-angled, depressed. 12. VINCETOXICUM. 


1. PERIPLOCA L. 
Woody twining plants. Leaves opposite: blades entire. Flowers in umbels. | Calyx 
5-lobed, glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, dextrorsely rotate, 
villous on the inner surface. Crown adnate to the base of the corolla, with 10 broad gi j 
slender elongated, entire or lobed scales or appendages. Filaments short, free, pie 
at the short appendiculate apex. Pollen granular, the grains aggregated into groups 6 
each. Follicles slender, glabrous, generally united at the apex. Seeds comose. 
1. Periploca Graàca L. Plant glabrous. Leaf-blades ovate-oblong, acute, Pal 
beneath than above : umbels cymose : peduncles shorter than the leaves : corolla- [o ^s 
brownish or greenish, each with a darker line down the middle and a whitish spot att 
base within: appendages of the crown slender, ligulate, 2-toothed at the apex. 


: : NE. 
Escaped, Massachusetts to Kansas and Florida. Nativeof Syría and the Grecian Islands. SILK VI 


2. PHILIBERTÉLLA Vail. We 
Twining perennial caulescent herbs, or partly shrubby plants. Leaves opposite: 


LJ x 
blades linear or cordate-hastate. Flowers in umbels, often fragrant and showy. ger 
small: lobes 5, acute. Corolla campanulate or rotate, a shallow entire or undulate aot 


forming an outer crown in its throat: lobes 5, longer than the tube. Inner or stami 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 939 


crown consisting of 5 turgid fleshy or hard scales, or flattish appendages, attached in a 
circle at the base of the sessile or slightly stalked gynostegium (column), forming a hollow 
entire or undulate spreading surface near the level of the conical stigmas. Follicles naked, 
slender. The plants flower mainly during the summer.  [ Philibertia B. & H., not H.B.K.] 
Gynostegium distinctly raised on a stalk or column : follicles fusiform, attenuate at en end. 
. P. crispa. 
Gynostegium sessile. 
Leaf-blades ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong: peduncles much longer than the 
leaves. 2. P. clausa. 


Leaf-blades cordate at the base, sagittate to almost hastate: peduncles as long as : 
the leaves or a little longer. 8. P. cynanchoides. 


1. Philibertella críspa (Benth.) Vail. Stems cinereous-puberulent, becoming gla- 
brous, pale gray-green, 1-10 dm. long or longer: leaves 4-8 cm. long; blades varying 
from linear-lanceolate and long-acuminate to linear or lanceolate, with a hastate or 
auricular-cordate base, the margins undulate-crisped or entire, usually puberulous, and the 
midvein conspicuously white above: peduncles longer than the petioles, 5-10-flowered : 
calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, puberulous: corolla 15 mm. long, broad, dull greenish 
purple; lobes oblong, obtuse, ciliolate, obscurely undulate, glabrous above, puberulous 
beneath: outer crown deep saucer-shaped : scales of the stamineal or inner crown truncate 
at the apex with a slightly protruding angled ridge midway between it and the base: fol- 
licles 6-13 cm. long, slender, somewhat puberulous: seeds about 7 mm. long, minutely 
tuberculate or granulose, margins slightly revolute when old: coma 3-3.5 cm. long. 

In dry soil, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 


2. Philibertella claüsa (Jacq.) Vail. Stems glabrous, or minutely pubescent at the 
nodes: leaves 3-8 em. long; blades ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate 
at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, glabrous or glabrate, usually leathery, 
commonly with a cluster of small bristle-shaped glands at the base of the midvein, which 
is sometimes pubescent beneath : peduncles twice as long as the leaves or more: flowers 
many : pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long, hirsute or minutely tomentose : calyx-lobes oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute, pubescent: corolla white, 1-1.8 cm. broad; lobes oblong, fimbriate-ciliate, 
pubescent beneath : outer crown shallow and appearing as if contiguous with the oblong- 
oval scales of the stamineal crown: follicles somewhat oblique, many-seeded, 4-7 cm. long, 
ovate-lanceolate, attenuate above, obtuse at the base, puberulous, becoming glabrate : seeds 
3 mm. long, ragged or erose along the apex, granulose on the outside, granulose and 
slightly pitted and with a prominent ridge or vein down the center on the inside: coma 
about 2.5 cm. long. 

In sandy soil, Indian River region and the Keys, Florida. Also in the West Indies. 

3. Philibertella cynanchoides (Decne.) Vail. Stems glabrous or nearly so : leaves 

cm. long; blades deeply cordate, sagittate or almost hastate, cuspidate or short- 
acuminate, with a few obscure elevated glands near the base of the midvein above, and 
rarely a few appressed hairs: peduncle about 3 em. long: flowers 15-25 in an umbel : pedi- 
cels very slender, puberulent, 1.5-2 cm. long : calyx-lobes ovate, acute, puberulent : corolla 
white or cream-colored, with a few faint traces of purple near the apex of each acute lobe 
ciliolate, minutely puberulent beneath : outer crown very shallow : scales of the stamineal 
crown broadly oval, obtuse or acutish, slightly flattened: follicles 3-7 cm. long, long- 
attenuate at the apex: seeds about 6 mm. long, the margin undulate at the apex by reason 
of the excrescent pitted tubercles, the outer surface somewhat tuberculate and pitted, the 
inner surface more prominently tuberculate and granulose : coma 3-3.5 cm. long. 

Along rivers, southern Utah to Texas, Arizona and Guatemala. 


3. PODOSTIGMA Ell. 


Perennial herbs, with erect stems. Leaves opposite. Peduncles terminal and axil- 
lary, umbellately several-flowered. Calyx-lobes longer than the tube, acute. Corolla 
with a 5-angulate base,-and 5 erect oblong obtuse or acutish lobes. Crown consisting of 5 
incurved pitcher-shaped bodies with involute ventral margins, remote from the anthers at 
the base of the long column ; the latter very slender, nearly as high as the corolla-lobes. 
Anther-wings widened toward the truncate salient base, accompanied by 5 small gland-like 
processes alternating with them. Stigma concave. Follicles linear-fusiform, naked. 

1. Podostigma pedicellàta ( Walt.) Vail. Foliage pubescent. Stems rarely branched 
above, 2-4 dm. high : leaf-blades linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, nearly sessile, 2-6 cm. 
long, often revolute, scabro-pubescent on both surfaces, often becoming glabrate in age: 
peduncles 2-4 or rarely 5, 5-12 mm. long, several-flowered : corolla 5-10 mm. long, yel- 


940 ASCLEPIADACEAE 


lowish or greenish yellow, fragrant: follicles very slender, 1-4 dm. long, 7 mm. wide, at- 
tenuate at each end, hairy: seeds 5 mm. long: coma 2-2.5 cm. long. [P. pubescens Ell. } 
1n sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. 


4. ACERATES Ell. 


Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite, alternate or scattered. Pedicels sub- 
tended by numerous involucral bracts. Flowers greenish or occasionally purplish tinged. 
Calyx small: lobes 5, acute, usually biglandulose at the sinus. Corolla rotate: lobes 5, 
small, reflexed in anthesis. Column very short, not always apparent, with commonly 
5-10 small glands or processes alternating with the anther-wings. Hoods mostly attached 
over the whole of the column, erect, equalling or shorter than the anthers, involute-con- 
cave, and somewhat pitcher-shaped, often pendulous and saccate at the base, entire, emar- 
ginate or 2-3-lobed or toothed at the apex, the ventral margins spreading towards the base 
into broad auricles or small infolded concealed lobes, either destitute of horns or crests or 
these rarely rudimentary. Anther-wings angulate near or somewhat below the middle, 
narrowed and rounded towards the base or rarely of the same width from the apex down- 
wards, entire or notched. Follicles as Asclepias. GREEN MILKWEED. 


Auricles of the hood, when present, concealed within. 


Hoods rounded, entire at the summit, much shorter than the anthers. vA: Floridana. 
Hoods entire, rounded or acutish at the summit, as high as the anthers. 2. A. viridiflora. 
Auricles of the hood conspicuously spreading. ] 
s emarginate or truncate at the summit, crestless within. _ 9. A. auriculata. 
Hoods 3-lobed at the summit, with an internal crest-like midrib, terminating in ATE 
the middle lobe. 4. A. angustifolia. 


1. Acerates Floridàna (Lam.) A. S. Hitchcock. Plant minutely scrabo-pubescent, 
becoming glabrate. Stems 3-8 dm. high or higher : leaf-blades linear to elongated linear- 
lanceolate, 7-16 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide: umbels 2 or 3-several, usually many-flowered : 
p ole 1-1.3 em. long: corolla-lobes oblong, about 3 mm. long, dull purple without : 

oods purplish, oval, obtuse, slightly pendulous at the base, adnate at the base to the 
upper part of the distinct column, rising to about the middle of the anthers : anther-wings 
angled at the middle : follicles erect on recurved fruiting pedicels, fusiform, 7-10 cm. long, 
minutely puberulent : seeds 7 mm. long: coma 3-4 em. long. [A. longifolia Ell. ] 

On prairies and in wet pine lands, Wisconsin and Ohio to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


2. Acerates viridifldra (Raf.) Eaton. Plant tomentose-puberulent, becoming gla- 
brate. Stems 2-6 dm. high, often procumbent : leaves opposite or some of them scattered ; 
blades short-petioled, 4-6 cm. long, oval or oblong, obtuse and retuse or acutish, usually 
mucronate, sometimes with undulate margins, becoming leathery : umbels globose, sessile 
or nearly so, 2-5 or more, lateral, densely many-flowered : pedicels about 1 em. long : 
corolla-lobes oblong-lanceolate, about 5 min. long : hoods inserted over the whole short 
column, dull purplish or at least tinged with purple, erect, nearly equalling the anm 
lanceolate-oblong, entire, except for a pair of Te infolded and concealed auricles at the 
base: accessory processes 5 : anther-wings salient above the middle, half-rhomboid, entire, 
or possibly obscurely notched, tapering towards the base: pollinia 2-5 mm. long, ation 
ated to the short caudicles: follicles 6-10 cm. long, erect on recurved pedicels, fusiform, 
attenuate, glabrous or minutely puberulent: seeds 7 mm. long: coma 2.5-3 cm. long. 

In dry ile soil, N orida, Texas, New Mexico 
and jan Wo NECI e Pont Se ig ne ie ae leaf-blades, Me 
anther-wings rather more abruptly tapering at the base, ranges from Illinois and Nebraska to bg oed 
Georgia and Louisiana. Another form, A. viridiflora linearis A. Gray, with low stems, elongated, bed 
leaf-blades, and often a solitary umbel, ranges from the Northwest Territory to Minnesota, Louis 
and New Mexico. : 

3. Acerates auriculàta Engelm. Plant glabrous, glaucous. Stems 2-8 dm. high, 
mostly solitary, sinuous above when old and rarely branched : leaves alternate-scatier. : 
sometimes crowded ; blades narrowly linear or filiform-linear, 5-14 cm. long, the ds 1 S 
margins not always revolute, becoming leathery and often twisted with age : petia uu 
long, slender : involucral bracts slender, minutely puberulent: umbels many -flower: due 
eral. 1 or 2, or sometimes 16 on the same stem : column very short : calyx-lobes me eid 

uberulent: corolla-lobes greenish, tinged with dull purple on the outside, about zio 
ong: hoods yellowish, with often a urplish keel, erect, crenately truncate or — hae 
at the apex, the involute sides spreading at the base into broad, obscurely cre Ti in- 
anther-wings narrow and of equal width, entire or notehed and twisted at the mk ie: 
curved over the anthers at the summit, the intermediate spaces marked by a vertica 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 941 


purple line : follicles erect on reflexed fruiting pedicels, about 8 cm. long, obliquely fusiform, 
glabrous: seeds 6 mm. long, very thin: coma 2 cm. long. 
In rocky ground and on prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to New Mexico and Texas. Summer. 


4. Acerates angustifolia (Nutt.) Decne. Plants nearly glabrous in age. Stems 
mostly several from the same tuberous rootstock, straight, 3-6 dm. high, clothed with a 
minute, mostly retrorse puberulence, becoming glabrate below : leaves alternate, scattered 
or some of the lower ones opposite ; blades sessile, narrowly linear, 5-12 cm. long or longer, 
glabrous, the revolute margins and thick midrib scabrous beneath: umbels small, 10-15- 
flowered, lateral, 7-13, or more, on the same stem: pedicels 7-10 mm. long, minutely pu- 
bescent with spreading or retrorse hairs : corolla-lobes 5 mm. long, oblong, greenish : hoods 
white, attached over the whole of the short column, erect, as high as the short anthers, later- 
ally compressed, 3-dentate at the apex, the acute central tooth merely a prolongation of the 
thickened crest-like midrib and much shorter than the erect obtuse lateral ones, each inner 
margin spreading into an erosely truncate lobe which usually overlaps that of thenext hood 
and terminates in an interior ring of five 2-lobed minute processes or appendages between 
the anthers: anther-wings salient and conspicuously auriculately notched slightly below the 
middle, narrowed at the base : follicles slender-fusiform, straight, erect on erect fruiting pedi- 
cels, about 8 cm. long, minutely pubescent : seeds about 5 mm. long, thin : coma 3 cm. long. 

On dry sandy prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. Summer and fall. 


5. ASCLEPIAS L. 


Herbs from deep perennial roots, sometimes woody at the base. Stems solitary or 
clustered, erect or decumbent, simple or branched. Leaves opposite, alternate or whorled. 
Inflorescence umbelliform, terminal or axillary, from few- to many-flowered. Calyx small, 
with commonly few to many minute glands at the base of the lobes. Corolla rotate, deeply 
5-parted : lobes dextrorsely valvate-convolute in bud, reflexed in anthesis. Hoods of the 
crown involute, complicate, arising from the base of the corolla-lobes or raised on a column 
which is shorter than the anthers, erect, concave-cucullate, bearing an acute or rarely ob- 
tuse horn or tooth-like process projecting from the base or summit within, and sometimes 
with minute accessory processes alternating between the anthers. Anther-wings corneous, 
commonly widening toward the salient usually triangular base, which is truncate, semi- 
hastate, not rarely rounded, entire or auriculate-notched, sometimes salient at the middle. 
Stigma 5-angular, flat-topped. Caudicles very slender. Follicles naked, or in few species 
warty or echinate with soft processes. Coma of the seed mostly present. MILKWEED. 


A. Hoods sessile, broader or at least not attenuate and stalked at base: horn variously inserted, con- 
spicuous and usually exserted : anther-wings broadest and salient at base. 
Follicles erect on deflexed fruiting pedicels. 
Hoods oblong or dorsally hastate-lanceolate, acute. 
Corolla and hoods orange-yellow. 
Hoods linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, the interior folds meeting the margins near the 
apex: calyx-lobes barely 14 as long as the corolla-lobes. 


Leaf-blades oblong, obtuse : follicles slender-fusiform. 1. A. decumbens. 
Leaf-blades lanceolate-oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute or rarely 
obtuse: follicles fusiform. 2. A. tuberosa. 
Hoods broadly oblong, the interior folds vanishing remote from the 
apex: calyx-lobes nearly 14 as long as the corolla-lobes. 2a. A. Rolfsii. 
Corolla and hoods white or yellowish green: anther-wings angled above 
the base. 3. A. Curtissii. 


Hoods not conspicuously hastate-lanceolate on the back. : 
a. Leaf-blades large and broad; primary veins transversely spreading 
(except in A. exaltata). 
* Leaf-blades sessile or subcordate at base. 
Leaf-blades broader than long : umbels typically all lateral. 4. A. latifolia. 
Leaf-blades longer than broad. 
Leaf-blades oblong or elliptic, wavy-margined: umbel long-pe- 


duncled, typically solitary. E i 5. A. amplexicaulis. 
Leaf-blades ovate, succulent, ultimately reddish veíned : umbels 
several. 6. A. humistrata. 


** Leaf-blades petioled, tomentose or pubescent. 
f Flowers pinkish purple or dark purple. 
Leaf-blades typically oblong, commonly obtuse: umbels numer- 
ous : hoods not SEn] the anthers. i 7. A. Syriaca. 
Leaf-blades typically ovate-oblong, acutish : umbels solitary or 
few: hoods exceeding the anthers. 8. A. purpurascens. 
tt Flowers greenish: hoods yellowish. 3 
Leaf-blades oblong-elliptie, acute or acutish at each end : umbels 
numerous, lateral. ; 9. A. tomentosa. 
Leaf-blades oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering at the base. 10. A. aceratoides. 
*** Leaf-blades petioled, glabrous or nearly so: flowers white or tinged 
with greenish purple. 


942 ASCLEPIADACEAE 


Leaf-blades typically oval: umbels globose: pedicels 2 cm. long. 11. A. variegata. 
Leaf-blades mainly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, tapering to each 
end: pedicels drooping, 5 em. long. 12. A. exaltata. 


b. Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate to linear, glabrous; primary veins ascend- 
ing, never conspicuously transverse, (see also A. exaltata). 
Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate or long-lanceolate, long-acuminate: co- 


rolla purple-red. ) 13. A. rubra. 
Leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-linear, short-petioled: corolla pur- 
plish : hoods orange, exceeding the anthers. 14. A. lanceolata. 


Follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels: primary veins of the leaf-blades 
never transversely ascending. 
Leaf-blades broad, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or sometimes 
Janceolate. 
Some of the leaves whorled in 4's or 6's: flowers rose-pink. 15. A. quadrifolia. 
Leaves all opposite. : 
Corolla and hoods rose-colored or rarely white. 

Plants glabrous throughout or nearly so: leaves oblong-lanceolate, 


in the variety elongated-linear. 16. A. incarnata. 
Plants hirsute-pubescent: leaves broader. 17. A. pulchra. 
Corolla red-purple: hoods bright orange: leaves oblong to oblong-lan- : 
ceolate. 18. A. Curassavica. 


Corolla and hoods white, tinged with greenor pink: flowers very small. 
Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, tapering at each end, ; 
glabrous: seed destitute of coma. 19. A. perennis. 
Leaf-blades oval-oblong, broad at the petioled base. 20. A. Texana. 
Leaf-blades linear or filiform : flowers very small, white or greenish tinged. 
Hoods each terminating in a horizontal or erect lobe: horns exserted. 
Crown slender-stalked, the stalk less than 1 mm. thick: horn exceed- 


ing the hood. 

Leaf-blades filiform or linear-filiform. Ay 
Stems typically solitary : leaves numerous, but not crowded. 91. A. verticillata. 
Stems tufted : leaves contiguous or approximate, very numerous ; 

and crowded. 22. A. pumila. 
Leaf-blades linear. 23. A. linearis. 
Crown short-stalked, the stalk over 1 mm. thick: horn not exceeding 
the hood. 

Umbel typically solitary, sessile: leaves many times longer than 2 5 

the internodes. 24. A. Michauxii. 

Umbels several, peduncled: leaves shorter than the internodes or E 

less than twice their length. 25. A. viridula. 
Hoods notched or emarginate: horn included. 26. A. cinerea. 


B. Hoods erect, dilated above the anthers into a lobed or erose open or closed 
lamina: anther-wings entire or notched at the middleor corniculate at the base. 

Leaf-blades with ascending veins: umbels all lateral. a : 
Hoods 5 mm. high: horn single, arising from the apex of the hood. 27. A. Emoryi. 
Hoods 8 mm. high, very slender at the stalked base: horn with an acute i ME 

dorsal accessory process. 28. A. Lindheimert. 

Leaf-blades with transversely spreading veins: horn arising from the base of 

the hood, exserted over the anthers. 29. A. obovata. 


1. Asclepias decümbens L. Stems decumbent, 3-6 dm. long, hispid or hirsute- 
pubescent, the ends ascending or erect: leaves various, the lower commonly alternate, the 
upper opposite and often notably smaller ; blades oblong, obtuse at the apex, mostly nar- 
rowed and often inequilateral and sometimes hastate at the base, usually revolute on the 
margins, 3-19 em. long: umbels several or numerous, many-flowered, racemose along the 
branches, one usually in each of the upper axils, on peduncles 1-3 cm. long: pedicels 
slender, somewhat pubescent, 1.5-3 cm. long: corolla lobes narrowly oblong, acutish, dark 
or oe orange color, 7 mm. long : column distinct : hoods erect, linear, oblong, orange 

ellow, slightly longer than the subulate inflexed horn, the ventral margins entire or barely 
obed at the base : follicles 10-14 cm. long, slender-fusiform, hipsid-pubescent : seeds 7 mm. 
long, glabrous, marked by fine broken diverging ridges : coma long and abundant. 


In dry fields, New York, Ohio and Illinois to North Carolina and Florida. Occurring also probably 
elsewhere further north. Summer. BUTTERFLY WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT. 


2. Asclepias tuberdsa L. Stems solitary or several, hirsute or rough hirsute-pubes- 
cent, commonly erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. high or more, simple or branched near the sum 
mit, very leafy, the milky sap scanty : leaves usually all alternate ; blades lanceolate-oblong, 
sometimes lanceolate-linear, acute or more rarely obtuse at the apex, 3-9 dm. long, Men 
margins narrowly revolute: umbels cymose at the ends of the stems or branches, or on 7. : 
plants sometimes racemose, many-flowered : pedicels pubescent, 1-1.5 cm. long: coro ii 
lobes narrowly oblong, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long, greenish or reddish orange : column distinc ; 
hoods erect, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, bright orange-color or rarely yellow, con 
siderably exceeding the anthers and slightly longer than the filiform exserted incurve 
horn, the ventral margins entire or barely lobed and overlapping at the base : Grider 
salient at the entire base : follicles 7-10 em. long, minutely pubescent : seeds 7 mm. ong, 
glabrous, marked with fine diverging broken ridges: coma long and abundant. 


In dry fields, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Colorado, Florida, Texas and Arizona. Summ 
fall. BUTTERFLY WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT. 


er &nd 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 943 


2a. Asclepias Rólfsii Britton. Similar to the two preceding species in habit. Leaves 
rather numerous; blades thinnish, mainly oblong, sometimes narrowly so, when broad 
often fiddle-shaped, truncate or cordate at the base: umbels in terminal leafy cymes: 
calyx-lobes nearly 3 as long as the corolla-lobes, pubescent : corolla orange; lobes oblong, 
6-7 mm. long: column stout: hoods erect, broadly oblong, 5-6 mm. long, considerably 
exceeding the horns. 


In pine lands, southern peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 


3. Asclepias Curtissii A. Gray. Stems decumbent or suberect, 5 dm. long or more, 
from a much thickened tuberous rootstock, simple or branched, puberulent, purplish : 
leaf-blades broadly oblong or some round-oblong, 3-5 cm. long, truncate, rounded or 
some of the lower ones acutish at the base, apiculate or retuse at the apex, glabrous: 
umbels 2-several in the axils of the upper leaves, many-flowered, on peduncles 2-4 cm. 
long: pedicels very slender, 1-1.5 cm. long, puberulent : corolla greenish, purple-tinged on 
the outside; lobes 6 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate : column scarcely apparent : hoods erect, 
distinctly stalked, white, the keel purple-tinged, 5 mm. high, exceeding the anthers, acute 
at the apex, the ventral margins rounded and infolded, distinctly clawed at the hastate base : 
horn short, subulate, affixed to about the middle of the hood, horizontally exserted and 
incurved over the anthers : anther-wings very short, triangular-sagittate, angled and sharply 
salient at the entire base : follicles 1 dm. long, long-attenuate at the apex, puberulent : seeds 
8 mm. long, erose-undulate on the margin : coma 3 em. long. 


In sandy soil in the scrub, Florida. Spring to fall. 


4. Asclepias latifólia (Torr.) Raf. Stems usually simple, 3-8 dm. high, stout, 
minutely puberulent when young, glabrous when old, very leafy : leaf-blades broader than 
long, commonly broadly emarginate and mucronulate at the apex and cordate or subcordate 
at the base, 7-15 em. long and nearly as wide, the primary nerves notably wide-spreading : 
umbels 2-4 or more, short-peduncled in the axils of the upper leaves and rarely terminal, 
many-flowered, often 8 cm. in diameter: pedicels canescent, nearly 3 cm. long: corolla- 
lobes ovate, acute, 7-9 or 10 em. long, greenish : column short and thick : hoods truncate, 
about equalling the anthers, the horn broadly triangular, the exserted subulate apex pro- 
jecting over the acute ventral sides of the hood and exserted overthe stigma : anther-wings 
notched or somewhat auriculate, spreading at the base : follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, 
ovoid, acutish, 6 cm. long, glabrate: seeds 8 mm. long, glabrous, marked with fine broken 
ridges and dots, the wing-like margin narrow : coma rather stiff, 2.5-3.5 cm. long. 


On dry plains, Kansas to Colorado, Texas and Arizona. Summer and fall. 


5. Asclepias amplexicaülis J. E. Smith. Stems glabrous, 3 dm. to 1 m. high: 
leaves opposite or rarely in fours at the base of the stem ; blades sessile, oblong or elliptic, 
6-12 em. long, 3.5-8 em. wide, clasping at the base, rounded, retuse and apiculate at the 
apex, wavy-margined, glabrous, lighter and glaucous beneath : peduncles much longer than 
the leaves, terminal, solitary or rarely two: umbels loosely many-flowered : pedicels 
slender, 2-3 cm. long: flowers rather large and showy: corolla-lobes greenish or dull 
greenish purple, 6-10 mm. long, acutish : hoods erect, flesh colored or reddish, sessile at the 
summit of the short column, slightly gibbous or saccate at the base, truncate at the undu- 
late-erose and toothed summit, as high as or somewhat exceeding the anthers: horn falcate, 
angled above the middle, strongly inflexed and attenuated at the long-exserted apex : anther- 
wings conspicuously bicorniculate at the base: follicles 10-16 cm. long, acute or long-atten- 
uate: seeds 7 mm. long, glabrous, marked with minute broken lines, the margins rather 
Den paler than the body : coma 5 cm. long or more, very soft and silky. [A. obtusifolia 

lichx. ] 


In dry or sandy soil, New England to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


6. Asclepias humistràta Walt. Stems glabrous and glaucous throughout, decumbent 
from a long tuberous root, simple or branched above, stout and thick, succulent, 3-6 dm. 
long : leaves rather crowded, usually decreased in size at the base or toward the summit of 
the stem, the successive pairs parallel; blades sessile, vertical, nearly alike on both sides, 
ovate, 5-13 em. long, 4-10 em. wide, cordate-clasping and somewhat auriculate at the base, 
obtuse at the apex, thick and succulent when fresh, becoming thin and papery when dry, 
sometimes undulate on the margins, the whitish transverse and reticulated veins turning 
reddish : peduncles as long as or commonly shorter than the leaves: pedicels slender, about 
2 cm. long : corolla-lobes dull greenish purple, 7 mm. long: column short : hoods whitish, 
about 5 mm. high, obovate-truncate, rounded at theapex, the ventral margins with a broad 
rounded tooth on each side about the middle: horn broad, flat, angular-arcuate, only 
slightly exceeding the hood : anther-wings obscurely notched at the base : follicles 1-1.5 
dm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide, attenuated and acutish at the apex, glabrous and glaucous : 


944 ASCLEPIADACEAE 


seeds about 8 mm. long, marked by fine broken diverging ridges, the paler margin cori- 
aceous and much wrinkled: coma 3 em. long. [A. amplexicaulis Michx.] 


In dry sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida. Spring and early summer. 


7. Asclepias Syriaca L. Stems canescently tomentose, becoming glabrate in age 
from a horizontal or branching rootstock, 5 dm.-1.5 m. high: leaf-blades short-petioled, 
typically oblong, or rarely lanceolate-oblong, 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-11 cm. wide, truncate, 
rounded or sometimes tapering at the base, commonly obtuse, sometimes mucronate at the 
apex, green and glabrate or nearly so above, soft-pubescent or tomentulose beneath : umbels 
usually several, lateral, many-flowered : peduncles 4-8 cm. long: corolla-lobes dull green- 
ish purple, 8 mm. long, puberulous on the outside, and sometimes minutely so on the inner 
surface: column very short: hoods whitish or dull greenish purple, erect, longer than the 
anthers, ovate, obtuse or rounded, with an upcurved tooth or auricle on each side below the 
middle: horn short, subulate, inflexed over the anthers: anther-wings notched or cornicu- 
late at the spreading base: follicles 7-9 cm. long, ovate, ventricose, tomentose, mostly 
erect on recurving pedicels: seeds 7 mm. long, glabrous, the wing-like margin wrinkled, 
paler than the body : coma very abundant, 3 cm. long. [A. Cornu't Decne. ] 


In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Georgia and Kansas. Summer. 


8. Asclepias purpuráscens L. Stems glabrous or somewhat tomentulose, stout, 
3-10 dm. high or more: leaf-blades typically ovate-oblong, 1-2 dm. long, truncate or 
obscurely tapering to the short petiole, mostly acutish or mucronate at the apex, rather 
thin, glabrous above, tomentulose and sometimes becoming glabrate beneath : umbels 
short-peduncled, 2-5, cymosely terminal or sometimes 1-2 in the upper axils: corolla-lobes 
dark or dull purple, oblong, obtuse, 8-10 mm. long: column very short: hoods shorter 
than the corolla-lobes, twice as high as the anthers, pale reddish or purple, erect, oblong, 
with an obscure rounded lobe near the middle of each ventral margin : horn short, in- 
curved, exserted over the stigmas: anther-wings very short and sharply salient, entire or 
minutely notched at the base: follicles erect on recurving pedicels, 10-12 cm. long, atten- 
uated at the apex, tomentulose: seeds 7 mm. long, minutely granulose, marked with diverg- 
ing broken lines, the margin very thin and brittle: coma 3-4 cm. long. 


In dry grounds, New England to Wisconsin, Tennessee and North Carolina. Summer. 


9. Asclepias tomentósa Ell. Stems tomentulose or soft-pubescent, erect, simple or 
rarely branched, 3-9 dm. high or more: leaves numerous, often crowded, much decreased 
in size at the summit of the stem; blades mainly oblong-elliptic, 5-8 cm. long, acute or 
acutish at each end, rather thick and rigid, glabrate or minutely pubescent above, tomen- 
tulose beneath: umbels numerous, sessile or short-peduncled, loosely many-flowered, 
crowded in axils of the upper leaves: pedicels 2-2.5 cm. long, tomentulose : corolla-lobes 
greenish, broadly ovate, acute, scarious-margined, 7-8 mm. long: hoods sessile or nearly 
so, not exceeding the anthers, truncate at the summit, slightly gibbous at the base on the 
outside, laterally compressed, the wing-like ventral margins obtuse or acutish, glabrous or 
rarely somewhat pubescent: horn broadly subulate, adnate below the apex of the hood, 
notched below the slender acuminate erect apex, which is exserted for about a third its 
length: anther-wings entire or obscurely notched: follicles about 12 cm. long, erect on 
recurving pedicels, slender, tapering to each end, tomentulose : seeds 6-7 mm. long, thin: 
coma 3-4 cm. long. 

In dry sandy soil and high pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 


10. Ascelpias aceratoides M. A. Curtis. Stems tomentulose, simple, erect, 33 cm. 
high or more, from a long horizontal rootstock: leaves few ; blades 7-10 cm. long, ob- 
lanceolate, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, tapering at the base, the tranavarpe Hm 
somewhat ascending: umbels 2-several, loosely many-flowered, sessile or nearly so in the 
upper axils: pedicels tomentulose, 2.5 cm. long: corolla-lobes greenish, 7 mm. 2 
broadly oblong, acute, scarious-margined : hoods erect or nearly so on the very § i 
column, slightly gibbous at the base, obliquely truncate at the summit, laterally per sare , 
minutely tomentulose, not exceeding the anthers: horn granulose, broadly pir ar, 
straight along the top, the apex acute, horizontally exserted a little beyond the bris 
wing-like ventral angles of the hood : anther-wings entire at the broad angled base : folit 
cles not seen. 

In sandy pine woods, North Carolina and South Carolina. Spring. 

11. Ascelpias variegàta L. Stems glabrous, or minutely pubescent above, 3-9 dm. 


high, erect from a ligneous rootstock : leaves in 3-7 pairs, the middle pairs rarely bein, 
in 4^ ; blades typically oval, sometimes ovate or oblong, or obovate, 6-14 cm. iua 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 945 


at each end or short-acuminate above, or obtuse and mucronate-apiculate, sometimes undu- 
late, bright light green above, much paler, glaucescent and sometimes tomentulose beneath: 
peduncles 1-3, rarely 4, terminal and subterminal, 2-4 em. long, and usually longer than 
the numerous slender tomentulose pedicels of the crowded commonly globose umbel : flowers 
white, except the stout purplish column and anthers: corolla-lobes 6-8 cm. long, acute : 
hoods erect, 4 mm. high, globular-ventricose above a narrow claw-like base, the ventral 
margins open, spreading, obtuse at the erect angles, exceeding the anthers: horn semi- 
lunate, the attenuated apex horizontally exserted for nearly half its length: anther- 
wings salient and angled at about the middle, commonly entire, rounded toward the base : 
follicles slender-fusiform, erect on recurving pedicels 1-1.3 dm. long, long-acuminate, 
tomentulose : seeds 5 mm. long, thinnish, granulose under a lens: coma 3.5-4.5 em. long. 
In dry shaded grounds, Connecticut to Illinois, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


12. Asclepias exaltata (L.) Muhl. Stems bright green and glabrous, or the upper 
portion minutely pubescent, usually in two opposite lines, simple, stout, 1-1.5 m. high: 
leaves various, the upper ones much reduced ; blades elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, the 
lower rarely obovate, acuminate at each end, and glabrous above, lighter and some- 
times minutely and sparingly pubescent beneath, becoming glabrate: umbels 2-5, lateral, 
many-flowered, on peduncles 2-8 cm. long: pedicels 2-3 cm. long, very slender, pubescent 
in lines: corolla greenish, often tinged with purple on the outside; lobes 8 mm. long, 
minutely pubescent on the inside: hoods raised on a short distinct column, white, pale 
flesh-color or bluish, erect, saccate at the base, slightly shorter than the anthers, truncate 
at the summit, the ventral margins entire or obscurely erose, with often a slender tooth 
above the erect inner angles, much surpassed by the mostly erect or somewhat incurved 
slender horn: anther-wings rounded at the sometimes notched and spreading base : folli- 
cles 1.2-1.6 dm. long, slender-fusiform, long-acuminate, minutely pubescent, or at length 
glabrous: seeds 7-8 mm. long, granulose, dark brown at the center, paler on the undulate- 
erose margin: coma 4-5 em. long. [A. phytolaceoides Pursh. ] 

In thickets and moist woods, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Summer. 


13. Asclepias rübra L. Stems glabrous, usually simple, erect, from a somewhat 
rounded tuberous rootstock, 3 dm. high or more : leaves commonly remote ; blades 7 cm.— 
2 dm. long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or long-lanceolate, tapering from the rounded or 
somewhat cordate, sessile or very short-petioled base to a long-acuminate apex: umbels 
solitary, terminal, or 2-3 in a terminal naked cyme: corolla-lobes purple-red, lanceo- 
late-oblong, about 8 mm. long, acutish : column slender, distinct: hoods lanceolate, pale 
orange-colored, or yellowish, erect, as long as the corolla-lobes and much exceeding the 
anthers, the ventral margins infolded : horns slender, incurved, much exserted: anther- 
wings entire, or obscurely notched at the angled base : follicles erect on recurved pedicels, 
l dm. long, slender, glabrous: seeds 7 mm. long, minutely pitted under a lens: coma 4 
em. long. 

In swamps and moist grounds, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Summer. 


_ 14. Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Stems nearly glabrous throughout, slender, mostly 
simple, naked above, 4-11 dm. high or more, from a ligneous rootstock: leaves dis- 
tant; blades lanceolate to oblong-linear, 1-2 dm. long or more, 5 mm.-2.5 cm. wide, 
elongated and acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, rough on the margins, the 
primary veins ascending: umbels terminal, solitary, or 2-4 and somewhat cymose, few- 
flowered : peduncles about equalling the slender pubescent pedicels : corolla-lobes oblong, 
8-9 mm. long, deep reddish purple: column thick, 1-2 mm. high: hoods orange-color, 
obovate or oblong, nearly as high as the anthers, the ventral margins auriculately toothed 
near the base: horn slender, arising from the base of the hood, exserted over the anthers : 
anther-wings notched and spreading at the base : follicles erect on recurved pedicels, fusi- 
form, about 1 dm. long, long-attenuate to the apex, less tapering to the base, minutely 
pubescent : seeds 8 mm. long, glabrous, thin, the wing-like margin very broad: coma 2-3 
em. long. [A. paupercula Michx. ] 


In swamps, New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Summer. 


. 15. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Stems glabrous or minutely puberulent, erect, 
simple, 3-6 dm. high, usually cef et from a slender somewhat horizontal or creep- 
ing rootstock: leaves distant, commonly in 3 or 4 pairs, the lower or upper pairs in 
a whorl of 4, or rarely 3 pairs in 6’s, 4-10 cm. long; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate, on short somewhat margined petioles, glabrous and thin or minutely 
Pubescent on the veins beneath: umbels terminal or lateral, loosely many-flowered : 

duncles 1-4 cm. long: pedicels filiform, 1-2 mm. long, minutely pubescent: corolla 
rom pink to nearly white ; lobes oblong, about 5 mm. long: hoods white, erect-spreading, 
4-5 mm. high, twice the length of the anthers, ovate-oblong, broadly obtuse at the apex, 

60 


946 ASCLEPIADACEAE 


with a salient, acute or obtuse tooth or lobe on each side near the base: horn short, 
broadly falcate-subulate, incurved over the anthers: follicles very slender, 10-12 cm. 
long, erect on erect fruiting pedicels, linear-fusiform, glabrous: seeds 6 mm. long, pale 
brown when fresh, very thin : coma 3-4 cm. long. 

In dry soil, woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario vo Minnesota to North Carolina and Arkansas. 
Spring and summer. 

16. Asclepias incarnàta L. Stems glabrous or minutely pubescent, 6-10 dm. high 
or more, usually branched and often pubescent in lines above, very leafy : leaves opposite ; 
blades manifestly petioled, 4-17 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse 
or obscurely subcordate at the base, thinnish, with sometimes a few scattered hairs beneath : 
umbels rather small, several, corymbose at the summit of the stem, many-flowered : pedi- 
cels 1-1.5 cm. long, minutely pubescent: corolla deep rose-purple to pale pink or rarely 
white; lobes oblong, 4-6 mm. long: hoods scarcely exceeding the stigmas, erect on the 
distinct (1-1.5 mm. high) slender column, oblong, obtuse at the apex, the rounded ventral 
margins overlapping on the inside, dorsally biauriculate-hastate at the base, slightly 
exceeded by the slender incurved horn: anther-wings minutely notched at the base: 
follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, 5-7 cm. long, ovoid-fusiform, acuminate at the 
apex, glabrous or minutely pubescent: seeds 7-11 mm. long, red-brown, shining, minutely 
granulose under a lens, the margins paler, very thin and papery: coma about 2 em. long. 

Inswamps, New Brunswick to the North west Territory, Kansas, Tennessee and Louisiana. Summer. 
— A. incarnata longifolia A. Gray, is between 1 and 2 m. tall, and has paler flowers and greatly elon- 
gated leaf-blades ; it occurs in Texas and New Mexico. 

17. Asclepias pülchra Ehrh. Stems hirsute-pubescent, 5-1.5 dm. high, branched 
above, very leafy to the top: leaf-blades short-petioled or some of the upper ones sessile, 
broadly lanceolate, lanceolate-oblong or oblong, 6-12 cm. long, 3-5.5 cm. wide, acute or 
acuminate at the apex, mostly rounded or subcordate and rarely subhastate at the base: 
umbels numerous, corymbose, about 3 em. broad, many-flowered : pedicels 15 mm. long, 
hirsute-pubescent: corolla small, rose-purple, rarely white; lobes obtuse, often notched : 
column 1 mm. high, very slender but distinct : hoods erect, 2 mm. high, oblong, obtuse, 
slightly exceeding the anthers, dorsally biauriculate-hastate at the base, the ventral mar- 
gins infolded : horn flat, slender, exserted-incurved over the anthers : anther-wings notched 
at the base: follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, 4 cm. long, slender, acuminate, 
minutely hirsute-pubescent: seeds 8-10 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, the apex often crenate : 
coma 2 em. long. [A. incarnata var. pulchra Pers. ] 

In moist fields and swamps, Maine to Minnesota and Georgia. Summer and fall. 


. 18. Asclepias Curassávica L. Stems somewhat woody at the base, glabrous or 
minutely pubescent above, 3-6 dm. high or more : leaves opposite ; blades 5-10 cm. long 
or more, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, commonly acuminate : umbels terminal and lateral, 
5-10-flowered : pedicels 1-2 cm. long : corolla-lobes deep red-purple, 6-8 mm. long, ovate- 
oblong : column distinct : hoods erect, 4 mm. high, ovate, obtuse at the broad apex, laterally 
compressed, shorter than the flat broad attenuate curved horn, which arises from the 
slightly gibbous base of the hood : follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, 3-10 cm. long, 
slender-fusiform, acuminate, glabrous or minutely pubescent and slightly glaucous: see S 
6 mm. long, rather thin: coma 3-4 cm. long. Plants very variable as to length an 
breadth of the leaves. 

In sandy soil, western Florida and Louisiana. Probably introduced from tropical America. 
Known from nearly all warm countries. Spring to fall. 

19. Asclepias perénnis Walt. Stems puberulent above, glabrous below, ND r 
the base from a short clustered rootstock, simple or sometimes branched, 3-9 dm. hig » 
slender: leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate or rarely lanceolate, acu 1s 
acute at each end, thin: umbels solitary or when several together cory mbose: pe gus 
1-2.5 em. long, slender : flowers small, mainly white : corolla-lobes oblong, 2-3.5 mm. bead 
tipped with dull pink on the outside : column slender but distinct: hoods oval, erect, "E 29 
obscurely sagittate-hastate on the back at the base, not exceeding the top of the x 5-8 
and shorter than the filiform incurved horn : follicles erect on erect fruiting pedice a4 5 
em. long, ovoid-fusiform, acuminate above, tapering at the base, glabrous: secs sowet 
mm. long, thin, oblong-orbicular, rounded at the apex, tapering to the much nar 
base, apparently destitute of coma, the margin 2-3 mm. wide, undulate. 

On wet and muddy shores, Indiana to Missouri, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. 


20. Asclepias Texàna Heller. Stems glabrous or minutely pubescent : urplish 
a woody base, 3-5 dm. high, cymosely branched, gray-green and glaucous mte oni Tn 
below, commonly marked with 1 or 2 narrow pubescent lines : leaves opposite ; a anl 
am. long, oval-oblong, acutish at the apex, broader, obscurely oblique or T ns ined : 
end sometimes also tapering at the base; petioles 1-14 cm. long, slightly marg 


Spring and summer. 
simple from 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 947 


umbels 15-20-flowered: pedicels 1 cm. long, stout, minutely pubescent: corolla-lobes 4 
mm. long, oblong, white : column very slender, tinged with purple: hoods erect, purple- 
veined, and obscurely sagittate-hastate on the back, the ventral margins entire, slightly 
infolded : horns broadish, prominently exserted over the anthers : follicles not seen. 


On plains or prairies, southern Texas. Summer, 


21. Asclepias verticillata L. Stems glabrous or minutely hirsute-pubescent, typically 
solitary from the short rootstock, simple or rarely branched, 3-5 dm. tall or more, commonly 
pubescent in lines: leaves numerous, in whorls of 3-6, but not crowded, or in depauper- 
ate forms the upper ones scattered; blades slender, filiform-linear, 2-6 cm. long, 1-3 
mm. wide, the margins revolute, the midvein lighter, conspicuous beneath: umbels 
terminal and lateral, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, loosely few-flowered to many-flowered : 
corolla-lobes greenish white, 3-4 mm. long: column nearly 1 mm. high: hoods erect or 
erect-spreading, white, turning yellowish in drying, broadly oblong, as high as or slightly 
shorter than the anthers, truncate at the summit as well as at the hastate-sagittate base : 
ventral margins auriculate-involute at about the middle: horn rather flat, arising from the 
base of the hood, elongated subulate-falcate, horizontally exserted over the anthers, usually 
much exceeding the hood : anther-wings slender and narrow, entire or minutely notched 
at the angled and salient base : follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, very slender, 7-10 
cm. long, attenuated at each end, glabrous or minutely puberulous : seeds 7 mm. long, thin, 
pale brown, minutely pitted under a lens: coma 3 em. long. 


In dry and sterile soil, Canada to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


22. Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail. Stems glabrous or nearly so, tufted, 1-25. 
dm. high, simple or rarely branched : leaves contiguous or approximate, very numerous 
and crowded, 3.5 cm. long ; blades filiform-linear, the revolute margins glabrous or minutely 
scabrous-pubescent : umbels 2-several, few-flowered, short-peduncled, solitary or cymose at 
the summit of the stem: corolla greenish white; lobes oblong, 4-5 mm. long: hoods 
arising from the summit of the short column, oblong, erect, entire, equalling the 
anthers, shorter than the slender incurved horn: follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, 
narrowly fusiform, 3-5 em. long, minutely puberulent. [A. verticillata var. pumila A. 
Gray. ] 

On dry plains, South Dakota to Colorado, Arkansas and New Mexico. Summer. 


23. Asclepias linearis Scheele. Stems minutely pubescent, terete, angulate above, 
2-5 dm. high, simple or branched near the base, minutely pubescent, commonly in lines 
above: leaf-blades glabrous, narrowly linear, 4-8 cm. long or 10 cm. long, acute, gla- 
brous or with few scattered hairs, coriaceous, l-nerved, the veins obsolete, the margins 
revolute or plain: umbels 3-8, all lateral, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, few- to several-flowered: 
column slender, conspicuous: corolla-lobes greenish white, about 4 mm. long, elliptical- 
oblong, acutish : hoods erect-spreading, broadly truncate at the summit, truncate at the 
hastate-sagittate obscurely clawed base, the ventral margins with rounded angles or lobes at 
the middle, somewhat involute: horn flat, arising from the keel of the hood near its base 
within, arcuate, horizontally long-exserted over the anthers, often dorsally angled at about 
the middle: anther-wings very slender, minutely notched at the angled base: follicles not 
seen. : 


In damp clay soil, southern Texas. Summer and fall. 


24. Asclepias Michaüxii Decne. Stems minutely puberulent, often clustered, 2-3 
dm. high from a stout ligneous fusiform rootstock, ascending or decumbent : leaves numer- 
ous, opposite, or some of them scattered ; blades linear or narrowly linear, 4-9 dm. long, 
scabrous or minutely scabrate, the margins sometimes becoming revolute: umbels typically 
solitary or rarely 2, sessile, 1-3: corolla greenish, tinged with dull purple on the outside ; 
lobes oval, 5 mm. long: column distinct : hoods erect-spreading, orange-color or yellowish, 
with apparently a purplish keel or mid-vein, ovate, entire, surpassing the anthers: ven- 
tral margins obscurely lobed : horn flat, inserted above the base and inflexed-exserted over 
the anthers at the middle of the hood : anther-wings entire or slightly notched at the angled 
and salient base : follicles slender-fusiform, erect on erect fruiting pedicels, 8-14 em. long, 
6-7 mm. or 8 mm. wide, attenuate at each end, usually minutely puberulent: seeds 7 mm. 
long, about 5 mm. wide, with the margin conspicuously broad : coma 2.5 em. long. 


In pine lands and on sand hills, South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring. 


25. Asclepias virídula Chapm. Stems nearly glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, sometimes 
pubescent in lines, very slender: leaves opposite; blades narrowly linear, 1-3 mm. wide, 
the margins sometimes revolute: umbels several, peduncled, 1-4-flowered : corolla-lobes 
greenish, oblong, 3-4 mm. long : hoods oblong, surpassing the anthers, the ventral mar- 


948 ASCLEPIADACEAE 


gins infolded, with an auriculate tooth or lobe below the middle: horn subulate, arising 
from the middle of the hood, incurved over the anthers : anther-wings auriculate-spread- 
ing : follicles erect, 9 cm. long, slender-fusiform, minutely puberulent : seeds 4 mm. long : 
coma 2 cm. long. 

In wet pine lands, near Apalachicola, Florida. Summer and fall. 


26. Asclepias cinérea Walt. Stems glabrous or nearly so, slender, erect, 3 dm. high 
or more, sometimes slightly pubescent in lines: leaves opposite, 3-9 cm. long, rather dis- 
tant; blades narrowly linear or filiform : umbels 2-6, terminal and lateral, 3-8-flowered : 
peduncles short: corolla purplish on the outside; lobes oval, 5 mm. long, with whitish 
scarious margins, ash-colored within : hoods much shorter than the anthers, whitish and 
purple-keeled, slightly pendulous at the base over the short or obsolete column, truncate 
at the apex, the involute ventral margins extended into acute erect ascending lobes or 
angles: horn erect, included, broadly triangular, inserted about the middle of the hood : 
follicles slender-fusiform, 8 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, attenuated at each end, erect on erect 
pedicels, glabrous: seeds 5 mm. long, with a thick coriaceous margin : coma 3 em. long. 


In rather dry pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Summer. 


27. Asclepias Emóryi (Greene) Vail. Stems minutely and cinereously pubescent 
with somewhat curved hairs, becoming less so with age, 3-4 dm. high or more, floriferous 
for nearly their whole length : leaves 4-10 cm. long; blades elongated-lanceolate, acute, 
tapering to the short margined petioles: umbels small, sessile or very short-peduncled, 
4-6-flowered : corolla-lobes 6-7 mm. long, apparently greenish white: hoods white, 5 
mm. high and twice as high as the anthers, fleshy, adnate only at the very base, solid at 
the back and below the ventral margins free to near the base, spreading at the summit 
into a short open 2-lobed lamina: horn broad, fleshy, subulate, inflexed, arising from 
the apex of the hood, wrinkled at the insertion, downcurved, barely exserted : accessory 
processes minute near the base of the hood: anther-wings semi-rhomboid, narrow, ob- 
tusely angled below the middle, rounded at the base, tapering above, entire or nearly 
so: follicles 5.5 cm. long, erect on recurved pedicels lanceolate-fusiform, puberulent : 
"ems 7 ae long, round-oblong, granulose : coma 2-2.5 em. long. [ Podostemma Emory 

reene. 


On plains or prairies, southern Texas. Summer. 


28. Asclepias Lindheimeri Engelm. Stems minutely puberulent or minutely sca- 
brous, simple or branched, rather stout, 3-4 dm. high, decumbent or ascending: leaf- 
blades deltoid, broadly oval or oblong-oval, some of the upper ones narrower and lanceo- 
late-oblong, 5-9 em. long, obtuse or commonly broadly rounded at the apex, tapering at 
the base or each abruptly or truncately contracted into a (1-2 cm. long) flat petiole: 
umbels abundant, the upper sessile, the lower on peduncles 5 mm. long or less, few- ia 
many-flowered : corolla-lobes greenish, 1 cm. long : hoods white, over twice the height o 
the anthers, slender at the stalked base, dilated above into a 3-lobed or obscurely 4-lobed 
lamina: horn ka iod to the solid keel-like portion of the hood, slender, attenuate, 1n- 
flexed, scarcely exserted, the accessory process much shorter, erect, obtuse: anther-wings 
semi-ovate, the rounded base broader than the tapering upper portion, minutely ecu 
the middle: accessory 5 processes very broad, with acutish angles grasping the base of the 
anther-wing : follicles ovate-lanceolate, long-attenuated, 8-10 cm. long, erect on recurving 
pedicels, puberulous: seeds 6 mrn. long, round-ovate: coma 3-3.5 cm. long. 


On plains or prairies, Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. Summer and fall. 


29. Asclepias obovàta Ell Stems cinereous with soft pubescence or tomentum, 
rather stout, erect, 4 dm.-1 m. high: leaves opposite; blades oval, oblong, ör E 
them obovate, 3-10 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide or more, mucronate-apiculate at the — 
rounded or subcordate at the base, tomentose, at length glabrate or nearly so, been 
the margins, the midvein broad and conspicuous: umbels 2-6, lateral in the upper xa. 
nearly sessile : corolla-lobes greenish yellow, oblong, about 1 cm. long: column very $ dür- 
hood poe erect, 7 mm. high, much exceeding the anthers, truncate at the apex, tral 
sally bigibbous at the base by reason of an excrescent fold on each side, the ms Marvin 
margins rounded, involute and meeting for nearly their whole length, a pair of broad ed 
fleshy processes or auricles at the base within on either side of the anther-w nis im the 
narrowly falcate, fleshy, horizontally exserted for nearly half its length, arising Hen cm 
base of the hood : anther-wings bicorniculate at the salient basal angle : follicles reda 8 
long, erect on erect fruiting pedicels, obtuse at the tapering apex, tomentulose : $ 
mm. long, thin, minutely pitted : coma 3 cm. long. 


In dry grounds. mainly near the coast, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 949 


6. ANANTHERIX Nutt. 

Perennial erect herbs. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence terminal and lateral, consist- 
ing of small umbels of large green and white flowers. Calyx-lobes 5, small, acute. Corolla 
campanulate or rotate : lobes 5, longer than the tube, acutish, reflexed in anthesis. Column 
very short but distinct, with a very narrow protruding undulating fold simulating an outer 
crown, from which rise the hoods. Hoods as long as the corolla-lobes, oblong-clavate, as- 
cending and incurved high over the anthers, mainly solid and laterally compressed, with 
a narrow, lamelliform crest within. Anther-wings membranous or papery, spreading at 
the widened, horizontally truncate base : caudicles capillary, more than double the length 
of the short oblong pollinia. Follicles on recurving pedicels. 

1. Anantherix connivens (Baldw.) A. Gray. Stems glabrous or minutely pubes- 
cent, 3-6 dm. high, solitary or two together: leaf-blades sessile, oblong or lanceolate, 3-8 
cm. long, transversely veined, thick and fleshy : umbels 2-5 or 6, disposed along the sum- 
mit of the usually naked stem: peduncles longer than the pedicels: corolla-lobes 1 cm. 
long or more, oblong, greenish : hoods white, 8 mm. high, 3-5 mm. wide at the rounded 
laterally flat conniving apex, the solid portion outlined by a marginal vein: anther-wings 
spreading toward the base, with two small fleshy appendages alternating with the hoods. 


In wet pine lands and swamps, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Summer. 


7. ASCLEPIODORA A. Gray. 

Perennial, erect or procumbent herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate. Umbels termi- 
nal, solitary or corymbose, of mostly large purple, greenish or white flowers. Calyx- 
lobes 5, narrow, acute. Corolla rotate: lobes 5, acutish, erect or spreading in anthesis. 
Hoods inserted over the whole of the very short column and arising from the base of the 
corolla-lobes, shorter than or slightly surpassing the anthers, pendulous or saccate at the 
base, arcuate-assurgent or merely erect-assurgent, the apex rounded, closed, crested within 
at least in the upper part. Between the hoods are borne 1 or 2 small lobes or appendages, 
alternate with the anther-wings, simulating an inner crown.  Anther-wings corneous, nar- 
rowed at the base and salient about the middle, or horizontally truncate, rounded at the 
base and somewhat sagittate, the edges flattened laterally and meeting up the center. 
Caudicles shorter than the pyriform pollinia. Follicles resembling those of Asclepias, often 
soft-spinulose. 


Leaves alternate. 


Umbel solitary. 1. A. decumbens. 
Umbels 2-several, cymose at the summit of the stem. 2. A. viridis. 
Leaves opposite ; blades linear-filiform : umbels solitary, or two or three together. 3. A. Feayi. 


1. Asclepiodora decümbens (Nutt.) A. Gray. Stems scabrous-puberulent, solitary 
or several together, usually simple, strongly angled, 2-4 dm. long: leaves 4-15 cm. long ; 
blades lanceolate to linear, tapering at the apex, thick and coriaceous, often appearing as 
if remotely whorled in three's: peduncles varying in length : umbel 4-5 cm. broad, many- 
flowered : corolla depressed globular in bud ; lobes greenish, about one third longer than 
the purplish hoods : hoods incurved, obtuse, 2-lobed on the ventral margin, slightly over- 
topping the broad depressed anther-column : crest attached close to the downcurving apex, 
irregularly undulate, salient and then tapering to the base : anther-wings salient above the 
angulate middle; appendage at the base, broad, obtuse, entire: follicles about 8 cm. long, 
et or with soft spine-like processes, erect, on recurving pedicels: seeds thin, about 6 
mm. long. 


On dry plains, Arkansas to Utah, Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico. Spring and summer. 


2. Asclepiodora víridis ( Walt.) A. Gray. Stems nearly glabrous, decumbent or as- 
surgent, 2-6 dm. high, angled, leafy to the top: leaves remote ; blades oblong or oblong- 
lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, obtuse and mucronulate or acutish at the apex, 
mostly narrowed and rounded at the base, rather thin : peduncles shorter than the leaves : 
umbels 2-5 or rarely solitary, few-flowered : pedicels slender, shorter than the umbels: 
corolla globose-ovoid in bud ; lobes greenish, 10-12 mm. long, oblong, obtuse or acut- 
ish : hoods entire on the ventral margins, purplish or violet, spreading-assurgent, pendulous 
below the anther-column, less than half the length of the corolla-lobes: anther-wings 
angled at about the middle, tapering or nearly straight at the base, the accessory processes 
obscurely 2-3-lobed : pollinia narrow, little longer than the caudicles : follicles erect, on 


950 ASCLEPIADACEAE 


deflexed pedicels, 6-11 cm. long, obtuse, 1.5-2 em. wide, with or without soft spinous pro- 
jections : seeds 6 cm. long, broadly rounded at the apex : coma 3-3.5 em. long. 
In dry soil, Illinois and Kentucky to South Carolina, Texas and New Mexico. Spring and summer. 


3. Asclepiodora Feàyi Chapm. Stems erect, very slender, 2-4 dm. high, minutely 
puberulent in lines, or glabrous: leaves opposite, in 3-6 pairs ; blades linear-filiform, 3-10 
em. long, with revolute margins: umbels 2-3 at the summit of the stem, very short- 
peduncled, 3-6-flowered: pedicels about 12 mm. long, filiform, minutely puberulent : 
corolla globose-ovoid in bud ; lobes white, oblong-lanceolate, about 7 mm. long, acutish : 
hoods erect-spreading, shorter than the anther-column, white, concave, not down-curved at 
the rounded or obtuse apex : crest a semi-oval entire, fleshy fold or ridge attached to the 
thickened midrib within: anther-wings membranous above, corneous below, sagittate at 
the base: hood-appendages minutely and obscurely 2-lobed : follicles very slender, 3 em. 
long or more, long-acuminate. 

In pine lands, Florida. Spring to fall. 


8. METASTELMA R. Br. 


Slender twining perennial vines or woody climbers. Leaves opposite: blades narrow. 
Flowers very small, in sessile or very short-peduncled few-flowered cymes or umbels. 
Calyx-lobes 5, acutish or obtuse, with a gland in each sinus. Corolla rotately spreading 
or subeampanulate: lobes 5, commonly tomentose or retrorsely pubescent or puberulent 
along the apex within. Crown 5-parted, inserted at the base of the corolla or on the 
column at the base of the anthers, the lateral margins of the lobes not involute. Gynoste- 
gium sessile or raised on a column. Stigma flat. Follicles slender, acuminate, smooth. 
The plants flower mainly from spring to fall. 


Crown adnate to the corolla; lobes united at the base. 1. M. scoparium. 
Crown adnate to the column ; lobes very slender, incurved over the anthers. 
Crown adnate to the column and partly adnate to the base of the corolla: leaf- D 
blades linear or nearly so, thin: stems filiform. 2. M. Blodgettit. 
Crown adnate to the top of the column, entirely free from the base of the corolla. 
Flowers 2-several together in sessile or very short-peduncled cymes. s 
Corolla 3 mm. long: leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 em. long, leathery. — 3. M. Palmeri. 
Corolla 4-5 mm. long : leaf-blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- : 
late, 2.5-5 em. long, thin. . M. barbigerum. 
Flowers in peduncled cymes: peduncles 5-10 em. long: leaf-blades oblong or 
round-oval. i 


ms 


. M. Bahamense. 


en 


1. Metastelma scopàrium (Nutt.) Vail. Stems filiform, from a ligneous base, much 
branched, diffuse and twining, becoming leafless : leaf-blades narrowly linear, thin, acute, 
2-5 cm. long: umbels sessile and few-flowered : calyx-lobes with a minute gland in each 
sinus : corolla 1-1.5 mm. long, greenish ; lobes narrowly lanceolate, acute, almost valvate 
in the bud : crown-lobes shorter than the anthers, manifestly united at the base, crenately 
9-lobed, the middle lobe the longest: pollinia pyriform, narrowed toward the apex, the 
caudicles very slender, the corpuscle narrow, spreading at the base: follicles 3.5-4.5 cm. 
long, linear, very slender, widely spreading, acute, few-seeded : seeds 7 mm. long, thin 
and rarely 1 mm. wide: coma 5-10 mm. long. 

In dry rich soil, South Carolina to eastern Florida. : 

2. Metastelma Blodgéttii A. Gray. Stems nearly glabrous, filiform, twining, 6 dm. 
long, or more : leaf-blades linear or nearly so, 9 mm. long, or more, rounded at the — 
tapering to the cuspidate apex, rather thick, with revolute margins and thick midvein : 
cymes 3-6-flowered : calyx-lobes subulate, less than 1 mm. long: corolla 2.5-3 mm. long, 
whitish, tinged with purple; lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate, densely and retrorsely 
penicillate-bearded below the apex, and sparingly pubescent towards the base within : 
crown-lobes adnate to the base of the column and partly adnate to the corolla, ean 
subulate, very slender, erect, surpassing the anthers: anther-wings corneous, slightly 
salient at the angled base: pollinia inverted club-shaped, tapering to the broad-wing ri 
angled caudicles, the corpuscle oblong, obtuse at the obovate apex : follicles filiform, 4-9 
em. long, glabrous : seeds 3 mm. long, very narrow : coma 15 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. 3 

3. Metastelma Pálmeri S. Wats. Stems glabrous, filiform : leaf-blades iarta 
late, acute and cuspidate at the apex, acute or obtuse at the base ; petioles 2-4 mm. s 
slender: cymes subsessile, 1-5-flowered : calyx-lobes ovate, acute: corolla dull purplish, 
3 mm. long ; lobes oblong-lanceolate with a whitish margin and minutely retroree-bearit 
within: crown-lobes adnate to the summit of the stout column, linear-subulate, slig p 
surpassing the anthers, obscurely decurrent on the column: anther-wings very smal: 
anther-tips nearly concealing the flattish stigma : follicles not seen. 

In dry soil, southern Texas and Mexico. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 951 


4. Metastelma barbigerum Scheele. Stems glabrous, slender, filiform above : leaf- 
blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes a few of them ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. 
long, acuminate and cuspidate, rounded at the base, thinnish, glabrous except for a few 
hairs on the midvein beneath and with a few glands above at the base of the blade, rarely 
thicker and a little coriaceous : cymes 1—5-flowered : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, 1-5 mm. 
long, obtuse: corolla 4-5 mm. long, campanulate, dull greenish white ; lobes elongated, 
linear-lanceolate, acute, the tips slightly revolute, densely and retrorsely white-bearded to 
below the middle within : crown-lobes slender, linear-subulate, attached to the showy very 
short column and appearing as if wing-angled towards its base, considerably exceeding the 
anthers: anther-wings short, angled or rounded at the salient base: pollinia pear-shaped, 
tapering upward to the broadish angled caudicle: the corpuscle obovate-oblong, obtuse at 
the apex: follicles 4-5 cm. long, slender-fusiform, acuminate : seeds 6 mm. long, pale 
brown : coma 2.5 cm. long. 

In open woods and on rocky banks, Texas and New Mexico. 


5. Metastelma Bahaménse Griseb. Stems nearly glabrous, sometimes minutely 
pubescent in lines: leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 cm. long: blades round-oval to oblong, mucronate- 
cuspidate ; petioles slender, 5-7 mm. long: cymes 3-6-flowered, the pedicels 2-3 mm. 
long, very slender, unequal : corolla white, open-campanulate, fleshy ; lobes obtuse, slightly 
spreading, densely white-tomentose within : crown adnate to the whole of the high slender 
column ; lobes linear-faleate, obtuse, not exceeding the anthers, wing-angled, internally 
carinate: stigma flat or slightly depressed, obscurely 5-angled: follicles 5-6.5 cm. long, 
fusiform, very slender, long-acuminate, glabrous, thickish, striate, dark purplish : seeds 5 
mm. long, dark brown, slender, thin, with one or two rows of elevated tubercles along 
the margin : coma about 2 cm. long. 

In sand, usually in open woods, Florida Keys. 


9. ROULINIELLA Vail. 

Twining shrubby plants. Leaves opposite: blades cordate at the base, long-petioled. 
Inflorescence cymose or somewhat paniculate or racemiform. Calyx small, glandulose. 
Corolla rotate, with oblong, dextrorsely convolute lobes. Crown 5-lobed, attached at the 
base of the corolla-tube and the gynostegium : lobes broad, often fleshy or leathery, the lat- 
eral margins involute. Stigma flat and depressed, obscurely 5-rayed and 2-lobed. Follicles 
thick, acute, smooth. Seeds comose. [Roulinia Decne., not Brongn. ] 


1. Rouliniella unifaria (Scheele) Vail. A slender climbing and twining vine. Stems 
pale gray-green when fresh, striate, glabrous or minutely pubescent in lines on the upper 
portion and somewhat sulcate : leaf-blades 3-7 cm. long, ovate, hastately cordate, gradually 
acuminate, glabrous, thin, the auriculate basal lobes rounded, with an open sinus and a few 
glands at the base of the blade above: calyx-lobes lanceolate-oblong, 4 mm. long, with a 
gland in each sinus: corolla 4-6 mm. long, white; lobes 3 mm. long, linear-oblong, 2.5 
mm. wide, broadly obtuse or nearly truncate, thin, 3-veined, the revolute margins with 
two thickened callous ridges at the revolute apex within: crown adnate to the base of the 
column, 5-lobed to near the base; lobes erect, obtuse, not exceeding the anthers, 3-lobed, 
the middle lobe slightly the longest: anther-wings small; anther-tips semi-orbicular, in- 
flexed on the scarcely conic stigma: pollinia elliptical-ovoid, the caudicles broad at the 
attachment, orange-red on the upper margin, the corpuscle acute at the apex : follicles 6 
em. long, ovate, acuminate with an obtuse apex, coriaceous, glabrous: seeds 5 mm. long: 
coma 1 cm. long. 

In thickets, southern Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 


10. GONÓLOBUS Michx. 

Perennial twining herbaceous vines. Leaves opposite, cordate, thin. Flowers in 
axillary peduncled cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, glandular within, lanceolate. Corolla white, 
campanulate : lobes 5, slightly contorted, nearly erect. Crown nearly sessile, of 5 mem- 
branous, erect truncate lobes, each appendaged by 2 terminal awns. Stamens inserted at 
the base of the corolla: filaments united into a short tube : anthers terminated by an erect 
or slightly inflexed membrane. Anther-wings corneous, salient at the base after the man- 
ner of Asclepias. Pollinia oblong-elliptical on rather broad caudicles, pendulous. Stigma 
conic, slightly 2-lobed.  Follicles thick, strongly and sharply angled. Seeds comose. 


1l. Gonolobus laévis Michx. Stems high-climbing, slender, glabrous or minutely 
pubescent in lines: leaves 4-15 cm. long; blades ovate, gradually acuminate at the apex, 


952 ASCLEPIADACEAE 


deeply cordate with rounded basal lobes, palmately veined, glabrous or nearly so above, 
the veins minutely pubescent beneath, midvein with a small cluster of subulate glands at 
the base above : cymes usually numerous, rather densely many-flowered, not exceeding the 
petioles : pedicels 4-5 mm. long : corolla-lobes ovate, 4 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, acutish 
with reflexed tips : crown-lobes ovate, barely truncate, the slender awns nearly as long as 
the corolla-lobes : anther-tips conspicuous, cordate at the base : follicles erect on spreading 
pedicels, 10-15 cm. long, glabrous, wing-angled : seeds 9-10 mm. long, thin, crenate at the 
apex: coma 4 em. long. [Enslenia albida Nutt. ] 
On river banks and in thickets, southern Pennsylvania to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


ll. SEUTERA Reichenb. 


Slender twining vines. Leaves mostly opposite: blades narrowly linear. Flowers in 
peduncled umbels. Calyx small: lobes 5, acute, with a gland in each sinus. Corolla sub- 
rotate: lobes 5, spreading, acuminate. Crown adnate to the short column below the 
anther-wings, united at base: lobes merely notched at the apex.  Anther-wings corneous, 
angled at the base. Pollinia pendulous. Stigma conic, obscurely bifid. Follicles smooth, 
slender, essentially terete. 

1. Seutera palustris (Pursh) Vail. Stems filiform, herbaceous, glabrous, freely 
twining over grasses and low bushes : leaves 2-7 em. long ; blades linear, somewhat fleshy, 
acute, glabrous, pendent : peduncles commonly longer than the leaves: umbels several- to 
many-flowered : ealyx-lobes lanceolate, acute: corolla purplish or greenish white, 3-4 cm. 
long ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: crown 5-lobed, adnate to the summit of the very 
short column ; lobes oblong-obovate, entire, retuse or emarginate at the apex, about one 
half the length of the corolla: anthers sagittate at base: pollinia oblong-elliptical in out- 
line on rather broad, stout caudicles: follicles slender-fusiform, acuminate, 5 em. long, 
eie seeds 3-3.5 mm. long, very thin, glabrous: coma 2 cm. long. [S. maritima 

ecne. 

In salt marshes along the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


12. VINCETÓXICUM Walt. 

Twining perennial vines or low shrubby plants, mostly pubescent. Leaves opposite : 
blades commonly heart-shaped. Inflorescence axillary, peduncled or sessile. Flowers soli- 
tary or few in small clusters, or more commonly in loosely-flowered umbel-like cymes. Calyx- 
lobes oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, commonly with 1-2 glands in each sinus. 
Corolla variously colored or white, rotate: lobes 5, dextrorsely convolute in bud. Crown 
annular, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped, single or double, the outer sometimes surrounded by 
a fleshy ring or fold, simulating a third ring, often annular and cohering with the base of 
the corolla, entire, crested or appendaged within, sometimes connected with the gynostegium 
by 5 fleshy ribs. Gynostegium arising from the base of the corolla, sessile or raised on & 
column. Anthers usually with a short narrow, if any, scarious tip, borne on the margin 
of or close under the disk of the stigma, often dorsally appendaged by a short corneous 
projection ; sacs opening more or less transversely and outwardly, or from above. Pollinia 
horizontal, sometimes pointing inwards. Stigma depressed, sometimes barely conic in the 
center, sharply 5-angled, usually with radiating raised margins. Follicles thick, taper- 
ing, glabrous, muricate or warty, or 3-5-costate-angled. [Gonolobus Michx. in part. ] 


A. Stems twining: vines with large leaves. ide. 
Pollinia pyriform on broad angled caudicles : crown a low, fleshy entire or 10-undulate ring : anthers 
with a narrow dorsal projection. : follicles 
Corolla green-reticulate : crown entire: stigma raised on a slender 5-angled column: 
muricate. 


CREME slenger, unappendaged : corolla 1.4 cm. broad. ü 1. V. reticulatum. 
'olumn stout, appendaged at the base by 5 erect horn-like projections : : 
corolla 2 em. broad. H 2. V. Alabamense. 


Corolla not reticulate: crown 10-undulate, unappendaged within : follieles 
4-5-angled or costgte or winged. : 
Leaf-blades oblong-ovate or oblong-oval, thickish, abruptly acuminate > suberosum 
at the apex. 2$ i 
_ Leaf-blades broadly ovate or sometimes oblong-ovate, thin. : £ VP 
Pollinia oblong on slender twisted caudicles: crown low, 10-crenate, with 
5 erenations broader, obscurely crested within, the 5 alternate divisions 
truncate or bifid at the apex : follicles muricate. x 
a. belated dull ey apa oo purple, some of them turning yellowish. ' 
orolla greenish purple. roader, 
Alternate loner divisions of the crown truncate and bifid, thinner than the rounded, b x 
obseurely crested divisions. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 953 


Crown prominently toothed; crest a narrow ridge or fold that 
is barely free within. . 5. V. Shortit. 
Crown merely crenulate, crest double. 6. V. obtiquum. 
Alternate divisions of the crown distinctly 2-toothed, thinner and 
narrower than the rounded somewhat crenate divisions that 
are more or less obscurely crested within : crests entire, crenate 
or bifid. 7. V. Carolinense. 
Corolla dull reddish, in the variety greenish yellow or straw-colored. 8. V. hirsutum. 
b. Corolla white: crown-divisions broad, quadrate, alternating with 5 slen- 
der deeply 2-toothed segments that much surpass the anthers. 9 
Pollinia oblong: crown 5-crenate, the divisions each 4-toothed: flowers in 
short racemes or fascicles. 10. V. Floridanum. 
B. Stems low, procumbent or diffuse, in V. productum twining: leaves small. 
Flowers solitary or 2, rarely 3 in a fascicle, never long-peduncled. 
Corolla rotately spreading. 
Crown 5-undulate, each lobe with an obtuse or subquadrate inflexed 
adnate crest, the intermediate sinus fringe-toothed : follicles muri- 


. V. Baldwinianum, 


cate and hirsute. 11. V. biflorum. 
Crown 5-parted: lobes broadly retuse, appendaged within by a thick 
fleshy ligule: follicles large and thick, muricate. 12. V. eynanchoides. 


Corolla campanulate. A : 
Crown 5-parted or apparently 10-parted, each alternate division with 
an incurved beak terminating the adnate crest within: follicles 


muricate. 13. V. pubiflorum. 
Crown saucer-shaped, with 5 internal, barely free processes terminat- 
ing the adnate crests within: follicles smooth: stem twining. 14. V. productum. 


Flowers several in a slender long-peduncled raceme: corolla rotate, small. 
Crown-lobes deeply 2-toothed, each with a slender, much longer, erect or 


; ineurved process within. : io. V. parviflorum. 
Crown-lobes emarginate or truncate, each with a slender, erect process à > 
within. ; 16. V. brevicoronatum. 


1. Vincetoxicum reticulàtum (Engelm. ) Heller. Stems high-climbing, hirsute 
with long stiff spreading hairs and a minute glandular pubescence : leaf-blades ovate- 
oblong, deeply cordate with incurved rounded and often overlapping auricles, tapering to 
a long-acuminate apex, 5-10 cm. long, glabrate or sparingly pubescent above, minutely 
puberulent and granulose beneath : peduncles as long as the petioles ( 2-10 cm. ) or longer : 
cymes 3-10-flowered : calyx with a gland at each sinus: corolla dull purplish green, 
1.4 cm. broad ; lobes oval, obtuse, scarious-margined, minutely and sparingly papillose or 
pubescent outside, green and white-reticulated within : crown an obscure ring attached to 
the base of the corolla : column slender, 1 mm. high, 5-angled, with a fleshy, rather obscure, 
angled ring approximated above that of the crown : stigma obtusely 5-angled, obscurely 
conic : pollinia pyriform : ovaries glabrate : follicles 8-12 cm. long, fusiform, long-acu- 
minate, glabrate or minutely puberulous, strongly muricate : seeds 7 mm. long, minutely 
granulose : coma 3.5 cm. long. 

In thickets and on rocky banks, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

2. Vincetoxicum Alabaménse Vail. Stems high-climbing, sparingly hirsute with 
long rather weak hairs and a minute glandular pubescence: leaf-blades 6-15 cm. long, 
9-10 em. broad, rather thin, ovate or oblong-cordate, acuminate at the apex, the basal auri- 
cles rounded and never overlapping, the sinus narrowed at the base, sparingly puberulent 
and dark green above, lighter and more closely puberulent beneath: peduncles shorter 
than the petioles: cymes 3-6-flowered : calyx biglandulose ; lobes lanceolate, acute: co- 
rolla dull greenish yellow, 2 cm. in diameter ; lobes oval, obtuse, puberulent, and minutely 
papillose, on the outer surface, conspicuously reticulated within: gynostegium raised 
on a low broad column: crown orange-yellow, consisting of a low saucer-shaped ring at- 
tached to the base of the corolla, 5-parted, each division minutely and irregularly toothed 
or entire, appendaged within by 5 tooth-like erect crests attached to the base of the column : 
stigma white, flat, obtusely 5-angled : anther-tips white, scarious : pollinia pyriform : ovaries 
minutely puberulent: follicles 8-9 cm. long, glandular-puberulent, closely and strongly 
muricate : seeds 8-9 mm. long, obovate, granulose : coma 3.5-4.5 cm. long. 

In thickets and on sandy hillsides, Dale County, Alabama. Summer and fall. 

3. Vincetoxicum suberdsum (L.) Britton. Stems slender, twining, pubescent or 
glabrate, often with few scattered and spreading hairs: leaf-blades ovate-oblong or the 
smaller ones oblong-oval, thickish, 6-12 cm. long, 2.5-8 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate at the 
apex, sometimes a little contracted at the middle, cordate or subcordate at the base, the 
sinus shallow, rather wide and open, the basal lobes rounded: racemes few-several- 
flowered : peduncles shorter than the pedicels, which are 1-2.5 cm. long, stout and fleshy : 
calyx with a subulate gland in each sinus : corolla brown-purple or some of them yellowish, 
broadly conic in the bud ; lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent or granu- 
lose within, 7-8 mm. long, erect or rotately spreading : crown an annular disk, undulately 
5- or barely 10-crenate, adnate to the corolla and but obscurely connected with the very 
short column by 5 faint ascending ridges : stigma depressed, barely 5-rayed : pollinia pyri- 
form, rounded at the base, with broad winged caudicles : follicles 10-12 cm. long, 2.5-3 


954 ASCLEPIADACEAE 


em. wide, 3-5-angled or winged, fleshy when young, dry and spongy when mature: seeds 
8-9 mm. long, thin, minutely warty, crenate along the apex : coma 4-5 cm. long. 

In thickets and on river banks, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana, mainly near the coast. Spring 
and summer. 

4. Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt. Stems high-climbing, rather slender, minutely 
puberulent and thinly hirsute, sometimes the upper portion glabrate : leaf-blades 7-18 cm. 
long, broadly ovate or sometimes ovate-oblong, cordate at the base, with the sinus broad, 
in the case of larger leaves, the basal lobes approximated and often overlapping, abruptly 
acuminate at the apex, usually thin, becoming sometimes thicker and coriaceous when old, 
glabrous above or nearly so, granular-puberulent beneath, the margins sometimes a little 
wavy: midrib with 2-several glands at the base above: cymes mainly few-flowered : pe- 
duncles fleshy, glabrous or nearly so: pedicels 1-2 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so: calyx- 
lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, minutely ciliolate near the apex : corolla elongated- 
conical in bud, dull-greenish ; lobes narrowly lanceolate-linear, 9-12 mm. long, not twisted, 
glabrous, rather thick and fleshy : crown a low 10-undulate fleshy ring : stigma depressed, 
not 5-rayed : anthers with a scarious-membrane that overlaps the edge of the stigma : pol- 
linia pear-shaped, the broad flat caudicles twisted : follicles 3-5-costate or angled, 8-10 em. 
long, glabrous, fleshy when mature, dry and spongy when old: seeds 8-9 mm. long, 
minutely granular-puberulent, the rugose margin irregularly crenate along the apex : coma 
3.5-4 em. long. [Gonolobus macrophyllus Michx. ] 

Along rivers and in moist thickets, Kentucky to Missouri, Georgia and Texas. Spring and summer. 
ANGLE-POD. 

5. Vincetoxicum Shortii (A. Gray) Britton. Stems high-climbing, puberulent and 
thinly hirsute with rather stiff spreading hairs: leaf-blades 5-14 cm. long or more, broadly 
ovate, short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, the lobes rounded, com- 
monly with a narrow and closed sinus, rather thin, minute soft-hirsute above, more densely 
so and with longer spreading hairs on the midrib beneath ; the latter with a few glands at 
the base above: cymes several-flowered : peduncles minutely puberulent and sparingly 
hirsute: pedicels 1-2.5 cm. long, fleshy and puberulent: calyx-lobes with a gland in 
each sinus, lanceolate, 3 mm. long, puberulent: corolla dark greenish purple, oblong- 
conic in bud, 10-15 mm. long; lobes linear-ligulate, glabrous within, puberulent on the 
outer surface : crown with a 10-dentate margin, the narrow intermediate teeth truncate, 
retuse or obscurely bifid, thinnish, a little higher than the alternate broader ones which are 
thicker and obscurely crested within ; crest a narrow ridge or fold that is barely free 
within : stigma barely 5-angled: pollinia oblong: caudicles long. and narrow: follicles 
8-10 cm. long, rather slender, muricate with soft, obtuse protuberances, puberulent : seeds 
8 mm. long, broadly obovate, glabrous, the thin margin barely wrinkled: coma 3 cm. 
long. Flowers said to have the odor of the fragrant flowers of species of Butnera. 

In dry woods, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and Georgia. Summer. 


_ 6. Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. Stems high-climbing, puberulent and 
hirsute, often densely so at the base, rather slender above : leaf-blades 7-20 cm. long, 6-1 : 
cm. wide, broadly ovate, some of the larger ones orbicular-ovate, gradually or abruptly 
acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, with narrowly mostly closed sinus and in 
the larger leaves the.broad rounded lobes conspicuously overlapping (sometimes leaves ue 
found that are distinctly oblique at the base), minutely pubescent above, pubescent beneat 
and thinly hirsute on the veins: glands at the base of the midvein above, l-several or 
obsolete : umbel many-flowered, commonly cymosely compound, except on the upper por 
tion of the stem where they are simple and few-flowered : peduncles 3-8 cm. long, anche 
lent and hirsute: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, puberulent and ciliolate, obscurely 
glandular in each sinus : corolla oblong-conic in bud ; lobes 10-14 mm. long, linear hee 
late, dark crimson-purple and glabrous within, dull greenish and puberulent on the outs! E 
crown 10-crenulate, the alternate thinner divisions truncate, entire or bifid, the others muc 
shorter, broadly rounded, thickened at the apparently double summit, the inner appendage 
tooth-like and simulating an internal crest: stigma depressed, 5-rayed: pollinia broa PA 
oblong : follicles 7-8 cm. long, slender, tapering to the acute apex, muricate with so 
spinous processes, minutely puberulent : seeds 7 mm. long : coma 2-2.5 cm. long. 

In thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio, Virginia and Tennessee. Summer. 


7. Vincetoxicum Carolinénse (Jacq. ) Britton. Stems and petioles minutely p 
lent as well as thinly hirsute with spreading hairs: leaf-blades obovate, acute or 18 i y 
acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, with a narrow or closed sinus, 6- re 
long, 5-15 em. wide, closely and softly pubescent on both surfaces: peduncles eer ine 
pedicels 1-3 em. long : corolla brown-purple, oblong-conic in the bud, puberulent = out ; 
lobes linear-oblong, or linear-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, 12-15 mm. long: crown cup-s ies i 
10-parted, the alternate divisions bifid, the others shorter, rounded, mostly irregularly cr 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 955 


within : crests often broadly triangular, incurved over the anthers: pollinia broadly oblong- 
elliptic ; corpuscle narrowly linear-elliptic: follicles muricate. 

In thickets, District of Columbia and Virginia to Missouri, South Carolina, Louisiana and the Indian 
Territory. Flowers said to have a cimicine odor. Summer. 

8. Vincetoxicum hirsütum (Michx.) Britton. Stems puberulent and thinly hirsute : 
leaf-blades ovate, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, 5-10 cm. long, 3-6 
cm. wide, the basal lobes rounded with open or in the larger specimens with closed sinus 
and overlapping lobes: peduncles commonly about the length of the petioles, rarely some- 
what longer: umbels few- to several-flowered : corolla brown-purple to greenish yellow, 
ovoid, acute in the bud ; lobes oblong, obtuse or acutish, 7-10 mm. long, minutely puberu- 
lent within : crown cup-shaped, fleshy, as high as the anthers, the alternate bifid divisions 
thinner, mostly shorter than the thicker broad irregularly crested lobes, the crests variable, 
bifid or laciniate-toothed : pollinia oblong; corpuscle narrow at the base : follicles minutely 
puberulent as well as muricate. 

In thickets, Maryland to Florida and Tennessee. Summer.—<A form ranging from South Carolina 
to Florida with a greenish yellow or dull straw-colored corolla, is V. hirsutum flavidulum (Chapm.) 
Vail. [Gonolobus flavidulus Chapm.] 

9. Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum (Sweet) Britton. Stem climbing over bushes, 
puberulent and thinly hirsute: leaf-blades 6-14 cm. long, broadly ovate, acute or acumi- 
nate at the apex, deeply and apparently somewhat obliquely cordate at the base, the sinus 
open or in the larger leaves the rounded basal lobes overlapping, puberulent : cymes many- 
flowered : peduncles 2-5 cm. long: calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, 2 mm. long, glandular in 
the sinus: corolla white, long-conic in the bud; lobes thin, erect or barely spreading, 
linear-oblong, 9 mm. long: crown 10-lobed, the 5 broader lobes quadrate, emarginate or 
somewhat callous, 2-toothed, the outer margin with 2 or more minute accessory processes ; 
the alternate narrower lobes divided into a pair of very slender linear teeth that much sur- 
pass the anthers: stigma much depressed, obscurely 5-rayed : follicles 8 em. long, muricate, 
puberulent: seeds 9 mm. long, thin, red-brown, the wing-like margin barely wrinkled, 
pale reddish : coma 2.5-3 cm. long. Flowers said to have an offensive odor. 

In thickets, Georgia and Alabama to Arkansas. Spring and summer. 


10. Vincetoxicum Floridànum Vail. Stems puberulent throughout, very slender, 
hirsute with short scattered hairs: leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, ovate, tapering to the acumi- 
nate apex, cordate at the base with rounded lobes and open sinus, about equally puberu- 
lent on both surfaces, the midvein obscurely biglandulose at the base above: racemes 
about the length of the petioles : pedicels 1-2 mm. long: calyx very small; lobes 2 mm. 
long, linear-lanceolate, with a minute subulate gland in each sinus : corolla dull greenish 
or purplish ; lobes slightly longer than the tube, linear-lanceolate, acutish, 3-5 mm. long, 
somewhat fleshy, minutely puberulent on the outer surface, glabrous within : crown red- 
purple, saucer-shaped, with 5 broad undulations, each bidentate at the callous thickened 
apex and a smaller tooth on each side at about the middle: stigma depressed scarcely 
5-angled : pollinia oblong, the caudicles broad and apparently not twisted : follicles not 
seen. 

In sandy soil, eastern Florida. Summer. 

11. Vincetoxicum bifldrum (Raf.) Heller. Stems hirsute-villous, prostrate, several 
from a slender ligneous rootstock, simple or branched : leaf-blades 1.5-4.5 cm. long, ovate 
or triangular-cordate, acute or acuminate, the basal lobes rounded, rather thin and coria- 
ceous, glabrous above, sparingly villous beneath, the upper leaves much reduced in size : 
pedicels in pairs or sometimes solitary in the upper axils, nearly as long as the petioles: 
corolla rotate ; lobes 6-8 mm. long, linear-oblong, dull dark purple, sparsely pubescent on 
both surfaces and apparently granular-papillose within : crown saucer-shaped, 5-undulate, 
the sinuses 2-3-denticulate or nearly entire, each lobe traversed by a salient crest adnate to 
the base of the column, canaliculate on the lower edge, extending at the summit into a con- 
spicuous fleshy truncate acumination, which incurves over the anthers: membranous 
anther-tips reflexed over the flat stigmatic disk : follicles muricate, hirsute : seeds not seen. 

On stony and dry prairies, Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 

. 12. Vincetoxicum cynanchoides (Engelm.) Vail. Stems pubescent and somewhat 
hirsute, reclining, slender, from a ligneous rootstock, branched near the base: leaf-blades 
-5-4 em. long, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate or some of them round cordate, the basal lobes 
rounded, the upper leaves much reduced and often bract-like : inflorescence racemosely 
clustered at the summit of the nearly naked stem or a few pedicels in the lower axils: 
pedicels in pairs, 4-8 mm. long: corolla rotate or nearly so ; lobes erect-spreading, 3 mm. 
ong and longer than the shallow tube, ovate-oblong, pubescent outside, glabrous within : 
crown saucer-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes fleshy, callous at the retusely truncate apex, the 
angles rounded, with a narrow ligulate closely adnate crest which is decurrent on the 


956 ASCLEPIADACEAE 


column and is free at the short canaliculate obtuse apex : anther-tips membranous, incurved 
over the anthers: pollinia oblong, truncate at the attachment of the caudicle: follicles 9 
em. long, 3 cm. broad, narrowly oval, tapering each way, thick and coriaceous, pubescent, 
short-muricate : seeds 10 mm. long, thick and coriaceous, red-brown, crenate at the apex : 
coma 3.5 cm. long, rather coarse. 

On dry prairies, Arkansas and Texas. Spring and summer. 


13. Vincetoxicum pubiflórum (Decne. ) Vail. Stems from a slender perennial root- 
stock, branched at the base, the branches spreading or procumbent and diffuse, 2-4 dm. long, 
clothed with a short glandular pubescence and longer spreading hairs: leaf-blades broadly 
cordate or reniform, 2-4 cm. long, acutish or apiculate or some of them acuminate, the 
basal lobes rounded : peduncles none or merely a terminal one by the reduction of the upper 
leaves to bracts: pedicels 2 or 3 in a faseicle: calyx-lobes acute, very small: corolla cam- 
panulate ; lobes about as long as the tube, oblong-ovate, 4-5 mm long, dull purplish, 
acutish, minutely hirsute on both surfaces, reticulated within : crown shallow cup-shaped, 
with 10 rounded undulations, each alternate one with an adnate fleshy acute beak or horn 
terminating the adnate crest or rib within, with minute auricles at the base: stigmatic 
disk acutely angled : follicles 4 cm. long, ovate, muricate, much wrinkled: seeds 4 mm. 
long : mature fruit not seen. 

In dry grounds or thiekets, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 


14. Vincetoxicum prodüctum (Torr.) Vail. Stems minutely pubescent, low and 
twining, 4 dm. long or more : leaf-blades sagittate, cordate, 3-4.5 cm. long, tapering to a 
long-acuminate apex, the basal lobes round, shorter than the (7-10 cm. long) petioles : 
peduncles axillary, as long as the petioles, 3-4-flowered : calyx-lobes with a small gland a 

` little below each sinus: corolla narrowly-campanulate, dull greenish purple, puberulous 
outside, nearly glabrous within ; lobes about as long as the tube, linear or oblong, nearly 
erect: crown nearly equalling the anthers and stigma, entire or barely undulate, thin, in- 
serted at the base of the short column and connected with it by 5 adnate crests which. are 
free at the 2-toothed or entire apex and canaliculate on the inner side: anther-wings 
small, nearly acute : stigma obtusely 5-angled : pollinia obliquely ovoid, on broad-winged 
caudicles : follicles ovate, 3 em. long or more, minutely puberulous: follicles smooth. 

On plains, Texas to Arizona and adjacent Mexico. Summer and fall. 


.. 15. Vincetoxicum parvifldrum (Torr.) Vail. Stems villous-hirsute, decumbent, 
diffuse, 1-2 dm. or 3dm. long, branched, fascicled on a slender vertical perennial rootstock : 
leaf-blades ovate or orbicular-cordate, obtuse or acutish, 1-3 em. long : peduncles 6-10 cm. 
long, slender, terminal and lateral, somewhat racemosely several-flowered : flowers short- 
pedicelled : calyx-lobes lanceolate-elliptical: corolla rotate ; lobes much longer than the 
tube, oblong, obtuse, 2.5 mm. long, thick and fleshy with a whitish scarious margin, 
papillose within : crown of 5 separate bidentate erect whitish fleshy lobes, which exceed the 
anthers, each with an erect, slightly incurved, linear, flat, obtuse or acutish process, aris- 
ing from near the base of the segment and commonly surpassing it: stigmatic disk flat or 
slightly depressed : pollinia obliquely ovoid-obovate ; caudicles broad with 1 or 2 wing- 
like appendages: follicles 3-4 cm. long, or more, ovate, tapering and obtuse at the apex, 
obtuse at the base, pubescent, tuberculate and coarsely muricate: seeds 5 mm. long, round- 
oblong, erenate at the apex, thin: coma 1 cm. long. 

In rocky soil, southern Texas. Summer. 


.. 16. Vincetoxicum  brevicoronàtum (Robinson) Vail. Stems villous-hirsute, 
diffuse, ascending, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades sessile or short-petioled, ovate or ae 
orbicular, 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 em. wide, cordate at the base, acute or acuminate at t x 
apex, glabrous or puberulent above, wrinkled or undulate on the margins, villous-hirsuie 
and the midrib and veins whitish beneath: flowers short-pedicelled, 3-8 at the apex of t j 
slender 2-7 cm. long axillary peduncle, minutely bracteolate : calyx-lobes oblong-lanceo 
late, acutish : corolla 2-3 mm. long, dark dull purplish; lobes erect, rather thick - 
fleshy, narrowly lanceolate, with white margins: crown of 5 short, thick, whitish rather 
fleshy truncate lobes not exceeding the stigma, each with an erect slender once Se ge: 
longer internal horn or process: anther wings very small, corneous: stigma a litt d t i 
pe pollinia subglobose : corpuscle linear-oblong, nearly as long as the mom 
icles about 4 em. long, coarsely muricate : seeds not seen. 

On sandy plains, Texas. Summer. 


Order 7. POLEMONIALES. 


Herbs, or sometimes shrubs or trees, the plants of some families puces 
Leaves with dilated blades, or scale-like. Flowers mainly perfect, various y 


DICHONDRACEAE 957 


disposed. Calyx of partially united sepals. Corolla gamopetalous, regular or 
irregular. Androecium of as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes, or fewer, 
sometimes partially represented by staminodia, sometimes partially obsolete. 
Gynoecium of 2 distinct or several united carpels. Fruit a capsule, berry, drupe 
or a group of nuts, or utricle-like. 


Stamens 5. i 
Gynoecium of 2 distinct carpels. Fam. 1. DICHONDRACEAE. 
Gynoecium of 2 or more partially or wholly united carpels. 
Fruit capsular or baccate : ovary not 4-lobed. 
Styles or stigmas distinct. 
Ovary 1-2-celled, or rarely 4-celled : stigmas 2. 
Ovary 2-celled or 4-celled. 
Corolla unappendaged within: plants with normal leaves, 


atleastif vines. Fam. 2. CONVOLVULACEAE. 
Corolla appendaged within: parasitic twining plants 
with scale-like leaves. "am. 3. CUSCUTACEAE. 
Ovary 1-celled (2-celled in Nama). Fam. 4. HYDROLEACEAE. 
Ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3. 
Calyx-lobes imbricated : corolla mostly plaited in the bud. Fam. 2. CONVOLVULACEAE. 
Calyx-lobes valvate: corolla merely convolute in the bud. Fam. 5. POLEMONIACEAE. 
Styles or stigmas wholly united. 
Median axis of the gynoecium in the same axis as the stem: 
seeds mostly pitted. Fam. 6. SOLANACEAE. 
Median axis of the gynoecium not in the axis of the stem: 
seeds mostly tuberculate. Fam. 13. RHINANTHACEAE. 
Fruit drupaceous, or of 2 or 4 nutlets. 
Style or stigmas not furnished with a glandular ring. 
Fruit a groupof 2or 4 nutlets : style arising from between the 
lobes of the ovary. Fam. 7. BORRAGINACEAE. 
Fruit drupaceous : style terminating the lobeless ovary. Fam. 8. EHRETIACEAE. 
Style or stigmas furnished with a glandular ring. Fam. 9. HELIOTROPIACEAE. 
Stamens 4 and didynamous, or 1 or 2. 
Carpels ripening into a group of 4 nutlets, an achene or a drupe. 
Style apical on the lobeless ovary. 
Ovary 2-celled. [ Fam. 10. VERBENACEAF. 
Ovary 1-celled. Fam. 11. PHRYMACEAE. 
Style arising between the 4 lobes of the ovary. Fam. 12. LAMIACEAE. 


Carpels ripening into a capsule. 
Placentae of the ovary axile. 
Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 3-5-celled. 
Corolla-lobes imbricated : capsule not elastically dehiscent. Fam. 13. RHINANTHACEAE. 
Corolla-lobes convolute : capsules elastically dehiscent. Fam. 14. ACANTHACEAE. 
Ovary 1-celled. Fam. 15. PINGUICULACEAE. 
Placentae of the ovary parietal. : 
Herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants: leaves scale-like: 
foliage not green. Fam. 16. OROBANCHACEAE. 
Trees, shrubs or woody vines, or herbs, but not parasitic: leaves 
not scale-like: foliage green. : 
Ovary and capsule 2-celled: trees, shrubs or woody vines: 
seeds winged. Fam. 17. BIGNONIACEAE. 
Ovary and capsule I-celled: herbs: seeds wingless. Fam. 18. MARTYNIACEAE. 


FAMiLY 1. DICHONDRACEAE Dumort. DICHONDRA FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with creeping stems. Leaves alternate ; blades 
about as broad as long or broader, entire. Flowers solitary in the axils, com- 
monly pedicelled. Calyx of 5 distinct or nearly distinct sepals, sometimes slightly 
broadened upward. Corolla rotate or campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate 
in the bud.  Androecium of stamens 5, shorter than the corolla. Filaments fili- 
form or subulate. Gynoecium of 2 distinct carpels, pubescent. Styles 2, distinct, 
basal. Stigmas capitate. Capsules 2 together, utricle-like, indehiscent. Seeds 
usually solitary or two, with a smooth testa. 


1. DICHONDRA Forst. 
Characters of the family. 


. lL Dichondra Carolinénsis Michx.! Perennial, softly pubescent. Stems creep- 
ing, 1-4 dm. long, often branching: leaf-blades reniform or suborbicular, 5-20 mm. 
broad, rounded or retuse at the apex, entire, cordate ; petioles much longer than the 
blades: pedicels shorter than the petioles: calyx silky ; lobes cuneate or cuneate-obovate, 


.. } Another species, similar in habit, D. argentea Willd., common westward, with silvery 
silky-pubescent foliage and villous corolla-lobes, many occur in the western part of our 
range. 


958 CONVOLVULACEAE 


2-3 mm. long, obtuse : corolla greenish white, 5-6 mm. broad : capsules 2-2.5 mm. high, 
utricle-like. 


In low grounds, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also widely distributed in tropical America and 
the Old World. Spring to fall. 


FAMILY 2, CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. MonNING-GLORY FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial herbs or vines, or rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves al- 
ternate, without stipules: blades various. Flowers perfect, regular, sometimes 
solitary, often in cymes. Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals; these imbri- 
cated, persistent, equal or unequal, in one or two series. Corolla superior, con- 
volute in aestivation, its limb often entire, after flowering often involute. An- 
droecium of 5 stamens partially adnate to the corolla-tube, alternate with the 
lobes. Filaments often of the same length, commonly enlarged at the base and 
pubescent. Anthers 2-celled, erect or incumbent. Gynoecium free, of 2 united 
earpels. Ovary 2-5-celled, seated ina fleshy disk. Styles often united. Stigma 
simple, acute or capitate, sometimes 2-lobed. Ovules erect, solitary or two in 
each cavity. Fruit a 2-4-celled or 5-celled capsule (or by breaking down of the 
septum 1-celled). Seeds large, usually fewer than the ovules, with a mem- 
branous or coriaceous testa, often villous. Endosperm mucilaginous. Embryo 
curved, with foliaceous usually crumpled or plaited cotyledons. 


Styles distinct or partly so. 
Styles nearly distinet or partially united, entire. 


Corolla plaited : stamens included : vines. 1. BREWERIA. 
Corolla not plaited : stamens exserted : erect herbs. 2. CRESSA. 
Styles distinet, each 2-cleft. 3. EVOLVULUS. 
Styles united to the stigma. 
Stigmas ovoid or subglobose. 

Corolla salverform : stamens and style exserted. 
Corolla-tube slender-cylindric: limb very broad. 4. CALONYCTION. 
Corolla-tube narrowly funnelform: limb narrow. 5. QUAMOCLIT. 

Corolla funnelform or campanulate : stamens and style included. 

Stigma subglobose. 
Sepals blunt to acuminate: ovary 2 or 4-celled : capsule 4-seeded. 6. IPOMOEA. 
„Sepals with long tips: ovary 3 or 5-celled : capsules 6 or 10-seeded. 7. PHARBITIS. 
. Stigmas somewhat flattened. 8. JACQUEMONTIA. 
Stigmas filiform or oblong-cylindric. 9. CONVOLVULUS. 


1. BREWERIA R. Br. 


Perennial herbs, with prostrate or twining stems. Leaves alternate: blades very nar- 
row or broad, entire. Flowers 1-5, terminating axillary peduncles. Calyx often pubescent: 
sepals 5, slightly united at the base. Corolla white, pink, purple or yellow, campanulate 
or funnelform-campanulate: limb plaited, 5-angled or slightly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, m- 
cluded : filaments filiform or dilated at the base. Ovary 2-celled. Styles wholly or par- 
tially united. Stigmas capitate. Capsule 2-celled, seated in the calyx, 2-4-valved. Seeds 
1-4, sometimes pubescent. The plants flower from spring to fall. 


Sepals fully 2 em. long: capsules over 10 mm. long. 1. B. grandifiora. 
Sepals less than 1 em. long: capsules less than 10 mm. long. 
ERTH es ain or — so, sometimes ciliate. ` 9. B. angustifolia. 
- es narrowly linear. SP. ; 
Leaí-blades oblong. d 3. B. humistrata. 
Sepals densely pubescent. 
ba ren pubescent. 1 ias 
E : E i : coro A 
Fo ago eri bia : mature peduncles 1-3 em. long: c 4. B. trichosanthes. 
Foliage densely brown-tomentose : mature peduncles 4-6 em. iong : corollas s 
: about 2 cm. long. di Aer sers 
Filaments glabrous or nearly so. 
Leaf-blades oblong to narrowly lanceolate. 5 6. B. 
Leaf-blades narrowly linear, or slightly broadest above the middle. 7. 


l. Breweria grandifldra A. Gray. Foliage softly pubescent. Stems trailing, s 
im. long, simple or branching : leaf-blades leathery, oblong, ovate or oval, 2.9-5 cm. dice E 
usually apiculate, entire, rounded or cordate at the base ; petioles 1-5 mm. long: A or 
about as long as the peduncles: bracts linear or oblong: sepals lanceolate, o E d: 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-2.5 em. long: corolla light blue, 6-7 cm. long, 7-10 em. broad : 
capsules ovoid or globose-ovoid, 1.2-1.5 cm. long, 4-seeded. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. 


aquatica. |. 
B. Pickeringu. 


CONVOLVULACEAE 959 


2. Breweria angustifolia Nash. Foliage more or less densely pubescent. Stems 
much branched at the base, the branches trailing or reclining, 6-10 dm. long, sparingly 
branched above : leaf-blades narrowly linear, 2.5--7 cm. long, often glabrate, acute, entire, 
sessile or short-petioled : peduncles slender, about as long as the blades or shorter : sepals 
glabrous or nearly so, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 7-10 mm. long, ciliate, acute to acumi- 
nate, with more or less spreading tips: corolla white, about 2 cm. broad: capsules oval 
or oblong-oval, 6-8 mm. long, bearded at the apex. 

In dry soil, peninsular Florida. 

3. Breweria humistràta (Walt.) A. Gray. Foliage villous-hirsute, or glabrate. 
Stems often branching at the base ; branches trailing or climbing, 3-15 dm. long, some- 
times sparingly branched : leaf-blades oblong or nearly so, 2-7 cm. long, apiculate, entire, 
truncate or cordate at the base; petioles 2-8 mm. long: peduncles very slender, 3-8 cm. 
long: sepals glabrous or nearly so, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, acute or 
acuminate : corolla white or pinkish, fully 2 cm. broad: capsules 4-5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. 

4. Breweria trichosánthes (Michx.) Small. Foliage finely pubescent. Stems 
branched at the base ; branches prostrate or reclining, slender: leaf-blades oblong-linear, 
1-4 em. long, apiculate or mucronate, entire, often somewhat viscid, narrowed into short 
petioles : peduncles as long as the leaves or longer: sepals strigillose, glabrate, oblong or 
nearly so, 6-8 mm. long, more or less acuminate : corolla white, 1.5-2 cm. broad : cap- 
sules about 5 mm. long, bearded at the apex. [Convolvulus trichosanthes Michx. ] 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. 

5. Breweria villdsa Nash. Foliage villous-tomentulose. Stems usually branched at 
the base; branches trailing, 3-14 dm. long, branched: leaf-blades oblong or linear, 2.5-7 
cm. long, apiculate, entire, rather abruptly narrowed or subcordate at the base; petioles 
2-8 mm. long: peduncles as long as the leaves or surpassing them : sepals villous-tomen- 
tulose, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 8-11 mm. long, acuminate: corolla white, 2.5-3 cm. 
broad : capsules ovoid or globose-ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, closely pubescent. 

In dry sand, peninsular Florida. 

6. Breweria aquática (Walt.) A. Gray. Foliage softly pubescent, or tomentulose. 
Stems branched at the base ; branches trailing or rarely climbing, 5-12 dm. long, commonly 
branched : leaf-blades oblong to narrowly lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, apiculate, entire, 
prominently nerved beneath, obtuse or cordate at the base: peduncles as long as the leaves 
or longer: sepals silky-tomentose, acuminate, 5-6 mm. long: corolla rose-purple, fully 
1.5 cm. broad: filaments glabrous: capsules 8-9 mm. long, pubescent, at least near the 
top. 

In pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Texas. 

7. Breweria Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray. Foliage more or less densely 
pubescent. Stems commonly branched at the base ; branches prostrate or reclining, with 
many short spreading branchlets : leaf-blades linear-spatulate to narrowly linear, 2-6 cm. 
long, acute, entire, narrowed into short petioles or nearly sessile: peduncles shorter than 
the leaves or longer: bracts linear, surpassing the calyxes : sepals lanuginose, oval or ellip- 
tic-oval, 4-5 mm. long: corolla white, 1-1.5 cm. broad : capsules ovoid-conic, 6-8 mm. 
long, pubescent. 

In pine lands, New Jersey and Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. 


2. CRESSA L. 


Perennial shrubby plants, with sparingly or diffusely branched stems. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades small or reduced to scales. Flowers solitary in the upper axils. Calyx ses- 
sile or short-pedicelled : sepals nearly equal and distinct, imbricated, unchanged at 
maturity. Corolla funnelform, persistent: lobes 5, about as long as the tube. Stamens 
5, exserted : filaments filiform. Ovary more or less perfectly 2-celled. Styles distinct. 
Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsules little longer than thick, 2-4-valved. Seeds smooth 
and shining, often solitary. 


Leaves not scale-like, numerous : filaments glabrous : corolla-lobes lanceolate. 1. C. Truziliensis. 
Leaves reduced to a few scales: filaments pubescent below: corolla-lobes ovate. 2. C. aphylla. 


l. Cressa Truxillénsis H.B.K. Foliage silky. Stems much branched at the base; 
branches copiously leafy, spreading or prostrate, 5-25 cm. long : leaves numerous ; blades 
elliptic, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-9 mm. long, acute, entire, sessile or nearly so: 
pedicels much shorter than the leaves: sepals longer than the pedicels, oblong to oval or 
slightly broadest above the middle, 4-5 mm. long, obtuse: corolla white ; tube about as 


960 CONVOLVULACEAE 


long as the calyx ; lobes narrow, lanceolate, curling back, about as long as the tube: fila- 
ments glabrous. 

In saline soil, Texas to southern California and tropical America. Spring and summer. 

2. Cressa aphylla Heller. Foliage cinereous. Stems erect, 1-2 dm. tall, destitute 
of typical leaves, branched from near the base and throughout: leaves reduced to small 
scales: pedicels about 1 mm. long: bracts barely j as long as the calyxes, lanceolate to 
ovate-lanceolate : sepals closely pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, 
acute or slightly acuminate: corolla yellowish white; tube as long as the calyx; lobes 
ovate, shorter than the tube: filaments pubescent below the middle. 

In dry or sandy soil, Texas. Spring. 


3. BVOLVULUS L. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, with shaggy or appressed pubescence. Leaves 
alternate : blades entire. Flowers solitary in the axils, or in terminal racemes or panicles. 
Calyx usually pedicelled : sepals 5, nearly equal. Corolla white, pink or blue, funnel- 
form, campanulate or rotate: limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens 5: filaments 
filiform. Ovary 2-celled, globular. Styles distinct, each 2-cleft.  Stigmas slender. 
Ovules few. Capsules but little longer than broad, 2-4-valved. Seeds 1-4, glabrous. 
The plants flower from spring to fall. 


Peduncles as long as the leaves or longer. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so at maturity. 
Leaf-blades copiously pubescent. 
Peduncles wanting or very short: pedicels shorter than the leaves. 


. E. mucronatus. 
. E. alsinoides. 


om $9 Ne 


Leaf-blades glabrous above. . E. sericeus. 

Leaf-blades copiously pubescent on both sides. s 
Pubescence silky : sepals acute, erect or nearly so. . E. mollis. 
Pubescence shaggy : sepals acuminate, the tips spreading. E. pilosus. 


1. Evolvulus mucronatus Sw. Silky when young, soon glabrate. Stems branched 
at the base; branches spreading or prostrate, 1-4 dm. long, very slender : leaf-blades 
oblong to obovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, mucronate, entire, narrowed into short petioles: pedun- 
cles as long as the leaves or longer: pedicels shorter and stouter than the peduncles: 
sepals glabrate, 3-4.5 mm. long, oblong to oblong-ovate, acute : corolla rotate, about 1 cm. 
broad: capsules subglobose, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter. 

In sandy soil, Florida and the West Indies. A 

2. Evolvulus alsinoides L. Strigillose and more or less densely villous-hirsute. 
Stems branched at the base ; branches decumbent or prostrate, 1-6 dm. long, slender : 
leaf-blades oblong-oval or oblong-lanceolate, 6-25 mm. long, acute, entire, narrowed into 
short petioles : peduncles as long as the leaves or longer: pedicels recurved or refracted : 
sepals 2-4 mm. long, ovate or oblong-lanceolete, acute: corolla rotate, 8-12 mm. broad : 
capsules subglobose, 3-4 mm. in diameter. 

In sandy soil, Florida to Texas. 

3. Evolvulus sericeus Sw. Silky. Stems branched at the base ; branches ascend- 
ing or decumbent, 1-3 dm. long, slender, commonly zigzag : leaf-blades linear to oblong, 
1-2.5 cm. long, acute at the ends, glabrous above, sessile: pedicels shorter than the 
calyxes, slightly thickened upward : sepals silky, 4-6 mm. long, oblong to broadly elliptic, 
acute to acuminate : corolla white or blue, rotate, 8-10 mm. broad : capsules subglobose, 
3-4 mm. in diameter. : 

In low grounds, Georgia and Florida to Texas and Arizona. Throughout tropical America. 

4. Evolvulus móllis Small. Silky. Stems branched at the base; branches ascend- 
ing or decumbent, 5-20 cm. long, slender: leaf-blades linear to linear-oblong or linear- 
lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute, sometimes scythe-shaped, entire, sessile or nearly so: 
pedicels shorter than the calyxes: sepals more or less densely lanuginose, 4-6 mm. ut. 
oblong or lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, narrowly acute, erect or nearly so: corolla bluish, 10- 
14 mm. broad : capsules globose-ovoid, 4-5 mm. in diameter. 

In dry soil, Texas. 

5. Evolvulus pildsus Nutt. Densely silky-hirsute, silvery, becoming tawny 95 ues 
ruginous. Stems much branched at the base ; branches ascending or spreading, Des cm. 
long, stout: leaf-blades oblong or broadest above the middle or below it, 1-1.5 Ferd md 
acute, densely pubescent on both sides, sessile or short-petioled : pedicels curved, T "s 
than the calyxes, densely pubescent : sepals silky, 6-8 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, 5- a 
long, long-acuminate, the tips widely spreading: corolla about 1 cm. broad : capsules a 
3 mm. long. [E. argenteus Pursh.] 


In dry soil, Kansas to Colorado, south to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Also on Key West, Florida. 


CONVOLVULACEAE 961 


4. CALONYCTION Choisy. 
Perennial twining vines, often with a milky sap. Leaves alternate: blades broad. 


Flowers fragrant. Calyx pedicelled : sepals 5, herbaceous, becoming leathery, the outer 
sometimes horned at the apex. Corolla white, expanding in the evening, salverform : 
tube elongated, not dilated at the throat: limb ample, contorted. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-4- 
celled. Styles united to the capitate-didymous stigma. Ovules 4, 2 in 2 cavities, or soli- 
tary in four cavities. Capsule longer than broad. 

1. Calonyction Bóna-nóx (L.) Small. Foliage glabrous. Stems extensively twin- 
ing, 3-25 m. long, with a milk-like sap: leaf-blades ovate or suborbicular, 5-15 em. long, 
entire or hastately 3-5-lobed, acuminate, cordate ; petioles as long as the blades or longer : 
peduncles stout, 1-7-flowered : sepals appressed to the corolla-tube, about 1 em. long, oblong 
or ovate-oblong, the outer ones with infraterminal tail-like or horn-like appendages: corolla 
salverform ; tube slender, 10-12 cm. long ; limb 10-13 cm. broad, the externally green ribs 
ending in short cusps: capsules ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2 cm. long, acute: seeds glabrous 
or nearly so. [Tpomoea Bona-nor L.] 
ui In swamps and thickets, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Throughout the tropics. Spring to 

all. 


5. QUAMOCLIT Moench. 

Annual or perennial twining vines, with often glabrous foliage. Leaves alternate : 
blades entire, lobed or pinnately parted. Flowers in axillary cymes, or solitary. Sepals 
5, membranous or herbaceous, equal or nearly so. Corolla often scarlet, salverform, ex- 
panding during the daytime: tube narrowly funnelform: limb spreading, shorter than the 
tube, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted : filaments filiform. Ovary 2-celled or falsely 4-celled. 
Styles united. Stigma capitate. Ovules 4. Capsules subglobose or somewhat elongated, 
usually 4-celled. Seeds 4. Ourspecies annual. The plants bloom in the summer and fall. 


Leaf-blades pinnately parted into narrow segments: sepals obtuse or mucronate. 1. Q. Quamoclit. 
Leaf-blades entire: sepals acuminate. 2. Q. coccinea. 

1. Quamoclit Quámoclit (L.) Britton. Stems twining, several m. long: leaf- 
blades 2-10 em. long, pinnately-parted ; segments narrowly linear: peduncles 1-3-flowered : 
pedicels club-shaped : sepals appressed to the corolla-tube, oblong, 3-5 mm. long, obtuse 
or mucronate, without appendages : corolla scarlet-red ; tube club-shaped, 2.5-3 cm. long ; 
lobes ovate or triangular: capsules ovoid, 8-10 mm. long. [Ipomoea Quamoclit L.] 

In waste places and cultivated grounds, Virginia to Kansas, Florida, Texas and tropical America, 
whence naturalized. CYPRESS VINE. 

2. Quamoclit coccínea (L.) Moench. Stems climbing, several m. long, branching : 
leaf-blades ovate, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate, entire, cordate ; petioles as long as the blades, 
or shorter: peduncles 2-several-flowered, commonly stouter than the pedicels: sepals ap- 
pressed to the tips, oblong, with infraterminal appendages, outer as broad as long : corolla 
scarlet or orange-tinged ; tube 2-4 cm. long; limb cup-like, 1.5-2 em. broad : capsules sub- 
globose, 7-8 mm. in diameter: seeds nearly glabrous. [Ipomoea coccinea L.] 

On banks and in thickets, Pennsylvania to Missouri, Florida, Arizona and tropical America. 
Naturalized eastward. RED MORNING-GLORY. 

6. IPOMOBA L. 

Annual or perennial climbing or trailing vines, or rarely upright plants. Leaves 
alternate: blades entire, angled or lobed. Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles, or in 
cymes. Sepals 5, membranous or rather fleshy sometimes becoming leathery, closely im- 
bricated, not elongated. Corolla white, pink, blue, purple or crimson, funnelform : limb 
usually spreading. Stamens 5, included. Ovary 2- or 4-celled, the cavities more or less 
completely divided between the ovules. Styles united. Capsule mostly septifragally 2 or 
4-valved. Seeds often pubescent. The plants flower mainly in the summer, or throughout 
the year in the south. MonNING-GLORY. 

A. Stems prostrate and creeping or climbing. 


Stems creeping. : : ; ; 
Corolla-limb white: leaf-blades oblong to ovate in outline, mainly lobed. 1. J. littoralis. 
Corolla-limb purple: leaf-blades suborbicular or broader than long, notched 

at the apex. 2. I. Pes-Caprae. 


Stems twining or rarely trailing but never ereeping. 
a. Leaf-blades entire or 3-lobed. 
Sepals obtuse or mucronate. 
61 Leaf-blades never sagittate: inner sepals over 1 cm. long. 
) 


962 CONVOLVULACEAE 


Leaf-blades cordate at the base, of an ovate type. 


Sepals pubescent : seeds with long wool all over. 3. I. Jalapa. 
Sepals glabrous : seeds with long wool on the angles. 4. I. pandurata. 
Leaf-blades acute or truncate at the base, of a lanceolate type. 5. I. longifolia. 
Leaf-blades sagittate : inner sepals less than 1 cm. long. 6. I. speciosa. 
Sepals acute or acuminate. 
Perennial: calyx glabrous. 7. I. trifida. 
Annual: calyx pubescent, at least sepals ciliate. 
Corolla 3 cm. long or longer. 8. I. Caroliniana. 
Corolla less than 3 cm. long. 
Peduncles shorter than the petioles: corolla-tube white. 9. I. lacunosa. 
Peduncles longer than the petioles: corolla-tube purple. 10. J. triloba. 
b. Leaf-blades palmately 7-parted. 
Terminal leaf-segment entire: sepals becoming 2.5-3 em. long, longer 
than the capsule. 11. I. cairica. 
Terminal leaf-segment pinnatifid : sepals becoming 4-8 mm. long, shorter 
than the capsule. 12. I. dissecta. 
B. Stems erect or diffusely spreading, sometimes shrubby. 
Annual plants: leaf-blades pedately parted : corolla less than 2 em. long. 13. I. costellata. 


Perennial plants: leaf-blades entire: corolla fully 4 em. long. 
Leaf-blades ovate: corolla puberulent without : seeds shaggy-pubescent. 14. J. fistulosa. 
Leaf-blades linear: corolla glabrous without: seeds finely pubescent. 15. I. leptophylla. 


1. Ipomoea littoralis (L.) Boiss. Perennial, glabrous, fleshy. Stems prostrate, 
creeping, several m. long, branching: leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, the early ones ovate to ob- 
long, the later fiddle-shaped or more deeply lobed, more or less deeply notched at the apex, 
mostly truncate or cordate at the base: sepals glabrous, oblong or oval, 1-1.5 cm. long, 
mucronate or acuminate : corolla white, with a yellow throat ; tube funnelform ; limb 4-7 
cm, broad: capsules subglobose, 1.5 cm. in diameter: seeds woolly. [Convolvulus littoralis 
L. Ipomoea acetosaefolia R. & S.] 

On sandy beaches, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. 


2. Ipomoea Pés-Cáprae (L.) Sweet. Perennial, glabrous, succulent. Stems pros- 
trate, creeping, several m. long, branching: leaf-blades suborbicular, 6-10 em. broad, 
usually notched at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base ; petioles as long as the blades 
or shorter : peduncle stout, 1-several-flowered : pedicels more slender than the peduncles : 
sepals glabrous, oval or suborbicular, about 1 em. long, obtuse: corolla purple, 4-5 cm. 
long ; tube broadly funnelform ; limb undulately-lobed, 5-8 cm. broad: capsules broadly 
ovoid or globose-ovoid, 1.5 em. high : seeds pubescent. 

On sandy beaches, Georgia and Florida to Texas. In all tropics. 


. 3. Ipomoea Jalápa (L.) Pursh. Perennial, finely pubescent. Stems trailing or 
twining, several m. long, branching: leaf-blades broad-ovate, 6-15 cm. long, acuminate, 
erose-crenulate, truncate or subcordate at the base ; petioles nearly as long as the blades or 
shorter : peduncles longer than the petioles: sepals minutely pubescent, oblong or oblong- 
lanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long: corolla white or pink-purple ; tube 5-8 cm. long, funnelform ; 
limb 5-10 em. broad : capsules ovoid, 1.5 cm. long: seeds with long silky-villous wool. 

In sandy soil, on or near the coast, South Carolina to Florida. Also in tropical America. 


4. Ipomoea pandurata L. Perennial by a huge root, the foliage glabrous or glabrate, 
deep green. Stems trailing or twining, 1-4 m. long, commonly branched : leaf-blades 
ovate, often fiddle-shaped, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate, acute or obtuse, undulate, cordate, 
on slender petioles which are } as long as or as long as the blades : peduncles solitary or ^ 
together, 5-10 em. long, 1-5-flowered ; pedicels subtended by ovate bracts : sepals ovate ay 
oblong, 12-18 mm. long, more or less colored, obtuse, slightly mucronate, imbricat ; 
erect and forming a tube : corolla white or pinkish, 7-10 cm. broad, its tube swollen abou 
the middle, lavender within, its spreading limb with 5 shallow lobes, each lobe imp 
with a linear-lanceolate rib which ends in a broad mucro ; filaments shorter than and adnate 
à the corolla-tube for about 1 cm. from the base, villous at the junction: anthers 6-7 mm. 
ong. 

In dry soil, Ontario to Michigan, Connecticut, Florida and Texas. 


5. Ipomoea longifólia Benth. Perennial, the foliage glabrous or nearly so. No 
trailing, several dm. long, much branched : leaves alternate ; blades lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, mucronate, entire, acute or truncate at the base, slender-petio : : 
peduncles 1-3 em. long, simple or branched : pedicels usually shorter than the pedunc ef 
sepals ovate or oblong-ovate, 10-12 mm. long, rounded at the apex and sometimes gras i 
ulate, the inner somewhat longer than the outer: corolla 5-7.5 em. long, nearly as broad : 
filaments densely pubescent at the base. 


On plains and prairies, Oklahoma to Texas and Arizona. Summer. 


6. Ipomoea speciósa Walt. Perennial, glabrous. Stems twining, several ran 
branching, relatively slender : leaf-blades 3-10 cm. long, sagittate or hastate-sagittate, 


CONVOLVULACEAE 963 


segments linear or lanceolate, the lateral about Àj as long as the terminal one; petioles 
about as long as the basal lobes: peduncles usually 1-flowered : sepals glabrous, oblong 
to suborbicular, 6-9 mm. long, obtuse or cuspidate : corolla purple, 5-6 cm. long; tube 
funnelform ; limb 6-7 em. broad: capsules ovoid, 1-1.5 em. long: seeds villous. (J. sagit- 
tata Cav. ] 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


7. Ipomoea trífida (H. B. K.) G. Don. Perennial, pubescent, or glabrate. Stems twin- 
ing or trailing, 4-20 dm. long: leaf-blades 2-6 cm. long, acuminate, the lower ones often 
entire, upper 3-lobed, all cordate ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter: peduncles 
3-10-flowered : sepals glabrous, 10-12 mm. long, oblong to lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate: corolla pink or lilac-purple, 2.5-3 cm. long; tube funnelform ; limb 3-4 cm. 
broad : capsules subglobose, 7-9 mm. in diameter, more or less pubescent near the top: 
seeds smooth and glabrous. 

In valleys and light soil, Texas to Mexico and tropical America. 


8. Ipomoea Caroliniàna Pursh. Annual, hirsute or glabrate. Stems trailing or 
twining, l-several m. long, often branching: leaf-blades ovate in outline, entire or deeply 
3-lobed, cordate, the lobes acuminate or rarely obtuse ; petioles longer than the blades or 
shorter: peduncles stout, 1-3-flowered : sepals hirsute, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 9-12 
mm. long, acute or acuminate : corolla pink or purple, 2.5-4 cm. long ; tube often whitish ; 
limb 4-6 cm. broad: capsules subglobose, 7-8 mm. in diameter, more or less pubescent : 
seeds glabrous. [J. commutata R. & S.] 


In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. 


9. Ipomoea lacunósa L. Annual, sparingly hirsute, or glabrate. Stems twining, 
5-25 dm. long, branching, rather slender: leaf-blades ovate, entire or 4-lobed, 2-7 cm. 
long, deeply cordate ; petioles shorter than the blades: peduncles usually 1-3-tlowered : 
sepals nearly glabrous, oblong or ovate, 10-12 mm. long, acute or acuminate, ciliate: co- 
rolla 1.5-2 em. long; tube white, funnelform ; limb often purple-margined, 1-1.5 cm. 
broad : capsules subglobose, over 1 cm. in diameter, pilose: seeds glabrous. 

In fields and low grounds, Pennsylvania to Kansas, South Carolina and Texas. 


10. Ipomoea tríloba L. Annual, more or less hirsute, or glabrate. Stems twining, 
often high-climbing, branching : leaf-blades ovate, 4-10 cm. long, entire or hastately 3- 
lobed, acuminate, glabrate ; petioles shorter than the blades: peduncles commonly sur- 
passing the leaves: sepals pubescent, oblong or suborbicular, 8-10 mm. long, acute or 
acuminate : corolla purple, 1.5 cm. long ; limb 1-1.5 cm. broad : capsules subglobose, 6- 
8 mm. in diameter, often pubescent : seeds glabrous or nearly so. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. 

11. Ipomoea:cairica (L.) House. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, bright green. 
Stem twining, more or less branched: leaf-blades suborbicular, 4-9 cm. in diameter, 5-7- 
parted ; segments mainly elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or the lower pair 
lobed at the base; petioles mostly shorter than the blades, glabrous : sepals glabrous, 4-8 
mm. long, obtuse : corolla purpliah: funnelform ; tube 3-4 cm. long ; limb 5-6.5 em. broad : 
capsules ovoid, 10-12 mm. long: seeds granular, finely pubescent. (J. palma/a Forsk.] 

In waste places, Pensacola, Florida. Native of northern Africa. 


12. Ipomoea dissécta (Jacq.) Pursh. Perennial, villous-hirsute, or glabrate. Stems 
twining, branching : leaf-blades suborbicular, 3-10 cm. in diameter, 5-7-parted ; segments 
oval to oblong or T oieoliLe, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid ; petioles as long as the blades 
or longer, villous-hirsute : sepals glabrate, oblong to oblong-oval, 1-2.5 cm. long, or 3 cm. 
long at maturity, obtuse: corolla white with purple throat; tube funnelform, 2-3 cm. 
long ; limb 3-5 cm. broad : capsules about 1.5 cm. long: seeds smooth and glabrous. 

In sand near the coast, Georgia and Florida to Texas. 


13. Ipomoea costellàta Torr. Annual, more or less hirsute. Stems erect or diffusely 
branched : leaves relatively few ; blades pedately 7-9-parted, the segments linear or spat- 
ulate or some of them linear-filiform : peduncles filiform, longer than the leaves: sepals 
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute, the outer ones with 1-3 crest-like keels: corolla rose- 
purple, about 1 cm. long: capsules globular, about 5 mm. in diameter: seeds puberulent. 

In dry soil, southern Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 

14. Ipomoea fistuldsa Mart. Perennial, shrubby, the young parts puberulent. Stems 
several from a root, 1-2.5 m. tall: leaf-blades ovate, 5-9 cm. long, somewhat acuminate, 
entire, cordate at the base, long-petioled : peduncles 4-12 cm. long, usually several- 
flowered : sepals suborbicular or orbicular-ovate, 5-7.5 mm. long, the inner scarcely longer 
than the outer : corolla light purple or rose-colored, 6-8 em. long : capsules ovoid, about 
1.5 mm. long: seeds shaggy pubescent. 

In waste places, Pensacola, Florida. Native of South America. 


964 CONVOLVULACEAE 


15. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. Perennial, glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, 
3-12 dm. tall, the branches spreading or recurving: leaf-blades linear, 5-12 em. long, 
acute, entire, short-petioled : peduncles 1-6 cm. long, 1—3-flowered : sepals ovate or orbic- 
ular-ovate, 5-10 mm. long, the inner much larger and longer than the outer: corolla 
pink-purple, 5-7 cm. long : capsules ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long: seeds finely pubescent. 

On plains and prairies, Wyoming to Nebraska, Texas aud New Mexico. 


7. PHÁRBITIS Choisy. 


Annual or perennial climbing or trailing vines. Leaves alternate: blades entire, 
angled or lobed. Flowers solitary on axillary pedicels, or in cymes. Sepals equal or un- 
equal, herbaceous, elongated, each with a pubescent base and a narrow tip. Corolla 
white, blue or purple, funnelform : limb 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included. Fila- 
ments filiform. Ovary 3or 5-celled. Styles united, included. Capsules depressed or elon- 
gated, usually septifragally 3 or 5-valved. Seeds smooth. The plants flower from spring 
to fall. MoRNING-GLORY. 

Calyx bristly pubescent especially near the base. 


Tips of the sepals merely acute or acuminate. 1. P. purpurea. 
Tips of the sepals conspicuous narrow prolongations from the base. : 
Leaf-blades entire. 2. P. barbigera. 
Leaf-blades conspicuously lobed. 
Annual: leaf-blades 3-lobed. 3. P. hederacea. — 
Perennial: leaf-blades 5-lobed. 4. P. Lindheimeri 
Calyx glabrous or nearly so, not bristly. 5. P. cathartica. 


1. Pharbitis purpürea (L.) Voigt. Annual, finely pubescent, or hirsute. Stems 
twining, several m. long, branching: leaf-blades ovate or orbicular-ovate, 6-18 em. long, 
entire, short-acuminate, undulate, deeply cordate ; petioles longer than the blades or 
shorter : peduncles commonly longer than the subtending petioles: sepals hispid near the 
base, 10-15 mm. long, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or nearly linear, acute or acuminate : 
corolla 5-6 m. long ; tube pink or white; limb purple or rarely pink or white, slightly 5- 
lobed : capsules 10-12 mm. in diameter, apiculate. [Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. | 


; In thickets and waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Natural- 
ized from tropical America. 


2. Pharbitis barbigera (Sims.) G. Don. Annual, hirsute. Stems twining, several 
m. long, branching: leaf-blades orbicular-ovate, 5-12 cm. long, abruptly acuminate, cil- 
iate, cordate ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter : peduncles shorter than the subtend- 
ing petioles: sepals densely hirsute below the middle, 1.5-3 cm. long, with ovate or linear- 
lanceolate base and linear tips, these ciliate : corolla 3-3.5 cm. long ; tube white or pink ; 
limb purple or partly so, 3-4 em. broad : capsules depressed, fully 1 em. broad. [Ipomoea 
barbigera Sims. ] 

In thickets, Georgia, Alabama and Florida. 

3. Pharbitis hederacea (L.) Choisy. Annual, pubescent. Stems twining, several 
m. long, more or less hirsute: leaf-blades 5-12 cm. long, as broad as long or broader, 
deeply 3-lobed, cordate; lobes acuminate, more or less constricted at the base ; petioles as 
long as the blades or shorter: peduncles commonly shorter than the petioles : sepals densely 
hispid at the base, 2-3 cm. long, the bases ovate or oval, the tips longer, linear or linear- 
spatulate : corolla deep blue or tube white within and without, 3 cm. long; limb 3 cm. 
broad, shallowly 5-lobed and with 5 small mucronations : capsules subglobose, 10-12 mm. 
in diameter: seeds velvety. [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. J. Nil (L.) Pursh.] 

In dry or sandy soil, New York to South Dakota. Florida and Mexico. 

4. Pharbitis Lindheimeri (A. Gray) Small. Perennial, finely pubescent. Stems 
more or less twining, more or less branched, retrorsely pubescent: leaf-blades 5-10 cm. 
in diameter, suborbicular in outline, 5-parted, strigillose ; lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
3 interior ones abruptly contracted at the base: peduncles as long as the subtending peti- 
oles or longer: sepals bristly at the base, linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-3.5 cm. long : 
corolla light blue, 6-9 cm. long; limb 6-8 cm. broad : capsules globular, about Lom. m 
diameter. [Ipomoea Lindheimeri A. Gray.] 

In rocky soil, Texas and New Mexico. 

5. Pharbitis cathártica (Poir.) Choisy. Perennial, minutely strigillose or glabrate. 
Stems more or less twining, branching : leaf-blades broadly ovate, 5-9 cm. long, m a 
3-lobed, acuminate, cordate: peduncles shorter than the subtending petioles : sapaa Ei 
brate, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, acuminate : corolla pink- P 
or crimson; limb 6-8 cm. broad, undulate: capsules spheroidal, about 1 cm. broad. 
[Ipomoea cathartica Poir. ] 

In thickets, peninsular Florida. Also from the Bahamas to Brazil. 


CONVOLVULACEAE 965 


8. JACQUEMONTIA Choisy. 

Annual or usually perennial trailing or twining vines, or upright herbs or shrubs. 
Leaves alternate: blades entire or rarely toothed or lobed. Flowers usually in loose or 
congested cymes, these sometimes conspicuous on account of densely pubescent bracts. 
Sepals nearly equal, or the outer much broader than the inner. Corolla white, blue or 
violet, companulate: limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens 5, not surpassing the 
corolla. Filaments filiform or dilated at the base, adnate to the base of the corolla-tube. 
Ovary 2-celled. Styles united to the stigmas. Ovules 4, 2 in each cavity. Capsule sub- 
globose, 4-valved. Seeds glabrous. The plants flower mainly from spring to fall. 

Bracts and calyx glabrous, at least not conspicuously pubescent. 


Leaf-blades acuminate or cuneate at the base: flowers solitary or 2 together, 1. J. Curtissii. 
Leaf-blades abruptly narrowed or truncate at the base: flowers several together. 2. J. pentantha. 
Bracts and calyx conspicuous on account of the dense spreading pubescence. 3. J. tamnifolia. 


1. Jacquemontia Curtissii Peter. Perennial, glabrous, or slightly cobwebby-pubes- 
cent. Stems prostrate or spreading, branching, 2-9 dm. long: leaves alternate; blades 
leathery, oblong to oblong-spatulate, varying to slightly broadest below the middle, 1-2 
em. long, obtuse or abruptly pointed, entire, slightly revolute, short-petioled : peduncles 
usually shorter than the leaves, 1-2-flowered : pedicels commonly longer than the peduncle : 
sepals orbicular-ovate to oval, becoming 6-8 mm. long: corolla violet or whitish, 2.5-3 
cm. broad, the lobes rounded : capsules 8-9 mm. long. 

In rocky or caleareous soil, southern peninsular Florida. 

2. Jacquemontia pentántha (Jacq.) G. Don. Annual or biennial, minutely 
pubescent or glabrate. Stems more or less diffusely branched, the branches 3-10 dm. long : 
leaf-blades ovate to oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, acuminate, undulate, ab- 
ruptly contracted or truncate at the base ; petioles 5-30 cm. long : peduncles usually longer 
than the subtending leaves: sepals minutely pubescent at least when young, ovate or 
broadly ovate, 5-6 mm. long, acute or acuminate: corolla about 2 cm. broad, the angular 
lobes acute : capsules oval or oval-ovate, about 5 mm. long. [J. violacea (Vahl. ) Choisy. ] 

In sand, Florida Keys and tropical America. 

3. Jacquemontia tamnifólia (L.) Griseb. Annual, pubescent with tawny hairs. 
Stems erect or twining, branching, 2-12 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 5-12 
cm. long, acuminate, undulate, rounded or cordate at the base ; petioles shorter than the 
blades: peduncles as long as the subtending leaves or longer: clusters rather dense, con- 
spicuously bracted: sepals rusty-hirsute, linear-subulate, 7-9 mm. long, attenuate : corolla 
violet or blue, 1.5-3 em. wide: capsules spheroidal, 4-5 mm. in diameter. 

In fields and thickets, South Carolina and Arkansas to Florida and tropical America. 


9. CONVOLVULUS L. 

Ann al or perennial, trailing or twining vines, or upright herbs or shrubs. Leaves 
alternate : blades usually hastate or cordate at the base. Flowers solitary or clustered on 
axillary peduncles. Calyx naked or subtended by bracts: sepals 5, rearly equal, or the 
outer larger. Corolla white, pink or purple, funnelform or campanulate: limb plaited, 
entire, or 5-lobed or 5-angled. Stamens 5, included. Filaments filiform or dilated at the 
base. Ovary 1-2-celled. Styles united up to the stigmas. Ovules 4. Capsule globose or 
nearly so, 2-4-valved. Seeds glabrous. Our species are perennials, BINDWEED. 


Calyx enclosed by the 2 large bracts which subtend it. 
Stems trailing or climbing. 
Mature stem and leaves glabrous or glabrate : leaf-blades ovate or hastate. 


Leaf-blades with more or less angular spreading basal lobes. 1. C. Americanus. 
Leaf-blades with rounded or scarcely angular basal lobes which are not : 1 
spreading. 2. C. sepium, 
Mature stem and leaves copiously and softly pubescent : leaf-blades more or $ 
less sagittate. 3. C. repens. 
Stems erect or ascending. 4. C. spithamaeus. 


Calyx without bracts. 

Herbaceous: leaf-blades not leathery. 
Foliage glabrous or nearly so. 
Foliage densely pubescent. 

Sepals auricled at the base. 
Sepals not auricled. 
Shrubby : leaf-blades leathery. 


1. Convolvulus Americànus (Sims) Greene. Stems twining, 1-3 m. long, glabrate, 
more or less twisted : leaf-blades broadly hastate or ovate-hastate, 5-12 cm. long, acumi- 
nate or apiculate, undulate, cordate ; petioles as long as the blades or much shorter : peduncles 


5. C. arvensis. 


2 


. C. hermannioides, 
. C. incanus. 
. €. Havanensis. 


ANA 


966 CUSCUTACEAE 


longer than the subtending petioles or Jonger than the leaves: bracts ovate or oblong- 
ovate, 2-3 em. long: calyx glabrous, enclosed by the bracts: sepals oblong to oblong-lan- 
ceolate, 10-13 mm. long, obtuse or acutish : corolla 4-5 em. long, pink or rose-purple ; 
limb 5-7 em. broad, sometimes variegated : capsules ovoid-globose, 1 cm. in diameter. 

In thickets and along fences, Nova Scotia to Montana, North Carolina and Utah. Summer. 


2. Convolvulus sepium L. Similar to C. Americanus in habit : leaf-blades relatively 
broader and more rounded to the apex, the basal lobes rounded or angulately toothed, 
directed backward, not spreading. 

In thickets and waste places, locally naturalized in North America, except the extreme north. 


3. Convolvulus répens L. Softly pubescent. Stems trailing or twining, sometimes 
twisted : leaf-blades typically narrowly or broadly sagittate, 5-8 cm. long, cordate at the 
base ; petioles about } as long as the blades except the lower ones: peduncle surpassing 
the leaves or at least the petioles: bracts ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. 
long : calyx included by the bracts, glabrous or glabrate: sepals lanceolate or oblong to 
ovate-lanceolate, acute : corolla white or pinkish, 4-5 cm. long; limb 4-6 cm. broad, 
undulate : capsules globular, about 1 cm. in diameter. 

In dry soil or old fields, Virginia to South Dakota, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


4. Convolvulus spithamaéus L. Finely pubescent. Stems erect or decumbent, 1- 
7 dm. long, not twining, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades oblong-ovate or fiddle- 
shaped, 4-10 cm. long, apiculate, entire, rounded or subcordate at the base ; petioles 5-15 
mm. long: peduncles longer than the leaves or shorter : bracts ovate or oblong, 1.5-3 cm. 
long : calyx delicate: sepals acute, or acuminate, as long as the bracts or shorter : corolla 
white or pink, 3-4 cm. long; limb 4-6 cm. broad, undulate: capsules globular, about 1 
cm. in diameter. 

In dry or rocky soil, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory and Florida. Spring and summer. 


5. Convolvulus arvénsis L. Glabrate. Stems branched at the base; branches 
prostrate or low twining: leaves alternate ; blades oblong or ovate-sagittate or linear-has- 
tate, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse or acutish ; petioles seldom 3 as long as the blades: peduncles 
shorter than the subtending leaves: calyx naked : sepals oval to suborbicular, obtuse or 
acutish, 3-3.5 mm. long: corolla white or rose-tinged ; limb 1.5-2 cm. broad: capsules 
oval or ovoid, 5-7 mm. long. 

; In waste places and fields, commonly established in northeastern North America and sparingly so 
in the southeastern United States. Native of Europe and Asia. Spring and summer. 

6. Convolvulus hermannioides A. Gray. Silky tomentulose. Stems commonly 
branched at the base; branches spreading or procumbent, 3-15 dm. long: leaf-blades 
ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-7 dm. long, sinuate or incised-toothed, cordate at 
the base ; petioles 3 as long as the blades or shorter: peduncles shorter than the subtend- 
ing leaves: sepals becoming about 1 cm. long, auricled at the base : corolla white, about 
2-2.5 cm. long; limb 1.5-2 cm. broad, angulate: capsules depressed, 8-10 mm. high in- 
cluding the long beak. 

On dry prairies, Texas. Spring to fall. 


7. Convolvulus incànus Vahl. Cinereous. Stems often branched at the base; 
branches mainly procumbent, 3-10 dm. long : leaf-blades very variable, linear-sagittate be 
lanceolate or hastate, with more or less lobed basal auricles, or pedate, 2.5-5 cm. long, 
often mucronate: peduncles 1—2-flowered : sepals becoming 6-8 mm. long, not auricled at 
the base: corolla white or pink, about 12 mm. long, and 15 mm. broad, the lobes acumi- 
nate : capsules 6-8 mm. high, including the short beak. 

On dry hills and prairies, Nebraska to Arkansas, Colorado, Texas and Arizona. Spring and summer 


8. Convolvulus Havanénsis Jacq. Minutely pubescent or glabrate. Stems branch- 
ing at the base; branches shrubby, procumbent or somewhat twining : leaves namero ; 
blades leathery, oblong, elliptic or suborbicular, or commonly slightly broadest pelot i - 
middle, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse or retuse and mucronate, somewhat revolute, deudas s : 
peduncles several-flowered or rarely 1-flowered : sepals ovate, becoming 2.5-3 mm. edis 
corolla white, 10-12 mm. broad, the lobes acute: capsules ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, tree! 
splitting into several lanceolate valves. 


In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. Throughout the year. 


FAMILY 3. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort. DoppER FAMILY. 


Herbaceous parasites, with white, yellow or orange foliage which ue 
contains a coloring matter, possibly chlorophyll. Stems starting from the gro 


sometimes 


CUSCUTACEAE 967 


but soon decaying above the root, thence attached to host-plants by suckers, 
dextrorsely twining. Leaves reduced to minute alternate scales. Flowers per- 
fect, in variously disposed cymes. Calyx inferior: sepals 5 or rarely 4, distinct 
or partly united. Corolla regular: petals 5 or ‘rarely 4, partly united, imbri- 
cated, accompanied by 4—5 alternating crenulate or appendaged scales, or these 
obsolete. Stamens 5 or rarely 4, adnate to the throat of or near the sinuses of 
the corolla above the scales. Filaments never elongated. Anthers 2-celled : 
sacs opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-celled, seldom much longer than broad. 
Styles 2, mostly distinct. Stigmas capitate. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule 
subglobose, depressed or slightly elongated, 2-celled, circumscissile or indehis- 
cent, 1-4-seeded. Seeds globose or angular. Embryo curved or spiral in the 
fleshy endosperm, with 1—4 minute scales at the apex. 


1. CUSCUTA L. 
Characters of the family. DoppEr. Love VINE. 


Styles separate. 
Calyx of 4-5 distinct sepals, these subtended by imbricated bracts. 


Flowers pedicelled, in open cymes: bracts entire. 1. C. cuspidata. 
Flowers sessile, in dense clusters: bracts erose-serrulate. 
Bracts few, short, erect: styles about as long as the ovary. 2. C. compacta. 


Bracts elongated, with recurved tips: styles much longer than the ovary. 3. C. paradoxa 
Calyx of 4-5 partially united sepals, unaccompanied by bracts. 
Corolla-lobes acute. 
Capsule seated in the persistent corolla. 
Calyx-lobes acute or acutish: scales rather broad, fringed all around. 
Calyx-lobes obtuse: scales much reduced, often of 1-3 small processes. 
Capsule capped with or enclosed by the persistent corolla. 
Calyx-lobes erose-crenulate : scales shorter than the tube. ; 
Capsule enclosed by the corolla: scales broad, copiously fringed. 6. C. indecora. 
Capsule capped by the corolla: scales reduced to few irregular 
es. 


. C. arvensis. 
. C. Polygonorum. 


oe 


processes. 7. C. Coryli. 
Calyx-lobes entire : scales surpassing the corolla-tube. 8. C. umbellata. 
Corolla-lobes obtuse. 

Scales shorter than the corolla-tube. E 
Capsules spheroidal, each capped with the corolla. 9. C. Cephalanthi. 
Capsules ovoid or globose-ovoid, seated in the corollas. 10. C. rostrata, 

Scales fully as long as the corolla-tube or surpassing it. 

Inflorescence not glandular: capsules longer than broad or subglobose. 
Scales sparingly fringed above, widest near base: capsule partially i 
enclosed by or seated in the persistent corolla. ll. C. Gronovii. 
Scales copiously fringed above, widest at the top: capsule capped 
with the persistent corolla. 12. C. calyptrata. 
Inflorescence glandular: capsules broader than long. 13. C. glandulosa. 
Styles united nearly to the top. 14. C. exaltata 


1. Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Foliage yellowish, little darker in age. Stems 
slender; branches often numerous, but not widely matted: flowers short-pedicelled, in 
large branching cymes: calyx subtended by several imbricated bracts : sepals 5, distinct, 
entire, shorter than the corolla-tube, as broad as long: corolla nearly salverform, about 
3 mm. long ; lobes 5, oblong to triangular-lanceolate, acute or cuspidate, spreading barely 
j as long as the tube; scales oblong, fully 3 as long as the corolla-tube, fringed throughout 
with short irregular processes : capsules subglobose, 1.5-2 mm. long, each capped with the 
persistent corolla. 

On coarse herbs, Missouri to Nebraska, south to Texas. Summer and fall. 

2. Cuscuta compácta Juss. Foliage yellowish white, deeper in age. Stems rather 
Stout; branches often in wide mats when young: flowers sessile, crowded. into dense 
masses: calyx subtended by several ribbed imbricated bracts; these rhombic-orbicular, 
serrulate : sepals 5 or rarely 4, distinct, oval, obtuse, crenulate, about as broad as long: 
corolla exserted, 4 mm. long, salverform ; tube cylindric; lobes ovate or oblong, obtuse, 
spreading, much shorter than the tube; scales oblong, fully } the length of the corolla- 
tube, fringed, mainly near the top, with numerous processes : capsules subglobose or ovoid- 
globose, 3-3.5 mm. long, each enclosed by or capped with the rather persistent corolla. 

On shrubs, Ontario to Kansas, New York, Georgia and Texas. Summer and fall. 

3. Cuscuta paradóxa Raf. Foliage yellowish white, very slightly deeper at maturity. 
Stems slender ; branches forming very dense spiral masses, closely investing the hosts : 
flowers very numerous, crowded in dense confluent masses closely investing portions of the 
host-plants: calyx sessile, subtended by several strongly ribbed imbricated serrulate 
bracts: sepals 5, distinct, oblong, obtuse, serrulate, broader than the bracts but less strongly 
ribbed : corolla exserted, 3 mm. long, salverform ; tube cylindric; lobes bii Pepe? 
late to ovate-triangular, } the length of the tube, obtuse, spreading or recurved ; scales 


968 CUSCUTACEAE 


linear, 3 the length of the tube, copiously fringed near the top and sparingly on the sides 
with slender processes : capsules longer than thick, about 2 mm. long, each capped with the 
rather persistent corolla. [C. glomerata Choisy. ] 

On tall herbs, mainly on Polygona, Ohio to Minnesota, Tennessee and Texas. Summer and fall. 


4. Cuscuta arvénsis Beyrich. Foliage pale yellow, deeper in age. Stems filiform, 
becoming loosely matted : flowers short-pedicelled in small rather loose clusters: calyx 
campanulate; lobes 5, broad, obtuse, barely as long as the corolla-tube: corolla rather 
campanulate ; lobes 5, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, as long as 
the tube, with inflexed tips; scales ovate or oblong-ovate, as long as the corolla-tube 
or slightly longer, fringed all around with short irregular processes: capsules spheroidal, 
2 mm. broad, each seated in the persistent corolla, indehiscent. 

On herbs and low shrubs, New York to the Northwest Territery and California, south to Florida, 
Texas and Mexico. Summer. 

5. Cuscuta Polygonórum Engelm. Foliage orange-yellow. Stems rather coarse ; 
branches often loosely matted : flowers sessile or nearly so, in small rather lax clusters : 
calyx broad ; lobes 4-5, ovate-oblong, acute or acutish : corolla little exserted ; lobes 4-5, 
triangular or ovate-triangular, longer than the tube, acute ; scales obsolete, usually of 1-3 
processes on either side of the base of the filament: capsules subglobose, 2.5-3 mm. in 
diameter, each seated in the persistent corolla. 

On Polygona and other herbs, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to Delaware and Arkansas. 
Summer and fall. 

6. Cuscuta indecóra Choisy. Foliage light yellow, deeper in age. Stems rather 
stout, branched ; branches loosely matted : flowers pedicelled, in loose umbel-like cymes : 
calyx more or less papillose ; lobes 5, ovate to lanceolate, acute, barely equalling the 
corolla-tube : corolla white, campanulate, about 3 mm. long; lobes 5, triangular, erose- 
crenulate, acute, slightly shorter than the tube, with incurved tips; scales ovate or oval- 
oblong, extending nearly to the sinuses, irregularly fringed with short processes through- 
out: capsules spheroidal, 3 mm. long, acute, each enveloped by the persistent corolla. 
[ C. decora var. pulcherrima Engelm.] ; 

i On herbs and low shrubs, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Spring and 
ummer. 

7. Cuscuta Córyli Engelm. Foliage yellowish, or orange in age. Stems coarse; 
branches sometimes loosely matted : flowers short-pedicelled, in loose or rather dense 
umbel-like cymes: calyx-lobes 4-5, triangular or triangular-lanceolate, acutish, about 
equalling the corolla-tube : corolla campanulate or cylindric-campanulate, about 2 mm. 
long ; lobes 4—5, triangular or ovate-triangular, about as long as the tube, erose-crenulate, 
acute, with strongly inflexed tips; scales small, oblong, rounded at the apex, with few 
processes on each side: capsules much depressed, 2.5-3 mm. long, each enclosed by or at 
maturity capped with the persistent corolla. [C. inflexa Engelm. ] 

On the hazels and other shrubs or shrubby herbs, Virginia to Nebraska, south to Georgia and 
Arkansas. Summer. 

8. Cuscuta umbellàta H.B.K. Foliage pale yellow, slightly deeper in age: 
Stems filiform ; branches loosely matted: flowers short-pedicelled, in compound clustere 
cymes, these ending in umbel-like cymes : calyx broadly campanulate ; lobes triangular, 
acute, as long as the corolla-tube or longer: corolla 3-4 mm. long; lobes lanceolate, 
acute, longer than the tube, spreading or reflexed ; scales oval, longer than the corolla- 
tube, incurved : capsules spheroidal, 1.5-2 mm. broad, 4-lobed, each enclosed by the per- 
sistent corolla. 

On herbs, Florida to Texas and Arizona, south to Mexico. Spring to fall. 


9. Cuscuta Cephalánthi Engelm. Foliage yellow or yellowish white. Stems n" 
coarse, seldom matted : flowers short-pedicelled, in rather dense clusters : mg nieperite 
ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube : corolla pale, about 2 mm. long; lo h 
ovate, obtuse or rounded, one-half as long as the tube or shorter, spreading ; scales — 
shorter than the corolla-tube, oblong or ovate-oblong, fringed mainly near the ti x 
short irregular processes: capsules subglobose, 3.5-4.5 mm. in diameter, enclosed by or 
capped with the corolla, which is finally deciduous. 

On shrubs and tall herbs, Pennsylvania to Minnesota and the Northwest Territory, 
and Arizona. Summer. 

10. Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. Foliage yellowish white. Stems coarse; bn 
sometimes loosely matted : flowers pedicelled, larger than those of the other Mile ubi: 
rather loose cymes : calyx-lobes 5, ovate-triangular, about 3 the length of the — be. 
corolla white, campanulate, 4-6 mm. long; lobes 5, ovate, about 3 the length of t fri " ad 
obtuse; scales about 3 as long as the corolla-tube, the body linear to spatulate, tring 


south to Texas 


HY DROLEACEAE 969 


mainly near the top with rather coarse processes : capsules ovoid or globose-ovoid, 5-7 mm. 
long, 2-beaked. 

On herbs and shrubs, Maryland to Georgia. Summer and fall. 

11. Cuscuta Grondvii Willd. Foliage yellowish, becoming orange. Stems slender, 
often high-climbing, sometimes matted: flowers short-pedicelled, usually numerous in 
dense clusters : calyx not subtended by bracts ; lobes 5, ovate, obtuse, much shorter than 
the corolla-tube : corolla about 3 mm. long; lobes 5, ovate, obtuse, spreading, somewhat 
shorter than the tube ; scales narrow, equalling the corolla-tube, or surpassing it, broader 
above than below, sparingly fringed near the top and more sparingly along the sides with 
stoutish irregular processes: capsules subglobose, 3 mm. in diameter, sometimes abruptly 
pointed, partially enclosed by or seated in the persistent corolla. 

On herbs and low shrubs, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Floridaand Texas. Summer and fall. 

12. Cuscuta calyptrata Engelm. Foliage pale, turning yellowish at maturity. 
Stems branching ; branches slender, not matted : flowers few or rather numerous in small 
clustered cymes, these becoming dense at maturity, sessile or nearly so: calyx glabrous; 
lobes orbicular-ovate or deltoid-ovate, obtuse, often slightly eroded : corolla early exserted; 
lobes ovate, obtuse, spreading or reflexed at maturity ; scales densely fringed, especially at 
the top, with rather long regular processes, narrower above than below: capsules sub- 
globose, 4-4.5 mm. in diameter, each capped with the persistent corolla. 

On herbs and shrubs, New York to Florida and Texas, Summer and fall. 

13. Cuscuta glandulósa (Engelm.) Small. Foliage bright orange, that of the 
inflorescence with red shining glands. Stems widely branched and spreading, commonly 
matted : flowers short-pedicelled, in loose subglobose clusters: calyx glandular; lobes 5, 
ovate to orbicular-ovate, obtuse: corolla 2-2.5 mm. long, pale; tube barely exserted ; 
lobes 5, spreading, obtuse ; scales as broad as long, sometimes surpassing the corolla-tube, 
fringed all around with quite regular processes: capsules spheroidal, 3-3.5 mm. in 
diameter. [C. obtusifolia var. glandulosa Engelm. ] 

On species of Polygonum and other herbs, Georgia to Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies. 

14. Cuscuta exaltàta Engelm. Foliage yellowish, deeper at maturity. Stem much 
branched ; branches cord-like, high-twining, 2-6 m. long, often twisted together: flowers 
short-pedicelled, rather crowded in short spike-like racemes or panicles: calyx sub- 
globose, becoming flattened ; lobes suborbicular, fully as long as the corolla-tube : corolla 
about 4 mm. long ; lobes 5, suborbicular, about 3 as long as the tube, erect or ascending ; 
scales much shorter than the corolla-tube, 2-cleft, dentate: styles united : capsules globose- 
ovoid, 4-5 mm. high, obtuse. 

On shrubs and trees, southern Texas. Spring to fall. 


FAMILY 4. HYDROLEACEAE H.B.K. WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, with a watery sap. Leaves alternate, 
or sometimes opposite near the base of the stem, without stipules : blades lobed 
or pinnatifid, or rarely entire. Inflorescence cymose or in one-sided racemes, 
more or less clustered. Flowers perfect. Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals, 
free, the sinuses often appendaged. Corolla regular: lobes 5, convolute or im- 
bricated in aestivation, often appendaged inside. Androecium of 5 stamens adnate 
to the base of the corolla and alternate with the lobes. Filaments distinct, often 
bearded. Anthers introrse, versatile. ^ Gynoecium compound. Ovary free, 
1-celled, or rarely 2-celled, with parietal placentae. Styles partly united. Stigma 
somewhat capitate. Ovules few or numerous. Fruit a capsule with one or two 
incomplete cavities. Seeds few or sometimes numerous, amphitropous, with a 
crustaceous testa. Endosperm cartilaginous. Embryo eccentric. [ Hydrophylla- 
ceae Lindl. | 
Ovary 1-celled : styles 2-cleft: leaf-blades usually toothed, lobed or dissected. 

Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud : piacentae dilated. 


Stamens exserted. 
Stamens included. 


— 


. HYDROPHYLLUM. 


Calyx not much enlarged at maturity, the sinuses appendaged. 2. NEMOPHILA. 
Calyx much enlarged at maturity, the sinuses not appendaged. "1 cce B X. 


Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud: placentae narrow. —— | 
Ovary 2-celled, but imperfectly so in Marilaunidium : styles 2, distinct: leaf-blades 

entire. : 
Corolla funnelform or salverform: capsule loculicidal: valves bearing the _ 
5. MARILAUNIDIUM. 


seeds. : TOM 
Corolla rotate to campanulate: capsule septicidal ; axis bearing the seeds. 6. NAMA. 


970 HY DROLEACEAE 


1. HYDROPHYLLUM L. 


Biennial or perennial herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades lobed, 
pinnatifid or pinnately divided. Cymes peduncled, more or less scorpioid. Calyx pedi- 
celled: tube short: lobes 5, narrow, with naked or appendaged sinuses. Corolla white, 
blue or purple: tube short: lobes 5, convolute, each furnished with a linear appendage 
within. Stamens 5, exserted: filaments partially pubescent. Ovary 1-celled, pubescent. 
Style 2-cleft. Ovules 4, enclosed by the fleshy placenta which is attached to the top and 
bottom of the cavity. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4, thick. WATER-LEAF. 


Perennials ; calyx destitute of reflexed appendages at the sinuses. 
Leaf-blades pinnate or pinnatifid : inflorescence conspicuously hirsute. 


Stems barely pubescent: calyx-lobes nearly distinct, linear. 1. H. Virginicum. 
Stems hispid or hirsute: calyx-lobes longer than the tube, lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate. 2. H. macrophyllum. 
Leaf-blades palmately 5-7-lobed. 3. H. Canadense. 
Biennial: calyx with reflexed appendages at the sinuses. 4. H. appendiculatum. 


1. Hydrophyllum Virginicum L. Foliage strigillose. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, simple 
or branched, nearly glabrous: leaves 1-3 dm. long, or the upper ones shorter ; blades 
pinnately divided, the segments coarsely toothed or incised, acute or acuminate ; petioles 
longer than the blades or the upper ones shorter: peduncles longer than the subtending 
petioles, simple or forked : cymes becoming open : calyx bristly ; lobes linear, about 5 mm. 
long, strigillose on the back, nearly distinct : corolla white or purplish, about 1 cm. long: 
filaments slightly pubescent : capsules subglobose, 3-4 mm. in diameter. 

In moist woods, Quebec to Manitoba, South Carolina and Kansas. Spring and summer. 

2. Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. Foliage hispid. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, 
simple or branched : leaves 2-3 dm. long, or the upper ones smaller; blades pinnatifid, 
longer than the petioles ; segments oblong, elliptic or oval, coarsely serrate or incised, the 
upper ones confluent: peduncles stout, 1-3 dm. long, simple or branched above: cymes 
capitate or somewhat open: calyx bristly ; lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, longer 
than the tube, acute: corolla white, about 1 cm. broad ; lobes oblong, notched at the apex, 
their subulate appendages pubescent at the base : capsules 3-4 mm. broad, hirsute. 

In woods, Ohio to Virginia, Illinois and Alabama. Spring. 

3. Hydrophyllum Canadénse L. Foliage hirsute or glabrate. Stems solitary or 
tufted, 2-7 dm. tall, sometimes sparingly branched: leaves few ; blades palmately 5-7- 
lobed, 0.5-3 dm. in diameter ; lobes coarsely toothed or slightly lobed ; petioles commonly 
longer than the blades: cymes 2-6 cm. broad: peduncles simple or commonly forked : 
calyx sparingly hispid, or nearly glabrous ; lobes linear or nearly so, 4-5 mm. long : corolla 
white, 1-1.5 cm. broad : filaments densely villous: capsules about 4 mm. in diameter, finely 
pubescent. 

In damp woods, Massachusetts to Illinois and North Carolina. Summer. 

4. Hydrophylium appendiculatum Michx. Foliage hirsute. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. 
tall, usually branching : leaves variable ; blades oblong to suborbicular in outline, cordate, 
those of the lower leaves pinnatifid ; others palmately 5-7-lobed ; lobes or segments coarsely 
toothed, acute or acuminate : cymes rather open : pedicels slender, becoming 1-2 cm. long: 
calyx bristly ; lobes subulate-lanceolate, accompanied by a reflexed appendage at each 
sinus : corolla violet or purple, 1-1.5 cm. broad : capsules about 3 mm. in diameter. 

In damp woods, Ontario to Minnesota, North Carolina and Kansas. Spring. 


2. NEMÓPHILA Nutt. 

Annual diffuse herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades 
lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers solitary on axillary or terminal pedicels. Calyx not accres- 
cent : lobes 5, accompanied by a spreading or reflexed appendage in each sinus. Corolla 
white, blue or variegated, campanulate or rotate: tube usually with 10 appendages within 
near the base: lobes convolute, surpassing the calyx. Stamens 5, included : filament 
short. Ovary l-celled. Styles 2-cleft. Ovules 2-12 in each fleshy placenta which is at- 
tached to the top and bottom of the cavity. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds usually 1-4. 
Leaf-segments 3-5: calyx with inconspicuous appendages: corolla less than 3 mm. b Qa. microcalyx- 


Leaf-segrnents 5-9: calyx with appendages 14 as long as the lobes: corolla 20-25 mm. ba d hacelioides. 


1. Nemophila micrócalyx (Nutt.) F. & M. Foliage sparingly pubescent or um 
brate in age. Stems branched at the base ; branches diffusely spreading or prostrate, V. 


HY DROLEACEAE 971 


dm. long: leaves numerous; blades pinnately divided ; segments 3-5: pedicels 0.5-1.5 
em. long: calyx campanulate ; lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm. long, 
acute, accompanied by minute appendages : corolla white or bluish, less than 3 mm. broad ; 
lobes rounded, 3 as long as the tube : capsules subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter: seeds sub- 
globose, pitted in lines. [ Ellisia microcalyx Nutt. ] 

On shaded banks, Virginia to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Spring. 

2. Nemophila phacelioides Nutt. Foliage hirsute, or glabrate in age. Stems 
branched at the base, the branches 0.5-6 dm. long, often simple: leaves 5-10 em. long; 
blades pinnately divided ; segments usually incised, the upper ones confluent; petioles 
shorter than the blades: pedicels slender, 4-12 cm. long: calyx bristly ; lobes lanceolate, 
8-9 mm. long, acute, ciliate, accompanied by ovate or oblong-lanceolate appendages, 4—5 
mm. long: corolla 2-2.5 mm. broad ; lobes obovate to cuneate, retuse or notched at the 
apex: capsules globular, 5-6 mm. broad : seeds impressed-punctate. 

On prairies, Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 


3. MACROCALYX Trew. 


Annual caulescent herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate, or opposite: 
blades pinnately divided or 1-3-pinnatifid. Flowers solitary in the axils, or sometimes in 
racemes. Calyx accrescent: lobes 5, spreading, not accompanied by appendages at the 
sinuses. Corolla shorter than the calyx or slightly surpassing it: tube campanulate to 
cylindric, usually with 5 minute appendages within: lobes 5, convolute. Stamens 5, in- 
cluded. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 2-cleft. Ovules 2-4 in each fleshy placenta which is at- 
tached to the top and bottom of the cavity. [Elisia L.] 

1. Macrocalyx Nyctélea (L.) Kuntze. Foliage sparingly hirsute or glabrate. 
Stems erect, 0.5-3 dm. tall, at length radially or diffusely branched : leaves 5-10 cm. long ; 
blades pinnatifid, longer than the petioles ; segments spreading, entire, toothed or incised : 
pedicels very slender, spreading, or nodding, 1-2 cm. long: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceo- 
late, becoming 7-8 mm. long, acute, more or less pubescent like the rest of the inflores- 
cence : corolla bluish or white, 7-8 mm. broad : capsulessubglobose, pubescent, 5-6 mm. in 
diameter: seeds usually pitted. — [ Ellisia Nyctelea L. ] 

In moist or shaded places, New Jersey to Minnesota, North Carolina, Missouri and Kansas. 
Spring and summer. 


4. PHACELIA Juss. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, with usually pubescent or puberulent foliage. 
Leaves alternate or opposite below : blades various. Flowers in scorpioid racemes or cymes. 
Calyx slightly accrescent: lobes 5, not accompanied by appendages. Corolla white, blue, 
violet or purple, of various shapes: tube often appendaged within : lobes 5, imbricated, 
spreading. Stamens 5: filaments adnate to the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 1-celled, 
with 2 narrow placentae attached to the walls of the cavity. Style 2-cleft. Ovules 
2-several on each placenta. Capsules 1-celled or falsely almost 2-celled by the dilation 
of the placentae, 2-valved. Seeds reticulated or roughened. 


Corolla with entire lobes, or these merely crenulate. 
appendages of the corolla-tube between the stamens conspicuous. 
tamens longer than the corolla. 
Leaf-blades 2-divided or parted. 1. P. dissecta. 
Leaf-blades 1-divided or parted. 
Pedicel much shorter than the calyx at maturity : corolla-appendages 


broad, glabrous. 2. P. congesta. 
Pedicel as long as the calyx or longer at maturity : corolla-appendages 
long and narrow, villous on the edge. 3. P. bipinnatifida. 
Stamens shorter than the corolla. 4. P. brevistylis. 


Appendages of the corolla-tube inconspicuous or obsolete. 
Ovules, and sometimes seeds 2-4 on each placenta: corolla-lobes entire. 
Foliage glabrous, or if pubescent, hairs only on the margins of the leaves 


and calyx-lobes. 5. P. glabra. 

Foliage more or less copiously pubescent. 

Puberulent: corolla white or pink, 8-10 mm. broad. 6. P. dubia. 

Hirsute: corolla violet-purple, 12-15 mm. broad. 7. P. hirsuta. 

Ovules, and sometimes seeds about 8 on each placenta : corolla-lobes crenulate. 

Pedicels longer than the calyx-lobes. 

Calyx-lobes very unequal, the broader suborbicular: corolla 1 em. $ 

broad. 8. P.laxa. 

Calyx-lobes nearly equal, broader, oblong : corolla 2 cm. broad. 9. P. patuliflora. 

Pedicels shorter than the calyx-lobes. 10. P. strictiflora. 


Corolla with fimbriate laciniate or fimbriate-dentate lobes. : 
a. Pedicels as long as the calyx-lobes or a little longer at maturity. 


972 HY DROLEACEAE 


Calyx-lobes oblong: corolla about 8 mm. broad ; lobes laciniate. ll. P. Boykinii. 

Calyx-lobes linear : corolla about 4 mm. broad ; lobes toothed. 12. P. Bicknellii. 
b. Pedicels fully twice as long as the calyx-lobes at maturity. 

Corolla blue or rose: stems erect. 13. P. Purshii. 

Corolla white or pinkish : stems spreading or decumbent. 14. P. fimbriata. 


l. Phacelia dissécta (A. Gray) Small. Annual, finely hirsute. Stems 3-5 dm. 
tall, sometimes branched above: leaves 5-10 cm. long ; blades 2-divided or parted, the 
segments mostly acute, toothed or incised : calyx slightly bristly ; lobes linear, about 5 
mm. long: corolla about 10 mm. broad; lobes entire : capsules subglobose, barely j as 
long as the calyx-lobes. [P. congesta var. dissecta A. Gray. | 

On dry hills and shaded rocks, Texas. Spring. 


2. Phacelia congésta Hook. Annual, softly hirsute or cinereous. Stems 1-7 dm. 
tall, simple or sparingly branched: leaves 5-12 cm. long; blades pinnately divided or 
parted, the segments blunt, 3-7 with smaller ones interposed, coarsely toothed or incised : 
calyx bristly ; lobes linear to linear-spatulate, 3-4 mm. long, acute: corolla 6-8 mm. 
broad ; lobes rounded, 3 as long as the tube : capsules ovoid, 3 mm. long, minutely hirsute. 

About thickets, Texas. Spring. 


3. Phacelia bipinnatífida Michx. Biennial, glandular-pubescent, or softly hirsute 
below, often heavy scented. Stems often decumbent, 1-6 dm. long, branching, sometimes 
diffuse : leaf-blades pinnately divided ; segments incised or pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, 
thinnish ; petioles longer than the blades except the upper ones: pedicels longer than the 
calyx at maturity : calyx hirsute; lobes linear-subulate, 4-6 mm. long, acute: corolla 
violet-blue, 1.5-2 em. broad ; lobes rounded, longer than the tube ; appendages conspicu- 
ous: filaments sparingly villous, exserted : style exserted : capsules ovoid-globose, 5-6 
mm. long, apiculate, hairy. l 

On dampslopes and thickets, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, Georgia and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


4. Phacelia brevístylis Buckl. Biennial, softly hirsute below, glandular-pilose 
above. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, branched : leaf-blades pinnately divided, the segments coarsely 
incised or pinnatifid : pedicels longer than the calyx, at maturity : calyx bristly ; lobes 
linear or linear-subulate, 5-6 mm. long, acute: corolla 5-8 mm. broad ; lobes rounded, 
shorter than the tube ; appendages conspicuous : filaments delicately pubescent, included : 
styles included : capsules depressed, 4-5 mm. long. 

In shaded slopes, North Carolina to Alabama. Spring and summer. 


5. Phacelia glàbra Nutt. Annual, sparingly pubescent. Stems simple or branched at 
the base ; branches erect or ascending, 0.5-1.5 dm. long: leaves 0.5-2.5 cm. long, the basal 
with pinnate blades as long as the petioles or longer ; stem-leaves variable, the lower re- 
sembling the basal, the upper sessile, pinnatifid ; segments rather obtuse : racemes few- 
flowered : pedicels longer than the calyx at maturity : calyx sparingly bristly ; lobes ob- 
long, 2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse: corolla 6-8 mm. broad; lobes broadly ovate, undulate ; 
appendages narrow : filaments exserted, glabrous : capsules subglobose, 3 mm. long. 

On prairies, Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 


6. Phacelia dùbia ( L.) Small. Annual, bright green, sparingly pubescent. Stems 
branched at the base; branches 0.5-4 dm. long, minutely glandular as well as appressed- 
pubescent, often zigzag : leaves pubescent with appressed hairs and less glandular than the 
branches ; basal leaves petioled, 1-3 cm. long, the segments varying from oval to orbicular ; 
stem-leaves nearly sessile, 0-1.5 cm. long, with 3-5 segments, the terminal one oblong to 
obovate, acute : flowers rather few on pedicels 0.5-1 cm. long : calyx-lobes oblong, 3-4 mm. 
long, slightly revolute, rather obtuse : corolla 7-11 mm. long, pale lilac to greenish near 
the center ; lobes broadly ovate, undulate, often blotched near the base : filaments pubescent, 
lilac at the tips: capsules oblong-orbicular, 2.5-3 mm. long. [P. parviflora Pursh. ] 

On banks, Pennsylvania to Kansas, Georgia and Texas. Spring. 


7. Phacelia hirsita Nutt. Annual or biennial, hirsute. Stems simple, or branched 
at the base; branches 0.5-3 dm. long: leaves 2-7 cm. long; primary ones gone e oF 
oblong-spatulate ; basal and lower stem-leaves with pinnate blades and slender tio E : 
upper leaves sessile, pinnatitid, the segments acute, often curved : racemes many-How ed 
2-10 em. long : pedicels somewhat longer than the calyx at maturity : calyx bristly i Lie 
oblong or linear-spatulate : corolla dark-purple or purplish blue, 12-15 mm. broad ; a 
rounded, undulate ; appendages narrow : filaments barely exserted : capsules rather broader 

than high, 3.5-4 mm. long. 


In dry soil and open woods, Virginia to Missouri and middle Georgia. Spring. 
8. Phacelia lAxa Small. Annual, sparingly hirsute. Stems branched at ee Dei 
branches spreading, 1-3 dm. long, simple or forked, slender: leaves 2-6 cm. long ; 


. 


pinnately lobed, the lower ones long-petioled, the upper short-petioled ; lobes entire, as- 


HYDROLEACEAE 973 


cending : racemes lax, few-flowered, 4-12 cm. long: pedicels spreading or recurved, much 
longer than the calyxes at maturity: calyx sparingly bristly ; lobes obovate or subor- 
bicular, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse, ciliate, variable in same calyx : corolla lilac or light blue, 
1 em. broad; lobes rounded, entire, about as long as the tube; appendages present : 
stamens glabrous, shorter than the corolla : capsules suborbicular, hirsute near the top. 

On the coast, Texas. Spring. 


9. Phacelia patuliflora (Engelm. & Gray) A. Gray. Annual, rather densely 
hirsute. Stems branching at the base ; branches often spreading, 1-3 dm. long : leaves 2-8 
em. long ; blades pinnatifid, the lobes incised or toothed ; basal or lower stem-leaves with 
petioles ; the upper sessile or somewhat clasping: racemes rather few-flowered : pedicels 
slender, glandular-pilose, longer than the calyxes at maturity : calyx bristly ; lobes oblong 
or linear-oblong, 6-7 mm. long, obtuse: corolla deep blue, yellow within, 2 cm. broad ; 
lobes suborbicular, undulate ; appendages narrow : filaments barely exserted: capsules 2.5- 
3.5 mm. long. . 

On prairies, Texas. Spring. 

10. Phacelia strictiflóra (Engelm. & Gray) A. Gray. Annual, densely hirsute. 
Stems simple, or branched at the base ; branches often decumbent, 1-3 dm. long : leaves 
strigose, 2-6 cm. long; blades pinnatifid, the lower and basal petioled, the upper sessile : 
racemes usually many-flowered, 2-10 cm. long : pedicels about as long as the calyxes at ma- 
turity : calyx hispid ; lobes oblong to linear-spatulate, 5-10 mm. long: corolla 1.5-2 cm. 
broad ; lobes rounded, erose ; appendages narrow : filaments barely exserted : capsules sub- 
globose, 4-5 mm. long, pubescent near the top. 

On prairies, Texas. Spring. 

11. Phacelia Boykínii (A. Gray) Small. Annual, sparingly strigillose. Stems 
erect, more or less branched, 1-2 dm. tall, glabrate in age: leaves 1-3 cm. long; blades 
pinnatifid, rough, the lower ones petioled, the upper sessile, the segments obtuse, abruptly 
pointed or mucronate : racemes many-flowered, 3-7 cm. long: pedicels erect, about as long 
as the calyxes at maturity : calyx bristly ; lobes oblong, 3-3.5 mm. long, prominently nerved, 
obtuse: corolla bluish, 7-8 mm. broad ; lobes oblong-obovate, laciniate ; appendages 
obsolete : filaments exserted, sparingly villous: capsules ovoid-globose, 2.5 mm. in di- 
ameter. [P. fimbriata var. Boykinii A. Gray. ] 

In dry soil, Columbus, Georgia. Spring. 

12. Phacelia Bicknéllii Small. Annual, strigose. Stems branched at the base; 
branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. tall, commonly branching: leaves 1-4 cm. long ; 
blades pinnatifid, the lower ones petioled, the upper sessile and somewhat clasping, the seg- 
ments acute : racemes many-flowered, 4-10 cm. long : pedicels about as long as the calyxes 
at maturity: calyx bristly ; lobes linear, 5 mm. long, revolute: corolla pale blue, 4 mm. 
broad; lobes oblique, irregularly toothed, pubescent without; appendages obsolete : 
filaments included, about as long as the tube, glabrous: capsules subglobose, 2 mm. in 
diameter : seeds sharply reticulated, reddish brown. 

In barren soil, Tennessee. Spring. 

13. Phacelia Purshii Buckl. Annual, sparingly pubescent. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, 
simple or diffusely branched: leaves (cauline) 1-8 cm. long; blades pinnatifid, short- 
petioled or the upper ones sessile ; segments oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, en- 
tire or toothed : pedicels 3-4 times as long as the calyxes at maturity, or the upper ones 
shorter: calyx bristly ; lobes linear to oblong-spatulate, 4-5 mm. long, ciliate : corolla 
light blue or rarely rose, 1.5 cm. broad; lobes rounded, fimbriate ; appendages present: 
filaments villous: capsules ovoid, about 4 mm. long. 

In thickets or woods, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, North Carolina, Alabama and Missouri. Spring. 


14. Phacelia fimbriàta Michx. Annual, sparingly pubescent at least below. Stems 
weak, simple or branched at the base, spreading: leaves 2-10 cm. long; basal with pin- 
nate blades, the terminal segment much larger than the rest, usually lobed ; stem-leaves 
variable, the lower ones resembling the basal, with long petioles, the upper ones pinnatifid, 
sessile ; segments acute: racemes few-flowered : pedicels glabrate or softly pubescent, sev- 
eral times longer than the calyxes at maturity : calyx bristly ; lobes oblong or oblong-spatu- 
late: corolla white or pinkish, 1.5 cm. broad ; lobes fimbriate : filaments included, spar- 
ingly villous : capsules ovoid-spheroidal, 5 mm. high, sparingly pubescent. 

On mountain slopes, Virginia to Alabama. Spring. 


5. MARILAUNIDIUM Kuntze. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with pubescent foliage and forking stems. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades entire, sometimes decurrent. Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx sessile or 


974 HY DROLEACEAE 


pedicelled: lobes 5, narrow. Corolla often blue, funnelform or salverform: lobes 5, broad, 
imbricated. Stamens 5, included or nearly so: filaments irregularly adnate to the corolla- 
tube. Ovary 1-celled or sometimes imperfectly 2-celled. Stylesdistinct. Ovules numer- 
ous on each placenta. Capsule subglobose to oblong, 2-valved. Seeds very small, rugose. 
The plants flower mainly in the spring. 


Leaves decurrent on the stem. 1 
Leaves not decurrent on the stem. 
Stem-leaves with sessile more or less manifestly clasping bases. 
Calyx-manifestly pedicelled : capsule about 14 as long as the calyx. 2. M. macranthum. 
Calyx sessile or nearly so: capsule more than 74 as long as the calyx. 
Calyx-lobes linear-spatulate : capsules oblong, shorter than thecalyx-lobes. 3. M. undulatum. 
Calyx-lobes narrowly linear: capsules cylindric, about as long as the calyx- 
lobes. . . M. stenocarpum. 
Stem-leaves nearly sessile, often narrowed to the base, lower ones often mani- 
festly petioled. 
Corolla narrowly funnelform, much longer than the calyx. A 
Capsule slightly shorter than the calyx-lobes: corolla about 9 mm. long. 5. M. hispidum. 
Capsule slightly over 14 as long as the calyx-lobes: corolla about 10 mm. 


. M. Jamaicense. 


long. 6. M. tenue. 
Corolla short-funnelform, barely surpassing the calyx, or only slightly longer. PE 
Annual plants : yf eh A as long as the calyx: seeds pitted in rows. 7. M. angustifolium. 
Perennial plants: capsule about 1⁄4 as long as the calyx : seeds smooth. 8. M. origanifolium. 
1. Marilaunidium Jamaicénse (L.) Kuntze. Annual, pubescent. Stems branched 
at the base ; branches spreading or prostrate, 1-4 dm. long: leaf-blades spatulate, often 
broadly so, 1-5 cm. long, each tapering into a petiole-like base decurrent on the stem as a 
wing: pedicel stout, 1-5 mm. long: calyx hirsute ; lobes narrowly linear or linear-spatu- 
late, 6-8 mm. long, acute, ciliate: corolla white or purple, about as long as the calyx-lobes : 
capsules narrowly oblong, 8-10 mm. long. [Nama Jamaicense L.] 
In moist soil, Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies and Mexico. 


2. Marilaunidium macránthum (Choisy) Kuntze. Annual, hirsute. Stems branched 
at the base; branches spreading or prostrate, 0.5-3 dm. long: leaves numerous ; blades 
spatulate to oblong-spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse or acutish : pedicels 4-10 mm. long : 
calyx bristly ; lobes linear-spatulate, 8-10 mm. long, acute, ciliate : corolla about twice as 
long as the calyx: capsules oblong, about 3 as long as the calyx. [Nama undulatum var. 
macranthum Choisy. ] 


On plains and prairies, Texas and Mexico. 


3. Marilaunidium undulàtum (H.B.K.) Kuntze. Annual, hirsute. Stems be- 
coming diffusely branched, prostrate, 1-3 dm. long : leaves variable ; lower ones with spatu- 
late short-petioled blades; upper sessile, oblong, all varying from 1-3 cm. long, often 
crowded : pedicels solitary or several together, 1-2 mm. long: calyx bristly ; lobes linear- 
spatulate, 6-10 mm. long: corolla funnelform, slightly surpassing the calyx : capsules ob- 
long, shorter than the calyx, granular. [Nama undulatum H.B.K.] 

On plains and prairies, southern Texas and Mexico. 


4. Marilaunidium stenocárpum (A. Gray) Kuntze. Annual, hirsute. Stems more 
or less diffusely branched ; branches spreading or prostrate, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades 
spatulate to oblong, 1-2 cm. long, blunt, crisped: pedicels very short or none: en 
bristly ; lobes narrowly linear, 7-9 mm. long, keeled : corolla about 8 mm. long: capsules 
cylindric, shorter than the calyx. [Nama stenocarpum A. Gray. ] 

On plains and prairies, Texas and Mexico to Arizona. 


5. Marilaunidium hispidum (A. Gray) Kuntze. Annual, hispid or hirsute. Stems 
branched at the base ; branches spreading or prostrate, 0.5-2 dm. long: leaf-blades ped 
late or linear-spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, the lower short-petioled ; upper sessile : ^ S 
cels 1-2 mm. long: calyx bristly ; lobes narrowly linear, 4-6 mm. long, often slig m 
broadened upward: corolla about 8 mm. long; tube surpassing the calyx: capsules nar 
rowly oblong, shorter than the calyx, wrinkled. [Nama hispidum A. Gray. ] 

On prairies, Texas to Arizona. ll 

6. Marilaunidium ténue Small.! Annual, hirsute. Stems erect, 1-1.5 m: wer 
simple below, dichotomous above, wiry: leaves opposite ; blades linear or slightly den j 
ened upward, 1.5-3 cm. long, sessile : pedicels slender, 1-3 mm. long: calyx bris yi 
lobes linear-filiform, 4-5 mm. long, erect, acute : corolla purplish, 5-6 mm. long, mo 


1 Marilaunidium stenophyllum (A. Gray) Kuntze, a shrubby plant with densely eee 
foliage, corolla longer than the calyx and capsule about 3 as long as the espe rÀ 
occur within our range. It was first found in Coahuila, Mexico, and later on me 
side of the Rio Grande. 


HY DROLEACEAE 975 


surpassing the calyx ; tube funnelform, about 6 mm. long; lobes suborbicular 3-3.5 mm. 
broad : capsules slightly over 3 as long as the calyx-lobes. 
In dry soil, Indian Territory and Texas. 


7. Marilaunidium angustifolium (A. Gray) Kuntze. Annual, minutely glandular- 
pubescent. Stems 1—3 dm. tall, dichotomously branched above the base : leaf-blades linear 
or nearly so, 1-3 cm. long, rather obtuse : calyx nearly sessile in the forks ; lobes narrowl 
linear or slightly broadened upward : corolla about 2 mm. long: capsules oblong-ovoid, 
4-5 mm. long. [Nama dichotomum var. angustifolium A. Gray.] 

On plains and prairies, Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. 


8. Marilaunidium origanifólium (H.B.K.) Kuntze. Perennial, softly hirsute. 
Stems diffusely branched, shrubby below, 1-3.5 dm. tall : leaves numerous ; blades oblong or 
oval to obovate, 3-10 mm. long, obtuse, nearly sessile or short-petioled : pedicels slender, 
2-10 mm. long: calyx bristly ; lobes narrowly linear or slightly broadened near the top, 
6-7 mm. long : corolla 7-8 mm. long ; tube funnelform, about as long as the calyx: cap- 
sules oblong, more than 3 as long as the calyx. Nama origanifolium H. B.K.] 

In dry soil, southern Texas and Mexico. 


6. NAMA L. 


Perennial herbs, or shrubby plants sometimes armed with spines. Leaves alternate : 
blades entire. Cymes open or clustered. Calyx often pubescent: lobes almost distinct. 
Corolla blue or rarely white, rotate to campanulate : tube without appendages : lobes 5, im- 
bricated. Stamens 5: filaments inserted at the base of the corolla-tube, dilated at the 
base. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled. Styles distinct. Stigmas capitate. Ovules 
numerous on each adherent placenta. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, opening septicidally 
often somewhat irregularly. Seeds numerous. [Hydrolea L.] 
Leaf-blades over 5 times longer than broad. 

Flowers in terminal cymes: spines wanting or very few. 

Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves or in axillary clusters: spines present. 
Stems villous-hirsute: calyx-lobes linear or linear-lanceolate. . N. quadrivalvis. 
Stems glabrous or merely puberulent: calyx-lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 3. N. affine. 

Leaf-blades less than 4 times longer than broad. 4. N. ovatum. 

1. Nama corymbósum (Ell.) Kuntze. Unarmed or nearly so. Stem puberulent 
above, 2-7 dm. tall, simple below, corymbosely branched above : leaf-blades oblong to ob- 
long-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute, commonly lustrous above, sessile or short-petioled : 
corymbs 5-15 cm. broad, leafy-bracted : pedicels very short: calyx bristly ; lobes linear- 
lanceolate : corolla azure-blue, with yellowish nerves and 5 white spots near the base; 
lobes ovate, obtuse : stamens and style exserted : capsules globular, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 
[Hydrolea corymbosa Ell. ] 

In and about swamps, South Carolina to Florida. Summer. 


2. Nama quadriválvis (Walt.) Kuntze. Spine-armed. Foliage villous-hirsute, 
especially when young : stems often decumbent, 2-10 dm. long, mostly simple : leaf-blades 
narrowly elliptic, sometimes broadest above or below the middle, 4-12 cm. long, acute or 
acuminate at both ends: clusters few-flowered or reduced to a single flower near the top of 
thestem : calyx sparingly pubescent ; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, acute : 
corolla blue or lilac, 1-1.5 em. broad ; lobesovate, obtuse : capsules subglobose, 5-6 mm. in 
diameter, surpassed by the calyx-lobes. [Hydrolea quadrivalvis Walt. ] 

In low or muddy situations, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


3. Nama affine (A. Gray) Kuntze. Spine-armed. Foliage glabrous, or puberulent 
when young: stems sometimes decumbent and creeping, 2-7 dm. long, simple or branch- 
ing : leaf-blades linear-elliptic varying to broadest above or below the middle, 3-10 cm. 
long, acute at both ends, short-petioled : clusters few-flowered, leafy-bracted, short-pedun- 
cled : calyx sparingly hispid ; lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5 mm. long, acute, ciliate : 
corolla violet, 1.5 em. broad; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate: capsules 6-7 mm. in 
diameter, surpassing the calyx. [Hydrolea affinis A. Gray. ] 


In swampy places, Indiana to Missouri, Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 


4. Nama ovatum (Nutt.) Britton. Spine-armed. Foliage softly pubescent or gla- 
brate in age : stems 2-7 dm. tall, paniculately branched above: leaf-blades ovate to elliptic, 
2-6 cm. long, somewhat acuminate, ciliolate, acute to subcordate at the base, short-pet- 
ioled : panicles leafy-bracted ; clusters terminating the branches : pedicels 2-5 mm. long: 
calyx hirsute ; lobes linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 7-9 mm. long, acuminate : corolla 
pu or white, about 2 cm. broad ; lobes ovate: capsules globose-ovoid, about 4 mm. 
high. [Hydrolea ovata Nutt.] 

In swamps, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 


y 


. N. corymbosum. 


t2 m 


976 POLEMONIACEAE 


FAMILY 5. POLEMONIACEAE Vent. Purox FAMILY. 


Annual or usually perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate or 
opposite, often crowded: blades entire or pinnately compound. Inflorescence 
paniculate, corymbose, sometimes clustered. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly 
so. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals. Corolla regular: limb five-lobed : lobes 
convolute in aestivation. Androecium of 5 often unequal stamens adnate to 
the corolla-tube. Anthers opening lengthwise and introrsely. Gynoecium of a 
single carpel. Ovary 3-celled with a thick axis. Styles united. Stigmas 3. 
Ovules solitary, erect, anatropous, or several in two series, ascending, amphitro- 
pous. Fruit a 3-celled loculicidal capsule: valves usually separating from the 
central axis to which the seeds are attached. Seeds solitary or several in each 
cavity, with a spongy or mucilaginous testa. Endosperm fleshy or horny. 
Embryo straight, axile. 

Calyx-tube distended and ruptured by the capsule at maturity. 


Corolla salverform: leaves opposite; blades entire. 1 PIRPOX: 
Corolla funnelform or rotate (in our species): leaves often alternate; blades 
commonly pinnatifid. 9. GILIA. 
Calyx-tube neither distended nor ruptured at maturity. 3. POLEMONIUM. 


1. PHLOX L. 


Annual or usually perennial, sometimes shrubby herbs, with erect or diffuse and creep- 
ing stems. Leaves opposite, or sometimes alternate above: blades entire. Flowers in 
terminal corymbose or panicled cymes. Calyx pedicelled: tube narrow, 5-ribbed : lobes 
5, often tooth-like. Corolla white, blue, purple or red, salverform: tube slender: lobes 
spreading, obovate to orbicular, or obcordate. Stamens 5, included. Filaments, unequally 
adnate to the corolla-tube. Ovules 1-5 in each cavity. Capsule included in the calyx- 
tube which it ruptures at maturity. Seeds sometimes narrowly winged, not emitting spiral 
threads when wetted. 


Calyx-lobes fully as long as the tube or much longer. 
Annual plants. s 
Corolla-tube not surpassing the calyx, glabrous : ovules 4 or 5 in each cavity. 1. P. Roemeriana. 
Corolla-tube surpassing the calyx, pubescent: ovule 1 in each cavity. 
Leaves mostly alternate ; blades thin. 
Stems mostly less than 10 cm. long: leaf-blades narrowed at the base : 


corolla-lobes about 6 mm. long. 2. P. tenuis. 
Stems mostly over 10 cm. long: leaf-blades broadest at the base: $ 
corolla-lobes about 10 mm. , 3. P. Drummondit. 
Leaves mostly opposite; blades thick. A CEU 
Stems villous-hirsute: leaf-blades bristly : capsules oblong. 4. P. villosissima. 
Stems scabrous-pubescent: leaf-blades slightly pubescent: capsules 
subglobose. 5. P. aspera. 
Perennial plants. 
Plants with prostrate or creeping sterile7shoots. 
Leaf-blades of theisterile shoots of a spatulate type, petioled. ; 6. P. nm 
Leaf-blades of the sterile shoots ofgan elliptic or oblong type, sessile. 7. P. divaricata. 
Plants without prostrate or creeping sterile shoots. 
Calyx-lobes linear-subulate, the tips not bristle-like. 
Cymes compact, involucrate : capsules less than 4 mm. long. 
Upper leaves with blunt or merely acute blades. 8. P. din ei 
Upper leaves with somewhat acuminate blades. 9. P. t iti dom. : 
Cymes open, not involucrate : capsules fully 5 mm. long. 10. P. Floridana. 


Calyx-lobes with bristle-like I» 1 
Calyx copiously pubescent : branches ofithe inflorescence closely pubes- 


cent. 11. P. pilosa. 
Calyx glabrous or nearly so: branches of the inflorescence glabrous or 


with few scattered hairs. ee 12. P. detonsa. 
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, sometimes apparently longer by the splitting of 
Poss pas 2 t 1 
ems prostrate, spreading, forming large mats. : ; 
Leaves little if at all P. eden en la-lobes cleft to the middle or below it. 13. P. bifida. 
d Leaves conspicuously or densely clustered : corolla-lobes entire or notehed. 
Calyx 4-6 mm. long : plants forming dense mats. Brittonii 
Upper part of plant glandular: corolla-lobes deeply notched. M. P. ^ M . 
Upper part of plant not glandular: corolla-lobes shallowly notched. m x Hen teii. 


Calyx 8-10 mm. long: plants not in dense mats. 
Stems erect or ascending, not forming mats. 
A. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, subulate-lanceolate or nearly triangular. 
a. Calyx-lobes i or 12 as long as the tube. 
Upper leaf-blades with broadly rounded or cordate bases ; lower leaves Kov 
vo, Hh petioled blades, penses de Pm 
P "c m obtuse or acute at the base; lower leaves wi 18. P. glaberrima. 


, 


POLEMONIACEAE 971 


b. Calyx-lobes less than 14 as long as the tube. 19. P. maculata. 

B. Calyx-lobes bristle-like. 

Leaves conspicuously decurrent on the internodes: calyx-lobes about as 
long as the tube: corolla-tube pubescent. 20. P. acuminata. 
Leaves not decurrent on the internodes: calyx-lobes shorter than the 
tube: corolla-tube glabrous. 
Stems glabrous or puberulent : leaf-blades relatively narrow. 21. P. paniculata, 
Stems villous, and glandular above: leaf-blades relatively broad. 22. P. amplifolia. 

1. Phlox Roemeriàna Scheele. Annual, sparingly hirsute, or glabrate below. Stems 
usually branched at the base ; branches erect or ascending, 0.5-3 dm. tall: leaves mostly 
alternate ; blades spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, mostly acute or acuminate, 
sessile: calyx villous-hirsute, 8-10 mm. long; lobes subulate, as long as the tube or 
longer, spreading: corolla-tube glabrous, 1 cm. long ; limb about 2 em. broad : capsules 
5-6 mm. long. 

On high prairies, Texas. Spring. 

2. Phlox ténuis (A. Gray) E. Nelson. Annual, glabrous or slightly pubescent, not 
villous. Stems 5-10 cm. long, erect or diffuse : leaves mostly opposite ; blades linear or 
narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute: calyx 6-7 mm. long; lobes subulate, 
about as long as the tube : corolla lavender ; tube finely pubescent, surpassing the calyx ; 
limb 12-15 mm. broad, the lobes rhombic-obovate, acute : capsules about 4 mm. long. 

In low grounds, eastern and southern Texas, Spring. 


3. Phlox Drummóndii Hook. Annual, somewhat villous, at least below, and viscid. 
Stems 1-3 dm. tall, often branched at the base and sometimes above : leaves alternate ; 
hlades narrowly oblong to lanceolate, or those at the base of the stem spatulate-oblanceo- 
late, 1.5-4 em. long, acute, sessile: calyx 8-9 mm. long; lobes subulate : corolla laven- 
der; tube pubescent, surpassing the calyx; limb 1.5-2 cm. broad, the lobes obovate, 
abruptly pointed : capsules about 4 mm. long. 

Insand orsandy soil, Texas. Spring. 


4. Phlox villosíssima (A. Gray) Small. Annual, conspicuously villous-hirsute 
throughout. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, simple or much-branched : leaves mainly opposite ; 
blades linear-lanceolate to almost linear, 2-6 cm. long, acute or somewhat acuminate, 
bristly, sessile: calyx densely pubescent, 9-12 mm. long ; lobes lanceolate-subulate, nearly 
erect, about as long as the tube: corolla pale lavender ; tube finely pubescent, somewhat 
surpassing the calyx ; limb 2-2.5 cm. broad, the lobes orbicular-obovate or orbicular- 
jap tee us abruptly pointed : capsules 5-6 mm. long. [P. Drummondii var. villosissima 
A. Gray. 

In river valleys, southern Texas. Spring. 

5. Phlox áspera E. Nelson. Annual, pubescent with short rigid hairs. Stems 
branched from the base ; branches 12-17 cm. tall, often with a few longer hairs mixed with 
the puberulence: leaves opposite ; blades narrowly lanceolate to linear, 2-4.5 cm. long, 
thick and firm : calyx, like the pedicels, glandular; lobes twice as long as the tube, awn- 
tipped : corolla violet ; tube glandular-pubescent, about twice as long as the calyx ; lobes 
cuneate-obovate, about 11 mm. long, mucronate-acute: capsules 4-5 mm. long. 

In dry soil, southern Texas. Spring. 

6. Phlox réptans Michx. Perennial, often sparingly pubescent. Stems branched at 
the base, the branches of 2 kinds ; sterile prostrate or pean T fertile erect or ascending : 
leaves of 3 kinds, basal 4-10 cm. long, with spatulate or ovate blades and margined petioles, 
those of the sterile shoots similar but smaller, those of the fertile stems usually oblong or 
oblong-lanceolate : calyx 10-13 mm. long, sparingly pubescent; lobes narrowly linear or 
linear-subulate, about as long as the tube : corolla purple or violet ; tube 2-2.5 cm. long ; 
limb 2.5-3 cm. broad ; lobes obovate or cuneate-obovate : capsules 2.5-3 mm. long. 

In open woods, Pennsylvania to Kentucky, south to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 

7. Phlox divaricata L. Perennial, more or less densely viscid-hirsute. Stems erect 
or ascending, 2-5 dm. long, usually tufted, producing decumbent or creeping shoots at the 
base: leaves opposite; blades oblong to lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, 
usually acute, entire, sessile, the upper ones sometimes cordate ; those of the shoots often 
longer, sometimes broadest above de middle, sessile: calyx 6-10 mm. long; lobes linear- 
subulate, curved at maturity : corolla lavander or bluish ; tube 1-1.5 em. long ; limb 2.5-3 
em. broad ; lobes apiculate or notched : capsules subglobose, 4-5 mm. long. 

In damp woods, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 

8. Phlox amoena Sims. Perennial, villous or hirsute. Stems ascending or decum- 
bent, 1-2.5 dm. long, often branched at the base : leaves opposite ; blades leathery, spatu- 
late to oblong or linear, 1-4.5 em. long, obtuse or merely acute, often erect or ascending, 
sessile : ian compact, often congested : calyx bristly-pubescent, less than 1 cm. long ; 


978 POLEMONIACEAE 


lobes linear-subulate, commonly longer than the tube: corolla purple, pink or white ; tube 
glabrous, 1-1.5 cm. long; limb 2-2.5 cm. broad ; lobes cuneate or obovate, apiculate or 
rarely notched : capsules oval, 3-4 mm. long. 

On dry hillsides and in pine woods, Virginia to Tennessee and Florida. Spring. 


9. Phlox Lighthipei Small  Resembling P. amoena, but larger. Stem erect or 
nearly so, 2-4 dm. tall: leaf-blades narrower than those of P. amoena, those of the sterile 
shoots linear or nearly so, those of the flowering stems linear or linear-lanceolate, the upper 
ones, at least, somewhat acuminate: calyx bristly pubescent, over 1 cm. long ; lobes longer 
than the tube: corolla pink or pink-purple; tube 1.5-2 cm. long: capsules oblong, 4-5 
mm. long. 

In pine lands, southern Georgia and Florida. Spring. 


10. Phlox Floridàna Benth. Perennial, finely pubescent or glabrate below. Stems 
erect, sometimes tufted, 2-6 dm. tall, corymbose above: leaves opposite ; blades linear or 
linear-lanceolate, 2-10 em. long, sessile : corymbs glandular-pubescent : calyx about 1 em. 
long ; lobes subulate-setaceous, as long as the tube or longer: corolla light purple; tube 
1.5-2 em. long ; limb about 2 cm. broad; lobes cuneate or cuneate-obovate, entire: cap- 
sules oblong, 5—6 mm. long. 

In open woods, Georgia and Alabama to Florida. Spring. 


11. Phlox pildsa L. Perennial, villous-hirsute. Stems erect or ascending, often 
tufted, 2-5 cm. tall, corymbose above : leaves opposite ; blades linear to narrowly lanceo- 
late, 3-8 cm. long, gradually attenuate, sessile: corymbs becoming lax: calyx about 1 
cm. long; lobes subulate-setaceous, as long as the tube or longer: corolla pink-purple or 
white ; tube 1-1.5 cm. long, more or less pubescent ; limb 2 cm. broad ; lobes obovate or 
cuneate, sometimes apiculate : capsules globose-oblong, about 5 mm. long. 

Insandy woods or meadows, Ontario to Manitoba, south to New Jersey, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


12. Phlox detónsa (A. Gray) Small. Similar to P. pilosa in habit, but glabrous, at 
least below the inflorescence : leaf-blades narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate : 
branches of the inflorescence sometimes merely puberulent: calyx glabrous or essentially 
so: capsules about 4 mm. long. [P. pilosa var. detonsa A. Gray.] 

In pine woods and on prairies, Florida to Texas. Spring. 


13. Phlox bifida Beck. Perennial, minutely pubescent. Stems diffusely branched 
at the base; branches 1-2 dm. long: leaves opposite ; blades linear, 2-5 cm. long, acute, 
sessile; midnerve prominent beneath: calyx 6-8 mm. long ; lobes subulate, shorter than 
the tube : corolla violet purple ; tube often 1 cm. long; limb 1.5 em. broad, the lobes cleft 
to below the middle; the segments oblong or linear: capsules oblong, 3-4 mm. long. 

On prairies or barrens, Michigan to Tennessee and Illinois. Spring. 


14. Phlox Brittdnii Small. Perennial, deep green. Stems copiously branched ; 
branches matted, forming wide mats, glandular-pilose : leaves numerous, small ones often 
clustered in the axils of the larger; blades subulate or narrowly linear-subulate, 5-10 mm. 
long, ciliate especially near the base : calyx 5-6 mm. long, glandular-pubescent like the 
branches; lobes subulate, about as long as the tube: corolla mainly white ; tube about ] 
em. long; limb 12-13 mm. broad ; lobes cuneate, with 2 pale magenta spots at the base, 
cleft by a V-shaped sinus about 3 mm. deep at the apex, a minute tooth in each sinus, the 
tips acute or acutish. 

On dry mountain slopes, Virginia, West Virginia and North Carolina. Spring. 


15. Phlox subulàta L. Perennial, evergreen, more or less pubescent. Stems de- 
cumbent, forming mats, the fertile branches erect, 1-1.5 dm. tall, pilose with fine hairs : 
leaves opposite, often clustered ; blades linear or linear-subulate, 1-1.5 cm. long, acute, 
sessile : calyx 8-9 mm. long, pubescent like the stem ; lobes lanceolate-subulate, about as 
long as the tube : corolla purple, pink or white; tube 1—1.5 cm. long ; limb ien 
broad ; lobes cuneate, emarginate or slightly notched, the sinuses toothless, but with 2 deep 
magenta spots at the base : capsules oblong-obovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long. 

On rocky hillsides or in barren places, New York to Michigan, Georgia and Kentucky. Spring. 
GROUND or Moss PINK. i . 

16. Phlox Héntzii Nutt. Perennial, minutely pubescent. Stems branched " the 
base ; branches erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. tall, sometimes quite stout and very aid : 
leaves opposite, often clustered ; blades narrowly linear or linear-subulate, 1-2 cm. es 
acute or acuminate, sessile, with smaller ones clustered in their axils : calyx at least NS 
long, glandular-pubescent ; lobes subulate, as long as the tube or longer: corolla purp/e 
lavender or white; tube 1-1.5 cm. long ; limb 2-2.5 cm. long; lobes notched or erose: 
capsules 4-5 mm. long. 

In sandy pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 


POLEMONIACEAE 979 


17. Phlox ovata L. Perennial, glabrous. Stems erect or decumbent, 2-6 dm. tall: 
leaves opposite; blades elliptic, oblong or lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, 
the lower narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile, often partly clasping : calyx glabrous ; 
lobes triangular or triangular-lanceolate, much shorter than the tube: corolla bright 
purple ; tube 1-2 cm. long ; limb 2-2.5 cm. broad ; lobes rounded or retuse : capsules about 
4 mm. long. 

In open woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


18. Phlox glabérrima L. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect or ascend- 
ing, sometimes tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, rarely pubescent with spreading hairs : leaves opposite ; 
blades oblong, lanceolate or linear, 2.5-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, sessile : calyx 8-10 
mm. long ; lobes triangular or triangular-lanceolate, very acute: corolla purple or pink 
purple, or rarely white ; tube 2-3 cm. long ; limb 2-2.5 cm. broad ; lobes rounded or trun- 
cate, sometimes undulate : capsules 4-4.5 mm. long. 

In open woods, Wisconsin to Virginia, Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 

19. Phlox maculata L. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so below. Stems erect, often 
clustered, 3-10 dm. tall: leaves opposite, remote ; blades oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate or 
linear, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate, becoming parchment-like in texture, sessile or nearly 
$0: panicles cylindric, 1-4 dm. long, often glandular-pubescent: calyx mostly deep green; 
lobes lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, about 3 as long as the tube : corolla pink-purple ; 
tube 1.5-2 cm. long ; limb 2-2.5 cm. broad ; lobes orbicular-obovate or broadly cuneate : 
capsules oblong, 4 mm. long. 

In low grounds, New Jersey to Minnesota, Florida and Tennessee. Summer. SWEET WILLIAM. 

20. Phlox acuminata Pursh. Perennial, glabrate. Stems erect or ascending, 6-10 
dm. tall, sparingly branched above, angled or narrowly winged by the decurrent petioles : 
leaves opposite ; blades linear-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 5-16 cm. long, acuminate, undu- 
late, short-petioled : panicles often large and broad : calyx glabrous or very minutely pubes- 
cent ; lobes bristle-like, as long as the tube or nearly so : corolla purple or pink purple ; tube 
2-2.5 em. long, 1.5 mm. thick ; limb 1.5 cm. broad ; lobes cuneate : capsules 5 mm. long. 

In mountain woods, North Carolina and Alabama. Summer. 

21. Phlox paniculata L. Perennial, minutely pubescent or glabrate. Stems 6-12 
dm. tall, branched above: leaves opposite; blades elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly 
oblong-elliptic, 8-20 cm. long, acuminate, undulate, narrowed into margined petioles or 
nearly sessile: panicles corymbose-pyramidal: calyx granular or sparingly pubescent ; 
lobes subulate, shorter than the tube: corolla pink-purple or white ; tube about 2 cm. long, 
1.5-2 mm. thick ; limb 15-17 mm. broad ; lobes obovate or cuneate-obovate : capsules oval, 
4-5 mm. long. 

In open woods, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. SWEET WILLIAM. 

22. Phlox amplifólia Britton. Perennial, pubescent. Stems 5-13 dm. tall, villous, 
or glandular-villous, at least above: leaves opposite ; blades ovate, oval, elliptic or lanceo- 
late on the upper part of the stem, thin, mostly 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, narrowed into 
broad bases or winged petioles, scabrous above: inflorescence similar to that of the next 
preceding species : ai glandular-villous : corolla about 2 cm. long; tube glabrous: 
capsules 4-4.5 mm. long. 

In woods, and thickets, Kentucky to Missouri and Tennessee. Summer. 


2. GÍLIA R. & P. 


Annual or perennial sometimes shrubby herbs, with diffuse or erect and elongated 
stems. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades entire, narrowly cleft or dissected. Flowers 
solitary in the axils, variously disposed. Calyx pedicelled : tube campanulate to tubular : 
lobes 5, often shorter than the tube. Corolla white or highly colored : tube short or elon- 
gated : lobes 5, erect or spreading. Stamens 5, sometimes exserted : filaments evenly or 
irregularly adnate to the corolla-tube. Ovules solitary or several in each cavity. Capsule 
mainly included in the calyx whose tube it ruptures at maturity. Seeds often mucilagi- 
nous, those of some species emitting spiral threads. The plants flower in the summer, or 
southward in the spring and summer. 


Corolla rotate. ien 
Annual: leaf-blades incised-toothed : corolla less than 15 mm. broad. 1. G. incisa. 
Perennial : leaf-blades parted : corolla over 20 mm. broad. 2. G. rigidula. 

Corolla funnelform, rather narrowly so. 3. G. rubra. 


1. Gilia incisa Benth. Annual, puberulent. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, sparingly branched 
or sometimes diffusely so: leaves alternate; blades various, incised-toothed : calyx 3-5 


980 SOLANACEAE 


em. long; lobes lanceolate-subulate, longer than the tube: corolla white or blue, about 
1.5 cm. broad ; lobes ovate: capsule oval or ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, surpassing the calyx. 

On banks and in thickets, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 

2. Giliarigidula Benth. Perennial, viscid or glabrate. Stems branched at the base ; 
branches ascending or spreading, 0.5-3 dm. long: leaves alternate ; blades usually pin- 
nately or palmately cleft or parted ; lobes linear or lanceolate : calyx 5-8 mm. long; lobes 
subulate-tipped, shorter than the tube : corolla blue, 2-3 em. broad, 5-parted ; lobes ovate : 
capsule ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, included in the calyx. 

On hills and stony plains, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. 

3. Giliarübra (L.) Heller. Biennial, minutely pubescent. Stems erect or ascend- 
ing, 5-18 dm. tall, narrowly paniculate above : leaves numerous ; blades pinnately parted, 
the segments linear-filiform : racemes or panicle 1-7 dm. long, narrow : calyx 6-8 mm. 
long ; tube campanulate ; lobes subulate, as long as the tube or longer: corolla scarlet or 
yellow, dotted with red within, 2.5-3 cm. long; lobes oblong or ovate-oblong: capsule 
oblong, 8 mm. long. [G. coronopifolia Pers. ] 

In sandy soil, South Carolina to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. 


3. POLEMONIUM L. 


Annual, or usually perennial caulescent herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves 
alternate, sometimes mainly basal: blades pinnate. Flowers in terminal panicled cymes. 
Calyx accrescent : tube terete: lobes 5, about as long as the tube. Corolla white, blue or 
yellow, tubular-campanulate to tubular-funnelform or rarely rotate: limb more or less 
spreading: lobes 5, broad. Stamens 5, declined. Filaments adnate to the base of the 
corolla-tube, often pubescent at the base. Ovules few or several in each cavity. Capsules 
surrounded by the calyx. Seeds sometimes narrowly winged, emitting spiral threads when 
wetted. 

1l. Polemonium réptans L. Foliage glabrous. Stems erect or finally spreading, 
3-7 dm. long, more or less branched : leaf-blades pinnate, shorter than the petioles ; leaf- 
lets oblong, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute or apiculate, sessile or nearly so: pedicels 
becoming 5-10 mm. long: calyx 5 mm. becoming 1 cm. long ; lobes triangular to triangu- 
lar-ovate, as long as the tube or shorter : corolla blue, 1.5-2 cm. broad ; lobes spatulate or 
cuneate : capsules oval or ovoid-oval, 5-6.5 mm. long. 

In thickets and woods, New York to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Spring. GREEK VALERIAN. 


FAMILY 6. SOLANACEAE Pers,  PorATO FAMILY. 


Herbaceous plants, or shrubs or vines, some of them of great economic value, 
possessing stimulant and narcotic properties. Leaves alternate, commonly with- 
out stipules: blades various. Inflorescence variously disposed. Flowers usually 
regular, perfect, on naked pedicels. Calyx free, of 5 or rarely 4-6 more or less 
united sepals, mostly persistent, sometimes accrescent. Corolla wh gs Shere 
rotate, campanulate, infundibuliform or hypocrateriform: limb 5-lobed or yd 
lobed. Androecium of 5, or 4 or 6 stamens, all fertile, adnate to the tube of DE 
corolla alternate with the lobes. Filaments equal or unequal, often toot 
Anthers introrse, opening lengthwise, or by pores. Gynoecium pega pees 
Ovary superior, 2-celled or sometimes 3-5-celled. Styles terminal, un n 
Stigmas entire or essentially so. Ovules numerous, amphitropous. Frui 1 
berry or a capsule, with two or rarely several cavities. Seeds numerous, nn 
with a crustaceous often tuberculate or rarely membranous testa. Endospe 
fleshy, plentiful. 

A. Fruit a berry. 
a. Corolla plicate; lobes usually induplicate. i hwisé 

Berry enclosed in the accrescent calyx: anthers not connected ; sacs opening lengthwise. 

Calyx inflated and bladder-like at maturity. LODES 
Ovary 3-5-celled : sepals nearly distinct, auricled at the base. 1. PHYSA . 
Ovary 2-celled : sepals united to near the tips. £ 2 

Corolla open campanulate, yellow to white, often with a dark 
center : seeds finely pitted. 
Corolla flat-rotate, violet or purple: seeds rugose-tuberculate. 

Calyx closely investing the berry, open at the mouth. : 

Berry seated in the little changed calyx (exceptionally enclosed in species 


of Solanum) : anthers connate or converging. à 
Anther-sacs commonly opening by terminal pores or short slits. 5. SOLANUM. 


2. PHYSALIS. 
3. QUINCULA. 
4. CHAMAESARACHA. 


SOLANACEAE 981 


ap 


Anther-sacs opening lengthwise and introrsely. . LYCOPERSICON. 
b. Corolla little if atall plicate ; lobes imbricate, valvate or valvate-induplicate. 

Anthers converging around the style: corolla urn-shaped. 

Anthers not converging : corolla rotate or salverform, or funnelform. 
Stamens adnate to the base of the corolla-tube : corolla rotate. 8. CAPSICUM. 
Stamens adnate to the middle or the mouth of the corolla-tube : corolla 

salverform to funnelform. 
Stamens unequal: filaments adnate to the mouth of the corolla- 


-I 


. PERIZOMA. 


tube: seeds flattened. 9. LYCIUM. 
Stamens equal or nearly so: filaments adnate to about the middle of 
the corolla-tube : seeds not flattened. 10. CESTRUM. 
B. Fruit a capsule: corolla funnelform. 
Capsules armed with prickles. 11. DaTURA. 
Capsules unarmed. 
Flowers in racemes or panicles : filaments nearly equal in length. 12. NICOTIANA. 
diu gon ary in the axils or opposite the leaves : filaments unequal in 
ength. 
Sepals nearly distinct: anther-sacs distinct. 18. PETUNIA. 
Sepals united to above the middle: anther-sacs somewhat confluent. 14. BOUCHETIA. 


1. PHYSALODES Boehm. 

Annual caulescent herbs, with deep green foliage. Leaves alternate ; blades broad, 
sinuate-toothed or lobed. Flowers nodding, solitary in the axils. Calyx accrescent, 
angled, inflated at maturity: sepals nearly distinct, cordate or sagittate at the base. 
Corolla blue or violet, plicate in the bud, campanulate, slightly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, in- 
cluded : filaments adnate to the base of the corolla, filiform from a dilated and pubescent 
base : anther-sacs opening lengthwise. Ovary 3-5-celled : stigma 3-5-lobed. Berry sub- 
globose, rather dry, enclosed in the calyx. [Nicandra Adans.] 

1. Physalodes Physalódes (L.) Britton. Plant nearly glabrous. Stems 3-9 dm. 
tall, widely branching : leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong, 5-15 cm. long, angulately lobed 
or sinuate, narrowed into margined petioles: pedicels puberulent, recurving: calyx 1.5 
em. becoming 3.5 em. long, reticulated ; sepals broadly ovate, narrowed into slender tips : 
corolla blue or violet, 2.5 cm. broad ; limb nearly entire: berries 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. 
EM aoe places, eastern Canada and the Atlantic United States. Naturalized from Peru. Summer 


2. PHYSALIS L.! 

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes a little woody at the base, with simple or branch- 
ing hairs, or glabrous. Leaves alternate: blades entire or sinuately toothed.  Pedicels 
generally solitary from the axils of the leaves, but sometimes in clusters of 2-4. Calyx 
campanulate, 5-lobed, accrescent, membranaceous, 5-angled or prominently 10-ribbed and 
reticulate, wholly enclosing the pulpy berry: lobes in most cases connivent. Corolla yel- 
lowish or whitish, often with a much darker, brownish or purplish center, open campanu- 
late or rarely campanulate-rotate, plicate, with very short and broad lobes which areslightly 
imbricate in the bud. Stamens adnate to the base of the corolla. Anther-sacs opening by 
longitudinal slits. Stigma minute. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flattened, with a thin 
edge, finely pitted. The plants flower in summer, or from spring to fall in the South. 
GROUND CHERRY. JERUSALEM CHERRY. 


A. Annuals, with much branched roots. 
Plants more or less viscid pubescent. 
Fruiting calyx sharply 5-angled, deeply sunken at the base, calyx-lobes at flowering time fully as 
long as the tube. 
Fruiting calyx not long-acuminate : leaf-blades very oblique. 
Leaf-blades ovate, subentire at the base: stem slender, diffuse, sharply angled. 
1. P. pubescens. 
Leaf-blades cordate, strongly sinuately toothed to the base: stem ob- 
tusely angled. i 
Leaves broadly rounded, cordate, 2-5 cm. long: stem weak, diffuse. 
Leaves elongated, cordate, 4-10 em. long : stem stout. 
Fruiting calyx long-acuminate : leaf-blades scarcely oblique at the base, s 
cordate, abruptly acuminate, 4. P. Barbadensis. 
Fruiting calyx obtusely or indistinctly 5-10-angled ; calyx-lobes at fiowering 
time shorter than the tube (except sometimes in P. Carpenteri). 
Leaf-blades not long-acuminate : flowers solitary. ^ P. Lagascae. 


. P. Floridana, 
. P. pruinosa. 


es t2 


Leaf-blades long-acuminate: flowers often fascicled. : j. P. Carpenteri. 
Plants glabrous or only the upper parts sparingly beset with short hairs ( P. 
ixocarpa sometimes a little puberulent when young). WT 
"m . 00 . 


a. Fruiting calyx sharply 5-angled, deeply sunken at the base. 


! Contributed by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg. 


982 SOLANACEAE 


b. Fruiting calyx obtusely 5-10-angled, scarcely sunken at the base. 
Corolla yellow, the center sometimes a little darker but not brown or 


purple. 
Peduncles much longer than the fruiting calyx: corolla 5-8 mm. in 
diameter. 8. P. pendula. 
Peduncles scarcely exceeding the fruiting calyx: corolla 8-10 mm. in 
diameter. 9. P. angulata. 


Corolla yellow with a distinctly brown or purple center. 

Peduncles scarcely longer than the flowers : corolla 10-15 mm. in diam- 
eter. 10. P. ixocarpa. 
Peduncles longer than the flowers: corolla 15-25 mm. in diameter. 11. P. Philadelphica. 
B. Perennials, mostly with horizontal rootstocks. 
Pubescence not of stellate hairs. 
Pubescence sparse, seldom, if at all, glandular or viscid. 
Leaves glabrous: upper part of the stem, calyx and veins of the leaves 
with few, if any, short a we hairs. 

Fruiting calyx ovoid, nearly filled with the berry, scarcely sunken at 


the base. 
Plants tall, erect : leaf-blades thin. 


Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 12. P. subglabrata. 
Leaf-blades lanceolate, linear or oblanceolate. 13. P. longifolia, 
Plants low, spreading : leaf-blades fleshy, elliptic-oblong, tapering 
into a winged petiole. 14. P. Texana. 
Fruiting calyx pyramidal, very much inflated and deeply sunken at 
the base. 15. P. macrophysa. 


Leaves and stem sparingly hairy with longer, flat, spreading or reflexed, 
often jointed, and in P. pumila branched, hairs (some of the species 
are slightly viscid). 

Fruiting calyx ovoid, scarcely angled and scarcely sunken at the 
base: leaf-blades thick, subentire. 


Leaf-blades obovate or spatulate: hairs all simple. 16. P. lanceolata. 
Leaf-blades broader, inclined to be rhomboid: hairs of the lower : 
surface of the leaves branched. l7. P. pumila. 


Fruiting calyx pyramidal, more or less 5-angled and deeply sunken 
at the base: leaf-blades thin. 
Fruiting calyx ovoid-pyramidal: leaf-blades mostly ovate or lan- 
ceolate, tapering at the base. 


Leaf-blades more or less sinuately dentate. 18. P. Virginiana. 

Leaf-blades subentire or wavy margined. a 
Leaf-blades firm: plant not at all viscid. 19. P. rigida. 
Leaf-blades very thin : plant more or less viscid above when 


young. 20. P. intermedia. 
Fruiting calyx oblong-pyramidal or nearly cylindrical: leaf-blades 
broadly ovate, truncate or cordate at the base. ^ 
Leaf-blades coarsely toothed and reticulate. 21. P. arenicola. 
Leaf-blades subentire, the veins not prominent. 22. P. ciliosa. 
Pubescence denser, viscid or glandular, generally consisting of a mixture of 
short fine hairs and long flat jointed ones. 
Leaf-blades generally over 5 cm. long, more or less cordate. ; 
Apex, and teeth of the leaves rounded. 23. P. sinuata. 
Apex, and teeth (if any) of the leaves acutish to acuminate. 
Stem densely and leaves more sparingly pubescent with very long 
(2 mm. or more) white hairs. 
Stem erect: anthers purple: leaf-blades rounded or subcordate 


: at the base. , s : 24. P. ambigua. 
tem spreading: anthers yellow: leaf-blades usually cuneate E 
ii ut acute at the base. Pu WE 25. P. nyctaginea. 
em and leaves very densely pubescent with short, very visc 
hairs: anthers roe E 26. P. heterophylla. 
Leaf-blades generally 5 em. long or less. PP 
esi mun long € 22. P. ciliosa. 
. m with very short hairs. 
Leaf-blades rounded, ovate or rhombic. 27. P.comata. 
Leaf-blades reniform or cordate. 98. P. hederaefolia. 


Pubescence mainly of stellate hairs. 
Plants densely white-pubescent or grayish pubescent. 
Hairs all stellate. 


Leaf-blades cordate. reniform or;round. angulately toothed. 29. P. mollis. 
Leaf-blades elliptic, sometimes cordate at the base, to oblanceolate, 3 
subentire or repand. j 30. P. viscosa. x 
Hairs partly simple, partly stellate: leaf-blades oblong, subentire. Si. P. fuscomaculat 


Plants nearly glabrous, except on the margins of the calyx-lobes, rarely stel- 
late all over when young. : iottii 
Leaf-blades oblong, oblanceolate or spatulate, the lateral veins distinct. 32. P. Ell "m olia 
Leaf-blades linear, thick ; midrib prominent, the lateral veins obsolete. 33. P. angust . h 
1. Physalis pubéscens L. Annual, more or less villous and viscid. —— 
branched, angled, often a little swollen at the nodes, sometimes nearly labrous : irat 
blades thin, 2-6 cm. long, ovate, acute or acuminate, atthe base oblique, s ightly AE y 
and generally entire, upwardly repand-denticulate, or entire, pubescent, irae uec rn cm. 
peru except along the nerves: peduncles short, 3-5 mm., or at maturity abou iow 
ong: calyx-lobes narrow, not subulate tipped: corolla 5-10 mm. in diameter, far es , 
with dark center: anthers usually purplish : fruiting calyx membranous, 2-3 em. 100, 
pyramidal-ovoid, acuminate and more or less retuse at the base. 


In sandy soil, -Pennsylvania to California, Florida and Central America. Also found 
America and in India. 


in South 


SOLANACEAE 983 


2. Physalis Floridàna Rydb. Annual, pubescent and viscid throughout. Stems dif- 
fusely branched, angled,densely villous with long white viscid hairs : leaf-blades rounded, 
cordate, oblique at the base, 2-5 cm. long, coarsely sinuately toothed, obtuse, sparingly 
viscid-pubescent on both sides: peduncles short, in fruit about 1 cm. long: calyx densel 
viscid pubescent ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate: corolla 6-8 mm. in diameter, yellow wit 
pune spots : anthers purplish : fruiting calyx 2-2.5 em. long, 5-angled, deeply retuse at 
the base. 

In rich soil in pine woods, Walton County and Punta Rassa, Florida. 

3. Physalis pruinósa L. Annual, more hairy and viscid than the two precedin 
and the next following species. Stems stout, generally erect or often ascending zi 
obtusely angled, finely villous or viscid: leaf-blades firm, 3-10 cm. long, finely pubescent, 
ovate-cordate, generally very oblique at the base, and deeply sinuately toothed with broad 
and often obtuse teeth : peduncles 2-4 mm., at maturity about 1 cm. long: calyx villous or 
viscid ; lobes as long as the tube, narrow, but without subulate npe: corolla 3-8 mm. in 
diameter : anthers yellow or tinged with purple : fruiting calyx of a little firmer texture 
and more pubescent than that of the preceding two species, reticulate, 2-3 cm. long, ovoid- 
cordate : peny yellow or green. 

In rich soil, Massachusetts to Iowa and Florida. 

4. Physalis Barbadénsis Jacq. Annual, generally pubescent and viscid. Stems 
stouter than those of P. pubescens, tall and erect, or widely spreading, acutely 3-4-angled : 
leaf-blades 3-6 cm. long, heart-shaped, acute or generally abruptly acuminate, sharply 
repand-dentate, pubescent with short hairs: peduncles 3-4 mm. long, at maturity some- 
times 2 em. long : calyx generally densely viscid-hirsute ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, but 
not subulate-tipped : corolla 5-10 mm. in diameter: anthers generally purplish : fruiting 
calyx 2.5-3 cm. long, attenuate, almost conical and reticulate, retuse at the base. 

In rich shaded soil, Pennsylvania to the Indian Territory, Florida and Mexico. Also found in the 
West Indies and in Venezuela. 

5. Physalis Lagáscae R. & S.' Annual, finely pubescent aud sometimes slightly 
viscid. Stems spreading, often zigzag, branched, striate or slightly angled, villous with 
short hairs : leaf-blades 1-8 cm. long, ovate, oblique and cuneate, obtuse or cordate at the 
base, acute but not acuminate, repand or sinuately dentate, hairy at least on the nerves : 
peduncles 3-5 mm. becoming 5-10 mm. long at maturity, reflexed, shorter than the 
fruiting calyx : calyx villous ; lobes shorter than the tube, triangular: corolla 3-8 mm. in 
diameter, yellow, generally with a dark center: anthers generally yellow : fruiting calyx 
1.5-2 cm. long, round-ovoid, nearly filled with the berry, not sunken at the base. 

In rich soil, Florida to Alabama and Mexico. Also in the West and East Indies. 

6. Physalis Carpénteri Riddell. Annual, characterized by its generally fascicled 
flowers, the foliage finely pubescent. Stems branching above, somewhat angled and striate, 
closely and finely puberulent : leaf-blades very thin, oval or ovate, abruptly contracted into 
a long acumination, entire or slightly wavy, nearly glabrous or puberulent, somewhat cor- 
date and oblique at the base : peduncles about 1 cm. long, very slender, often in fascicles 
of 2-4: corolla about 1 em. wide, open-campanulate : fruiting calyx small, only 1 cm. in 
diameter, nearly globose, scarcely angled, faintly nerved, the lobes sometimes very unequal. 

Insandy soil, Florida to Alabama and Louisiana ; rare. 

7. Physalis obscüra Michx. Annual, glabrous, or minutely puberulent when young. 
Stems rather stout, acutely angled and divaricately branched : leaf-blades broadly ovate, 
obtuse or cordate and slightly oblique at the base, thin and dark green, repand-dentate, 
short acuminate: calyx minutely cilate on the margins and veins or glabrate : peduncles 
short, in fruit about 1.5 cm. long ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate : corolla 8-10 mm. wide, 
yellow with purplish spots: fruiting calyx 3-3.5 cm. long, long-attenuate, almost pyram- 
idal, deeply retuse at the base. 

In rich soil, Pennsylvania to the Indian Territory, Florida and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. 

8. Physalis péndula Rydb. Annual, glabrous. Stems angled, generally 5 dm. 
tall, branched : leaf-blades lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate with sharp teeth 
or sometimes nearly entire : calyx cylindric-campanulate ; lobes broadly triangular, shorter 
than the tube: peduncles filiform, 1-2 cm. long, erect with nodding flower, 4-5 cm. long 
and reflexed and drooping at maturity : corolla 5-8 mm. in diameter, campanulate, yel- 
low, without a dark spot: anthers yellow, more or less tinged with purple: fruiting calyx 
about 2 cm. long, rounded ovoid, indistinctly 10-angled and purple-nerved, nearly filled 
with the berry. [P. lanceifolia Rydb. in part, not Nees. ] 

In rich soil, Illinois to Kansas and Texas, 

9. Physalis angulàta L. Annual, glabrous. Stems angular, 0. 5-1 m. tall, glabrous : 
leaf-blades ovate, with a more or less cuneate base, sharply sinuate, with long-acuminate 


984 SOLANACEAE 


teeth, thin, 4-7 cm. long ; nerves not prominent ; petioles slender, 2-4 cm. long: peduncles 
slender, 2-3 cm. long, erect, often reflexed at maturity, but seldom exceeding the fruiting 
calyx in length : calyx glabrous ; lobes triangular to lanceolate, generally shorter than the 
tube: corolla 5-10 cm. in diameter: anthers more or less purplish tinged : fruiting calyx 
about 3 cm. long, ovoid, not prominently 5-10-angled, sometimes purple-nerved and at 
length nearly filled with the yellow berry. 

In rich soil, North Carolina to Texas, Central America, Brazil and the West Indies. Also in India. 


10. Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Annual, glabrous or nearly so. Stems at first erect, 
later widely spreading, much branched, angled, the younger parts often sparingly hairy : 
leaf-blades cordate to ovate and cuneate at the base, which is somewhat oblique, sinuately 
dentate or entire, 3-6 cm. long: peduncles 2-5 mm. long: calyx sparingly hairy ; lobes 
broadly triangular, shorter than the tube : corolla bright yellow with purple throat, 1-1.5 cm. 
(sometimes nearly 2 cm.) in diameter: fruiting calyx rounded ovoid, obscurely 10-angled, 
often purple-veined, at maturity often filled with the purple berry, which sometimes 
bursts it. 


In loose soil, Texas to California and Mexico. Also introduced in Massachusetts, Virginia and 
Washington. 


11. Physalis Philadélphica Lam. Annual, glabrous or nearly so. Stems 0.5-1.5 
m. tall, angled, dichotomously branched, glabrous or sometimes slightly pubescent with 
sparse and short hairs on the upper parts: leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often very 
oblique at the base and more or less acuminate, entire or repand-denticulate, 6-10 cm. 
long ; petioles 4-6 cm. long : peduncles slender, often in pairs, 1-2 cm. long, generally longer 
than the flower : calyx glabrous, or minutely ciliolate ; lobes ovate-lanceolate or triangular, 
sometimes broadly ovate and unequal, generally equalling the tube: corolla yellow or 
greenish yellow with purplish throat, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter: anthers tinged with pur- 
ple: fruiting calyx at first somewhat 10-angled and sunken at the base, at maturity often 
filled with or even burst by the large red or purple berry. 

In rich soil, Rhode Island to Kentucky, Georgia and Texas. 


. 12. Physalis subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush. Perennial from a thick rootstock, 
glabrous or sparingly hairy with short appressed hairs. Stems stout, 3-9 dm. tall, 
branched, glabrous or the upper part with short hairs on the angles: leaf-blades ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 em. long, 1.25-5 em. wide, undulate or entire, oblique and 
rounded or subcordate at the base, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs on the veins: 
calyx 6-8 mm. long, appressed-hairy on the veins and at the base ; lobes triangular, about 
the length of the tube: corolla yellow with a darker center, 10-15 mm. broad: fruiting 
calyx ovoid, slightly depressed at the base, slightly angled: berry globular, stiped. 

Spem In loose soil, along railroads, in fields and river bottoms, Ontario to Nebraska, Arkansas and Ten- 
ee. 

13. Physalis longifdlia Nutt. Perennial from thick rootstocks, almost glabrous. 
Stems in the common form stout and tall, 0.5-1 m. high, slightly angled, branched above ; 
branches strict, glabrous: leaf-blades lanceolate, oblanceolate or linear, tapering into a 
stout short petiole 1-2 cm. long, nearly entire or repand : peduncles 1-2 em. long, 1n fruit 
often recurved : calyx generally glabrous ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, about the length of 
the tube: corolla 1-2 cm. in diameter, yellow with a dark commonly brownish center : 
anthers yellow, tinged with purple: fruiting calyx ovoid, about 3 cm. long, not sunken at 
the base: berry yellow, the lower portion and the stipe glutinous. 

In rich soil, on prairies and plains, Iowa to Montana, Texas and Mexico. 


14. Physalis Texàna Rydb. Perennial from deep rootstocks, glabrous. nip 
angular and striate, somewhat fleshy, diffuse: leaf-blades broadly ovate, generally very 
oblique at the base and decurrent on the long-margined petiole, somewhat fleshy, entire or 
slightly wavy and with the veins prominent on the lower surface : peduncles about 1 cm. 
long, scarcely longer than the corolla, at maturity 2-3 em. long : calyx-lobes broadly Pey 
triangular, about the length of the short tube : corolla lemon-yellow with dark spots, 2-2. 
cm. in diameter, very villous in the throat: anthers yellow: fruiting calyx about 3 cm. 
long, ovoid, indistinctly 10-angled, not sunken at the base : berry purplish. 

In rich soil, southern Texas. 


: her 

15. Physalis macrophysa Rydb. Perennial, almost glabrous, the rootstock rat 
thick and fleshy. Stems 0.51 m. "tall, comparatively slender, angled, perfectly n 
or the upper parts sparingly pubescent with very short hairs: leaf-blades thin, odes 
long, 2-5 em. wide, the lower obtuse, the upper acute or acuminate, on diss oe xe. : 
2-4 em. long: peduncles 1-1.5 em. long, erect, reflexed at maturity : calyx gia ^x be 
lobes ovate-triangular or broadly lanceolate, generally a little shorter than the tube: 


SOLANACEAE 985 


corolla yellow with a dark center, about 2 cm. in diameter: anthers generally yellow, 
sometimes tinged with purple: fruiting calyx 3-4 cm. long, 2.5-3 em. in diameter, pyram- 
idal to ovoid-conie, indistinctly 10-angled, deeply sunken at the base: berry small, in 
the center of the calyx. 

In rich soil, Arkansas and Texas. 

16. Physalis lanceolata Michx. Perennial, sparingly hairy, the rootstock appar- 
ently, as a rule, slender and creeping. Stems about 5 dm. tall, at first erect, later spreading 
or diffuse, only slightly angled, sparingly hirsute with flat hairs: leaf-blades broadly ob- 
lanceolate or spatulate, tapering into the petiole, acute or obtuse, nearly always entire, 
rarely wavy, but not sinuately toothed, thickish, sparingly pubescent with short hairs: 
peduncles 1-2 em. long, in fruit reflexed : calyx strigose or vilious, rarely glabrous ; lobes 
triangular-lanceolate : corolla dullish yellow with a brownish center, about 1.5 cm. in 
diameter: fruiting calyx rounded ovoid, not sunken at the base, indistinctly 10-angled : 
berry yellow or greenish yellow. 

On dry plains, North Carolina to Wyoming, South Carolina and New Mexico, 


17. Physalis pumila Nutt. Perennial from slender rootstocks, 0.5-1 m. high, hirsute. 
Stems obscurely angled : leaf-blades thick, generally broadly ovate, acute at both ends and 
somewhat rhomboid, the lower often obtuse and obovate, generally much larger than in 
the preceding species, 5-10 cm. long, entire or seldom sinuate, on petioles 2-3 cm. long at 
maturity : calyx densely hirsute, not stellate; lobes triangular, generally a little shorter 
than the tube: corolla yellow with brown center, 1.5-2 cm. in* diameter: fruiting calyx 
generally more elongated than in the preceding, 4-5 cm. long, oblong-ovoid, a little 
sunken at the base, indistinctly 10-angled. 

On plains and prairies, Missouri to Colorado and Texas. 

18. Physalis Virginiana Mill. Perennial from a somewhat fleshy rootstock, pu- 
bescent. Stems 0.5-1 m. tall, dichotomously branched, somewhat angular, pubescent with 
appressed hairs, sometimes somewhat glandular, or in some forms nearly glabrous: leaf- 
blades ovate-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, 3-6 cm. long, generally more or less sinu- 
ately dentate, often yellowish green: peduncles 1-2 cm. long, generally erect, or becoming 
curved, but scarcely reflexed: calyx strigose-hirsute, or at least puberulent ; lobes tri- 
angular or broadly lanceolate, nearly equalling the tube in length’: corolla sulphur-yellow 
with purplish spots, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter: anthers yellow: fruiting calyx pyramidal- 
ovoid, 5-angled and sunken at the base: berry reddish. [P. lanceolata Chapm., not Michx. 
P. monticola Mohr. } 


In loose soil, New York to Manitoba and Colorado, south to Florida and Louisiana. 


19. Physalis rigida Pollard & Ball. Perennial from a thick rootstock, resembling 
in habit P. subglabrata. Stems strict, angled, more or less branching, 3-4 dm. tall, hispid- 
pubescent with flat hairs, especially above : leaf-blades firm, ovate-lanceolate, wavy-mar- 
gined, densely pubescent when young, tapering at both ends: calyx pubescent with flat 
hairs, especially on the veins and at the base: lobes triangular: corolla 1-1.5 em. wide, 
yellow with purple center : fruiting calyx ovoid, nearly glabrous, obscurely 10-angled, 2.5-3 
cm. long, somewhat retuse at the base. 

In waste grounds, Louisiana to Arkansas and Tennessee. 

20. Physalis intermédia Rydb. Perennial, puberulent, and sometimes a little viscid 
when young. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, dichotomously branched, angled and striate, the upper 
portion with longer hairs and somewhat viscid : leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
4-6 cm. long, often oblique at the base, slightly sinuately toothed or nearly entire, very 
thin, light green, puberulent or glabrate : peduncles 1-2 cm. long, recurved at maturity, 
hairy : calyx puberulent or hirsute with appressed hairs; lobes broadly lanceolate, about 
equalling the tube: corolla sulphur-yellow with purplish spots, 1-2 cm. in diameter: 
anthers yellow : fruiting calyx ovoid, slightly 5-angled and slightly sunken at the base. 
[P. Virginiana intermedia Rydb.] 

In dry soil, Pennsylvania to Indiana, south ward to Florida and Texas. 

21. Physalis arenícola Kearney. Perennial from slender horizontal rootstocks, 
sparingly hairy. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, diffuse, striate, light green, the pubescence mostly 
of simple hairs, but sometimes a little glandular, in age deciduous except on the nerves 
of the calyx : leaf-blades relatively small, 1.5-6 cm. long, but sometimes 8 cm., ovate-cor- 
date, truncate or cuneate at the base, irregularly angulate-dentate, pubescence, if any, 
=e the veins, which are generally prominent and conspicuously reticulated : peduncles 
slender: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, equalling the tube in length : corolla 1.5-2 em. 
in diameter, light yellow : anthers yellow: fruiting calyx 3 cm. long, narrowly ovoid or 
rather oblong-pyramidal or nearly cylindric, conspicuously reticulated : berry light yellow. 

In sandy soil, Florida, 


986 SOLANACEAE 


22. Physalis ciliosa Rydb. Perennial from slender creeping rootstocks. Stems up- 
right, branched, 2-3 dm. tall, terete, scarcely striate, together with the pedicels and 
calyxes ciliate with long and white jointed hairs: leaf-blades 4—7 cm. long, ovate, truncate 
or slightly cordate at the base, nearly entire or with a few coarse teeth, sparsely hairy on 
the nerves, long-petioled, thin and not conspicuously veiny : peduncles very slender: calyx 
turbinate, resembling that of P. arenicola: corolla funnelform-campanulate, apparently 
without dark markings: fruiting calyx ovoid-pyramidal, sunken at the base. 

In sandy soil, Tennessee to Georgia and Florida. 


23. Physalis sinuata Rydb. Perennial, villous and viscid. Stems decumbent, 
striate and angled, villous with long flat hairs and very viscid: leaf-blades rounded ovate, 
very oblique at the base and often subcordate, pubescent with long flat hairs especially on 
the veins, dark, obtuse, undulate, sinuate : peduncles about 1 cm. long, long-villous: calyx 
densely villous with flat hairs and viscid ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, about equalling the 
tube : corolla yellow with darker spots : fruiting calyx and berry unknown. 

In sand, Florida. Summer. 


24. Physalis ambígua (A. Gray) Britton. Perennial, villous, scarcely at all viscid. 
Stems 3-8 dm. tall, light green, slightly angled, villous with long flat hairs: leaves with 
the finer pubescence sparse ; blades over 5 cm. long, thin, light green, round-ovate or cor- 
date, somewhat sinuately toothed or nearly entire, acute, but rarely acuminate: peduncles 
1-2 cm. long, long-villous like the calyx : calyx-lobes triangular, generally shorter than 
the tube : corolla 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, yellow with dark spots : anthers generally purple : 
fruiting calyx ovoid, somewhat sunken at the base : berry yellow. 

In rich soil, especially in thickets, Vermont to Iowa, south to Virginia and Tennessee. 


25. Physalis nyctagínea Dunal.  Perennial from slender horizontal rootstocks. 
Stems puberulent and villous with long flat hairs and somewhat viscid, enerally zigzag, 
decumbent and spreading, and branched, slightly angled: leaf-blades dark green, ovate, 
often oblique, but very rarely cordate at the base, more or less acuminate, mostly entire, or 
occasionally sinuately dentate and rather thick, sparingly hairy, not at all puberulent ; the 
long hairs often confined to the veins of the lower surface : peduncles long-villous, 1-2 em. 
long, reflexed in fruit: calyx villous ; lobes triangular, shorter than the tube: corolla 
1-1.5 em. in diameter, yellow with darker spots: anthers yellow: fruiting calyx ovoid, 
?-angled and sunken at the base: berry yellow. 

In dry soil, Rhode Island to Iowa and south to Georgia and Louisiana. 


26. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Perennial from slender creeping rootstocks. Stems 
0.5-1 m. tall, erect, or later generally decumbent and spreading, viscid and glandular, 
villous with moderately long jointed flat hairs: leaf-blades generally over 5 cm. long, 
generally broadly cordate, often acute but very rarely with an acumination, thick, more or 
less sinuately toothed, or sometimes subentire: pubescence short and fine with a mixture 
of longer flat jointed hairs : calyx long-villous ; lobes triangular,’generally shorter than the 
tube: corolla 1-1.5 cm. in diameter: anthers generally yellow: berry yellow. 


ed n loose, rich soil, especially in fields, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Florida, Texas and 
olorado. 


27. Physalis comàta Rydb. Perennial. Stems about 5 dm. tall, pubescent with 
fine and short hairs, those on the calyx, peduncles and upper branches mixed with long, 
white, flat, jointed hairs; quite similar to P. heterophylla Nees, but leaves smaller ; blades 
not over 0.5 dm. long, rounded ovate, scarcely at all cordate at the base, about 5 cm. long, 
thin, somewhat repand-dentate or nearly entire ; petioles as long as the blades : peduncles as 
long as the fruiting calyx or longer : corolla mainly greenish yellow, brown in the ag 
1.3-2 cm. in diameter: fruiting calyx as in P. hederaefolia but thinner in texture, 
em. long, rounded ovoid, somewhat 10-angled, scarcely sunken at the base. 

On the plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. 

28. Physalis hederaefdlia A. Gray. Perennial. Stems erect and branched, pis 
decumbent, 3-5 cm. high, from a thick caudex, finely viscid-pubescent or villous, the n 
generally short: leaf-blades in the typical form broadly cordate or subreniform, coarsely 
and angulately sinuately toothed, more or less 3-5-ribbed, about 3-5 cm. in venis 
peduncles generally short, but in one form (P. Palmeri A. Gray), a little longer than lex 
fruiting calyx: calyx finely viscid-pubescent : corolla about 1.5 cm. wide : fruiting caly 
ovoid, 5-10-angled, pubescent, 2-3 cm. long. 

In dry soil, Texas, Colorado and Arizona, south to Mexico. 

. .29. Physalis móllis Nutt. Perennial from horizontal rootstocks. Stems 3-6 ded 
high, densely whitish or grayish tomentose with stellate pubescence : leaf-blades pes o 
cordate or the upper broadly ovate, coarsely sinuately toothed : peduncles 2-4 cm. long 


SOLANACEAE 987 


4-6 cm. and reflexed at maturity: calyx densely stellate ; lobes triangular, generally a 
little shorter than the tube : corolla 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, bright yellow and with a pur- 
plish center, more or less stellate-pubescent without : anthers yellow or tinged with pur- 
ple: fruiting calyx 3-5 em. long, ovoid, acuminate, slightly 5-angled and a little sunken 
at the base. 

In thickets and along streams, Arkansas to California, Texas and Mexico.—A greener, less pubes- 
cent form with more rounded and less toothed leaf-blades is P. mollis cinerdscens (Dunal) A. Gray, and 
another form with small leaves 1-2 em. long and small fruiting calyx is P. mollis parvifolia Rydb. 

30. Physalis viscósa L. Perennial from slender horizontal rootstocks. Stems 
slender, creeping, cinereous with a dense stellate pubescence or in age rarely glabrate: 
leaf-blades elliptic, oval or ovate, obtuse, thinnish, entire or undulate, in the typical South 
American form often cordate at the base, only rarely so in our plant: peduncles 1-2 cm. 
long : calyx stellate-pubescent ; lobes triangular, generally shorter than the tube : corolla 
greenish yellow with a darker center, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter : fruiting calyx 2-3 cm. long, 
rounded ovoid, scarcely sunken at the base: berry orange or yellow. 

Onsea beaches and in sand near the coast, Virginia to Texas and south to the Argentine Republic. 
—The form with spatulate or oblong leaf-blades tapering into the petiole, is P. viscosa marítima (M. A. 
Curtis) Rydb. 

31. Physalis fuscomaculàta DeRouv. Perennial, greener than the other stellate- 
pubescent species. Stems decumbent or ascending, terete, with decurrent ridges, a little 
pruinose-stellate : leaf-blades 2-4 cm. long, ovate, somewhat oblique at the base, entire or 
repand, the upper often opposite: peduncles 1-3 cm. long, longer than the petioles and 
often as long as the leaves at maturity : calyx pruinose, a little stellate and stellate-ciliate ; 
lobes triangular, shorter than the tube: corolla yellow with a dark spot: fruiting calyx 
subglobose, 10-angled, somewhat sunken at the base. 

A South American species found on or near ballast and in waste places at Mobile, Alabama. 


32. Physalis Ellióttii Kunze. Perennial from slender horizontal rootstocks, the 
foliage glabrous to the flowers, or sparingly stellate-pubescent when young. Stems ascend- 
ing, branched, slightly stellate or glabrate, 3-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades very thin and veiny, 
oblong, spatulate, broadly oblanceolate, or in luxuriant specimens broadly oval, entire or 
wavy-margined, decurrent into a winged petiole: peduncles 2-3 cm. long, slender, erect, 
but reflexed and often 5 cm. long at maturity : calyx generally glabrous except the margin 
which is stellate-ciliate ; lobes triangular: corolla 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, yellow with dark 
center : fruiting calyx generally a little shorter than in the next species. 

On the seacoast, Florida to Texas. 

33. Physalis angustifdlia Nutt. Perennial from slender elongated and creeping 
rootstocks, the foliage often perfectly glabrous except the margins of the calyx-lobes or 
rarely sparsely stellate all over when young. Stems diffusely branched, angled : leaf- 
blades linear or linear-oblanceolate, tapering into the petiole, entire, thickish ; nerves ex- 
cept the midrib, generally obsolete : peduncles 2-3 cm. long, filiform, generally erect, 4-5 
em. long and reflexed at maturity: calyx glabrous, except the stellate-ciliate margins of 
the rounded triangular lobes: corolla about 2 cm. broad, yellow and with purple center : 
anthers yellow : fruiting calyx small, 1.5-2 cm. long, ovate, obscurely angled and scarcely 
sunken at the base. 

On sea beaches or in sand near the coast, Florida to Louisiana. 


3. QUINCULA Raf. 

Perennial herbs, with scurfy-granuliferous foliage and diffuse stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades sinuate to pinnatifid, somewhat fleshy. Peduncles most commonly in pairs from 
the axils of the leaves, sometimes solitary or in clusters of 3-5. Flowers erect during 
anthesis. Calyx campanulate, inflated at maturity, sharply 5-angular and reticulated, 
enclosing the fruit: lobes 5, converging. Corolla flat-rotate, pentagonal in outline, veiny, 
violet or purplish. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds comparatively few, reni- 
form, somewhat flattened, thick-margined, rugose-tuberculate. 

1. Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. Stems spreading or prostrate, obtusely angled and 
striate, much branched : leaf-blades oblanceolate or spatulate to oblong, sinuately toothed 
or pinnatifid with rounded lobes, or rarely nearly entire, cuneate at the base, tapering into 
margined petioles, thickish and veiny : peduncles 2-5 cm. long, reflexed at maturity : calyx- 
lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the tube: corolla purplish, 2-3 dm. in diameter : an- 
thers yellow, tinged with purple : fruiting calyx about as wide as long, sharply 5-angled, 
sunken at the base. 


On high plains, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, extending from Kansas to California, Texas 
and northern Mexico. Summer. 


988 SOLANACEAE 


4. CHAMAESARACHA A. Gray. 

Perennial herbs, with entire or pinnatifid leaf-blades, these decurrent on the petiole. 
Peduncles solitary, or in clusters of 2-4 from the axils of the leaves. Calyx campanu- 
late, 5-lobed, somewhat enlarged at maturity, but not bladdery-inflated, close-fitting to the 
berry, thin, neither angled nor ribbed, and faintly, if at all, veiny, open at the mouth, 
not exceeding the berry. Corolla rotate, white or ochroleucous, often tinged with purple : 
limb plicate. Stamens adnate to the base of the corolla. Anthers oblong, opening by 
longitudinal slits. Style and stigma as in Physalis. Seeds reniform, flattened, rugose- 
favose or punctate. The plants flower in the summer. 


Foliage puberulent and hirsute: pubescence dense. : 1. C. conioides. 
Foliage puberulent or stellate-pubescent, the calyx only sometimes hirsute: pubescence sparse. 
2. C. Coronopus. 

1. Chamaesaracha conioides (Moric.) Britton. Foliage cinereous-puberulent with 
short branched somewhat glutinous or viscid hairs, generally also viscidly hirsute or villous 
with long and branched hairs, especially on the calyx. Stems much branched from the 
base, at first upright, at length spreading: leaf-blades oblanceolate to obovate-rhombic, 
generally acutish and tapering into short petioles, generally deeply lobed, but varying 
from nearly entire to pinnatifid : calyx-lobes triangular, generally acutish : corolla about 
lem. in diameter, white or ochroleucous, sometimes violet purplish: berry from 5-8 cm. 
in diameter. 

In dry clayey soil, Kansas to California and Mexico. 

2. Chamaesaracha Corónopus (Dunal) A. Gray. Foliage pruinose or stellate- 
pubescent or glabrate. Stems branched from the base and diffuse, obtusely angled : leaf- 
blades linear or lanceolate, tapering at the base, more or less sinuately lobed, occasionally 
subentire, sometimes pinnatifid : calyx stellate-pubescent or sometimes hirsute ; lobes 
triangular, acute: corolla white or ochroleucous, the appendages of the throat often pro- 
tuberant: berry 5-8 mm. in diameter, nearly white. 

In clayey soil, Kansas to Utah, Texas and Mexico. 


5. SOLANUM L. 

Annual or perennial often spiny herbs or shrubs, or sometimes vines. Leaves alter- 
nate: blades entire, toothed, pinnatifid or variously lobed. Flowers in cymes, racemes, 
panicles or umbel-like clusters. Calyx varying from campanulate to rotate, sometimes 
accrescent : lobes usually 5. Corolla white, yellow, blue or purple, rotate: tube very 
short: limb 5-angled or 5-lobed, plaited. Stamens 5, adnate to near the throat of the 
corolla-tube. Anthers narrow, converging or united into a cone : sacs opening by terminal 
pores, slits or sometimes lengthwise. Ovary mostly 2-celled. Berries subglobose or oval, 
seated in the calyxes or rarely enclosed by them. Seeds flattened. 


A. Plants destitute of prickles. 
Vines or vine-like shrubs. 
Berries oval. 1. S. Dulcamara. 
Berries globose. : 
Middle lobes of the leaf-blades prevailingly lanceolate or ovate: an- 


Middle lone f An ME LÍ : 1 * 2. S. triquetrum. 
; "puts P leaf-blades prevailingly linear: anthers less than xw Ha tes er 
Herbs or shrubs. 


Annual herbs. 
Leaf-blades repand or entire: berries black. 
Foliage glabrous or nearly so: corolla 6-8 mm. broad: calyx-lobes ; 
spreading at maturity. 4. S. nigrum. 
Foliage puberulent or finely pubescent: corolla 8-10 mm. broad: 


calyx-lobes appressed to the berry. 5. S. gracile. 
Leaf-blades deeply pinnatifid : berries green. 6. S. triflorum. 
Perennials, more or less shrubby. 
chee eb cage har sag ai 
orolla 11-14 mm. wide: berries mainly over 1 cm. thick: leat- : 
blades with pale margins. ^ 7. S. Pseudo- Capsicum. 
Corolla 25-30 mm. wide: berries mainly less than 1 cm. thick : leaf- x: 
FS blades without oe margins. 8. S. glaucum. 
oliage more or less pubescent. a foli 
Calyx-lobes very narrow, several times longer than broad." 12. S. elaeagnifolium. 


pur fete pronn: e e broad as long. 
eaf- es velvety beneath. i bascifoli 
Corolla-lobes ovate: ovary pubescent. 9. S. lod = ye 
Corolla-lobes lanceolate : ovary glabrous. 10. S. 5 con : 
Leaf-blades rather harshly pubescent beneath. 11. S. Ba 


SOLANACEAE 989 


B..Plants more or less copiously armed with prickles. 
Berry merely seated in the calyx. 
Prickles bristle-like. 12. S. elaeagnifolium. 
Prickles subulate. 
Calyx merely pubescent. 


Leaf-blades entire, sometimes undulate. 11. S. Bahamense. 
Leaf-blades pinnately lobed or pinnatifid. 
Annual: berries 5-30 cm. long. 13. S. Melongena. 
Perennial: berries 1.5-2 cm. long. 14. S. Carolinense. 


Calyx armed with prickles. 
Perennial plants. 


Corolla less than 2.5 em. broad. 15. S. Floridanum. 
Corolla over 3 em. broad. 16. S. Torreyi. 
Annual plants. 
Leaf-blades sinuate-pinnatifid. : 17. S. aculeatissimum. 
Leaf-blades pinnately-parted. 18. S. sisymbriifolium. 
Berry enclosed in the calyx. 19. S. rostratum. 


1. Solanum Dulcamara L. Perennial, often minutely pubescent, unarmed. Stems 
climbing, sometimes twining, 4-15 dm. long, branching : leaf-blades ovate, 3-10 cm. long, 
acute or acuminate, undulate, entire or with a lobe on one or both sides at the base, trun- 
cate or cordate ; petioles 3 as long as the blades or shorter: peduncles spreading: calyx 
glabrous; tube broadly turbinate ; lobes rather triangular, much shorter than the tube : 
corolla blue or white, about 1.5 cm. wide ; lobes lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, recurved, 
minutely pubescent near the tips: berries oval, scarlet, 9-15 mm. long. 

In thickets, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Georgia and Kansas. Spring to fall. BITTERSWEET. 


2. Solanum triquétrum Cav. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stems spreading 
or reclining, 3-10 dm. long, more or less branched : leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 2-6 
cm. long, sometimes acuminate, entire or somewhat 3-lobed at the truncate or cordate base ; 
petioles barely 3 as longas the blades or shorter: pedicels club-shaped: calyx glabrous ; 
tube turbinate ; lobes triangular-ovate, acutish : corolla purplish or paler, 1.5 cm. broad ; 
lobes oblong-lanceolate, ciliolate near the tip: berries subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. 

In thickets in low grounds, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Summer. 

3. Solanum Lindheimerianum Scheele. Perennial, nearly glabrous. Stems spread- 
ing, reclining, several dm. long, branching, zigzag: leaf-blades linear to oblong, 1-3 cm. 
long, entire or hastately lobed at the base; petioles 1-4 mm. long: pedicels club-shaped, 
5-10 mm. long: calyx glabrous; tube companulate ; lobes lanceolate or triangular-lan- 
ceolate, acute : corolla purplish, blue or pale, 10-12 mm. broad ; lobes oblong to oblong- 
lanceolate : berries subglobose, often 6-9 mm. in diameter. 

In dry soil, Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 

4. Solanum nigrum L. Annual, minutely pubescent to glabrate, unarmed. Stems 
erect or much branched and spreading, 1-12 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 
2-8 em. long, obtuse or acute, undulate or deeply repand, cuneate at the base ; petioles as 
long as the blades or shorter : calyx pubescent ; tube turbinate ; lobes oblong or triangular, 
acute, spreading at maturity : corolla white, 6-8 mm. broad ; lobes lanceolate to oblong- 
lanceolate : berries subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, black. . 

In waste places or cultivated lands, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, Florida and Texas. 
Widely distributed in other parts of the world. Summer and fall. CoMMON NIGHTSHADE. 

5. Solanum gracile Link. Annual, more or less cinereous-pubescent. Stems erect, 
3-10 dm. tall, branching : leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, 
undulate or coarsely toothed near the base, cuneately narrowed into short petioles: calyx 
pubescent ; tube campanulate ; lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, about as long as the tube: 
corolla white or bluish, about 10 mm. broad ; lobes linear to oblong : berries subglobose, 
5-8 mm. in diameter, black. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida. Naturalized from South America. Spring to fall. 


6. Solanum triflorum Nutt. Annual, sparingly pubescent with simple hairs or 
nearly glabrous. Stems commonly branched at the base, the branches more or less spread- 
ing, 2-9 dm. long: leaf-blades oblong or ovate in outline, pinnatifid, 3-9 cm. long, the 
lobes acute, entire or toothed, short-petioled : calyx usually pubescent ; tube campanulate ; 
lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, longer than the tube : corolla white, 8-10 mm. broad : 
berries globular, 10-15 mm. in diameter. : 

On prairies and in waste places, Ontario to the Northwest Territory, Oklahoma and Arizona. 
Spring to fall. 

7. Solanum Pseüdo-Cápsicum L. Shrubby, unarmed. Stems erect, 8-19 dm. 
tall, with spreading branches: leaves numerous ; blades oblong or oblanceolate, 3-10 cm. 
long, undulate or repand, narrowed into short petioles: pedicels 5-10 mm. long, club- 
Shaped: calyx glabrous; tube broadly turbinate-campanulate ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, 


990 SOLANACEAE 


about as long as the tube: corolla white, 11--14 mm. broad ; lobes oval or oval-ovate, acute : 
berries globose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, scarlet. 
In waste place or open woods, Gulf States. Introduced. Spring to fall. JERUSALEM CHERRY. 


8. Solanum glaücum Dunal. Somewhat woody, at least below, unarmed. Stem 
1-2.5 m. tall, often copiously branched, pale, glabrous: leaves rather numerous ; blades 
narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 8-16 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, smooth 
and glabrous, white-margined, narrowed into short petiole-like bases: pedicels slender, 
slightly thickened under the calyx : calyx glabrous ; tube nearly flat ; lobes much broader 
than high: corolla blue, 25-30 mm. broad; lobes broadly ovate, abruptly acute: berries 
globose-ovoid, 6-8 mm. in diameter, glaucous. 

In waste places, Pensacola, Florida. Native of South America. 


9 Solanum verbascifólium L. Shrubby, tomentose throughout, unarmed. Stems 
6-16 dm. tall, branching: leaf-blades leathery, oblong or oblong-obovate, or ovate, 1-3 
dm. long, obtuse or acuminate, entire, one third as long as the blades or shorter : peduncles 
longer than the petioles: pedicels fully 1 mm. thick: calyx 5-6 mm. long ; tube broadly 
turbinate ; lobes ovate, about as long as the tube : corolla white, 1.5 em. broads; lobes ovate 
or oval-ovate, acutish : ovary pubescent : berries subglobose, 1-2 cm. in diameter. 

In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys and southern Mexico, throughout tropical 
America. Throughout the year. 

10. Solanum Blodgéttii Chapm. Shrubby, hoary-scurfy or slightly tomentulose. 
unarmed. Stems spreading, 8-18 dm. long, branching: leaf-blades oblong, 5-15 cm, 
long, rather obtuse at both ends, undulate: petioles } as long as the blades or shorter: 

duncles longer than the petioles : pedicels densely pubescent : calyx pubescent, 2.5 mm. 
ong; tube broadly turbinate ; lobes broadly oblong, abruptly pointed, longer than the 
tube: corolla white, 14-17 mm. broad ; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate: ovary glabrous: 
berries subglobose, green turning red. 

In sand, Key West, Florida. Spring to fall. 


11. Solanum Bahaménse L. Shrubby, roughish pubescent, sparingly armed, or 
unarmed. Stems 5-18 dm. tall, branching : leaf-blades oblong, 4-12 cm. long, obtuse or 
acutish, undulate, oblique at the base ; petioles 1-2 cm. long : pedicels club-shaped : calyx 
1.5 em. long ; lobes oblong or ovate-oblong, longer than the tube : corolla pale, 10-12 mm. 
broad ; lobes linear, relatively long : berries subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. 

In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. 


12. Solanum elaeagnifdlium Cav. Perennial, silvery canescent with scurfy-hairs, 
more or less copiously armed with acicular spines, or unarmed. Stems erect, 3-11 dm. tall, 
branching : leaf-blades broadly oblong to linear-oblong, 5-15 cm. long, usually obtuse, un- 
dulate or repand, oblique at the base; petioles 1-2 cm. long: pedicels barely enlarged up- 
ward : calyx 5-ridged ; tube campanulate ; lobes linear-subulate from a broad base, muc 
longer than the tube: corolla violet, or white, 2-2.5 em. broad ; lobes triangular-ovate, 
longer than the limb : berries subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, yellow or black. 

In dry soil, Missouri to Kansas, Texas and Arizona. Spring to fall. 


13. Solanum Melongéna L. Perennial, more or densely felty tomentose, armed 
with short subulate prickles. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, simple or branching above: leaf-blades 
1-3 dm. long, oval or ovate in outline, sinuate-lobed or shallowly pinnately lobed, cuneate 
or subcordate at the base ; petioles 1-5 cm. long : pedicel slightly enlarged under the calyx: 
calyx pubescent; tube saucer-shaped ; lobes broadly ovate, acuminate at the tip, tim 
long as the tube: corolla purplish, 4-5 cm. broad ; lobes triangular, longer than the 
limb: filaments glabrous: anthers narrow, 8-9 mm. long: berries 5-30 cm. long. 

On hillsides and sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Much cultivated. Spring to fall. EGG-PLANT. 


14. Solanum Carolinénse L. Perennial, hirsute or scabro-pubescent, armed with 
subulate prickles. Stems erect or ascending, 2-7 dm. tall, branching: leaf-blades oblong 
to ovate in outline, 5-12 cm. long, sinuate or pinnately sinuate-lobed, with the lobes of a 
triangular type, armed with subulate prickles, petioled : pedicels usually only » gcn ; 
calyx-lobes lanceolate to triangular, acuminate : corolla violet or white, 2.5-3 cm. broad : 
berries globular, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, orange-yellow. 

In dry or sandy soil, Ontario to Illinois, Massachusetts, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


15. Solanum Floridànum Shuttlw. Similar to S. Carolinense in habit. Leaf-blades 
deeply pinnatifid, the lobes of an oblong type, the terminal one often elongated : pedicels 
commonly prickle-armed : calyx-lobes lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, each narrow 
into a slender tip: corolla violet, 2-2.5 cm. broad : berries globular. 

In waste places or on roadsides, Florida. Spring to fall. 


SOLANACEAE 991 


16. Solanum Torreyi A. Gray. Perennial, cinereous with somewhat scurfy pubes- 
cence, sparingly armed with subulate prickles. Stems erect or ascending, 3-8 dm. tall, 
slightly branched : leaf-blades oblong to oval in outline, 6-15 cm. long, sinuately lobed, 
cuneate to subcordate at the base: petioles 4 as long as the blades or shorter: pedicels 
prickly and closely pubescent: calyx densely pubescent ; tube campanulate ; lobes rather 
ovate, abruptly contracted into subulate tips: corolla 2.5-3 em. broad, blue or white ; 
lobes triangular-ovate : berries subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, yellow. 

In sandy soil, Kansas to Arkansas. Spring and summer. 

17. Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. Shrubby, sparingly pubescent or glabrate, 
armed to the flowers with subulate prickles. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, branching: leaf-blades 
membranous, ovate or suborbicular in outline, 6-12 cm. long, angulately-toothed or sinu- 
ately-pinnatifid, truncate or cordate at the base: petioles 4 as long as the blades or shorter : 
calyx bristly ; lobes oblong to ovate, as long as the tube or longer: corolla white, 12-18 
mm. broad ; lobes lanceolate, recurved : berries subglobose, yellow, 3-6 cm. in diameter. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Throughout the year. 

18. Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. Annual, villous, bright green, armed often to 
the flowers with subulate prickles. Stems erect, 3-7 dm. tall, widely branching ; leaf-blades 
oblong or oval in outline, 8-20 cm. long, deeply pinnatifid, the segments oblong or lanceo- 
late, sinuate or pinnatifid, commonly acute: pedicels bristly and glandular-pubescent : 
calyx bristly ; lobes lanceolate, much longer than the campanulate tube : corolla white or 
light blue, 3-4 cm. broad : berries subglobose, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. 

"A In waste places, Gulf States and contiguous territory. Introduced from the tropics. Throughout 
e year. 

19. Solanum rostratum Dunal. Annual, hoary or yellowish pubescent, copiously 
armed with subulate prickles. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, more or less widely branching: leaf- 
blades 5-12 cm. long, once or twice pinnatifid ; segments coarse, undulate or sinuate : 
pedicels barely enlarged upward: calyx bristly ; lobes linear-lanceolate, longer than the 
campanulate tube : corolla yellow, about 2.5 cm. broad ; lobes broadly ovate: berries sub- 
globose, each enclosed in a closely armed calyx. 


i In waste places and on prairies, South Dakota to Tennessee, Mississippi and Mexico. Adventive 
eastward. 


6. LYCOPÉRSICON Vill. 

Annual or rarely perennial herbs, with strong-smelling herbage and often clammy 
pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades 1-2-pinnately divided. Flowers in lateral 
raceme-like cymes. Calyx spreading: tube short: lobes 5 or 6, narrow. Corolla yellow, 
rotate : tube very short: limb plaited, spreading: lobes 5 or 6. Stamens 5 or 6, exserted. 
Filaments very short. Anthers elongated, converging or connate, opening lengthwise and 
introrsely. Ovary 2-several-celled. Stigma capitate. Berries, very pulpy, subglobose or 
pear-shaped, or variously modified in cultivation. Seeds numerous, flattened. TOMATO. 


Berries several-celled. EE Lycopersicon. 
Berries 2-celled. 2. L. cerasiforme. 


1. Lycopersicon Lycopérsicon (L.) Karst. Annual, pubescent and clammy. 
Stems erect or decumbent, 3-10 dm. long, branching, stout: leaf-blades 1-2-pinnate, 1-4 
dm. long, the main leaflets ovate or oblong, coarsely toothed, incised or parted, 3-8 cm. 
long, the smaller ones more or less numerous: calyx-lobes linear or nearly so, 1-2 cm. 
long, acute: corolla yellow : berries subglobose or flattened, mainly red, several-celled. 

In waste places and about gardens, chiefly about towns and cities, eastern United States. Summer. 

2. Lycopersicon cerasifórme Dunal. Similar to the preceding species in habit, but 
more slender and weaker. Leaves smaller: berries globose, 2-celled. 

In dry soil, southern Texas. Native of tropical America, Spring to fall, 


7. PERIZOMA Miers. 

Herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers solitary in the 
axils. Calyx barely accrescent of 5 narrow partially united sepals. Corolla white or yel- 
low, urn-shaped or somewhat tubular, the lobes valvate-induplicate in the bud. Stamens 
5, adnate to the lower half of the corolla tube: anthers converging around the style. 
Ovary sometimes depressed, sessile: style slender. Berry globular or oblong. 


1. Perizoma rhomboidea (Ifook.) Small. Stems branched, the branches spreading 
or reclining, usually again much-branched : leaf-blades ovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse or 


992 SOLANACEAE 


acutish, entire, rather slender petioled : calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, 2.5-3 mm. long : 
corolla 6-8 mm. long ; lobes spreading, lanceolate : berries oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long. [Atropa 
rhomboidea Hook. ] 


In waste places, near Jacksonville, Florida. Native of South America. 


8. CAPSICUM L. 

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with forking stems. Leaves various: blades 
flat, entire or repand. Flowers solitary in the axils, or in small cymes. Calyx barely 
accrescent, of 5 wholly or partially united sepals. Corolla usually white, nearly rotate : 
lobes 5, imbricated. Stamens 5, adnate to the base of the corolla: anthers bluish, the 
sacs opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-3-celled. Stigma club-shaped or dilated. Berries vari- 
ous, red, yellow or green, nodding, pervaded by a very pungent acridity. Seeds flattened. 


Calyx markedly toothed at maturity. 1. C. baccatum. 
Calyx truncate at maturity. 2. C. frutescens. 


1. Capsicum baccatum L. Shrubby, more or less pubescent. Stems 1-3 m. tall, 
widely branching : leaf-blades ovate, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute or 
acuminate, entire, abruptly narrowed or truncate at the base; petioles 4 as long as the 
blades or shorter: pedicels narrowly club-shaped, 1-2 cm. long: calyx 2.5-3 mm. long ; 
lobes as long as the tube or somewhat shorter: berries globose to elliptic, 5-10 mm. 
long, red. 

In hammocks and thickets, Florida, Texas and Arizona. Also in the tropics. 

2. Capsicum frutéscens L. Shrubby, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems 3-8 
dm. tall, widely branching: leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse, 
sometimes slightly acuminate, entire, abruptly narrowed or truncate at the base : pedicels 
slightly enlarged under the calyx : calyx 1.5-2 mm. high, truncate or merely undulate, 
not toothed : berries oblong or elliptic, 8-12 mm. long, red. 

In sandy soil or hammocks, southern Florida. Also in the tropics. 


9. LYCIUM L. 


Shrubs or woody vines, commonly armed with spines. Leaves alternate, smaller ones 
often clustered in the axils: blades often thick. Flowers solitary or clustered in the axils. 
Calyx of 5 partially united sepals, enlarged and persistent at the base of the fruit. Corolla 
whitish, yellowish or purple, funnelform, salverform or nearly campanulate : tube short or 
slender: lobes 5 or rarely 4, imbricated, obtuse. Stamens 5 or rarely 4, mostly exserted : 
filaments adnate to the mouth of the corolla-tube: anthers-sacs opening lengthwise. 
Ovary 2-celled : stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Berry globose to oblong, rather dry. 


Tube and throat of the corolla over 4 mm. long. 


Leaf-blades flat, some broadest below the middle. 1. L. vulgare. 
Leaf-blades clavate or spatulate-clavate, broadest above the middle. 2. L.Carolinianum. 
Tube and throat of the corolla less than 4 mm. long. 3. L. Berlandiert. 


1. Lycium vulgare (Ait.) Dunal. An irregularly branched and usually straggling 
vine, with glabrous often armed angled stems and branches 1-7 m. long. Leaf-blades 
oblong, oval, ovate, lanceolate or spatulate, 1.5-5 cm. long, entire, short-petioled : flowers 
solitary or 2-5 together in the axils : pedicels slender, 1-2.5 cm. long: calyx-lobes trian- 
gular or ovate, obtuse, usually slightly shorter than the tube: corolla funnelform, pur- 
plish becoming greenish, about 1 cm. long ; lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, spreading : sta- 
mens slightly exserted : berries oval, orange or orange-red. : 

In thickets, fence rows or waste places, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Kansas. Naturalized 
from Europe. Spring and summer. MATRIMONY VINE. 

2. Lycium Carolinianum Walt. A spiny shrub 3-15 dm. tall, glabrous. Stems 
erect, widely branched: leaves clustered ; blades thick, clavate or spatulate-clavate, 
0.5-2 cm. long, obtuse, entire, fleshy : pedicels 5-15 cm. long, enlarged under the flowers : 
calyx 2-4 mm. long ; lobes triangular-ovate, acute : corolla 5-6 mm. long ; lobes ovate ip 
oblong-ovate, 3-6 mm. long, obtuse or notched : filaments villous-woolly at the base: 
berries subglobose, 8-12 mm. in diameter, red. 

In sandy soil, chiefly on sea shores, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

3. Lycium Berlandiéri Dunal. A spiny shrub 1-2.5 m. tall, glabrous. Stems erect, 
1-2.5 m. tall, branched : leaves clustered ; blades linear or linear-spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 
entire: pedicels 2-7 mm. long, gradually enlarged to the flowers: calyx 2-2.5 mm. long ; 


SOLANACEAE 993 


lobes ovate, about as long as the tube: corolla 5-6 mm. long; lobes broader than long: 
filaments villous at the base : berries globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter. 
In river valleys, Texas and Arizona. Spring.to fall. 


10. CÉSTRUM L. 

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate: blades entire. Cymes or clusters axillary. Calyx 
pedicelled : tube campanulate or tubular: lobes 5, valvate. Corolla white, green or yel- 
lowish, or rarely golden or scarlet, funnelform or salverform : tube rather long: lobes 5, 
spreading. Stamens 5, included : filaments adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube : 
anther-sacs parallel. Ovary 2-celled, often short-stalked : stigma peltate or slightly 2-lobed. 
Berry globose to oblong. Seeds few or sometimes solitary, smooth or nearly so. 


Calyx less than 3.5 mm. long: corolla less than 1.5 em. long. 1. C. diurnum. 
Calyx over 3.5 mm. long : corolla over 1.5 cm. long. 2. C. Parqui. 


1. Cestrum diürnum L. Shrubby, minutely pubescent. Stems erect, 1-2.5 m. tall, 
branching : leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acute or acutish, entire, 
oblique at the base; petioles 5-10 mm. long: calyx 3 mm. long ; tube campanulate ; lobes 
broadly ovate: corolla greenish, 11-13 mm. long; tube gradually dilated ; lobes ovate, 
rounded. 

In sandy soil, southern Florida and Texas. Naturalized from the West Indies. Spring to fall. 

2. Cestrum Párqui L'Her. Shrubby, nearly glabrous. Stems 1-2 m. tall, branch- 
ing : leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, acute or somewhat acuminate, 
entire; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long: calyx 4-4.5 mm. long ; tube nearly cylindric ; lobes tri- 
angular to triangular-ovate : corolla greenish, 2-2.5 cm. long ; tube gradually dilated ; lobes 
broadly ovate, obtuse, 3-4 mm. long. 

In woods and waste places, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Naturalized from tropical America. 
Spring and summer. 


11. DATURA L. 

Annual or perennial rank smelling herbs, shrubs or trees, pervaded by a narcotic 
principle. Leaves alternate: blades various. Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx short- 
pedicelled : tube elongated, sometimes prismatic, spathe-like or with 5 short lobes, often 
circumscissile near the base. Corolla white, purple or violet, funnelform : tube much sur- 
passing the calyx : limb plaited: lobes 5, acuminate. Stamens 5, included or nearly so: 
filaments filiform, adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube or below it. Ovary 2- 
celled or falsely 4-celled : stigma 2-lobed. Capsule more or less prickly, 4-valved or open- 
ing irregularly. THORN APPLE. Jimson WEED. JAMESTOWN WEED. STRAMONIUM. 


Foliage glabrous or nearly so: capsules erect. 


Stems green: corolla white. D. Stramonium. 


tc 


Stems pu le : corolla violet or lavender. : . D. Tatula. 
Foliage closely pubescent or downy : capsules nodding. : 
Capsules armed with stout prickles which are corrugated at the base: corolla vio- 
let without, white within. 3. D. fastuosa. 
Capsules armed with slender n corolla white or violet. : 
Corolla-limb 5-lobed, usually 12-15 em. broad. 4. D. meteloides. 
Corolia-limb 10-lobed, usually 10 cm. broad. 5. D. Metel. 


1l. Datura Stramónium L. Annual, glabrous or glabrate, the foliage green. Stems 
2-12 dm. tall, widely branching, stout : leaf-blades ovate to oblong, 1-2 dm. long, acute, 
sinuate or laciniately toothed or angled ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter: pedicels 
5-10 mm. long: calyx 3-5 cm. long ; lobes triangular or triangular-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. 
long : corolla white, 6-10 em. long ; lobes prolonged into slender tips: capsules 4-6 cm. 
long, thickly armed with stout prickles. 

In waste places and cultivated grounds, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Natural- 
ized from tropical regions. Summer and fall. 

2. Datura Tátula L. Annual, glabrate, the foliage, especially the stem, purplish. 
Stems 2-12 dm. tall, often widely branched : leaf-blades ovate or oblong, sinuately or angu- 
lately toothed : pedicels stout, 5-15 mm. long: calyx 3-6 em. long ; lobes triangular-lance- 
olate, 4-7 mm. long: corolla violet or lavender, 8-11 cm. long; lobes prolonged into 
slender tips : capsules oval or ovoid, 4-6 cm. long, closely armed with stout prickles. 

In waste places and fields, Ontario to Minnesota, Connecticut, Florida and Texas. Naturalized 
from tropical America. Spring to fall. 

3. Datura fastudsa L. Annual, nearly glabrous. Stems erect, 1-2 m. tall, some- 
what branched : leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate, elliptic or oval, 5-15 cm. long, acute or 


63 


994 SOLANACEAE 


acuminate, glabrous, undulate or repand-dentate, slender-petioled : calyx 5-6.5 em. long ; 
lobes ovate to triangular-ovate, acute or short-acuminate : corolla violet without, white 
within, 14-18 cm. long: capsules oval or ovoid, 4-6 cm. long, armed with stout prickles 
with corrugated bases. 

In waste places, Gulf States. Introduced from the tropics. Spring to fall. 

4. Datura meteloides DC. Annual, closely and finely pubescent. Stems erect, 3-11 
dm. tall, somewhat branched : leaf-blades ovate to oval-ovate, 10-15 em. long, acute or 
acuminate, sinuate-toothed : calyx 10-12 cm. long; lobes lanceolate, acuminate : corolla 
white, suffused with violet, 15-20 cm. long, the limb 12-15 cm. broad, 5-lobed : capsules 
subglobose, 4-5 cm. in diameter. 

In river valleys, Texas to California and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 

5. Datura Métel L. Annual, finely pubescent. Stems 8-15 dm. tall, more or less 
branched : leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-2 dm. long, often abruptly pointed, undu- 
late, or slightly angled, rounded or subcordate at the oblique base; petioles usually shorter 
than the blades: pedicels stout, 1-2 cm. long: calyx 7-12 cm. long; lobes lanceolote or 
triangular-lanceolate, acuminate: corolla white, 10-15 em. long, the limb about 10 cm. 
broad, 10-lobed : capsules oval or globose-ovoid, 3 cm. long, copiously armed with sharp 
prickles. 


In waste places, Rhode Island to Florida. Naturalized from tropical America. Summer and fall. 


12. NICOTIANA L. 
Annual or perennial herbs, with an acid narcotic principle and viscid-pubescent foli- 
age. Leaves alternate: blades entire or repand. Racemes or panicles terminal. Calyx 
pedicelled : tube campanulate to tubular or ovoid: lobes 5. Corolla white, green, 
yellow or purple, funnelform, salverform or nearly tubular: tube commonly longer than 
the limb : lobes 5, spreading. Stamens 5, included : filaments adnate to the base of the 
corolla-tube or free: anther sacs opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 4-celled : 
stigmas capitate. Capsule 2-valved or 4-valved near the top. Seeds very numerous. 
Corolla-tube very slender, many times longer than the calyx. 


Leaf-blades sessile: calyx-lobes narrowed upward. 1. N. longiflora. 
Leaf-blades clasping: calyx-lobes dilated upward. 2. N. repanda. 
Corolla-tube stout, 2-4 times longer than the calyx. : 
Leaf-blades somewhat clasping: calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate-subulate. 3. N. trigonophylla. 
Leaf-blades petioled : calyx-lobes triangular or ovate-triangular. : 
Corolla 1.5-2 em. long: calyx-lobes acute, fully as broad as long: panicle- E 
branches pubescent. : 4. N. rustica. 
Corolla 3.5-4 em. long; calyx-lobes acuminate, longer than broad: panicle- 
branches glabrous. 5. N. glauca. 


1. Nicotiana longiflora Cav. Annual, viscid and rough-puberulent. Stems 3-10 
dm. tall, branched : leaf-blades spatulate, oblanceolate or oblong, or linear on the upper 
part of the stem, 8-25 em. long, undulate, sessile: racemes elongated and much inter- 
rupted : pedicels 5-15 mm. long: calyx 10-12 mm. long; lobes attenuate, rather shorter 
than the tube: corolla white or purplish, 7-10 em. long; tube slender ; limb 2.5-3 D. 
sees the lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate: capsules oblong-ovoid, about as long as the 
calyx. 
te waste places, eastern and southern United States. Native of South America. Summer and fall. 


2. Nicotiana repánda Willd. Annual, minutely pubescent or glabrate ibs 
Stems 3-7 dm. tall, often widely branching : leaf-blades membranous, suborbicular or ides : 
oblong, 5-15 cm. long, repand, the lower abruptly contracted into petiole-like aeri : 
upper sessile and clasping : pedicels 5-12 mm. long : calyx 8 mm. becoming 12 mm. veu ; 
tube campanulate ; lobes linear, or nearly so, longer than the tube : corolla 4-6 E (us : 
limb white or tinged with pink, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, the lobes ovate : capsules ovoid, a 
1 em. broad. 

Insandy soil, Texas and Mexico. Spring. 3-10 

3. Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal. Annual, viscid-pubescent. Stems erect, ieee 
dm. tall, simple or widely branched : leaf-blades oblong or oblanceolate, er cm ane g: 
entire, somewhat clasping : racemes simple or loosely paniculate : pedicels ere look 
calyx usually longer than the pedicels ; lobes linear or lanceolate-subulate, a iizhtl con- 
as the tube : corolla 1.5-2 cm. long, yellowish or greenish white ; tube stout, sug A 
stricted at the throat; limb 8-12 mm. broad, the lobes triangular or ovate-triang 
capsules ovoid, 5-10 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Texas to California and Mexico. Spring to fall. iud: 

4. Nicotiana rústica L. Annual, finely pubescent. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, nace : 
leaf-blades ovate or broadly ovate, 5-20 cm. long, entire, thin, petioled : panic 


BORRAGINACEAE 995 


pedicels 5-11 cm. long : calyx 5-7 mm. long, becoming 10 mm. long ‘at maturity ; lobes 
broadly triangular or ovate-triangular, shorter than the tube: corolla lurid yellow or 
greenish, 1.5-2 cm. long; tube inflated and constricted near the throat ; limb 10-15 mm. 
broad, the rounded lobes veiny : capsules broadly ovoid, or globose-ovoid, 8-10 mm. long. 


In fields and waste places, Ontario to Minnesota, New York and Florida. Escaped from cultiva- 
tion. Summer. 


5. Nicotiana glaüca Graham. A branching shrub, or a tree becoming 6 m. tall: 
leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 5-30 cm. long or sometimes larger, undulate, long or 
slender-petioled : panicles long : pedicels mostly less than 10 mm. long: calyx 11-15 mm. 
long ; lobes lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, shorter than the tube: corolla yellow or 
yellowish, 3.5-4 cm. long; tube gradually enlarged to the slightly constricted throat; 
limb about 10 mm. broad, the lobes broad but acutish : capsules narrowly ovoid or oblong- 
ovoid, 10-12 mm. long. 

In waste pacen ten gr ony of the Gulf States and California, and on ballast further northward. 
Also in tropical America. Native of Argentina. 


13. PETUNIA Juss. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with viscid-pubescent foliage and branching stems. 
Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx of 5 partially 
united sepals: tube rather short: lobes narrow. Corolla white, violet, purple or varie- 
gated, funnelform or salverform: limb spreading, plaited, nearly regular. Stamens 5, 4 
didynamous, fertile, the fifth smaller or obsolete : filaments adnate to the base of the co- 
rolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved: valves entire. Seeds 
numerous, rugose. 

1. Petunia parviflóra Juss. Annual, somewhat pubescent. Stems more or less dif- 
fusely branched, 1-4 dm. long: leaves rather fleshy ; blades spatulate to oblong, 0.5-1.5 
em. long, entire: calyx glandular-pubescent ; lobes linear or linear-spatulate, 4-6 mm. 
long: corolla about 5 mm. long; tube yellowish or pale white; limb purple, 6-8 mm. 
broad : capsules ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, surpassed by the calyx-lobes. 

In dry soil, Florida to Texas and California. Throughout tropical America. Spring to fall. 


14. BOUCHETIA DC. 


Perennial herbs, with viscid-pubescent foliage and decumbent or ascending stems. 
Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers on solitary pedicels terminating the branches, 
or opposite the leaves. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals: tube ratber long-campanu- 
late: lobes narrow. Corolla commonly white, funnelform : tube dilated above : lobes 5, 
broad, plicate. Stamens 5, included, 4 didynamous, the fifth smaller: filaments adnate to 
the lower part of the corolla-tube. Anther-sacs confluent at the apex. Ovary 2-celled. 
Capsule 2-4-valved. Seeds numerous, granular. 

1l. Bouchetia anómala (Miers) Britt. & Rusby. Stem more or less branched, 1-3 
dm. tall, finely pubescent. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic, oblong-spatulate or lanceolate to 
broadly linear above, 1-3 cm. long, entire, the lower ones petioled : pedicels terminal, 
1-1.5 em. long : calyx 6-10 mm. long ; lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, as long as the 
tube or somewhat shorter: corolla mainly white with delicate purple lines, about 1 cm. 
long, broadly funnelform ; lobes broad and rounded: capsules oblong or ovoid-oblong, 
7-8 mm. long. 

On prairies and rocky hillsides, Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 


FAMILY 7. BORRAGINACEAE A. Gray. BORAGE FAMILY. 


Herbs or shrubby plants, with watery sap. Foliage commonly clothed with 
bristly pubescence. Leaves alternate, without stipules: blades simple, mainly 
entire. Flowers typically perfect, regular, or sometimes irregular, more or less 
remote from the bracts, cymose, but apparently in spikes or racemes, which are 
often scorpioid. Calyx of 5, or rarely 4, more or less united sepals, persistent, 
sometimes corolloid. Corolla hypogynous, deciduous: limb 5-lobed: lobes 
usually equal, convolute, plicate or induplicate. Androecium of 5 stamens, ad- 
nate to the corolla-tube, sometimes as high as the throat. Filaments often 
appendaged. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium of 4 nearly distinct or more or less 
cohering carpels. Styles united, arising from between the ovary-lobes. Stigma 


996 BORRAGINACEAE 


simple or 2-lobed. Ovules solitary in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit of two or 
four pyrenae or a group of 4 distinct or cohering nutlets. 


Corolla regular, 
Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. 


Nutlets spreading, covered with prickles. ; 1. CYNOGLOssUM. ` 
Nutlets erect or incurved, with prickles on the back or angles. 2. LAPPULA. 
Nutlets unarmed. 
Receptacle conic or elongated. 3. CRYPTANTHE. 
Receptacle flat or merely convex. 
Nutléts attached laterally to the receptacle. 4. MERTENSIA. 


Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their bases. 
Nutlets each with a small, flat scar where attached. 
Corolla funnelform or salverform ; lobes obtuse, spreading. 


Racemes without bracts. 5. MYOSOTIS. 
Racemes with bracts. 6. LITHOSPERMUM. 
Corolla tubular: lobes acute or acuminate, erect. 7. ONOSMODIUM. 
Nutlets each with a large hollow scar where attached. 8. SYMPHYTUM. 
Corolla irregular. 
Stamens included: corolla-throat closed by scales. 9. LYCOPSIS. 
Stamens exserted : corolla-throat dilated and open. 10. EcHIUM. 


1. CYNOGLOSSUM L. 

Annual, biennial or perennial caulescent herbs, with usually pubescent foliage. 
Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers in more or less strongly scorpioid racemes. 
Calyx slightly accrescent : lobes 5, spreading or reflexed. Corolla white, blue or purple, 
salverform or funnelform : tube short, the throat closed by 5 scales: lobes 5, imbricated. 
Stamens 5, included: filaments short, adnate to the corolla-tube. Ovary of 4 nearly dis- 
tinct lobes. Ovules laterally attached to the central axis. Nutlets 4, flat or convex, dis- 
tinct, armed with short barbed prickles. 


Foliage softly pubescent : stems copiously leafy to the top: nutlets flat : naturalized biennial plant. 
1. C. officinale. 


Foliage hirsute : stems terminated by a long naked peduncle: nutlets convex: native perennial plant. 
2. C. Virginicum. 

1. Cynoglossum officinale L. Biennial, softly pubescent. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, 
leafy to the top: leaves numerous; blades oblong to linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 
5-15 em. long, the lower ones petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so: racemes elongating, 
interrupted : pedicels 5-10 mm. long: calyx densely pubescent; lobes ovate or oval, 3-6 
mm. long, obtuse: corolla dull reddish purple or white, about 1 cm. broad : fruit about 1 
em. broad, echinate. 

In waste places, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas. Spring to fall. Naturalized 
from Europe. HOUND’S TONGUE. : 

2. Cynoglossum Virginicum L. . Perennial, hirsute. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, simple 
below, naked and branched above : leaves few ; blades oval to oblong, the lower narrowe 
into margined petioles, the upper sessile and clasping : peduncle 1-3 dm. long : racemes 
contracted or elongating at maturity : pedicels 3-6 mm. long, more or less curved : calyx 
rather softly pubescent; lobes ovate to oblong, obtuse: corolla white or purplish, 8-10 
mm. broad : fruit 1 em. broad, echinate. 


. In woods and copses, New Brunswick to Ontario and Kansas, south to Florida and Louisiana. 
Spring. WILD CoMFREY. 


2. LAPPULA Moench. 

Annual biennial or perennial herbs, with pubescent foliage. 
blades entire, often narrow. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx little if at all accres- 
cent : lobes 5, narrow. Corolla white or blue, salverform or funnelform : tube very short, 
the throat closed by 5 scales: lobes 5, obtuse, imbricated. Stamens 5, included. Fila- 
ments very short. Ovary of 4 more or less distinct carpels. Fruit of 4 finally distinct nut- 
lets, these with papillose or tuberculate sides and prickle-armed angles or back. The 
plants flower in spring and summer. [ Echinospermum Sw.] STICKSEED. BURSEED. 


Racemes with all pedicels subtended by bracts: fruit erect or ascending. : Lappula 
Spines distinet, in 2 rows on the margins of the nutlets. 1. L. T s : 
Spines more or less confluent, in 1 row on the margins of the nutlets. 2: de. vin imiana. 

Racemes with only the lower pedicels subtended by bracts: fruit drooping. 3. o T : 

1. Lappula Láppula (L.) Karst. Annual, hirsute. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, branca i 

above : leaves erect or ascending ; blades linear or linear-spatulate, 2-5 cm., long, d o 

acute : racemes elongating at maturity: pedicels 1-4 mm. long: nutlets with 2 row 

distinct spines on the edges and granulose or tuberculate on the back. 


In waste places and dry soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, New Jersey an 
from Europe. 


Leaves alternate : 


d Texas. Naturalized 


BORRAGINACEAE 997 


2. Lappula Texana (Scheele) Britton. Annual or biennial, hispid. Stems 1-4 dm. 
tall, usually branched above and sometimes at the base : leaves mostly erect or ascending ; 
blades linear or spatulate-linear, or the basal sometimes spatulate, obtuse : flowers nearly 
sessile, or short-pedicelled : nutlets with spines in one row on the margins, the bases of the 
spines of 2 or 3 of the nutlets confluent and forming a cup. 

łn dry soil, Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 

3. Lappula Virginiàna (L.) Greene. Annual or biennial, somewhat hirsute or 
finely pubescent. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, branched above; branches spreading : leaves alter- 
nate ; blades thin, oblong, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, undu- 
late, the lower 1-2 din. long, petioled, the upper 3-10 em. long, sessile or nearly so: racemes 
elongating, interrupted : pedicels 2-6 mm. long: calyx-lobes lanceolate to oblong-lanceo- 
late, 2-3 mm. long : corolla white or pale blue, 2-3 mm. broad : fruit subglobose, about 4 


mm. in diameter : nutlets papillose and spiny. 
In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Louisiana and Nebraska. 


3. CRYPTANTHE Lehm. 


Annual caulescent herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, 
entire. Flowers in narrow scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx-lobes 5, erect, usually con- 
verging at maturity. Corolla white, funnelform, the tube usually closed by 5 scales in the 
throat: lobes 5, imbricated. Stamens 5, included: filaments short. Ovary of 4 nearly 
distinct carpels. Fruit of 4 nutlets with rounded backs and obtuse, acute or winged margins, 
laterally attached to the receptacle. 

1. Cryptanthe Texàna (A. DC.) Greene. Stems 2-3 dm. tall, hispid like the rest 
of the foliage, loosely branching. Leaves few; blades oblong to oblong-spatulate, or 
broadly linear above, 1-2.5 cm. long: racemes mostly bractless: flowers almost sessile : 
calyx bristly : sepals linear, becoming 4-5 mm. long: nutlets usually solitary, ovoid or 
oblong-ovoid, about 2 mm. long, acute. 

In dry soil, eastern Texas. Spring and summer. 


4. MERTÉNSIA Roth. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with rather succulent herbage and glabrous glaucous or 
pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades entire, sometimes punctate. Flowers in 
racemes, panicles or cymes.  Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, unchanged'or little enlarged at 
maturity. Corolla often showy, white, blue or purple, tubular-funnelform or trumpet- 
shaped, the tube sometimes appendaged in the throat : lobes 5, imbricated, obtuse. Stamens 
5, included or barely exserted : filaments filiform or flattened, adnate to the corolla-tube. 
Ovary of 4 nearly distinct carpels. Nutlets 4, leathery, erect, wrinkled at maturity, 
laterally attached to the receptacle above their bases. LUNGWORT. 

1. Mertensia Virgínica (L.) DC. Perennial, glabrous, often glaucescent. Stems 
clustered, erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. tall, simple below the inflorescence : leaves 5-20 cm. 
long ; blades oblong-elliptic or oval, obtuse, often undulate, the lower narrowed into winged 
petioles, the upper sessile: panicles short, corymb-like : pedicels slender, 2-10 mm. long, 
curved : calyx 2-2.5 mm. long; lobes oblong or lanceolate, longer than the tube: corolla 
blue or rarely white, about 3 mm. long; tube narrowly funnelform, abruptly expanding 
into the limb, which is cup-shaped, lightly lobed, 1-1.5 cm. broad. 

On rich banks, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia, Tennessee and Kansas. Spring. BLUEBELLS. 


5. MYOSOTIS L. 

Annual biennial or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate : blades entire, often 
narrow. Flowers in simple or branched 1-sided racemes. Calyx-lobes 5, spreading or 
erect. Corolla white, pink or blue often with a discolored eye, salverform, the tube short : 
lobes 5, spreading, rounded, convolute. Stamens 5, included: filaments filiform, adnate 
to the corolla-tube. Ovary of 4 nearly distinct carpels. Nutlets 4, attached to the recep- 
tacle by their bases, glabrous or pubescent. FoRGET-ME-NOT. SCORPION-GRASS, 


Calyx pubescent with straight appressed hairs, open at maturity. i 
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube: corolla 6-8 mm. broad, i. ustris. 
Calyx-lobes as long as the tube : corolla 4-6 mm. broad. i 2. M. laxa. 

Calyx pubescent with more bristly and more hooked hairs, closed or with erect 

lobes at maturity. : 
a. Pedicels longer than the calyxes at maturity. 3. M. arvensis. 


998 BORRAGINACEAE 


b. Pedicels shorter than the calyxes. . 
Fruiting racemes with many approximate erect or ascending pedicels: calyx 


less than 5 mm. long at maturity: seeds 1.5 mm. long. 4. M. Virginica. 
Fruiting racemes with few more or less recurving pedicels: calyx over 5 
mm. long at maturity : seeds 2 mm. long. 5. M. macrosperma. 


1. Myosotis palustris (L.) Lam. Stems pubescent with appressed hairs, soon de- 
cumbent and creeping, 2-6 dm. long, branching : leaf-blades spatulate to oblong or oblong- 
lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, entire, the lower often short-petioled, the upper sessile : 
racemes elongating, much interrupted: pedicels 4-7 mm. long, spreading: calyx-lobes 
triangular, shorter than the tube : corolla sky-blue and with a yellow eye, 6-8 mm. broad : 
nutlets shining, about 1.5 mm. long. 

In low grounds or brooks, Nova Scotia to New York and Georgia. Spring and summer. Natural- 
ized from Europe. ; 

2. Myosotis laxa Lehm. Stems strigillose, soon decumbent, creeping, 1-5 dm. 
long, branched : leaf-blades spatulate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-8 cm. long, obtuse, 
entire, the lower ones short-petioled, the upper sessile: racemes elongating, interrupted : 
pedicels spreading, 5-10 mm. long: calyx-lobes triangular or triangular-lanceolate, as long 
as the tube or longer, acute : corolla mainly pale-blue ; limb concave, 4-6 mm. broad : nut- 
lets about 1 mm. long, lenticular. 

In low grounds and swamps. Nova Scotia and Ontario to Georgia and Tennessee. Spring and 
summer. Also in Europe. 

3. Myosotis arvénsis (L.) Willd. Stems hirsute, erect, 1-3 dm. tall, loosely 
branched above : leaf-blades spatulate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse 
or acutish, entire, sessile or nearly so: racemes loosely flowered, elongating : pedicels 2-5 
mm. long, spreading: calyx bristly ; lobes equal or nearly so, lanceolate or linear-lanceo- 
late, 2-3 mm. long: corolla white or mostly blue; limb 2-3 mm. broad, concave: fruit 
enclosed in the calyx: nutlets oblong, 1.5 mm. long. 

In waste places, New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, North Carolina and West Virginia. Sum- 
mer. Alsoin Europe. 

4. Myosotis Virgínica (L.) B.S.P. Stems hirsute, erect, 1-4 dm. tall, the branches 
strongly ascending or erect : leaf-blades spatulate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. 
long, obtuse or acutish, entire, sessile : racemes elongating, loosely flowered : pedicels 1-3 
mm. long, erect or ascending: calyx beset with spreading hairs, those near the base 
hooked ; lobes unequal, lanceolate, often narrowly so, 2-3 mm. long, acute : corolla white ; 
limb 2.5-3 mm. broad : fruit enclosed in the calyx : nutlets elliptic, a little more than 1.5 
mm. long. [Myosotis verna Nutt. ] 

In dry soil and on open hillsides, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


5. Myosotis macrospérma Engelm. Stems hirsute, erect, 2-5 dm. tall, loosely 
branched : leaf-blades spatulate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, entire, sessile : 
racemes much interrupted, elongating : pedicels ascending or spreading, 3-5 mm. long: 
calyx beset in hooked hairs ; lobes very unequal, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the lower 
4-5 mm. long, twice as long as the upper: corolla white, 4-5 mm. broad : fruit enclosed 
in the calyx : nutlets oblong-obovoid, over 2 mm. long. 

On hillsides, Maryland to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


6. LITHOSPÉRMUM L. 
Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, often with large or long colored roots. Leaves 
alternate: blades entire. Flowers in bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx pubescent: lobes 
5, narrow. Corolla white, yellow or blue, salverform or funnelform, the tube with a naked 


J 


pubescent or appendaged throat : lobes 5, entire, erose or toothed. Stamens 5, included. 
Ovary of 4 nearly distinct carpels. Stigmas capitate or 2-lobed. Nutlets 4 or fewer, white 
and shiny or brown and wrinkled, attached by their bases to the almost flat receptacle. 
GROMWELL. Puccoon. 


Annual plants : corolla white or whitish, slightly surpassing the calyx. 
Pubescent with appressed hairs: bracts of a linear type: corolla about 6 mm. feng. + ae 
Hirsute or hispid: bracts of an oblong type: corolla about 4 mm. long. 2. L. Matamorense- 
Perennial plants: corolla yellow or sometimes greenish white. à 
Cauline leaves with broadly linear or oblong-linear blades: nutlets papillose, rabie 
spurred near the base. ; 3. L. miraove. 
Cauline leaves with broader blades, mainly elliptic or oblong : nutlets sparingly 
and shallowly pitted. ae 
Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx or but slightly surpassing it. 
Pubescence of stem strictly appressed. 
Pubescence of stem more or less spreading. 
Corolla-tube, of the complete flowers, much longer than the calyx, the 
limb deep yellow or orange. 


4. L. latifolivm. 
5. L. tuberosum. 


BORRAGINACEAE 999 


Corolla-lobes entire: all flowers complete. 
Stems hirsute: corolla-tube beardless at the base within. 6. L. canescens. 
Stems hispid: corolla-tube bearded at the base within. 7. L. Gmelinii. 
Corolla-lobes erose or laciniate: later flowers cleistogamous. 
Corolla-tube 2.5-3 em. long, the limb fully 1.5 em. wide. 8 
Corolla-tube 1-1.5 em. long, the limb less than 1.5 em. wide. 
Corolla-tube about 1.5 em. long, the limb over 1 em. wide. 9. L. Mandanense. 
Corolla-tube about 1 em. long, the limb less than 1 em. wide. 10. L. breviflorum. 


. L. linearifolium. 


1. Lithospermum arvénse L. Annual or biennial, hoary-strigose. Stems erect or 
spreading, 1-8 dm. long, branching, mainly near the base : leaf-blades linear-oblanceolate 
to linear-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, acutish, entire, sessile: racemes spike-like, inter- 
rupted : calyx bristly ; lobes linear or linear-subulate, 8-10 mm. long, ciliate: corolla 
white or tinged with pink, pubescent in throat ; tube funnelform ; limb 5 mm. broad, with 
9 oblong-ovate lobes : nutlets ovoid, 3 mm. long, pitted and wrinkled. 

In copses and waste places, Quebec to Ontario, Michigan, middle Georgia and Kansas. Naturalized 
from Europe. Spring ind summer. CORN GROMWELL. 

2. Lithospermum Matamorénse DC. Annual, hirsute or hispid. Stems more or 
less branched at the base; branches ascending or spreading, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades 
spatulate to oblong, obtuse or apiculate, entire, rough, sessile, or the lower with short 
petioles : racemes leafy, interrupted : pedicels very short: calyx bristly ; lobes linear, 3-5 
mm. long: corolla white; tube funnelform ; limb about 5 mm. broad : nutlets ovoid, 3 mm. 
long, shining, pitted. 

In sandy soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring. 


3. Lithospermum miràbile Small. Perennial, resembling L. Matamorense in habit. 
Branches strigose : leaves various, those of the basal leaves narrowly spatulate to oblanceo- 
late, 3-5 cm. long, those of the cauline leaves broadly linear to oblong-linear, 2-3 cm. 
long, mainly obtuse, entire, copiously pubescent: flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts, early 
separated, short-pedicelled : calyx bristly ; lobes linear, becoming 6-8 mm. long, persistent : 
nutlets triangular or ovoid-triangular, about 3.5 mm. long, densely papillose, spurred on 
both sides near the base, sharply keeled on the inner side. 

On plains, San Antonio, Texas. Spring. 


4. Lithospermum latifólium Michx.  Perennial, strigillose. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, 
sparingly branched: leaf-blades elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acuminate, 
undulate, 4-8-ribbed beneath, narrowed into short petioles: pedicels axiliary, 2-10 mm. 
long: calyx strigillose ; lobes linear, 5-10 mm. long: corolla yellowish white or pale yel- 
low, about 5 mm. long; tube funnelform ; limb 6-7 mm. broad: nutlets ovoid, 3-3.5 mm, 
long, whitish, lustrous, sparingly pitted. 

In dry soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Virginia and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


5. Lithospermum tuberósum Rugel. Perennial, hispid, the roots bearing elongated 
tubers. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, sparingly branched above: basal leaves with spatulate or oblong- 
spatulate blades, 8-20 cm. long, rather densely hispid above: stem-leaves 2-10 cm. long, 
oblanceolate to oblong or ovate-oblong : pedicels axillary, 1-3 mm. long: calyx bristly ; 
lobes linear or linear-spatulate, 3-6 mm. long: corolla yellowish white, 4-6 mm. long ; 
lobes oblong or nearly so, shorter than the tube: nutlets oval-obovoid, 2 mm. long, whitish, 
lustrous, sparingly pitted. 

On river bluffs, Tennessee to Florida and Texas. Spring. 

6. Lithospermum canéscens ( Michx.) Lehm. Perennial, hirsute, or canescent when 
young. Stems usually clustered, 1-4 dm. tall, branching above: leaves rather numerous ; 
blades linear to oblong or sometimes ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile or nearly so: calyx 
short-pedicelled ; lobes 2-5 mm. long, linear or nearly so: corolla orange-yellow, about 1 
em. long; tube funnelform, prominently crested in the throat ; limb 10-14 mm. broad, with 
rounded lobes: nutlets ovoid, 2.5 mm. long, lustrous, keeled. 

In dry soil, Ontario to the Northwest Territory, Georgia and Arizona. Spring, 


7. Lithospermum Gmélini (Michx.) A. S. Hitchcock. Perennial, hirsute or hispid. 
Stems usually clustered, 1-5 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched above: leaf-blades 
variable, the lower reduced to scales, the others linear to lanceolate or oblong, 1-5 cm. 
long, obtuse or apiculate, entire, sessile or nearly so: calyx short-pedicelled ; lobes lanceo- 
late or narrowly lanceolate, 6-10 mm. long, acute : corolla bright orange, 1.2-1.6 cm. long ; 
tube surpassing the calyx, nearly cylindric; lobes rounded, undulate, shorter than the 
tube: nutlets ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long, lustrous. 

In dry soil or woods, New York to Minnesota, Florida and New Mexico. Spring. 

8. Lithospermum linearifólium Goldie. Perennial, strigose. Stems tufted, usually 
1-3 dm. long, simple or sparingly branched above: leaves numerous ; blades linear, diffuse 
or linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile or nearly so: calyx short-pedicelled ; lobes linear, 


1000 BORRAGINACEAE 


5-10 mm. long: corollas of 2 kinds, the earlier of a bright yellow color, with tube 2.5-3 
em. long, crested in the throat and rounded lacerate lobes, the later form not surpassing 
the calyx, pale-yellow : nutlets oblong-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, keeled, sparingly pitted. 

In dry soil, often on prairies, Manitoba to British Columbia, Illinois, Texas and Arizona. Spring 
and summer. 

9. Lithospermum Mandanénse Spreng. Perennial, strigose. Stems tufted, typically 
less than 2 dm. tall, commonly simple: leaf-blades linear or nearly so, 2-5 em. long: corol- 
liferous flowers clustered : corolla yellow ; tube about 1.5 cm. long ; limb over 1 em. wide, 
the lobes erose : nutlets ovoid, about 3 mm. long. 

On plains and in woods, Alberta to Texas and Arizona. Spring and summer. 

10. Lithospermum breviflorum Engelm. & Gray. Perennial, strigose, similar to 
L. Mandanense in habit but often more slender and taller. Stems tufted, typically over 
2 dm. tall, commonly branched : leaf-blades narrowly linear, 1.5—4 cm. long : corolliferous 
flowers clustered: corolla yellow ; tube about 1 cm. long; limb less than 1 cm. wide, the 
lobes erose : nutlets 3.5-4 mm. long, strongly keeled. 

On plains and prairies, Colorado to Texas. Spring and summer. 


7. ONOSMODIUM Michx.! 


Perennial coarse caulescent herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate : blades 
prominently nerved. Flowers in terminal scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx pubescent : 
lobes 5, narrow. Corolla white, greenish or yellowish, tubular or tubular-funnelform, the 
tube surpassing the calyx, without appendages, but with the sinuses often inflexed, and 
a 10-lobed band within near the base : lobes 5, often erect. Stamens 5, included : anthers 
almost sessile, glabrous, the lobes diverging. Ovary of 4 slightly united carpels. Nutlets 
4, or usually only 1 or 2 maturing, white, smooth and shiny or sparingly pitted, attached 
to the receptacle by their bases. FALSE GROMWELL. 

Bracts broad, of an ovate type, rounded at the base. 1. O. Helleri. 
Bracts narrow, tapering at the base. 
Corolla-lobes triangular-ovate. 
Stem below the branches of the inflorescence more or less hairy. 
Nutlets strongly constricted at the base. 
Nutlets not constricted at the base. 
Corolla-lobes long-acuminate. 
Corolla-lobes meiely acute. 
Stem below the branches of the inflorescence glabrous. . O. subsetosum. 
Corolla-lobes lanceolate-subulate. . O. Virginianum. 

1. Onosmodium Hélleri Small. Rootstock horizontal. Foliage hispid: stems 3-6 
dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched above: leaves rather few ; blades oblong or spatu- 
late-oblong below to ovate above, 5-10 cm. long, obtuse, undulate, hispid above, rather 
more softly pubescent beneath, subsessile or the lower narrowed into short petioles : 
racemes leafy-bracted ; rachis zigzag: pedicels erect or strongly ascending, 1-1.5 cm. long, 
with spreading hairs: calyx bristly ; lobes linear or barely enlarged upward, 8-10 mm. 
long: corolla 8-10 mm. long ; lobes lanceolate : nutlets 3 mm. long, pitted. 

On prairies or plains, Texas. Spring. 

. 2. Onosmodium Carolinianum (Lam.) A. DC. Foliage hispid. Stems 5-12 dm. 
tall, branching above: leaves numerous ; blades oblong to oblong- or Linear lane 
3-12 cm. long, acute, hispid on both sides, sessile or nearly so: racemes leafy-bracte : 
pedicels 4 mm. long or less : calyx somewhat bristly ; lobes linear, obtusish, 4-6 mm. long: 
corolla yellowish white, 8-16 mm. long; tube funnelform ; lobes triangular-ovate, waits 
little canescent without but with a strongly developed apical tuft of hairs: nutlets ovoid, 
2 mm. or 4 mm. long, acutish, smooth or sparingly pitted. 

In dry soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. Spring to fall. 


3. Onosmodium Bejariénse DC. Foliage hispid. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, ra or 
sparingly branched above: leaves rather numerous ; blades oblong or oblong-oblanceo = 
3-12 cm. long, apiculate or acutish, hirsute-strigose above, more softly pubescent se 
usually noticeably paler beneath, sessile or nearly so: pedicels 6 mm. long or less or calyx 
sessile ; lobes linear, erect, 6-10 mm. long: corolla whitish ; tube funnelform, UAn 
long; lobes triangular-ovate, long-acuminate, about } as long as the tube, sparing!y 
pubescent without: nutlets 1.5-3 mm. long, minutely pitted. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring. 

4. Onosmodium mólle Michx. Foliage strigose or hispid-strigose. Stems einige 
tall, sparingly branched above: leaves numerous ; blades oblong or cllipGe lances ari 
linear-oblong, 2-6 cm. long, acute or obtusish, prominently nerved beneath, densely $ 


to 


. O. Carolinianum. 


O. Bejariense. 
. O. molle. 


ouo 


! Revised by Mr. K. K. Mackenzie. 


BORRAGINACEAE 1001 


gose, sessile or nearly so: racemes densely bracted : pedicels 5 mm. long or less: calyx 
bristly-strigose ; lobes 6-12 mm. long, linear: corolla white or tinged with yellow; tube 
funnelform ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, one third as long as the tube, acute: nutlets 
ovoid, 4 mm. long, not constricted at base. 

On dry prairies or barrens, Saskatchewan to Illinois, Texas, Utah and Arizona. Spring and summer. 

5. Onosmodium subsetósum Mackenzie & Bush. Foliage strigose. Stems about 
6 dm. tall, branching above : leaves numerous ; blades oblong-lanceolate, typically 7.5 cm. 
long, 1.5 cm. wide, acutish, strongly 5-7-nerved, papillose and hispid-strigose above, whit- 
ish strigose beneath: pedicels 3-6 mm. long at maturity: calyx-lobes narrowly obtuse, 
whitish hairy, 6 mm. long : corolla greenish white, 8-18 mm. long; tube funnelform ; lobes 
triangular, acute, much shorter than the tube : nutlets ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, very sparingly 
pitted, somewhat constricted at the base. 

In dry soil, Ozark Mountain region, Missouri and Arkansas. Late spring. 

6. Onosmodium Virginianum (L.) A. DC. Foliage hispid-strigose. Stems 2-7 
dm. tall, pubescent with appressed or occasionally strongly spreading hairs, more or less 
widely branching above: leaves rather numerous ; blades firm, linear-oblong to oblong or 
oblong- or linear-lanceolate, 2.5-12 cm. long, acute or apiculate, the lower narrowed into 
winged petioles, the upper sessile: racemes conspicuously bracted: pedicels 1-2 mm. 
long, elongating to 1-2.5 cm. at maturity: calyx bristly ; lobes narrowly linear-lanceo- 
late, 5-7 mm. long: corolla yellowish, about 8 mm. long; tube funnelform ; lobes 
lanceolate-subulate, slightly shorter than the tube: nutlets ovoid, 3 mm. long, more or 
less densely pitted. 

In sandy soil, New England to Florida and thence west to Mississippi. Spring. 


8. SYMPHYTUM L. 


Perennial coarse caulescent herbs, with thick mucilaginous roots. Leaves alternate : 
blades often sessile and clasping on the upper part of the stem. Flowers in terminal 
scorpioid racemes. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla yellow, blue or purple, tubular or the tube 
slightly dilated above, with 5 appendages in the throat: lobes 5, short. Stamens 5, in- 
cluded. Carpels 4, nearly distinct. Nutlets 4, oblique, wrinkled, each with a concave and 
toothed scar of attachment. CoMFREY. HEALING-HERB. 

1. Symphytum officinale L. Roots stout. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, usually branched, 
hirsute : leaf-blades oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, or sometimes ovate at the base 
of the stem, 1-3 dm. long, undulate, acute or acuminate, the lower ones long-petioled, the 
upper sessile and often decurrent on the branches: sepals ovate to lanceolate, 6-10 mm. 
long, acuminate: corolla yellowish or purplish, 10-15 mm. long; lobes ovate, obtuse : 
nutlets 3-4 mm. high, shining, wrinkled. 


In waste places and thickets, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Virginia and Tennessee. Naturalized 
from Europe and Asia. Spring and summer. COMFREY. 
* 


9. LYCÓPSIS L. 


Annual caulescent herbs, with bristly-hispid foliage. Leaves alternate: blades rel- 
atively narrow, entire or shallowly toothed. Flowers in terminal scorpioid racemes. 
Sepals 5, nearly distinct. Corolla blue, salverform, slightly irregular: tube curved, its 
throat clothed with hispid hairs: limb unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included, adnate to 
about the middle of the corolla-tube. Carpels 4, nearly distinct: stigma entire. Nutlets 4, 
erect from the flat receptacle, wrinkled, the scar of attachment concave. BUGLOSS. 

1. Lycopsis arvénsis L. Foliage bristly-hispid. Stems becoming widely or diffusely 
branched, 3-7 dm. long; branches often procumbent : leaf-blades oblanceolate below, to 
narrowly oblong or lanceolate above, 2.5-10 em. long, undulate or sinuate, sessile or the 
lower ones on long petioles: racemes often 5-10 cm. long: calyx becoming 7-8 mm. long ; 
sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, acute : corolla blue, 5-7 mm. long ; tube curved : nutlets 
about 3 mm. long, coarsely wrinkled. 


In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Virginia and Tennessee. Naturalized from Europe and 
Asia. Spring to fall. 


10. ÉCHIUM L. 
Biennial or perennial caulescent herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate : 
bladesentire. Flowers in scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx pubescent: lobes 5, narrow. 
Corolla white or usually blue or violet, tubular-funnelform, irregular: tube with an open 


1002 EHRETIACEAE 

unappendaged throat: lobes 5, unequal, rounded. Stamens 5, partially exserted. Fila- 
ments unequal in length, dilated at the base. Carpels 4, nearly distinct. Stigma 2-lobed. 
Nutlets 4, erect, wrinkled, attached to the flat receptacle by their bases, the scar of attach- 
ment not concave. VriPER's BuGLoss. BLUEWEED. 


1. Echium vulgare L. Biennial, bristly-pubescent, deep green. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, 
simple or branched throughout; branches ascending : leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceo- 
late, or linear-oblanceolate below, acute or short-acuminate, 2-15 cm. long, undulate, 
sessile, bristly on both sides: spikes rather dense, becoming 2-10 cm. long: bracts obliquely 
lanceolate, acuminate: calyx bristly ; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long, un- 
equal : corolla pale blue or purplish, or rarely white, obliquely campanulate, 1.6-1.8 cm. 
long, narrowed into a short tube which is somewhat plaited ; lobes ovate or triangular- 
ovate, ciliolate : filaments and style exserted, magenta. 


In sterile soil, especially in waste places, New Brunswick to Ontario and Nebraska, south to 
Georgia. Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 8. EHRETIACEAE Schrad. EHRETIA FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, or sometimes herbs, with watery sap. Leaves mainly 
alternate, without stipules: blades simple, commonly entire. Flowers perfect, 
regular, in compound cymes. Calyx of 5 or fewer partially united sepals, per- 
sistent. Corolla of 5, or rarely 4 or 6, partially united petals, deciduous : lobes 
spreading. Stamens 5, or 4 or 6, adnate to the base of the corolla-tube : fila- 
ments often united at the base: anthers introrse. Gynoecium 2—4-carpellary. 
Ovary 2—4-celled or 1-celled, some of the partitions being imperfect: styles 2, 
and distinct or partially united, or 4 and united by pairs. Ovules 1 or 2 in each 
cavity of the ovary. Fruit drupaceous, with a 4-celled but only 1-seeded stone 
or 2 two-seeded or 4 one-seeded stones. 


Styles 4, unequally united by pairs. 1. CoRDIA. 
Styles 2. 
Styles partially united : shrubs or trees. 
Calyx almost closed, valvately 2-5-cleft at the apex. 2. BOURRERIA. 
Calyx of 5 slightly united sepals. 3. EHRETIA. 
Styles distinet: annual or perennial herbs. 4. COLDENIA. 


1. CÓRDIA L. 


Shrubs or trees, or sometimes vines, with scabrous or villous foliage, or rarely glabrous. 
Leaves alternate: stipules wanting. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in terminal scirpioid 
cymes, or contracted into dense spikes or clusters. Calyx tubular or campanulate, with 3-5 
lobes, sometimes ribbed, accrescent, shorter than the fruit or enclosing it. Corolla white or 
colored, varying from campanulate to salverform : lobes 5 or rarely 4-6, flat or plaited. 
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, adnate to the corolla-tube: filaments filiform : 
anthers variable, introrse. Ovary 4-celled, sessile in a thin annular disk : styles slender, 
unequally united by pairs: stigmas 4. Drupe partially or entirely enclosed in the accres- 
cent calyx, tipped with the persistent style, with a dry or juicy exocarp and an often bony 
stone. Seeds solitary, or rarely 2. Endosperm wanting. 


Flowers in open cymes: corolla over 2.5 cm. long: leaf-blades entire or undulately toothed. ebestena 
Calyx icelled; tube glabrous at maturity : corolla orange or flame-color. 1. C. Sebestena. 
Calyx sessile : tube tomentulose at maturity: corolla white with a yellow center. 2. C. Bosstert. 

Flowers in dense heads : corolla less than 2.5 em. long : leaf-blades serrate. Soho 
Shrubby throughout: corolla less than 11 mm. long. 3. C. Td Ms hala. 
Herbaceous above the base: corolla over 11 mm. long. 4. C.p ep 


l. Cordia Sebesténa L. An evergreen shrub, or a small tree, sometimes 10 m. par 
with scabro-pubescent foliage and tomentose twigs. Leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 
8-12 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, repand-serrate or undulate ; petioles 1-2.5 em He : 
corymbs 1-2 dm. broad: pedicels very short : calyx-tube cylindric, 1-1.5 cm. long; 10 g 
triangular : corolla orange or flame-colored, puberulent without ; tube funnelform, surpass- 
ing the calyx; lobes spreading, suborbicular, shorter than the tube, undulate or erose : 
fruit ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, enclosed in the thick accrescent calyx. ; 

In sand, Florida Keys. Also in the Bahamas, Antilles and northern South America. " 

2. Cordia Boissiéri A. DC. An evergreen shrub, or a small tree sometimes 8 m. T 
with a crooked stem and velvety-tomentose foliage. Leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ov jus 
8-12 em. long, obtuse or acutish, repand-serrate, obtuse or cordate at the base; petio 


EHRETIACEAE 1003 


1-2.5 cm. long: corymbs 1-1.5 dm. broad: calyx-tube slightly dilated upward, about 1 
em. long; lobes triangular, acute: corolla white, yellow in the center; tube funnelform, 
much surpassing the calyx ; lobes suborbicular, crisped, shorter than the tube : fruit ovoid, 
2.5-3 cm. long, more or less enclosed in the thin accrescent calyx. 

Chiefly in limestone soil, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. 

3. Cordia globósa (L.) H.B.K. A branching shrub, 1-3 m. tall, with hirsute and 
somewhat hoary pubescence. Leaf-blades firm, ovate to oblong-ovate, 1-5 cm. long, ser- 
rate, rugose, scabrous, cuneate at the base: petioles much shorter than the blades: heads 
subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter : peduncles 1-3 em. long: calyx ovoid ; lobes subulate, 
shorter than the tube : corolla white, 4-6 mm. long; tube funnelform, pubescent in the 
throat; lobes ovate, shorter than the tube: fruit 2-3 mm. long. 

In sand, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies and tropical America to Panama. 

4. Cordia podocéphala Torr. A shrubby plant 3-7 dm. tall with strigose-hirsute 
foliage. Leaf-blades firm, linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, coarsely 
serrate, scabrous, short-petioled : peduncles 5-12 cm. long: heads dense, 5-8 mm. in 
diameter: calyx-tube campanulate, strigose ; lobes triangular-subulate to ovate, shorter 
than the tube : corolla white, or purple within; tube narrowly funnelform, barely surpass- 
ing the calyx ; lobes ovate, notched, shorter than the tube: fruit 3-4 mm. long. 

In dry soil, along the lower Rio Grande, Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


2. BOURRERIA P. Br. 


Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or whorled: stipules wanting. Flowers in 
terminal corymbose cymes, numerous or rarely solitary. Calyx-pedicelled : tube campan- 
ulate, persistent and sometimes slightly accrescent: lobes 2-5. Corolla campanulate or in- 
fundibuliform : tube variable in length: lobes 5. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 
adnate to the corolla-tube. Filaments filiform. Ovary 2-celled (incompletely 4-celled), 
sessile in a thin annular disk: styles united to near the apex, sometimes enlarged upward : 
stigmas somewhat flattened. Drupe subglobose, tipped with the base of the style, the 
exocarp thin-fleshy, the 4 bony nutlets each furnished with a ridged appendage on the 
back. Seeds curved, terete, with a brown membranous testa. Endosperm fleshy. 
Leaf-blades very scabrous above; petioles less than 5 mm. long. 1. B. Radula. 
Leaf-blades smooth above ; petioles over 10 mm. long. 2. B. Havanensts. 

1. Bourreria Rádula (Poir.) G. Don. Shrub or small tree sometimes 13 m. tall, 
with finely pubescent twigs and very scabro-pubescent upper leaf-surfaces. Leaf-blades 
firm, obovate or oblong-obovate to cuneate, 2-4 cm. long, rounded or notched at the apex, 
revolute, short-petioled : corymbs few-flowered, 2-6 cm. broad: pedicels sparingly pubes- 
cent or glabrous in age: calyx campanulate, 6-7 mm. long; lobes oblong to ovate- or 


lanceolate-oblong, shorter than the tube: corolla white, 1 cm. long ; tube funnelform, sur- 
passing the calyx ; limb 1-1.2 em. broad ; lobes orbicular-reniform : fruit subglobose, 9-14 
mm. in diameter. 

In sand, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies. 

2. Bourreria Havanénsis (L.) Miers. A shrub or tree sometimes 12 m. tall, with 
glabrous foliage. Leaf-blades firm, obovate to oblong- or oval-obovate, 4-12 cm. long, 
rounded or notched at the apex, lustrous above, narrowly or broadly cuneate ; petioles 
11-15 mm. long: corymbs 2-10 cm. broad : pedicels 2-10 mm. long: calyx campanulate, 
5-6 mm. long; lobes triangular-ovate to rounded, shorter than the tube: corolla creamy 
white, about 2 cm. long ; tube slightly longer than the calyx ; limb barely 2 mm. broad, 
lobes suborbicular or orbicular-obovate : fruits subglobose, 10-13 mm. in diameter, orange. 

In sand, Florida Keys. Also in the Bahamas and the West Indies. 


3. BHRETIA P. Br. 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate: stipules wanting. Flowers small, in corymbose 
or paniculate cymes. Calyx campanulate, persistent: lobes 5. Corolla white: lobes 5, 
spreading. Stamens 5, adnate to the corolla-tube : filaments filiform-subulate: anther-sacs 
spreading below. Ovary 1-celled or incompletely 4-celled by the development of 2 parietal 
placentae, in an annular disk : styles 2, filiform, partially united : stigmas depressed-capi- 
tate or clavate. Drupe berry-like, seated in the persistent calyx, with a dry or juicy exo- 
carp and bony 2-seeded nutlets. Seeds curved, terete, with a brown membranous testa. 
Endosperm fleshy. 


1004 HELIOTROPIACEAE 


1. Ehretia e!liptica DC. A shrub or small tree rarely 14 m. tall, with deeply fur- 
rowed bark. Leaf-blades firm, oblong, oval or oblong-ovate, 3-5 cm. long, obtuse or acute, 
undulate or irregularly serrate, scabrous, short-petioled : corymbs 2-6 cm. broad, pubes- 
cent: pedicels variable, 1-10 mm. long: calyx scabro-pubescent ; lobes lanceolate, 2-2.5 
mm. long, acute, ciliate: corolla white, 7-9 mm. broad ; tube campanulate-funnelform, 
surpassing the calyx ; lobes rounded, spreading, shorter than the tube: stamens somewhat 
exserted: fruit subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, with two nutlets. 

In valleys and on ridges, southern and western Texas and adjacent Mexico. 


4. COLDENIA L. 


Annual or perennial diffusely branching herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary 
in the axils, or in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx sessile or pedicelled : tube relatively 
short: lobes 4—5, rather narrow. Corolla usually white : tube short, naked or scaly within : 
lobes 4-5, spreading, imbricated. Stamens 4-5, included: filaments short, adnate to the 
corolla tube. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 4-celled by the septum-like placentae, 4-lobed : 
styles distinct or somewhat coherent: stigmas capitate. Ovules pendulous. Drupe with 
a thin fleshy or rather dry exocarp and a stone separating into 4 nutlets. 

1. Coldenia canéscens DC. Perennial from a woody base. Foliage whitish tomen- 
tose or somewhat silky : stems branched at the base, the branches spreading or prostrate, 
1-4 dm. long, forking: leaves clustered ; blades elliptic or oval, sometimes broadest above 
or below the middle, acute, entire, short-petioled : clusters axillary, few-flowered, or flowers 
solitary : calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long : corolla about 4 mm. broad ; 
tube funnelform, surpassing the calyx; lobes suborbicular, usually broader than high, 
spreading, somewhat crisped: stamens included : fruit spheroidal, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter 
with 4 nutlets, these smooth on the back, slightly rugose on the faces. 

On plains and prairies, Texas to Arizona and adjacent Mexico. 


FAMILY 9. HELIOTROPIACEAE Small.  HELIOTROPE FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs or woody vines. Leaves alternate, without stipules: blades 
entire or rarely toothed. Flowers perfect, mainly in scorpioid spikes or racemes. 
Calyx of 5 partially united or nearly distinct sepals. Corolla of 5 partially 
united petals, campanulate, funnelform or salverform. Androecium of 5 stamens 
with the filaments wholly or almost wholly adnate to the corolla tube. Gynoe- 
cium of 2-4 united carpels. Ovary 2-4-celled, often somewhat 4-lobed. Styles 
united. Stigma annular, surmounted by a 2-lobed appendage. Ovules pendulous. 
Fruit drupaceous or dry and separating, usually into 2 or 4 one-seeded nutlets. 
Shrubs. trees or woody twiners: fruit drupaceous. 1. TOURNEFORTIA. 
Herbs or shrubby herbs: fruit dry, separating into nutlets. 

Fruit of 4 more or less readily separating nutlets. M 

Cone of the stigma not penicil late-setose. 2. HELIOTROPIOT 


B Cone of the stigma penicillate-setose. 3. EUPLOCA. A 
Fruit of 2 completely 2-celled nutlets, or sometimes 1-celled and 1-seeded. 4. COCHRANEA. 


1. TOURNEFORTIA L. 

Shrubs, trees or vines, with often densely pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate : blades 
various. Flowers inconspicuous, in simple or dichotomous cymes. Calyx persistent: lobes 
5, narrow, imbricated or distant. Corolla white or pale: tube cylindric, or sometimes di- 
lated at the point where the filaments become free : lobes 5, spreading, imbricated or in- 
duplicate. Stamens 5, included. Ovary 4-celled : styles united. Ovules pendulous from 
lateral attachments. Drupe with a thin fleshy or corky exocarp and a stone of 4 or fewer 
distinct or united nutlets. E 
A shrubby vine: foliage minutely pubescent: corolla-lobes lanceolate or subulate. 1. T. volubilis. 

A fleshy shrub: foliage densely white silky-tomentose: corolla-lobes ovate or mw aa phaloides. 

1. Tournefortia volübilis L. A slender climbing shrubby vine, the foliage mi- 
nutely, usually rusty-pubescent. Leaf-blades ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. pee 
acute or short-acuminate, entire, often oblique at the base; petioles much shorter t = 
the blades: cymes with widely spreading branches: calyx nearly sessile ; lobes ae 
late, 1 mm. long, acuminate: corolla white ; tube somewhat constricted below the m1 " 
and at the throat; lobes lanceolate or subulate, shorter than the tube, erect, acuminate : 


HELIOTROPIACEAE 1005 


stamens included : fruit depressed, lobed, 2.5-3 mm. broad with 2-3 nutlets, or sometimes 
solitary. 

In sand, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies and tropical America. 

2. Tournefortia gnaphaloides (Jacq.) R. Br. An erect somewhat fleshy shrub, 
3-12 dm. tall, with silky tomentose foliage. Leaves numerous; blades linear-spatulate, 
4-10 em. long, obtuse, often imbricated : cymes with 2-4 recurved branches: calyx cam- 
panulate ; lobes 2-3 mm. long, oblong: corolla white, surpassing the calyx : stamens in- 
cluded : fruit ovoid, 5 mm. high, black, with 2 nutlets. 

Along the coast, Florida Keys. Also in the West Indies. 


2. HELIOTROPIUM L. 

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubs, with usually pubescent foliage. 
Leaves alternate or rarely nearly opposite: blades various. Flowers usually in terminal 
often scorpioid spikes or racemes, or rarely axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow. Corolla 
often colored : tube cylindric, often naked at the throat : lobes 5, imbricated or induplicate, 
inflexed at the tip. Stamens 5, included: filaments short, adnate to the corolla-tube. 
Anther-sacs sometimes appendaged at the tip. Ovary 4-celled or 2-celled, with 2 more or 
less intruding placentae : styles united. Ovules pendulous from lateral attachments. Fruit 
4-grooved or 4-lobed, or sometimes didymous, but separating into 4 nutlets. The plants 
flower mainly from spring to fall. HELIOTROPE. 


Anthers unappendaged. 
The 4 nutlets of the fruit early separating from each other. 
Foliage pubescent: anthers obtuse or merely mucronate. I. H. Europaeum. 
Foliage merely glaucous : anthers acuminate. 2. H. Curassavicum. 
The nutlets of the fruit persistently united by pairs, ultimately separating. : 
Each nutlet 2-celled and 2-seeded. j 3. H. parviflorum. 
Each nutlet with 2 seed-bearing and 2-4 empty cavities. . 4. H. Indicum. 
Anthers terminating in an appendage, sometimes glandular-hairy. 
Inflorescence bractless. x : 
Fruit 4-lobed, about 1.5 mm. broad: corolla-lobes acute. 9. H. inundatum. 
Fruit 2-lobed, 2.5-3 mm. broad : corolla-lobes obtuse. 6. H. glabriusculum. 


Inflorescence bracted. 3 
Spikes or racemes scorpioid. 


Corolla golden yellow. 7. H. Leavenworthii. 


Corolla white. 8. H. polyphyllum. 
Spikes or racemes not scorpioid. 
Flowers terminating short branchlets. 9. H. tenellum. 


Flowers, or some of them, sessile in the axils of leaf-like bracts. 
Perennial plants: foliage silky hirsute. 
Annual plants, strigose-hirsute. 11. 

1. Heliotropium Europaéum L. Annual, cinereous-pubescent. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, 
branching: leaf-blades oblong or oval, sometimes varying to ovate or obovate, 2-6 cm. 
long, obtuse or acutish, undulate ; petioles about as long as the blades or shorter: spikes 
solitary or several together, elongating in age, scorpioid : calyx sessile; lobes oblong or 
oblong-lanceolate, 2 mm. long : corolla white or bluish ; tube about as long as the calyx ; 
limb angulately 5-lobed, 3-4 mm. broad: fruit broader than high, about 3 mm. broad : 
nutlets slightly hispid. 

In waste places, New York to Florida. Naturalized from Europe. : 

2. Heliotropium Curassávicum L. Annual, or mostly perennial, fleshy, glaucous. 
Stems diffusely branched, the branches 1-4 dm. long: leaves succulent ; blades spatulate 
varying to linear or obovate, obtuse, narrowed into thick petioles : spikes solitary or 2 
together, simple or forked, elongating, scorpioid : calyx sessile ; lobes lanceolate to oblong- 
lanceolate, 1.5 mm. long, acute : corolla white, with a yellow center, turning blue; limb 
LN mm. broad, with 5 rounded lobes: fruit 2-2.5 mm. broad, surpassed by the calyx- 
obes. 
th r I coast, Virginia to Florida and Texas and on the Pacific coast. Also in,the warmer parts of 

e worid. 

3. Heliotropium parvifldrum L. Annual, more or less densely pubescent. Stems 
2-7 dm. tall, branching : leaves rather numerous ; blades elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 
em. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed into short petioles : spikes soli- 
tary or in pairs, slender, 5-15 cm. long : calyx sessile; lobes lanceolate or linear, acute : 
corolla white ; tube about as long as the calyx, bearded in the throat ; limb about 2 mm. 
broad : fruit much depressed, 2 mm. long, surpassing the calyx-lobes: 

In sand, Florida Keys and southern Texas. Also in tropical America. 


10. H. confertifolium. 
H. phyllostachyum. 


4. Heliotropium Índicum L. Annual, coarse, more or less densely hirsute. Stems 
* 1-7 dm. tall, branching : leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong, 2-10 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, 


1006 HELIOTROPIACEAE 


repand or undulate, narrowed into petioles or cordate: spikes mostly solitary, 1-3 dm. 
long, scorpioid at the tip, densely flowered : calyx sessile ; lobes linear to linear-lanceo- 
late, 1-2 mm. long: corolla blue ; limb 4-6 mm. broad : fruit miter-shaped, 3 mm. high, 
glabrous, sharply ribbed. 

In waste places and on roadsides, Virginia to Illinois, Floridaand Texas. Naturalized from India. 

5. Heliotropium inundàtum Sw. Annual, strigose with gray hairs. Stems 1-6 dm. 
tall, branching from the base: leaf-blades spatulate to oblong or oval, 2-4.5 mm. long, 
obtuse or acutish, undulate, narrowed into slender petioles: spikes solitary or several 
together, scorpioid, very slender, elongating: calyx sessile; lobes linear-lanceolate or 
lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm. long, acute: corolla white or whitish, about 2 mm. long; tube 
slightly surpassing the calyx-lobes ; lobes lanceolate-sagittate : fruit about 1.5 mm. broad. 

In low grounds, Louisiaifa to California, the Antilles and tropical America. 

6. Heliotropium glabriisculum A. Gray. Perennial, finely pubescent. Stems 0.5- 
1.5 dm. tall, rather copiously branched at the base, the branches closely strigose : leaf-blades 
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 em. long, acute or acutish, undulate, narrowed into 
short petiole-like bases, sparingly or minutely pubescent, except on the midrib: spikes 
peduncled, solitary or two together, scorpioid, stoutish : calyx sessile; lobes lanceolate, 
1.5-2 mm. long, acute: corolla white with a green eye, 3-4 mm. long; tube longer than 
the calyx-lobes ; lobes about as long as the tube: fruit 2.5-3 mm. broad. 

In dry soil, Texas, eastern New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. 

7. Heliotropium Leavenwórthii Torr. Perennial, sometimes shrubby strigose-hir- 
sute. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, branching: leaves erect or ascending ; blades linear or linear- 
elliptic, 1-2 cm. long, acute, narrowed into short petioles or nearly sessile: racemes 2-10 
em. long: pedicels very short : calyx sparingly pubescent ; lobes lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. 
long: corolla golden yellow ; tube nearly cylindric, about as long as the calyx ; limb an- 
gulately 5-lobed, 7-8 mm. broad: nutlets about 1 mm. long. 

In sand and coral rock, southern Florida. 

8. Heliotropium polypbylum Lehm. Perennial from a woody root, strigose. 
Stems several together, erect or ascending, 1-2 dm. tall, more or less branched : leaves 
numerous ; blades linear-spatulate to oblong, 0.5-2 cm. long, acute, gradually or abruptly 
narrowed into short petioles: racemes scorpioid at the tip, slender: calyx-lobes lanceo- 
late or some ovate-lanceolate, about 2mm. long, acute: corolla white ; tube about as long as 
the calyx ; limb 6-8 mm. broad, angulately 5-lobed: nutlets with 2 pits in the inner faces. 

In sand, Florida. Also in tropical America. 

9. Heliotropium tenéllum (Nutt.) Torr. Annual, strigose. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, 
forking above: leaves erect or ascending; blades linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 
1.5-5 em. long, acute, more or less revolute, sessile or short-petioled: calyx pedicelled ; 
lobes linear, unequal, 3-6 mm. long, acute: corolla white, pubescent in the throat ; tube 
nearly cylindric, about as long as the calyx ; lobes oblong-elliptic or oval, shorter than the 
tube, obtuse: fruit 4-lobed, broader than high, 3-3.5 mm. broad, pubescent, surpassed by 
the calyx. 

In dry soil, Kentucky and Kansas to Alabama and Texas. z 

_ 10. Heliotropium confertifòlium Torr. Perennial from a shrubby base, silvery with 
a silky hirsute pubescence. Stems much branched ; branches tufted : leaves crowded, im- 
bricated ; blades linear to narrowly oblong, 5-10 mm. long, acute, revolute, short-petioled : 
spikes leafy, commonly cluster-like, not scorpioid : calyx sessile; lobes linear-lanceolate, 
2-2.5 mm. long: corolla pale purple ; tube about as long as the calyx, pubescent ; limb 
angulately 5-lobed, about 4-5 mm. broad. 

In dry soil, southern and western Texas. 

11. Heliotropium phyllostáchyum Torr. Annual, strigose-hirsute. Stems much 
branched at the base ; branches 0.5-2 dm. long, spreading, diffuse : leaves firm ; blades 
oblong or elliptic, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute or obtuse, somewhat revolute, narrowed into short 
petioles : spikes or racemes slender, loosely-flowered, leafy-bracted, one-sided : calyx 3 
mm. long at maturity; lobes unequal, lanceolate or one larger and ovate-lanceojate » 
corolla white, barely surpassing the calyx ; tube slightly hispid ; lobes lanceolate, dilate 
or produced into a tooth at the base : fruit subglobose, broader than high. 

In sandy soil, Key West and southern Arizona. 


3. EUPLOCA Nutt. 
Annual caulescent herbs, usually pubescent. Leaves alternate : blades flat. Flowers 
axillary to leaf-like bracts, scattered. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow. Corolla salverform : tub 
nearly cylindric, naked in the throat : limb 5-angled, strongly plicate in aestivation. Sta- 


VERBENACEAE 1007 


mens 5, included : anthers cohering by the minutely bearded tips. Ovary 4-celled : style 
elongated, slender: cone of the stigma panicellate-setose. Ovules as in Heliotropium. 
Fruit didymous, the two lobes separating into 2 hemispherical 1-seeded nutlets. 


1. Euploca convolvulàcea Nutt. Annual, pale strigose-hirsute. Stem much 
branched : leaf-blades oblong, sometimes narrowly so, lanceolate or ovate, acute, entire, 
narrowed into short petioles : flowers short-pedicelled : calyx-lobes strigose, each with a 
broad base and a subulate tip: corolla white; tube strigose-hirsute ; limb angulate-lobed, 
1.5-2 em. wide : fruit 3.5-4 mm. broad, much shorter than the calyx. 

On sandy plains, Nebraska to California, Arkansas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


4. COCHRANEA Miers. 


Perennial, more or less shrubby plants, with branching stems. Leaves alternate : 
blades relatively narrow, undulate or slightly toothed. Flowers in scorpioid, cymosely 
disposed spikes. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow. Corolla colored: tube cylindric: lobes short. 
Stamens 5, included. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit dry or nearly so, with 2 usually two-celled 
and 2-seeded nutlets. 


1. Cochranea anchugaefólia (Poir.) Gürke. Perennial, hirsute. Stems often 
diffusely branched at the base ; branches ascending or spreading, 1-4 dm. long: leaf-blades 
linear-oblong, oblong or oblanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, acute or obtuse, repand: cymes of 
several spikes, compact or elongating in age : calyx sessile ; lobes linear or linear-lanceo- 
late, 3 mm. long: corolla violet-blue ; tube surpassing the calyx; limb 4-6 mm. broad: 
fruit 2.5-3 mm. broad, surpassed by the calyx-lobes. 


5 In waste places, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Spring to fall. Also in tropical and South 
merica, 


FAMILY 10. VERBENACEAE J. St. Hil. VERVAIN FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial herbs, or sometimes shrubs or trees. Stems commonly 
4-angled. Leaves usually alternate, sometimes clustered on short spurs, rarely 
opposite or whorled : blades simple, or rarely compound. Flowers perfect, more 
or less irregular. Calyx of 4-5 partially united sepals, persistent, usually sub- 
tended by bractlets. Corolla of 4—5 partially united petals, sometimes 2-lipped, 
hypogynous. Androecium of 2 or 4 didynamous stamens. Filaments some- 
times appendaged, adnate to the tube of the corolla, sometimes up to the throat. 
Anthers erect or incumbent. Gynoecium 2 or 4-carpellary. Styles united, ter- 
minal. Stigma entire or 2 or 4-lobed. Ovules solitary or 2 in each cavity, anat- 
ropous, erect or ascending. Fruit various, drupe-like, berry-like or dry and 
then separating into 2 or 4 nutlets. Seeds commonly solitary. Endosperm scant, 
slightly fleshy, or wanting. Embryo straight. 


Ovules solitary in each cavity. 
Inflorescence centripetal : ovules erect. 
Flowers in heads, spikes or spike-like racemes. 
Fruit of 2 or 4 nutlets, dry. : 
Stamens 4: fruit not imbedded in the rachis. 
Fruit of 4 nutlets. i 
Ovary and 4-lobed fruit with no stylopodium at the apex. 
Ovary and fruit surmounted by a Jarge stylopodium. 
Fruit of 2 nutlets. 2 
Calyx not inflated at maturity. s 
Herbs with procumbent or creeping stems. 3. PHYLA. 
Shrubs or shrubby plants, with upright stems. 
Flowers in short dense spikes, with persistent bracts: 
calyx 2-lobod. 
Corolla-tube not swollen: bracts several-ranked, con- 
cave or flat. : 4 
Corolla-tube swollen near the middle: bracts 4-ranked, 
carinate-conduplicate. | 5 
Flowers in elongated loose spikes or racemes, with nar- 
row deciduous bracts: calyx 4-lobed. 5 ALOYSIA. 
8 


. VERBENA. 
. HELLERA NTHUS. 


noe 


. LIPPIA. 


. GONIOSTACHYUM. 


Calyx inflated and inclosing the fruit. . PRIVA. 


Stamens 2: fruit imbedded in excavations of the thick rachis. . ABENA. 
» Fruit Apo riri 9. LANTANA. 
Owers in open racemes. j 
Drupes seated in the calyx: nutlets 2: stigma 2-lobed. 10. CITHAREXYLON. 
Drupes enclosed in the calyx: nutlets 4: stigma 4-lobed. 11. DURANTA. 


Inflorescence centrifugal, cymose : ovules laterally attached. 
Corolla regular : leaf-blades simple. 12. CALLICARPA. 
Corolla irregular: leaf-blades compound. 18. VITEX. 

Ovules 2 in each cavity, suspended. 14. AVICENNIA. 


1008 VERBENACEAE 


1. VERBENA L. 


Annual biennial or perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite: blades. 
entire, toothed, cleft or dissected. Flowers in spikes. Calyx sessile: tube often funnel- 
form or salverform. Corolla white or of various colors: tube straight or curved : lobes 5, 
nearly equal, or unequal and the limb 2-lipped. Stamens 4, didynamous or rarely 2, 
included. Anthers with connectives sometimes furnished with a gland. Ovary 4-celled : 
stigma 2-lobed, one lobe stigmatic. Ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit an aggregate 
of 4 nutlets enclosed in the calyx, without a stylopodium. VERBENA. 


Anthers not appendaged. 
Spikes very slender and much interrupted at maturity. 
Leaf-blades 1-2 pinnately cleft or incised. 
Bract much shorter than the calyx at maturity. 


Fruit little longer than thick. 1. V. officinalis. 
Fruit about twice as long as thick. ; 
Bracts as long as the calyxes during anthesis. 2. V. riparia. 
Bracts 15 as long as the calyxes during anthesis. 3. V. Halei. 
Bract about as long as the calyx at maturity, or about equalling it. 4. V. xutha. 


Leaf-blades merely toothed. 
Leaf-blades petioled : bract less than 4 as long as the calyx : fruit little 
longer than thick. v 
Mature sepals little longer than the fruit, the tips not meeting over the 


top. 5. V. urticaefolia. 
Mature sepals much longer than the fruit, converging over the top 
and meeting. 6. V. polystachya. 
Leaf-blades sessile: bract over 14 as long as the calyx: fruit about twice : ) 
as long as thick. 7. V. Carolinensis. 


Spikes stout, continuous by the imbricated or contiguous fruits or, if interrupted 
below, bract as long as the calyx or surpassing it. 
Corolla-limb 2-9 mm. broad. 
Bract shorter than the calyx. 
Spikes sessile or nearly so: corolla-limb 8-9 mm. broad: pubescence : 
dense, soft. 8. V. stricta. 
Spikes peduncled: corolla-limb 2.5-6 mm. broad : pubescence sparse, 
rigid or wanting. 
Spikes elongated, 6-20 cm. long, many times longer than thick. 


Leaf-blades of a lanceolate type, petioled. 9. V. hastata. 
Leaf-blades of a linear type, sessile. 10. V. angustifolia. 
Spikes short and stout, 2-4 cm. long, commonly 4-5 times longer 
than thick. rue H 
Leaf-blades sessile : spikes not crowded. 11. V. littoralis. 
Leaf-blades clasping : spikes crowded. 12. V. Bonariensis. 


Bract as long as the calyx or longer. 
Stems upright. 2 
Spikes stout, 2-5 em. long, dense: bract conspicuously surpassing 


MN the calyx ; corolla-limb 6-7 mm. broad. s i 13. V. venosa. 
pikes elongated, interrupted : bract as long as the calyx or a lit- ë ; 
tle longer : corolla-limb about 4 mm. broad. 14. V. Neo-Mexicana- 
Stems branched at the base, the branches prostrate or decumbent. 15. V. bracteosa, 
Corolla-limb 10-13 mm. broad. 16. V. Tampensts. 


Anthers of the longer stamens appendaged by a gland on the connective. 
Calyx-lobes subulate: corolla 8-15 mm. long. 


Corolla-tube about 14 longer than the calyx, the limb 7-8 mm. wide. 17. V. ciliata. 
Corolla-tube slightly longer than the calyx, the limb 3-4 mm. wide. 18. V. pumila. 


Calyx-lobes setaceous-tipped : corolla 15-25 mm. long. 
Corolla-tube about 12 longer than the calyx, the limb 8-10 mm. wide. 
Bracts setaceous-attenuate, longer than the calyx at maturity: leaf-seg- 


ments typically linear. 19, V. bipianatitda- 
+ Braets narrowly lanceolate, shorter than the calyx at maturity : leaf-seg- a brosifolia 
ments typically lanceolate. DO V, amo 5 
Corolla-tube about twice as long as the calyx, the limb 11-15 mm. wide. Drummond 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid or bipinnatifid. 21. V. G : 


Leaf-blades merely incised or incised-lobed. 


E pi at the te 
Leaf. Sata typically of a lanceolate type, more or less cuneate 22. V. Lamberti. 


ase, 
- i > ate at F: 
Leaf. E un Sea premis of an ovate type, cordate or broadly truncate 93. V. Canadensis. 


1. Verbena officinalis L. Annual, slender. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, branching, Dei 
glabrous: leaves 2-6 cm. long ; blades ovate to oblong or lanceolate in outline, 1- Pei 
natifid, more or less incised : spikes very slender : calyx minutely puberulent to 2 
lose, becoming about 2 mm. long: corolla blue or purple; tube 3 mm. long ; limb 4 mm. 
broad : nutlets oblong, barely 2 mm. long. $ 1 

In waste places and dry soil, Maine to Texas and Florida. Native of the Old World. Spring to fall. 

2. Verbena ripària Raf. Annual, stoutish. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, sparingly, p oe 
cent, widely branching: leaf-blades oblong to ovate, 4-12 cm. long, pinnatifid or bis lv 
3-parted below, prominently nerved beneath : spikes slender, interrupted : calyx minute!) 


VERBENACEAE 1009 


glandular-pubescent, becoming 3 mm. long : corolla light blue ; tube surpassing the calyx ; 
limb 3.5 mm. long: nutlets oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long. 
On river banks, New Jersey to Virginia and North Carolina. Summer. 


3. Verbena Halei Small. Annual, slender. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, glabrous, or 
strigillose above, branching near the top or rarely at the base: leaves 3-10 cm. long ; blades 
various, those of the basal and lower stem-leaves oblong to ovate, irregularly toothed and 
incised, long-petioled, those on middle part of stem commonly broader, 1—2-pinnatifid, 
those of the upper leaves sparingly toothed or entire : spikesslender: calyx becoming 3-3.5 
mm. long, strigillose : corolla blue ; tube about 3 mm. long; limb 6-7 mm. broad: nutlets 
linear-oblong, about 2.5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Indian Territory to Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 


4. Verbena xütha Lehm. Perennial, or perhaps annual, pubescent. Stems 6-10 dm. 
tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades incised-pinnatifid, or 3-parted on the lower 
part of stem, strigose to canescent, the segments coarsely toothed to laciniate : spikes rather 
slender, strict : calyx becoming 4 mm. long, strigose ; lobes acuminate, pubescent : corolla 
blue to purple ; tube shorter than the calyx ; limb 3.5-4 mm. broad : nutlets narrowly 
oblong, about 2 mm. long. 

In open grounds, Louisiana, Texas and California to Mexico. Spring to fall. 


5. Verbena urticaefólia L. Annual or perennial, sparingly pubescent with spread- 
ing hairs, or glabrous. Stems 4-15 dm. tall, often much branched : leaf-blades broadly 
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, or sometimes ovate or oval, 8-20 cm. long, coarsely and 
doubly crenate-serrate, the rounded or subcordate base decurrent on the petiole: spikes 
slender, interrupted: calyx 2 mm. long; lobes slightly longer than the fruit, but the tips 
not meeting over its top: corolla white, 4 mm. long ; tube cylindric, curved, pubescent in 
the throat: nutlets oblong, 2.2 mm. long, smooth. 

In waste places or on roadsides, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


6. Verbena polystáchya H.B.K. Similar to V. urticaefolia in habit. Leaf-blades 
relatively smaller and thicker, commonly less gradually acute or acuminate, coarsely rough- 
pubescent : spikes usually copiously and rather closely flowered: calyx-lobes acuminate or 
slenderly acute, much longer that the fruit over whose top they converge and meet. 

In dry or sandy soil, Florida, through the Gulf States to California. Also in tropical America 
Spring to fall. 

7. Verbena Carolinénsis (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. Perennial, scabro-pubescent. Stems 
2-8 dm. tall, simple, or sparingly branched above : leaf-blades spatulate to oblong or oblong- 
hastate above, 2-10 cm. long, more or less doubly serrate, prominently nerved beneath : 
spikes slender, becoming interrupted : bracts lanceolate, shorter than the calyxes: calyx 
becoming about 4 mm. long, minutely glandular-pubescent ; lobes acute: corolla pink or 
bluish, pilose without; tube surpassing the calyx: limb 5-6 mm. broad: nutlets 3 mm. 
long, glabrous. 

In sandy soil or sand, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Spring. 

8. Verbena stricta Vent. Perennial, densely pubescent with pale hairs. Stems 
rather stout, 2-12 dm. tall, simple or branching above: leaf-blades oblong, oval or sub- 
orbicular, 3-10 em. long, sharply doubly serrate or incised, rugose, sessile or nearly 80: 
spikes stout: bracts lanceolate, as long as the calyxes: calyx hirsute, becoming 5 mm. 
long ; lobes acuminate: corolla deep blue ; tube slightly surpassing calyx, pubescent; limb 
8-9 mm. broad: nutlets linear, 3.5 mm. long, glabrous, strongly reticulated. 

a [n dry soil, Minnesota to Pennsylvania, Texas and New Mexico. Naturalized eastward. Summer 
and fall. 
9. Verbena hastàta L. Perennial, rough-pubescent with short” ascending hairs. 
Stems 4-15 dm. tall, often branched above ; leaf-blades lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or some- 
times oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, often 
incised and hastate at the base : spikes erect, narrow, 2-15 cm. long, continuous : calyx 2.5 
mm. long, pubescent; lobes triangular-ovate, acute: corolla purplish blue, 4-4.5 mm. 
broad ; tube pubescent without : nutlets linear, fully 1.5 mm. long, smooth. 

In waste places and thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida and New Mexico. Summer. 


10. Verbena angustifdlia Michx. Perennial, puberulent or sparsely pubescent. 
Stems commonly branched, 1-5 dm. tall, the branches mostly erect: leaf-blades linear, 
linear-oblong or linear-spatulate at the base of the stem, 2-10 cm. long, distantly or 
coarsely serrate, rugose: spikes strict, commonly continuous: calyx nearly glabrous, be- 
coming 4 mm. long; lobes acuminate : corolla blue, pubescent without ; tube much sur- 
passing the calyx, sparingly pubescent ; limb 5-6 mm. broad : nutlets linear, 3 mm. long, 
glabrous, prominently reticulated. 

In dry soil, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Florida, Mississippi and Missouri. Summer. 

64 


1010 . VERBENACEAE 


11. Verbena littoralis H.B.K. Annual, finely pubescent above, the hairs stiff, not 
spreading. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, rather sparingly branched: leaf-blades lanceolate to 
elliptic or linear-oblong, 3-8 cm. long, sharply serrate from below the middle to the 
apex, sessile: spikes dense, 1.5—3.5 cm. long, less than 5 mm. thick, in corymbose cymes 
but not crowded : calyx minutely pubescent, becoming 3.5 or 4 mm. long; lobes acumi- 
nate : corolla pubescent ; tube about 3 longer than the calyx ; limb 2.5 mm. broad : nutlets 
1.5 mm. long, glabrous. 

In waste places, North Carolinato Florida. Naturalized from Mexico and South America. Summer. 


12. Verbena Bonariénsis L. Annual, villous-hirsute above. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, 
branching above: leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, serrate with 
broad teeth or nearly entire below the middle, partly clasping: spikes 0.5-2.5 cm. long, 
about 5 mm. thick, in rather compact cymes: calyx delicately pubescent, becoming 3-3.5 
mm. long; lobesacute: corolla pubescent without ; tube nearly twice as long as the calyx ; 
limb 2 mm. broad : nutlets about 2 mm. long, glabrous. 

In waste places and shaded banks, South Carolina. Nativeof South America. Spring and summer. 


13. Verbena venósa Gillies & Hook. Annual, finely pubescent. Stems 2-6 dm. 
tall, rather widely branched above : leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, 
acute, sharply and coarsely serrate, sessile and more or less clasping, nerves conspicuous, 
impressed above, prominent beneath: spikes narrowly cylindric, becoming 2-5 cm. long: 
calyx becoming 4-5 mm. long; lobes very short, unequal : corolla lilac or bluish, pubes- 
cent ; tube fully twice as long as the calyx; limb 6-7 mm. broad. 

In waste places, near Houston, Texas. Naturalized from South America. Summer. 


14. Verbena Néo-Mexicàna (A. Gray) Small. Annual or perennial, canescent- 
hirsute. Stems branched at the base; branches 1-3 dm. tall: leaf-blades firm, 1-5 cm. 
long, ovate to linear in outline, coarsely toothed, incised or pinnatifid, with broadly 
margined bases, prominently nerved beneath: spikes interrupted, conspicuously bracted : 
corolla purple or whitish ; tube slightly surpassing the calyx; limb about 4 mm. broad: 
nutlets linear-oblong, 2 mm. long, strongly reticulated except at the base. 

In dry soil, Texas and New Mexico. Spring. 


15. Verbena bractedsa Michx. Annual or perennial, hirsute. Stems branched at 
the base; branches prostrate or procumbent, 1-5 dm. long, more or less branched : leaf- 
blades pinnatifid, 1-6 cm. long, prominently nerved beneath in age : spikes conspicuously 
bracted, continuous or nearly so: bracts much longer than the calyxes: calyx bristly, 
becoming 3 mm. long; lobes acute: corolla purple or bluish ; tube about twice as long as 
the calyx ; limb about 2 mm. broad: nutlets linear, 2 mm. long, strongly reticulated. 

_In waste places and on prairies, Minnesota to British Columbia, Georgia, Florida, Texas and Cali- 
fornia. Spring and summer. 

16. Verbena Tampénsis Nash. Perennial, glabrate or strigillose. Stems often 
branched at the base, the branches 1-6 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate to oblong, 2-8 cm. 
long, coarsely serrate or incised, cuneate at the base: spikes 2-10 cm. long, at length inter- 
rupted : bracts about 3 as long as the calyxes: calyx 12-15 mm. long; lobes subulate, 2-4 
mm. long: corolla purple; tube pubescent without and at throat, 1.5 cm. long; limb 
10-13 mm. broad : anthers without glands on the connective : nutlets 4 mm. long, ridged, 
enlarged at the base, pitted above the middle. 

Insand, peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. 

17. Verbena ciliata Benth. Mainly perennial. Stem branched at the base, the 
branches 5-20 cm. long, hirsute : leaf-blades 1.5-3 cm. long, once or twice 3-cleft or parted, 
the segments narrow : calyx becoming 7 or 8 mm. long ; lobes subulate : corolla 10-15 mm. 
long ; tube about 3 longer than the calyx ; limb 7-8 mm. wide: nutlets fully 3 mm. long, 
strongly wrinkled. 

On plains or dry hills, Colorado to Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. : 

18. Verbena pümila Rydb. Similar to V. ciliata in habit. Leaf-blades typically 
less deeply and less finely cut: calyx becoming about 6 mm. long ; lobes subulate: coro r 
8-10 mm. long ; tube slightly longer than the calyx: limb 3-4 mm. wide: nutlets barely 
3 mm. long, wrinkled. 

In dry soil, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 

19. Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Perennial, sometimes flowering the first year. 
Stems often branched at the base, the branches 1—4 dm. long, hirsute : leaf-blades 2-5 E 
long, bipinnately parted, and often primarily 3-divided, the segments ty pically e 
calyx becoming 9 or 10 mm. long ; lobes setaceous-tipped, surpassed by the bracts: coro 
limb 7-9 mm. wide: nutlets 3 mm. long, prominently wrinkled above. 

On plains or in dry ground, South Dakota to Louisiana, Texas and Mexico. Spring and summos 


VERBENACEAE 1011 


20. Verbena ambrosifólia Rydb. Resembling V. bipinnatifida but larger. Stems 
and foliage less hirsute : leaf-blades less deeply and less finely divided, the segments typi- 
cally lanceolate: calyx becoming 8-9 mm. long; lobes setaceous-tipped, surpassing the 
bracts: corolla limb 6-8 mm. wide: nutlets 2.5 mm. long, coarsely wrinkled all over. 

In dry or stony soil, South Dakota and Colorado to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Spring and 
summer, 

21. Verbena Drummóndii (Lindl.) Baxt. Perennial, but often flowering early. 
Stems often branched at the base, the branches 2-4 dm. long, hirsute : leaf-blades 2-5 cm. 
long, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, the segments typically narrow : calyx becoming 9-10 mm. 
long, surpassing the bract at maturity : corolla limb fully 11 mm. wide: nutlets over 3 mm. 
long, wrinkled from below the middle to the apex. 

On prairies, or in sandy bottoms or woods, Virginia to Kansas, Texas and New Mexico. Spring 
and summer. 

22. Verbena Lambértii Sims. Perennial. Stem commonly branched at the base, 
the branches hirsute : leaf-blades 3-9 cm. long, typically of a lanceolate type, incised or in- 
cised-lobed, acute or acuminate at the apex, more or less cuneately narrowed at the base : 
calyx becoming 11-13 mm. long, surpassing the bract : corolla-limb 11-13 mm. wide : nut- 
lets about 3 mm. long, shallowly wrinkled throughout. 

Insandy or dry soil, Tennessee to Arkansas, South Carolina, Florida and Texas. Spring and 
summer, 

23. Verbena Canadensis ( L.) Britton. Perennial, stouter than the two preceding 
species. Stem or branches 3-6 dm. long, minutely pubescent or puberulent : leaf-blades 
3-8 cm. long, typically of an ovate type, incised or incised-lobed, rather rounded at the 
apex, cordate or broadly truncate at the base: calyx becoming 12-14 mm. long, mainly 
surpassing the bract : corolla-limb 12-15 mm. wide: nutlets 3.5 mm. long, wrinkled all over. 

On prairies, Illinois to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


2. HELLERÁNTHUS Small. 

Annual pubescent herbs, more or less diffusely branched from the base. Leaves oppo- 
site: blades pinnatifid or parted. Flowers in terminal compact spikes, each subtended by 
a narrow bract. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Corolla white or pink: tube terete: limb 5- 
lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous: anthers unappendaged. Ovary 4-celled, surmounted by 
a hemispheric stylopodium. Stigma 2-lobed, one lobe stigmatic. Ovules solitary in each 
cavity. Fruit an aggregate of 4 tardily separating nutlets, the group surmounted by a 
pyramidal stylopodium, the whole enclosed in the calyx. f 

1. Helleranthus quadrangulatus (Heller) Small. Foliage hirsute. Stems branched 
at the base ; branches spreading or prostrate, 1-3 dm. long, forking: leaves numerous ; 
blades 1-2.5 cm. long, broadly ovate, incised-pinnatifid, or some 3-parted, the lobes incised 
or cleft, surfaces strigose-hirsute : spikes dense, 1-3 cm. long: bracts narrowly lanceolate, 
shorter than the calyx : calyx bristly, becoming 5 mm. long ; lobes acute : corolla white 
to pink ; tube surpassing the calyx ; limb 2.5-3 mm. broad, the lobes notched : fruit in- 
cluded, constricted at the middle, surmounted by a pyramidal stylopodium whose angles 
alternate with lobes. [ Verbena quadrangulata Heller. 


In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 
3. PHYLA Lour. 

Perennial caulescent procumbent or creeping herbs. Leaves opposite: blades flat, 
toothed or lobed. Flowers perfect, in congested peduncled axillary spikes, each subtended 
by a conspicuous persistent bract. Calyx membranous: tube flattened and 2-keeled, the 2 
lateral lobes conduplicate. Corolla 2-lipped: tube incurved, terete: limb oblique, the 
segments 4, often retuse or eroded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : filaments short : 
anthers with unappendaged connectives. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma oblique or recurved. 
Ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit dry, with a crustaceous or corky coat, tardily sepa- 
rating into 2 nutlets. The plants flower from spring to fall. 


Leaf-blades with 1-4 pairs of salient remote teeth near the apex. : UE 
Peduncles shorter than the subtending bracts or but little longer: fruit oval. 1. P. cuneifolia. 
Peduncles much longer than the subtending bracts : fruit obovoid. 2. P. incisa. 


f-blades with several pairs of low approximate teeth. : 
Leaf-blades mostly broadest above the middle, toothed from above the middle to : 
the apex : calyx-lobes shorter than the tube: fruit pubescent at the apex. 3. P. nodíftora. 
Leaf-blades mostly broadest below the middle, toothed from below the middle to 
the apex : calyx-lobes longer than the tube : fruit glabrous. 4. P. lanceolata. 
1. Phyla cuneifdlia ( Torr.) Greene. Foliage strigillose-canescent. Stems branched 


at the base; branches procumbent, rarely, if ever, creeping, 2-10 dm. long, often branch- 


1012 VERBENACEAE 


ing: leaves opposite, commonly clustered in the axils ; blades linear-cuneate, 1-3 m. long, 
incisely 2-8-toothed above the middle, nearly nerveless except the prominent midrib, ses- 
sile: peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves or slightly longer: bracts 3-4 mm. 
long, apiculate, with wing-like shoulders at top: calyx 3 mm. long, pubescent: corolla 
purplish or whitish, 4 mm. long, glabrous; tube slightly surpassing the calyx ; lower lip 
of limb about as long as the tube: fruit oval, about 1.5 mm. long. [Lippia cuneifolia Torr. ] 

In dry soil, Wyoming to Nebraska, south to Texas and Arizona. 

2. PhylaincisaSmall. Foliage strigillose-canescent. Stems branching at the base ; 
branches spreading or prostrate, often creeping, simple or branched: leaves opposite, some 
often clustered in the axils; blades linear-cuneate, 1-3.5 cm. long, incisely 2-8-toothed 
above the middle, nerveless except the prominent midrib : peduncles at least twice as long as 
the subtending bracts: heads subglobose, becoming cylindric, 1-2 cm. long: bracts rhom- 
boidal, 2 mm. long, acute, ciliolate : calyx barely 2 mm. long, puberulent : corolla white 
or bluish, 2.5-3 mm. long ; tube becoming funnelform ; lower lip with a middle lobe some- 
what larger than the lateral ones: fruit broadly obovoid, 1.5-2 mm. long. 

In sand, Texas. 

3. Phyla nodiflóra (L.) Greene. Foliage strigillose. Stems branched at the base ; 
branches prostrate, creeping, 2-7 dm. long, more or less branched : leaves opposite, some 
commonly clustered ; blades spatulate, 1-3 em. long, serrate from above the middle to 
apex, nearly sessile or short-petioled : peduncles much longer than the subtending bracts : 
spikes becoming cylindric, 1 cm. long, 5 mm. thick: bracts flabellate, 1.5-2 mm. long, 
often 3 mm. broad, apiculate: calyx puberulent, 2 mm. long: corolla purple to white, 2 
mm. long: fruit obovoid, 1 mm. long. [Lippia nodiflora L.] 

In sandy soil, Georgia to Florida. 

4. Phyla lanceolata ( Michx. ) Greene. Foliage strigillose. Stems commonly branched 
at the base; branches procumbent, creeping, 1-4 dm. long, simple or branching: leaves 
opposite, some occasionally clustered in the axils; blades elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5—5 cm. 
long, acute, sharply serrate, except the cuneate base, short-petioled, the nerves ending in 
the sinuses : peduncles longer than the subtending leaves: heads globular, becoming cylin- 
dric, 9-15 mm. long at maturity : bracts rhombic, 2-3 mm. long, acute: calyx about 2 mm. 
long: corolla pale blue, 2-2.5 mm. long: fruit 1-1.5 mm. long. 


4. LIPPIA L. 

Shrubs or shrubby plants, more or less aromatic. Leaves opposite: blades usually 
toothed. Flowers in short-peduncled axillary congested spikes, each subtended by a per- 
sistent imbricated bract of an acute or lanceolate type, in several series. Calyx 2-lobed, 
compressed and keeled. Corolla much longer than the calyx: tube incurved, not swollen ; 
limb 2-lipped. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cavity. 
Fruit separating into 2 nutlets. ; 

1. Lippia geminata H.B.K. Perennial, minutely pubescent. Stems 4-9 dm. tall: 
leaf-blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5-4 cm. long, acute, serrate, with nerves impressed 
above, canescent beneath, abruptly narrowed or truncate at the base ; petioles shorter than 
the blades : peduncles mostly solitary, somewhat longer than the subtending petioles : bracts 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5 mm. long, ciliate: calyx 1.5 mm. long, villous-hirsute : 
corolla purple or violet, about 4 mm. long ; tube minutely hirsute above the middle; lim 
about 2.5 mm. high, the lower lip much the largest. 

In low grounds, southern Texas and tropical America. 


5. GONIOSTÁCHYUM Small. i 
Shrubs or shrubby plants, mostly aromatic. Leaves opposite : blades mostly pag eee 
Flowers in peduncled axillary congested spikes, which are often in pairs. Bracts ge 
4-ranked, carinate-conduplicate, persistent. Calyx 2-lobed, compressed and ge : 
keeled. Corolla surpassing the calyx: tube abruptly swollen near the middle ; limb 4- 

lipped. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cavity. Fruit separating into 2 gape 
1. Goniostachyum gravéolens (H.B.K.) Small. A branching shrub 2 kon 
tall, with finely pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades oblong-ovate to ovate, 1-3 "~ aie 
rounded at the apex, finely crenate, rugose, scabrous above, rounded or subcordate r pac : 
petioles much shorter than blades : peduncles 3-6 at an axil, shorter than subtending 9 e. 
bracts imbricated, ovate or hastate, 3 mm. long, longer than calyx, acute: caly is 4 ni 
long ; lobes triangular, much shorter than the tube : corolla yellowish white, abou * et 
long, puberulent ; tube swollen above the middle ; limb 2.5-3 mm. broad, the lobes crisped. 

\ {Lippia graveolens H.B.K.] 


In dry soil. Texas near the Rio Grande to Mexico. 


VERBENACEAE 1013 


6. ALOYSIA Ortega. 


Shrubs, usually sweet-aromatic. Leaves opposite: blades entire or toothed. Flowers 
perfect, in axillary slender loosely flowered spikes or racemes, each subtended by a narrow 
inconspicuous deciduous bract. Calyx usually pubescent: tube angled, not flattened : 
lobes 4, slender, nearly equal. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip and the lobes of the lower 
lip nearly equal. Nutlets thin-walled. 

1. Aloysia ligustrina (Lag.) Small. A branching shrub 1-3 m. tall, with puberulent 
foliage, sometimes spinescent. Leaves opposite ; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 6-25 
mm. long, acute or acutish, commonly entire, short-petioled : racemes spike-like, short- 
peduncled, 1-8 cm. long: bracts about as long as the calyx, acuminate: calyx hirsute, 
2-2.5 mm. long ; lobes subulate or lanceolate-subulate, about as long as the tube : corolla 
white, tinged with violet, 3 mm. long; tube slightly curved ; limb 2.5 mm. high, the lobes 
crisped, the lower one largest. [Verbena ligustrina Lag. Lippia lycioides Steud. ] 

In rocky soil, Texas to California and Mexico. 


7. PRIVA Adans. 


Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite: blades membranous, toothed. Flowers 
in slender peduncled spikes. Calyx sessile or nearly so: tube 5-ribbed : lobes 5. Corolla 
salverform: tube straight or incurved, slightly dilated above: limb spreading, oblique, 
slightly 2-lipped : lobes 5, short. Stamens 4, didynamous, included: anthers with parallel 
or slightly divergent sacs. Staminodium minute or wanting. Ovary 2-celled, each cavity 
with more or less well developed septa. Ovules 2, or by abortion 1, at the base of each 
cavity. Fruit enclosed in the calyx, separating into 2 nutlets. 

1. Priva echinàta Juss. Foliage more or less pubescent. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, 
branching : leaf-blades ovate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, serrate, truncate or cor- 
date at the base ; petioles much shorter than the blades : racemes loosely flowered, 5-15 cm. 
long : pedicels 1-2 mm. long: calyx cylindric-prismatic, 2-3 mm. long, accrescent, pubes- 
cent : corolla slightly surpassing the calyx, salverform, with short rounded lobes: fruit 
ovoid-pyramidal, 5-7 mm. long: nutlets included in the calyx, spiny-tuberculate on the 
back, 3-4 mm. long. 


Insandy soil, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


8. ABENA Neck. 


Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate: blades toothed, 
often rugose. Flowers solitary and sessile in the axils of bracts, or imbedded in excava- 
tions of the thick rachis. Calyx membranous or herbaceous: lobes 5, equal or unequal, 
usually unchanged at maturity. Corolla white or of various colors: tube sometimes 
slightly dilated above: limb spreading: lobes 5, equal or unequal. Stamens 2, included : 
anthers with unappendaged connectives. Staminodia 2, small. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 
solitary in each cavity. Fruit included in the calyx, separating into 2 nutlets. 

1. Abena Jamaicénsis (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. An annual shrubby plant, with spar- 
ingly pubescent or glabrate foliage. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaves alternate or opposite ; 
blades oblong, ovate or oval, 2-8 em. long, coarsely serrate, abruptly or gradually narrowed 
at the base ; petioles margined, as long as the blades or shorter: spikes 1.5-5 dm. long, 
quill-like : bracts imbricated, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, 5-8 
mm. long: flowers in depressions of rachis : calyx-lobes triangular or triangular-ovate : 
corolla blue, 8-11 mm. long; tube slightly curved; limb 8 mm. broad: nutlets 3 mm. 
long, buried in the rachis. (Stachytarpheta Jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. ] 

In sandy soil, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


9. LANTANA L. 


Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with pubescent foliage, sometimes armed with prickles. 
Leaves opposite: blades toothed, often rugose. Flowers in dense or congested peduncled 
spikes. Calyx membranous, with a truncate or sinuate border. Corolla white or of vari- 
ous colors: tube slender, often curved, sometimes slightly dilated above: limb more or 
less 2-lipped : lobes 4-5, obtuse or retuse. Stamens 4, didynamous: filaments adnate to 
about the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma oblique. Ovules solitary 


1014 VERBENACEAE 


in each cavity. Fruit drupe-like, with a more or less watery pulp. Nutlets 2-celled or 
separating into 2 one-seeded nutlets. The plants flower throughout the year. 


Flower-heads bracted, but not involucrate, 3 
Leaf-blades cuneate to rounded at the base, rather finely crenate-serrate. 1. L. Camara. 
Leaf-blades truncate or cordate at the base, coarsely crenate or serrate-crenate. 2. L. horrida. 
Flower-heads decidedly involucrate. 
Leaf-blades acute or acutish, coarsely toothed : corolla-tube about 10 mm. long. 3. L. Sellowiana. 
Leaf-blades rounded or retuse at the apex, crenulate: corolla-tube 2-4 mm. long. 

Outer bracts of the involucre ovate. 4. L. involucrata. 

Outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 5. L. odorata. 

l. Lantana Camàra L. A branching shrub 1-1.5 m. tall, rigid-pubescent, unarmed, 
or prickly. Leaf-blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 4-12 cm. long, obtuse, acute, or short- 
acuminate, finely crenate-serrate, rounded or narrowed at the base: bracts oblong to 
lanceolate, 4-7 mm. long: calyx very thin, 3 mm. long: corolla yellow or orange ; tube 
about 1 cm. long, puberulent, slightly curved, barely enlarged above the middle ; limb 6-8 
mm. high. 

In sandy soil, Georgia to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 


2. Lantana hórrida H.B.K. A branching shrub mostly 1-2 m. tall, more or less 
prickly and hirsute. Leaf-blades ovate to orbicular-ovate or deltoid-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 
obtuse or acute, coarsely crenate or serrate-crenate, truncate or cordate at the base: bracts 
narrow: calyx about 2 mm. long: corolla deep yellow or orange-red ; tube 7-9 mm. long, 
enlarged above the middle ; limb 7-8 mm. high. 

In sandy soil or thickets, Gulf States, Mexico and Central America. 

3. Lantana Sellowiàna Link & Otto. A branching shrub 3-18 dm. tall, with 
tomentulose foliage. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or elliptic-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, acute or 
acutish, relatively coarsely crenate, abruptly narrowed or truncate at the base; petioles 
generally winged below the blade: bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong-elliptic, ciliate, 
5-6 mm. long: calyx 1 mm. high: corolla magenta or lilac; tube about 1 em. long, puber- 
ulent ; limb 8-10 mm. high, the lower lobe much longer than the others. 

In waste places, pine lands and thickets, Florida. Common in tropical America. 

4. Lantana involucràta L. A much-branched shrub 4-17 dm. tall, with puberulent 
or thickly tomentulose foliage. Leaves sometimes clustered in the axils ; blades oval, obo- 
vate to suborbicular, 1-3 cm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, finely crenate, usually 
cuneately narrowed at the base : outer bracts of the involucre ovate, 4-7 mm. long, cilio- 
late : calyx becoming 1.5 mm. long : corolla white, puberulent ; tube 2-4 mm. long, slightly 
enlarged at the middle ; limb 2-4 mm. high, the lower lobe the largest. 

In sandy soil, pine lands and open hammocks, Florida. Also in tropical America. 

5. Lantana odorata L. Similar to L. involucrata in habit. Leaves similar, but 
commonly larger: bracts of the involucre narrower, the outer lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
late. [L. involucrata var. Floridana Chapm.] 

In pine lands and hammocks, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 


10. CITHARÉXYLUM L. : 

Evergreen shrubs, sometimes armed with axillary spines. Leaves opposite, without 
stipules. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal racemes. Pedicels subtended by minute 
persistent bracts. Calyx membranous: tube narrowly campanulate, minutely 5-lobed, per- 
sistent. Corolla mostly white, salverform: tube symmetrical: limb slightly oblique : 
lobes 5, nearly equal. Stamens 4, adnate, like the staminodium, to the corolla-tube below 
the middle : filaments filiform-subulate: anthers introrse. Ovary sessile, incompletely 4- 
celled by the development of 2 parietal placentae. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules solitary, as- 
cending, anatropous. Drupe berry-like, subtended by the persistent calyx, with a fleshy pulp 
and a thick bony stone which separates into 2 flattened 2-seeded nutlets. Seeds elongated» 
with a membranous testa. Endosperm wanting. 


a : : -li : 1. C. brachyanthum. 

i-i ee ease Dui Mmm t Cnm 

1. Citharexylum brachyánthum A. Gray. A much branched shrub, with pibe c 
foliage, the branchlets 4-angled: leaves few, often clustered ; blades linear-spatu qo 
cuneate or obovate, 6-12 mm. long, obtuse, nerveless, sessile or nearly so, on ar ent 
bases becoming spinescent : flowers clustered on short spur-like branches: calyx pu tate 
nearly 4 mm. long; lobes 5, low : corolla white; tube about 4 mm. long, campanu **» 
lobes rounded, shorter than the tube: fruit subglobose, 6 mm. in diameter. 

On dry plains or hillsides, southern Texas. 


VERBENACEAE 1015 


2. Citharexylum villósum Jacq. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 7 m. tall, with 
softly pubescent or glabrate foliage. Leaf-blades rather leathery, elliptic, oblong or ob- 
long-obovate, 5-15 cm. long, rounded at the apex or acuminate at both ends, undulate, 
lustrous above, short-petioled : racemes spike-like, 5-12 cm. long, short-peduncled : calyx 
campanulate, 3 mm. long, pubescent, undulately lobed : corolla white, glabrous without ; 
tube pubescent within, surpassing the calyx ; limb 5-7 mm. broad ; lobes rounded, spread- 
ing: fruit subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter, reddish brown, lustrous, 

In sandy soil, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


1l. DURANTA L. 


Shrubs or small trees, with sometimes armed branches. Leaves opposite or whorled : 
blades entire or often toothed. Flowers small, in elongated terminal or short axillary 
racemes. Calyx pedicelled : tube campanulate or tubular, truncate or minutely 5-lobed. 
Corolla funnelform or salverform : tube cylindric, straight or incurved : limb spreading, ob- 
lique or of 5 equal lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Anthers with unappendaged 
connectives : sacs distinct. Ovary partially or imperfectly 8-celled. Stigma oblique, some- 
times unequally 4-lobed. Ovules solitary or 2 in each cavity. Drupe included in the calyx, 
of 4 nutlets. Seeds without endosperm. 

1. Duranta répens L. A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 6 m., with gla- 
brate or finely pubescent foliage and unarmed or spiny branches. Leaves numerous ; 
blades ovate-elliptic, oval or obovate, 1.5-5 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, entire or serrate 
above the middle, short-petioled : racemes 5-15 cm. long, recurving, paniculate : pedicels 
1-5 mm. long: calyx 3-4 mm. long, angled ; lobes acute, shorter than the tube: corolla 
lilac ; tube surpassing the calyx ; limb 7-9 mm. broad : fruit yellow, globular, 7-11 mm. 
in diameter, enclosed by accrescent yellowish calyx which is produced into a curved beak. 

In sandy soil, Florida. Also in tropical America. 


12. CALLICARPA L. 


Shrubs or trees, with usually pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite : blades entire, toothed 
or rarely lobed. Flowers in axillary sessile or peduncled cymes. Calyx unchanged at 
maturity : tube campanulate, truncate, or with 4 short lobes. Corolla white, blue or pur- 
ple: tube very short, straight: limb spreading, with 4 equal imbricate lobes. Stamens 
4, equal, often exserted : anthers with parallel sacs. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled. Stigma 
2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, laterally attached. Drupe globose or depressed, seated 
in the calyx, pulpy, white, purple, violet or red. 

1. Callicarpa Americana L. A bushy shrub 1-2 m. tall, with scurfy-stellate pubes- 
cence. Leaf-blades thinnish, ovate, elliptic or oval, acute or acuminate at both ends, ser- 
rate, glabrate above ; petioles 1-2 cm. long: cymes axillary, many-flowered, shorter than 
subtending petioles: calyx campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long, with 5 low lobes: corolla bluish 
or pink; limb about 5 mm. broad, the lobes rounded : fruit violet, subglobose, 4-5 mm. 
in diameter. 

In dry sandy soil, Virginia and Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


13. VITEX L. 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite: blades usually 3-7 digitately compound, or rarely 
I-foliolate. Flowers in cymes, which are sometimes whorled. Calyx campanulate or rarely 
tubular-funnelform, with 5 or rarely 3 lobes. Corolla white, yellow, blue or purplish : 
tube variable in length, straight or nearly so: limb spreading, oblique, somewhat 2-lipped. 
Stamens 4, didynamous, often exserted. Anthers with distinct nearly parallel, arched or 
spreading sacs. Ovary at first imperfectly 2-celled, becoming 4-celled. Ovules 4, solitary 
in each cavity. Drupe seated in the calyx or rarely nearly included, usually rather dry. 
Seeds without endosperm. 


1. Vitex Ágnus-Cástus L. A branching shrub 1-3 m. tall, with finely pale pubes- 
cent foliage. Leaf-blades 7-foliolate ; petioles shorter than the longer leaflets, often 
spreading ; leaflets linear to linear-elliptic, 2-10 cm. long, acutish, entire, glabrate above, 
slender-petioluled : panicles narrow, 5-15 cm. long ; clusters interrupted : calyx campanu- 
late, 2-2.5 mm. long, white ; lobes triangular, shorter than tube: corolla blue or purplish, 


1016 LAMIACEAE 


7-8 mm. long, puberulent without ; tube much longer than the calyx ; limb 5-6 mm. broad, 
the lobes unequal, the smaller broadly ovate: stamens exserted : fruit 3.5-4 mm. long. 
In sand or sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Naturalized from the Old World. 


14. AVICÉNNIA I. 


Evergreen maritime shrubs or trees, with stout nodose branches. Leaves opposite, 
without stipules: blades leathery, entire, persistent. Flowers opposite, in spikes or heads : 
peduncles stoutish, axillary or 3 at the ends of the bractlets. Bracts and bractlets alike, 
shorter than the calyx. Calyx cup-like, pubescent like the bracts: lobes 5, concave, per- 
sistent. Corolla campanulate, inserted on an inconspicuous disk: tube short, nearly cylin- 
dric ; limb 4-lobed, spreading, the posterior lobe often broader than the rest. Stamens 
4, adnate to the upper part of the corolla-tube : anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled with a 
free central placenta. Stigma 2-cleft. Ovules 4, suspended from the central placenta. 
Capsule oblique, subtended by the persistent calyx, apiculate. 

1. Avicennia nítida Jacq. An evergreen shrub or tree sometimes 25 m. tall, with 
pubescent young foliage, but soon glabrous. Leaves numerous ; blades leathery, oblong or 
slightly broadest above or below the middle, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, slightly 
revolute, dark green above, pale and minutely canescent beneath, short-petioled: panicles 
2-5 cm. long, rather few-flowered : calyx somewhat silky ; lobes 3-4 mm. long, acute or 
acutish : corolla pubescent within and without, 1-1.5 cm. broad; lobes usually broadest 
above the middle: fruit oblong or elliptic, 3-5 cm. long, acutish. - 

In sandy soil, Florida, Mississippi and Texas. Also in tropical America. BLACK MANGROVE. 


FAMILY 11. PHRYMÀCEAE Schauer. LOPSEED FAMILY. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with irregular rootstocks and upright angled 
stems. Leaves opposite: blades membranous, simple. Inflorescence spicate. 
Flowers perfect, irregular, subtended by small bracts. Calyx spreading, be- 
coming reflexed at maturity, 2-lipped : tube cylindric at flowering time; upper 
lip with 2 lobes, the lower with 3 much longer lobes. Corolla colored, 2-lipped : 
tube cylindric: lips unequal, the upper erect, concave, notched, the lower lip 
larger, spreading, convex, with 3 obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included, didyna- 
mous. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, oblique. Style slender. 
Stigmas 2. Ovules solitary orthotropous, ascending. Fruit a narrow achene 
surrounded by the accrescent deflexed ribbed closed calyx. Embryo with convo- 
lute cotyledons in the endosperm. 


1. PHRYMA L. 


Characters of the family. LopsEEp. 

2. Phryma leptostachya L. Slender, minutely pubescent; dark green. Stems 3-10 
dm. tall, simple below, branched above, clothed with reflexed hairs, enlarged and purple 
above the nodes: leaf-blades ovate or elliptic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long, 
acute, acuminate or obtusish, serrate or serrate-crenate, abruptly narrowed into slender 
petioles; these nearly equalling the blades on the lower part of the stem, very duis 
above : spikes puberulent, 2-20 em. long : calyx cylindrie, 3-5 mm. long, accrescent ; tu 
fluted ; lobes tooth-like, the 3 upper linear, magenta, hooked at the tip, the 21owertriangu- 
lar-ovate: corolla 8 mm. long, white, and usually tinged with magenta; upper lip ovate, 
magenta, notched at the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed, the lobes obtuse: fruit 4-5 mm. long, 
rounded at both ends, enclosed in the hardened calyx-tube, which is terminated by the 
rigid lobes. 

In woods and thickets, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Kansas. Spring and fall. 


FAMILY 12. LAMIACEAE Lindl. MiNT FAMILY. 


Aromatie herbs or shrubby plants, or rarely trees, whose vegetative p 
abound in a volatile oil and a bitter principle. Stems 4-sided. Leaves ORE 
or whorled : blades simple, entire, or variously toothed, lobed or cleft. In ek 
escence of axillary often congested or reduced cymes. Flowers perfect, irregu " 


LAMIACEAE 1017 


or nearly regular. Calyx free, persistent, regular or irregular, often oblique : 
lobes 5, commonly slender. Corolla gamopetalous, bilabiate, or nearly regular, 
deciduous. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens (one of the pairs sometimes 
wanting or abortive) adnate to the corolla tube, variable in position. Filaments 
naked or bearded. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium compound. Ovary free, 
deeply 4-lobed, 4-celled. Styles central, united, arising from between the lobes. 
Stigma terminal, often inconspicuous. Ovules solitary, erect. Fruit usually of 
4 small nutlets or achenes, included in the persistent calyx. Seed solitary, erect. 


Endosperm fleshy or wanting. Embryo straight. [Labiatae B. Juss.] 


Ovary of 4 united carpels, 4-lobed : style not basal: nutlets laterally attached. 
Corolla very irregular: limb nearly I-lipped, the upper lip very short. 
Flowers in congested cymes axillary to small bracts, disposed in a raceme- 
like panicle: calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. 
Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts nearly similar to the leaves: calyx- 
lobes longer than the tube. 
Corolla nearly regular. 


. TEUCRIUM. 


. MELOSMON. 


Stamens only slightly exserted, nearly equal. 3. ISANTHUS, 
Stamens conspicuously exserted, strongly didynamous. 4. TRICHOSTEMA. 
Ovary of 4 distinct or nearly distinct carpels : style basal: nutlets basally attached. 
5. SCUTELLARIA. 


Calyx with a crest on the upper side or upper lip ; lips 2, entire. 
Calyx without a crest on the upper side: lips not entire. 
Stamens included. 
Stamens exserted (except in Dicerandra odoratissima). 
Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped : lips different, the upper concave. 
Anther-bearing stamens 4. 
Upper pair of filaments longer than the lower. 
e 


. MARRUBIUM. 


Anther-saes parallel or nearly so.  . 
Upper pairof stamens declined, lower pair ascending: erect 
erbs. ‘ 7. AGASTACHE. 
Upper and lower pair of stamens ascending : trailing herbs. 8. MEEHANIA. 
Anther-sacs diverging. 
Calyx barely 2-lipped, with 5 nearly equal lobes: erect herbs. 9. NEPETA. 
Calyx 2-lipped, with unequal lobes: trailing herbs. 10. GLECOMA. 
Upper pair of filaments shorter than the lower. 
Calyx manifestly 2-lipped. 
Upper lip of the calyx broad, with 3 lobes, the lower with 2 
tooth-like lobes. 
Anther-sacs divaricate : flowers 3 together, or 6 in a whorl: 
11. PRUNELLA. 


calyx dorsally flattened. 
Anther-saes parallel: flowers solitary, or 2 in à whorl: 
calyx somewhat inflated. 
Upper lipof the calyx narrow, entire, the lower lipof 2 equal 
broad lobes. 
Calyx not 2-lipped, often slightly irregular, but the lobes essen- 
tially similar. b 
Tube of the calyx faintly nerved, inflated at maturity. 
Calyx-lobes 5. 
Calyx-lobes 4. 
Tube of the calyx prominently 5-10-nerved, not inflated at 
maturity. 
Anther-saes transversely 2-valved. 
Anther-saes not transversely 2-valved. 
Nutlets 3-sided, truncate above. 
Calyx-lobes not spine-tipped. 
Calyx-lobes ae docet. 
Calyx-lobes 5. 
Calyx-lobes 8-10, 
Nutlets nearly terete, rounded above. 
Anther-bearing stamens 2. 1 
Connective of the anther elongated, bearing a perfect sac at one end 
and a rudimentary one at the other. 
Calyx-throat glabrous or merely ciliate at the base of the lobes. 
Calyx-throat densely bearded with white hairs and closed by 
them at maturity. 
Connective short: anther-sacs confluent. 
Calyx not Lt te ; tube 15-ribbed ; teeth nearly equal. 
Calyx 2-lip ; tube 13-ribbed ; teeth unequal. 
Corolla nearly regular or if 2-lipped, the upper lip flat or not concave. 
A. Stamens 2-4: filaments straight and spreading or converging under 
the upper lip of the corolla. : : 
Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters; these sometimes forming 
terminal spike-like racemes or panicles. 
* Corolla 2-lipped. : 
1 Ea nenie curved, converging under the upper lip of the 
corolla. 
Aahe berag stamens 2. 7 : 
Calyx gibbous; throat closed by hairs : corolla without 
folds in the throat. ; 
Calyx not gibbous ; throat not closed by hairs: corolla 
with 2 folds in the throat. 
Anther-bearing stamens 4. 
Corolla-tube strongly bent. 
Anther-sacs divergent. 
Anther-sacs parallel. 
Corolla-tube straight. : 
Calyx with 5 nearly equal lobes, not 2-lipped. 


. BRAZORIA. 


. MACBRIDEA. 


. PHYSOSTEGIA. 
5. SYNANDRA. 


. GALEOPSIS. 


. LAMIUM. 
. LEONURUS. 


. LEONOTIS. 
. STACHYS. 


. SALVIA. 
. SALVIASTRUM. 


. MONARDA. 
. BLEPHILIA. 


. HEDEOMA. 


. STACHYDEOMA. 


. MELISSA. 


. CONRADINA. 


1018 LAMIACEAE 


Calyx-tube 10-ribbed. 29. PYCNOTHYMUS. 
Calyx-tube 13-ribbed. 30. MICROMERIA. 
Calyx 2-lipped. 
Anther-sacs awnless. 31. CLINOPODIUM. 
Anther-sacs awned. 32. DICERANDRA. 
++ Filaments straight, often spreading. 
Calyx-tube 15-nerved. 33. HyssoPvs. 


Calyx-tube 10-13-nerved. 
Anther-bearing stamens 4. 


Anther-sacs divergent. 34. THYMUS. 
Anther sacs parallel. 35. KOELLIA. 
Anther-bearing stamens 2. 36. CUNILA. 
** Corolla nearly regular, with 4-5 lobes. 
Anther-bearing stamens 2: foliage barely aromatic. 37. LYCOPUS. 
Anther-bearing stamens 4: foliage strongly aromatic. 38. MENTHA. 


b. Flowers in loose terminal panicles. 
Lower lip of the corolla fringed : native genera. 


Anther-bearing stamens 4. 39. MICHELIELLA 
Anther-bearing stamens 2. Š 40. COLLINSONIA. 
Lower lip of the corolla not fringed : naturalized genus. 41. PERILLA. 


B. Stamens 4, didynamous; lower pair longer, lying on the lower lip 
of the corolla. 
CalyX with nearly equal lobes: corolla with a saccate ‘drooping 


lower lip. 42. MESOSPHAERUM. 
Calyx with a broad decurrent upper lobe: corolla-lobes nearly 
equal. . 43. OCIMUM. 


1. TEUCRIUM L. 


Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with usually pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite : 
blades merely toothed. Flowers in raceme-like panicles. Calyx campanulate or tubular- 
campanulate : tube 10-ribbed: lobes 5, unequal. Corolla white, pink or purplish, very 
irregular : upper lip short: lower lip with 2 short lateral lobes and an elongated declined 
middle lobe. Stamens 4, exserted between the lobes of the upper lip of the corolla, the 
anterior pair the longer: anthers with divergent sacs confluent at the base. Nutlets vari- 
ously marked. 


Stems hoary-canescent. 
Stems closely canescent: leaf-blades rounded at the base. 1 
Stems downy-canescent : leaf-blades narrowed at the base. DE 
Calyx prominently ribbed at maturity : corolla glandular-puberulent. QT Nashit. 
Calyx not ribbed at maturity: corolla pilose. : 3. T. littorale. i 
Stems villous-hirsute, with relatively long spreading or recurved-spreading hairs. 4. T. occidentale. 


. T. Canadense. 


1. Teucrium Canadénse L. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, closely canescent, simple, at least 
below the inflorescence : leaf-blades relatively thin, ovate to oblong-ovate, 6—14 cm. long, 
acute or acuminate, closely dentate-serrate, rounded or rarely subcordate at the base, green 
and glabrate or thinly appressed hispidulous above, pale-pubescent beneath : panicle dense : 
bract mostly shorter than the mature calyx: calyx canescent, often purplish, 5-7 mm. 
long; tube turbinate; lobes various, the upper acute or obtuse, the lower pair slightly 
longer, triangular-subulate: corolla pink, 15-20 mm. long, minutely granular-puberulent. 


In low grounds and on river banks, New England to Nebraska, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 


2. Teucrium Náshii Kearney. Stems 4-14 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched 
above, closely canescent : leaf-blades narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 4-13 cm. long, acute 
or slightly acuminate, quite evenly serrate, narrowed at the more or less inequilateral beer 
short-petioled : panicle somewhat interrupted below, at least in age: bract as long ast : 
mature calyx or longer: calyx closely pubescent, ribbed at maturity ; lobes erect, the uppe 
obtuse, the lower ones acute : corolla pink, about 1.5 cm. long, granular-puberulent. 


In hammocks, thickets and on brackish shores, Florida to Mississippi. Spring and summer. 


3. Teucrium littoràle Bicknell. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, often sparingly branched, pus 
and closely canescent: leaf-blades relatively thick, oblong, usually narrowly so, to yn 
rowly oblong-lanceolate, 6-11 cm. long, acute or blunt-pointed, finely serrate or pa ^pa 
dentate-serrate, rugose, softly appressed-pubescent above, pale or whitish tomentu o 
neath : panicle narrow, often interrupted : bract about as long as the mature calyx, Le 
nate : calyx downy, 4-5 mm. long, not ribbed ; tube becoming somewhat Ts i = 
erect, the upper obtuse, the lower acute or acuminate: corolla pale pink, about : 
long, loosely pilose. 


On or near the coast, Maine to Florida. Summer. 


4. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray. Stem 3-8 dm. tall, villous-hirsute ve peus 
ing or recurved hairs, with few or several erect branches : leaf-blades ovate-oblong, 


LAMIACEAE 1019 


or oblong-lanceolate, 4-9 cm. long, acute, sharply serrate, mostly rounded at the base, 
tomentulose or hirsute beneath with spreading hairs on the larger veins: panicles narrow, 
dense, sometimes elongated: bract mostly shorter than the calyx, acuminate: calyx 5-6 
mm. long, often purple; lobes various, the upper acute, the lower ones lanceolate-sub- 
ulate: corolla pinkish purple, 8-12 mm. long, tomentulose and glandular without. 

In low grounds and thickets, Ontario to British Columbia, Arkansas and California. Summer. 


2. MELOSMON Raf. 


Perennial or annual diffuse herbs, with glabrous or finely pubescent foliage. Leaves 
opposite: blades incised or parted. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaf-like bracts. 
Calyx pedicelled: tube 10-ribbed, very short: lobes 5, equal or essentially so. Corolla 
white, blue or lilac, very irregular: upper lip relatively small: lower lip with 2 lateral 
lobes and a much longer middle lobe. Stamens 4, exserted as in Teucrium. Nutlets 
smooth or ribbed, sometimes corky thickened. 


Leaf-blades incised, the tooth-like lobes blunt. 1. M. Cubense. 
Leaf-blades parted, the divisions narrow and mostly acute. 
Corolla between 1 and 1.5 em. long: leaves not approximate. 2. M. laevigatum. 
Corolla between 1.5-2 cm. long: leaves approximate and imbricated. 3. M. laciniatum. 


1. Melosmon Cubénse (L.) Small. Stems often branched at the base, the branches 
erect or ascending, 2-5 dm. tall, commonly branched above : leaf-blades spatulate to ovate 
in outline, cuneate at the base, 1-3 cm. long, incised, the tooth-like lobes mostly entire : 
bracts similar to the leaves: pedicels 2-5 mm. long: calyx 4-5.5 mm. long ; lobes lanceo- 
late to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, several times longer than the tube, finely pubescent : 
corolla bluish white, 11-14 mm. long : nutlets fully 2 mm. long, irregularly roughened. 

In sandy soil, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. 


2. Melosmon laevigàtum (Vahl) Small. Stems branched at the base, the branches 
ascending or spreading, 1-6 dm. long, simple or irregularly branched, not ieri leafy : 
leaf-blades 1-4 cm. long, laciniately 3-5-lobed, the lobes linear, entire or toothed, acute: 
bracts leafy: pedicels slender, 3-6 mm. long: calyx 7-8 mm. long; lobes linear-lanceo- 
late, acute, several times longer than the tube, glabrous or nearly so: corolla white or 
bluish, 1-1.5 em. long, the upper lobes 3-4 mm. long, acutish, the lower lip nearly 1 em. 
long, sparingly villous without, its middle lobe pendant, oblong or elliptic : nutlets 2 mm. 
long, longitudinally ribbed and pitted between the ribs. [Teucrium laevigatum Vahl. ] 

Insandy soil, Texas. Alsoin South America. Spring. yi 

3. Melosmon lacíniàtum (Torr. ) Small. Stems usually branched at the base, the 
branches 5-15 cm. long, ascending or spreading, densely leafy, except near the base : leaf- 
blades pinnately 3-7-parted, 1-3 cm. long, the segments narrowly linear, entire, incised or 
lobed : bracts leafy: pedicels 2-6 mm. long: calyx 10-12 mm. long; tube turbinate, 
strongly ribbed ; lobes linear-subulate, acuminate, several times longer than the tube: 
corolla pale blue or lilac, sparingly pubescent without, 1.5-2 cm. long, the upper lobes 
ovate, the lower lip much surpassing the calyx, its middle lobe oblong-spatulate, concave : 
nutlets 2.5 mm. long, reticulated and granular. [Teucrium laciniatum Torr. ] 

On plains, Colorado to Texas and Arizona. Spring. 


3. ISÁNTHUS Michx. 


Annual herbs, with viscid-pubescent foliage and branching stems. Leaves opposite : 
blades narrow, entire or sparingly toothed. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx campanu- 
late: tube 10-ribbed : lobes 5, nearly equal, narrow. Corolla blue, nearly regular: lobes 
broadened upward, spreading. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, surpassing the corolla- 
tube, thus slightly exserted : anthers with diverging sacs at maturity. Nutlets reticulated. 

1. Isanthus brachiatus (L.) B.S.P. Annual, minutely viscid-pubescent. Stems 
1-4 dm. tall, branching : leaf-blades elliptic or linear-elliptic, 1-4 cm. long, acute at both 
ends, entire or rarely toothed, 3-nerved, short-petioled : peduncles axillary, 1-3-flowered : 
calyx green or purple; tube campanulate, 2-5 mm. long, ridged; lobes lanceolate or 
triangular-lanceolate, as long as the tube or longer: corolla blue, 5-8 mm. long: nutlets 
2-2.5 mm. long, strongly reticulated. [J. coeruleus Michx.] 

In dry soil, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. Summer and fall. 


4. TRICHOSTEMA L. 
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with glabrous or viscid foliage and 
branching stems. Leaves opposite: blades rather narrow, entire or merely repand. 


1020 LAMIACEAE 


Flowers in axillary cymes, or often disposed in panicles. Calyx campanulate : tube short : 
lobes 5, unequal. Corolla white, pink, blue or purple, slightly irregular: lobes somewhat 
declined. Stamens 4, conspicuously exerted: filaments curved, the anterior pair longer, 
all spirally coiled in the bud: anthers with divergent sacs. Nutlets reticulated. 


Annual plants: leaf-blades of a linear or oblong type. 


Foliage glabrous or viscid-puberulent : leaf-blades linear. 1. T. lineare. 
Foliage viscid-pubescent : leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate. 2. T. dichotomum. 
Perennial or biennial plant: leaf-bladesof an obovate or cuneate ty pe. 3. T. suffrutescens. 


1. Trichostema lineàre Nutt. Annual, somewhat viscid-puberulent or glabrous. 
Stems 1-3 dm. tall, branching : leaf-blades linear, 1-4 cm. long, acute at both ends, entire, 
sessile or short-petioled : calyx 3 mm. long, becoming 5 mm. long ; tube turbinate or in- 
flated in age; larger lip with 3 acuminate lobes; smaller lip with 2 much smaller ovate- 
lanceolate lobes : corolla blue or rarely white, about 1 cm. long, the middle lobe of the 
lower lip cuneate : nutlets 1.5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil and pine lands, Connecticut to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


2. Trichostema dichdtomum L. Annual, minutely viscid-pubescent. Stems com- 
monly much-branched, 1-20 dm. tall : leaf-blades thickish, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 
cm. long, obtuse or abruptly pointed, entire, acuminate at the base, short-petioled : pedicels 
3-8 mm. long, spreading or somewhat recurved at maturity : calyx 4 mm. long, becoming 
8 mm. long; tube turbinate or inflated in age, the large lip sharply 3-lobed : corolla blue, 
pink or white, less than 1 cm. long: nutlets 2 mm. long. 

In sandy soil and thickets, Maine to Florida, Kentucky and Texas. Summer and fall. 


3. Trichostema suffrutéscens Kearney. Biennial or perennial, puberulent. Stems 
branched throughout, 2-4 dm. tall, the branches erect or ascending : leaves often clus- 
tered in axils ; blades obovate, oblong-obovate, more or less cuneate at the base, 0.5-1 
cm. long, thickish, rounded or retuse at apex, ciliolate, short-petioled : pedicel about as 
long at the calyx : calyx 3 mm., becoming 5-6 mm. long ; tube turbinate or inflated in age, 
the larger lip sharply 3-toothed : corolla bright blue: filaments 2-2.5 cm. long, closely 
coiled : nutlets obovoid, 1.5 mm. long. 

In scrub, peninsular Florida. Spring. 


5. SCUTELLARIA L. 


Annual or perennial, sometimes shrubby herbs, with glandular-punctate and bitter 
foliage. Leaves opposite: blades various, entireor toothed. Flowersin terminal racemes 
or panicles. Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped : lips entire, the upper one with a crest or pro- 
tuberance. Corolla white, blue or violet, erect or ascending by the recurved tube, this 
dilated into a throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip arched, the lower lip with 2 small lateral 
lobes and a large, more or less spreading, middle lobe. Stamens 4: filaments all anther- 
bearing : anthers ciliate, those of the upper pair of filaments 2-celled, those of the lower 
l-celled. Nutlets papillose or tuberculate, wingless or rarely winged. 

PAS apg es wingless. : 

a. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. ; 
Corolla less than 1 em. long. d en: 1. S. lateriflora. 
Corolla over 1 em. long. 

Leaf-blades above the middle of the stem cordate. 
Foliage, especially the internodes, of the stem and inflorescence, 
copiously pubescent. 
Corolla over 15 mm. long. 
Larger leaves with petioles less than 14 as long as the blades : 


inflorescence pubescent with very short close-set hairs. 2. S. Ocmulgee. 
Larger leaves with petioles over 14 as long as the blades: in- foli 
florescence pubescent with villous hairs. 3. S. cordifolia. 
Corolla less than 15 mm. long. 4. S. arguta. 
Foliage glabrous or with scattered hairs at the nodes of the stem ili 
and in the inflorescence. 5. S. saxatilis. 


Leaf-blades above the middle of the stem abruptly or gradually nar- 
rowed at the base. 
* Leaves all with toothed blades. 
1 Corolla over 2 cm. long. t 
Foliage glabrous or nearly so. 6. S. serrate. 
Foliage, especially the stem, finely and closely pubescent. 
Corolla between 2.5 and 3 em. long. 
Leaf-blades acute, not prominently nerved beneath: Alle- _ uis 
ghenianspecies. 7. S. montana - 
Leaf-blades obtuse, prominently nerved beneath: Flo- icol 
ridian species. 2 Sfellichampii 
Corolla between 2 and 2.5 cm. long. 9. S. Mellic : 


LAMIACEAE 1021 


tt Corolla less than 2 em. long. 
Corolla copiously pubescent. 


Leaf-blades glabrous above. 10. S. ineana. 
Leaf-blades pubescent above. 11. S. Altamaha. 
Corolla glabrous or nearly so. 12. S. pilosa. 


** Leaves, all or those above the middle of the stem, with entire blades., 
Upper lip of the corolla shorter than the throat. 
Leaf-blades and corollas glabrous or nearly so. 13. S. glabriuscula. 
Leaf-blades and corollas variously pubescent. 
Foliage manifestly pubescent. 


Upper lip of the corolla surpassing the lower. 14. S. integrifolia. 
Upper lip of the corolla surpassed by the lower. 15. S. multiglandulosa 
Foliage merely puberulent. 16. S. brevifolia, 
Upper lip of the corolla longer than the throat. 17. S. Floridana. 


b. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaf-like bracts. 
Corolla less than 1.5 cm. long. 
Plants annual or biennial. 
Foliage merely puberulent: leaf-blades coarsely toothed. 18, S. cardiophylla. 
Foliage manifestly pubescent : leaf-blades entire or shallowly toothed. 19. S. Drummondii. 
Plants perennial. “ 
Perennial from a woody base and root. 


Foliage manifestly pubescent: nutlets over 1 mm. thick. 20. S. Helleri. 
Foliage merely puberulent: nutlets less than 1 mm. thick. 21. S. resinosa. 
Perennial from slender or tuberous rootstocks : stems wholiy herba- 
ceous. 
Foliage glabrous or nearly so. 22. S. parvula. 
Foliage copiously pubescent. 23. S. campestris. 
Corolla over 1.5 em. long. 24. S. galericulata. 

B. Nutlets with membranous wings. 25. S. nervosa. 


l. Scutellaria lateriflóra L. Perennial, glabrous, or puberulent above. Stems erect 
or reclining, 2-10 dm. long, more or less widely branching: leaf-blades thinnish, ovate to 
ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, acute, coarsely serrate, rounded or cordate at the base : 
racemes axillary, 2-6 cm. long, slender: pedicels 1-4 mm. long: calyx 2-4 mm. long, the 
crest at the middle of the upper lip: corolla blue, sometimes pale, 6-7 mm. long ; tube 
gradually enlarged, the lips about equal in size: nutlets about 1 mm. long, papillose. 

: In swamps or along streams, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida, New Mexico and Wash- 
ington. Summer and fall. 

2. Scutellaria Ocmülgee Small. Perennial, softly pubescent. Stems erect, 4-8 dm. 
tall, more or less branched above, densely pubescent with short close-set hairs: leaf-blades 
ovate to suborbicular, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, crenate, cordate, or the uppermost 
truncate : racemes panicled, 5-10 cm. long: bracts similar to the leaves but smaller : pedi- 
cels stout, 1-3 mm. long: corolla bright blue, 2 cm. long; tube short, gradually dilated, 
the lower lip broad, 6-7 mm. broad, entire, the upper lip with an entire middle lobe. 


On river banks, middle Georgia. Summer. 


3. Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Perennial, softly pubescent. Stems erect or ascend- 
ing, 1-6 dm. tall, simple or branching: leaf-blades orbicular-ovate to oblong-ovate, 3-10 
cm. long, obtuse or acutish, crenate or serrate-crenate, cordate: racemes or panicles many- 
flowered : pedicel shorter than the calyx: bract shorter than the calyx or surpassing it : 
calyx 4-5 mm. long, glandular-pilose, the crest about the middle : corolla bright blue, nearly 
2 em. long; tube slender, dilated from below the middle, the upper lip with a notched 
middle lobe and lateral lobes broader than long, the lower lip with a conspicuously spotted 
middle lobe : nutlets fully 1 mm. in diameter, tuberculate. 

i i y i nd Texas. Spring and summer.—A form 
with areon leer eee S in ri MP bractedta (Benth.) Small. [S. versi- 
color var. bracteata Benth.] Texas. 

4. Scutellaria argüta Buckl. Perennial, pilose. Stems erect, 3-5 dm. tall, sim- 
ple or nearly so: leaf-blades thin, ovate to oblong-ovate, 2-5 em. long, acute or acutish, 
paler beneath, deeply crenate-dentate or almost incised, cordate : racemes few-flowered : 
pedicel becoming about as long as the calyx : bracts longer than the pedicels: calyx 3-3.5 
mm. long, minutely glandular-pilose, the crest sligatiy below the middle : corolla blue, 
15-18 cm. long; tube gradually enlarged to the slightly dilated throat, the lower lip 
barely retuse at the apex : nutlets 1.5 mm. long. 


On hillsides, North Carolina and Georgia. Spring and summer. 


5. Scutellaria saxátilis Riddell. Perennial, glabrate or sparingly pubescent. Stems 
simple and erect or diffusely branched and spreading, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate or 
suborbicular or ovate-lanceolate above, 1-4 cm. long, mostly obtuse, coarsely crenate or 
serrate-crenate, truncate to cordate at the base: racemes few-flowered : pedicel becoming 
as long as the calyx, or longer at maturity : calyx 2.5-3.5 mm. long, minutely glandular- 
Pilose, the crest slightly above the middle: corolla light blue, 12-16 mm. long ; tube grad- 


1022 LAMIACEAE 


ually enlarged to the dilated throat, the upper lip with a hooded middle lobe and lateral 
lobes as broad as long, the lower lip notched : nutlets fully 1 mm. long, tuberculate. 


In stony soil or on shaded banks, Delaware to Ohio, Georgia and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


6. Scutellaria serrata Andr. Perennial, glabrate or puberulent. Stems erect, 2-7 
dm. tall, simple or branching: leaf-blades thin, ovate, elliptic or oval, 4-10 cm. long, 
acute or short-acuminate at the apex, serrate or crenate-serrate, the upper more or less cune- 
ate at the base: racemes few-flowered : pedicel slightly longer than the calyx, or shorter : 
calyx minutely puberulent, 4 mm. becoming 6 mm. long, the crest about the middle: corolla 
blue, 2.5 cm. long, gradually dilated to the large throat, the upper lip with slightly notched 
middle lobe, the lower lip notched, undulate or crenulate: nutlets 2 mm. long. 


In woods, New York to Illinois and Alabama. Spring. 


7. Scutellaria montàna Chapm. Perennial, softly pubescent. Stems erect, 3-5 dm. 
tall, simple or nearly so: leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 2-8 cm. long, 
acute or acutish, coarsely crenate-serrate, more or less cuneate at the sometimes almost 
hastate base, short-petioled : racemes few-flowered, 3-15 cm. long: pedicel shorter than 
the calyx, spreading: calyx 3 mm. becoming 8 mm. long, the crest slightly beyond the 
middle: corolla blue, 3-3.5 cm. long ; tube gradually enlarged, about twice as long as the 
lips: nutlets fully 2 mm. in diameter, tuberculate. 


In dry woods or thickets in the mountains, Georgia. Summer. 


8. Scutellaria arenícola Small. Perennial, pubescent with short upcurved hairs. 
Stems erect or ascending, simple or branched near the base ; branches 2-4 dm. long, more 
or less branched above: leaf-blades ovate to elliptic, 1.5-3 cm. long, sharply or crenately 
serrate, the lower ones truncate at the base, the upper cuneate: racemes 2-10 em. long : 
bracts with oblong-oblanceolate or oblanceolate blades: pedicels 2-7 mm. long: corolla 
blue, 2-2.5 cm. long ; tube gradually dilated, the lower lip suborbicular, 1 cm. broad slightly 
lobed, notched, the upper lip usually apiculate : nutlets about 1 mm. long. 


In sand, peninsular Florida. Summer. 


9. Scutellaria Mellichámpii Small. Perennial, finely and closely pubescent, except 
the leaf-blades. Stems erect, several dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate to oblong-oval, 3-6 cm. 
long, rather blunt, crenate, cuneate or nearly truncate at the base: bracts spatulate or 
elliptic-spatulate : pedicels 1-3 mm. long : calyx strigillose, becoming about 4 mm. long: 
corolla bluish, fully 2 cm. long, minutely glandular-pubescent ; tube less than twice as 
long as the upper lip. ; 


In sandy soil, near Bluffton, South Carolina. Summer. 


10. Scutellaria incàna Muhl. Perennial, finely pubescent. Stems erect, 5-12 dm. 
tall, usually branching above: leaf-blades 4-12 cm. long, acute, serrate or crenate-serrate, 
truncate or cordate at the base, or the upper ones acuminate at the base: racemes d 
branching, many-flowered : pedicel shorter than the calyx, erect or ascending: calyx 3 
mm. long, glandular, the crest about middle: corolla blue, 15-18 mm. long; tube g 1 
ually dilated from near the base, the upper lip with a retuse middle lobe and ovate le 
lobes, the lower lip undulate, sometimes notched : nutlets 1 mm. in diameter, strong Y 
tuberculate. [S. canescens Nutt. ] 


In woods and copses, Ontario to Illinois, Georgia and Alabama. Summer. 


ll. Scutellaria Altamàha Small.  Perennial, hirsute-canescent. Stems erect a 
assurgent, 2-4 dm. tall, obtusely 4-angled, simple, strict, purplish : leaf-blades pis ag 
elliptic, 1.5-5 em. long, obtuse or acutish, serrate, densely punctate, sessile or near Y ed 
the upper surface somewhat marked with impressed nerves, the lower surface paler, cal x 
with prominent lateral nerves: racemes rather crowded at the end of the stem f d 
campanulate, 2-5 mm. long, faintly ribbed, glandular-punctate, with both lips o ae 
the same size : corolla pale blue, 1-1.3 em. long, contracted and curved near the ei g the 
dular-punctate and glandular-pilose, the lower lip suborbicular, notched at hug 
upper lip much larger than the lower, nearly truncate at the apex. 


In pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer.' 


12. Scutellaria pildsa Michx. Perennial, softly pilose or somewhat seiner ened 
erect, 1-9 dm. tall, nearly simple or branching above : leaf-blades ovate or ova = “e cor- 
ovate, rarely oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, coarsely crenate, the bases pep nent x, or 
date, entire: racemes or panicles rather many-flowered : pedicel as long as t ae etal 
shorter: calyx 3 mm. becoming 4 mm. long, glandular-pilose, the crest about t casi ; 
of the upper lip : corolla blue, sometimes pale, about 1.5 mm. long, minutely pu , 


LAMIACEAE 1023 


tube gradually dilated from near the base, the lower lip deltoid-reniform, crisped, notched 
at the apex, the upper lip surpassing the lower, notched : nutlets over 1 mm. in diameter, 
tuberculate. 

In open woods and thickets, New York to Michigan, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer.— 
The larger, very hirsute form of the eastern campestrian region is S. pilosa hirsüta (Short) A. Gray. 

13. Scutellaria glabriüscula Fernald. Perennial, puberulent, slender. Stems 
mainly erect, 3-6 dm. tall, corymbosely branched above, or simple: leaf-blades linear to 
linear-spatulate or oblong to oblong-ovate near the base of the stem, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse 
or acutish, entire or undulate above the lower pair or two, gradually or abruptly narrowed 
into slender petioles: pedicel as long as the calyx, or barely as long at maturity, surpassed 
by the bract: calyx 2.5 mm. becoming 5 mm. long, the crest about the middle of the 
upper lip: corolla blue, fully 2 mm. long, glabrous, the lower lip flat, notched, the upper 
lip shallowly notched at the apex : anthers bearded : nutlets about 1 mm. in diameter. 

In sandy soil, Florida. Spring to fall. 


14. Scutellaria integrifolia L. Perennial, softly or finely pubescent, glandular 
above. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, nearly simple or branching above : leaf-blades various, 
the lower ones ovate to oblong-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, coarsely toothed, the upper MAS 
oblong-lanceolate to linear, 1-5 cm. long, entire, all petioled : racemes or panicles usually 
many-flowered ; pedicel shorter than the calyx, 3-4 mm. long, surpassed by the bract, the 
crest about the middle, accrescent: corolla blue, 2-2.3 cm. long, more or less densely 
pubescent; tube rather abruptly dilated about the middle, the lower lip notched : anthers 
ciliate : nutlets barely 1 mm. in diameter, tuberculate. 

In dry soil, thickets or open woods, Rhode Island to Florida, Ohioand Texas. Spring and summer. 


15. Scutellaría multiglandulósa ( Kearney) Small. Perennial, glandular-pubescent. 
Stems erect, 1-3 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades various, the lower 
ones oval or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, often coarsely crenate, manifestly petioled, the upper 
oblong to nearly linear, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, entire, acuminate at base, not much reduced 
above, sessile or short-petioled : racemes few-flowered : pedicel longer than the calyx, 
spreading: calyx 2-4 mm. long, the crest slightly above the middle: corolla blue or 
white, 2 cm. long; tube widely dilated, the lower lip equalling or surpassing the upper : 
anthers barely ciliate: nutlets fully 1 mm. long. [S. integrifolia multiglandulosa Kearney. ] 

In pine lands and dry fields, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 

16. Scutellaria brevifólia A. Gray. Perennial, cinereous-puberulent. Stems erect, 
1-2 dm. tall, often branching at the base or near it : leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceo- 
late, 1-1.5 em. long, obtuse or acutish, entire, sessile or short-petioled, little reduced above : 
racemes leafy-bracted, few-flowered: pedicel shorter than the calyx, surpassed by the 
bract : calyx 2-3 mm. long, closely pubescent, the crest thick, beyond the middle: corolla 
blue, pubescent with recurved hairs; tube dilated into a wide throat, the lower lip large, 
drooping, notched, undulate: anthers barely ciliate : nutlets about 1 mm. long, granular. 

On rocky banks, Texas. Spring and summer. 

17. Scutellaria Floridana Chapm. Perennial, puberulent. Stems erect, simple or 
nearly so, 2-4 dm. tall, sometimes slightly flexuous above: leaf-blades narrowly linear, 
1-2.5 cm. long, rather blunt, entire, revolute, sessile, scale-like at the base of the stem : 
racemes few-flowered : pedicel usually longer than the calyx, surpassed by the bract : calyx 
4-8 mm. long, densely punctate, the crest above the middle: corolla blue, 2.5 cm. long ; 
tube much dilated at throat; lips about as long as the tube, nearly equal in length, the 
lower one drooping : anthers long-bearded : nutlets about 1.5 mm. long. 

In pine-land swamps, Florida. Summer. 

18. Scutellaria cardiophylla Engelm. & Gray. Annual, puberulent. Stems erect 
or ascending, 3-9 dm. long, more or less branched : leaf-blades ovate to triangular-ovate 
or deltoid-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, acutish, coarsely crenate-serrate, truncate or cordate at 
base : racemes leafy-bracted : pedicel shorter than the calyx, much surpassed by the bract : 
calyx 4 mm. long, becoming 5 mm. long, the crest beyond the middle, often purplish : 
corolla blue, 7-9 mm. long, the upper lip much smaller than the lower one: nutlets 
about 1 mm. long, granular. 

On prairies and in open woods, Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 


19. Scutellaria Drummóndii Benth. Annual or biennial, hirsute or villous-hirsute. 
Stems erect, or more or less diffusely branched at the base, 0.5-2 dm. long, the branches 
decumbent or ascending : leaf-blades ovate-oblong or oval, 1-1.5 cm. long, obtuse, entire 
or crenate-undulate, cuneate or abruptly narrowed at the base: racemes leafy-bracted : 

dicel shorter than the calyx, erect or ascending: calyx 2-4 mm. long, becoming 6 mm. 
ong, the crest beyond the middle: corolla blue or purple, pilose, 10-12 mm. long, the 


1024 LAMIACEAE 


lower lip 5 mm. broad, 4-lobed, notched, the upper lip much smaller than lower, the lateral 
lobes about as long as middle one: anthers barely ciliate: nutlets 1 mm. broad, granular. 
On prairies. Kansas to Texas. Spring. 


20. Scutellaria Hélleri Small. Perennial, villous-hirsute. Stem usually branched at 
the base, the branches 0.5-3 dm. tall, commonly branched above : leaf-blades ovate, some- 
times narrowly so, 1-2 cm. long, shallowly toothed or undulate, those of the lower leaves 
petioled : pedicel shorter than the calyx: calyx becoming 4-5 mm. long, finely hirsute : 
corolla minutely pubescent, about 1 em. long: nutlets over 1 mm. thick. 

On rocky or calcareous prairies, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring. 


21. Scutellaria resinósa Torr. Perennial, more or less cinereous-puberulent and 
resinous-dotted. Stems diffusely branched at the base, the branches erect or spreading, 1-3 
dm. long : leaf-blades ovate oval elliptic to oblong-spatulate, 1-1.5 em. long, obtuse, entire, 
gradually or abruptly narrowed at the base, the lower ones short-petioled, the upper sessile 
or nearly so: pedicel as long as the calyx or shorter: calyx 3-5 mm. long, merely resinous, 
_ the crest near the apex of upper lip: corolla blue or purplish, minutely pilose, 1 cm. long, 
the upper lip with lateral lobes as long as the middle one, the lower lip with a yellow or a 
white blotch in the center, the terminal one notched: anthers glabrous or nearly so: nut- 
lets less than 1 mm. broad, granular. 

On prairies or hillsides, Kansas to Texas. Spring. 

22. Scutellaria párvula Michx.  Perennial, glabrate or minutely pubescent, the 
rootstocks producing chains of small tubers. Stems erect, simple or diffusely branched, 
0.5-3 dm. tall: leaf-blades broadly ovate to lanceolate, 1-2 em. long, obtuse or acutish, or 
often prominently nerved beneath, commonly revolute, truncate or subcordate at the base, 
closely sessile: pedicel as long as the calyx, or shorter: calyx puberulent, 2-4 mm. long, 
the crest near the middle of the upper lip: corolla blue, 4-8 mm. long, minutely pilose, 
the lower lip suborbicular, about 3 mm. broad, emarginate, the upper lip shorter than the 
lower, 3-lobed : nutlets about 1 mm. in diameter, papillose. 

In dry sandy or clay soil, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

23. Scutellaria campéstris Britton. Perennial, densely soft-pubescent and some- 
what viscid. Stems simple and erect or diffusely branched, the branches ascending or 
spreading, 0.5-2 cm. long: leaf-blades ovate, suborbicular or reniform at the base of the 
stem or ovate-lanceolate at the top, obtuse, entire or shallowly toothed, prominently nerved 
beneath, the lower ones short-petioled, the upper sessile: pedicel as long as the calyx, or 
shorter: calyx 2-4 mm. long, minutely glandular-pilose, the crest about the middle : 
corolla blue, 6-7 mm. long, the lower lip 4-lobed, the upper lip 3-lobed, the lobes nearly 
equal : anthers nearly glabrous: nutlets 1 mm. in diameter, tuberculate. 

In sandy soil, North Carolina to Iowa and the Indian Territory. Spring and early summer. 

24. Scutellaria galericulàta L. Perennial, glabrate or finely pubescent. Stems 
erect or reclining, 2-9 dm. long, simple or much branched : leaf-blades membranous, ob- 
long or oblong-lanceolate, acute, shallowly serrate, truncate or cordate at the base, the 
lower ones short-petioled, the upper sessile: pedicel shorter than calyx : calyx 3.5-5 mm. 
long, minutely pubescent, the crest below the middle: corolla blue or white, 15-18 mm. 
long, the lower lip broadly reniform, undulate, the upper lip shorter than the lower, 3- 
lobed, the middle lobe notched : anthers short-ciliate : nutlets fully 2 mm. long, taberculate. 

In low grounds or swamps, Newfoundland to Alaska, New Jersey, North Carolina, Nebraska, Ari- 
zona and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer and fall. 

25. Scutellaria nervósa Pursh. Perennial, minutely pubescent. Stems erect, 14 
dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades suborbicular to oval or lanceolate as 
undulate or coarsely serrate, rounded or cordate at the base, the lower ones short-petiole vi 
the upper sessile : flowers axillary to bracts somewhat narrower than the leaves: pedicels 
2-4 mm. long : calyx becoming 5 or 6 mm. long : corolla blue or purplish, 8-10 mm. long, 
minutely pubescent: nutlets raised on a slender gynobase, each with a membranous wing- 

In woods and thickets, New York to Missouri, and North Carolina. Spring and summer. 


6. MARRUBIUM L. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, with woolly foliage. Leaves opposite : blades npe 
often rugose. Flowers in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular: tube 5-10-ribbed : lobes 
10, equal or alternately long and short, slender, spreading or recurved at —— 
Corolla white or purplish, 2-lipped : upper lip erect, entire or notched : lower lip spread- 
ing with 2 small lateral lobes and a broad middle lobe. Stamens 4, included : peine 
slender, anterior pair longer: anthers 2-celled: sacs divergent. Nutlets smooth or granular. 


LAMIACEAE 1025 


1. Marrubium vulgare L. Stems white-woolly, branched at the base and often 
throughout, 2-9 dm. tall, usually strict : leaf-bladessuborbicular, oval or ovate, 14 cm. long, 
crenate, strongly rugose, broadly or narrowly cuneate at the base: flower-clusters 1-2 cm. 
in diameter, not contiguous: bracts subulate, with hooked ends : calyx 4-5 mm. long ; tube 
cylindric-prismatic, 10-ribbed; lobes 10, shorter than the tube, rigid, hooked : corolla white, 
5-6 mm. long, puberulent, the lips shorter than the tube: nutlets 2 mm. long, granular. 

In waste places and on roadsides, Maine, Ontario and British Columbia, Florida, Texas and Mexico. 
Naturalized from Europe. Spring and summer. 


7. AGASTACHE Clayt. 


Perennial herbs, with tall stems. Leaves opposite: blades broad, toothed, petioled. 
Flowers in dense terminal continuous or interrupted panicles. Calyx narrowly campanu- 
late or nearly tubular, often slightly 2-lipped : lobes about equal, or the upper one slightly 
larger. Corolla yellowish, purplish or blue, 2-lipped: upper lip erect, notched : lower lip 
with 2 lateral lobes and a larger often toothed or undulate middle lobe. Stamens 4, 
exserted : filaments all anther-bearing : anthers with almost parallel sacs.  Nutlets smooth 
or merely granular. [Lophanthus Benth., not Adans.] 

Foliage glabrous or nearly so: calyx-lobes barely acute: corolla greenish yellow. 1. A. nepetoides. 
Foliage finely hirsute: calyx-lobes acuminate: corolla purplish. 2. A. scrophulariaefolia. 

1. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 m. tall, 
branching : leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-12 em. long, acute or slightly acumi- 
nate, serrate or crenate-serrate, truncate or cordate at the base: panicles 0.5-4 dm. long, 
1.5-2 cm. thick, sometimes interrupted below, erect : calyx short-pedicelled, 5-6 mm. long ; 
lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, barely acute, shorter than the tube : corolla greenish yellow, 
7-9 mm. long, the lower lip with a broad undulate lip: nutlets 2 mm. long, granular and 
minutely pubescent. 

On hillsides, Ontario to Wisconsin, Georgia and Kentucky. Summer. 

2. Agastache scrophulariaefólia ( Willd.) Kuntze. Stems finely hirsute, 1-2 m. 
tall, branching, sharply angled : leaf-blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate or nearly elliptic above, 
acute or short-acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded or subcordate at the base: panicles 
spike-like, 0.5-3 dm. long, 1-1.5 em. thick or rarely thicker: pedicel shorter than the 
calyx : calyx 6-7 mm. long ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate: corolla purplish, 6-8 mm. long, 
the lower lip with broad middle lobe : nutlets barely 2 mm. long, hispidulous. 

^ en hillsides and in thickets, Connecticut to Wisconsin, North Carolina and Kentucky. Summer 
an . 


8. MEEHANIA Britton. 

Perennial herbs, with pubescent foliage and decumbent and creeping stems. Leaves 
opposite : blades broad, toothed, petioled. Flowers in terminal one-sided racemes. Calyx 
campanulate : tube 15-ribbed : lobes 5, acute, the upper longer than the lower. Corolla blue 
or sometimes white, puberulent without, with a wide throat and a 2-lipped limb: upper lip 
arched, notched: lower lip spreading with 2 lateral lobes and a notched middle lobe. 
Stamens 4, included : filaments all anther-bearing : anther-sacs almost parallel. Nutlets 
smooth. 

1. Meehania cordàta (Nutt.) Britton. Stems sparingly hirsute, creeping or ascend- 
ing, 1.5-11 dm. long, commonly branching, producing leafy runners at the base : leaf-blades 
ovate or orbicular-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse, crenate, cordate: racemes 5-10 cm. long: 
pedicels stout, 2-5 mm. long: bracts ovate to narrowly-elliptic: calyx puberulent, 13-14 
mm. long; tube campanulate ; lobes triangular, acute or slightly acuminate, 4 as long as 
the tube : corolla blue or rarely white, 2.5-3 em. long, the lower lip 3-lobed, the upper lip 
3-lobed. [Cedronella cordata ( Nutt.) Benth. ] 


In rich woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


9. NÉPETA L. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, with usually pubescent foliage. Leaves oppo- 
site: blades broad, toothed or incised. Flowers in clustered axillary cymes, sometimes 
approximate or contiguous. Calyx often inflated at maturity: tube 15-ribbed, incurved : 
lobes 5, the upper slightly longer than the lower. Corolla white or blue, 2-lipped : tube 
enlarged above : upper lip entire or notched : lower lip larger, with two lateral lobes and 
a larger middle lobe. Stamens 4, exserted : filaments all anther-bearing : anthers with 
divergent sacs. Nutlets flattened, smooth. 

65 


1026 LAMIACEAE 


1. Nepeta Cataria L. Perennial, pale green. Stems erect or ascending, square, 3-9 
dm. tall, puberulent with more or less recurved hairs, the branches ascending : leaf-blades 
ovate or triangular-ovate, softly pubescent, acute or acutish, coarsely crenate or serrate- 
erenate, cordate: panicles narrow, 0.5-3 dm. long: calyx 5-6 mm. long: tube inflated, 
ribbed ; lobes subulate or subulate-lanceolate, about 4 as long as the tube : corolla pale; tube 
abruptly dilated at the middle, its throat magenta-spotted within, the lower lip bearded: 
anthers garnet: nutlets oblong, about 1 mm. long. 


In various situations commonly in waste places, New Brunswick and Quebec to Minnesota, Georgia 
and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. 


10. GLECOMA L. 

Perennial herbs, with diffuse often creeping stems. Leaves opposite : blades commonly 
as broad as long, usually crenate. Flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx tubular or nearly 
so: tube 15-ribbed, oblique at the throat: lobes 5, unequal. Corolla blue, violet or rarely 
white, 2 lipped: upper lip more or less deeply notched: lower lip spreading with 2 lateral 
lobes and an emarginate longer middle lobe. Stamens 4: filaments all anther-bearing: 
anthers with divergent sacs. Nutlets smooth. 

1. Glecoma hederacea L. Stems more or less hirsute, commonly branching at the 
base, the branches prostrate or decumbent, creeping, 1-11 dm. long: leaf-blades reniform 
or suborbicular, 2-4 cm. in diameter, coarsely crenate, cordate: flowers few in a cluster : 
pedicels 1-3 mm. long: calyx 5-7 mm. long, hispidulous ; tube ribbed, pubescent; lobes 
acuminate, subulate-tipped : corolla blue or white, 1-1.5 cm. long ; tube much longer than 
the calyx, the lower lip 4-lobed : nutlets about 1.5 mm. long. [Nepeta Glechoma Benth. ] 

In various situations, especially common in thickets and copses, Newfoundland and Ontario to 
Minnesota, Georgia and Kansas. Spring. 

11. PRUNÉLLA L. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite : blades toothed, 
petioled. Flowers in axillary clusters, which are often collected in terminal continuous 
panicles. Calyx 2-lipped, closed at maturity: tube about 10-ribbed: upper lip with 3 
short lobes or nearly truncate: lower lip with 2 narrow lobes. Corolla white or purple, 2- 
lipped : tube slightly narrowed at the mouth: upper lip arched: lower lip with 2 lateral 
lobes and a larger middle lobe. Stamens 4: filaments various, 2 sterile, 2 forked at the 
apex, one prong bearing an anther : anthers 2-celled, with divergent sacs. N utlets smooth. 

1. Prunella vulgaris L. Stems erect or decumbent, 0.5-4 dm. long: leaf-blades 
oblong, ovate or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, undulate, gradually or abruptly narrowed at 
the base: panicles dense: bracts mostly reniform, abruptly pointed, ciliate with jointe 
hairs: calyx 5-8 mm. long, dilated upward, oblique at the mouth, the ribs prolonged into 
subulate tips, the connecting membranes undulate : corolla purple or white, 15-18 mm. 
long, glabrous or slightly pubescent, the upper lip notched, the lower lip fringed : nutlets 
elliptic, 2 mm. long, acute at both ends. 


In all situations, throughout North America, except the extreme north. Chiefly naturalized from 
Europe and Asia. Spring to fall. 


12. BRAZORIA Engelm. & Gray. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, with more or less glandular folia a 
opposite : blades rather narrow, sparingly toothed, mostly sessile and partly clasping. 
Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx more or less inflated and closed at maturity : upper 
lip with 3 lobes: lower lip with 2 short lobes. Corolla pink or bluish, somewhat varie- 
gated : tube somewhat dilated: upper lip erect, arched, entire or notched : lower lip 
spreading, with 3 rounded lobes. Stamens 4: filaments all anther-bearing : anthers 2- 
celled ; sacs parallel or nearly so. Nutlets 3-angled, glabrous or pubescent. 


Calyx with equal lips, the lips obscurely lobed: corolla-lobes denticulate. $ E perge REIR 


Calyx with unequal lips, the lips strongly toothed : corolla-lobes not toothed. 

1. Brazoria truncata (Benth.) Engelm. & Gray. Annual, pubescent. peop bare 
1-3 dm. tall, often branching at the base, stout: leaf-blades spatulate to oblong, idis 
long, acutish, dentate above the middle, sessile and often partly clasping : speres ith a 
ing stout, continuous, 3-12 cm. long: calyx 5 mm. becoming 8-9 mm. long ea in lip 
dense viscid-villous beard, the upper lip of 3 broad truncate-apiculate lobes, the low 


ge. Leaves 


: k, 1.5-2 
broader than long, dentate and notched : corolla slightly puberulent along the back, 1. 3 
em. long, the lips crisped and undulate, the upper lip with 2 oblong lobes, the lower s 


smaller lobes, which are emarginate at the apex: nutlets 1.5 mm. in diameter, pu 
In sandy soil, Texas. Summer. 


LAMIACEAE 1027 


2. Brazoria scutellarioides (Hook.) Engelm. & Gray. Perennial, glabrous below 
theinflorescence. Stems erect, about 3 dm. tall, paniculately branched : leaf-blades oblong 
or oblong-lanceolate, or oblong-spatulate, acute, serrate above the middle, sessile and partly 
clasping at the base: racemes densely glandular-puberulent, 3-15 cm. long, interrupted 
below: bracts ovate, 3-4 mm. long, acuminate: calyx 3-4 mm. becoming 5 mm. long, 
glandular-puberulent : tube turbinate-campanulate, abruptly contracted at the base, the 
upper lip with ovate-reniform acuminate lobes, about as long as the tube, the lower lip with 
ovate acuminate teeth : corolla about 1 cm. long ; tube abruptly dilated at the middle, the 
upper lip suborbicular, rather broader than long, the lower lip with 3 broad lobes, the 
middle one retuse : nutlets a little more than 1 mm. thick, rather granular, glabrous. 

On rich prairies, Texas. Spring. 


13. MACBRIDEA Ell. 

Perennial herbs, with glabrous or sparingly puberulent foliage and simple or rarely 
branched stems. Leaves opposite: blades thickish, entire or repand-toothed. Flowers in 
axillary clusters, which are often approximate and form contracted panicles. Calyx mem- 
branous: tube campanulate : lobes 3, the 2 lower broad. Corolla white, pink or purple: 
tube dilated above: upper lip arching, entire or notched: lower lip with rounded lobes, 
the middle one largest. Stamens 4: filaments all anther-bearing : anthers pubescent ; sacs 
divergent ; nutlets smooth or nearly so. 

Corolla white, the upper lip notched. 1. M. alba. 
Corolla rose-purple, streaked with purple and white, the upper lip entire. 2. M. pulchra. 

1. Macbridea álba Chapm. Stems erect, 3-5 dm. tall, simple or rarely branched: 
leaf-blades cuneate-spatulate or oblong, rather fleshy, 2-8 cm. long, obtuse, undulate or 
repand, the lower ones with margined petioles, the upper sessile: panicles few flowered : 
bracts oblong-ovate or orbicular, obtuse : pedicels very short: calyx becoming 1 cm. D 
glabrous or nearly so; lobes about as long as the tube, the larger ones slightly notched : 
corolla white, 2.5-3 em. long, the upper lip hooded, nearly erect, the lower lip spreading, 
the lobes emarginate or nearly truncate. 

In pfne-land swamps, Florida. Summer. 

2. Macbridea pülchra Ell. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. tall, usually simple: leaf-blades 
elliptic, oblong or linear-elliptic, 4-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends, undulate 
or repand-serrate, the lower slender-petioled, the upper sessile: panicles few-flowered : 
bracts ovate or oblong, mostly obtuse: pedicels very short: calyx becoming 1 cm. long; 
lobes shorter than the tube, entire or the larger ones oblique or emarginate: corolla rose- 
purple striped with white and purple, 3-3.5 cm. long; tube abruptly dilated near the 
middle, the upper lip suborbicular, 1 cm. in diameter, the lower lip with a notched middle 
lobe and truncate lateral lobes. 

In swamps, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


14. PHYSOSTEGIA L. 


Perennial herbs, with glabrous or puberulent foliage and simple or sparingly branched 
stems. Leaves opposite: blades rather narrow, usually toothed above an entire base. 
Flowers in terminal spike-like racemes. Calyx campanulate, more or less inflated and open 
at maturity : tube 5-ribbed : lobes 5, equal. Corolla white, pink, violet or purple, showy, 
2-lipped : tube dilated upward : upper lip entire : lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe often 
emarginate. Stamens 4: filaments all anther-bearing : anthers 2-celled ; sacs parallel or 
nearly so. Nutlets somewhat 3-angled, smooth. 

Corolla less than 2 cm. long. ; 
Mature calyx campanulate, 5 mm. long, or shorter: stems naked or sparingly leafy above: Texan 
species. 1. P. intermedia, 
Mature calyx tubular, 8-9 mm. long: stems copiously leafy to the inflorescence: 
Georgian act 
Corolla over 2 em. long. 
Leaf-blades entire or with blunt teeth. ; 
Racemes loosely and relatively few-flowered, interrupted at maturity. 
Mature calyx campanulate, 5-6.5 mm. long : upper leaves but slightly re- $. P, ponia 
uced. D. 

Maturecalyx tubular, 9-11 mm. long: upper leaves conspicuously reduced. 4. P. denticulata. 
Racemes closely many-flowered, continuous. 5. P. Digitalis. 
Leaf-blades copiously toothed with very acute serrations. 6. P. Virginiana. 

1. Physostegia intermédia (Nutt.) A. Gray. Stems erect or ascending, 3-9 dm. 
long, simple or rarely branched: leaves few ; blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. 
long, acute or acuminate, nearly entire or repand-denticulate, sessile: racemes spike-like : 


2. P. veroniciformis. 


1028 LAMIACEAE 


pedicels very short: bracts ovate to reniform-ovate, acuminate: calyx 4-5 mm. long, 
puberulent ; tube campanulate ; lobes triangular, acute, barely as long as tube: corolla 
puberulent, 10-12 mm. long ; tube much dilated upward, the upper lip nearly erect, un- 
dulate, the lower lip spreading, the middle lobe about twice as long as the lateral ones: 
nutlets 2 mm. long, sharply angled. 

In low barrens, Kentucky to Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 

2. Physostegia veronicifórmis Small. Stems erect, 5-7 dm. tall, relatively stout, 
simple, leafy to the inflorescence or near it: leaves several; blades various, the lower 
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, narrowed into stout petiole-like bases, the 
upper blades sessile, narrowly fiddle-shaped or lanceolate, mostly longer than the lower, 
sessile, all undulate or crenate-undulate, acute: racemes simple, few-flowered : calyx be- 
coming 8-9 mm. long: tube tubular; lobes triangular or lanceolate-triangular, acute: 
corolla about 1.5 cm. long. 

Inlow grounds, Georgia. Summer. 

3. Physostegia leptophylla Small. Stems erect or ascending, 6-10 dm. long, sim- 
ple, regularly leafy to near the raceme, rather slender: leaves few ; blades thin, oblong or 
some slightly broadest above or below the middle, obtuse or acute above, repand, narrowed 
into margined petiole-like bases: racemes 1-3 dm. long, slender, remotely flowered : pedi- 
cels 1-3 mm. long, often as long as the bracts at maturity: calyx 5-6.5 mm. long ; tube 
turbinate or campanulate in age, accrescent, somewhat inflated at maturity, faintly ribbed, 
much longer than the pedicel ; lobes triangular to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about 4 
as long as the tube: corolla blue, about 2 cm. long; tube rather abruptly dilated just 
beyond the calyx, especially dilated beneath the lips, about one-third as long as the tube : 
nutlets suborbicular, 3-3.5 mm. long, with sharp edges. 

On river shores, peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. 

4. Physostegia denticulata (Ait.) Britton. Stems slender, erect or ascending, 3-9 
dm. tall, sometimes branched: leaves few ; blades spatulate to oblong, repand-crenate, 
obtuse, the lower ones with petiole-like bases, the upper sessile: racemes spike-like, 3-15 
em. long, interrupted, puberulent: bracts ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate: calyx 9-11 
em. long; tube nearly cylindric; lobes triangular, acute or slightly acuminate, about 4 as 
long as the tube: corolla bright pink, 2-2.5 cm. long, the lower lip broader than long, 
ia the upper lip with a notched terminal lobe: nutlets 2 mm. long, the angles mar- 
gined. 

In swamps, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

5. Physostegia Digitalis Small. Stems erect, 7-12 dm. long, stout, sharply angled : 
leaves several; blades oblong to elliptic-oblong, 10-22 cm. long, acute or acutish, undulate 
or repand-serrate above the middle, sessile and partly clasping at the base: racemes simple 
or compound, finely pubescent : bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long: pedi- 
cels very short: calyx 8-10 mm. long; tube turbinate or cylindric-turbinate ; lobes lanceo- 
late, acuminate, about 4 as long as the tube: corolla barely puberulent along the back, 
2-2.5 cm. long, the lower lip spreading, the lobes oblong, its middle one emarginate, about 
twice as large as the others, the upper lip slightly undulate. 

In low grounds, Missouri and Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. . 

6. Physostegia Virginiàna (L.) Benth. Stems erect or trailing, 3-15 dm. oe 
simple or sparingly branched : leaves several or many ; blades narrowly or linear-ob E 
or oblong-lanceolate near top of stem, acute, serrate or incised-serrate, at least die : 
middle, narrowed at the base, sessile : racemes spike-like, simple or compound : pedice 
much shorter than the calyx: bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate : calyx glabrous ps 
nearly so, 6-8 mm. long; tube cylindric ; lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, ac 
somewhat acuminate, more or less spreading, 3 as long as the tube : corolla bright p d 
2.5-3 cm. long, the lower lip irregularly denticulate, the upper lip with 3 lobes note 
and apiculate in each notch: nutlets 3 mm. long, sharply angled. 

In swamps and low grounds, Quebec to the Northwest Territory, Florida and Texas. summer. 


15. SYNANDRA Nutt. du 
Annual or biennial caulescent herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite : pee 
broad, toothed, petioled. Flowers in terminal interrupted racemes, often dispose st 
panicles. Calyx campanulate : tube somewhat inflated at maturity : lobes 4, narrow, i 
lower longer than the upper. Corolla white, 2-lipped: tube dilated above: upper i 
arched, entire : lower lip spreading with 2 lateral lobes and a larger middle lobe. ue a 
4: filaments all anther-bearing, pubescent, but the upper pair contiguous gn 
anthers connate, sterile : anthers glabrous ; sacs divergent. Nutlets angled, smooth. 


LAMIACEAE 1029 


1. Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Britton. Stems softly hispid or somewhat villous, 
erect or decumbent, 2-8 dm. long, simple or branching, fleshy : leaf-blades ovate or orbic- 
ular-ovate, 2-10 cm. long, obtuse or acute, or somewhat acuminate, crenate or serrate 
above, cordate: panicles few-flowered, elongating, with sessile or clasping bracts : pedicels 
stout : calyx becoming 1 cm. long at maturity ; tube constricted at the base, campanulate ; 
lobes lanceolate, curved, slightly crisped : corolla white, 2.5-3 cm. long, minutely pubes- 
cent, the upper lip oval or obovate, undulate, the lower lip with the middle lobe irregularly 
toothed : filaments villous: nutlets 4 mm. long. [.S. grandiflora Nutt. ] 

In wet woods and along streams, Ohio and Illinois to Virginia and Tennessee. Spring. 


16. GALEOPSIS L. 


Annual caulescent herbs, with often bristly pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite : 
blades flat, toothed, often petioled. Flowers in crowded cymes. Calyx campanulate to 
tubular-campanulate: tube 5-10-ribbed: lobes 5, nearly equal, spine-tipped. Corolla 
yellow, red or purple, sometimes mottled, 2-lipped : upper lip erect, concave : lower lip 
spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emarginate or notched. Stamens 4: filaments all 
anther-bearing : anthers 2-celled ; sacs opening transversely, the inner ciliate, the outer 
glabrous. Nutlets smooth. 

1. Galeopsis Tetràhit L. Stems more or less hirsute, 2-5 dm. tall, usually branched : 
leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm. long, shallowly serrate, 
acute or short-acuminate, more pubescent on the upper surface than on the lower, slender- 
petioled : flower-clusters bristly pubescent: calyx 7-10 mm. long; tube delicate ; lobes 
spinescent, bristly pubescent about the base: corolla pink-purple, 1-1.5 cm. iong: nutlets 
about 3 mm. long. 

In waste places, Newfoundland to Alaska and North Carolina. Nativeof Europe. Summer and fall. 


17. LAMIUM L. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with diffusely branching stems. Leaves opposite: blades 
flat, toothed or incised, usually petioled. Flowers in axillary more or less remote clusters. 
Calyx campanulate to tubular-campanulate: tube usually 5-nerved : lobes 5, equal or the 
upper longer. Corolla white or blue, 2-lipped: upper lip erect, concave, usually entire : 
lower lip spreading with 3 lobes, the lateral lobes narrow, the middle one dilated, often 
notched. Stamens 4: filaments all anther-bearing : anthers 2-celled ; sacs divergent, often 
pubescent. Nutlets smooth or tuberculate. 

Upper leaf-blades sessile, clasping, uniformly green: corolla about 1.5 cm. long. 1. L. amplericaute. 
All leaf-blades petioled, blotched in the center: corolla 2-2.5 cm. long. 2. L. maculatum. 

1. Lamium amplexicaüle L. Biennial, sparingly pubescent. Stems usually branch- 
ing at the base, the branches 1-4 cm. long, erect or decumbent: leaf-blades suborbicular 
to orbicular-reniform, 1-3 cm. broad, crenate-lobed, truncate or cordate : bracts subtending 
the flower-clusters, sessile, clasping : calyx villous-hirsute, becoming 5-6 mm. long ; lobes 
lanceolate, somewhat shorter than the tube: corolla blue, 1.5 cm. long ; tube slender, 
dilated into a pocket near the upper end, the lower lip cleft by V-shaped sinus, the upper 
lip pilose on top: nutlets 2 mm. long. 

In waste and cultivated grounds, New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Arkansas. 
Naturalized from Europe. Winter to fall. 

2. Lamium maculàtum L. Perennial, slightly pubescent. Stem and branches de- 
cumbent or ascending, 2-4.5 dm. long : leaf-blades ovate or triangular-ovate, 2-6 cm. long, 
crenate or incised-crenate, blotched near the midrib, truncate or cordate at the base, slen- 
der-petioled : cymes few-flowered : calyx pubescent ; lobes lanceolate-subulate, as long as 
the tube or slightly longer: corolla red-purple, 2-2.5 cm. long ; tube with a constriction 
and ring of hairs within near the base. 


In waste places and along roadsides, Maine to North Carolina and Tennessee. Native of Europe 
and Asia. Spring to fall. 


18. LEONURUS L. : 

Annual, biennial, or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite : blades flat, toothed 
or palmately cleft or parted. Flowers in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanu- 
late: tube 5-ribbed, not oblique: lobes 5, about equal, subulate or awn-tipped. Corolla 
white or pink, 2-lipped : tube included or slightly exserted: upper lip erect, nearly flat 
or concave: lower lip spreading or reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad truncate to 


1030 LAMIACEAE 


notched. Stamens 4: filaments all anther-bearing : anthers 2-celled ; sacs mostly parallel. 

Nutlets 3-angled, smooth. 

Leaf-blades coarsely crenate-serrate : upper lipof the corolla scarcely longer than the lower. puberulent. 
1. L. Marrubiastrum. 

Leaf-blades 2-5-cleft : upper lip of the corolla much longerthan the lower, villous. 2. L. Cardiaca. 

1. Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Biennial, puberulent or pubescent. Stems 5-15 
dm. tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 2.5-7.5 em. long, crenate 
or incised-crenate, cuneately narrowed at the base, petioled: cymes dense, often numerous : 
calyx puberulent or glabrate; lobes subulate-setaceous, shorter than the tube: corolla 
white or nearly so, 7-8 mm. long ; tube glabrous within. 

In waste places, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida. Summer and fall. 

2. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Perennial, more or less pubescent. Stems erect, 3-10 
dm. tall, simple or branching above: leaf-blades 2-10 cm. long, palmately cleft or incised 
or 3-cleft on the upper part of stem, the lobes acute, entire or sharply toothed or crenate : 
clusters few-flowered, sessile: calyx rigid, becoming about 5 mm. long, angled: lobes 
spine-like, 3 ascending, 2 erect-spreading : corolla pale purple or white, villous without, 
9-10 mm. long; tube swollen in middle, the upper lip as long as the tube, the lower lip 
reflexed : nutlets 2 mm. long, pubescent on top. 


In waste places and along roadsides, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, North Carolina and Nebraska. 
Naturalized from Europe. Spring to fall. 


19. LEONOTIS L. 

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite: blades 
broad, toothed, petioled. Flowers in dense whorls. Calyx short-pedicelled: tube 10- 
nerved, oblique at the mouth : lobes 8-10, unequal, bristle-tipped. Corolla yellow, orange 
or scarlet, 2-lipped : tube dilated above, curved: upper lip erect, rather long: lower lip 
with 3 lobes, the middle lobe scarcely longer than the lateral. Stamens 4: filaments all an- 
ther-bearing : anthers 2-celled ; sacs diverging.  Nutlets 3-angled, smooth. 


1. Leonotis nepetaefólia R. Br. Annual, softly pubescent. Stems 3-20 dm. tall, 
simple or branched : leaf-blades ovate or ovate-deltoid, 4-12 cm. long, coarsely crenate, 
cuneate or subcordate at the base: clusters dense, 4—6 cm. in diameter: pedicels 1-2 mm. 
long: calyx puberulent, becoming at least 2 cm. Jong; tube reticulated above the middle ; 
lobes 8, awn-tipped : corolla scarlet or orange-yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long, villous-hirsute ; tube 
curved, the upper lip as long as the tube, the lower lip much shorter than the upper, with 
3 narrow lobes : nutlets 3 mm. long, sharply angled. 

In waste places, Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana. Also in the tropics. Summer and fall. 


20. STACHYS L. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous or variously pubescent foliage. 
Leaves opposite: blades entire or toothed, commonly petioled. Flowers in axillary clus- 
ters, the upper ones sometimes approximate or contiguous. Calyx mostly campanulate : 
tube 5-10-ribbed :.lobes 5, equal or nearly so. Corolla purple or white or rarely red or 
yellow, 2-lipped : upper lip erect, entire or notched : lower lip spreading, with 3 lobes, the 
middle lobe largest, entire or 2-lobed. Stamens 4: filaments all anther-bearing : anthers 


2-celled ; sacs mostly diverging. Nutlets blunt at the apex. 


Plants with annual or biennial roots. 
Lower lip of the corolla slightly surpassing the calyx: mature calyx 3-4 mm. long. cio 
Lower lip of the corolla much surpassing the calyx: mature calyx 5-6 mm. long. 2. 8. Drummo — 
Plants with perennial roots. 
Leaf-blades narrowed at the base. : 
Leek nina glabrous, entire or with shallow teeth: calyx-lobes glabrous at 
maturity. ssopifolia. 
Calyx-lobes subulate-tipped : leaf-blades entire or nearly so. 3. S. Ay. ues 
x dee not subulate-tipped : leaf-blades markedly but shallowly 4. S. lythroides. 
oothed. : ". i 
Leaf-blades pubescent, prominently serrate: calyx-lobes ciliate. 5. S. ambigua. 
Leaf-blades, all or some of them,fcordate or truncate at the base. 
A. Petioles less than 14 as long as the blades. 
Lower leaves with petioles but little longer than those of the upper. 


i i : x i the calyx. : 
Foliage copiously pubescent : cerolla-tube slightly longer than y 6. S. Nuti llii. 
Foliage glabrous or almost so: corolla-tube much longer than the calyx. 7. S. latidens. 

Lower leaves with petioles several times longer than those of the upper. 
2. Calyx-lobes merely aeute or acuminate, not awn-tipped. 
* Foliage of the inflorescence glabrous or bristly-pubescent. 8. S. tenuifolia. 
Infiorescence glabrous or nearly so. E S. E 


Inflorescence bristly-pubescent. 


LAMIACEAE 1031 


** Foliage of the inflorescence puberulent or puberulent-pubescent. 10. S. salvioides. 


b. Calyx-lobes awn-tipped. 11. S. Clingmanii. 
B. Petioles fully 14 or usually 14 as long as the blades. 
Leaf-blades acuminate, 6-15 em. long: species Alleghenian. 12. S. cordata. 
Leaf-blades obtuse or merely acute, 1-4 em. long: species Floridian, 13. S. Floridana. 


1. Stachys agraria Cham. & Schl. Annual or biennial, hirsute. Stems usually 
branched at the base, the branches erect or decumbent, 1-3 dm. long: leaf-blades oblong 
to ovate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, crenate, truncate to cordate at the base: clusters few- 
flowered : pedicels 1-2 mm. long: bracts oval or suborbicular, subulate-tipped : calyx 2-4 
mm. long; lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate with subulate tips, shorter than the tube, 
glabrous beyond the middle: corolla 5~6 min. long, glabrous except the bearded upper 
lip, the lobes of the lower lip rounded or the middle one barely emarginate: nutlets about 
1 mm. long, granular. 

In shaded ground, Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


2. Stachys Drummóndii Benth. Annual or biennial, softly hirsute. Stems 1-7 dm. 
tall, solitary or tufted, usually branched above: leaf-blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5-5 
cm. long, obtuse, crenate, truncate to cordate at the base; petioles nearly as long as the 
blades or shorter: clusters few-flowered: pedicels 1-2 mm. long: bracts spine-tipped : 
calyx 5-6 mm. long; tube turbinate ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, subulate-tipped, as long 
as the tube or longer: corolla appressed-pubescent, 1 cm. long; tube shorter than the 
calyx, the upper lip notched, the lower lip twice as long as the upper, its lobes truncate or 
retuse at the apex: nutlets nearly 2 mm. long, dull. 

In moist soil, Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 

3. Stachys hyssopifólia Michx. Perennial, glabrous, or hirsute at the nodes of the 
stem. Stems erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. tall, simple or branched : leaf-blades linear or 
nearly so, 1-5 em. long, acute, entire or nearly so, sessile: clusters 2-6-flowered, inter- 
rupted: pedicels very short, often almost wanting : calyx 6-7 mm. long, sometimes bristly : 
lobes lanceolate, subulate-tipped, about as long as the tube: corolla purple, about 1 cm. 
long ; tube about as long as the calyx ; lower lip drooping, about as long as the tube, the 
upper lip concave and usually pubescent on the back : filaments pubescent: nutlets nearly 
2 mm. long, minutely pubescent. 

In sandy swamps, meadows and thickets, Massachusetts to Michigan and Florida. Summer. 


4. Stachys lythroides Small. Perennial, deep green. Stem 4-9 dm. tall, sparingly 
hirsute, usually branched above: leaf-blades broadly linear or oblong-linear, 1.5-6 cm. 
long, acute or acutish, shallowly serrate, smooth and glabrous, nearly sessile : clusters 3-6- 
flowered : pedicels very short: calyx 6-7 mm. long; tube sparingly pubescent, becoming 
ribbed ; lobes lanceolate, somewhat shorter than the tube, barely subulate-tipped, ciliate : 
corolla purplish, 1 em. long. 

In sandy soil, near Tallahassee, Florida. Summer. 

5. Stachys ambigua (A. Gray) Britton. Perennial, hirsute. Stems erect, 3-10 dm. 
tall, more or less branched : Jeaf-blades narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, 
acute, serrate, acute or truncate at the base, short-petioled: clusters 2-6-flowered, inter- 
ripted : bracts lanceolate, rather blunt-pointed : pedicels very short or nearly wanting: calyx 
6-8 mm. long, bristly ; lobes lanceolate, slightly subulate-tipped, as long as the tube or 
shorter, ciliate: corolla light purple, about 1 cm. long; tube surpassing the calyx, the 
lower lip as long as the tube, drooping, the upper lip concave, pubescent on the back: 
filaments pubescent: nutlets over 2 mm. long, granular. 

In moist sandy soil, New Jersey to Illinois and Georgia. Summer. 


6. Stachys Nuttallii Shuttlw. Perennial, conspicuously hirsute. Stems erect, 4-11 
dm. tall, simple: leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 em. long, acuminate, ser- 
rate-dentate, rounded or truncate at the base ; petioles 0.5-1 em. long, hirsute: spikes in- 
terrupted : bract surpassing the calyx, the upper ones with 3 tooth-like lobes : calyx 5 mm. 
long, hirsute ; tube campanulate ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 as long as the 
tube: corolla purple, 1 cm. long ; tube saccate about the middle, surpassing the calyx, the 
upper lip concave, hairy on back, the lower lip drooping, as long as the tube : filaments 
minutely pubescent: nutlets about 2 mm. long. - 

On mountain slopes, Virginia and Tennessee. Spring. 

7. Stachys latidens Small. Pérennial, glayrous almost to the inflorescence. Stems 
erect, 3-7 dm. tall, mostly simple, slightly rough on the angles: leaf-blades various, the 
lower oval or ovate to oblong, 4-10 em. long, the upper longer, narrow, oblong-elliptic to 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, all crenate-serrate with rather small teeth, rather abruptly 
narrowed or subcordate at the base; petioles 1-6 mm. long: inflorescence closely pubes- 
cent: pedicels less than 1 mm. long: calyx often sessile, 5-6 mm. long; tube cam- 


` 


1032 LAMIACEAE 


panulate ; lobes triangular, very short: corolla about 1 cm. long: nutlets fully 2 mm. long, 
minutely wrinkled. 
On mountain slopes and summits, Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer. 


8. Stachys tenuifdlia Willd. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, 3-9 
dm. tall, simple or branching : leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes broadest 
above the middle, acute, serrate, truncate or cordate at the base; petioles usually 1-2 em. 
long: clusters few-flowered : calyx 5-6 mm. long ; tube campanulate-turbinate, sometimes 
sparingly pubescent ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, as long as the tube or shorter: corolla 
about 1 cm. long; tube surpassing the calyx; lower lip drooping, slightly shorter than 
the tube, the upper lip concave, glandular-pubescent on the back: filaments villous at the 
base: nutlets 2 mm. long, somewhat lustrous. 

In copses and fields, New York to Kansas, North Carolina and Louisiana. Summer. 


9. Stachys áspera Michx.  Perennial, hirsute. Stems erect, 5-12 dm. tall, simple 
or branching: leaf-blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 3-10 cm. long, acute, 
crenate-serrate, truncate or cordate at the base, petioled : clusters few-flowered, interrupted : 
calyx 5-6 mm. long; tube turbinate; lobes triangular-acuminate, not rigidly pointed : 
corolla 10-12 mm. long, pubescent along the back with simple hairs; tube much surpassing 
the calyx, the upper lip concave, glandular-pilose on the back, the lower lip drooping, 
shorter than the tube, its middle lobe orbicular-reniform, the lateral ones ovate: filaments 
villous: nutlets about 2 mm. long. 

In moist soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 


10. Stachys salvioides Small. Perennial, rather finely and often closely puberulent 
or puberulent-pubescent. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, commonly branched, rough along the 
angles : leaf-blades oblong to oblong-ovate or rarely ovate, 6-12 cm. long, or shorter on 
the lower part of the stem, pubescent on both sides, acute or acutish, crenate, truncate or 
cordate at the base; petioles barely 1 as long as the blades: calyx sessile or nearly so, be- 
coming 5 mm. long ; tube campanulate-turbinate ; lobes triangular at maturity : corolla 
nearly 1 em. long: nutlets nearly 2.5 mm. long, faintly reticulated. 

In stony soil, Virginia and West Virginia to Tennessee. Summer. 


11. Stachys Clingmánii Small. Perennial, hispid-hirsute. Stems erect, 5-9 dm. 
tall, simple, its hairs spreading: leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, 
acuminate, dentate, truncate or subcordate at the base ; petioles 1-1 as long as the blades: 
clusters in the upper axils of leaf-like bracts: bract surpassing the calyx : calyx 6-7 mm. 
long, villous; tube turbinate; lobes lanceolate-subulate, at least 4 as long as the tube : 
corolla bluish, 1.5 cm. long ; tube saccate a little above the base, the upper lip pilose on 
back, the lower lip as long as the tube, with a suborbicular middle lobe and ovate lateral 
lobes : filaments villous : nutlets about 2 mm. long. 

On open slopes, Clingman's Dome, North Carolina. Summer. 


12. Stachys cordata Riddell. Perennial, hirsute. Stems erect or ascending, 3-10 
dm. long, simple or branching above: leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong, 6-15 cm. long, 
acute or acuminate, crenate, rounded or cordate at the base ; petioles slender, } as long as 
the blades or shorter: spikes conspicuous, 8-15 cm. long, nearly naked : bract shorter than 
the calyx, except in the lower clusters: calyx 4-5 mm. long, minutely hirsute-glandular ; 
tube campanulate ; lobes triangular, acuminate, 1 or barely 4 as long as the tube: corolla 
light purple, 1 em. long: tube much surpassing the calyx, abruptly enlarged beneath near 
the base, the upper lip puberulent without, the lower lip drooping, with a reniform middle 
lobe and rounded undulate lateral lobes: filaments finely pubescent : nutlets 2 mm. long, 
suborbicular, granular. 

On banks of streams or in thickets, Ohio to North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer. 


13. Stachys Floridàna Shuttlw. Perennial, more or less hirsute, the rootstocks slen- 
der, terminating in tubers. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, or branched at the base, the branches 
ascending or spreading: leaf-blades oblong to ovate, 1-4 cm. long, acute or acutish, serrate 
or dentate, truncate to cordate at the base; petioles nearly as long as blades or met 
shorter on upper part of stem: calyx puberulent, 5-6 mm. long; tube turbinate ; lobes 
lanceolate, slender-acuminate : corolla nearly glabrous, about 1 mm. long; tube surpassing 
the calyx, the upper lip concave, bearded, the lower lip nearly as long as the tube, rounded : 
filaments pubescent : nutlets about 0.5 mm. long. : 

In sandy soil, Florida. Spring. 


21 SALVIA L 


Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubby plants, with leafy or scape-like stems. Leaves 
opposite, sometimes mainly basal: blades flat, entire, toothed or variously lobed. Flowers 


LAMIACEAE 1033 


in axillary clusters, disposed in spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx various in shape, 
2-lipped : tube ribbed, usually glabrous in the throat or merely ciliate near the base of the 
lobes: upper lip with 3 lobes: lower lip with 2 longer and narrower lobes. Corolla usu- 
ally highly colored, strongly 2-lipped: upper lip short or elongated: lower lip longer, 
spreading, with 3 lobes. Stamens 4, but only 2 anther-bearing, or only 2: filaments various, 
the posterior pair sometimes completely reduced, anther-bearing ones with a transverse 
connective at the apex, this bearing an anther at one end, dilated or capitate at the other. 
Nutlets smooth. ; 


Stems copiously leafy. 
Corolla scarlet, red or crimson. 
Leaves less than 3 times as long as broad : corolla pubescent within. 
Leaf-blades broader than long or rarelylonger than broad, ere oe 


S. Roemeríana. 
Leaf-blades manifestly longer than broad: entire or crenate-serrate. 
Shrubby : leaf-blades leathery, entire. . S. Greggii. 
Herbaceous : leaf-blades membranous, toothed. 3. S. coccinea. 
Leaves fully 4 times as long as broad. 4. S. pentstemonoides. 


Corolla blue. purplish or white. 
Leaf-blades over 4 times as long as broad. 
Corolla less than 1 em. long, the tube not surpassing the calyx. 5. S. lanceolata. 
Corolla over 1 em. long, the tube surpassing the calyx. 
Inflorescence, especially the calyx, conspicuously and densely to- 
mentose with white or violet hairs. . S. farinacea. 
Inflorescence, including the calyx, glabrous or pubescent, but not 
densely or conspicuously so. 


Calyx puberulent or minutely pubescent. 7. S. azurea. 
Calyx silky-tomentose. 8. S. Pitchert, 
Leaf-blades mostly less than twice as long as broad. 
Herbaceous plants. 
Calyx over 5 mm. long at maturity. 
Leaf-blades decurrent on the petioles to their bases. : 
Calyx-lobes acute: flower-clusters approximate or contiguous. 9. S. serotina. 
Calyx-lobes awn-tipped. ‘ 10. S. privoides. 
Leaf-blades very slightly decurrent on the petioles. E Ne. 
Corolla over 1 em. long: calyx-lobes nearly erect, 11. S. urticifolia. 
Corolla less than 1 cm. long : calyx-lobes spreading. 12. S. Chapmanit, 
Calyx less'than 5 mm. long at maturity. z 
Petioles filiform, wingless : stigmas subulate. 13. S. Blodgettii. 
Petioles winged by the decurrent blades : stigmas broad. 14. S. occidentalis. 
5 Shrubby plant. 15. S. ballotaeflora. 
Stems scape-like: leaves mainly basal. 
Corolla 8-10 mm. long. 16. S. verbenacea. 
Corolla 20-25 mm. long. 17. S. lyrata. 


1. Salvia Roemeriana Scheele. Perennial, closely pubescent and more or less hir- 
sute. Stems erect, 3-7 dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate, suborbicular or reniform, 2-4 cm. 
broad, the lower ones often compound, the leaflets then similar to the blades of the 
upper leaves, all repand-angulate, truncate or cordate at the base, slender-petioled : 
panicles 1-3 dm. long, the clusters few-flowered : pedicels 2-7 mm. long: calyx finely 
pubescent and somewhat glandular, 8-10 mm. long, the upper lip destitute of a middle 
tooth, the lower lobes lanceolate, acuminate: corolla scarlet-red, 2.5 cm. long; tube 
slightly curved, the lower lip with a broad cleft middle lobe, its lateral lobes rounded : 
nutlets 2 mm. long, granular. 

In light soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 

2. Salvia Gréggii A. Gray. Perennial, more or less puberulent. Stems erect, 
several dm. tall, branched : leaf-blades firm, oblong or nearly so, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, obtuse, 
nearly veinless, short-petioled : panicles 2-10 cm. long, the clusters few-flowered : pedicels 

mm. long : calyx 10-13 mm. long ; tube many-ribbed, the upper lip acutish, the lower 
lobes ovate, abruptly acuminate, about 4 as long as the tube : corolla red or purplish red, 
2.5-3 em. long ; tube saccate beneath, the upper lip concave, notched, glandular-pubescent 
on back, the lower lip with a middle lobe 1.5 cm. broad, this cleft into 2 rounded seg- 
ments with a slender tooth between them : style pubescent on top : nutlets 3 mm. long. 

In valleys, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 

3. Salvia coccinea L. Annual or perennial, softly pubescent. Stems erect, 3-7 
dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades ovate or deltoid-ovate, 3-6 cm. long, 
obtuse or acutish, crenate-serrate, truncate to subcordate at the base: panicles 5-20 cm. 
long : pedicels 2-6 mm. long, slender: calyx minutely pubescent, 10-12 mm. long ; tube 
many-ribbed, the upper lip reniform, abruptly pointed, the lower lobes ovate-apiculate : 
corolla deep scarlet, 2-2.5 em. long, puberulent ; tube contracted above the base, then 
gradually enlarged, the lower lip 7-8 mm. broad, merely notched at the apex : nutlets 2.5 
mm. long, slightly variegated. 

In sandy soil, South Carolina, Florida, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring to fall. 


1034 LAMIACEAE 


4. Salvia pentstemonoides Kunth. Perennial, glabrous or sparingly hirsute below. 
Stems erect, 6-15 dm. tall, sparingly branched above: leaf-blades leathery, lanceolate to 
elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic, 5-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate, 
acuminate at the base: panicles 3-6 dm. long: pedicels 5-10 mm. long: calyx glandular- 
puberulent, 1-1.5 cm. long ; tube ribbed-angled, the upper lip with 3 teeth, the lower lobes 
lanceolate, acuminate, slightly surpassing the upper: corolla crimson, 4 cm. long, sparingly 
pubescent ; tube twice as long as the calyx, the upper lip about 3 as long as the tube, pubes- 
cent on top, the lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe entire : style glabrous: nutlets 2.5 
mm. long, nearly smooth. 

In valleys, Texas. Spring and summer. 


5. Salvia lanceolata Willd. Perennial, glabrate-puberulent. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. 
tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate to oblong or linear-oblong, 2-8 
cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, remotely serrate, repand or undulate: panicles 5-15 cm. 
long : clusters more or less remote : pedicels 2-5 mm. long: calyx 7-8 mm. long, minutely 
pubescent ; tube prominently-ribbed, the upper lip abruptly pointed, the lower lobes tri- 
angular or ovate-triangular, acuminate: corolla purplish, sometimes pale, nearly 1 cm. 
long; tube slightly constricted above the base, the upper lip minutely puberulent, the 
lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe much broader than long: style sparingly pubescent : nut- 
lets nearly 2.5 mm. long, granular. 

On plains, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Spring to fall. 


6. Salvia farinàcea Benth. Perennial, puberulent or glabrous below, densely canes- 
cent-tomentose above. Stems often clustered, erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. tall, sometimes 
sparingly branched above : leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate to almost linear or rarely oblong- 
ovate, 3-10 em. long, acute or acutish, undulate or shallowly serrate, acuminate or cuneate 
at the base: panicles 5-20 cm. long, interrupted below, with colored pubescence similar to 
that of the calyx : calyx densely canescent with white or violet hairs, 7-8 mm. long, trun- 
cate or undulate-toothed : corolla violet-blue, 2 cm. long: tube saccate above the middle, 
the upper lip 2-parted, bearded on the back, the lower lip 3-lobed, much longer than the 
upper lip: nutlets fully 2 mm. long, pale. 

In rich soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 


7. Salvia azürea Lam.  Perennial, glabrous or puberulent above. Stems erect, 3-10 
dm. tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades oblong or lanceolate to linear, obtuse or acut- 
ish, repand or serrate, narrowed into short petioles: panicles 5-20 cm. long: pedicels 1-4 
mm. long: clusters subtended by narrow bracts: calyx puberulent, 7-9 mm. long, the 
upper lip abruptly pointed, the lower lobes ovate, acuminate : corolla blue or white, about 
1.5 em. long ; tube somewhat saccate above the middle, the upper lip densely bearded on 
the back, the lower lip 3-lobed, its middle lobe much broader than long, deeply notched, 
erisped : style pubescent beneath : nutlets about 2 mm. long, slightly resinous-granulose. 

In dry soil, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


8. Salvia Pítcheri Torr. Perennial, closely pubescent. Stems erect, 4-12 dm. tall, 
more or less branched, often simple: leaf-blades linear-oblong to linear, 3-12 cm. long, 
acute, sharply toothed or nearly entire, narrowed at the base: panicles 1-3 i 
clusters often contiguous : pedicels 1-5 mm. long: calyx densely canescent-tomentose, “2 
mm. long; tube many-ribbed, the upper lip barely pointed, the lower Sedo, Soar 
ovate, acute, as broad as long: corolla blue or white, 2-2.5 em. long ; tube saccate uh 
the middle, the upper lip densely bearded on the back, the lower lip S-lobed, fts mace” 
lobe 1 cm. broad, crisped, reniform, notched : style pubescent : nutlets nearly 3 mm. long. 

On dry plains, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Summer and fall. 


9. Salvia serótina L. Perennial, finely pubescent. Stems 1.5-7 dm. tall, much 
branched : leaf-blades ovate or orbicular-ovate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, bd 
cate or subcordate at the base, slender-petioled : panicles 2-10 cm. long, cylindric, - : 
dense: calyx longer than the pedicels, glandular-hirsute, becoming 5-8 mm. NE : i j 
about 3 as long as the long-campanulate tube: corolla 6-10 mm. long; tube Included’® 
style glabrous: nutlets fully 2 mm. long. 

In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical] America. 


10. Salvia privoides Benth. Annual, more or less pubescent. Stems 5-18 m 
more or less branched : leaf-blades ovate, 1-3 cm. long, acute, sharply serrate, E ds : 
truncate at the base, short-petioled : panicles slender, 5-30 cm. long, much ey AUR y 
calyx 5-7 mm. long, glandular-pilose, the upper lip and the lobes of the rais T d 
date : corolla 5-6 mm. long ; tube not surpassing the calyx, the upper lip minutely bea ; 
the lower lip with a notched or eroded middle lobe : nutlets barely 2 mm. long. 


In sand, peninsular Florida and its Keys. 


LAMIACEAE 1035 


11. Salvia urticifólia L. Perennial, finely pubescent and somewhat viscid. Stems 
erect, solitary or tufted, 2-7 dm. tall, usually simple above : leaf-blades ovate to deltoid, 
3-8 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, dentate or crenate, abruptly narrowed or truncate 
atthe base: panicles 5-15 cm. long, the clusters few-flowered : calyx 6-8 mm. long, glandu- 
lar-pubescent and glandular-dotted ; lobes all cuspidate: corolla purplish or white, about 
12 mm. long ; tube gibbous about the middle, the upper lip glandular-pubescent on the 
back, the lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe reniform, about 8 mm. broad, notched : style 
pubescent : nutlets 2 mm. long. 

Inopen woods or thickets, Maryland and Kentucky to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


12. Salvia Chapmánii A. Gray. Perennial, rather closely pubescent. Stems erect, 
1-2 m. tall, branching : leaf-blades thickish, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, long- 
acuminate, crenate-serrate, cuneate at the base, short-petioled : panicle much interrupted, 
9-10 cm. long; clusters 2-6-flowered: bracts mostly 5-10 cm. long, acuminate: calyx 
becoming 4-5 mm. long, finely pubescent ; tube campanulate; the lips very short: corolla 
blue or whitish, 8-9 mm. long; tube much surpassing the calyx, the lower lip about 
twice as long as the upper: nutlets about 1.5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


13. Salvia Blodgéttii Chapm. Annual, minutely pubescent. Stems much branched, 
the branches slender, 1-3 dm. long : leaf-blades ovate to suborbicular, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse, 
shallowly toothed, cuneate or truncate at the base: panicles slender, 1-3 cm. long: bracts 
subulate, shorter than the pedicels: calyx 4 mm. long, glandular-villous, the upper lip 
twice as long as the lower one : corolla about 8 mm. long. 

In sand, Key West, Florida. 


14. Salvia occidentàlis Sw. Annual, sparingly pubescent to the inflorescence, 
thence closely so. Stems erect or decumbent and creeping, 0.5-2 m. long, more or less dif- 
fusely branched : leaf-blades ovate, acute or short-acuminate, serrate, cuneate or nearly 
truncate at the base, short-petioled : panicles slender, 5-30 cm. long ; clusters few-flowered, 
the lower ones distant: calyx densely glandular-hirsute, 3-3.5 mm. long; tube strongly 
ribbed, the upper lip rounded, the lower lobes acute: corolla blue, about 5 mm. long; 
tube not surpassing the calyx: style or stigma with thin broad obtuse or truncate lobes : 
nutlets 2 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring to fall.2 

15. Salvia ballotaefléra Benth. A much branched shrub. Stem 1-3 m. tall, with 
tomentulose-canescent young foliage: leaf-blades ovate to deltoid, 1-2 em. long, acute or 
obtusish, crenate, truncate or cuneate at the base, slender-petioled : panicles 1-2 cm. long, 
few-flowered : calyx densely puberulent, 5 mm. becoming 8-10 mm. long and drooping at 
maturity, the lobes nearly equal, broadly ovate, obtuse or acutish : corolla purple or bluish, 
6-7 mm. long; tube shorter than calyx, the upper lip ample, bearded on the back, the 
lower lip 3-lobed : nutlets barely 2 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


16. Salvia verbenàcea L.  Perennial, hirsute or villous-hirsute. Stems erect, 1-6 
dm. tall, simple or branching: leaves mainly basal; blades ovate to oblong, 3-15 cm. long, 
incised or pinnatifid, obtuse or subcordate at the base: panicles 5-30 cm. long ; clusters 
rarely contiguous : calyx shaggy, 6-8 mm. long, the upper lip erect, with three converg- 
ing teeth, the lower lobes lanceolate, rigidly pointed : corolla bluish white or blue, about 
8 mm. long; tube shorter than the calyx, lips ample, the upper one hooded, minutely 
bearded with curved hairs, the lower with a reuiform middle lobe: nutlets 2 mm. long, 
nearly smooth. 

In sandy soil, Ohio to South Carolina and Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. 

17. Salvia lyràta L. Perennial, pilose or hirsute. Stems erect, more or less scape- 
like, 1-6 dm. tall, simple or sparingly Doanibed : leaves mainly basal; blades spatulate, 
oblanceolate, oblong or oval, lyrate-pinnatifid, 5-20 cm. long, the lobes undulate or repand : 
panicles 1-4 cm. long, much interrupted ; clusters few-flowered: pedicels 1-5 mm. long: 
calyx hirsute, becoming 9-11 cm. long ; tube strongly ribbed, the upper lip with 3 teeth, 
the lower lobes lanceolate, acuminate, with rigid tips: corolla purplish blue, 2-2.5 cm. 
long, the lower lip with a middle lobe broader than long, notched : filaments glabrous : 
nutlets 2 mm. long, glabrous, granular. 

In dry, often sandy woods or thickets, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring and 
early summer. 


22. SALVIASTRUM Scheele. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with puberulent or pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite : 
blades narrow, mostly entire, sometimes sparingly toothed. Flowers 1-3 in the axils of the 


1036 LAMIACEAE 


bracts, disposed in terminal contracted panicles. Calyx very irregular, ringent: tube 
densely bearded with white hairs in the throat and closed by them at maturity, 2-lipped : 
lobes cuspidate, those of upper lip short and broad, those of the lower lip more elongated. 
Corolla blue or purple: tube pubescent within, 2-lipped: upper lip 2-lobed : lower lip 
spreading, ample, 3-lobed, the middle lobe 2-lobed. Stamens 2, with a transverse connec- 
tive, lower branches with more or less polleniferous anther-sacs.  Staminodia 2, some- 
times 2-toothed at the apex. Nutlets subglobose. 

1. Salviastrum Texànum Scheele. Stems hirsute, commonly tufted, erect or ascend- 
ing, 1-3 dm. tall, simple or branched : leaf-blades linear or linear-oblanceolate at the base of 
the stem, entire or rarely few-toothed : panicles 4-15 cm. long, continuous or interrupted : 
calyx 7-10 mm. long; tube campanulate, the upper lip with 3 cuspidate teeth, the lower 
lobes lanceolate, acuminate : corolla blue, 2 cm. long ; tube barely as long as the calyx ; 
lips longer than the tube, the upper notched, the lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe reniform, 
deeply notched : style glabrous: nutlets 2.5 mm. long, somewhat shining. 

In dry soil, Texas and New Mexico. Spring. 


23. MONARDA L. 

Annual or usually perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous or pubescent foliage. 
Leaves opposite: blades flat, broadest below the middle, usually toothed. Flowers in 
dense remote or contiguous axillary clusters. Calyx tubular or nearly so, mostly pubes- 
cent in the throat: tube 15-ribbed : lobes 5, nearly equal. Corolla white, yellow, red or 
purple, sometimes variegated, 2-lipped : tube glabrous within, often puberulent or glandu- 
lar without, dilated into a throat: upper lip narrow, erect or arched, entire or notched : 
lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe much longer than the lateral. Anther-bear- 
ing stamens 2: 2 filaments rudimentary or wanting: anthers narrow, 2-celled, versatile ; 
sacs divergent, somewhat confluent at the base. Nutlets smooth. 


Flower-clusters solitary and terminal, or rarely axillary in robust plants. 
Leaf-blades relatively long-petioled or manifestly petioled. E 
Corolla scarlet. : 1. M. didyma. 
Corolla white, pink or purple. ; 
Leaf-blades membranous, deep green: corolla greenish or cream-colored. 2. M. Clinopodia. 
Leaf-blades firmer, barely membranous, dull or bright green: corolla 
pink, purple or purple-red. 
Pubescence of spreading hairs. 
Leaf-blades, all or many, fully twice as long as broad. 


Corolla, and often the bracts, pink or purplish. 3. M. fistulosa, 
Corolla, and the bracts, deep purple or purple-red. 4. M. media. 
Leaf-blades all less than twice as long as broad. 5. M. hirsutisstma. 


Pubescence of very short appressed hairs. 
Leaves on the upper partof the stem with petioles less than 5 mm. 


long. 6. M. scabra. 
Leaves onthe upper part of the stem with petioles over 5 mm.long. 7. M. mollis. 
Leaf-blades sessile or nearly so. ri 
Calyx pubescent at the mouth ; lobes not glandular. 8. M. Bradburiana. 
Calyx glabrous at the mouth ; lobes glandular. 9. M. Russelliana. 
Flower-clusters axillary and terminal. 
Perennials, sometimes flowering the first year: calyx-lobes triangular to lan- 
ceolate: corolla yellowish or rarely white. 2 
pene —— : calyx densely bearded in the throat ; lobes acute, copi- 
ously pubescent. i 
Calyx 9-10 mm. long ; lobes lanceolate. 10. M. eda ive 
Calyx 6-7 mm. long; lobes triangular. 11. M. lasiodonta. 
Bractlets merely ciliate: calyx glabrous in the throat or nearly so; lobes nctata. 
acuminate, puberulent or glabrous at maturity. ; à 12. M. pu . 
Annuals or biennials: calyx-lobes setaceous : corolla pink, purplish or white. 
Calyx-tube merely puberulent, the lobes spreading: bractlets merely ciliate. 
Bractlets typically oblong and abruptly narrowed into the terminal bris- dieieres. 
£ tie: corolla about 2.5 em. long. i i ER A 13. M. dispersa. 
ractlets typically lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, gradually narr "es 
PR ers ae crear heel corolla oe 2 op eer : pone 14, M. tenuiaristata. 
Jalyx-tube pubescent, the lobes erect or nearly so: bractlets pubesce A ioides. 
the back and copiously ciliate. 5. M. clinopod 


1. Monarda dídyma L. Perennial, glabrate or sparingly pubescent. Stene ie deem 
tufted, 3-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, 8-15 nis E 
acuminate, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base: heads showy : bracts more or Sbbed ; 
ored : calyx glandular-puberulent, 7-10 mm. long ; tube slightly curved, sharply 55 dx 
lobes subulate, 1.5-2 mm. long, ascending : corolla scarlet, minutely pubescent, 3. : 
long; tube dilated above the middle, the lower lip oblong: nutlets 1 mm. long. 


: : ichi th 
In moist soil, especially along mountain streams, New Brunswick to Ontario and Michigan, 80U 
to Georgia and Alabama. Summer and fall. Oswreco TEA. BEE BALM. 


LAMIACEAE 1) 


2. Monarda Clinopódia L. Perennial, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems 3-8 
dm. tall, simple or branching above: leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, acute 
or acuminate, serrate, rounded or cordate at base: heads not showy, the bracts green or 
slightly colored: calyx 7-9 mm. long; tube slightly curved, hirsute in the throat; lobes 
subulate, 1-1.5 mm. long, more or less pubescent: corolla greenish or cream-colored ; tube 
slightly dilated upward, the lower lip with an oblong base, 2 rounded lateral lobes and a 
narrow notched middle lobe: nutlets 0.5 mm. thick. 

On hillsides and in woods or thickets, Ontario to Georgia and Kentucky. Spring to fall. 


3. Monarda fistulósa L. Perennial, sparingly villous, bright green. Stems 5-12 
dm. tall, purple or purple-spotted, usually branched above : leaf-blades ovate or lanceolate, 
2-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, remotely but sharply serrate, rounded or subcordate at 
base, slender-petioled : bracts of the involucre pale or purplish: calyx nearly cylindric, 
7-12 mm. long; tube slightly curved, villous in the throat ; lobes subulate, many times 
shorter than the tube: corolla lilac, about 3 cm. long, usually minutely pilose, the lower 
lip obovate-spatulate, with a broad notched upturned mucro : nutlets 1-1.5 mm. long. 

On dry hillsides and in thickets, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. 
Summer and fall. HonsE-MINT. WILD BERGAMOT. 

4. Monarda média Willd. Perennial, glabrate or softly hirsute, deep green. Stems 
6-12 dm. tall, commonly branching above : leaf-blades ovate, lanceolate or oblong, acumi- 
nate, serrate, rounded or truncate at base, slender-petioled : head showy, the bracts deep 
purple foliaceous : calyx becoming 10 mm. long ; tube finely ribbed ; lobes subulate, 1 mm. 
long or slightly longer: corolla red-purple, 1.5-2 cm. long, villous-hirsute ; tube dilated 
above the middle, the upper lip linear-lanceolate, the lower lip oblong, 3-lobed at the apex, 
its middle lobe linear: nutlets nearly 1.5 mm. long. 

In moist thickets, Maine to Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer, 


5. Monarda hirsutíssima Small. Perennial, densely hirsute. Stems apparently 
4-7 dm. tall, simple or usually so: leaf-blades thick, ovate, 1.5-3 cm. long, acute or 
slightly acuminate, serrate, truncate or subcordate at base, short-petioled : heads showy, 
solitary, subtended by ciliate bracts : bractlets slender, pectinate-ciliate: calyx puberulent 
and glandular-dotted, becoming 8-9 mm. long; tube nearly straight, finely ribbed, bristly 
about the throat ; lobes subulate, about 1 mm. long: corolla lilac or purplish, villous and 
glandular-dotted, 1.5-2 cm. long, the lower lip crisped, its narrow middle lobe bearded : 
nutlets nearly 1.5 mm. long. 

^ Indry soil, Texas. Summer. 

6. Monarda scabra Beck. Perennial, closely velvety-pubescent. Stems 2-10 dm. 
tall, commonly branching above : leaf-blades firm, ovate to lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, acute 
or slightly acuminate, sharply often rather remotely serrate, rounded, truncate or cordate 
at base: those of the lower leaves short-petioled, those of the upper nearly sessile : heads 
showy, subtended by colored bracts: calyx 7-9 mm. long, lobes 1 mm. long or shorter: 
corolla lilac or bluish, 2-2.5 em. long, villous and minutely glandular-dotted ; tube gradu- 
ally dilated, the upper lip linear-lanceolate, conspicuously bearded at the apex, the lower 
lip 3-lobed at the apex, its middle lobe linear, notched : nutlets about 1.5 mm. long. 

On dry plains and prairies, Northwest Territory and British Columbia to Missouri, Texas and Ari- 
zona. Summer. 

7. Monarda móllis L. Perennial, similar to M. fistulosa in habit and to M. scabra 
in its short close pubescence. Stems finely and often copiously puberulent-canescent : leaf- 
blades ovate to lanceolate, coarsely serrate, usually gradually or abruptly narrowed at the 
base ; peus slender, those of the lower leaves 1-1.5 cm. long, those of the upper some- 
what shorter: heads subtended by bracts more or less colored like the corollas. 

In dry soil, New England to South Dakota, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 


8. MonardaBradburiana Beck. Perennial, villous-hirsute above, or glabrate. Stems 
3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, ciliate, 
serrate or nearly entire, sessile or nearly so, rounded or cordate at the base: heads showy, 
the braets more or less deeply colored, ciliate: calyx becoming about 10 mm. long; tube 
slightly curved, little pubescent in the throat; lobes slender-subulate, 2-2.5 mm. long, 
glandular-ciliate : corolla 2-2.5 mm. long, tube dilated above, the upper lip linear-lanceo- 
late, bearded, the lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe cleft: nutlets fully 1 mm. long. 

In thickets and on dry hillsides, Illinois to Kansas and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


9. Monarda Russelliana Nutt. Perennial, sparingly hirsuteabove. Stems slender, 
3-6 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched, commonly pubescent on the angles : leaf-blades 
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, shallowly serrate, rounded or subcordate 
at the base, sessile or short-petioled : heads often solitary, showy : calyx sparingly pubescent 


1038 LAMIACEAE 


or glabrate, becoming 8-9 mm. long; tube finely ribbed, curved; lobes subulate, 1.5-2 
mm. long, glandular-ciliate : corolla slender, 2-3 cm. long: nutlets about 1 mm. long. 
On hillsides, Arkansas. Summer and fall. 


10. Monarda Stanfiéldii Small. Perennial, 4-9 dm. tall. Stem and branches finely 
and closely pubescent: leaf-blades lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, rather coarsely serrate, glab- 
rous or nearly so, slender-petioled : bracts foliaceous, pale: bractlets plumose : calyx 9-10 
mm. long; tube finely pubescent, copiously bearded in the throat ; lobes lanceolate, copi- 
ously pubescent: corolla about 1.5 cm. long: nutlets less than 1.5 mm. long. 

On prairies, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring. 


11. Monarda lasiodónta (A. Gray) Small. Perennial, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Stems 
mainly simple or branched near the base, puberulent: leaf-blades linear-oblong to linear- 
lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, shallowly serrate: bracts white or pale, foliaceous: bractlets 
plumose: calyx 6-7 mm. long ; tube finely pubescent, densely bearded in the throat ; lobes 
triangular, copiously pubescent : corolla 1.5 cm. long: nutlets less than 1.5 mm. long. 

On plains or prairies, the Indian Territory and Texas to Arizona. Spring and summer. 


12. Monarda punctata L. Perennial, 3-10 dm. tall. Stems and branches finely 
pubescent : leaf-blades linear-oblong to lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, serrate, usually remotely 
or shallowly so: bracts foliaceous, more or less colored: bractlets merely ciliate: calyx 
8-10 mm. long; tube minutely puberulent or nearly glabrous at maturity, the throat not 
bearded ; lobes triangular, puberulent or glabrous at maturity : corolla about 2 cm. long: 
nutlets fully 1.5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, swamps or meadows, New York to Wisconsin, Floridaand Texas. Summer and fall. 
—A form, M. punctata leucántha Nash, with white corollas, occurs in Florida. 

13. Monarda dispérsa Small. Annual, 2-8 dm. tall. Stems often branched, the 
branches puberulent : leaf-blades oblong to oblong-spatulate or oblanceolate on the lower 
part of the stem, narrowly oblong to linear above, 2-11 cm. long, shallowly serrate: bract- 
lets mn oblong and abruptly narrowed into the terminal bristle, 1.5-2 cm. long, often 
colored within: calyx-tube 8-9 mm. long, puberulent, the lobes setaceous, spreading, 
sparingly ciliate : corolla about 2.5 cm. long: nutlets 1.5 mm. long. 

On plains and prairies and in meadows, Kansas and Missouri to Georgia, Florida, Texas, New 
Mexico and Mexico. Spring and summer. Naturalized eastward. 

14. Monarda tenuiaristàta (A. Gray) Small. Annual and similar to M. dispersa 1n 
habit, but relatively more slender: leaf-blades mainly tapering to the base : bractlets typi- 
cally lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and gradually narrowed into the terminal bristle: 
calyx-tube 7-8 mm. long, puberulent, the lobes setaceous, sparingly ciliate, spreading : 
corolla about 2 cm. long: nutlets about 1.5 mm. long. [M. aristata Nutt., not Hook. 
citriodora var. tenuiaristata A. Gray. ] 

On plains and prairies, Kansas to Arkansas, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Spring and summer. 

15. Monarda clinopodioides A. Gray. Annual, 3-6 dm. tall. Stems usually 
branched at the base, the branches closely pubescent : leaf-blades oblong to narrowly linear- 
oblong, 2-5.5 em. long, sharply serrate : bractlets elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, gradually 
narrowed into the terminal bristle, pubescent on the back and copiously ciliate : calyx-tube 
pubescent, 6-7 mm. long, the lobes setaceous, erect, plumose-ciliate : corolla 2-2.5 cm. 
long: nutlets 1.5 mm. long. 

On plains and prairies, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 


24. BLEPHILIA Raf. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite: blades flat, 
usually shallowly toothed. Flowers in dense remote or contiguous axillary clusters. Calyx 
glabrous in the throat, 2-lipped : tube nearly tubular, 13-nerved : lobes of the lower lip 
much longer than those of the upper. Corolla bluish or purplish, much longer than the 
calyx : tube glabrous within: upper lip erect, entire: lower lip 3-lobed, spreading: fila- 
ments various, 2 anther-bearing, sometimes exserted ; the other 2 reduced to staminodia 
or wanting : anthers 2-celled ; sacs somewhat confluent at the base. Nutlets smooth. 


Foliage softly pubescent with short hairs: leaf-blades shallowly toothed. H $: oak 
Foliage hirsute or villous-hirsute: leaf-blades decidedly serrate. ard 


1. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Stems softly pubescent, 3-6 dm. tall, simple or priis 
branched: leaf-blades lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, acutish, remotely serrate, round ee ole 
cordate at base, short-petioled or nearly sessile : heads contiguous or lower ones - eoe 
2-2.5 em. thick : calyx 8-10 mm. long; tube ribbed, the upper lip with 3 subulate ce 
the lower lip with 2 subulate-lanceolate lobes: corolla pink or purplish, about:1 em. tong; 


LAMIACEAE 1039 


pubescent, the upper lip oblong-lanceolate, the lower lip 3-lobed, its middle lobe linear- 
oblong, notched : filaments and style glabrous: nutlets about 1 mm. long. 

In dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, middle Georgia and Missouri. Summer. 

2. Blephilia hirsüta (Pursh) Torr. Stems hirsute or villous-hirsute, giving off 
numerous runners with ovate leaf-blades in spring, 3-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate to 
lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, serrate, rounded or subcordate at base: 
heads about 2 cm. thick: calyx 6-8 mm. long ; tube delicately ribbed, the upper lip with 
3 subulate bearded lobes, the lower lip with 2 lobes, their bases ovate, subulate-tipped : 
corolla pale, about 1 cm. long, pubescent ; tube curved, the upper lip lanceolate, the lower 
lip 3-lobed, its lateral lobes rounded, its middle lobe linear, usually notched : nutlets 1 
mm. long. 

In shaded ground or copses, Vermont to Wisconsin, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 


25. HEDEOMA Pers. 

Annual or perennial herbs, usually strongly aromatic and pungent. Leaves opposite, 
often small: blades entire or sparingly toothed. Flowers in remote or contiguous axillary 
clusters. Calyx pubescent in the more or less constricted throat : tube 13-ribbed, com- 
monly gibbous at the base, with 5 nearly equal lobes, or 2-lipped. Corolla blue or pur- 
ple: tube but little enlarged below the lips: upper lip erect, entire to 2-lobed : lower lip 
spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, or usually only 2 fertile: filaments 4, 2 usually sterile, 
much reduced or wanting. , Nutlets smooth. 


Calyx strongly 2-lipped, with the lobes of the two lips very dissimilar: filaments of posterior stamens 
manifest. 1. H. pulegioides. 
Calyx with similar or nearly similar lobes: filaments of posterior stamens rudi- 
mentary or obsolete. 
Calyx-lobes of both lips about equal in length. 
Calyx-lobes 14 as long as the tube: corolla about twice as long as the calyx. 2. H. acinoides. 
Calyx-lobes 15 as long as the tube: corolla barely as long as the calyx. 3. H. hispida. 
Calyx-lobes of the 2 lips unequal in length, those of the lower much longer than 
those of the upper. 
Calyx-tube barely if at all swollen at the base. 4. H. Drummond. 
Calyx-tube manifestly swollen at the base. 
Calyx 5-6 mm. long. . 
Leaf about equalling the calyx it subtends or surpassed by it. 


Braets petioled: calyx coarsely pubescent. 5. H. serpyllifolia. 
Bracts sessile: calyx finely pubescent. 6. H. nana. 
Leaf surpassing the calyx it subtends. 7. H. sancta. 
Calyx 7-8 mm. long. re 
Stems or branches branched throughout: calyx minutely hispid. 8. H. lata. 


Stems or branches simple above the base: calyx copiously bristly hispid. 9. H. Reverchonit. 


1. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Annual, finely pubescent. Stems erect, 1-4 
dm. tall, more or less bushy-branched : leaf-blades oval-elliptic or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 
obtuse, sparingly serrate: clusters loosely flowered, separated : calyx strongly ribbed, 3-4 
mm. long; tube stout, gibbous at base, the three upper lobes triangular or triangular-ovate, 
acute, the two lower lobes subulate, ciliate: corolla 4-5 mm. long; lips nearly equal, with 
blunt teeth : filaments and style glabrous: nutlets oval, nearly 1 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Cape Breton Island to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Nebraska. Summer. 


2. Hedeoma acinoides Scheele. Annual, minutely pubescent. Stems erect, 1-2 
dm. tall, or branched at the base, the branches ascending : leaf-blades oval to oblong, 1-1.5 
cm. long, obtuse, slightly serrate or nearly entire: clusters aggregated into terminal 
raceme-like panicles: calyx 5-6 mm. long, minutely pubescent, slightly enlarged at base 
but not gibbous ; tube slender; lobes nearly equal, subulate-lanceolate : corolla 7-8 mm. 
long; tube finely pubescent, nearly filiform, the upper lip oblong, usually minutely 
notched at the apex, the lower lip 3-lobed, its middle lobe nearly oblong, notched, lateral 
lobes ovate, rounded : filaments and style glabrous: nutlets 0.8 mm. long. . 

On plains or prairies, Arkansas and Texas. Spring and summer. 


3. Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Annual, hirsute. Stems erect, 0.5-3 dm. tall, simple 
or branching: leaf-blades linear, thickish, acutish, entire or nearly so, 1-3 cm. long, sessile 
or very short-petioled : clusters numerous, contiguous or separated below: calyx hirsute, 
4-5 mm. long, the three upper lobes linear-subulate, the lower lobes subulate, ciliate : 
corolla about 7 mm. long, nearly glabrous ; tube gradually dilated, the upper lip sub- 
orbicular, notched, the lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe nearly as broad as long, retuse : 
filaments and style glabrous : nutlets oblong, 1 mm. long. 

On dry plains, Northwest Territory to Illinois, Louisiana and Colorado. Spring and summer. 

4. Hedeoma Drummóndii Benth. Annual or perennial, minutely cinereous-pubes- 
cent. Stems erect, or assurgent, often diffusely branched, 1-4 dm. long: leaf-blades linear, 
oblong ‘or oval at the base of the stem, thickish, 0.5-1 cm. long, obtuse, entire, sessile or 


1040 LAMIACEAE 


very short-petioled: clusters often numerous: pedicel at least j as long as calyx : calyx 
tubular, 6-7 mm. long ; tube hispidulous, barely if at all swollen at maturity, the lobes of 
lower lip about twice as long as those of the upper lip: corolla pinkish, about 1 cm. long : 
nutlets about 1.5 mm. long. 
On prairies, Texas. Summer. 


5. Hedeoma serpyllifólia Small. Perennial, softly hirsute. Stems tufted, ascend- 
ing or decumbent, 1-2 dm. long, considerably branched, rather woody : leaf-blades oval to 
oblong, 5-8 mm. long, obtuse, softly pubescent, entire, manifestly petioled : clusters 2-4- 
flowered : pedicel shorter than the calyx : calyx 5-6 mm. long, hirsute ; tube slightly con- 
stricted above the middle, finely ribbed ; lobes subulate, the lower twice as long as the 
upper: corolla pinkish, 5 mm. long, only slightly longer than calyx ; tube dilated above 
the middle, minutely pubescent, the upper lip rounded, minutely notched, smaller than 
lobes of the lower lip, its middle lobe larger than the others, deeply notched: nutlets 1 
mm. long, puberulent. 

Indry soil, Texas. Spring. 


6. Hedeoma nàna (Torr.) Greene. Annual or perennial, puberulent or canescent- 
hirsute, the hairs gray. Stems erect, more or less diflusely branched, the branches stiff : 
leaf-blades oblong to ovate, 5-12 mm. long, entire or barely toothed, nearly sessile: calyx 
4-6 mm. long, hispidulous, surpassing the leaves, especially above ; tube swollen, consider- 
ably so at maturity, the lobes of the lower lip between twice and thrice as long as those of 
the upper : corolla 6-7 mm. long ; tube slender, the upper lip and middle lobe of the lower 
lip notched, other lobes obtuse: nutlets 1.2-1.3 mm. long. [H. thymoides A. Gray.) 

On plains or prairies, Texas to Arizona. Summer. 


7. Hedeoma sáncta Small. Annual or biennial, finely cinereous-pubescent. Stems 
erect, 1-3 dm. tall, somewhat branched, rather slender: leaf-blades oval, oblong or nar- 
rowly oblong, 1-1.5 em. long, entire, slightly revolute, very short-petioled : calyx 5-6 
mm. long, hispidulous, surpassed by the leaves; tube somewhat swollen, the lobes of the 
lower lip about twice as long as those of the upper: corolla 4-5 mm. long, puberulent ; 
tube slender, the upper lip and middle lobe of the lower lip truncate or barely emarginate, 
the other lobes rounded : nutlets fully 1 mm. long. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring. 

8. Hedeoma làta Small. Perennial, firm, finely hirsute. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, re- 
peatedly branched above: leaf-blades oblong to linear-oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, obtuse or 
acutish, closely pubescent, sessile or nearly so: calyx 7-9 mm. long, finely hirsute ; tube 
constricted or bent on the back near the throat ; lobes subulate, the lower about twice as 
long as the upper: corolla 10-12 mm. long, minutely pubescent, considerabiy longer 
than the calyx : nutlets fully 1 mm. long. 

On rocky prairies, Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 

9. Hedeoma Reverchónii A. Gray. Perennial, rigid, finely hirsute. Stems tufted, 
erect or ascending, 1-2 dm. tall, simple, softly pubescent : leaf-blades leathery, oblong or 
nearly so, 5-15 mm. long, obtuse, entire, finely pubescent, very short-petioled : calyx 8-10 
mm. long, conspicuously bristly hispid ; tube constricted on the back above the middle ; lobes 
subulate, the lower twice as long as the upper: corolla 13-15 mm. long, minutely rend 
cent, nearly twice as long as calyx; tube gradually dilated, the upper lip ovate, du J 
notched, the lower lip 3-lobed, its middle lobe deeply notched : filaments and style gla- 
brous : nutlets nearly 1.5 mm. long, granular. 

In rocky soil, middle Texas. Summer. 


26. STACHYDEÒMA Small. ; 
Annual or perennial caulescent pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite : blades entire or 
shallowly toothed, sessile or nearly so, the upper at least hirsute-ciliate. Flowers in ter- 
minal continuous or slightly interrupted spike-like panicles. Bracts narrow or subulate. 
Calyx short-pedicelled, hirsute: tube not gibbous: lobes subulate or setaceous. Corolla 
pink or purple, the throat with a pair of longitudinal projecting folds under the lower lip 
Style pubescent. Nutlets nearly smooth. 


Spike-like inflorescence continuous, abbreviated : leaf-blades entire; plants annual : in preg 


Spike-like inflorescence interrupted below, elongated: leaf-blades toothed: plants 
perennial: Floridian species. 
1. Stachydeoma ciliata (Benth.) Small. Annual, puberulent, and hirsute cates 
Stems 1-3 dm. tall, branching above: leaf-blades oblong to oblong-ovate, E cm. er ie 
acutish, slightly toothed, sessile : clusters aggregated into terminal panicles, 1-2 cm. 


2. S. graveolens. 


LAMIACEAE 1041 


bracts subulate, bristly : calyx purplish, becoming 6-7 mm. long, bristly-hispid ; tube 15- 
ribbed ; lobes subulate, about equal in length, finally converging: corolla slightly surpass- 
ing the calyx, rose-purple, 8-10 mm. long ; tube not exserted, hairy in the throat ; upper 
lip notched, the lower lip 3-lobed : sterile filament wanting: nutlets barely 1 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 

2. Stachydeoma gravéolens (Chapm.) Small. Perennial, hirsute. Stems 2-6 dm. 
tall, simple or branched: leaf-blades ovate to suborbicular, 1-1.5 cm. long, sparingly 
toothed, truncate or subcordate at base, sessile or very short-petioled : panicles elongated, 
leafy-bracted : calyx becoming about 5 mm. long: tube 12-13-ribbed, the upper lip with 
deltoid lobes, the lower lip with subulate lobes: corolla purple, spotted, 6-8 mm. long ; 
tube about equaling the longer calyx-lobes, the upper lip truncate, often undulate, the lower 
lip with a notched middle lobe: sterile filaments present: nutlets 0.5 mm. long. 

In low pine lands, Florida. Summer. 


27. MELISSA L. 


Perennial herbs, with branching stems. Leaves opposite: blades flat, broad, usually 
toothed. Flowers in axillary, often one-sided clusters. Calyx reflexed at maturity, 2- 
lipped : tube 13-ribbed, nearly glabrous in the throat : upper lip with 3 short lobes: lower 
lip with 2 longer lobes. Corolla white or yellowish, surpassing the calyx, 2-lipped : tube 
curved, glabrous within: upper lip nearly erect, entire or notched: lower lip 3-lobed, 
spreading. Stamens 4: anthers 2-celled ; sacs diverging. Nutlets smooth. BEE-BALM. 


1. Melissa officinalis L. Perennial, very softly hirsute, lemon-scented. Stems erect 
or much branched and spreading, 3-6 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate to ovate-oblong, 2-8 cm. 
long, crenate-serrate, ciliate, rounded or subcordate at base or sometimes acute: flower- 
clusters leafy-bracted: calyx ringent, 8 mm. long, hairy within and without; tube flat 
above, sharply ribbed, the upper lip with upeurved lobes, the lower lip with 2 narrower 
converging lobes: corolla white or cream-colored, about 1 cm. long, the upper lip inflated, 
cleft at the apex, its segments recurved, the lower lip drooping, with a suborbicular middle 
lobe, bearded especially near the base. 

In waste places and copses, Maine to Ohio and Florida. Summer. LEMON-BALM. 


28. CONRADINA A. Gray. 


Shrubs of low habit, with pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite, approximate or clustered : 
blades narrow, entire, often revolute. Flowers in loose axillary clusters. Calyx declined 
at maturity: tube 13-nerved, 2-lipped: upper lip of 3 short lobes: lower lip of 2 longer 
narrow lobes. Corolla purplish, surpassing the calyx, 2-lipped : upper lip erect, retuse : 
lower lip spreading, 3-lobed : middle lobe notched. Stamens 4: anthers 2-celled; sacs 
awnless, parallel. Nutlets smooth. 


Foliage canescent: leaves less than 1 em. long: upper lip of the corolla rounded. 1. C. canescens. 
Foliage puberulent: leaves over 1 cm. long: upper lip of the corolla retuse. 2. C. puberula. 


1. Conradina canéscens (T. & G.) A. Gray. A much branched shrub, 2-4 dm. tall, 
the foliage finely canescent: leaves very numerous, often clustered in axils; blades linear, 
5-9 mm. long, obtuse, entire, strongly revolute, sessile: clusters 2-6-flowered : pedicels 1-2 
mm. long: calyx about 5 mm. long, villous, prominently ridged, the upper lip with 3 
acute or mucronate recurved lobes, the lower thee lanceolate-subulate, all ciliate: corolla 
about 1.5 em. long ; tube nearly as long as the calyx, the upper lip orbicular-ovate, obtuse, 
the lower lip 3-lobed, its lateral lobes oblong or oblong-obovate, its middle lobe broader 
than long, truncate at apex : nutlets about 1 mm. long. 

In sand on the west coast of Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


. 2. Conradina pubérula Small. A much branched shrub, 3-7 dm. tall, the foliage 
cinereous-puberulent : leaves numerous, often clustered in axils; blades narrowly linear, 
12-25 mm. long, obtuse, entire, strongly revolute, sessile: clusters 2-6-flowered, often form- 
ing a continuous panicle: pedicels commonly 1-2 mm. long: calyx 5-6 mm. long, puberu- 
lent: tube slightly ribbed, the upper lip with 3 ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute ascending 
lobes, the lower lip with 2 lanceolate-subulate lobes: corolla 12-15 mm. long ; tube as long 
as the calyx or nearly so, the upper lip retuse, the lower lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes 
rounded, the middle lobe cuneate-flabellate, deeply notched: nutlets 1 mm. long, globose- 
oval, smooth and glabrous. 

In sand, Florida. Spring and summer. 


66 


1042 LAMIACEAE 


29. PYCNOTHYMUS Small. 


Perennial shrubby plants, glabrous or nearly so below the inflorescence. Leaves 
opposite, sometimes with smaller ones clustered in the axils: blades narrow, entire, revo- 
lute. Flowers in dense conspicuously pubescent bracted terminal raceme-like panicles. 
Calyx very delicate: tube campanulate, 10-ribbed: lobes 5, silky. Corolla purple or 
whitish : tube several times longer than the calyx: limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 
entire or notched : lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4: anthers 2-celled ; sacs sepa- 
rated. Nutlets smooth, dull. : 

1. Pycnothymus rígidus (Bart.) Small. Stems diffusely branched, the branches 
spreading, 1-6 dm. long, widely branched : leaves numerous ; blades rigid, lanceolate, 5-11 
mm. long, acute, sharply revolute, sessile or nearly so: head-like racemes subglobose or 
cylindric, 1-4 cm. long: calyx softly hirsute, 2.5-3 mm. long ; lobes lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, acutish, much longer than the tube: corolla light purple, minutely pubescent ; 
tube gradually dilated, the lips rounded, the lobes of the lower one nearly equal: nutlets 
less than 1 mm. long. ([Satureia rigida Bart. ] 

In sand and pine lands, Florida. Spring. 


30. MICROMERIA Benth. 

Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, often with creeping stems. Leaves opposite: 
blades various, often broad, entire or sparingly toothed. Flowers few or many in remote 
or contiguous axillary clusters, or sometimes solitary in the axils. Calyx nearly tubular : 
tube usually 13-ribbed : lobes 5, nearly equal, sometimes disposed so as to give the calyx a 
2-lipped character. Corolla small, often very small, somewhat lorger than the calyx, 2- 
lipped : upper lip erect, commonly much reduced : lower lip 3-lobed : middle lobe often 
notched. Stamens 4: anthers 2-celled ; sacs distinct, diverging. Nutlets smooth. 


Pedicel about as long as the calyx: Texas species. 1. M. pilosiuscula. 
Pedicel much longer than the calyx: Floridian species. 2. M. Browne. 

1. Micromeria pllosiüscula (Benth.) Small. Stems sparingly pubescent, branched 
at the base, the branches ascending or spreading, 1-2 dm. long : leaf-blades broadly ovate 
or orbicular, 5-10 mm. in diameter, undulate-crenate, truncate or cordate at the base, short- 
petioled : pedicels filiform, usually shorter than the subtending bracts: calyx hirsute, 4-5 
mm. long ; tube turbinate, slightly ribbed ; lobes ovate, the upper one often 2-3-toothed, 
barely 4 as long as tube: corolla 5 mm. long; tube considerably dilated, the upper lip 
broadly cuneate-obovate, notched at the apex. [M. Brownei var. pilosiuscula A. Gray.] 

In wet sandy soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. : 

2. Micromeria Brdwnei (Sw.) Benth. Stems glabrous or nearly so, branching at 
the base, the branches prostrate, creeping, 1-4 dm. long : leaf-blades suborbicular or broadly 
ovate, 5-12 mm. in diameter, undulate or crenulate, truncate or subcordate at base, short- 
petioled : pedicels filiform, as long as subtending bracts or longer: calyx glabrate, nar- 
rowly turbinate, 4-5 mm. long, fluted ; lobes triangular or ovate, barely j as long as tube, 
ciliolate : corolla 7-8 mm. long; tube funnelform, the upper lip ovate, sometimes retuse. 

On river banks or muddy shores, Florida. Summer. 


31. CLINOPODIUM L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs, with branching stems. Leaves opposite : blades 
narrow or broad, entire or toothed. Flowers in sessile or peduncled axillary pugon 
Calyx glabrous or pubescent in the throat, 2-lipped : tube usually 13-ribbed, often swollen 
at the base: upper lip with 3 short lobes: lower lip of 2 longer lobes. Corolla ze 
passing the calyx, 2-lipped : tube rather abruptly dilated at the throat: upper lip erec | 
entire or notched: lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4: filaments all anther-bear 
ing: anthers 2-celled ; sacs awnless. Nutlets smooth. [Calamintha Moench.] Bast. 


Flowers in dense axillary clusters, accompanied by linear-filiform bracts. 1. C. vulgare. 
Flowers few or solitary in the axils of the leaves, with minute braets. 
Stems glabrous or minutely pubescent at the nodes. 2. C. glabrum. 
Corolla less than 10 mm. long. 3. €, glabellum. 


Corolla over 10 mm, long. 
Stems pubescent or puberulent. 
A. Plants shrubby: corolla over 10 mm. long. 
a. Leaf-blades entire: corolla over 25 mm. long. 4. C. coccineum. 
* Calyx less than 1.5 em. long: corolla 3-4 em. long. s 


LAMIACEAE 1043 


** Calyx over 1.5 em. long: corolla 4-5 em. long. 5. C. macrocalyz. 
b. Leaf-blades toothed : corolla less than 15 mm. long. 
Clusters 5-6-flowered : leaf-blades broadest below the middle, sessile or 


nearly so. 6. C. Carolinianum. 
Clusters 1-3-flowered : leaf-blades broadest above the middle, petioled. 7. C. dentatum. 
B. Plants herbaceous: corolla less than 10 mm. long. 8. C. Nepeta. 


1. Clinopodium vulgare L. Perennial, hirsute. Stems erect or ascending, 1-5 dm. 
tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades oval to ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. 
long, obtuse, undulate or crenate, narrowed into slender petioles : clusters dense, 1-3 cm. in 
diameter : bracts linear-filiform, bristly : calyx 8-9 mm. long, villous-hirsute ; tube strongly 
ribbed ; lobes of both lips subulate-tipped, the lower lip barely surpassing the upper: 
corolla white or purple; tube dilated from near the base, the upper lip notched, the ae 
lip with 3 obtuse lobes. [Calamintha Clinopodium Benth. ] 

In thickets and copses, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, North Carolina and Colorado. Summer and fall. 


2. Clinopodium glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze. Perennial, stoloniferous, glabrous. Stems 
erect, often tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, simple or branched: leaves of stolons with obovate or oval 
blades, those of lower part of stem spatulate ; upper stem-leaves numerous ; blades linear, 
obtuse or acutish, entire or sparingly toothed : clusters 2-6-flowered : pedicel longer than 
calyx : calyx 4-5 mm. long ; tube strongly ribbed ; lobes lanceolate-subulate or the upper 3 
narrowly triangular, the lower narrower and a little longer than upper: corolla 8-9 mm. 
long, puberulent, the upper lip notched, 1 mm. long. [Calamintha Nuttallii Benth. ] 

On rocks and rocky banks, Ontario to Minnesota, New York and Texas. Spring and summer. 


3. Clinopodium glabéllum (Michx.) Kuntze. Perennial, lax, nearly glabrous. 
Stems weak, ascending, or decumbent, 1-4 dm. long, simple or branched: leaf-blades ob- 
long or elliptic, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, sparingly serrate, short-petioled : clusters 2-10-flow- 
ered : pedicel as long as the calyx or longer: calyx 5-6 mm. long; tube strongly ribbed, 
the upper lobes lanceolate-subulate, upeurved ; the lower lobes subulate, nearly straight, 3 as 
long as the tube : corolla 12-14 mm. long ; tube pubescent, the upper lip notched, the lower 
lip with a rather square middle lobe : nutlets 0.8 mm. long, granular. [Calamintha glabella 
(Michx. ) Benth.] 5 


On limestone banks, Kentucky and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


4. Clinopodium coccíneum (Nutt.) Kuntze. A branching shrub 3-9 dm. tall, the 
foliage cinereous-puberulent or glabrate : leaf-blades leathery, obovate, spatulate to linear- 
spatulate or linear-oblong, 0.5-2 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, entire, sessile or nearly so : 
pedicels 2-4 mm. long: calyx 8-11 mm. long ; tube nearly cylindric, puberulent, the upper 
lip mucronate, the lobes of the lower lip lanceolate-acuminate, 1.2-2.5 mm. long: corolla 
scarlet, puberulent, 3-4 cm. long, the upper lip deeply notched ; nutlets barely 1.5 mm. 
long. [Calamintha coccinea (Nutt. ) Benth. ] 

In sandy soil, Florida to Alabama. Summer and fall. 


5. Clinopodium macrocályx Small. Similar to C. coccineum in habit: leaf-blades 
broadly spatulate, 1-1.5 cm. long, obtuse or slightly apiculate, somewhat revolute, copiously 
punctate, contracted to the narrow base: pedicels 2-4 mm. long: calyx 16-18 mm. long ; 
tube striate, puberulent, the upper lip acute, the lobes of the lower lip subulate, 4.5-6 mm. 
long: corolla scarlet, minutely pubescent, 4-5 em. long, the upper lip notched. 

In pine lands, Indian River region, Florida. Summer. 


6. Clinopodium Caroliniànum (Michx.) Heller. A branching shrub 2-6 dm. tall, 
the branches finely pubescent : leaf-blades firm, ovate, oval or oblong, obtuse, 1-3 cm. long, 
shallowly serrate, narrowed into short petioles : clusters few-flowered, sometimes peduncled : 
calyx 5-6 mm. long, glandular-dotted ; tube strongly ribbed, villous in the throat ; upper 
lip curving upward, 2-3-toothed, the lower lip of 2 lanceolate lobes : corolla white or pink- 
purple, and purple spotted, 10-13 mm. long, minutely pubescent, the upper lip notched, 
the lower lip 3-lobed : filaments and style glabrous: nutlets about 1 mm. long, granular. 
[Calamintha Caroliniana (Michx. ) Benth.] 

In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida. Summer and fall. 


. 7. Clinopodium dentàtum (Chapm.) Kuntze. A diffusely branched shrub, 
cinereous-tomentulose. Stems 3-7 dm. tall: leaf-blades leathery, obovate to oblong- 
cuneate, 5-12 mm. long, entire or 2-4-toothed at the apex, sessile or nearly so : clusters 2-6- 
flowered : pedicels shorter than calyx: calyx 6-7 mm. long; tabe strongly ribbed, the 
upper lip 2-3-toothed, upcurved, the lower lip of 2 subulate-lanceolate ciliate lobes : corolla 
white or purplish, 11-13 mm. long. [Calamintha dentata Chapm. ] 

Insand, Florida. Spring to fall. 
8. Clinopodium Népeta (L.) Kuntze. Perennial, villous-hirsute or cinereous. 
Stems simple or branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 2-9 dm. tall, more 


1044 LAMIACEAE 


or less branched: leaf-blades ovate to orbicular-ovate, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, 
slightly serrate, short-petioled: clusters remote, few-flowered: calyx 4-6 mm. long, 
minutely pubescent ; tube at length constricted above the middle ; upper lobes triangular 
or lanceolate, curving upward ; lower lobes subulate, curved : corolla 8-9 mm. long ; tube 
gradually dilated, puberulent, the upper lip notched, the lower lip with a reniform middle 
lobe: nutlets barely 1 mm. long, granular. [Calamintha Nepeta (L.) Link & Hoffmansg. ] 


In waste places and fields, Maryland and Kentucky to Georgia and Arkansas. Naturalized from 
Europe. Summer and fall. FIELD-BALM. 


32. DICERANDRA Benth.! 

Annual caulescent herbs, with puberulent foliage. Leaves opposite: blades flat, nar- 
row, entire. Flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx pedicelled: tube about 13-ribbed, 2- 
lipped : upper lip truncate or with 3 short lobes : lower lip of 2 narrower and longer lobes. 
Corolla pink-purple or white, spotted, surpassing the calyx, 2-lipped: upper lip erect, 
nearly entire: lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled ; sacs awned. Nutlets smooth. 
Corolla pink-purple: anthers exserted. 


Cymes nearly sessile: anther-horns blunt. : 1. D. densiflora. 
Cymes markedly peduncled: anther-horns acute. 2. D. linearifolia. 
Corolla white: anthers included. 3. D. odoratissima. 


1. Dicerandra densifldra Benth. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, branching: leaf-blades nar- 
rowly oblong or linear-oblong, 2-4 cm. long, obtuse, sessile or short-petioled : cymes few- 
flowered, sometimes compact, nearly sessile: calyx purple-tinged, 6-7 mm. long; tube 
ribbed, the upper lip upcurved, more or less distinctly notched, the lower lip of 2 lanceo- 
late or triangular-lanceolate acute lobes: corolla pink-purple, spotted, nearly 1.5 cm. long ; 
tube shorter than the calyx, the upper lip retuse, the lower lip 3-lobed, its lobes oblong, 
the middle one eroded at the apex : filaments glabrous: style minutely pubescent. 

In sandy soil, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


2. Dicerandra linearifólia (Ell.) Benth. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, branching: leaves 
opposite; blades linear or lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, rather obtuse, entire, more or less 
revolute, sessile or short-petioled : cymes few-flowered, peduncled : pedicels 1-3 mm. long: 
calyx 5-6 mm. long, purple-tinged ; tube slightly ribbed, the upper lip curved upward, 
barely notched, the lower lobes triangular, acuminate: corolla pink-purple and spotted, 
1.5 cm. long ; tube about as long as calyx, the throat broadly funnelform, the upper lip 
retuse, the lower lip 3-lobed, its lobes oblong or nearly so, the middle lobe notched : fila- 
ments glabrous : style minutely pubescent. 

In dry sandy soil, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Fall. 


3. Dicerandra odoratissima Harper. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, fastigiately branched from 
near the base: leaf-blades linear, 2-3 cm. long, obtuse, sessile: cymes few- or severa 
flowered, often contiguous : calyx light green below, white above, 7-8.5 mm. long ; tube 
strongly ribbed, the upper lip rounded, entire or nearly so, the two lobes of the lower lip 
delicate, incurved : corolla white, with many purple spots, 14-17 mm. long ; tube surpass- 
ing the calyx, the upper lip arched, the lower lip spreading or deflexed. 

On sand hills, eastern Georgia. Fall, 


33. HYSSOPUS L. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, sometimes woody at the base. Leaves opposite : blades 
narrow, entire. Flowers in dense axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx glabrous at the 
throat: tube 15-ribbed : lobes 5, about equal. Corolla blue or purple, surpassing the 
calyx, 2-lipped : upper lip notched : lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, at least 2 exserted : 
anthers 2-celled ; sacs divergent. Nutlets slightly 3-angled, smooth. HyssoP. 


1. Hyssopus officinalis L. Stems usually branched from the woody base, g 
branches 2-9 dm. tall, puberulent: leaf-blades linear to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3e 
em. long, thickish, entire, faintly veined, sessile or nearly so: panicles rather cde : 
coming 2 em. thick : calyx short-pedicelled ; lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute, 44 T pend 
as the cheb ribbed tube : corolla blue or purplish, 8-10 mm. long: stamens an sty 
exserted. 


A t 
- In waste places and on roadsides, Ontario and Maine to North Carolina, and on the Pacific Coas 
Naturalized from Europe. Summer. 


! Revised by Mr. Roland M. Harper. 


LAMIACEAE 1045 


34. THYMUS L. 


Perennial herbs, with low or creeping stems. Leaves opposite: blades small, flat, 
mostly entire. Flowers perfect, in axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx narrow: tube 
relatively short, 10-13-ribbed, 2-lipped: upper lip ascending: lower lip of 2 narrow, 
longer lobes. Corolla purple or pale, surpassing the calyx, 2-lipped: upper lip erect, 
emarginate : lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4: filaments mostly surpassing the 
corolla: anthers 2-celled ; sacs diverging. Nutlets smooth. THayMe. 


1. Thymus Serpyllum L. Diffusely spreading or forming wide mats. Stems and 
branches wiry, tough, pubescent in lines: leaf-blades oblong to oval or ovate, 3-10 mm. 
long, obtuse, entire, short-petioled : bracts like the leaves but smaller: panicles spike-like, 
dense: calyx becoming 3-4 mm. long; lobes of the lower lip slender, about as long as the 
tube: corolla purplish ; tube about as long as the calyx : nutlets about 0.5 mm. long. 

On roadsides and in woods, and in waste places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and North Carolina. 
Naturalized from Europe and Asia. Summer. 


35. KOELLIA Moench. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous or pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite, often 
numerous on short branches: blades narrow or broad, flat, entire or toothed. Flowers in 
dense axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx ovoid to tubular: tube 10-13-ribbed, not con- 
spicuously pubescent in the throat: lobes 5, equal or unequal. Corolla white or purplish, 
surpassing the calyx, 2-lipped: upper lip erect, entire or notched: lower lip 3-lobed. 
Stamens 4, often nearly equal: filaments often surpassing the corolla: anthers 2-celled ; 
sacs parallel. Nutlets smooth, variously roughened or pubescent. [ Pyenanthemum Michx.] 
Mountain Mint. Horse Mint. 


Calyx not 2-lipped ; lobes equal or nearly so. 
Calyx-lobes much surpassed by the corolla. 
Flower-clusters relatively loose, in terminal apparently naked corymbs: bracts shorter than the 
clusters, 1. K. nuda. 
Flower-clusters very dense, in terminal conspicuously bracted corymbs. 
Calyx-lobes not awn-tipped. 

Bractlets ciliolate. EDI 
Calyx-lobes triangular or ovate-triangular. 2. K. Virginiana. 
Calyx-lobes subulate to lanceolate. 

Leaf-blades or most of them over 3 times as long as broad. i 
Leaves with strictly entire blades. 3. K. flexuosa. 
Leaves, or the larger ones, with toothed blades. 
Flower-clusters 1-2 em. broad at maturity, compact. 
Flower-clusters conspicuously woolly at maturity: 
stems copiously pubescent. : 
Calyx-lobes acute: leaf-blades firm; species cam- 


pestrian. s 4. K. pilosa. 
Calyx-lobes acuminate: leaf-blades thin: species 
Alleghenian. 5. K. leptodon. 
Flower-clusters not woolly at maturity : stems pilose d A 
or slightly pubescent. 6. K. verticillata. 
Flower-clusters 2-3 cm. broad at maturity, not crowded. 7. K. clinopodioides. 
Leaf-blades or most of them Jess than 3 times as long as broad. 8. K. mutica. 
Bractlets copiously villous-ciliate. 9. K. montana. 
Calyx-lobes awn-tipped. 10. K.aristata. 
Calyx-lobes equallíng the corolla. 
Calyx-lobes, at least the lower ones, shorter than the tube: bracts with EN 
tips mostly shorter than the body : coastal species. 11. K. hyssopifolia. 
Calyx-lobes, at least the lower ones, longer than the tube: braets with 
ti Dan longer than the body: Alleghenian species. 12. K. Hugeri. 
Calyx manifestly 2-1 


pped a the partial union of the 3 upper lobes. 
Calyx-lobes destitute of ong hairs, or only a few at the tip of a lobe. 
Calyx-lobes ovate or triangular-ovate, obtuse, incurved at maturity. 13. K. albescens. 
Calyx-lobes lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, subulate-tipped, erect. 14. K. íncana. 
Calyx-lobes furnished with long hairs. 


Upper er blado whitened. 15. K. pycnanthemoides. 
pper leaf- es green. ; 
Meu pilose: calyx-lobes plumose. 16. K. dubia. — 

Stems puberulent: calyx-lobes sparingly hairy. 17. K. Beadiet. 


1. Koellia nüda (Nutt.) Kuntze. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 3-7 dm. tall, corym- 
bosely branched above: leaf-blades rather thick, oblong, elliptic or oval, 1-2 cm. long, 
acute or obtuse, entire or nearly so, sessile: calyx 3-4 mm. long, slightly enlarged upward ; 
lobes triangular, acute, ciliate: corolla 6 mm. long, pubescent, the lips oblong, 4 as long 
as the tube, obtuse, or the lower lip 3-lobed : filaments and style glabrous. 

In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


1046 LAMIACEAE 


2. Koellia Virginiana (L.) Britton. Stems minutely pubescent, 4-9 dm. tall, 
branched above: leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute, mostly 
entire, sessile or nearly so: clusters 8-10 mm. in diameter: bracts linear-lanceolate to nar- 
rowly linear: calyx 3.5-4 mm. long, finely pubescent ; lobes triangular, acute, about 4 as 
long as the tube: corolla 6-7 mm. long, the upper lip ovate, notched, the lobes of the lower 
lip oblong or ovate. [Pyenanthemum lanceolatum Pursh. ] 

In dry soil, often in thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia, Alabama and Nebraska. 
Summer and fall. 

3. Koellia flexuósa (Walt.) MacM. Stems slender, glabrous, solitary or tufted, 3-8 
dm. tall, branched above: leaf-blades narrowly linear to linear-filiform, 1-4 cm. long, 
acute, entire, sessile : clusters dense, 6-8 mm. in diameter: bracts lanceolate, acuminate : 
calyx 3.5 mm. long, woolly ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, somewhat acuminate: corolla 
pink or white, 6-7 mm. long, pubescent within and without, the upper lip ovate, minutely 
notched, magenta-spotted, the lower lip 3-lobed, its middle lobe longer and narrower than 
the lateral lobes. [Pycnanthemum linifolium Pursh. ] 

In dry soil, mostly in meadows or thickets, Ontario to Minnesota, Massachusetts, Florida and 
Texas. Summer and fall. 

4. Koellia pilósa (Nutt. ) Britton. Stems densely somewhat cinereous-pubescent, 4-13 
dm. tall, often branched above: leaf-blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, 
acute, sessileor nearly so: clusters 1-1.5 cm. thick : bracts about as long as the calyx, densely 
pubescent: calyx 4-5 mm. long, minutely pubescent : lobes lanceolate, acute, about 4 as 
long as the tube: corolla 7-8 mm. long, minutely pubescent, the upper lip oblong-ovate, 
the lower lip with ovate lateral lobes and a linear-oblong middle lobe: filaments and style 
glabrous. 

On prairies and in dry woods, Ohio to Missouri, Georgia and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 


5. Koellia léptodon (A. Gray) Small. Stems softly pubescent, or glabrate below, 
5-11 dm. tall, loosely branched : leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, 
acute, shallowly serrate or entire: clusters 1-2 cm. thick: bracts mostly shorter than the 
calyx, densely pubescent: calyx 5-5.5 mm. long, rather villous ; lobes lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, about } as long as the tube, conspicuously hairy : corolla about 7 mm. long, minutely 
pubescent, the upper lip ovate, the lower lip with rounded lateral lobes and an oblong 
middle lobe : filaments and style glabrous. [ Pycnanthemum pilosum var. ? leptodon A. Gray. } 

In woods, mountains of North Carolina. Summer. 


6. Koellia verticillàta (Michx.) Kuntze. Stems minutely pubescent, deep green, 3-12 
dm. tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades lanceolate to almost linear, 2-6 cm. long, acute, 
remotely or shallowly serrate, ciliolate, sessile : clusters dense, 1-2 cm. thick: bracts lanceo- 
late to linear: calyx 4-5 mm. long, puberulent ; lobes subulate-lanceolate, ciliolate, 4 as 
long as the tube: corolla pink or pinkish, 7-8 mm. long, the upper lip oblong, bearded at 
the apex, the lower lip spotted with garnet, its 3 lobes obtuse. 

.. In open woods and thickets, Rhode Island to Missouri and Georgia. Summer and fall.—The form 
with narrow leaf-blades, K. Torreyi (Pursh) Kuntze. is probably distinct. 

7. Koellia clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze. Stems softly pubescent, 4-12 dm. 
tall, often widely branching: leaf-blades lanceolate, narrowly oblong or elliptic, 2-8 cm. 
long, acute, more or less distinctly serrate, narrowed into petioles: clusters rather loose, 
2-3 cm. thick: calyx 4 mm. long ; tube ribbed ; lobes lanceolate-subulate, nearly 3 as long 
as the tube: corolla pink or purplish, 6 mm. long ; tube surpassing the calyx, the Fo 
lip oblong, minutely pubescent, the lower lip with the middle lobe undulate, broadene 
above the middle, twice as long as lateral lobes. 

In dry open woods, New York to Pennsylvania, Virginia and Tennessee. Summer. 


8. Koellia mitica (Michx.) Britton. Stems finely pubescent, densely so above, ne 
dm. tall, branching: leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 2-6 dm. long, acute, more isi i 
distinctly toothed, sessile or very short-petioled, the upper mealy pubescent: ¢ is p 
dense, 1-1.5 cm. thick: bracts narrow, ciliate: calyx 3.5-4 mm. long, finely pubescen ae 
puberulent in age ; lobes triangular or lanceolate-triangular, 4 as long as the tube: ce EA 
pink or purplish, about 8 mm. long, the upper lip orbicular-ovate, notched, or somet! 
all the lobes obtuse : nutlets fully 1 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Maine to Missouri and Florida. Summer and fall. 


9. Koellia montàna (Michx.) Kuntze. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 3-9 de 
branched : leaf-blades thinnish, lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or BEGUN. 
sharply serrate, gradually or abruptly narrowed into short petioles: clusters mere 
dense, 1-2.5 cm. thick: bracts linear or lanceolate, ciliate: calyx 4-5 mm. oie scrolla 
lanceolate, acute, branched at the apex, at least when young, } as long as the tube: e 


LAMIACEAE 1047 


7-8 mm. long, the upper lip oblong, retuse, the lower lip 3-lobed; lobes nearly oblong, 
obtuse, the middle one narrower and longer than the others. 
In woods in the mountains, Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Summer. 


10. Koellia aristata (Michx.) Kuntze. Stems more or less densely puberulent, 4-9 
dm. tall, branched above: leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. 
long, acute or rather obtuse, entire or shallowly serrate, rounded or subcordate at base, 
short-petioled or nearly sessile: heads dense: calyx 5-6 mm. long; lobes slightly unequal, 
lanceolate-subulate, about 3 as long as the tube: corolla pink or whitish, slightly longer 
than the calyx, the upper lip and lobes of lower lip rounded. 

In pine lands, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, Summer and fall. 


11. Koellia hyssopifólia (Benth.) Britton. Stems puberulent, 4-10 dm. tall, 
branching above: leaf-blades narrowly oblong to linear, 1-3.5 cm. long, usually entire, 
sessile or nearly so: clusters dense, subglobose: calyx 5-6 mm. long; tube prominently 
ribbed ; lobes subulate-tipped, nearly equal, at least 4 as long as the tube : corolla pink or 
whitish, slightly longer than the calyx, the upper lip minutely toothed at the apex, the 
lower lip with a middle lobe much longer than the lateral lobes : style pubescent above. 

In pine lands, Virginia to Florida. Summer. 


12. Koellia Hügeri Small. Stems densely cinereous-tomentulose, 5-7 dm. tall, 
branching above : leaf-blades oblong, 1.5-4 cm. long, acute, entire or sparingly serrate, 
sessile or nearly so: clusters dense : calyx 7-8 mm. long, puberulent ; lobes nearly equal, 
aristate-tipped, pale, as long as tube or longer: corolla pink, surpassed by the calyx-lobes, 
the upper lip truncate, the lower lip 3-lobed, its middle lobe oblong, its lateral lobes round- 
ovate : style glabrous. 

On mountain slopes and in meadows, summit of the Blue Ridge, North Carolina, Summer. 


13. Koellia albéscens (T. & G.) Kuntze. Stems whitish with minute velvety 
pubescence throughout. Stems 4-10 dm. tall, sparingly or finely and corymbosely 
branched above: leaf-blades ovate to elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, serrate, 
acute or slightly acuminate : bracts minutely velvety, but beardless: calyx 2-3 mm. long, 
slightly curved, beardless; lobes triangular to ovate-triangular: corolla pink, 5-6 mm. 
long, the lobes rounded, or the upper lip and middle lobe of the lower lip barely emargi- 
nate. 

In sandy soil, often in dry woods, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


14. Koellia incàna (L.) Kuntze. Stems softly pubescent and more or less hirsute, 
5-12 dm. tall, simple below, branched above, 4-angled : leaf-blades ovate, elliptic or lanceo- 
late, 3-10 em. long, acute or short-acuminate, remotely serrate, narrowed into short peti- 
oles, hoary beneath, and the upper ones on both sides: clusters rather loose, 2-3.5 cm. 
broad: calyx tubular, curved near the top, subtended by narrow subulate bracts ; tube 
ribbed, 4 mm. long; lobes triangular or triangular-lanceolate, awn-tipped : corolla 7-8 
mm. long, the upper lip oblong, pale lilac, minutely notched and ciliolate at the apex, the 
lower lip 3-lobed, spotted with lilac, the lateral lobes rounded, the terminal one obovate, 
crenulate, with a yellowish spot in the center. 

In thickets and on wooded hillsides, Maine and Ontario to Ohio and Florida. Summer and fall. 


15. Koellia pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Kuntze. Stems canescent or glabrous 
below, 6-14 dm. tall, more or less widely branching : leaf-blades ovate, elliptic or elliptic- 
lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, the upper ones white-canescent, acute or acuminate, serrate, nar- 
rowed into short villous-hirsute petioles : clusters rather loose, 1.5-3.5 cm. broad: bracts 
often linear-spatulate, with long hairs near the apex: calyx 5-6 mm. long; lobes lanceo- 
late-subulate, with long hairs: corolla pale lilac, 7-8 mm. long, the ux lip narrowly 
oblong, obtuse, the lower lip spotted with garnet and magenta, 3-lobed, the middle lobe ob- 
long, curved upward.  [ Pyenanthemum Tullia Benth. ] 

In mountain woods and thickets, Virginia to Kentucky, Georgia and Alabama. Summer. 


16. Koellia dübia (A. Gray.) Small. Stems finely hirsute, 4-9 dm. tall, bera.) : 
leaf-blades lanceolate to linear-elliptic, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate, serrate or nearly 
entire, narrowed into short petioles: clusters becoming dense, 1-2 cm. thick: bracts 
linear-filiform or slightly broadened at the middle: calyx about 4 mm. long; tube finely 
pubescent ; lobes at least } as long as the tube, each with a triangular or lanceolate body and 
a subulate conspicuously bearded tip: corolla pink or lilac, 6-7 mm. long ; tube slightly 
curved, the upper lip, and lobes of lower lip, mostly rounded. [Pyenanthemum Tullia var. 
dubium A. Gray.] 


On mountain slopes, Ashe County, North Carolina. Summer. 


| 17. Koellia Beàdlei Small. Stems minutely quoscot 5-8 dm. tall, simple or 
sparingly branched : leaf-blades resinous-dotted, the floral ones slightly canescent, oblong- 


1048 LAMIACEAE 


lanceolate, or those of the branches elliptic-lanceolate to ovate, all acute or acuminate, 3-8 
em. long, serrate, rounded or subcordate at the base; petioles 1-3 mm. long: clusters soli- 
tary or few, terminal, dense, 1-2 em. broad : bracts narrowly linear or slightly broadened 
at the middle: calyx puberulent, 4-5 mm. long; tube finely ribbed ; lobes triangular- 
lanceolate, with subulate tips barely 4 as long as the tube : corolla 6-7 mm. long; tube not 
surpassing the calyx, the upper lip oblong, obtuse, the lower lip 3-lobed, its middle lobe 
oblong, notched, its lateral lobes rounded : filaments and style glabrous. 


On rocks, mountains of North Carolina, Summer and fall. 


36. CUNILA I. 


Perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants, with aromatic herbage. Leaves 
opposite : blades flat, entire or toothed, sometimes punctate. Flowers in axillary clusters. 
Calyx slender: tube relatively short, pubescent in the throat, 10-13-ribbed : lobes 5, 
equal, shorter than the tube. Corolla surpassing the calyx, 2-lipped : upper lip erect: 
lower lip larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens exserted: filaments various, 2 anther-bear- 
ing, 2 much reduced or obsolete : anthers short; sacs parallel. Nutlets smooth. Drrrany. 

1. Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems 2-4 dm. 
tall, wire-like, more or less branched : leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. 
long, acute or obtusish, serrate, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile or nearly $0: 
cymes loosely flowered, short-peduncled : calyx narrowly campanulate, 2 mm. long; tube 
finely ribbed ; lobes ovate acutish, pilose within: corolla 4-5 mm. long; tube surpassing 
the calyx, pubescent, the upper lip rounded or notched, the middle lobe of the lower lip 
deeply notched. [C. Mariana L.] 


In dry soil, New York and Ohio to Florida. Summer and fall. STONE MINT. 


37. LYCOPUS L. 


Perennial caulescent nearly odorless herbs. Stems often producing stolons or suckers. 
Leaves opposite : blades entire, toothed, incised or pinnatifid. Flowers in remote axillary 
clusters. Calyx regular or nearly so: lobes 4—5, equal or very slightly unequal. Corolla 
equalling the calyx or surpassing it, white or purplish: tube cylindric to funnelform: 
lobes 4, equal or one broader than the rest and often emarginate. Anther-bearing stamens 
2, included : filaments 4, or the posterior pair reduced or wanting : anthers 2-celled ; sacs 
parallel. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate, smooth. BuGLE-WEED. WATER HOARHOUND. 
Calyx-lobes ovate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-5: nutlets longer than the calyx-lobes. —_ , , 

Corollas 1.5-2 mm. long : style included : calyx-lobes rather acute. TS D: ded initi rg 
Corollas 2-3 mm. long: style exserted : calyx-lobes rather obtuse. 2. L. communis. 
Calyx-lobes subulate to lanceolate, mostly 5: nutlets shorter than the calyx-lobes. 
Corolla twice as long as the calyx: bracts minute: blades of the lower leaves 
merely toothed. 


Leaf-blades sessile, sometimes partly clasping. i 
Stems glabrous,'at least below: bracts subtending the cymes gradually;nar- 


na vip ha s the base. 2 TE I A 3. L. sessilifolius. 
ems densely puberulent or finely pubescent: bracts subtending the cy 
truncate at the base. r 4. L. pubens. 


Leaf-blades manifestly petioled or with petiole-like bases. 
Stem glabrous or merely puberulent: calyx glabrous or nearly so; lobes L. rubellus. 
Straight: corolla sparingly punctate. 9. L. 2 


Stem copiously pubescent : calyx closely pubescent ; lobes, at least the upper 6. L. velutinus. 
nes, recurved: corolla rend ire punctate. 7. L. Americanus. 


o 
Corolla but little longer than the calyx: blades of the lower leaves pinnatifid. 


: -8 dm. 

1. Lycopus Vir icus jx Pur lish or green- urple, puberulent. Stems 1 8 
tall, obtusely angled, prp at ihe base, but with tuber-bearing stolons : Jeet pinoa : 
ovate to oblong-ovate or elliptic, 2-14 cm. long, usually acuminate at both bur coa d 
toothed, manifestly petioled: calyx tubular; lobes erect, oblong or oblong- mper 
acutish : corolla 2 mm. long, or shorter, less than twice as long as the calyx ; lo 1 v 5-9 
equal, erect or nearly so : stamens and style included : staminodia manifest : nutlets 1. 
mm. long, transversely notched and denticulate. 

In moist soil, New York to Nebraska, Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 


a : : : lent than 
2. Lycopus communis Bicknell. Green or sometimes urplish, less puberu 
L. Virginicus. Stems 1-8 dm. tall, rather acutely angled, tubercos at the base, nv pea 
rarely tuber-bearing : leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, serra vite 2-3 

or nearly so : calyx campanulate ; lobes ovate to ovate-oblong, rather obtuse: cor 


LAMIACEAE 1049 


mm. long; tube abruptly dilated at the throat; lobes spreading: staminodia obsolete or 
minute : nutlets 1-1.5 mm. long, oblique at the apex. 

In low grounds, Newfoundland to British Columbia, North Carolina, Nebraska and Oregon. Sum- 
mer and fall. 

3. Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray. Green, glabrous, or slightly puberulent above. 
Stems 2-6 dm. tall, with stolons and suckers : leaf-blades ovate to oblong or lanceolate, 
acute or acutish, or slightly acuminate, 1.5-6 cm. long, shallowly serrate, sessile : bracts 
minute: calyx campanulate ; lobes usually 5, rigid, subulate, about as long as the tube: 
corolla white, about twice as long as the calyx : nutlets shorter than the calyx-lobes. 

In wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida. Summer and fall. 


4. Lycopus pübens Britton. Closely puberulent or pubescent, green or purplish. 
Stems 6-12 dm. tall, rather obtusely angled, from long rootstocks and producing tuber- 
bearing stolons: leaf-blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or somewhat 
acuminate, sharply serrate, sessile: calyx 2-2.5 mm. long, campanulate-turbinate ; lobes 
lanceolate, fully as long as the tube: corolla twice as long as the calyx, puberulent: nut- 
lets shorter than the calyx-lobes. 

In swampy pine lands, Georgia to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 


5. Lycopus rubéllus Moench.  Glabrous or finely puberulent, green or purplish 
tinged. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, rather sharply angled, usually with scaly or leafy stolons: 
leaf-blades oblong to elliptic, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 3-15 cm. long, acuminate, sharply 
serrate or dentate-serrate, petioled : bracts minute: calyx 2-5.3 mm. long; lobes lanceo- 
late or triangular-subulate, straight, herbaceous ; corolla fully twice as long as the calyx, 
sparingly glandular-punctate : staminodia oblong or oval, or obsolete. 

In low grounds, New York to Ohio, Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


6. Lycopus velutinus Rydb. Similar to L. rubellus in habit, but copiously pubes- 
cent, the stem and branches often densely so: leaf-blades elliptic, sometimes broadly so, to 
elliptic-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, petioled or with petiole-like bases: calyx campanulate, 
copiously pubescent, 2.5 mm. long; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube, the 
upper two, at least, recurved : corolla 3.5 mm. long, copiously glandular-punctate : nutlets 
surpassing the calyx-tube. 

In low grounds and swamps, Colorado to Texas and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 

7. Lycopus Americànus Muhl. Glabrous or puberulent, green. Stems 1-9 dm. 
tall, sharply angled : leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, acuminate, 
incised or pinnatifid, or those on the upper part of the stem merely toothed : calyx 2-3 mm. 
long ; lobes lanceolate to triangular-subulate, rigid: corolla but little longer than the calyx: 
staminodia thickened at the apex : nutlets slightly longer than the calyx-tube. 

In wet soil or meadows, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida, Texas and California. Sum- 
mer and fall. 


38. MÉNTHA L. 

Perennial herbs, with erect or diffuse stems and aromatic herbage. Leaves opposite : 
blades flat, punctate, toothed or incised, often petioled. Flowers in dense remote or con- 
tiguous clusters. Calyx often punctate: tube campanulate to tubular, 10-ribbed : lobes 5, 
equal or nearly so. Corolla white, pink or purple, nearly regular: tube surpassed by the 
calyx: lobes unequal, the upper larger than the rest, entire or emarginate. Stamens 4, 
erect: filaments equal: anthers 2-celled; sacs parallel. Nutlets smooth.  Mixr. 


Flower-clusters axillary. ; 
Calyx-lobes triangular. 1. M. arvensis. 
Calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate. 

Calyx with ciliate lobes and a glabrous or nearly glabrous tube. 2 
Calyx closely pubescent all over. ; A 
Flower-clusters collected into terminal raceme-like or spike-like panicles. 


. M. gentilis. 
3. M. Canadensis. 


Foliage glabrous. 1 
Panicles less than 1 em. thick. 4. M. spicata. 
Panicles over 1 cm. thick. xu E 

Leaf-blades fully twice as long as broad, narrowed at the base. 5. M. piperita. 
Leaf-blades nearly as long as broad, truncate or subcordate at the base. 6. ^i . hier gola 
4. JM. TC . 


Foliage copiously pubescent. 
1. Mentha arvénsis L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, sometimes decumbent, closely e 
cent. Leaf-blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate, oval or ovate, 2-6 cm. long, shallowly ser- 
rate or cuneate-serrate, short-petioled : clusters axillary : calyx 2-3 mm. long, finely pubes- 
cent ; tube campanulate ; lobes triangular, each about as long as the width of the base, or 
3 as long as the tube: corolla bright pink, 4-5 mm. long. 
In waste places or on river banks, New Brunswick to New York and Florida. Also in California 
and Mexico. Katuralized from Europe. Summer and fall. 


1050 LAMIACEAE 


= 


2. Mentha gentilis L. Stems sparingly pubescent, erect and 2-7 dm. tall, or much 
branched, the branches spreading : leaf-blades oval, ovate or elliptic, 1.5-5 em. long, acute, 
serrate, the entire base narrowed to a short petiole: clusters about 1 em. thick: calyx 1.5 
mm. long, slightly bristly ; tube campanulate; lobes triangular, acute or slightly acumi- 
nate: corolla deep pink or lilac, 2.5 mm. long, the upper lip as broad as long, deeply 
notched, the lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe oblong, its lateral lobes ovate or oval, ail 
obtuse. 

In waste places and along roads, Maine to New York and Georgia. Summer and fall. 


3. Mentha Canadénsis L. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, simple or much branched, 
pubescent with recurved or retrorse hairs: leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 
2-7 cm. long, acute, serrate, the entire bases gradually or abruptly narrowed into margined 
petioles : clusters 1-1.5 cm. thick: calyx nearly 2 mm. long, minutely pubescent; tube 
campanulate; lobes lanceolate-subulate, about 3 as long as the tube: corolla pink or white, 
3 mm. long, the upper lip broadly oblong, notched, the lower lip 3-lobed, its middle lobe 
narrowed upward, barely notched, its lateral lobes ovate, obtuse. 

In moist soil or meadows, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, North 
Carolina, Nebraska and New Mexico. Summer and fall. 

4. Mentha spicàta L. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 2-5 dm. tall, commonly much 
branched : leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, short- 
petioled : panicles spike-like, slender, 3-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick, often interrupted 
below: calyx nearly glabrous, 1 mm. long; tube campanulate ; lobes subulate from a 
broad base, as long as the tube: corolla pale pink, 2.5 mm. long, the upper lip broader 
than long, notched, the lower lip 3-lobed, its lobes ovate, obtuse. 

In waste places and on roadsides, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Kansas. 
Summer and fall. SPEARMINT. 

5. Mentha piperita L. Stems glabrous, erect or ascending, 2-7 dm. tall, more or 
less branched : leaf-blades oblong, oval, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1.5-5 cm. long, 
acute, sharply serrate, short-petioled : panicles spike-like, 2-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, 
often interrupted : pedicels slender: calyx glabrous, 2.5 mm. long; tube cylindric-cam- 
panulate ; lobes subulate from a broad base, shorter than the tube: corolla 4 mm. long, the 
upper lip notched, the lower lip with an oblong middle lobe and oval or oblong-oval 
lateral lobes. 

In wet places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. PEPPERMINT. 


6. Mentha citràta Ehrh. Stems glabrous or nearly so, erect or decumbent, 3-11 
dm. long, simple or branching : leaf-blades ovate to orbicular-ovate, 1.5-4 cm. long, acute, 
sharply serrate, rounded or subcordate at the base; petioles j as long as the D 
shorter: panicles 1.5 em. thick: calyx nearly 4 mm. long ; tube cylindric-turbinate ; lobes 
subulate from a broader base, shorter than the tube: corolla pink or whitish, 4.5 mm. 
long, the upper lip notched, the lower lip with oblong-ovate obtuse lobes. 

In wet places, New York and Ohio to Georgia. Summer and fall. : 

7. Mentha rotundifólia (L.) Huds. Stems canescent-tomentose, erect or ME 
from a creeping base, 3-8 dm. tall, simple or branching : leaf-blades oblong, oval or Ds 
2-9 em. long, finely serrate, sessile or nearly so and often partly clasping : panicles S e 
like, 1-5 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick : calyx pubescent, 2.5 mm. long ; tube campanula 3 
constricted at the middle in age ; lobes lanceolate, acute, or subulate-tipped at = RE: d 
then as long as the tube: corolla pink or pale lilac, 3-3.5 mm. long, the upper lip, à 
lobes of lower lip, oblong or nearly so, obtuse. 

In open grounds or copses, Maine, Georgia. Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 


39. MICHELIELLA Briq. 

Perennial caulescent aromatic herbs, sometimes with glandular-pubesce 
Leaves opposite, rarely essentially whorled : blades flat, rather coarsely toothed a 
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicled racemes. Calyx spreading or rane = 
maturity : tube campanulate, 10-ribbed, 2-lipped : upper lip of 3 short lobes : lower z " 
2 longer and narrower segments. Corolla reddish or cream color. Anther-bearing stam 


4, exserted : filaments more or less coiled. Nutlets smooth. STONE-ROOT. 


. verticillata. 
Leaves 4 or rarely 6. approximate, sometimes almost whorled at the top of the stem. = 2 anísata. 


Leaves several, in pairs along the stem, A Stem finely 

1. Micheliella verticillàta (Baldw.) Briq.  Rootstock irregular. imat pairs 
pubescent, 1-5 dm. tall, simple, naked below: leaves usually 4, in 2 wp mm. long, 
at the top of the stem ; blades thin, ovate to obovate or cuneate-obovate, 8- le, 5-15 cm. 
acute or abruptly acuminate, coarsely crenate-dentate : racemes usually simple; 


nt foliage. 
, petioled. 


LAMIACEAE 1051 


long : pedicels slender, 5-10 mm. long: calyx glandular-pilose, 4 mm. long, becoming 7 
mm. long, the upper lip of 3 triangular or triangular-lanceolate lobes, the lower lip of 2 
lanceolate subulate-tipped lobes : corolla tawny, 1 cm. long, the upper lip of 2 broad lobes, 
the lower lip of 2 ovate lateral lobes and a large laciniate middle lobe. —[ Collinsonia verti- 
cillata Baldw. ] 

In rich woods, North Carolina to Tennessee, Georgia and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 

2. Micheliella anisàta (Sims) Briq. Rootstock knotted. Stems glandular-pubes- 
cent, often tufted, 3-6 dm. tall, branching above: leaves opposite ; blades thickish, nS, 
elliptic to broadly oval, 8-15 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, serrate or serrate-den- 
tate, cuneate to subcordate at the base ; petioles 1-5 cm. long: pedicels 3-9 mm. long : calyx 
glandular-pilose, 4 mm. becoming 10 mm. long, the upper lip with 3 triangular lobes, the 
lower lip with 2 lanceolate lobes : corolla cream-colored, 12-13 mm. long, the upper lip of 
2 broadly ovate lobes, the lower lip with lateral lobes similar to those of upper lip and a 
large lacerate middle lobe. [Collinsonia anisata Sims. ] 

In sandy pine or oak woods, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama, Summer., 


40. COLLINSONIA L. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, with aromatic herbage. Leaves opposite: blades flat, 
toothed, petioled. Flowers in terminal panicled racemes. Calyx spreading or declined 
at maturity : tube campanulate, 10-ribbed, 2-lipped : upper lip of 3 short lobes : lower lip 
of 2 longer narrower lobes. Corolla colored, not showy: tube obliquely campanulate : lobes 
5, 4 nearly equal, the fifth much larger, pendant or declined, lacerate or fringed. Anther- 
bearing stamens 2, exserted : filaments coiled before anthesis, connected by a woolly ring 
at the base. Nutlets smooth. HorsE-BALM. STONE-ROOT. 


Branches of the inflorescence glandular-pubescent. 1. C. punctata. 
Branches of the inflorescence puberulent. $ 
Stems rigid : leaf-blades mostly over 10 cm. long, many-toothed : pedicels becom- 


ing 6-9 mm. long. 2. C. Canadensis. 
Stems reclining: leaf-blades mostly less than 8 cm. long, coarsely few-toothed : 
pedicels becoming 2-4 mm. long. 3. C. tuberosa. 


1. Collinsonia punctàta Ell. Stems erect, 4-9 dm. tall, more or less branched : 
leaf-blades rhombic-ovate or ovate, or elliptic to ovate on upper part of stem, 2-8 cm. long, 
acute or slightly acuminate, serrate, cuneate at the base : panicles with glandular-pubes- 
cent branches : pedicels 3-8 mm. long : calyx glandular-pilose, 2 mm. becoming 8 mm. 
long, the upper lip of 3 acute hooked lobes, the lower lip of 2 lanceolate lobes, these much 
longer than the tube: corolla about 1 cm. long, the upper lip of 2 ovate lobes, the lower 
lip with lateral lobes similar to those of upper lip and a large lacerate middle lobe : nutlets 
subglobose, at least 1.5 mm. in diameter. 

In woods, North Carolina to Georgia and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

2. Collinsonia Canadénsis L. Stems erect, solitary or tufted, 3~8 dm. tall, branch- 
ing above: leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or oval, short-acuminate, rather coarsely dentate- 
serrate, cuneate to truncate at the base: panicles with puberulent branches: pedicels 4-8 
mm. long: calyx minutely glandular-pubescent, 3 mm. long, becoming 10 mm. long at 
maturity, the upper lip with 3 acute upcurved lobes, the lower lip of 2 subulate lobes: 
corolla about 1 cm. long, the upper lip of 2 rounded-ovate lobes, the lower lip with lateral 
lobes much like those of upper lip, its middle lobe larger, lacerate-fimbriate, 3-5 mm. 
long : nutlets suborbicular, about 2 mm. in diameter. 

In moist woods, Maine to Ontario, Wisconsin, Florida and Kansas. Summer and fall. 

3. Collinsonia tuberdsa Michx. Stems spreading or reclining, 3-10 dm. long, 
simple or loosely branched: leaf-blades thin, ovate, 5-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate, 
coarsely serrate, ben y cuneate or almost truncate at the base: panicles with puberulent 
branches: calyx about 2 mm. becoming 3.5-4 mm. long, puberulent, the ra as lip of 3 lan- 
ceolate-acuminate hooked lobes, the lower lip of 2 lanceolate-subulate lobes, these much 
longer than the tube: corolla 6-7 mm. long, the upper lip with 2 broad rather obtuse 
lobes, the lower lip with 2 broad acutish lateral lobes and a large lacerate middle lobe. 

In woods, North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. Fall, 


41. PERILLA Ard. 

Annual caulescent herbs, with more or less purple foliage. Leaves opposite: blades 
flat, toothed, petioled. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx usually pubes- 
cent: tube campanulate, 10-ribbed : lobes nearly equal during anthesis, more or less ac- 
crescent and disposed into 2 lips at maturity. Corolla dull-colored, oblique at the throat, 


1052 LAMIACEAE 


barely 2-lipped : lobes 5, the lower one slightly larger than the others, not fringed. Stamens 
4, nearly equal, erect : filaments all anther-bearing: anthers 2-celled. Nutlets reticulated. 

1. Perilla frutéscens (L.) Britton. Stems minutely pubescent, dark green or pur- 
plish, 2-6 dm. tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades ovate or oval, 4-10 cm. long, acute 
or abruptly acuminate, serrate or crenate-serrate, rounded or cuneate at the base: racemes 
slender, 2-10 cm. long: pedicels 1-4 mm. long: calyx bristly, 2 mm. long becoming 6 
mm. long, the upper lip with 3 ovate lobes, the lateral oblique, the lower lip of 2 lanceo- 
late lobes: corolla inconspicuous, 3.5 mm. long, pubescent ; lobes of upper lip and the 
lateral lobes of the lower lip similar, the middle lobe of the lower lip larger, broadly 
ear rounded at the apex : nutlets subglobose, about 1 mm. in diameter, delicately reticu- 
ated. 


In waste places and on roadsides, New York to Illinois and Georgia. Naturalized from India. 
Summer and fall. 


42. MESOSPHAERUM P. Br. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubs various in habit. Leaves opposite: 
blades commonly toothed. Flowers in approximate or remote, often dense axillary clusters. 
Calyx straight or oblique: tube ovoid to campanulate or tubular: lobes 5, nearly equal, 
acute or awn-tipped. Corolla of various colors, 2-lipped : upper lip erect or spreading : 
lower lip larger, saccate, drooping. Stamens 4, declined: filaments all anther-bearing, 
distinct, unappendaged : anthers confluently 2-celled. Nutlets smooth, granular or slightly 
rugulose. [Hyptis Jacq.] 

Perennial plants, A 
Flower-clusters in more or less elongated raceme-like panicles. 1. M. pectinatum. 
Flower-clusters aggregated in a dense head. 2. M. rugosum. 


Annual plants. 
Flower-clusters more or less remote. 


Leaf-blades cordate or truncate at the base : calyx-lobes lanceolate. 3. M. spicatum. 
Leaf-blades cuneate at the base: calyx-lobes subulate. 4. M. mutabile. 
Flower-clusters contiguous, forming dense raceme-like panicles. 9. M. spicigerum. 


1. Mesophaerum pectinàtum (Poir.) Kuntze. Perennial, finely pubescent. Stems 
erect, 3-18 dm. tall, branching : leaf-blades ovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute, serrate, commonly 
rounded or subcordate at the base, petioled : calyx minutely pubescent, 3-4 mm. long ; 
tube slightly curved, hairy in the throat ; lobes subulate, nearly as long as the tube: cor- 
olla hardly exceeding the calyx; tube abruptly expanded at the throat, the upper lip of 
2 ovate lobes, the lateral lobes of the lower lip similar to those of the upper, but smaller, 
the middle lobe dipper-like, notched : nutlets about 1 mm. long, granular. 

In waste places and woods, Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 


2. Mesosphaerum rugósum (L.) Pollard. Perennial, puberulent, or glabrous nr 
Stems erect or ascending, often tufted, 5-12 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaf- 
blades ovate to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, acute, rather remotely rur 
decurrent on the petioles: heads dense, 1-1.5 cm. thick: calyx densely pubescent, 22 
mm. long; lobes lanceolate or subulate-lanceolate, shorter than the tube : corolla about 
mm. long, pubescent, the upper lip of 2 rounded lobes, the lower lip with 2 spreading 
lateral lobes and a dipper-like erose middle lobe: nutlets nearly 1.5 mm. long. 
radiata Willd. } 

In damp soil and swamps, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Sum- 
mer and fall. 

3. Mesosphaerum spicàtum (Poir.) Small. Annual, pubescent. Stems ee 
dm. tall, muricate-pubescent especially on the angles, branching above : leaf-blades de gend 
ovate to deltoid, 2-5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, rather finely and doubly d 
serrate, truncate to subcordate at the base, petioled : flower-clusters nearly sessile, pubs 
contiguous: calyx becoming 5 mm. long, minutely pubescent ; lobes lanceolate A: : the 
much shorter than the tube: corolla 4-5 mm. long; tube much surpassing the eae d a 
upper np of 2 round-ovate lobes, the lower lip with 2 spreading oblong lateral lobes ene 
dipper-shaped middle lobe: longer filaments pubescent: nutlets 1 mm. long, gran"? 
[Hyptis spicata Poir. ] 

In sandy woods, Florida and Alabama. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. : : 

4. Mesosphaerum mutábile (L. C. Rich.) Kuntze. Similar to M. yersus 
habit, but much less pubescent, sometimes nearly glabrous: leaf-blades ovate, geese 
narrowly so, 4-8 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, coarsely serrate or d 5 
cuneate at the base, slender-petioled : flower-clusters short-peduncled : calyx gib sicud bit 
or 5 mm. long, often finely pubescent ; lobes subulate, longer than those of M. spwatum, 


RHINANTHACEAE 1053 


much shorter than the tube: corolla smaller than that of M. spicatum, the lower lip not 
much larger than the upper, the middle lobe concave: longer filaments glabrous. 

In sand or sandy soil, Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 

5. Mesosphaerum spicigerum (Lam. ) Kuntze. Annual, pubescent. Stems erect or 
ascending, 4-9 dm. tall, muricate-pubescent, especially on the angles: leaf-blades ovate, 
oval or elliptic, 2-6 cm. long, acute, serrate, usually rounded at the oblique base, petioled : 
clusters dense, contiguous, forming dense racemes: calyx 2 mm. becoming 4-5 mm. long, 
minutely pubescent ; lobes filiform-subulate, shorter than the tube: corolla 3-4 mm. long, 
finely pubescent, the upper lip of 2 ovate lobes, the. lower lip with 2 spreading oblong 
lateral lobes and a dipper-like middle lobe. [Hyptis spicigera Lam. ] 

In sand, southern Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 


43. OCIMUM L. 


Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with branching stems. Leaves opposite : blades 
often toothed. Flowers in axillary clusters, these disposed in racemes or panicles. Calyx 
deflexed at maturity : tube ovoid to campanulate: lobes various, the upper broad, the 
lateral narrower, the lower still narrower, more or less united. Corolla often white: tube 
mostly shorter than the calyx: lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4: filaments often distinct, 
naked or with a tooth-like appendage or tuft of hairs. Nutlets smooth or slightly rugose. 
BASIL. 

1. Ocimum micránthum Willd. Annual, more or less pubescent. Stems erect, 
2-5 dm. tall, branched: leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-4 cm. long, acute, serrate, 
cuneate or nearly truncate at the base: panicles 2-10 cm. long, nearly continuous: calyx 
2 mm. becoming 6-7 mm. long, minutely pubescent, the upper lip boat-like, the free por- 
tion rounded, the lower lip of 4 subulate-tipped lobes: corolla often white, 4 mm. long : 
tube abruptly dilated about the middle, the upper lip minutely bearded, of 2 rounded 
ovate lobes, the lower lip with 2 ovate lateral lobes and a deeply notched middle lobe : 
nutlets about 1 mm. long, granular. 

In sand, Florida. Also in the West Indies and South America. 


Famity 13. RHINANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. FiGwoRT FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs or trees, with commonly terete stems. Leaves opposite, 
sometimes whorled, or alternate, without stipules: blades simple, entire, 
toothed or divided. Flowers perfect. Calyx free, of 4-5 more or less imbri- 
cated united sepals, persistent. Corolla mostly irregular, commonly only 
slightly so, generally 2-lipped, hypogynous. Androecium of 4 usually didy- 
namous stamens and sometimes a fifth or also a sixth one represented by a 
sterile filament, all partially adnate to the corolla-tube, one pair of the usually 
fertile ones sometimes suppressed. Filaments often appendaged. Gynoecium 
of a single superior 2-celled pistil, the placentae united in the axis. Styles 
united or rarely distinct. Fruit a 2-valved capsule or rarely baccate. Seeds 
usually numerous. Endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous, surrounding the endo- 
sperm.  [Serophulariaceae Lindl. | 


A. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud, or wanting (with exceptions in Mimulus). 
Leaves prevailingly alternate. 
Herbs: corolla rotate: perfect stamens 5. 1. VERBASCUM. 
Shrubs: corolla funnelform or campanulate : perfect stamens 4. 2. LEUCOPHYLLUM. 
Leaves peu opposite. i 
Corolla-tube with a spur, sac or swelling on the lower side near the base. 
Corolla-tube with an elongated spur. 


Flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts and remote. 3. KICKXIA. 
Flowers approximate in terminal spikes : racemes or panicles, 4. LINARIA. 
Corolla-tube with a sac or swelling. $ 
Throat of the corollaclosed by a palate: capsulesopening by 2-3 pores. 5. ANTIRRHINUM. 
Throat of the corolla open, merely with 2 bearded lines or plates: 
capsules opening by transverse or irregular chinks. 6. MAURANDIA. 
Corolla-tube without either spur, sac or swelling on the lower side. 
rage 5, 4 anther-bearing, 1 sterile, more or less different from the 
others. 
Staminodium a scale, adnate to the upper side of the corolla-tube. 
Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, the lobes of the lower lip in- 
duplicate. 7. COLLINSIA. 
Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, the lobes of the lower lip flat. 8. SCROPHULARIA. 
Staminodium elongated. 
Filaments longer than the staminodium: seeds winged. ` 9. CHELONE. 
Filaments shorter than the staminodium ; seeds wingless. 10, PENTSTEMON. 


Filaments 2 or 4. 


1054 RHINANTHACEAE 


Trees. 11. PAULOWNIA. 
Herbs. 
Anther-bearing filamens 4 or rarely 3. 
Sepals united into an angled tube. i 12. MIMULUS. 


Sepals distinct or nearly so. 
Anther-bearing filaments 4. 
Sepals equal or nearly so. 


Anther-sacs separated on stalks. 13. STEMODIA. 

Anther-sacs contiguous. 14. CONOBEA. 
Sepals very unequal, the upper one largest. 

Corolla nearly regular, about equally 5-lobed. 15. MONNIERA. 


Corolla irregular, manifestly 2-lipped. 
Flowers peduncled : hypogynous disk present: leaf- 
blades palmately nerved. 16. SEPTILIA. 
Flowers pedicelled : hypogynous disk wanting: leaf- 
blades pinnately nerved. . MECARDONIA. 
Anther-bearing filaments 3. 18. HYDRANTHELIUM. 
Anther-bearing filaments 2. 
Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. 
Filaments short, stout or almost wanting. 
Anther-sacs transverse, separated on a dilated connective: R 


A 
~J 


succulent herbaceous herbs. 9. GRATIOLA. 
Anther-sacs vertical, contiguous : rigid herbs. 20. SOPHRONANTHE. 
Filaments elongated and slender. 21. ILYSANTHES. 


Calyx of 4-5 partially united sepals. 
Corolla exceedingly irregular, the upper lip wanting or ob- 
lete: anther-sacs divergent. 22. HEMIANTHUS. 
Corolla ied regular, the upper lip present: anther-sacs 
parallel. 
Calyx-lobes 4: corolla-tube barely surpassing the calyx, 
the lobes spreading. 23. MICRANTHEMUM. 
Calyx-lobes 5: corolla-tube much surpassing the calyx, 
: the lobes erect. 24. AMPHIANTHUR. 
B. Lower lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud. 
Sepals distinct or nearly so. 
Corolla rotate or campanulate: stamens not surpassing the corolla. 


Corolla-lobes 5: leaves alternate: corolla campanulate. 25. CAPRARIA. 
Corolla-lobes 4: leaves opposite : corolla rotate. 
Capsules neither notched nor lobed, septicidal: stamens 4. 26. SCOPARIA. 
Capsules notched or lobed at the apex, loculicidal: stamens 2. 27. VERONICA. 
Corolla tubular: stamens exserted. 28. LEPTANDRA. 


Sepals almost wholly or only partially united into a tube. 
Corolla various, but only slightly 2-lipped : stamens not ascending under 
the upper lip. 
Corolla campanulate, funnelform or tubular: capsule not included in 
the calyx. 
Stamens equa! or nearly so. 
Stamens exserted : style elongated, filiform: stigmas minute. 


Corolla tubular: anther-sacs not distinct. 29. MACRANTHERA. 
Corolla rotate-campanulate: anther-sacs distinct. 30. AFZELIA. 
Stamens included: style short, columnar: stigma dilated and 
2-lobed. 31. BRACHYGYNE. 
Stamens manifestly didynamous. 
Anther-sacs awned at the base: corolla yellow. 32. DASYSTOMA. 
Anther-sacs awnless : corolla rose-purple, pink or white. 
Anthers of 2 sizes: upper leaves auricled at the base. 33. OTOPHYLLA. 
Anthers equal : leaves not auricled. 34. GERARDIA. 
é apa es : yes mostly m in me calyx. i 35. BUCHNERA. 
orolla strongly 2-li : stamens ascending under the upper lip. 
Anther-sacs unli c the Inner pendulous. : 36. CASTILLEJA. 
nther-sacs alike, parallel. 
Ovules 1-2 in each cavity : capsules 1-4-seeded. 37. MELAMPYRUM. 
Ovules several-many in each cavity : capsules many-seeded. RIS 
Calyx split, not accompanied by bractlets. 38. FEDOUN 
Calyx not split, accompanied by 2 bractlets. 39. SCHWALBEA. 


1. VERBASCUM L. 


Annual, biennial or rarely perennial caulescent herbs, often glandular or densely 
pubescent. Leaves alternate: blades entire, toothed or pinnatifid, sometimes cu 
on the stem. Flowers in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Sepals 5, partially united. 
Corolla white, yellow or purple, rotate: lobes 5, slightly unequal, the upper one exterior 
in the bud. Stamens 5, exserted, the upper 3, or all of the filaments pubescent : anther- 


sacs confluent. Ovary 2-celled, sessile: styles dilated or flattened at the apex. Nes 
numerous. Capsule oblong to subglobose, septicidally 2-valved: valves usually e , 
the apex. Seeds rugose, wingless. Our species bloom in the summer and fall. MULLEN. 

1. V. Blattaria. 


Foliage glabrous, or glandular above : racemes much interrupted. 

Foliage densely pubescent: racemes continuous, at least above. 2. V. Lychnitis. 
Leaf-blades crenate: racemes usually compound: capsules 4-6 mm. long. 3. V. Thapsus. 
Leaf-blades entire or merely undulate: racemes simple: capsules 7-10 mm. long. sre 


RHINANTHACEAE 1055 


1. Verbascum Blattària L. Stems rather slender, 4-12 dm. tall, sometimes glandular 
above. Leaf-blades oblong to ovate, 2-12 cm. long, usually doubly serrate-crenate, or 
pinnatifid, the upper ones more or less clasping: racemes interrupted, 1-9 dm. long: 
pedicels glandular, 1-1.5 em. long : bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-20 mm. long: calyx- 
lobes linear or linear-elliptic, acute, recurved: corolla white or yellow, 3-4 cm. broad; 
lobes obovate or orbicular-obovate, spreading, the lower one with narrow auricles at the 
base: filaments magenta, with slender glandular hairs: capsules subglobose, or depressed, 
6-8 mm. in diameter. 

In fields and waste places, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida and Kansas. Native of Europe. 


2. Verbascum Lychnitis L. Stems stout, tomentose with short soft hairs, dusty 
green, 10-20 dm. tall, branched above. Leaf-blades narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate 
on the lower part of the stem, lanceolate or elliptic above, all crenate, often glabrate on the 
upper surface: calyx woolly; lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long: 
corolla yellow, pubescent without; lobes oblong, obtuse, 4-6 mm. long, or one of them 
longer: capsules oblong or ovoid-oblong, 4-6 mm. long, hairy. 

In fields and waste places, Ontario and Kansas, south to North Carolina. Naturalized from Europe. 


3. Verbascum Thápsus L. Stems stout, 3-18 dm. tall, woolly with densely matted 
hairs, normally simple, winged with the decurrent leaf-bases: basal and lower stem-leaves 
with spatulate or elliptic-spatulate blades 1-4 cm. long, upper stem-leaves with oblanceolate 
or elliptic-obovate blades: raceme spike-like, dense and continuous, 1-9 dm. long: calyx 
8-10 mm. long; lobes triangular-lanceolate, longer than the tube, acute: corolla deep 
yellow or rarely white, 1.7-2.5 cm. wide, pubescent without; lobes 5, obovate, ciliolate, 
obtuse: anthers reddish : capsules ovoid, 7-10 mm. long. 


In fields and exposed situations generally, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Kansas: 
Naturalized from Europe. 


2. LEUCOPHYLLUM H. & B. 


Spreading shrubs, with scurfy-pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate, sometimes clustered : 
blades relatively small, flat, entire. Flowers on solitary axillary pedicels. Calyx-lobes 
rather valvate. Corolla violet-purple: tube funnelform or broadly campanulate ; lobes 5, 
rounded, spreading, the 2 upper ones exterior. Stamens 4, included. Styles united. 
Ovules numerous. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds strongly wrinkled. 

Leaf-blades silvery canescent: corolla funnelform ; limb 10-12 mm. broad. 1. L. minus. 
Leaf-blades tomentose: corolla campanulate ; 1 mb 20-25 mm. broad. 2. L. Texanum. 

1. Leucophyllum minus A. Gray. A shrub 3-7 dm. tall. Leaf-blades spatulate 
or obovate-spatulate, usually 1 cm. long or less, blunt or slightly apiculate, silvery canes- 
cent, conspicuously narrowed into petiole-like bases : outer calyx-lobes linear or nearly so, 
3-4.5 mm. long: corolla sparingly pubescent within : capsules about 4 mm. high. 

In dry soil, southern and western Texas. Spring and summer. 

2. Leucophyllum Texànum Benth. A shrub 6-25 dm. tall. Leaf-blades oblong, 
elliptic or obovate, 1-2 cm. long, apiculate pale-tomentose with very densely set hairs, 
gradually or rather abruptly narrowed to the manifestly sessile base: outer calyx-lobes 
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: corolla villous within : capsules 4-5 mm. high 

In dry soil, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


3. KÍCEXIA Dumort. 

Annual herbs, with spreading or creeping stems. Leaves alternate : blades flat, entire, 
toothed or lobed. Flowers on solitary axillary pedicels. Sepals 5, slightly united. Cor- 
olla white, yellow or variegated, irregular, 2-lipped: tube spurred, the throat closed by a 
palet, the lips lobed. Stamens 4, included. Styles united. Ovules numerous. Capsule 
ovoid to subglobose, opening by 1 or 2 terminal slits, pores or valves. Seeds tubercled or 
merely roughened. 

1. Kickxia Blátine (L.) Dumort. Foliage villous or hirsute. Stems branched at 
the base ; branches spreading or prostrate, 1-5 dm. long: leaf-blades hastate, or ovate to 
elliptic near the ends of the branches, 1-2.5 cm. long, short-petioled : pedicels filiform, 
surpassing the subtending leaf-like bracts: calyx densely pubescent ; lobes lanceolate, 1.5- 
2.5 mm. long, acuminate: corolla 5-6 mm. long, minutely pubescent ; lobes rounded, the 
spur about as long as the lower lip: capsules 3-4 mm. in diameter. 

In waste places and on stone walls, Canada to Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Spring. 


1056 RHINANTHACEAE 


4. LINARIA L. 


Annual biennial or perennial herbs, or shrubby plants, with upright stems. Leaves 
alternate or opposite, or whorled on shoots: blades flat, often narrow, entire, toothed or 
lobed. Flowers in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Sepals 5, partially united. Cor- 
olla white, or of various colors, or variegated, irregular, 2-lipped: tube spurred at the 
base, the throat partially closed by a palet. Stamens 4, included. Styles united. Ovules 
numerous. Capsule short, opening by 1-few usually 3-toothed pores below the apex. 
Seeds angled or wrinkled, sometimes winged. Toap-FLAX. 


Corolla blue: native species. 


Leaves with terete blades: pedicels longer than the corollas. 1. L. Floridana. 
Leaves with flat blades: pedicels shorter than the corollas or spur. 
Corolla less than 8 mm. long excluding the spur. 2. L, Canadensis. 
Corolla over 10 mm. long excluding the spur. 3. L. Texana. 
Corolla yellow: naturalized species. 4. L. Linaria. 


l. Linaria Ploridana Chapm. Annual or biennial, sparingly glandular-pubescent. 
Stems 1-4 dm. tall, simple or paniculately branched above : leaves of 2 kinds, those on 
the basal branches with oblong or obovate blades 2-5 mm. long, those on the stem fleshy, 
terete, linear or club-shaped, less than 25 mm. in length : racemes loosely flowered : pedi- 
cels 3-13 mm. long: calyx-lobes glandular, 1-1.5 mm. long, linear to linear-lanceolate : 
corolla blue, 4-5 mm. long; tube surpassing the calyx; spur subulate, slightly projecting 
below the calyx: capsules subglobose, about 2 mm. long, surpassing the calyx-lobes. 

In sand, Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 


2. Linaria Canadénsis (L.) Dumort. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly so. 
Stems 1-6 dm. tall, sometimes branched at the base: leaf-blades narrowly linear, flat, 
acute, 1-2.5 cm. long: racemes usually many-flowered, 4-15 cm. long: pedicels 2.5 mm. 
long: calyx-lobes sometimes sparingly glandular, linear-oblong or lanceolate: corolla 
light blue, 5-7 mm. long (excluding the spur), the lobes barely retuse, the spur 4-5 mm. 
long: capsule subglobose or oval-globose, 2.5 mm. long, about as long as the calyx-lobes. 

In sandy soil, Nova Scotia, south to Florida. Spring to fall. 


3. Linaria Texàna Scheele. Similar to L. Canadensis, but more robust, often turning 
black in drying. Stems 2-8 dm. tall: leaf-blades thick but flat, linear-spatulate to linear, 
1-2.5 em. long, acute or rather blunt: racemes few-flowered, 5-30 cm. long: calyx-lobes 
glabrous, linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, acute: corolla blue, at least 1 cm. long 
(excluding the spur), the lobes retuse, the spur about 1 em. long: capsules oblong to 
oval, 3-3.5 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Indian Territory to Florida, Texas, Oregon and California. Spring and summer. 


4. Linaria Linària (L.) Karst. Perennial, glabrous or minutely pubescent above, 
glaucous. Stems 1-10 dm. tall, commonly branched at the base : leaves numerous ; blades 
linear or nearly so, 2-7 cm. long, acute, entire: racemes showy, 3-40 cm. long: pedicels 
erect or ascending, 2-5 mm. long: calyx-lobes glabrous, ovate, 3-4 mm. long, acute or 
acuminate : corolla yellow, 2.5-3 cm. long ; spur nearly as long as the lower lip: capsules 
oblong-ovoid, 9-12 mm. long: seeds 2 mm. broad, winged. [L. vulgaris (L.) Mill.] 

In fields and waste places. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Nebraska. N aturalized 
from Europe. Springto fall. BUTTER-AND-EGGS. 

5. ANTIRRHINUM L. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, sometimes glandular or pubescent. Le 
alternate, or opposite on young parts: blades flat, entire. Flowers solitary in the "upper 
axils, or in terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals partially united. Corolla white or 
colored, or variegated, irregular, 2-lipped : tube more or less saccate at the base, the throat 
closed by a palate. Stamens 4, included : filaments sometimes dilated above. Styles united. 
Ovules numerous. Capsule short, opening by 2 or 3 pores below the apex. Seeds wingless, 
smooth or wrinkled. 

1. Antirrhinum antirrhinifldrum (Poir.) Small. Stems low or high-climbing. Leaf- 
blades hastate, varying from triangular to ovate in outline, 1-4 cm. long, usually cordate, 
one or both basal lobes sometimes with a tooth ; petioles and pedicels tendril-like, m 
nearly equal in length : calyx-lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 em. long: coro h 
purple or white, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: capsules subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter: seeds wit 
irregular corky ridges. [A. maurandioides A. Gray. ] 

In ary or rocky soil, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Spring to fall. SNAPDRAGON. 


67 


aves 


RHINANTHACEAE 1057 


6. MAURANDIA Ortega. 


Annual or perennial herbs, with spreading or climbing stems. Leaves alternate, or 
opposite below: blades flat, hastate, angulate or coarsely toothed. Flowers on axillary 
pedicels. Sepals partially united. Corolla showy, pink, purple or violet, irregular: tube 
scarcely gibbous at the base, with 2 often pubescent lines or plaits in the throat. Stamens 
4, included : filaments thickened at the apex. Anther-sacs often confluent. Styles with 
2 dilated lobes at the apex. Ovules numerous. Capsule short, opening by transverse or 
irregular chinks. Seeds sometimes winged, wrinkled or tuberculate. 

1. Maurandia Wislizéni Engelm. Stems glabrous, usually low-climbing : leaf-blades 
hastate or some of them sagittate, 1-4 cm. long, all but the lower ones with acute or acumi- 
nate tips and basal lobes: pedicels much shorter than the petioles: calyx-lobes linear- 
lanceolate, becoming rigid, triangular-lanceolate, prominently reticulated, saccate and 
keeled near the base and often 2 cm. long at maturity : corolla pale or purplish blue, 2-2.5 
em. long : style becoming sword-like, surmounting the globose-ovoid capsule which is usu- 
ally about 1 cm. high: seeds narrowly winged. 

In dry soil, southern Texas to New Mexico and Mexieo. Spring to fall. 


7. COLLINSIA Nutt. 


Annual caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled: blades flat, often narrow, 
entire or toothed. Flowers solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Calyx-lobes 5. Cor- 
olla white, pink, violet or variegated, 2-lipped : tube short, the middle lobe of the lower lip 
involute. Stamens 4, declined, enclosed in the middle lobe of the lower lip of the coroila. 
Staminodium gland-like near the base of the corolla tube. Anther-sacs confluent near the 
top. Styles united. Capsule globose or ovoid, the 2 valves each 2-cleft. Seeds peltate, 
concave on the inner side. 


Pedicels as long as the corollas: corolla-lobes deeply notched or cleft. 1. C. violacea. 
Pedicels longer than the corollas : corolla-lobes retuse or emarginate. 2. C. verna. 


1. Collinsia violàcea Nutt. Stems 0.5-2 dm. tall, often branching. Leaf-blades 
suborbicular to oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 0.5-4 cm. long, undulate or spar- 
ingly serrate, the upper ones sessile: flowers 2-4 in a whorl : calyx finely pubescent ; lobes 
lanceolate, about as long as the tube: corolla violet, about 1 cm. long, and as long as the 
pedicel, the upper lip much smaller than the lower, all the lobes deeply notched or cleft : 
capsules subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter. 

On prairies, Kansas to Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Spring. 


2. Collinsia vérna Nutt. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, sometimes branche] at the base. 
Leaf-blades suborbicular or ovate at the base of the stem to ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo- 
late above, 0.5-5 cm. long, undulate or sharply serrate, the upper partly clasping : flowers 
often 6 in a whorl or sometimes solitary: calyx glabrous; lobes lanceolate: corolla about 1 
em. long, shorter than the pedicel ; the lower lip bright blue, the upper white or purplish, 
the lobes of both lips retuse or emarginate : capsules oval-globose, 4-5 mm. long. 

In moist woods and copses, New York and Wisconsin to Minnesota, south to Kentucky and the 
Indian Territory. Spring. 


8. SCROPHULARIA L. 


Perennial, caulescent, strong-scented herbs. Leaves opposite : blades flat, broadest 
below the middle, toothed or incised. Flowers proterogynous, in terminal panicled cymes. 
Calyx-lobes 5, relatively broad. Corolla purple, yellowish or green, 2-lipped : tube neither 
gibbous nor spurred at the base, the upper lip erect, the middle lobe of the lower lip 
spreading or reflexed. Stamens 4: sterile filament scale-like on the upper side of the 
corolla : anther-sacs confluent. Styles united. Ovules numerous. Capsule ovoid. Seeds 
wingless, wrinkled. Fiawort. 

Leaf-blades serrulate. 1. S. serrulata. 
Leaf-blades coarsely serrate or incised. 
Corolla dull without: sterile filament deep purple. 

Leaf-blades glabrous beneath or essentially sol: corolla 4-6 mm. long: capsules 

mostly Jess than 6 mm. long. 

Leaf-blades closely pubescent beneath : corolla 8-9 mm. long: capsules mostly 


over 6 mm. long. : 
Corolla lustrous without: sterile filament greenish yellow. 


67 


2. S. Marylandica. 
8. S. neglecta. 


1058 RHINANTHACEAE 


Upper lip of the corolla as long as the tube: panicle-branches sparingly glan- 

dular: leaf-blades not hastate-incised at the base. 4. S. leporella. 
Upper lipof the corolla much shorter than the tube: panicle-branches densely 

glandular: leaf-blades, especially the lower ones, incised-hastate at the 

base. 5. S. occidentalis. 

1. Scrophularia serrulàta Small. Sparingly pubescent and glandular above. Stems 
6-10 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 
5-12 em. long, acute, serrulate, rounded or subcordate at the base: panicles narrow, 1-2 
dm. long: cymes few-flowered: calyx-lobes glabrous, ovate, 2.5-3 mm..long, obtuse: 
corolla 6-7 mm. long, the upper lip with a recurved margin, the lower lip with a broadly 
ovate middle lobe and 2 small lateral lobes : capsules conic-ovoid, about 6 mm. long. 

In woods, Georgia. Summer. 

2. Scrophularia Marylándica L. Glabrous or nearly so. Stems 1-2 m. tall, often 
widely branched above: leaf-blades oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, serrate or 
crenate-serrate, glabrous beneath, or essentially so : panicles broad : calyx-lobes oblong to 
orbicular, obtuse : corolla green or yellowish, dull without, lustrous within, 6-8 mm. long: 
sterile filament deep purple: capsules broadly ovoid to globose-ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, 
abruptly pointed. 

In woodlands, New York to Kansas, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Summer. 

3. Scrophularia neglécta Rydb. Similarto S. Marylandicain habit. Stems minutely 
pubescent : leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate or crenate-serrate, 
closely pubescent beneath: calyx-lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse: corolla 8-9 mm. 
long, the upper lip shorter than the tube: capsules ovoid or globose-ovoid, 6-7 mm. long. 

In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Kansas, Tennessee and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 


4. Scrophularía leporélla Bicknell. Nearly glabrous. Stems 0.5-1.5 m. tall, usu- 
ally sparingly branched: leaf-blades ovate, oval-hastate or Janceolate, 5-20 cm. long, in- 
cised-serrate or deeply incised: panicles narrow: calyx-lobes ovate, acute or obtuse: 
corolla lustrous without, 8-10 mm. long, the upper lip as long as the tube : sterile filament 
greenish yellow : capsules conic-ovoid or conic, 7~10 mm. long, attenuate to the apex. 

On hillsides or in open woods, Connecticut to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Nebraska. 

. Spring and summer. 

5. Scrophularia occidentalis (Rydb.) Bicknell. Similar to S. leporella in habit. 
but with densely glandular panicle-branches. Stem more or less glandular : leaf-blades 
ovate to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, incised or incised-serrate, those of the lower leaves 
especially, hastately incised at the base: corolla 8-10 mm. long, the upper lip much 
shorter than the tube : capsules ovoid, 7-8 mm. long. 


a In low grounds and thickets, South Dakota to the Indian Territory, Washington and California 
ummer. 


9. CHELONE L. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous or nearly glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite : 
blades flat, toothed. Flowers in dense terminal spike-like racemes. Calyx subtended by 
sepal-like bracts: lobes 5. Corolla irregular, white, cream, rose-purple or red, dilated 
into a quite ample throat, the upper lip concave, exterior in the bud ; the lower lip pubes- 
cent within, with 2 lateral lobes larger than the middle one. Stamens 4: filaments pubes- 
cent, the sterile one small: anthers woolly. Styles united. Ovules numerous. Capsule 
ovoid. Seeds flattened, winged. The plants flower in summer and fall. TURTLE-HEAD. 


Calyx-lobes and bracts glabrous, not ciliolate: corolla white or cream-colored. Cuthbertii. 
Leaf-blades sessile and somewhat clasping. E e abra 
Leaf-blades manifestly petioled. 2. Cg ; 

Calyx-lobes and bracts puberulent, or at least ciliolate: corolla pink or rose-purple. 

Corolla pink : campestrian species. 3. 

Corolla rose-purple : Alleghenian species. 

1. Chelone Cuthbértii Small. Stems 5-11 dm. tall, simple: leaf-blades hein 

to narrowly linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 4-10 cm. long, finely or shallowly 2-8 em 

truncate or cordate, and somewhat clasping at the base: racemes few-flowered, eal eet 

long: bracts glabrous: calyx-lobes broadly oblong to oblong-obovate, — ry 

rolla cream-colored, 2-2.5 cm. long, the lower lip copiously bearded within: capsules Ovo 
less than 10 mm. long. 

In wet meadows, mountains of North Carolina and South Carolina. dly 

. 2. Chelone glabra L. Stems 3-18 dm. tall, often branched : leaf-blades ee i 

linear to oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, acuminate, petioled : eim eal 

em. long, dense: bracts glabrous: calyx-lobes 8-10 mm. long, broadly oblong , 


C. obliqua. 
4. C. Lyonn. 


RHINANTHACEAE 1059 


obtuse: corolla white or cream-colored, 2.5-3 cm. long, the lower lip copiously bearded 
within: capsules ovoid, 10-12 mm long. 
In low thickets and swamps, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Florida and Kansas. 


S. Chelone obliqua L. Similar in habit to C. glabra, but seldom as tall. Leaf- 
blades often more sharply serrate or incised : bracts and calyx-lobes puberulent and mani- 
festly ciliolate : corolla pink, fully 2 cm. long, the lower lip rather sparingly bearded. ` 

In damp thickets and along streams, Virginia to Illinois, south to Florida. 


4. Chelone Lyónti Pursh. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, usually simple : leaf-blades ovate to 
elliptic, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, sharply serrate, cuneate, rounded or truncate at the 
base: racemes 2-5 cm. long: calyx-lobes oval to suborbicular, 6-8 mm. long, like the 
bracts ciliolate at least at the tip: corolla deep rose-purple, about 2.5 cm. long: capsules 
ovoid, 11-14 mm. long. 

On damp mountain slopes and summits, Virginia to North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. 


10. PENTSTEMON Soland. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous glaucous or pubescent foliage. Leaves oppo- 
site: blades entire, toothed or dissected, sometimes clasping at the base. Flowers in terminal 
racemes or panicles. Calyx-lobes 5, entire or toothed. Corolla usually showy, rather 
elongated, 2-lipped. Stamens 4: filaments about equal in length: staminodium slender, 
bearded. Styles united: stigma capitate. Ovules numerous. Capsule often ovoid. 
Seeds wingless, angled or rounded. BEARD-TONGUE. 


Leaf-blades pinnately dissected or pinnately parted. 1. P. dissectus. 
Leaf-blades entire or merely toothed. 
Foliage more or less pubescent or puberulent, sometimes only in the inflores- 
cence. 
Stems glabrous below the inflorescence, or rarely puberulent in lines. 
Corolla-tube gradually dilated. 
Corolla-tube abruptly dilated about the middle. 
Calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate, much less than 1 cm. long. 
Corolla purplish ; tube not gibbous above the point of enlargement. 3. P. Pentstemon. 
Corolla white or pinkish ; tube gibbous above the point of enlarge- 
4. P. Digitalis. 


ment, 
Calyx-lobes linear-subulate from a narrowly lanceolate base, becom- 
ing fully 1 em. long. 5. P. calycosus. 
Stems pubescent or puberulent. 
Throat of the corolla less than 1 em. in diameter. 
Primary branches of the inflorescence elongated or manifest. 
Stems hirsute or canescent, often glandular. : 
Corolla densely bearded in the throat: upper leaves with nar- 
rowly lanceolate blades. 3 6. P. hirsutus. 
Corolla scarcely bearded in the throat: upper leaves with ovate 
or broadly lanceolate blades. 
Stems puberulent. 
Upper leaves or lower bracts not dilated at the base. 
Dates not decurrent on the stem. : 
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, at least during anthesis: capsules 


N 


. P. tubiflorus. 


-1 


. P. canescens. 


8-10 mm. long. 8. P. australis. 
Calyx-lobes ovate to triangular: capsules 5-6 mm. long. 9. P. pallidus. 
Leaí-bases manifestly decurrent on the stem. 10. P. multiftorus. 


Upper leaves and lower bracts with dilated and rounded bases. 

Calyx-lobes acute or short-acuminate : corollas 2 cm. long or 
longer: capsules longer than the calyx. — 

Corol efe gradually dilated, the lower lip sparingly 


arded. 11. P. Mackayanus. 
iioi entra abruptly gibbous, the lower lip copiously 


bearded. 12. P. Smallii. 
Calyx-lobes with long slender tips: corollas 1.5 cm. long or : 
shorter: capsules shorter than the calyx. 13. P. tenuis. 
Primary branches of the inflorescence suppressed or very short. : 
Mature calyx-lobes lanceolate: capsules not veined. 14. P. albidus. 
Mature calyx-lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate: capsules promi- : 
nently veined. 15. P. Guadalupensis. 
Throat of the corolla over 1 cm. in diameter. ; 
Staminodium glabrous. 16. P. triflorus. 
Staminodium bearded. 
Corolla less than 3 cm. long: capsules smooth, much longer than : 
the calyx-lobes. 17. P. Helleri. 
Corolla over 3 em. long: capsules prominently veined, about as 
long as the calyx-lobes. 18. P. Cobaea. 


Foliage perfectly glabrous, manifestly glaucous. 
Leaf-blades distinct at the base: corolla lilac or lavender-blue: stamino- : 
dium bearded 19. P. grandiflorus. 


Leaf-blades connate-perfoliate : corolla deep scarlet : staminodium glabrous. 20. P. Murrayanus. 
1. Pentstemon disséctus Ell. Puberulent. Stemsabout 6 dm. tall: leaves opposite ; 
blades pinnately dissected or pinnatifid above, the segments 7-11, linear, 1-2 mm. wide, 


1060 RHINANTHACEAE 


rather obtuse: panicles few-flowered : calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, 4-5 mm. long: corolla 
purple, 6-19 mm. long : staminodium bearded at the apex. 
In dry soil, near Louisville, Georgia. 


2. Pentstemon tubiflérus Nutt. Glabrous to the inflorescence. Stems 5-12 dm. 
tall, sometimes rather naked above: leaf-blades various, those of the basal and lower stem- 
leaves spatulate to oblanceolate or oblong, those of the upper stem-leaves lanceolate to 
ovate, 3-15 em. long, entire or rarely minutely toothed: panicle narrow, 0.5-5 dm. long, 
the lower branches remote : calyx-lobes ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long: corolla 
white, 1.5-2 cm. long, not strongly 2-lipped; the tube gradually dilated : staminodium 
slightly bearded at the apex : capsules 6-8 mm. long. 

On low prairies, Missouri to Kansas, Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 


3. Pentstemon Péntstemon (L.) Britton. Glabrous below the inflorescence. 
Stems 3-7 dm. tall, sometimes tufted: basal and lower stem-leaves 8-15 cm. long, with 
oblong or spatulate blades; upper stem-leaves with oblong-lanceolate or broadly linear 
sessile blades, sometimes undulate or slightly toothed : calyx-lobes glandular-pubescent or 
glabrate in age, 3-4 mm. long or 5 mm. at maturity, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, erect 
or nearly so, acute: corolla purplish, usually 16-18 mm. long; tube dilated about the 
middle but not gibbous: staminodium densely bearded : capsules ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, 
much surpassing the calyx. [P. laevigatus Soland.] 

In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


4. Pentstemon Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Glabrous below the inflorescence. Stems 
3-10 dm. tall: basal and lower stem-leaves with spatulate or oblong blades and broad petiole- 
like bases; upper stem-leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, entire 
or remotely toothed: panicle lax : calyx-lobes lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, glandular pubes- 
cent, spreading or recurved: corolla white or pinkish, 2-2.5 cm. long; tube abruptly 
dilated and gibbous about the middle: staminodium strongly bearded : capsules ovoid, 
7-9 mm. long, somewhat surpassing the calyx. 

In fields and copses, Maine to Illinois, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Spring and summer. 


5. Pentstemon calycósus Small. Glabrous below the very sparingly pubescent 1n- 
florescence. Stems 4-9 dm. tall: basal and lower stem-leaves with spatulate blades ; upper 
stem-leaves oblong to lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate or 
nearly entire, partly clasping: panicle often lax: calyx-lobes sparingly glandular-pubes- 
cent when young, with a narrowly lanceolate base and linear-subulate tip, becoming fully 
1 em. long: corolla purple, about 2.5 cm. long, abruptly dilated at the middle: stamino- 
dium strongly bearded above the middle: capsules ovoid, 5-6 mm. long. 

On banks and river bluffs, Kentucky to Missouri, south to Alabama and Arkansas. Spring. 


6. Pentstemon hirsütus (L.) Willd. Stems sometimes tufted, 2-7 dm. tall, hirsute 
and more or less glandular. Basal and lower stem-leaves with ovate, oval, elliptic or spatu- 
late blades and petiole-like bases: upper stem-leaves oblong to lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, 
sessile, more or less toothed: panicles lax: calyx-lobes glandular-pubescent, ovate le: 
lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: corolla purplish, about 2 em. long, densely bearded in the 
SUN: staminodium copiously bearded above the middle: capsules conic-ovoid, 7-9 mm. 
ong. 

In rocky soil and dry woods, Maine to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


7. Pentstemon canéscens Britton. Stems canescent, 2-7 dm. tall. Basal e 
lower stem-leaves oblong or elliptic, narowed into petiole-like bases; upper uj aie 
with oblong, fiddle-shaped, lanceolate-ovate or ovate blades, clasping, usually ety si 
calyx-lobes lanceolate, 4-7 mm. long, glandular-pilose : corolla white or pinkish, 2 n a 
long ; tube abruptly enlarged at the middle, scarcely bearded in the throat: stamino@iu 
bearded with long hairs: capsules ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, slightly surpassing the calyx: 

On mountain slopes, Virginia and West Virginia to North Carolina. Spring. 


8. Pentstemon austràlis Small. Stems puberulent, often purple, 3- 10 xr s 
often branched at the base. Basal and lower stem-leaves with spatulate to oblong : e d 
narrowed into narrowly winged petioles ; upper stem-leaves few, the blades tangeo peT 
almost linear, remotely toothed or undulate, partly clasping, but not decurrent : P Koh 
narrow : calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in age, 5-6 mm. long, acute or im ly 
often purple or purplish-tinged : corolla purple, 1.5-2 cm. long, the lower lip Ar si A 
bearded : staminodium densely bearded : capsules conic-ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, abou 
as long as the calyx. 

In sandy soil, Georgia and Arkansas to Florida and Texas. Spring. 


9. Pentstemon pállidus Small. Stems puberulent, or sometimes can 
ulent, 3-9 dm. tall. Basal and lower stem-leaves with oblong elliptic or near 


escent-puber- 
ly spatulate 


RHINANTHACEAE 1061 


blades ; upper stem-leaves few, the blades oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rather 
remotely toothed, partly clasping: panicles narrow: calyx-lobes ovate, becoming triangu- 
lar, acute, closely puberulent or pubescent during anthesis: corolla white or purplish, 
2-2.5 em. long; tube rather gradually dilated, the throat sparingly bearded: staminodium 
bearded with very short hairs: capsules ovoid with a flat base, 5-6 mm. long, much surpass- 
ing the calyx. 

In sandy;soil or swamps, New York to Missouri, Georgia and the Indian Territory. Spring. 


10. Pentstemon multiflórus Chapm. Stems merely puberulent below the inflores- 
cence, 4-12 dm. tall. Basal and lower stem-leaves with spatulate or oblong blades nar- 
rowed into petiole-like bases; upper stem-leaves few; blades narrowly oblong to oblong- 
lanceolate, obtuse, entire or undulately toothed, manifestly decurrent on the stem : panicle 
often ample and many-flowered : calyx-lobes glandular-pubescent, ovate, 3-4 mm. long, 
obtuse : corolla white, about 1.5 em. long, glabrous or nearly so in the throat : staminodium 
sparingly bearded near the tip or nearly glabrous: capsules conic, 8-10 mm. long, rather 
narrow at the base, abruptly constricted at the apex, usually fully twice as long as the calyx. 

In pine lands, Florida. Spring and summer. 


11. Pentstemon Mackayànus Knowles & Westc. Stems minutely puberulent. 
Leaves bright green ; blades various, those of the basal and lower stem-leaves lanceolate or 
ovate to oblong ; those of the upper stem-leaves lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, acute or 
somewhat acuminate, irregularly serrate, partly clasping by the dilated bases : panicle open : 
calyx-lobes ovate to oblong-ovate, merely acuminate, 4-5 mm. long, sparingly pubescent : 
corolla purple without, 1.5-2 cm. long; tube funnelform, sparingly bearded in the throat : 
staminodium rather copiously bearded : capsules not seen. 

In open woods, Texas. Spring. 

12. Pentstemon Smállii Heller. Stems puberulent below the inflorescence, 3-12 
dm. tall. Basal leaves with ovate or oval coarsely toothed blades abruptly narrowed into 
margined petioles; upper stem-leaves few ; blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, succes- 
sively broader at the base, 8-15 cm. long, often acuminate, regularly and rather finely 
toothed, clasping: panicle secund : calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. 
long, acute or acuminate: corolla showy, pink-purple, striped with white especially within, 
2.5-3 cm. long; tube abruptly dilated near the middle, with long yellow hairs in the 
throat: staminodium bearded to the base: capsules ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, often twice as 
long as the calyx. 

On mountain slopes and river bluffs, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring. 


13. Pentstemon ténuis Small. Stems 4-6 dm. tall, puberulent. Stem leaves oppo- 
site; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate or ovate, 6-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, 
sharply serrate-dentate, partly clasping : panicles open, rather few-flowered : calyx-lobes 
minutely glandular-pubescent, 4-5 mm. long, becoming 7 mm. at maturity, lanceolate, with 
attenuate spreading or recurving tips: corolla purplish, barely 1.5 cm. long, glandular ; 
tube hardly dilated, but with a slight gibbosity near the middle: sterile filament bearded 
above the middle: capsules broadly ovoid, about 5 mm. high, surpassed by the calyx. 

In woods and thickets, Alabama and Louisiana. Spring. 

14. Pentstemon álbidus Nutt. Foliage dark green, puberulent or somewhat ca- 
nescentabove, viscid. Stemstufted, 1-3 dm. tall: basal and lower stem-leaves with oblong 
or spatulate blades; upper stem-leaves lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so, not lustrous, 
entire or shallowly toothed, sessile: panicle raceme-like, the main branches more or less 
suppressed, the cymes clustered: calyx-lobes lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, densely viscid- 
pubescent : corolla white or purple-tinged, about 1.5 cm. long, the lips spreading: stami- 
nodium bearded : capsules ovoid, about 10 mm. long, smooth. 

On sand hills or plains, Assiniboia to Kansas, Texas and Colorado. Spring and summer. 


15. Pentstemon Guadalupénsis Heller. Foliage bright green. Stems tufted, 1-4 
dm. tall, puberulent: basal and lower stem-leaves with linear or nearly linear often elon- 
pc blades ; upper stem-leaves numerous, approximate ; blades linear-lanceolate to lanceo- 

ate, 2-6 cm. long, entire or nearly so, lustrous, sessile: panicle raceme-like, viscid-pubes- 
cent: calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long: corolla white or tinged 
with purple, about 1.5 em. long, sparingly glandular-pubescent: staminodium bearded to 
about the middle: capsules ovoid, about 10 mm. long, veiny. 

In stony soil, central Texas. Spring. 

16. Pentstemon trifldrus Heller. Glabrous or nearly so to the inflorescence. Stems 
3-9 dm. tall: basal and lower stem-leaves with spatulate or oblong almost entire blades 
narrowed into margined petioles; upper stem-leaves oblong to ovate, mostly acute, 3-10 
cm. long, successively more sharply and deeply toothed, partly clasping : peduncles usually 


1062 RHINANTHACEAE 


3-flowered, glandular-pubescent : calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 6-10 mm. 
long, acute: corolla rose-purple, about 2.5 cm. long, the tube gradually dilated: stami- 
nodium glabrous. 

On hillsides, central Texas. Spring. 


17. Pentstemon Hélleri Small. Puberulent, or glabrate below the inflorescence, 
thence minutely glandular-pubescent. Stems 3-6 dm. tall: leaves lustrous ; blades various, 
those of the basal and lower stem-leaves oblong-spatulate or nearly linear, 6-10 cm. long, 
acute, narrowed into winged petioles, those of the upper leaves oblong to broadly ovate, 
acute, sessile, all undulate or slightly toothed: calyx-lobes densely glandular-pubescent, 
ovate to elliptic-ovate, 8-10 mm. long, acutish: corolla white or rose, sometimes 
tinged with blue, minutely glandular-pubescent, 3-3.5 cm. long, rather gradually en- 
larged : capsules conic-ovoid, at least 1 cm. long, not reticulated, much surpassing the 
calyx. 

On prairies, central Texas. Spring. 

18. Pentstemon Cobaéa Nutt. Pubescent, at least above. Stems 3-6 dm. tall; 
leaves various; those of the basal and lower stem-leaves with spatulate or oblong blades 
narrowed into margined petioles ; upper stem-leaves few ; blades oblong to ovate, 4-12 cm. 
long, partly clasping, nearly entire or sharply serrate : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, 1-1.5 
em. long, rather acute: corolla 3.5-6 cm. long, dull reddish purple or paler, glabrous 
within : staminodium sparingly bearded : capsules ovoid, about 1.5 cm. long, reticulated, 
shorter than the calyx or barely surpassing it. 

On prairies, Kansas to Texas. Spring. 


19. Pentstemon grandifldrus Nutt. Glaucous. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, simple or 
nearly so. Basal and lower stem-leaves with spatulate or oblong blades 5-10 em. long, 
petioled : upper stem-leaves orbicular or ovate, 3-9 cm. long: panicle narrow: calyx-lobes 
glabrous, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 7-9 mm. long: corolla lilac or lavender-blue, 
4.5-5 cm. long ; tube abruptly dilated below the middle: staminodium sparingly pubes- 
cent near the apex : capsules ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long, reticulated at maturity. 

On plains, Minnesota to South Dakota, south to Illinois, Indian Territory and Kansas. Summer. 


20. Pentstemon Murrayànus Hook. Glaucous. Stems 3-10 dm. tall: basal and 
lower stem-leaves with spatulate or oblong blades 7-10 cm. long, narrowed into petiole-like 
bases ; upper stem-leaves leathery ; blades connate-perfoliate, ovate to broadly oblong, 4-8 
cm. long, often abruptly pointed: panicle narrow: calyx-lobes ovate, 4-5 mm. long, or 
slightly larger at maturity, acute: corolla deep scarlet, 2.5-3 em. long; tube gradually 
dilated : staminodium glabrous : capsules ovoid, 1.5 cm. long, about 3 longer than the calyx. 

On prairies, Texas. Summer. 


ll. PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zucc. 


Trees simulating Catalpa, with flaky bark. Leaves opposite: blades ample, broadest 
below the middle, entire or 3-lobed, long-petioled. Flowers in large terminal panicles. 
Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla violet or pink-purple, 2-lipped : tube trumpet-shaped, the lobes of 
both lips spreading. Stamens 4, included : anther-sacs divergent. Styles mostly united, 
the tips stigmatic on the inner side. Capsule ovoid, leathery, loculicidally dehiscent. 
Seeds numerous, winged. 

1. Paulownia tomentdsa (Thunb.) Baill. A tree with large spreading branches. 
Leaf-blades ovate or suborbicular, 1.5-4 dm. long, acute or acuminate, densely tomentose 
beneath, cordate, prominently nerved beneath : calyx 10-14 mm. long, densely tienes 
lobes ovate to oblong: corolla violet, pubescent without, 4-5 cm. long, the limb 3.5-4. 
cm. broad, the lobes rounded : capsules ovoid, 3-4 cm. long, acute. 


In waste places and thickets, New York to Florida and Texas. Naturalize 
Spring and summer. 


d from eastern Asia. 


12. MÍMULUS L. 


Leaves opposite: blades flat, toothed. 
nicles. Calyx-tube 


tube with 2 ridges 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs. 
Flowers solitary in the axils, sometimes disposed in racemes or pa 


angled, longer than the lobes. Corolla of various colors, 2-lipped : 4: 
within on the lower side: upper lip spreading or reflexed : lower lip erect. pura 
filaments partly adnate to the corolla-tube: anther-sacs divergent. Styles Hae 


2-lobed stigma. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent, enclosed in the calyx. MoNKEY-FLOWER- 


RHINANTHACEAE 1063 


Corolla yellow : leaf-blades nearly as broad as long. 1. M. Jamesii. 
Corolla blue, violet or white: leaf-blades much longer than broad. 
Leaf-blades petioled: calyx longer than the pedicel. 2. M. alatua. 
Leaf-blades sessile: calyx shorter than the pedicel. 3. M. ringens. 


1. Mimulus Jamésii Torr. Stems usually branched at the base ; branches 1~4 dm. 
long, spreading and creeping: leaf-blades ovate to orbicular-reniform, 1-4 em. long, 
dentate or sinuate-dentate, most of them short-petioled : calyx 5-6 mm. long, often slightly 
accrescent, the upper. lip merely acute, longer than the lower lip: corolla yellow, fully 1 
em. long, the lower lip bearded within : capsules 5-8 mm. long. 

In swamps and streams, Ontario to Montana, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Summer and fall. 

2. Mimulus alàtus Soland. Rootstocks often tuberous-thickened. Stems 2-10 dm. tall, 
square and 4-winged : leaf-blades thickish, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15 em. long, 
serrate ; petioles 1-2 cm. long: pedicels stout, 5-6 mm. long, 4-winged : calyx 12-15 mm. 
long, slightly dilated upward, each plait ending in a short folded mucro about 1 mm. 
long : corolla about 2 cm. long: capsule hardly distending the calyx-tube. 

In swamps and meadows, Connecticut to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas, Summer and fall. 

3. Mimulus ríngens L.  Hootstocks elongated. Stem 3-12 dm. tall, flattened, the 
edges grooved: leaf-blades lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 5-20 cm. long, shallowly and 
remotely serrate, sessile, the lower ones constricted above the base, more or less auricled 
and clasping : pedicels slender, 2-4 cm. long, 2-winged above: calyx 12-20 mm. long, each 
plait ending in a folded mucro ranging from 3-6 mm. in length: corolla 2.5-3 cm. long: 
capsule manifestly distending the calyx-tube. 

In swamps and in damp banks, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Georgia and Texas. Summer and fall. 


13. STEMODIA L. 

Annual or perennial caulescent often aromatic herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves 
opposite or whorled: blades flat, toothed. Flowers solitary in the axils, sometimes in 
dense spike-like racemes. Calyx-lobes equal or nearly so. Corolla blue or purplish, 
2-lipped. Stamens 4, included: filaments filiform: anther-sacs widely separated. Styles 
dilated to the 2-lobed or dilated stigma. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft. 
Seeds striate or reticulated. 


Foliage viscid-pubescent: stems and branches erect or ascending. 1. S. durantifolia. 
Foliage white-woolly : stems and branches prostrate or procumbent. 2. S. lanata. 


1. Stemodia durantifdlia (L.) Sw. Foliage viscid-pubescent. Stems 3-6 dm. 
tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaves opposite or in whorls of 3 or 4; blades oblong 
to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, more or less auricled at the 
base and partly clasping : racemes elongated : calyx-lobes linear-subulate, 5-6 mm. long: 
corolla azure-blue or purplish, about 1 em. long ; tube somewhat dilated about the middle ; 
lobes truncate or retuse: capsules conic-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long. 

In wet soil, Texas to Arizona and tropical America. 

2. Stemodia lanàta R. & P. Foliage white-woolly. Stems more or less branched, 
the branches prostrate or procumbent, several dm. long: leaf-blades mainly oblong, 1-4 
em. long, dentate, sessile and clasping by the cordate base. 

In low places, southern Texas and Mexico. 


14. CONOBEA Aubl 

Annual or perennial caulescent often glandular-pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite: 
blades toothed, incised, pinnatifid or parted. Flowers solitary or 2 together in the axils. 
Calyx-lobes unequal, longer than the tube. Corolla white or blue, 2-lipped. Stamens 4, 
included: anther-sacs parallel, contiguous. Styles united, incurved. Capsules septici- 
dally dehiscent, the valves entire or 2-cleft. Seeds striate. 

1. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. Annual, viscid-pubescent. Stems 1-2 dm. 
tall, often mnch branched : leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long, pinnately parted into narrow entire 
or toothed segments: peduncles much shorter than the subtending bracts: calyx sessile, 
rather surpassed by the 2 subtending bractlets ; lobes narrowly linear, 2-2.5 mm. long; 


corolla about 3 mm. long: capsules narrowly ovoid, 3 mm. long. 
On river banks and prairies. Pennsylvania to Iowa, Tennessee and Texas. Summer and fall. 


15. MONNIERA P. Br. 


Perennial succulent odorless herbs, with terete creeping stems. Leaves opposite: 
blades entire or very slightly toothed, broadest above the middle, palmately nerved, sessile. 


1064 RHINANTHACEAE 


Flowers usually solitary on axillary peduncles. Calyx sessile in 2 small bractlets : sepals 
nearly distinct, the upper one broadest. Corolla blue or white, nearly regular, the 5 lobes 
almost equal, spreading. Stamens 4, included : filaments adnate to near the throat of the 
corolla. Capsule ovoid or oval, septicidally dehiscent, the valves cleft or parted. Seeds 
numerous. | Herpestis Gaertn. ] 


Leaf-blades spatulate or cuneate : capsules acuminate at the apex. 1. M. Monniera. 
Leaf-blades obovate or orbicular-obovate: capsules blunt at the apex. 2. M. rotundifolia. 


1. Monniera Monniéra (L.) Britton. Stem and branches glabrous, 1-6 dm. long: 
leaf-blades spatulate or cuneate, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse, entire or inconspicuously toothed 
near the apex : peduncles glabrous, mostly longer than the subtending bract at maturity : 
outer sepals becoming 5-6 mm. long, usually acute : corolla white or pale blue, the upper 
lobes often retuse : capsules conic-ovoid, 5-8 mm. long, acuminate at the apex. 

On banks and shores, Maryland to Florida and Texas. Alsoin the tropics. Spring to fall. 

2. Monniera rotundifolia Michx. Stem and branches pubescent or glabrate in age, 
1-5 dm. long: leaf-blades broadly obovate to orbicular-obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, rounded 
at the apex, partly clasping: peduncles pubescent, usually shorter than the subtending 
bracts: outer sepals becoming 3-4 mm. long, rounded at the apex: corolla white or whit- 
ish, the upper lobes rounded : capsules oval, about 4 mm. long, blunt at the apex. 

On muddy shores, Illinois to South Dakota, south to Tennessee, Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 


16. SEPTILIA Raf. 


Perennial, aromatic, succulent, creeping herbs, usually pubescent. Stems terete. 
Leaves opposite: blades broadest below the middle, palmately nerved, entire or shallowly 
toothed, punctate, partly clasping. Flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles. Calyx 
subtended by 2 small bractlets. Sepals nearly distinct, the outer ones cordate, the upper 
one broadest. Corolla blue or white, manifestly 2-lipped, the upper lip merely notched. 
Hypogynous disk present. Stamens 4, included: filaments adnate to near the throat of 
the corolla-tube. Capsule ovoid to conic, septicidally dehiscent, the valves cleft. Seeds - 
numerous. 


Stems merely puberulent above: hypogynous disk entire. 1. S. repens. 

Stems manifestly pubescent above : hypogynous disk 10-12-toothed. Den 
Upper leaf-blades oblong or ovate-oblong, entire or undulate. 2. S. Caroliniana. 
Upper leaf-blades orbicular or ovate-orbicular, shallowly toothed. 3. S. crenulata. , 


1. Septilia repens (Sw.) Raf. Stems and branches several dm. long, puberulent 
above, sometimes diffusely branched. Leaf-blades broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, 0.5-1.5 
cm. long, obtuse, clasping : peduncles about as long as the corolla: outer sepals becoming 
3-3.5 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so, reticulated: corolla white or whitish, little sur- 
passing the calyx: capsules oblong-ovoid, 2-2.5 mm. long. [Herpestis repens Cham. & 
Schlecht. ] 

In low grounds, South Carolina to Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 

2. Septilia Caroliniàna (Walt.) Small. Stems 2-6 dm. long, manifestly pubescent, 
at least above. Leaf-blades ovate-oblong or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, entire or undulate, 
clasping: peduncles 1-5 mm. long: outer sepals becoming 6-7 mm. long, glabrous or 
nearly so: corolla blue, 8-9 mm. long: capsules ovoid-conic, about 4 mm. long. [ Herpestis 
amplexicaulis Pursh. ] 

About pine-land ponds, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

3. Septilia crenulàta Small.  Resembling C. Caroliniana, but stouter. Stems 
copiously pubescent throughout : leaf-blades suborbicular to orbicular-ovate, 1.5-2.5 ae 
long, obtuse or notched at the apex, shallowly toothed, partly clasping: peduncles 1-1. 
cm. long: outer sepals becoming fully 1 cm. long, pubescent: corolla fully 10 mm. long, 
blue: capsules ovoid-oblong, about 5 mm. long. [Monniera crenulata Small. ] 

In ditches and low places, Florida. Spring and summer. 


17. MECARDONIA R. & P. 
Perennial relatiyely rigid herbs, with 4-angled erect or diffuse, but rarely creeping 
stems. Leaves opposite ; blades toothed, narrowed at the base, pinnately nerved. F a 
solitary on slender axillary pedicels subtended by two small bractlets. Calyx not subten 
by bractlets: sepals 5, unequal, the upper one broadest : corolla white, purple or yellow, 


RHINANTHACEAE 1065 


2-lipped, the upper lip notched. Stamens adnate to near the corolla-throat. Hypogynous 
disk wanting. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule septicidal, the valves cleft. Seeds numerous. 


Stems or branches erect or ascending. 1. M. acuminata. 
Stems or branches prostrate or decumbent. 
Pedicels about as long as the leaves or somewhat longer. 


Upper sepals ovate, 5-6 mm. long, barely surpassing the others. 2. M. procumbens. 
Upper sepals linear or oblong-lanceolate, 7-9 mm. long, manifestly surpassing 
the others. 3. M. viridis. 


Pedicels several times longer than the leaves. 
Stems sparingly branched, the branches merely procumbent: upper sepal 
over 7 mm. long. 4. M. peduncularia. 
Stems diffusely branched, the branches prostrate: upper sepal less than 7 
mm. long. 5. M. tenuia. 

1. Mecardonia acuminata (Walt.) Small. Stems and branches erect or ascending, 
1-6 dm. tall, leaf-blades spatulate to oblong or elliptic, 2-5 cm. long, serrate, the lower 
ones narrowed into short petioles: pedicels usually somewhat longer than the leaves: 
sepal becoming 8-10 mm. long, ribbed or slightly keeled: corolla white or pink, the upper 
lip bearded within, the lower lip with apiculate lobes: capsules oblong, 5-6 mm. long. 
[ Herpestis nigrescens Benth. ] 

In meadows or wet grounds, Maryland to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

2. Mecardonia procámbens (Mill.) Small. Stems and branches decumbent, 0.5-2 
dm. long. Leaf-blades oval to elliptic or ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, serrate or crenate-serrate, 
the lower ones short-petioled : pedicels as long as the leaves or slightly longer: upper sepal 
ovate, barely, if at all,-longer than the others, 5-6 mm. long: corolla yellow, 5-7 mm. 
long: capsules 4-5 mm. long. [ Herpestis chamaedryoides H.B.K. ] 

In sand, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 

3. Mecardonia viridis Small. Resembling M. procumbens but light green and un- 
changed in drying. Stems or branches 1-3 dm. long, merely decumbent: leaf-blades oval 
to ovate or elliptic above, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse, bluntly serrate, contracted into margined 
petioles near the base of the stem : pedicels as long as the leaves or longer: upper sepal 
linear or oblong-lanceolate, becoming 7-9 mm. long, manifestly surpassing the others: 

‘corolla 6-7 mm. long, yellow: capsules about 7 mm. long. 

Insandy soil,coast of Texas. Spring. 

4. Mecardonia pedunculàris (Benth.) Small. Resembling M. procumbens and M. 
viridis but smaller. Stems and branches often less leafy above : leaves fewer: blades nar- 
rower, gradually narrowed into narrow petioles or petiole-like bases: pedicels slender, 
several times longer than the leaves: upper sepal becoming 8-10 mm. long, barely longer 
than the others : corolla about 1 cm. long. 

On prairies, Texas to Arizona. Spring and summer. 

5. Mecardonia ténuis Small. Stems diffusely branched ; branches prostrate, 0.5~4 
dm. long, filiform or wire-like. Leaf-blades spatulate to oblong, oblanceolate or lanceo- 
late, 5-12 mm. long, sharply serrate, except the gradually narrowed base: pedicels filiform, 
several times longer than the leaves: upper sepal oblong-ovate, becoming 6 mm. long, 
barely longer than the others: corolla 6-7 mm. long: capsules 5-6 mm. long. 

On coral rock and in sand, Key West, Florida. 


18. HYDRANTHELIUM H.B.K. 


Annual or perennial amphibious herbs, with floating or creeping stems. Leaves op- 
posite: blades broad. Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx of 4 partially united sepals. 
Corolla white, 3-lobed. Stamens 3, exserted : filaments adnate as far as the throat of 
the corolla-tube : anther-sacs distinct, parallel. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule membranous, 
2-valved. Seeds curved. 

1. Hydranthelium Bgénse hips & Endl. Aquatic, minutely pubescent. Stems 
several cm. long, branched : upper leaf-blades cuneate, obovate or suborbicular, 1-1.5 cm. 
long, shallowly toothed above the base: pedicels 5-12 mm. long: calyx-lobes lanceolate, 
acute : capsules subglobose or ovoid-globose. 

In swamps, near New Orleans, Louisiana. Alsointropical South America. Not recently collected. 


19. GRATIOLA L. 
Annual or perennial rather succulent herbs, with glabrous or softly pubescent foliage. 
Leaves opposite: blades entire or toothed, rather fleshy. Flowers solitary on axillary 


peduncles. Calyx sessile in 2 bractlets: sepals 5, nearly distinct. Corolla white, yellow 
or purplish, 2-lipped. Stamens 2, included. Staminodia wanting, scale-like or filiform. 


l 


‘ 


1066 RHINANTHACEAE 


Anther-sacs transverse, separated by a dilated membranous connective. Capsule globose 
or ovoid, often blunt. Seeds striate. HEDGE-HyssSoP. 


Staminodia wanting or mere scales. 
Peduncles as long as the bracts or longer. 
Corollas golden yellow. 


Capsules conic, much longer than the sepals. 1. G. pusilla. 
Capsules subglobose, about as long as the sepals. 2. G. Torreyi. 
Corollas white or merely yellowish. 

Corollas about 6 mm. long: capsules globular. 3. G. gracilis. 
Corollas 8-20 mm. long: capsules ovoid. 

Sepals 5 mm. long: corollas 15-20 mm. long: capsules 3-3.5 mm. long. 4. G. Floridana. 

Sepals 4-4.5 mm. long: corollas 8-11 mm. long: capsules 4-5 mm. long. 5. G. Virginiana. 

Peduncles much shorter than the bracts. 6. G. sphaerocarpa. 
Staminodia conspicuous with capitate tips. 
7. G. aurea. 


Corollas golden yellow. 
Corollas white or tinged with purple, or the tube often yellowish within. 
Bractlets nearly as long as the sepals or surpassing them. 
Plants wholly glabrous. 
Leaf-blades thick, oblong to lanceolate, partly clasping: sepals acute. 8. G. officinalis. 
Leaf-blades thin, oblong. obovate to oblanceolate, short-petioled or 
merely sessile : sepals obtuse. 9. G. macrantha. 
Plants pubescent or puberulent, often viscid. 
Sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate: leaf-blades mostly less than 


twice as long as broad. 10. G. viscosa. 
Sepals linear to linear-subulate: leaf-blades mostly over twice as long É 
as broad. 11. G. Drummondii. 
Bractlets minute or obsolete. 12. G. ramosa. 


1l. Gratiola pusílla Torr. Stems viscid or viscid-puberulent, 5-10 cm. tall, very 
slender, often sparingly branched. Leaf-blades linear-spatulate to linear, 2-6 mm. long, 
obtuse, entire, sessile: peduncles slender, longer than the subtending bracts: sepals linear 
or linear-oblong, rather obtuse, 2-3 mm. long: corolla golden-yellow, 7-8 mm. long, the 
lobes retuse or notched : capsules conic-ovoid, 4 mm. long, acute. 

On prairies, Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 


2. Gratiola Torreyi Small. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 5-10 em. tall, usually 
simple. Leaf-blades linear-spatulate to linear, 5-20 mm. long, entire or sparingly toothed, . 
the lower ones narrowed into petiole-like bases : peduncles as long as the subtending bracts 
or longer: sepals linear or oblong-linear, 2 mm. long, surpassed by the linear-clavate 
bractlets: corolla golden yellow, about 10 mm. long: capsules subglobose, about 3 mm. 1n 
diameter. 

In river valleys, Texas. Spring. 


3. Gratiola gracilis Benth. Stems glabrous, 15-25 cm. tall, slender. Leaf-blades 
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, sessile: peduncles much longer 
than the subtending bracts: sepals lanceolate, obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long, about as long as 
the similar bractlets: corolla yellowish white, 6-7 mm. long: capsules subglobose or ovoid- 
globose, about as long as the calyx. 

In low grounds, eastern Texas. Spring. 


4. Gratiola Floridana Nutt. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 dm. tall, often 
branched at the base. Leaf-blades oblanceolate to spatulate, elliptic or oblong, 1-5 cm. 
long, often obtuse, entire, repand or denticulate, the lowest pair at least narrowed into 
petiole-like bases : peduncles as long as the subtending bracts or longer : sepals alah 
nearly linear, about 5 mm. long, often slightly surpassed by the bractlets : corolla 15- 
mm. long ; tube yellow ; lobes white: capsules globose-ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long, not pointed, 

On muddy banks, Tennessee to Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 


5. Gratiola Virginiàna L. Stems viscid-puberulent or pubescent above, 1-3 ei 
tall, often branched at the base. Leaf-blades elliptic-spatulate to elliptic or oblong, 1. 1 
cm. long, often acute, undulate or shallowly toothed, the lower ones narrowed into m t 
like bases : peduncles as long as the subtending bracts or shorter: sepals viscid-puber dali 
linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-4.5 mm. long, about as long as the bractlets : corolla 8- 
mm. long ; tube yellowish ; lobes whitish : capsules ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, acute. : 

In mud or on wet banks, Quebec to British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas and California. 
Spring to fall. 

6. Gratiola sphaerocárpa Ell Stems glabrous or nearly so, 1-4 dm. pex pen 
diffusely branched. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, often pueri = as 
rowed at the base, 1.5-5 cm. long, repand to dentate-serrate : peduncles rarely à à p ns 
the subtending bracts: sepals linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, about as long ast e lén 
bractlets : corolla white, 8-12 mm. long ; tube barely twice as long as the calyx : caps 
subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter. 


E Pe 
In low grounds, New Jersey to Illinois, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fal 


RHINANTHACEAE 1067 


7. Gratiola aürea Muhl. Stems viscid or viscid-pubescent, 0.5-2 dm. long, often 
decumbent and creeping, simple or sparingly branched. Leaf-blades linear to lanceolate, 
1-2.5 em. long, entire or sparingly toothed, sessile: peduncles as long as the subtending 
bracts or shorter: sepals lanceolate, 4 mm. long, about as long as the nearly linear bract- 
lets: corolla golden yellow, 1-1.5 cm. long, puberulent ; tube slightly gibbous near the 
middle: capsules. 

In wet soil and pine lands, Quebec and Ontario, south to Florida. Summer and fall. 


8. Gratiola officinàlis L. Stems glabrous, 2-5 dm. tall, more or less branched. 
Leaf-blades thick, oblong to lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, acute, entire or serrulate, sessile 
and partly clasping: peduncles slender, shorter than the subtending bracts: sepals linear 
to linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, acute, usually surpassed by the narrow bractlets : corolla 
white, striped with a darker color, 1.7-2 cm. long: capsules ovoid, 5-7 mm. long, acute. 

In low grounds, Georgia. Native of Europe. Summer. 


9. Gratiola macrántha Chapm. Stem glabrous, ascending from a creeping base, 
1.5-3 dm. long, branching: leaf-blades thin, oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, 2.5-4.5 cm. 
long, obtuse, entire, short-petioled or merely sessile: peduncles mostly longer than the 
subtending bracts: sepals linear, obtuse, usually surpassed by the spatulate bractlets : 
corolla white, 12--18 mm. long. 

In cool spring, near Quincy, Florida. Spring. 

10. Gratiola viscósa Schwein. Stems viscid-puberulent or pubescent, 1-4 dm. tall, 
sometimes decumbent, simple or sparingly [ee abd Leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong, 
0.5-2 em. long, acute, sharply serrate, sessile and partly clasping : peduncles longer than 
the subtending bracts or occasionally shorter: sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5—7 
mm. long, rather obtuse, shorter than the bractlets: corolla yellowish white, 8-10 mm. 
long, the upper lip bearded with glandular hairs: staminodium sometimes obsolete: cap- 
sules ovoid-globose, 2-3 mm. long. 

In muddy places and brooks, Kentucky to North Carolina and Georgia. Spring to fall. 

11. Gratiola Drummóndii Benth. Stems viscid-pubescent, 1-4 dm. tall, often 
sparingly branched.  Leaf-blades oblong, lanceolate or linear, 1-1.5 mm. long, acute, 
sharply toothed, especially near the apex, sessile and partly clasping: peduncles slender, 
fully as long as the subtending bracts, or shorter: sepals minutely glandular, linear or 
linear-subulate, 5-7 mm. long, about as long as the bractlets: corolla whitish or yellowish, 
10-12 mm. long: éapsules subglobose, 1.5-2 mm. long. 

In muddy places and shallow streams, Arkansas to Georgia, Florida and Texas. Summer. 

12. Gratiola ramósa Walt. Stems viscid-puberulent, 1-3 dm. tall, sometimes spar- 
ingly branched, often tufted. Leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 em. long, 
acute, with few sharp teeth, sessile: peduncles as long as the subtending bracts or longer: 
sepals glandular, linear-subulate or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, accompanied 
by minute or obsolete bractlets: corolla whitish, 10-12 mm. long ; tube glandular-pubes- 
cent: capsules depressed, 1.5-2 mm. long. 

In wet soil, South Carolina to Florida. Summer and fall. 


20. SOPHRONANTHE Benth. 


Annual or perennial rigid caulescent herbs, with rough-pubescent foliage. Leaves 
opposite : blades entire or toothed, sessile. Flowers solitary in the axils, short-peduncled 
or nearly sessile. Calyx sessile in 2 bractlets : sepals 5, nearly distinct. Corolla white or 
purplish, 2-lipped. Stamens 2, included. Staminodia filiform, capitate at the apex. 
Anther-sacs parallel, contiguous. Capsule somewhat elongated, acuminate. 

Leaf-blades linear, entire: corolla-tube about twice as long as the sepals, 1. S. hispida. 
Leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong, toothed : corolla-tube barely surpassing the sepals. 2. S. pilosa. 

1. Sophronanthe hispida Benth. Stems hispidulous, 0.5-2 dm. tall, usually 
clustered. Leaves numerous; blades firm, linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, strongly 
revolute: bractlets linear or linear-lanceolate, surpassing the calyx: peduncles 1-2 mm. 
long, or the calyx almost sessile: sepals linear-lanceolate, unequal, rigidly pubescent : 
corolla about 1 cm. long, salverform : capsules conic-ovoid, about 5 mm. long. [Gratiola 
subulata Baldw.] 

In sand, Florida to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 

2. Sophronanthe pilósa (Michx.) Small. Stems hirsute, 2-6 dm. tall, simple or 
sparingly branched. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, acute or obtuse, 
sparingly toothed, sessile or partly clasping: pedicels 1-2 mm. long, or the calyx nearly 


1068 RHINANTHACEAE 


sessile : sepals linear to linear-subulate, bristly : corolla about 5 mm. long, tubular: cap- 
sules conic, 4-5 mm. long. [Gratiola pilosa Michx. ] 
In low sandy grounds, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


21. ILYSANTHES Raf. 


Annual or biennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite: blades 
entire or shallowly toothed, mostly sessile. Bracts mostly similar to the leaves. Flowers 
solitary in the axils, slender-pedicelled. Sepals 5, united at the base. Corolla whitish or 
purplish, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, erect, the lower lip spreading. Stamens 2: 
anther-sacs divergent. Staminodia 2, 2-lobed, the one lobe capitate and glandular, the 
other smaller, glabrous. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule narrowly ovoid to oblong, septicidally 
dehiscent. Seeds wrinkled. FALSE PIMPERNEL. 

Stems creeping: leaf-blades orbicular or ovate-orbicular, rounded at the base and closely sessile. 
1. I. grandiflora. 
Stems 5s xd ascending: leaf-blades more or less elongated, the lower ones narrowed 

at the base. 

Pedicelsshorter than thesubtending bracts: sepals as longas the capsule or longer. 2. I. attenuata. 
Pedicels longer than the subtending bracts : sepals shorter than the capsule. 


Leaves or bracts slightly reduced above : pedicels erect or ascending. 
Upper leaves with partially clasping blades : capsules much longer than the 


sepals. 3. I. gratioloides. 
Upper leaves with merely sessile blades: capsules slightly longer than the 
sepals. 4. I. saxicola. 
Leaves or bracts reduced to scales above: pedicels reflexed. 5. I. refracta. 


1. Ilysanthes grandifldra (Nutt.) Benth. Stems slender, creeping, 2-20 cm. long, 
leafy throughout, rarely branched. Leaf-blades suborbicular or ovate-orbicular, 0.5-1 cm. 
long, leathery, entire, rounded and partially clasping at the base: pedicels filiform, 2-4 
em. long, several times longer than the bracts: sepals linear-lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, 
acute: corolla blue, about 10 mm. long, the upper lip much shorter than the lower: cap- 
sules narrowly oblong or oblong-ovoid, 4.5-5 mm. long, acute or acuminate, much longer 
than the calyx. 

In low or wet grounds, eastern Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 


2. Ilysanthes attenuata (Muhl.) Small. Stems relatively stout, 1-5 dm. tall, often 
much branched. Leaf-blades oblong to ovate, or oblanceolate to obovate below, 1-3 cm. 
long, thin-fleshy, obtuse, distantly and shallowly serrate, 5-nerved, the lower ones at least 
narrower at the base: pedicels stout, shorter than the subtending bracts: sepals linear- 
subulate, 4-5 mm. long : corolla 8-10 mm. long : capsules narrowly ovoid, usually surpassed 
by the calyx. ; 


In wet places, Ontario to Wisconsin and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


3. Ilysanthes gratioloìđes (L.) Benth. Stems wiry, 1-2 dm. long, nearly simple or 
considerably branched, the lower branches sometimes decumbent. Leaf-blades leathery- 
fleshy, obovate to oblong below, to ovate above, 0.6-2 cm. long, entire or nearly so, the 
lower ones gradually and the upper ones more abruptly narrowed at the base, sessile an 
partly clasping : pedicels filiform, surpassing the subtending bracts: sepals linear, 3-4 
mm. long: corolla 5-7 mm. long: capsules ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, surpass- 
ing the calyx. 

In damp or wet soil, New England to Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


4. Ilysanthes saxicola (M. A. Curtis) Chapm. Stems slender, more or less tufted, 
2-20 cm. tall, often dwarf, simple or sparingly branched. Leaf-blades fleshy-leathery, 
0.5-1.5 cm. long, the basal and those on the lower part of the stem spatulate or oblong, 
the upper ones ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, acutish, nearly sessile: pedicels 
wiry, 3-4 times longer than the subtending bracts: sepals linear-lanceolate, about 2mm. 
long: corolla pale blue and variegated, about 10 mm. long: capsule ovoid, 3 mm. long, 
surpassing the calyx. 

On damp rocks, Tallulah Falls, Georgia and on the Hiawassee River, North Carolina. 


5. Ilysanthes refrácta ( Ell.) Benth. Stems wiry, usually several together or bearer 
tufted, 0.8-3 dm. tall, nearly naked, sometimes diffuse at maturity. Leaves mainly i j 
blades spatulate to obovate, 1-3 cm. long, entire or undulate, those of the stem min ia 
scales: pedicels filiform, 2-4 mm. long, at length reflexed : sepals almost linear, 2- ice 
long: corolla 10-13 mm. long: capsules narrowly oblong, about 4 mm. long, about 
as long as the calyx. : 

On wet rocks and in damp pine lands, North Carolina to Mississippi and Florida. Spring to fall. 


Summer. 


RHINANTHACEAE 1069 


22. HEMIANTHUS Nutt. 


Annual or perennial diminutive herbs, with creeping stems. Leaves opposite : blades 
manifestly longer than broad, indistinctly nerved. Flowers inconspicuous, solitary in the 
axils. Calyx of 4 mostly united sepals. Corolla purple or whitish, very irregular, the 
upper lip obsolete and the tube there cleft, the lower lip relatively large, with a long in- 
curved middle lobe. Stamens 2: filaments with long basal appendages : anther-sacs divari- 
cate. Style-tips slender, each with 2 subulate stigmas. Capsule subglobose, many-seeded. 

1. Hemianthus micranthemoides Nutt. Stems often matted, glabrous, 2-8 cm. 
long, with erect or ascending tips. Leaf-blades spatulate to obovate or oblong, 1-6 mm. 
long: pedicels about as long as the calyx or becoming longer: calyx about 1 mm. long, 
with oblong lobes: corolla often 2 mm. or sometimes 2.5 mm. long, the upper lip obsolete, 
the lower lip with a linear incurved middle lobe and 2 shorter lateral lobes : each filament 
with a basal appendage similar to itself: capsules subglobose, about 1 mm. in diameter. 

On muddy banks, New Jersey to Florida. Summer and fall. 


23. MICRANTHEMUM Michx. 


Annual or perennial diminutive herbs, with diffuse or creeping stems. Leaves oppo- 
site: blades entire, commonly suborbicular, manifestly nerved, sessile. Flowers incon- 
spicuous, solitary in the axils. Sepals 4, united at the base. Corolla white or purplish, 
obscurely 2-lipped, the upper lip entire, this and the 3 lobes of the lower lip nearly equal, 
or the middle lobe of the lower lip slightly larger, the corolla thus appearing more or less 
equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2: filaments dilated at the base: anther-sacs parallel. Style- 
tips club-shaped or capitate. Capsule subglobose, many-seeded. 

1. Micranthemum orbiculatum Michx. Stems glabrous, 1-4 dm. long, sometimes 
densely tufted and erect at the ends. Leaf-blades suborbicular, 5-10 mm. in diameter, 

* rounded or retuse at the apex : pedicels shorter than the calyx : calyx-lobes 1 mm. becom- 
ing 1.5 mm. long, narrowly oblong: corolla about 1-1.5 mm. broad, the lobes oblong : 
capsules subglobose, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter. 

On muddy banks and in swamps and streams, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


24. AMPHIANTHUS Torr. 


Annual or biennial amphibious glabrous herbs, with very short stems. Leaves mainly 
basal: blades narrow, entire, sessile. Flowers variously disposed, some sessile or nearly 
sessile on the short stem, others terminating elongated slender peduncles. Calyx of 5 
unequal slightly united sepals. Corolla white, slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip and the 
lobes of the lower lip short, rather square, retuse or notched. Stamens 2, included : fila- 
ments adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube: anther-sacs distinct. Stigma 2- 
lobed. Capsule flattened, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds narrow, regularly pitted. 

1. Amphianthus pusillus Torr. Stems clustered, usually less than 1 cm. long. 
Leaves basal; blades linear, 5-10 mm. long, blunt: flowers clustered on the short stem or 
those surmounting the filiform peduncles which vary in length with the depth of the water, 
solitary, subtended by a pair of oblong oval or ovate bracts, 3-8 mm. long : calyx-lobes 
oblong or nearly so: corolla white, 6-8 mm. long; tube funnelform: capsules 2-2.5 mm. 
in diameter, 2-lobed. 


In water filling depressions in graníte rocks, Georgia. Flowering and fruiting whenever there is 
sufficient water present, 


25. CAPRARIA L. 


Perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate: blades longer than 
broad, toothed. Flowers on axillary pedicels. Calyx of 5 narrow, almost equal sepals. 
Corolla white, campanulate, with 5 flat lobes. Stamens usually 4: anther-sacs 2, di- 
vergent, confluent. Stigmas dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule short, 2-grooved, loculicidally 
dehiscent. Seeds reticulated. 

1. Capraria bifldra L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, branching, sometimes pubescent. Leaf- 


blades oblanceolate, cuneate or oblong, 1-4 cm. long, acute, sharply serrate above the 
middle: pedicels solitary or 2 together, shorter than the subtending bracts : sepals linear- 


1070 RHINANTHACEAE 


lanceolate to linear-subulate, 4-6 mm. long: corolla about 1 em. long ; tuoe campanulate 
lobes lanceolate, about as long as the tube : capsules oval or oval-ovoid, about as long as 
the sepals. 

On sandy shores, peninsular Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


26. SCOPARIA L. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite or whorled : 
blades often narrow, punctate. Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx of 4-5 nearly distinct 
sepals. Corolla white, yellow or blue, rotate: tube pubescent in the throat : lobes 4, nearly 
equal. Stamens 4, scarcely didynamous : anthers slightly sagittate ; sacs distinct: Stigmas 
truncate or notched. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds angled. 
Sepals not ciliolate: corollas 3 mm. broad: capsules surpassing the sepals. 1. S. dulcis. 
Sepals ciliolate : corollas 10 mm. broad: capsules not surpassing the sepals. 2. S. grandiflora. 

1. Scoparia dulcis L. Stems glabrous, 2-10 dm. tall, often much branched.  Leaf- 
blades ovate, elliptic-oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, 1-3 em. long, serrate, often cuneate at 
the base: pedicels slender, 3-6 mm. long: sepals oblong to oblong-obovate, 1.5 mm. long. 
not ciliolate : corolla white, 3 mm. broad ; lobes oval or suborbicular : capsules subglobose 
or ovoid-globose, 2 mm. long, surpassing the sepals. 

In sand, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Spring to fall. 

2. Scoparia grandiflora Nash. Stems more or less puberulent, 7-12 dm. tall, usually 
much branched: leaf-blades oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, 1.5-5 mm. long, acute, 
serrate or incised above the middle : pedicels filiform, 4-8 mm. long : sepals oblong to oval- 
oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, ciliolate: corolla white, 10 mm. broad ; lobes oblong-obovoid, 
obtuse : capsules ovoid, shorter than the sepals. 

In open sandy woods, peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. 


27. VERONICA L. 

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite or sometimes alternate : blades 
various, entire, toothed or lobed. Flowers solitary in the axils, sometimes collected into 
racemes or panicles. Calyx of 4 or rarely 5, slightly united sepals. Corolla white or of 
various colors, rotate, slightly irregular, the tube very short, the lower lobe usually nar- 
rower than the rest. Stamens 2, on either side of the upper corolla-lobe : filaments diver- 
gent: anther-sacs confluent at the apex. Stigma capitate. Capsule flattened, notched or 
2-lobed at the apex, loculicidal. Seeds flattened or concave. SPEEDWELL. 


Flowers solitary and axillary, the subtending bracts, leaf-like, and similar to the leaves. 
Pedicels as long as the subtending bracts or longer. ; 
Corolla longer than the calyx: capsules nearly twice as wide as high. 1. V. Byzantina. 
Corolla not longer than the calyx : capsules barely broader than high. 2. V. agr estis. 
Pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts. 
Annual: capsules deeply notched. ; 
Foliage pubescent. $. V. arvensis. 
Foliage glabrous or glandular. 4. V perg. 
Perennial: capsules merely retuse or truncate. 5. V. serpyllifolia. 
Flowers in axillary racemes ; bracts small. 


Foliage pubescent : species of dry soil. 6. V. officinalis. 
Foliage glabrous or glandular: species of low grounds or brooks. ; 
Peer ied bi with petioled blades: pedicel and calyx d I 7. V. Americana. 
Z 2? : . i x an- " ;, 
— seh with sessile and clasping blades: icel and calyx g 8. V. Anagallis-aquatica. 


1. Veronica Byzantina (Sibth. & Smith) B.S.P. Annual, finely pubescent. eren 
1-4 dm. tall, usually branched at the base: leaves mainly opposite ; blades ovate to esf 
orbicular or oval, 8-15 mm. long, serrate, broadly cuneate or subcordate at the base : gr 
cels surpassing the subtending bracts: sepals pubescent, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, lé 
mm. long, acute : corolla blue, 9-11 mm. broad, the lobes surpassing the calyx : capsu 
nearly reniform, 7-8 mm. broad, pubescent. 

In fields and waste places, New York to Pennsylvania and Georgia. Natura 
Asia. Spring and summer. ba 

2. Veronica agréstis L. Annual, pubescent. Stems usually branched at Hs aa 
the branches sometimes spreading, 0.5-3 dm. long: leaves opposite ; blades oT E: 
orbicular or deltoid, 5-15 mm. long, crenate or serrate, rounded or subcordate i roe eurn 
pedicels becoming as long as the subtending bracts or longer, recurving: sepa ak Ll x: 
elliptic-ovate, 3-5 mm. long: corolla 5-7 mm. broad, the lobes not surpassing the y 
capsules 7-8 mm. broad, the lobes widely diverging. 


. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Georgia and Texas. Natura 
Asia. Spring and summer. 


lized from Europe and 


lized from Europe and. 


RHINANTHACEAE 1071 


3. Veronica arvénsis L. Annual, finely pubescent. Stemssimple and erect or diffusely 
branched, 0.5-3 dm. tall: leaves opposite; blades ovate to oval, 5-12 mm. long, crenate, 
abruptly narrowed into short petioles, or the upper ones sessile: pedicels shorter than the 
subtending bracts: sepals glandular-pubescent, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 mm. 
long: corolla 1.5-2 mm. broad ; the lobes surpassing the calyx: capsules 3 mm. broad, 
deeply notched at the apex. 

In dry, mostly cultivated soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Texas and 
Kansas. Naturalized from Europe. Spring and summer. 


4. Veronica peregrina L. Annual, glabrous or glandular-pubescent. Stems 0.5-4 
dm. tall, simple or branched, especially below: leaves opposite; blades leathery-fleshy, 
oblanceolate to oblong or linear, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse, crenate or serrate-dentate, or entire 
above: pedicels much shorter than the subtending bracts: sepals linear or slightly broadest 
above the middle: corolla 2-3 mm. broad: capsules 4 mm. broader than high, deeply 
notched, glabrous. 

. In low grounds and fields, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Mexico and Califor- 
nia. Spring to fall. 

5. Veronica serpyllifolia L. Perennial, glabrous or puberulent. Stems often de- 
cumbent and creeping, branched at the base, 0.5-2.5 dm. long: leaves opposite ; blades 
oblong, oval or suborbieular, 5-15 mm. long, obtuse, entire or crenulate, often short-peti- 
oled : pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts: sepals nearly glabrous, oblong to ob- 
long-cuneate, 1-2 mm. long, obtuse: corolla white or purplish, 2-3 mm. broad, the lobes 
surpassing the calyx: capsules 3 mm. broad, ciliate, truncate or retuse at the apex, 
minutely pubescent. 

In fields and thickets, Labrador to Alaska, south to Georgia, Texas and California. Almost cosmo- 
politan. Spring to fall. 

6. Veronica officinalis L. Perennial, softly pubescent. Stems prostrate and creep- 
ing, 0.5-3 dm. long, often branched. Leaf-blades oblong to oval, varying to obovate or 
ovate, 1-4 cm. long, serrate, short-petioled : racemes spike-like : pedicels mostly less than 
1.5 mm. in length, surpassed by their bracts: sepals oblong, 2-3 mm. long, pubescent : 
corolla blue, 5-8 mm. broad, the lobes surpassing the calyx : capsules broadly cuneate or 
obovate-cuneate, 3-3.5 mm. broad, truncate or retuse at the apex, minutely glandular. 

In dry woods or stony soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia and Tennessee. 
Also in Europe and Asia. Spring and summer. 

7. Veronica Americàna Schwein.  Perennial, glabrous. Stems erect or decumbent, 
1-6 dm. tall, sometimes branched : leaf-blades ovate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, bluntly 
or sharply serrate, abruptly contracted or truncate at the base : racemes loosely flowered : 
pedicels very slender, 4-15 mm. long: sepals glabrous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-3 
mm. long, acute: corolla blue or nearly white, usually purple-striped, 4-5 mm. broad : 
capsules 3-3.5 mm. broad, broader than high, 2-lobed. 

In low grounds or brooks, Anticosti to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Nebraska, New Mexico 
&nd California. Spring and summer. 

8. Veronica Anagállis-aquática L. Perennial, glandular-pubescent above. Stems 
2-9 dm. tall, often somewhat branched : leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong, 2-12 em. long, 
acute, finely serrate or nearly entire, sessile and partly clasping : racemes spreading, 
many-flowered : pedicels 3-7 mm. long : sepals glandular, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 
3-3.5 mm. long: corolla blue, often purple-striped, 4-5 mm. broad : capsules suborbicular or 
rhombic-orbicular, 2.5 mm. broad, minutely notched. 

In wet places or brooks, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Nebraska and 
New Mexico. Alsoin Europe and Asia. Spring and summer. 


28. LEPTANDRA Nutt. 


Perennial relatively tall caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled in 3's or 9's ; 
blades Hat, toothed. Flowers in terminal spike-like racemes. Calyx of 4 slightly united 
sepals. Corolla white, pink or blue, slightly 2-lipped, the lobes of the lips much shorter 
than the tube. Stamens 2, exserted : filaments filiform, adnate to the base of the corolla 
tube. Stigma minute. Capsule relatively narrow, nearly terete, tapering to the 4-valved 
apex. Seeds minutely reticulated. CULVER S-ROOT. 

1. Leptandra Virginica (L.) Nutt. Stems 3-18 dm. tall, normally simple below the 
inflorescence. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, finely serrate : 
racemes erect, usually in conic panicles : calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 
mm. long, acuminate : corolla white or pink, 5~6 mm. long, the upper lip ovate, the lower 


1072 RHINANTHACEAE 


lip of 3 ovate lobes, the middle one narrower : filaments villous below the middle : capsules 
oblong or oval, 3-4 mm. long. [Veronica Virginica L.] 


In meadows and moist thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Alabama, Mississippi 
and Kansas. Summer and fall. 


29. MACRANTHERA Torr. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, glabrous below the inflorescence, blackening in drying. 
Leaves opposite: blades pinnatifid or pinnately parted. Flowers in 1-sided racemes. 
Calyx erect, of 5 partially united sepals : lobes entire or incised. Corolla yellow or orange: 
tube cylindric, elongated, barely dilated at the throat: lobes 5, oblique, spreading. 
Stamens 4, exserted : filaments nearly equal: anther-sacs parallel. Stigma clavate. Cap- 
sule short, loculicidally dehiscent. 

Calyx-lobes entire: corolla-tube much longer than the calyx. 1. M. LeContei. 
Calyx-lobes toothed or incised : corolla-tube about as long as the calyx. 2. M. fuchsioides. 

1l. Macranthera LeCóntei Torr. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, puberulent or minutely 
glandular-pubescent, simple or sparingly branched. Stem-leaves with pinnatifid short- 
petioled blades 4-9 cm. long: pedicels spreading or declined, 1-2.5 cm. long: calyx 9-13 
mm. long; tube broadly campanulate ; lobes subulate or linear-subulate, entire, much sur- 
passed by the corolla-tube: corolla yellow or orange-yellow, 2 cm. long; lobes oblong 
or oblong-ovate : capsules ovoid, about 1 cm. long. 

In pine lands, Georgia, Alabama and Florida. Summer and fall. 

2. Macranthera fuchsioides Torr. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, often sparingly branched, 
glabrate or minutely glandular. Basal leaves clustered, with oblong-ovate or oblong in- 
equilateral obtuse undulate blades narrowed into winged petioles ; stem-leaves smaller, 
with pinnatifid or pinnately parted acute blades with entire or incised lobes or segments: 
pedicels spreading, 1-3 em. long: calyx becoming nearly 2 cm. long ; lobes linear or broad- 
ened deba toothed or incised, about equalling the corolla-tube: corolla orange, 2-3 cm. 
long ; lobes ovate or oblong-ovate : capsules fully 1 cm. long. 

In damp pine lands, Georgia, Alabama and Florida. Fall. 


30. AFZELIA J. F. Gmel. 

Annual, caulescent, much branched herbs. Leaves opposite, relatively small : blades 
1-2-pinnately parted or dissected. Flowers solitary in the axils of more or less leaf-like 
bracts, manifestly pedicelled. Calyx of 5 sepals united into a campanulate tube at the 
base, the lobes generally longer than the tube. Corolla mainly yellow, rotate-campanulate, 
the lobes nearly equal, longer than the tube, not dilated at the base. Stamens 4, nearly 
equal, conspicuously exerted : filaments glabrous or sparingly pubescent: anthers sagittate, 
longer than the filaments; sacs distinct. Style filiform, long-exserted : stigma minute. 
Capsule flattened at the acute or acuminate apex. [Seymeria Pursh. ] 
Segments of the leaf-blades filiform or subulate: corolla glabrous without. _ 
Segments of the leaf-blades linear or broader: corolla pubescent or glandular without. 

Corolla pubescent without: pedicels mostly over 5 mm. long. 
Corolla glandular without: pedicels mostly less than 5 mm. long. 

1. Afzelia cassioides (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. Stems minutely pubescent, 5-12 Hen 
tall, widely branched. Leaves very numerous ; blades pinnately 1-2-dissected into "li «| 
late or filiform segments : pedicels slender, 3-6 mm. long: calyx-lobes glabrous, subu d 
1-1.5 mm. long: corolla glabrous without ; limb barely 1 cm. broad, the lobes apt : 
nearly so: filaments glabrous or merely puberulent below: capsules 5-6 mm. A 
glabrous, the flattened tip fully 4 as long as the globular base. [Seymeria tenuifolia Pursh. 

In low grounds or pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

2. Afzelia pectinàta (Pursh) Kuntze. Stems copiously viscid-pubescent, fm 
tall, rather widely branched. Leaves numerous; blades pinnately parted or pinnati bés- 
entir above, the segments linear or oblong: pedicels 5-10 mm. long: calyx ner. gn 
cent, linear, 2-3 mm. long: corolla pubescent without ; limb about | cm. broad, t ei á 
mostly oval or suborbicular: filaments pubescent: capsules hispidulous, 5- 6 mre. 00$ 
the flattened apex less than 3 as long as the broadly ovoid base. 

In dry sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. $ed 

3. Afzelia Texàna (A. Gray) Small. Stems 4-10 dm. tall, widely —Ó 
densely pubescent, at least above, with viscid-glandular hairs. Leaves relatively ie 
blades mostly 2-pinnatifid, the lower sometimes 3-pinnatifid and the upper often m 


1. A. cassioides. 


2. A. pectinata. 
3. A. Texana. 


RHINANTHACEAE 1073 


pium. the segments linear or oblong : pedicels mostly 2-5 mm. long: calyx-lobes pu- 
escent, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse: corolla glandular without ; 
limb stout, less than 1 cm. broad, the lobes oval or oval-orbicular: filaments pubescent : 
capsules 5-6 mm. long, glandular. [Seymeria bipinnatisecta var. Texana A. Gray.] 

On prairies, Texas and probably in adjacent Mexico. Summer. 


31. BRACHYGYNE Small. 


Perennial sparingly branched caulescent berbs. Leaves opposite, relatively large, 
the lower ones often ample: blades pinnately parted or pinnatifid, the segments toothed 
or pinnatifid. Flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts, sessile or nearly so. Calyx 
of 5 sepals usually united to beyond the middle into a campanulate or hemispheric tube, 
the lobes therefore shorter than the tube. Corolla yellow, with a short funnelform tube 
and spreading lobes much dilated at the base. Stamens 4, nearly equal, included : fila- 
ments densely pubescent : anthers oblong ; sacs united. Style columnar, included : stigma 
dilated and 2-lobed. Capsule with a very short flattened apex. 

1. Brachygyne macrophylla (Nutt.) Small. Stems finely pubescent, 9-15 dm. tall: 
leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, twice pinnately parted and pinnatifid near the base of the stem, 
to merely pinnatifid above: calyx 5-8 mm. long ; tube campanulate, the lobes oval, ovate or 
lanceolate, mostly shorter than the tube, obtuse: corolla about 1 cm. long ; lobes reniform, 
at least broader than long : capsules ovoid-globose, 7-8 mm. long, acute.. [Seymeria macro- 
phylla Nutt. ] 

In thickets and fence corners, Iowa to Ohio, Kentucky, Nebraska and Texas. Summer and fall. 


32. DASYSTOMA Raf. 

Annual biennial or perennial caulescent herbs, usually with pubescent or glandular 
foliage. Leaves mostly opposite: blades entire, toothed or 1-2-pinnatifid. Flowers in 
bracted racemes or panicles. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals: tube campanulate or 
turbinate: lobes entire or toothed. Corolla yellow, slightly irregular: tube funnelform : 
lobes 5, spreading. Stamens 5, didynamous, included: filaments pubescent: anthers 
alike ; sacs distinct, parallel, awned at the base. Capsule acute, short or long-beaked, 
loculicidal. FALSE FoxGROVE. 


Annual or biennial: corollas pubescent or glandular without. 3 

Pedicel shorter than the calyx at maturity : calyx-tube densely epee meray d 3 iu 

: . D. pectinata. 
Pedicel longer than the calyx at maturity: calyx-tube sparingly glandular- IRE 
pubescent or glabrate. 2. D. Pedicuiaria. 
Perennial: corollas glabrous without. 

Stems manifestly pubescent or puberulent. ; 
Upper leaves and bracts with pinnatifid blades. 8. D. grandiflora. 
cer leaves and braets with entire blades, or merely toothed. 

edicel shorter than the calyx. 
Upper leaves and bracts with toothed blades. 4. D. serrata, 
Upper leaves and bracts with entire blades. 
acemes continuous: flowers approximate: calyx usually densely 


pubescent. 
Capsules about 1 em. long, scarcely beaked. 5. D. brachycarpa, 
Capsules about 1.5 em. long, long-beaked. 6. D. flava. 
Racemes much interrupted: flowers remote: calyx puberulent or 3 
glabrate. 7. D. dispersa, 
Pedicel longer than the calyx. 8. D. patula. 
Stems glabrous. 

Lower leaves with 1-2 pinnatifid blades. i : A 
Upper leaves and bracts of a spatulate type, entire. : 9. D. bignoniiflora. 
Upper leaves and bracts of a lanceolate type, toothed or pinnatifid. 10, D. Virginica. 

Lower leaves with entire, repand or incised blades. 11. D. laevigata. 


1. Dasystoma pectinàta (Nutt.) Benth. Annual or biennial, copiously glandular- 
hirsute. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, widely branched : leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate, 2-7 dm. 
long, 1-2-pinnatifid, the segments finely toothed or incised: pedicel shorter than the calyx 
at maturity : calyx densely glandular-hirsute ; lobes incised or pinnatifid, somewhat re- 
sembling the leaves, much longer than the tube : corolla 3-4 cm. long ; tube widely dilated : 
capsules oval or elliptic, 10-13 mm. long, acute, surpassed by the calyx-lobes. 

On hillsides and in sandy soil, Missouri to Georgia, North Carolina and Texas. Summer and fall. 


2. Dasystoma Pediculària (L.) Benth. Annual or biennial, puberulent or sparingly 
glandular pubescent above. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, widely branched : leaf-blades lanceolate 


68 


1074 RHINANTHACEAE 


to ovate, 2-6 cm. long, pinnatifid, the segments coarsely toothed or incised : pedicel longer 
than the calyx at maturity : calyx sparingly glandular-pubescent or glabrate ; lobes coarsely 
toothed, about as long as the tube or longer in age : corolla 2.5-3 cm. long : capsules 12-15 
mm. long, sometimes surpassing the calyx-lobes. 

On wooded hillsides; Maine to Ontario, Minnesota and Georgia. Summer and fall. 


3. Dasystoma grandiflora (Benth.) Wood. Perennial, grayish pubescent. Stems 
5-10 dm. tall, usually branched : leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate, pinnatifid throughout, 
the segments of the lower ones coarsely toothed : calyx-tube 6-7 mm. broad during anthe- 
sis ; lobes oblong to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire or toothed: corolla 3-3.5 cm. 
long: capsules ovoid, about 1 cm. long, glabrous, beaked. 

In open woods, Wisconsin and Minnesota to Tennessee and Texas. Summer and fall. 


4. Dasystoma serróta (Torr.) Small. Perennial, grayish puberulent or finely 
pubescent. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, often widely branched: leaf-blades pinnatifid on the 
lower part of the stem and their segments entire, merely serrate and much smaller above : 
calyx-tube 5-6 mm. broad during anthesis ; lobes linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, entire : 
corolla 2.5-4 em. long: capsules ovoid or globose-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long, short-beaked. 

In dry soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 


5. Dasystoma brachycárpa Small. Perennial, puberulent or finely pubescent. 
Stems 6-15 dm. tall, usually simple, or simple below the inflorescence : leaf-blades leathery, 
oblong-ovate, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, incised or repand on the 
lower part of the stem, entire or merely undulate and shorter above: racemes continuous : 
calyx very short-pedicelled ; tube campanulate at maturity: lobes as long as the tube or 
longer: corolla 2.5-3 em. long, with a widely dilated tube: capsules globose-ovoid, about 
1 cm. long, scarcely beaked. 

In dry or sandy soil, Stone Mountain, Georgia. Summer and fall. 


6. Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood. Perennial, grayish pubescent or sometimes merely 
puberulent. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, simple or branched above: leaf-blades lanceolate to ob- 
long, 4-14 cm. long, repand, coarsely toothed or rarely pinnatifid on the lower part of the 
stem, entire or merely undulate above : racemes continuous, at least during anthesis : calyx- 
tube turbinate at maturity ; lobes as long as the tube or much longer : corolla 3-4 cm. long: 
capsules ovoid-conic, about 1.5 cm. long, long-beaked. 

In woods and thickets, Ontario to Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Fiorida and Mississippi. Summer. 


7. Dasystoma dispérsa Small. Perennial, inconspicuously puberulent, blackish in 
drying. Stems 4-10 dm. tall, simple or widely, but rather sparingly branched: leaf- 
blades spatulate, oblong, elliptic or oblong-oblanceolate, entire, 2-6 cm. long, or longer, 
and sometimes repand near the base of the stem, slender-petioled : racemes conspicuously 
interrupted, the pairs of flowers quite regularly separated by internodes 2-4 cm. long: 
calyx-tube 7-8 mm. broad during anthesis, puberulent or glabrate ; lobes about as long as 
the tube or usually shorter : corolla 3-3.5 em. long : capsules fully 1 cm. long. 


In pine woods and on hillsides, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


8. Dasystoma pátula Chapm.  Perennial, finely pubescent or puberulent, at least 
on the stem. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, widely and loosely branching : leaf-blades various, those 
of the lower leaves 1~2-pinnatifid, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, those of the 
upper leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire or some of those about the middle of the 
stem serrate : pedicel slender or filiform, longer than the calyx and sometimes gu epe the 
spreading or reflexed bracts : calyx-lobes linear or nearly so, longer than the tube: corolla 
3-3.5 cm. long: capsules ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long. 

On river banks, Tennessee and Georgia. Summer and fall. 


9. Dasystoma bignoniiflóra Small. Perennial, glabrous. Stems 1-2 m. tall, some- 
what glaucous, with ascending branches: leaf-blades 4-15 cm. long, the lower ones 1-2- 
pinnatifid, slender-petioled, the upper entire, mostly broadest above the middle : al 
tube 4-5 mm. broad during anthesis, the lobes often shorter than the tube : corolla 3.5-4. 
cm. long ; tube narrowly trumpet-shaped : capsules ovoid, 10-12 mm. long, acute. 


In sandy soil, Florida to Alabama and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


10. Dasystoma Virginica (L.) Britton. Perennial, glabrous. Stems 8-15 dm. ie 
manifestly glaucous, often sparingly branched above : leaf-blades 1-2-pinnatifid throug 
out, 1-2 dm. long on the lower part of the stem, shorter above, ovate-lanceolate to moet 
late or linear-lanceolate : calyx-tube 5-6 mm. broad during anthesis, the lobes often shorte 
than the tube: corolla 3-4 cm. long : capsules oval or oval-ovoid, 10-15 mm. long. 


oe L 
In dry woods and thickets, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia, Alabama and Illinois. Summer and fal 


RHINANTHACEAE 1075 


11. Dasystoma laevigata Raf. Perennial, glabrous, pale green. Stems 3-12 dm. 
tall, simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades lanceolate to elliptic, 3-12 cm. long, acute 
or acuminate, merely undulate or repand or incised on the lower part of the stem: calyx 
longer than the pedicel ; tube campanulate ; lobes triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate, as 
long as the tube or longer: corolla pale or lemon yellow, 2.5-3 cm. long: capsules ovoid, 
10-12 mm. long. 

In open woods or thickets, Pennsylvania to Michigan, Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. Summer, 


33. OTOPHYLLA Benth. 

Annual caulescent herbs, with rigidly pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite: blades 
entire or pinnately divided, all or some of them auricled at the base, sessile. Flowers in 
terminal spikes. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals. Corolla purple or rarely white: tube 
broadly dilated at the throat: lobes spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, included: fila- 
ments glabrous or nearly so: anthers of the shorter stamens much smaller than the others. 
Styleslender. Stigma entire. Capsule oval or globose-oval, often minutely pointed. Seeds 
angled. à 


Leaf-blades or some of them with 2 auricles at the base: corolla less than 2 mm. long: capsules over 


10 mm. long. 1. O. auriculata. 
Leaf-blades parted into 3-7 linear segments: corolla over 2 cm. long: capsules less 
than 16 mm. long. 2. O. densiflora, 


1. Otophylla auriculata (Michx.) Small. Foliage hirsute. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, 
simple or sparingly branched : leaf-blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, 
acute, the upper ones or sometimes all with lanceolate auricles at the base: spikes inter- 
rupted, not dense: calyx-tube campanulate, the lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, often 
longer than the tube: corolla less than 2 cm. long: capsules oval, 11-13 mm. long. 

In low grounds or on prairies, New Jersey to Minnesota, North Carolina and Kansas. Summer. 


2. Otophylla densifldra (Benth.) Small. Foliage hispid. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, 
usually branched above: leaf-blades 1.5-3 cm. long, parted into 3-7 narrowly linear seg- 
ments, rigidly ciliate : spikes continuous, dense: calyx-tube campanulate, the lobes lanceo- 
late, folded, longer than the tube: corolla over 2 cm. long: capsules oval, about 8 mm. 
long. 

On prairies, Kansas, Oklahoma, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 


34. GERARDIA L. 


Annual or perennial caulescent usually slender herbs. Leaves mainly opposite: blades 
narrow, or scale-like, entire. Flowers solitary in the axils of narrow bracts. Calyx of 5 
sepals usually united to beyond the middle, the lobes tooth-like. Corolla often rose-pur- 
ple, sometimes white or yellowish pink, 2-lipped, the lower lobes exterior in the bud. 
Stamens 4, didynamous, included: filaments pubescent: anthers all alike; sacs obtuse or 
mucronate at the base. Style filiform. Capsule rounded at the apex, loculicidally dehis- 
cent. Seeds mostly angled. 


Perennial plant, with horizontal rootstock. 1. G. linifolia. 
Annual plants, with fibrous roots. 
Pedicel shorter than the calyx or the calyx and the capsule. 
Leaves above the base of the stem represented by minute scales. 
Corolla over 15 mm. long : flowers approximate : pedicels stout, 1-3 mm. long. 2. G. aphylia. 
Corolla less than 15 mm. long: flowers remote: pedicels filiform, 5-10 mm. ; 
long. 8. G. filicaulis. 
Leaves normal, never scale-like. 
Calyx-lobes about as long as the tube. 4. G. heterophylla. 
Calyx-lobes much shorter than the tube. 
rolla about 2 cm. long or longer. 
Calyx-tube turbinate: calyx-lobes !4 as long as the tube: capsules 
elliptic or elliptic-ovoid. : 5. G. aspera. 
Calyx-tube campanulate : Hv ticis minute or Jess than 14 as long 
as the tube : capsules globular. : 
Stem-leaves with conspicuous clusters of smaller leaves in their 
axils. 6. G. fasciculata. 
Stem-leaves without clusters in their axils. : 
Calyx-lobes mostly 1.5-2 mm. long: leaf-blades flat or slightly 
revolute. ; (f 
Calyx-lobes mostly 1 mm. long or shorter: leaf-blades filiform. 8. 
Corolla about 1.5 em. long, or shorter. 
Calyx-lobes acute or acuminate : plants not succulent. 
Blades of stem-leaves linear, linear-spatulate or filiform. 
Capsules 2-4 mm. in diameter: calyx-lobes mostly 0.5-1 mm. long. 


G. purpurea. 
G. Plukenetii. 


1076 RHINANTHACEAE 


Leaf-blades filiform : stem-leaves without clusters of smaller 


leaves in their axils. 8. G. Plukenetii. 
Leaf-blades linear-spatulate: stem-leaves with conspicuous 
clusters of leaves in their axils. 9. G. Georgiana. 
Capsules 5-7 mm. in diameter: calyx-lobes mostly 1.5-2 mm. 
long. 10. G. paupercula. 
Blades of stem-leaves subulate. 11. G. microphylla, 
Calyx-lobes blunt: plant succulent. 12. G. maritima. 
Pedicel much longer than the calyx and capsule. 
Leaf-blades broadened upward. 18. G. Skinneriana. 


Leaf-blades not broadened upward. 
Leaf-blades mainly filiform or subulate. 
ipis ae i or most of them furnished with clusters of leaves in their 
axils. 
Leaves mostly alternate. 14. G. filifolia. 
Leaves mostly opposite. 
Stem-leaves, or most of them, with conspicuous clusters in their 


axils. 15. G. setacea. 
Stem-leaves with inconspicuous clusters in their axils. ; 
Pedicels longer than the bracts: corollas over 1 em. long. 16. G. Holmiana. 


Pedicels shorter than the bracts: corollas less than 1 em. long. 17. G. polyphylla. 
Petu earen, or most of them, without clusters of smaller leaves in their 
axils. 
Bracts surpassing the pedicels. 17. G. polyphylla. 
Bracts shorter than the pedicels. 
Calyx-lobes less than 1 mm. long. 


Pedicels over twice as long as the bracts. 18. G. divaricata. 
Pedicels less than twice as long as the bracts. 19. G. Gattingeri. 
Calyx-lobes fully 1 mm. long. 
Leaves of the branches filiform, not rigid. 20. G. asperula. 
Leaves of the branches subulate, rigid. 21. G. strictiflora. 
Leaf-blades mainly linear, their margins sometimes slightly revolute. Mor 
Calyx-lobes less than 1 mm. long: leaf-blades smooth or nearly so. 22. G. tenuifolia. 
Calyx-lobes fully 1 mm. long: leaf-blades scabrous. 
Corolla rose-purple, fully 1 cm. long. 23. G. Besseyana. 
Corolla yellowish pink, less than 1 cm. long. 24. G. viridis. 


1. Gerardia linifòlia Nutt. Stems 5-9 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous, sparingly and 
virgately branched. Leaf-blades thickish, linear, 1-5 cm. long, rarely over 2 mm. broad, 
acute: pedicel longer than the calyx, enlarged at the top: calyx-tube 4-5 mm. high, the 
lobes acute, much less than 1 mm. long: corolla rose-purple, 2~2.5 cm. long: capsules 
5-7 mm. in diameter. 

In low pine lands, Delaware to Florida. Fall. 


2. Gerardia aphylla Nutt. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, nearly smooth, simple or usually 
sparingly branched above, 4-angled, nearly naked. Leaves various, those near the base of 
the stem with oval or oblong leathery blades 5-10 mm. long and fugaceous ; those higher 
up on the stem and branches reduced to scattered subulate appressed scales: pedicels 
usually 1-3 mm. long: bracts similar to the upper leaves: calyx-tube campanulate, 2-2.5 
mm. high, the lobes minute: corolla rose-purple, 1-1.5 cm. long: capsules subglobose, 
3-3.5 mm. in diameter. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Fall. 


3. Gerardia filicaülis Chapm. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, smooth, glaucescent, p: 
much branched, apparently leafless. Leaves reduced to minute subulate scales : pedice 
5-10 mm. long, club-shaped : calyx-tube campanulate, 2.5 mm. high, the teeth minute, 
rather triangular: corolla rose-purple, 6-10 mm. long, delicate: capsules about 4 mm. in 
diameter. 

In low pine lands, Florida to Louisiana. Fall. 


4. Gerardia heterophylla Nutt. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, smooth or nearly so, hrima 
ing above. Leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate below, 1-5 cm. long, raray 
4 mm. broad, acute, erect or erect-ascending, somewhat scabrous along the margins: $ h 
cel shorter than the calyx, enlarged upward: calyx-tube campanulate, 3-4 mm. e 
the lobes lanceolate or subulate-lanceolate, about as long as the tube : corolla rose-purp/e, 
about 2 cm. long: capsules 5-6 mm. long. 

On prairies, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. Summer and fall. 


5. Gerardia áspera Dougl. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, more or less scabrous, leni 
above. Leaf-blades linear, mostly less than 1.5 mm. wide, 1-3 cm. long, acute es lobes 
mostly as long as the calyx-tube or longer: calyx-tube 5-7 mm. long, turbinate, the ut 
deltoid or triangular-lanceolate, about 4 as long as the tube: corolla rose-purple, à 
em. long: capsules elliptic or ovoid-elliptic, 8-10 mm. long. 

On plains or prairies, Indiana to South Dakota and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 


ingl 
_ 6. Gerardia fasciculata Ell. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, often uberulent a ica jn 
hispidulous, branching. Leaves numerous, the larger ones with clusters of smaite 


RHINANTHACEAE 1077 


their axils ; blades linear, mostly less than 2 mm. wide, acute, very scabrous: pedicel 
shorter than .the calyx, glabrous or nearly so: calyx-tube campanulate, 2.5-3.5 mm. 
high, the lobes usually minute, often less than 0.5 mm. long: corolla rose-purple, 2-2.5 
em. long: capsules 4-5 mm. in diameter. 

In marshes or sometimes in dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


7. Gerardia purpurea L. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, simple or widely branched, smooth or 
slightly scabrous. Leaves with few or no clusters in their axils ; blades linear, mostly less 
than 3 mm. wide, 1-5 cm. long, slightly or not at all revolute: pedicel shorter than the 
calyx: calyx-tube campanulate, 3-4 mm. high, the lobes triangular or lanceolate-tri- 
angular, about 4 as long as the tube: corolla rose-purple, 2-2.5 cm. long: capsules 4-5 
mm. in diameter. 

In swamps or low grounds, Maine and Ontario to Florida, Missouri and Texas. Summer and fall. 


8. Gerardia Plukenétii Ell. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, freely branching, nearly smooth. 
Leaves with few or no clusters in the axils ; blades filiform, 1-3 em. long, incurved in age : 
pedicel often apparently terminal, shorter than the calyx and capsule: calyx-tube 3- 
3.5 mm. high, commonly surpassed by the bracts, the lobes about } as long as the tube: 
corolla 10se-purple, mostly less than 1.5 em. long : capsules subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter. 

In pine lands or dry woods, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 


9. Gerardia Georgiàna C. L. Boynton. Stems 6-7 dm. tall, smooth, with several 
erect or ascending elongated branches above. Leaves numerous, those of the stem and 
branches with clusters of smaller ones in their axils and approximate ; blades linear- 
spatulate, revolute, mostly 8-12 mm. long, acute, scabrous: pedicels 1-3 mm. long: 
calyx-tube campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. high, the lobes about 1 mm. long : corolla rose-purple, 
about 1 em. long: capsules about 2 mm. in diameter. 

In sand, Georgia and Florida. Fall, 

10. Gerardia paupércula (A. Gray) Britton. Stems stout, 1-5 dm. tall, simple or 
branched above, smooth. Leaves thickish, the larger ones often with clusters of smaller 
ones in their axils; blades linear, 1-3 em. long, acute, scabrous: pedicels usually shorter 
than the calyx-tube, stout : calyx-tube campanulate, 3-4 mm. long, the lobes often nearly 
J as long as the tube: corolla rose-purple, 1-1.5 cm. long: capsules 5-7 mm. in diameter. 

In bogs or low meadows, Quebec to Manitoba, Georgia, Alabama and the Indian Territory. Sum- 
mer and fall. 

11. Gerardia microphylla (A. Gray) Small. Stems slender, 3-3 dm. tall, slightly 
scabrous, with several or many wire-like or filiform branches above. Leaves few and incon- 
spicuous; blades subulate or subulate-setaceous, 2-10 mm. long, acute, erect or nearly 
so : pedicel often apparently terminal, mostly shorter than the calyx and capsule: calyx- 
tube campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long, the lobes about } as long as the tube: corolla rose- 
purple, 1-1.5 cm. long: capsules 4-6 mm. in diameter. [G. Plukenetii var. microphylla 
A. Gray.] 

In damp pine lands, Florida to Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

12. Gerardia marítima Raf. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, smooth, simple or branched above. 
Leaf-blades rather succulent, linear or those on the lower part of the stem broadened up- 
ward, 1-3 em. long, obtuse, drying black: pedicels club-shaped, 2-5 mm. long: calyx- 
tube campanulate, 2-2.5 mm. high, the lobes rounded, barely 3 as long as the tube : corolla 
rose-purple or rarely white, 1-1.5 cm. long: capsules 4-6 mm. in diameter. 

In salt marshes, Maine to Florida and Texas. Summer. 


13. Gerardia Skinneriàna Wood. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, often slightly scabrous, 
simple or branched above, angled. Leaves few, remote ; blades linear-spatulate, more or 
less revolute, 0.5-1 cm. long, or rarely slightly longer: pedicel surpassing the calyx 
and the bract: calyx-tube turbinate-campanulate, becoming campanulate, 2-3 mm. high, 
the lobes minute, triangular: corolla light rose-colored, about 1 cm. long, or shorter: 
capsules globose-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long. 

In sandy soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 

14. Gerardia filifdlia Nutt. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, branching, smooth and glabrous, 
Leaves numerous, mostly alternate, small ones usually clustered in the axils of the larger ; 
blades filiform or nearly so, 1-2.5 em. long, smooth or nearly so: pedicels 1-3 cm. long, 
surpassing the bracts: calyx-tube campanulate, 3-4 mm. high, the lobes about ] as long as 
the tube ; corolla rose-purple, 1.5-2 cm. long : capsules 4-5 mm. in diameter. 

In low or dry pine lands, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Fall. 

15. Gerardia setacea Walt. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, loosely branching, scabrous. 
Leaves rather numerous, mostly opposite; blades linear-filiform or setaceous-filiform, 
1-2.5 em. long, scabrous: pedicels 1-4 cm. long, surpassing the bracts: calyx-tube cam- 


1078 RHINANTHACEAE 


panulate, 3-4 mm. long, the lobes about 4 as long the tube: corolla rose-purple, 1-1.5 cm. 
long: capsules 4-5 mm. in diameter. 
In pine lands, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 


16. Gerardia Holmiàna Greene. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, nearly smooth and glabrous, 
somewhat branched. Leaves numerous; blades filiform-linear or nearly filiform, 1.5-3 
cm. long, acute, minutely roughened : pedicels filiform, longer than their bracts: calyx- 
tube campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. high, the lobes less than 1 mm. long, at least during anthesis : 
corolla rose-purple, about 1.5 cm. long: capsules globose-oval, 4 mm. long. 

In sandy soil or sandy woods, Long Island to Georgia. Fall. 


17. Gerardia polyphylla Small. Stems 1—4 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous, copiously 
branched, the branches wire-like or filiform. Leaves very numerous, sometimes incon- 
spicuously clustered ; blades filiform or setaceous, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute, smooth : pedicels 
filiform, 1-2 dm. long, shorter than their bracts: calyx-tube turbinate, 2-3 mm. high, the 
lobes about } as long as the tube: corolla pink or pink-purple, less than 1 em. long: cap- 
sules 2-3 mm. in diameter. 

In sandy soil, Georgia to Arkansas and Texas. Summer and fall. 


18. Gerardia divaricata Chapm. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, smooth or nearly so, wire-like, 
with wide-spreading very slender or filiform branches. Leaves few; blades filiform or 
nearly so, 1-3 cm. long, acute, spreading, slightly scabrous: pedicels filiform, 1.5-4 cm. 
long, spreading, fully twice as long as the bracts: calyx-tube campanulate, 2-3 mm. high, 
the lobes minute, about + as long as the tube: corolla rose-purple, about 1 cm. long: cap- 
sules 3 mm. long. 

In low pine lands, Florida. Fall. 


19. Gerardia Gattingeri Small. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, wiry, with smooth, very slen- 
der long branches. Leaves numerous ; blades linear-filiform or almost filiform, 1.5-3 cm. 
long, acute, smooth or slightly roughened : pedicels filiform, 1-2.5 cm. long, less than 
twice the length of the bracts: calyx-tube campanulate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the lobes 
minute, less than 1 mm. long, at least during anthesis: corolla rose-purple, about 1 cm. 

ong: capsules 3.5-4 mm. in diameter. 

In dry soil or woods, Missouri to Tennessee, Alabama and Texas. Summer and fall. 


20. Gerardia aspérula (A. Gray) Small. Stem 2-5 dm. tall, branching, with sca- 
brous slender branches. Leaves rather few; blades very narrowly linear to linear-filiform, 
or those on the branches filiform, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute, very scabrous : pedicels slender, 
much longer than the bracts : calyx-tube campanulate, 2.5-3.5 mm. high, the lobes promi- 
nent, fully 1 mm. long: corolla rose-purple, about 1 cm. long: capsules globular, 44.5 
mm. in diameter. 

In dry soil, Michigan to Minnesota and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 


21. Gerardia strictiflòra Benth. Stems 2—4 cm. tall, slightly scabrous, more or less 
branched above. Leaves sometimes alternate above ; blades subulate or setaceous-subulate, 
0.5-1 cm. long, or rarely slightly longer, acute, erect or nearly so: pedicels 1-1.5 cm. 
long, surpassing their bracts: calyx-tube campanulate, 2-3 mm. high, the lobes 4-4 a5 
long as the tube : corolla rose-purple, about 1 cm. long : capsules about 4 mm. in diameter. 

On plains or prairies, Texas and the Indian Territory. Summer. 


22. Gerardia tenuifólia Vahl. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, smooth, commonly mo 
branched, sometimes bushy, the branches 4-angled and striped. Leaves mostly withou 
clusters in their axils ; blades linear, 1-4 cm. long, acute, smooth or nearly $0: pedice 
filiform, shorter than their bracts: calyx-tube campanulate, 2-3 mm. high, the lobes - 
as long as the tube: corolla rose-purple, about 1 cm. long: capsules about 4 mm. ! 
diameter. 

In dry woods and thickets, Quebec to Ontario, Georgia and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


22. Gerardia Besseyàna Britton. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, usually somewhat E 
branching above. Leaves rather numerous; blades linear or narrowly linear-lanceo " 
1-5 em. long, acute, manifestly scrabrous, drying dark or black : pedicels senda eem 
shorter than their bracts: calyx-tube campanulate, 4-5 mm. high, the lobes fully 1 mm 
long: corolla rose-purple, fully 1 cm.'long: capsules 5-6 mm. in diameter. 

On dry hills and prairies, Iowa to Colorado, Ohio and Louisiana. Summer. 


24. Gerardia víridis Small Stems 2-6 dm. tall, sharply angled, scabrous. Leaves 
mostly opposite; blades linear, 1-2 cm. long, acute, revolute, scabrous along i tarbi- 
drying light green : pedicels rather slender, shorter than their bracts: calyx-tu ns e 
nate or becoming turbinate-campanulate, 3-4 mm. high, the lobes often fully ga ik ag 
the tube : corolla yellowish pink, less than 1 cm. long : capsules 3-4 mm. in T 

In sandy soil, Missouri to Arkansas, Texas and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


RHINANTHACEAE 1079 


35. BUCHNERA L. 

Biennial or perennial rigid caulescent herbs, with pubescent foliage, black in drying. 
Leaves opposite or mainly so: blades usually toothed. Flowers in elongated terminal 
spikes. Calyx of 5 united sepals: tube 5-10-nerved, much longer than the lobes. Corolla 
white, blue or purple, salverform : tube curved : lobes 5, slightly unequal, spreading, the 
lateral exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous: anther-sacs confluent. Stigmas 
entire or slightly notched. Capsule short, enclosed in the calyx, loculicidally dehiscent. 
Seeds reticulated. BLUE-HEARTS. 

Corolla-lobes less than 4 mm. long, the tube less than twice as long as the calyx. 1. B. elongata. 
Corolla-lobes over 6 mm. long, the tube over twice as long as the calyx. 2. B. Americana, 

1. Buchnera elongata Sw. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, scabrous or hispidulous, sometimes 
branched above. Leaf-blades various, those of basal leaves obovate to oblong, 1-3 em. 
long, usually short-petioled, those of the stem-leaves oblong to linear, 1.5-8 cm. long, 
entire or sparingly toothed: spikes loosely flowered: calyx strigillose-hispidulous, 5-6 
mm. long, the upper lobes triangular, acute : corolla blue or white, 9-12 mm. long ; tube 
slightly hairy : capsules ovoid, 6-7 mm. long. 

In low pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer. 

2. Buchnera Americana L. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, usually branched, hispid. Leaf- 
blades various, those of the basal leaves oblong, elliptic or ovate, those of the stem-leaves 
oblong to lanceolate, 2-9 cm. long, acute or acutish, commonly sharply toothed : spikes 
more copiously flowered than in B. elongata: calyx hispidulous, 5-6 mm. long ; lobes tri- 
angular-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate: corolla purple, 10-12 mm. long: tube vil- 
lous ; the lobes cuneate: capsules ovoid, 6-7 mm. long. 


In meadows and low pine lands, New York to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Louisiana. Sum- 
mer and fall. 


36. CASTILLEJA Mutis. 


Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, often partially parasitic on the roots of other 
plants. Leaves alternate : blades entire, toothed orlobed. Flowers in terminal spikes or 
racemes, subtended by large or highly colored bracts. Calyx of several almost wholly 
united sepals: tube laterally compressed: lobes irregular, sometimes toothed. Corolla 
often highly colored, strongly 2-lipped : tube not surpassing the calyx : upper lip arched ; 
lower lip very short. Stamens 4, didynamous, embraced by the upper lip of the corolla : 
anther-sacs unequal, the outer attached at the middle, the inner pendulous by its apex. 
Stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds reticulated. PArNTED-CUP. 

Annual or biennial plants. Uer 
Stem-leaves with entire or almost entire blades. l. C. indivisa. 
Stem-leaves with deeply and irregularly incised blades. 2. C. coccinea. 

Perennial plants. 2 
Lip of the corolla about as long as the‘saccate portion : bracts and calyxes brick- : Goss 

red, rose or sulphur-yellow. ? 3. C. Lindheimeri. 
Lip of the corolla much longer than the obscurely saccate portion: bracts and 
calyxes purple or magenta. 

1. Castilleja indivisa Engelm. Annual, slightly hirsute. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, 
sometimes branched at the base: stem-leaves with linear or linear-lanceolate blades, 2-10 
em. long, entire or some with several narrow lateral segments: bracts similar to the 
stem-leaves or dilated upward, bright-red : calyx colored like the bracts ; lobes spatulate or 
obovate : corolla with the upper lip shorter than the tube and but little surpassing the 
calyx. 3 

Insandy soil, Texas. Spring. 

2. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng: Commonly biennial, hirsute. Stems 1-6 dm. 
tall, often branched near the base : stem-leaves with narrow 3-5-cleft or laciniate blades 
often 3-8 cm. long: bracts similar to the stem-leaves, red, scarlet or rarely yellow: calyx 
usually colored like the bracts ; lobes quadrate-oblong : corolla quite similar to that of the 
preceding species in shape : capsules narrowly oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, acute. 

In low grounds or bogs, Maine to Manitoba, Georgia and Texas. Spring and summer. 

3. Castilleja Lindheimeri A. Gray. Perennial, more or less gray-tomentulose. 
Stems 1-3 dm. tall, commonly tufted: stem-leaves with entire or 3-5-cleft blades 2-6 cm. 
long, passing into the brick-red rose or sulphur-yellow bracts : calyx colored like the 
bracts: corolla colored like the bracts, the upper almost as long as the saccate porton : 
capsules oblong or oblong-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long. 

On prairies. Texas. Spring. 


4. C. purpurea, 


1080 RHINANTHACEAE 


4. Castilleja purpurea G. Don. Perennial, gray-tomentose or tomentulose. Stems 
1-3 dm. tall, commonly tufted : stem-leaves with linear simple or once or twice 3-cleft or 
laciniate blades: bracts similar to the leaves but with broader bases: calyx colored like 
the bracts: corolla fully 2.5 cm. long, colored lke the bracts, the upper lip longer than 
the obscurely saccate portion : capsules 1.5-2 cm. long. 

On hillsides, Arkansas to Texas and Arizona. Spring. 


37. MELAMPYRUM L. 

Annual caulescent, often glandular-pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite : blades entire 
or toothed or ciliate-toothed at the base. Flowers solitary in the axils, sometimes in ter- 
minal racemes. Calyx of 4 partially united sepals: lobes unequal, the two upper longer 
than the lower. Corolla white, yellow, violet or variegated, 2-lipped, the upper lip arched, 
the lower lip 3-lobed, 2-plaited. Stamens 4, didynamous ascending under the upper lip of 
the corolla : anthers alike; sacs parallel, mucronulate at the base. Stigma minute. 
Capsule flattened, oblique, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 1-4, smooth. 


Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate: bracts with several cilium-like teeth near the bate- idis 
. M. Neare. 
Leaf-blades mainly ovate: bracts entire. 2 M. latifolium. 

1. Melampyrum lineàre Lam. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, branching above: leaves numer- 
ous ; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, acutish : pedicels 1-4 mm. long, 
densely glandular: calyx 3-6 cm. long ; lobes linear-lanceolate to linear-subulate, longer 
than the tube: corolla whitish, mostly less than 10 mm. long: capsules 6-8 mm. long. 
[M. Americanum Michx. ] 

In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Kentucky and 
Minnesota. Spring and summer. 

2. Melampyrum latifólium Muhl. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, nearly simple or branching 
above. Leaves few; blades mainly ovate, sometimes ovate-lanceolate or even spatulate 
near the base of the stem, 2-7 cm. long, acute or acuminate, abruptly narrowed or subcor- 
date at the base: pedicels 2-5 mm. long: calyx 3-5 mm. long ; lobes subulate, becoming 
as long as the tube or longer, with few silvery hairs: corolla whitish, mostly over 10 mm. 
long: capsules 5-7 mm. long. 

On mountain slopes, Pennsylyania to North Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee. Spring and summer 


38. PEDICULARIS L. 


Annual biennial or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite or rarely 
whorled: blades pinnatifid, pinnately lobed or pinnately parted. Flowers in terminal 
spikes or racemes. Calyx of 5 mostly united sepals, often with a cleft on the lower side 
and sometimes also on the upper: lobes shorter than the tube: corolla white or of various 
colors, strongly 2-lipped : upper lip concave or conduplicate, laterally flattened : lower lip 
erect or spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla : 
anthers and their sacs alike. Capsule flattened, oblique, or curved, beaked, loculicidally 
dehiscent. Seeds numerous, reticulated, striate, pitted or ribbed. Lousewort. 
Leaf-blades pinnately parted : capsule linear-lanceolate, thrice as long as the calyx. 1. P. Canadensis. 
Leaf-blades shallowly pinnatifid or toothed : capsule ovoid, little longer than the calyx. 2. P. lanceolata. 

l. Pedicularis Canadénsis L. Perennial, often sparingly hirsute. Stems tufted, 1-4 
dm. tall, sometimes decumbent. Basal leaves clustered ; blades oblong to lanceolate, 5- 
em. long, pinnately parted, slender-petioled, the segments toothed or incised ; ee 
similar to the basal but smaller: calyx 5-7 mm. long, villous, parted on the lower as 
with 2 tooth-like lobes on the upper side: coralla ochroleucous, more or less tinged Me 
red or purple, about 1.5 cm. long, the upper lip much surpassing the lower: capsules 
linear-lanceolate, nearly 2 cm. long, the beak longer than the body. a 
FORE, open woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Spring an 

er. 

2. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Perennial, sparingly pubescent below the aa 
florescence, or glabrous. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, sometimes branching: stem-leaves phere 
or opposite ; blades oblong to lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, shallowly pinnatifid or tooth i 
the segments or teeth crenulate or dentate ; basal leaves nearly similar to those of Mice : 
but larger: calyx fully 10 mm. long, 2-lobed, each lobe truncate and surmounted er 
oval or suborbicular appendage: corolla straw-colored, about 2 cm. long, the upper "IP 
little surpassing the lower: capsules ovoid, about 1 em. long, minutely beaked. 


: i çzebraska. 
In swamps and meadows, Ontario to Manitoba, Connecticut, North Carolina, Ohio and Neb 
Summer and fall. 


: ACANTHACEAE 1081 


39. SCHWALBEA L. 

Perennial caulescent herbs, finely pubescent and glandular. Leaves alternate : blades 
entire, 5-nerved, sessile. Flowers in terminal bracted racemes. Calyx of 5 well-united 
sepals: tube 10-12-ribbed, oblique: lobes shorter than the tube. Corolla yellowish 
purple, very irregular: upper lip arched, entire; lower lip shorter, 3-lobed, 2-plaited. 
Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla: anthers, and the sacs, 
alike. Capsule narrow, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, with a loose reticulated testa. 

1. Schwalbea Americana L. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched. 
Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 1.5-3.5 em. long, acute, entire : flowers short- 
pedicelled : calyx thinly lanuginous, 1.5-2 em. long; upper and lateral lobes lanceolate, 
the upper 3 as long as the lateral; lower lobe oblong, with a V-shaped sinus at the apex : 
corolla 3-3.5 cm. long, pubescent without ; tube surpassing the calyx, longer than the lips: 
capsules oblong, 10-12 mm. long. 

In swamps or low grounds, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 


FAMILY 14. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. AcANTHUS FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubby plants pervaded by bitter, acrid or 
often emollient properties, otherwise of little economic value. Stems enlarged 
at the jointed nodes. Leaves alternate, opposite or rarely whorled, without 
stipules: blades simple. Flowers perfect, irregular, sometimes solitary,-often 
subtended by conspicuous bracts. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct or variously united 
sepals, sometimes subtended by bractlets. Corolla of 5 partially united petals, 
2-lipped or sometimes almost regularly 5-lobed ; lobes convolute or contorted. 
Androecium of four didynamous, or two equal stamens, the other pair abortive 
or obsolete. Filaments filiform or subulate. Anthers with 2 equal or unequal 
sacs. Gynoecium 2-carpellary. Ovary free, 2-celled with the placentae in the 
axis. Styles terminal, united. Stigmas entire or 2. Ovules often few, com- 
monly 2 in each cavity, sessile, amphitropous or campylotropous. Fruit a mem- 
branous, leathery or cartilaginous capsule, typically with 2 cavities, opening 
loculicidally and elastically. Seeds usually flattened, with a leathery, fibrous 
or loose, often tuberculate, sometimes pilose, testa. Embryo curved or rarely 
straight, with large cotyledons. 


Leaves normal only at the base of the stem, those on the stem reduced to firm sheathing imbricated 
scales and passing into the inflorescence. 1. TUBIFLORA. 
Leaves normal on the stem. 
Corolla convolute in the bud. 
Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped : capsule terete, not constricted at the base. 2. HYGROPHILA. 
Corolla barely if at all 2-lipped : capsule constricted into a stipe-like base. 
Calyx-lobes bristle-like: anther-sacs awned or pointed atthe base: ovules 
2 in each cavity. i 
Calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate: anther-sacs pointless: ovules 3-10 in 


3. CALOPHANES. 


. each cavity. 4. RUELLIA. 
Corolla imbricated in the bud. Bee 
Stamens 4 : anthers i-celled. 5, STENANDRIUM. 


Stamens 2: anthers 2-celled. : 
Placentae separating from the valves of the capsule. 


Flowers and their subtending bractlets covered by a large bract. 6. TETRAMERIUM. 

Flowers and their subtending bractlets not covered by a large bract. 7. DIAPEDIUM, 
Placentae persistently attached to the valves of the capsule. 

Anther-sacs equal, contiguous, parallel. 8. ANISACANTHUS. 


Anther-sacs unequal or unequally inserted, one lower than the other. 
Lower anther-sac with a spurred or mucronate base. 
Corolla-tube elongated, slender or filiform: anther-sacs unequally 
inserted, one lower than the other. i 9. SIPHONOGLOSSA. 
Corolla-tube very short: anther-sacs separated, oblique. 10. JUSTICIA. 
Both anther-sacs rounded. or rarely both mucronate at the base. 
Corolla with 4 nearly equal lobes: anther-sacs contiguous, un- 
equally inserted. P 
Corolla manifestly 2-lipped: anther-sacs separated on a dilated 
connective. 
Flowers on axillary peduncles: anther-sacs wholly separated, 
very oblique. : 3 : 
Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves or in terminal bracted A 
spikes: anther-sacs approximate, slightly oblique. 13. CROFTIA. 


1. TUBIFLORA J. F. Gmel. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous foliage. Stems sometimes scape-like. 
Leaves alternate or nearly opposite, basal or crowded at the ends of the branches: blades 


ll. YEATESIA. 


12. DIANTHERA. 


1082 ACANTHACEAE 


membranous or nearly so, entire. Flowers perfect, in dense spikes: bracts imbricated.. 
Calyx scarious : lobes narrow, entire or toothed near the apex. Corolla white or blue: tube: 
slender, terete: limb 2-lipped : upper lip notched or 2-lobed : lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens. 
2, barely exserted : anthers 2-celled ; sacs equal, parallel, sometimes awn-tipped at the 
base. Staminodia usually wanting. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 6-10 in each cavity. Cap- 
sule narrow, contracted at the base, acute or beaked at the apex. [Elytraria Michx.] 
Bracts with ovate or suborbicular bodies. 


Stems much longer than the leaves: bracts scarious. 1. T. Carolinensis.. 
Stems shorter than the leaves or sometimes slightly surpassing them. 2. T. squamosa. 
Bracts with linear or linear-oblong bodies. 3. T. acuminata. 


1. Tubiflora Carolinénsis (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. Foliage deep green, nearly gla- 
brous. Leaves basal; blades oblong, spatulate or elongated linear-spatulate, 0.5-3 dm. 
long, obtuse, undulate, sessile or short-petioled : stems scape-like, 2-4 dm. tall, virgate,. 
rigid, solitary or clustered, simple, densely scaly: scales appressed, with spreading tips, 
lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long, acuminate, ciliate: spikes 1-5 cm. long, dense; bracts with 
oval or suborbicular bodies, abruptly pointed: calyx about 8 mm. long; lobes attenuate, 
bearded at the tip: corolla white, 7-9 mm. long; lobes nearly equal: capsules 4-5 mm. 
long, cylindric, each with a conic tip. [Elytraria virgata Michx. ] 

In low grounds and on river banks, South Carolina to Florida. Summer.—A small form occurring 
in Florida, with linear or narrowly oblanceolate leaf-blades, is T. Carolinensis angustifolia (Fernald) 


Small. [Elytraria virgata var. angustifolia Fernald.] : 

2. Tubiflora squamósa (Jacq.) Kuntze. Foliage pale green. Stems more or less. 
spreading, 1-6 dm. long, commonly branched, clothed with appressed imbricated acute 
scale-like leaves : normal leaves basal or mainly so: blades oblong, elliptic or narrowly 
ovate, 4-12 cm. long, entire or sinuate, often slightly pubescent, narrowed into petiole- 
like bases : spikes 1-3 em. long: bracts firm, 6-8 mm. long, the body ovate, acute or 
slightly acuminate : bractlets lanceolate, ciliate : calyx-lobes 5-6 mm. long, ciliate : corolla 
5-6 mm. long, the lower lip retuse : capsules 6 mm. long. 

In low ground, Texas to Arizona. Also in tropical America and Africa. : 

3. Tubiflora acuminàta Small. Foliage pale green. Stems ascending or spr eading, 
3-6 cm. long, simple or sparingly branched above, clothed with the appressed acuminate 
scale-like leaves: normal leaves basal ; blades oblong or oblong-spatulate, 2-6 cm. long, 
obtuse or rounded, spreading, sparingly pubescent especially on the nerves beneath, sessile 
or short-petioled : spikes 1-2.5 em. long: bracts rigid, about 1 em. long, long-attenuate, 
woolly above within: bractlets ciliate along the back : calyx-lobes about 7 mm. bie 
attenuate, barely pubescent at the tip: corolla 5-6 mm. long, the lower lip notched = 
capsules 4-5 mm. long, each with a conic tip. 

In sandy soil, coast of Texas. 


2. HYGROPHILA R. Br. 

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, sometimes armed with axillary spines. Lt 
opposite: blades entire. Flowers solitary in the axils, or usually clustered. bee 
persistent : lobes 5, narrow, slightly unequal. Corolla commonly white, 2-lipped : ve 
slightly dilated upward : limb 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, concave, notched or po * 
lower lip more or less spreading, 2-lobed: Stamens 4, didynamous: filaments € 
dilated at the base: anthers 2-celled : sacs equal, parallel. Staminodium small or 0 af 
lete. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 2, 4 or more in each cavity. Capsule terete or aug 
contrary to the septum. ; Stems 

1. Hygrophila lacustris (Schlecht.) Nees. Perennial, sparingly pubescent. early 
creeping at the base, the erect or ascending part 3-9 dm. long, 4-angled: Magie de nar- 
linear to narrowly linear-oblanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, rather acuminate, undulate, utely 
rowed into dilated bases : cymes few-flowered, nearly sessile in the axils: calyx ge : 
pubescent ; lobes narrowly linear-subulate, 5-7 mm. long: corolla white, 7 mm. ong; 
lipped ; lobes of the lower lip oblong: capsules cylindric, 7-8 mm. long, nearly bes i 

In swamps and on muddy banks, Florida to Texas and adjacent Mexico. Summer M pem 


3. CALOPHANES D. Don. 

Perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite: blades entire. d BN 
or clustered in the axils. Sepals slender or nearly bristle-like, distinct or bis el 
the middle. Corolla blue or purple, funnelform : tube slightly curved, more or | re oe 
upward : limb somewhat 2-lipped : lobes 5, spreading, convolute. Stamens 4, dium 


Flowers solitary 


ACANTHACEAE 1083 


included. Anther-sacs awned or mucronate at the base. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 2 in 
each cavity. Capsule oblong or broadened upward. Seeds flat, suborbicular. 
Calyx-lobes united to below the middle: Texano-Arizonian species. 1. C. linearis. 


Calyx-lobes distinct or nearly so: eastern species. 
Calyx-lobes nearly as long as the corolla; corollas and the bractlets about equal 


in length. 2. C. humistrata. 
Seat Tats less than 1% as long as the corolla; which is fully twice as long as the 
ractlets. 
Corolla 1 em. long or shorter: leaf-blades of a linear type. 3. C. angusta. 
Corolla fully 2 em. long : leaf-blades mainly of an oblong type. 4. C. oblongifolia. 


1l. Calophanes lineàris (T. & G.) A. Gray. Foliage hirsute or glabrous. Stems 
commonly tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, simple and strict, or diffusely branched : leaves numerous ; 
blades spatulate below to linear above, 2-4 cm. long, obtuse to acute, often undulate, nar- 
rowed at the base: calyx slightly bristly ; lobes linear-subulate, 8-10 mm. long, at least 
twice as long as the tube: corolla inconspicuously pubescent, 2 cm. long ; tube (proper) 
barely as long as the dilated throat; limb 15-20 mm. broad ; lobes slightly broadened up- 
ward, about as long as the throat, rounded or retuse at the apex : capsules 10-12 mm. long, 
acute, much shorter than the calyx-lobes. 

In dry soil, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


2. Calophanes humistràta (Michx.) Nees. Foliage glabrous to por Stems 
erect or decumbent, 1-4 dm. long, weak, often sparingly branched, slightly zigzag: leaves 
few ; blades elliptic-oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute, undulate, attenuate to the 
base: petioles shorter than the blades: calyx puberulent ; lobes subulate-setaceous from a 
lanceolate base, 6-8 mm. long: corolla white, about 1 cm. long ; tube much shorter than 
the dilated throat ; limb about 1 mm. broad; lobes truncate or retuse : capsules slender, 
8-10 mm. long, surpassed by the calyx-lobes. 

In low sandy pine lands or river swamps, Georgia to Florida. Spring. 

3. Calophanes angüsta A. Gray. Foliage puberulent. Stems erect, 1-2 dm. tall, 
usually much branched: leaves numerous; blades linear or linear-oblong, or spatulate 
below, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute or acutish, obscurely nerved, sessile or nearly so: calyx mi- 
nutely pubescent ; lobes linear-subulate, 9-11 mm. long, slender-tipped : corolla retrorsely 
De barely 1 cm. long, finely pubescent without ; tube slender ; limb about 1 cm. 

road ; lobes broadly cuneate, truncate, eroded at the apex : capsules club-shaped, 7-8 mm. 
long, acute, rather longer than the calyx-lobes. 

In sand, southern Florida. Throughout the year. 

4. Calophanes oblongifólia (Michx. ) D. Don. Foliage minutely but rather densely 
pubescent. Stems more or less branched, 1-3 dm. tall ; leaf-blades oblong or the lower 
ones obovate or cuneate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse, often undulate, sessile or the lower 
short-petioled : calyx hirsute ; lobes subulate, 12-15 mm. long, very aoe ce d 
corolla inconspicuously pubescent, blue often mottled with purple; tube (proper) shorter 
than the broadly funnelform throat; limb about 1.5 cm. broad; lobes nearly as long as 
the throat, truncate or retuse: capsules oblong-clavate, 10-13 mm. long, acute. 

In sandy soil or pine lands, Virginia to Florida. Spring to fall. 


4. RUÉLLIA L. ; 

Perennial herbs or shrubs, with erect or diffuse stems. Leaves opposite : blades entire 
or toothed, often petioled. Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils or in 
terminal cymes or panicles. Calyx narrow: lobes linear-filiform to lanceolate. Corolla 
funnelform or salverform : tube narrow, dilated into a more or less ample throat : lobes 5, 
somewhat unequal, spreading, convolute. Stamens 4, included or exserted : anther-sacs 
not mucronate. Ovary 2-celled. Styles recurved at the apex. Ovules 3-10 in each 
cavity. Capsule oblong or clavate, terete or flattened. Seeds flattened. 
Flowers or flower-clusters peduncled. 


Bracts small and narrow. 1. R. tuberosa. 
Bracts foliaceous. 2. R. pedunculata. 
Flowers or flower-clusters sessile or essentially so. 

A. Calyx-lobes linear-filiform or with filiform tips, longer than the capsule. : 
Corolla 7-10 em. long. 3. R. noctiflora. 
Corolla 4-6 em. long. js 

Plants less than 1 dm. tall. 4. R. humilis. 
Plants over 2 dm. tall. a 
Leaf-blades sessile or essentially so. 5. R. ciliosa. 
Leaf-blades manifestly petioled. : ; 
Plants green : leaf-blades not conspicuously nerved beneath. 6. R. parviftora. 


Plants grayish pubescent: leaf-blades conspicuously nerved beneath. 


1084 ACANTHACEAE 


Leaves of the main stem mostly less than 6 cm. long: eastern 
species. 7. R. hybrida. 
Leaves of the mainstem mostly over 6 cm. long: Texan species. 8. R. Drummondiana. 
B. Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate or broadly linear, scarcely longer than the 
capsule. 9. R. strepens. 

1. Ruellia tuberòsa L. Foliage finely hirsute or canescent. Stems erect, from some- 
what tuberous-thickened roots, 2-6 dm. tall, branching: leaf-blades thickish, oblong to 
ovate, 3-8 cm. long, undulate-crisped, gradually or abruptly narrowed into margined 
petioles which are shorter than the blades: cymes on erect or ascending peduncles : bracts 
small and narrow: calyx bristly ; lobes narrowly linear, 10-12 mm. long or sometimes 2 
em. long: corolla blue or rarely white, 4-6 cm. long; tube about 3 mm. in diameter, 
rather abruptly dilated into the shorter throat; limb 3-4 em. long: capsules 1.5-1.7 mm. 
long, puberulent. 

In valleys, Texas. Also in tropical America. 

2. Ruellia pedunculata Torr. Foilage mainly puberulent. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. 
tall, with wide-spreading branches: leaf-blades oblong-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 
cm. long, acute or acutish, undulate ; petioles 4-10 mm. long: peduncles spreading, bear- 
ing 2 leaf-like bracts near the end: calyx puberulent ; lobes subulate-filiform, 1-1.5 cm. 
long: corolla blue or pale; tube about 2 mm. thick, as long as the funnelform throat or 
longer; limb 3-4 cm. broad : capsules 1.5-2 cm. long. 

In dry woods, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. Spring to fall. 


3. Ruellia noctiflora (Nees) A. Gray. Foliage minutely pubescent. Stems erect, 
1-3 dm. tall or diffusely branched : leaf-blades oblong, sometimes narrowly so or oblong- 
lanceolate, rather obtuse, undulate, sessile: calyx softly pubesent; lobes linear-filiform, 
2.5-3.5 cm. long: corolla white or bluish ; tube about 2 mm. thick, 5-6 cm. long, several 
times longer than the comparatively short funnelform throat; limb 4-5 cm. broad: cap- 
sules spindle-shaped, 2.5 cm. long, puberulent. 

In low sandy pine lands, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Spring and summer. 


4. Ruellia hümilis Nutt. Foliage finely hirsute or villous-hirsute. Stems very 
short, 1-3 em. long, or almost wanting, simple or sparingly branched: leaves few ; blades 
spatulate to oblong or oval, 3-10 cm. long, mostly obtuse, sessile or short-petioled : pedicels 
very short : calyx bristly ; lobes linear-subulate, 1.5-2 cm. long: corolla blue or nearly 
white, 4 cm. long ; tube somewhat longer than the broadly dilated throat; limb 3-4 cm. 
broad : capsules nearly oblong, fully 1.5 em. long. 

In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Spring to fall. 

5. Ruellia cilidsa Pursh. Foliage hirsute to the corolla, which also is sometimes 
finely hirsute. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, more or less branched: leaf-blades oval, ovate 
or oblong, 2-5 cm. long, acute or obtusish, undulate, ciliate, sessile or essentially so: calyx 
bristly ; lobes filiform-subulate, 1.5-2 em. long: corolla blue, 5-7 em. long ; tube about 
as long as the throat ; limb 3-4 cm. broad ; lobes suborbicular, about as long as the throat : 
capsules oblong, 1-1.5 em. long, glabrous or nearly so. 

In dry soil, New Jersey to Michigan, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 

6. Ruellia parvifldra (Nees) Britton. Foliage sparingly pubescent, but green. 
Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, simple or sometimes ‘sparingly branched : leaf-blades oblong to 
oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 em. long, obtuse or acutish, undulate, rather acuminately narrow 
at the base, manifestly petioled: pedicels very short: calyx bristly ; lobes linear-filiforms 
1.5-2 em. long: corolla blue, 4-5 cm. long ; tube somewhat longer than the throat ; lim 
2-3 cm. broad : capsules oblong above the stipe-like base, barely 1.5 cm. long. 

In sandy soil, Maryland to Indiana, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

7. Ruellia hybrida Pursh. Foliage finely and closely grayish-pubescent. ipe 
2-5 dm. tall, erect or diffuse, the branches at least, spreading: leaf-blades ovate to 0 a 
2.5-5 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, undulate or sinuate, conspicuously pale-nerved segura , 
short-petioled : calyx minutely bristly or canescent-bristly ; lobes linear-filiform, 1—- 
cm. long: corolla 2-4 em. long; limb 2-3 em. wide: capsules less than 1.5 cm. long. 

In sandy or dry soil, Florida. Spring and summer. 

8. Ruellia Drummondiàna (Nees) A. Gray. Foliage finely gray ish pubesc 
erect, 5-9 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched: leaf-blades ovate to oblong : calyx 
5-18 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, repand, narrowed into manifest ae nes "tabo 
canescent ; lobes bristle-like, 2-2.5 cm. long : corolla blue or pale, 2.5-3.5 cm. e ; 
somewhat longer than the throat; limb 2.5-3 cm. broad : capsules over 1.5 cm. long. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring to fall. : Stems 

9. Ruella strépens L. Foliage bright green, glabrous or finely p acute 
erect, 2-12 dm. tall, simple or branched : leaf-blades ovate to oblong, ü-15 cm. 2008, 


ent. Stems 
lanceolate, 


ACANTHACEAE 1085 


or short acuminate, undulate, acuminate or rounded at the base, manifestly petioled : 
calyx bristly ; lobes linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, 2.5-3 em. long: corolla blue or 
nearly white, 5-6 cm. long; tube about as long as the throat: limb 5-7 cm. broad : cap- 
sules 1-1.5 cm. long. 


In dry soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, Florida and Texas, Spring and summer.—A variety with 
narrower leaf-blades and mostly,cleistogamous flowers, is R. strepens micrántha (Engelm. & Gray) 
Britton. 


5. STENÁNDRIUM Nees. 

Perennial acaulescent or short-stemmed herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves ap- 
proximate: blades flat, entire. Flower-spikes terminal, bracted. Calyx sessile: lobes 5, 
narrow, slightly unequal. Corolla rose-colored or purplish : tube terete, slender, slightly 
curved at the throat: limb oblique, spreading: lobes 5, unequal, imbricated. Stamens 4, 
didynamous, included: anthers 1-celled. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in 
each cavity. Capsule oblong or nearly fusiform, slightly angled. Seeds somewhat flat- 
tened, roughened or pubescent. 

1. Stenandrium Floridànum (A. Gray) Small. Foliage deep green. Leaves basal, 
few : blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-3 cm. long, obtuse, glabrous except the upper side of 
the midrib near the base, slightly undulate, rounded or subcordate at the base ; petioles 4 
as long as the blades, hirsute: scapes erect, solitary or clustered, surpassing the leaves: 
spikes few-flowered, 2-5 cm. long: bracts linear-lanceolate, 10-13 mm. long, acuminate 
and bristly-tipped, ciliate ; upper ones hispidly so: calyx puberulent : lobes linear-subulate, 
6-9 mm. long: corolla about 2 cm. long: capsules about 1 em. long : seeds 4 mm. in diam- 
eter, densely strigose with yellowish hairs. [S. dulce var. Floridanum A. Gray.] 

In pine woods, Florida. Spring to fall. 


6. TETRAMERIUM Nees. 


Perennial caulescent herbs or partly shrubby plants, with pubescent foliage. Leaves 
opposite: blades entire. Flowers sessile or short-pedicelled and often solitary in the axils 
of the bracts. Calyx relatively small: lobes 4-5, slender. Corolla 2-lipped : tube slender, 
terete: upper lip entire, concave: lower lip flat, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 2, about 
equalling the corolla: filaments adnate to the mouth of the corolla-tube: anthers 2-celled, 
the sacs equal, disjoined by the connective. Staminodia wanting. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 
2 in each cavity. Capsule contracted into a solid stipe-like base. 

1. Tetramerium platystégium Torr. Foliage puberulent. Stems more or less branched, 
3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse or 
acutish, somewhat undulate, short-petioled : spikes 1.5-5 cm. long: bracts ovate to ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, about 1.5 em. long, imbricated : calyx about 2 mm. long; lobes 
subulate, much longer than the tube: corolla purple, 10-15 mm. long ; tube slender, longer 


than the narrowly oblong lobes: capsules less than 1 em. long, body longer than the stipe- 
like base. 


In valleys, southern Texas. Spring. 


7. DIAPEDIUM Konig. 

Annual or usually perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite: blades entire. 
Spikes conspicuously bracted. Calyx sessile, hyaline: lobes narrow or bristle-like, equal 
or nearly so. Corolla blue, violet or red, elongated, 2-lipped : tube terete, slightly dilated 
above: upper lip erect, concave, entire or notched: lower lip more or less spreading, 2- 
lobed. Stamens 2, barely equalling the lips: filaments adnate to the mouth of the 
corolla-tube : anthers 2-celled. Staminodia wanting. Ovary 2-celled. Styles filiform, 
with entire or slightly 2-lobed stigmas. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule with an ovoid 
or suborbicular body and a solid stipe-like base. Seeds 4 or fewer, smooth or coarsely 


granular. 

Corolla red or crimson, curved : tube longer than the lips. : 1. D. assurgens. 

Corolla purple or pink, nearly straight: tube and lips about equal in length. : 
Bracts rounded or merely mucronulate at the apex. 2. D. brachiatum, 
Bracts acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate at the apex. 3. D. attenuatum, 


l. Diapedium assürgens (L.) Kuntze. Foliage glabrous or puberulent. Stem, 
3-9 dm. tall, rather widely branched : leaf-blades ovate to elliptic or oblong-lanceolates 
2-10 cm. long, acute or obtusish, undulate, slender-petioled : outer bracts spatulate or lin- 
ear-spatulate, 8-12 mm. long; inner bracts subulate, shorter: calyx about 4 mm. long: 


1086 ACANTHACEAE 


lobes narrowly lanceolate, as long as the tube or longer: corolla red or crimson, 2-2.5 cm. 
long, curved ; lips nearly as long as the tube or much shorter: capsules 7-8 mm. long. 

In sand, Florida. Also in the West Indies and Central America. Throughout the year. 

2. Diapedium brachiatum (Pursh.) Kuntze. Foliage glabrous or sparingly pilose. 
Stems 3-7 dm. tall, with wide-spreading branches : leaf-blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 2-10 
cm. long, acute or somewhat acuminate, undulate, slender-petioled : bracts obovate to 
oblong-spatulate, more or less strongly mucronate, 4-8 mm. long: calyx 4-5 mm. long; 
lobes linear-subulate: corolla pink to purple, 1.5-2 cm. long; lips about as long as the 
tube, the upper one 3-toothed : capsules about 5 mm. long. 

In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 

3. Diapedium attenuàtum (A. Gray) Heller. Similar to D. brachiatum in habit. 
Stems more or less branched and spreading, 4-8 dm. long: leaf-blades lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, markedly acuminate, slender-petioled : bracts acuminate or cuspi- 
date-acuminate: calyx 2-3 mm. long; lobes subulate: corolla pinkish purple, about 1 cm. 
long: capsules 4-5 mm. long. 

On prairies, Arkansas and eastern Texas. Summer and fall. 


8. ANISACANTHUS Nees. 


Shrubs, with glabrous or pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite, often clustered : blades 
broadest below the middle, entire. Flower-spikes terminal, one-sided, interrupted. Calyx 
sessile: lobes 5, narrow, nearly equal, acute or acuminate. Corolla red or purplish : tube 
slender, elongated, straight or slightly curved, dilated above, 2-lipped : upper lip narrow, 
entire: lower lip 3-parted. Stamens 2, as long as the corolla or longer: filaments adnate 
to above the middle of the tube: anthers 2-celled. Staminodia wanting. Ovary 2-celled. 
Stigmas capitate. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule contracted into a long stipe-like base. 
Seeds 4, flat, wrinkled, orbicular. 


1l. Anisacanthus Wrightii (Torr.) A. Gray. Foliage puberulent or glabrate. 
Stems 6-12 dm. tall, branching : leaf-blades lanceolate, to oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 
em. long, acute or acuminate, abruptly narrowed into short slender petioles or rounded at 
the base: racemes slender, panicled: calyx 4-5 mm. long; lobes oblong to oblong-lanceo- 
late, longer than the tube: corolla purplish red or vermilion, 3-4 cm. long ; lips shorter 
than the tube, the upper one notched, the lower 3-cleft ; lobes narrow: capsules 2 cm. long, 
stipe-like base longer than the acute body. 

In rich soil or thickets, Texas. Spring to fall. 


9. SIPHONOGLOSSA Oersted. 

Shrubs or shrubby herbs, with diffuse stems. Leaves opposite: blades entire. Flow- 

ers solitary in the axils. Calyx sessile or nearly so: lobes 4, narrow. Corolla white, blue 

or purple, 2-lipped : tube slender, elongated, terete: upper lip entire or 2-cleft : lower lip 

spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included or at least surpassed by the upper lip : filaments ad- 

nate to the throat of the corolla-tube: anthers 2-celled, the sacs unequally inserted, one 

lower. Staminodia wanting. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas slightly 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in 
each cavity. Capsule contracted into a solid stipe-like base. Seeds 4 or fewer. 

Corolla 1-2 cm. long: calyx 3-6 mm. long. 


Foliage glabrous or nearly so: calyx 3 mm. long: corolla less than 15 mm. long. 1. S. Dintoracantbes 
Foliage pilose-hirsute: calyx 5-6 mm. long: corolla over 15 mm. long. 2. S. Pilosella. 
Corolla 3-4 em. long: calyx 7-9 mm. long. 8. S. longiflora. 


1. Siphonoglossa Dipteracántha (Nees) Heller. Stems branched at the base, rr 
branches ascending or spreading, 5-30 cm. long, slender, nearly glabrous: leaf-blades 
oblong, varying to somewhat obovate or ovate, or sometimes {oval, 3-12 cm. long, obtuse 
often obscurely toothed, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath and ciliate near the base, 
short-petioled': bracts oblong or nearly so: bractlets oblong-spatulate : calyx about 3 guy 
long ; lobes linear-lanceolate, acute or somewhat acuminate, ciliolate: corolla pale purple 
or white, 12-13 mm. long; tube about twice as long as the lips, pubescent above the 
dde the upper lip notched, the lower lip with obtuse lateral lobes : capsules 5-6 mm. 
ong. 

In sandy soil, southeastern Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


2. Siphonoglossa Pilosélla (Nees) Torr. Stem branched at the base, the pires: 
pilose-hirsute, 3-20 cm. long: leaf-blades spatulate to oval or ovate or sometimes etapin 
1-1.5 em. long, obtuse or acute, narrowed into short petioles or nearly sessile: calyx 


E 


ACANTHACEAE 1087 


, 

mm. long; lobes subulate, about 3 as long as the subtending bracts: corolla pale blue or 
purple, 1.6-2 cm. long ; tube slender, about twice as long as the tips, the upper lip notched, 
the lower one longer, its 3 lobes oblong or obovate-oblong : capsules 8-10 mm. long. 

In dry ground, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 

3. Siphonoglossa longiflóra ( Torr.) A. Gray. Stems branched at the base, the 
branches 1-2.5 dm. tall, cinereous-puberulent, erect or erect-ascending : leaf-blades lanceo- 
late, 2-4 cm. long, blunt, undulate, often cuneate at the base, short-petioled : calyx 7-9 
mm. long: lobes subulate-linear, about as long as the subtending bracts: corolla wits or 
yellowish white, 3-4 cm. long ; tube slenderly cylindric, about twice as long as the lips, 
the upper lip notched, the lower lip with 3 lobes each about as large as the upper lip : 
capsules 8-9 mm. long. 


In dry or rocky soil, Texas to Arizona and Sonora. Summer. 


10. JUSTICIA L. 


Perennial caulescent herbs or rarely shrubs, various in habit. ` Leaves opposite: blades 
entire. Flowers solitary, clustered or cymose in the axils of the bracts. Calyx-lobes 4-5, 
narrow, equal or nearly so. Corolla white, pink, violet or red, 2 lipped : tube very short, 
straight or curved, manifestly dilated into a throat: upper lip erect or incurved, entire or 
2-cleft: lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 2, not surpassing the upper lip: filaments 
adnate to the mouth of the corolla-tube : anthers 2-celled ; sacs separate, oblique. Stam- 
inodia wanting. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma entire or 2-toothed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, 
Capsule 8 more or less flattened, contracted into a solid stipe-like base. Seeds 4 or fewer. 
smooth or variously roughened. 

1. Justicia Wrightii A. Gray. Stems branched at the woody base, the branches 
erect or ascending, 0.5-2 dm. tall, cinereous-pubescent : leaf-blades firm, those of the lower 
leaves obovate, barely 1 cm. long, those of the upper leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
3-7 mm. long, entire, mucronate-acute: flowers solitary and sessile in the upper axils: 
bracts similar to the accompanying leaves: corolla purplish, 8-9 mm. long ; tube rather 
campanulate ; upper lip with two narrow lobes ; lower lip with oval-obovate lobes. 


On limestone ridges, mainly along the San Felipe River, Texas. Spring and summer. 


11. YEATESIA Small. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with bright green foliage. Leaves opposite: blades en- 
tire. Spikes dense, conspicuously bracted. Calyx sessile: lobes slender, erect. Corolla 
white, slightly 2-lipped : tube slender, somewhat dilated into a throat: lobes 4, nearly 
equal, flat. Stamens 2: anthers 2-celled ; sacs unequally inserted and one slightly 
oblique. Staminodia wanting. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma capitate. Ovules two in each 
cavity. Capsule narrowed into a stipe-like base. Seeds glabrous, minutely wrinkled. 

1. Yeatesia viridifldra (Nees) Small. Foliage nearly glabrous, or puberulent, bright 
green. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, branched, constricted above each node : leaf-blades elliptic or 
elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, undulate, bracts ovate to ob- 
ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, ciliate: calyx glabrous or nearly so ; lobes linear-subulate, 4-5 mm. 
long : corolla white or pink, 1.5 cm. long, the lower lip 3-lobed, spreading, the upper 
reflexed, barely lobed: stamens exserted: capsule 1 cm. long, the stipe-like base shorter 
than the body. [Justicia laetevirens Buckl., not Vahl. Rhytoglossa viridiflora Nees. ] 

In shaded soil, Tennessee to Georgia, Florida and Texas. Summer. 


12. DIANTHERA L. 


Perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous or pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite : 
blades entire or rarely toothed. Flowers several, on axillary peduncles. Calyx-lobes 
4-5, slender. Corolla white or colored, strongly 2-lipped : tube variable in length, straight 
or curved: upper lip erect or ascending, entire or 2-tooth: lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. 
Stamens 2: filaments adnate to near the mouth of the corolla-tube, not surpassing the 
upper lip: anthers 2-celled, the sacs separated by a broad connective. Ovary 2-celled. 
Stigma entire or 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule contracted into a stipe-like 
base. Seeds 4 or fewer, flat, ovate to suborbicular. WATER WILLOW. 


1088 ACANTHACEAE 


Corolla 2-2.5 cm. long. l. D. crassifolia. 
Corolla 1 cm. long or shorter. 
Flowers scattered along one side of the upper part of the peduncles. 
Leaves remote, reflexed : eorolla-tube 5-6 mm. long. 
Leaves approximate, spreading or ascending: corolla-tube 8-10 mm. long. 
Flowers in head-like spikes terminating the peduncle, or approximate at the end. 
Spikes loosely flowered : corolla-tube glabrous within: style glabrous. 
Spikes densely flowered : corolla-tube villous within : style pubescent at the base. 


. D. angusta. 
. D. lanceolata. 
UE 


ovata. 
. D. Americana, 


C'u Cot 


1. Dianthera crassifólia Chapm. Foliage glabrous. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, angled, 
simple or nearly so: leaves few ; blades linear, usually narrowly so or spatulate near the 
base of the stem, 3-15 cm. long, fleshy : peduncles commonly longer than the subtending 
leaves, often surpassing the stem: calyx-lobes linear, 1-1.5 cm. long, acuminate: corolla 
bright-purple, 2-2.5 cm. long ; lipslonger than the tube, the lower one striped, all rounded 
or notched : capsules 2-2.5 cm. long, the body and base about equal in length. 

In wet pine lands, Florida. Spring. 


2. Dianthera angüsta (Chapm.) Small. Foliage glabrate. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, 
simple or nearly so: leaves very few ; blades linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute or 
acuminate, 2-7 cm. long, or oblong-spatulate at the base of the stem, sessile or subsessile, 
more or less strongly reflexed : peduncles somewhat longer than the leaves or shorter, bear- 
ing 2-few flowers near the end : calyx-lobes linear, 5-7 mm. long, ciliate, acute : corolla 
about 10 mm. long; tube surpassing the calyx, the lower lip with a retuse middle lobe and 
obtuse lateral lobes: capsules about 1.2 cm. long. [D. ovata var. angusta Chapm. ] 

In pine-land ponds, Florida. Spring. 

3. Dianthera lanceolàta (Chapm.) Small. Foliage puberulent. Stems erect or 
spreading, 1-3 dm. long, more or less branched: leaf-blades linear to linear-elliptic or 
elliptic-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, more or less acuminate, undulate, sessile or nearly so: 
spikes slender, 3-10 cm. long, interrupted along the peduncle : calyx-lobes narrowly linear, 
5-7 mm. long: corolla about 1 em. long; lips nearly as long as the tube, which is saccate 
near the base, the upper lip truncate or retuse, the lower one 3-lobed, the middle lobe 
truncate or retuse, the lateral ones obtuse: capsules 1.5 em. long, the body as long as the 
stipe-like base or shorter. [.D. ovata var. lanceolata Chapm. ] 

In swampy ground, Missouri to Tennessee, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 


4. Dianthera ovàta Walt. Foliage puberulent or glabrous. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, 
simple or sparingly branched: leaf-blades oblong to elliptic, acute or acutish, often 
acuminate at the base, short-petioled : spike long-peduncled, 1-2 cm. long, contin- 
uous: calyx-lobes narrowly linear-acuminate, 6-12 mm. long: corolla pale purple to 
violet, about 1 cm. long; limb as long as the tube, or sometimes longer, 2-lipped, the 
upper lip notched, the lower lip 3-lobed, spreading ; lobes rounded : capsules 1 cm. long, 
the stipe-like base as long as the body or shorter. 

Inswamps, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 

5. Dianthera Americàna L. Perennial by horizontal or creeping rootstocks, the foli- 
age glabrous or puberulent. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, simpleor branching, angled : leaf-blades 
linear to linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 5-15 cm. long, acute, attenuate to the su 
sessile base : peduncles ascending, about as long as the leaves or longer: spikes 1-3, cm. 
long, continuous: calyx-lobes linear, 4-5 mm. long, acute: corolla white, pink or pur- 
plish ; lips as long as the tube or longer, the upper one notched, the lower lip with;3 
obtuse lobes: capsules 1.5-2 cm. long, the stipe-like base as long as the body or longer. 


is In marshes and running water, Ontario to Michigan, south to Georgia and Texas. Spring and 
mmer. 


13. CROFTIA Small. 1 

Perennial caulescent shrubby herbs, with gray-pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite: 
blades relativély broad, entire or nearly so. Flowers axillary or disposed in terminal 
spikes axillary to leaf-like bracts or the bracts toward the ends of the spikes much reduced. 
Sepals 5, slender. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip entire, the lower 3-lobed, drooping. 
Stamens 2: filaments adnate to the top of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled : styles united : 
stigma 2-lobed. Capsule with a stipe-like base. 

1. Croftia parvifòlia (Torr. ) Small. Perennial by a stout root, finely pilose. 
erect or diffuse, often numerous and tufted, 1-3 dm. long, simple or branching : 
blades ovate, oval or suborbicular, 1-3 cm. long, acute or short acuminate, undulate v 
pand, more or less abruptly contracted in short petioles : spikes interrupted : calyx-lo ; 
linear-subulate, acuminate, 2.5-3 mm. long: corolla white to purple, about 8 mm. pant 
lips about as long as the tube, the upper lip obtuse or retuse, the lobes of the lower 0 


Stems. 


PINGUICULACEAE 1089 


oblong, obtuse : capsules 9-13 mm. long, the body ovoid, longer than the base, acute. 
[Shaueria parvifolia Torr. Dianthera parvifolia (Torr.) A. Gray. ] 


In dry soil, Texas and New Mexico. 


FAMILY 15. PINGUICULACEAE Dumort.! BLADDERWORT FAMILY. 


Small scapose or caulescent herbs, growing in water or in wet places. Stems 
often submersed. Leaves submersed and dissected into linear or filiform seg- 
ments, sometimes resembling rootlets and often bladder-bearing ; sometimes 
aérial, basal, entire; or, rarely, wanting. Scapes naked or furnished with mi- 
nute scales, bearing one or many flowers. Flowers irregular, perfect, often 
showy. Calyx of 2 or 5 herbaceous sepals. Corolla strongly or obscurely 2- 
lipped : tube spurred or saccate: hypogynous. Androecium of 2 stamens, ad- 
nate to the base of the corolla-tube on its upper side. Filaments flattened, 
twisted. Anthers confluently 1-celled. Gynoecium a single 1-celled pistil, 
with a free-central usually globose placenta. Style thick and short. Stigma 
often 2-lipped, the lips unequal. Ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit a capsule, 
2-valved or irregularly dehiscent. Seeds numerous, the testa rugose. Endosperm 
wanting. Embryo straight, sometimes undivided. [Lentibulariaceae Lindl.] 


Calyx of 5 sepals: corolla-tube with an open throat. 1. PINGUICULA. 
Calyx of 2 sepals: corolla-tube closed by a palate. 
Calyx accompanied by 2 bractlets resembling the sepals, and like them, conspicu- 
ously ciliate. 2. COSMIZA. 
Calyx without bractlets: sepals entire. 3. UTRICULARIA., 


1. PINGUÍCULA L. 

Terrestrial scapose herbs, inhabiting wet ground. Leaves forming a basal rosette : 
blades flat, entire, furnished above with a secretion by which, together with the sensitive 
inrolling margins, insects are captured. Scapes usually several, 1-flowered. Sepals 5, often 
more or less united. Corolla yellow, violet or purple, more or less distinctly 2-lipped : 
palate subulate, not closing the throat : lobes entire or cleft: tube prolonged into a nectarif- 
erous spur at base: throat open. Stamens 2. Capsules 2-valved. BuTTERWORT. 

Corolla violet or white, the limb distinctly 2-lipped. 


Corolla, including spur, less than 2 cm. long. 1. P. pumiia. 
Corolla, including spur, more than 2 em. long. : 
Spur slender: scapes villous at the base. 2. P. elatior. | 
Spur short and rather sac-like: scapes not villous at the base. 3. P. planifolia. 
Corolla golden-yellow, the limb nearly regular. 4. P. lutea. 


1. Pinguicula pumila Michx. Leaves clammy-pubescent; blades 1-3 cm. long: 
scapes very slender, 5-20 cm. tall, not villous at the base: calyx becoming 3-4 mm. long: 
corolla light violet, varying to white; limb 1-2 cm. broad ; spur subulate, about 3 mm. 
long, longer than the sac-like base of the corolla. 

In low pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring. 

2. Pinguicula elàtior Michx. Leaves clammy-pubescent ; blades 1.5-3.5 cm. long: 
scapes 1-3 dm. tall, villous at the base: calyx becoming 4-5 mm. long: corolla purple, 
varying to white; limb 2-2.5 cm. broad, the lobes 2-cleft ; spur slender, 4-6 mm. long, 
shorter than the sac-like base of the corolla, obtuse. 

On margins of ponds, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 

3. Pinguicula planifólia Chapm. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; blades 3-10 cm. 
long : scapes 2-4 dm. tall, not villous at the base: calyx becoming 5-6 mm. long: corolla 
purple, varying to white, 2-3 cm. wide: spur rather sac-like, only 3 mm. long, obtuse. 

In shallow water, Florida to Mississippi, near the Gulf coast. Spring. 

4. Pinguicula lütea Walt. Leaves clammy-pubescent ; blades 2-6 cm. long : scapes 
1-4 dm. tall, pubescent: calyx becoming 4-5 mm. long: corolla golden-yellow ; limb 2- 
3.5 em. broad ; lobes longer than the tube, 2—4-lobed ; spur subulate, 5 mm. long. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 


2. COSMIZA Raf. 
Terrestrial scapose herbs, with the habit of the terrestrial species of Utrieularia. 
Leaves basal, often fugacious: blades linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes bladder- 


! Revised by Dr. John H. Barnhart. 
69 


1090 PINGUICULACEAE 


bearing. Scapes simple, commonly with a few scales toward the base. Flowers racemose 
or sometimes solitary. Pedicels subtended by small bracts. Sepals 2, accompanied by 2 
similar bractlets. Corolla surpassing the calyx, strongly 2-lipped. Stamens incurved: 
filaments stout. Capsules 2-valved.  [ Polypompholyx Lehm. ] 

1. Cosmiza longeciliàta (A. DC.) Small. Glabrous, bright green. Leaves few or 
many, often wanting; blades linear, 5-6 mm. long: scapes filiform, 5-15 cm. high, with 
several bristly scales, chiefly near the base: racemes 3-7-flowered, spike-like: pedicels 
shorter than the calyx: bracts, bractlets and calyx conspicuously ciliate with long hairs: 
corolla yellow, 6-8 mm. broad ; lips unequal, the lower one larger, nearly entire ; spur 
horn-shaped, about as long as the lower lip. [Utricularia longeciliata A. DC. ] 

In springy places, peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 


3. UTRICULARIA L. 
Aquatic or terrestrial scapose herbs. Stems horizontal, creeping on the surface of the 


ground in wet places or in shallow water, or more or less free-swimming: some species 
essentially acaulescent, the stems minute or obsolete. Leaves commonly finely dissected, 
bladder-bearing, often reduced, rarely wanting. Bladders constricted at the mouth, which 
is closed by an operculum and often furnished with several projecting processes. Flowers 
solitary or racemose. Sepals 2, slightly united. Corolla 2-lipped, with a palate closing the 
throat : upper lip entire or 2-lobed : lower lip entire or 3-lobed, produced into a spur at the 
base. Capsule commonly irregularly dehiscent, several- or many-seeded. BLADDERWORT. 


Scapes solitary at the nodes of elongated, more or less free-swimming stems. 
Corolla violet-purple. 1. U. purpurea. 
Corolla yellow. 

Scapes each with a whorl of conspicuous inflated bracts. 


Racemes 1-3-flowered : corolla about 1.5 em. broad. 2. U. radiata. 
Racemes 5-12-flowered : corolla*about 2 cm. broad. 3. U. inflata. 
Scapes without conspicuous inflated bracts. 
Racemes 5-10-flowered : leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected : mature bladders x 
at least 3 mm. long. . U. vulgaris. 
Racemes 10-20-flowered : leaves 4-5-pinnately dissected : bladders 2 mm. 
long or less. E 
Pedicels recurving in fruit. 5. U. oligosperma. 
Pedicels erect or ascending in fruit. 6. U. Floridana. 
Seapes solitary or several together, the stems radiating from their bases often 
more or less root-like. 
Corolla yellow. RAS 
Spur much shorter than the lower lip of the corolla, conic, obtuse. 7. U. gibba. 
Spur about the length of the upper lip of the corolla. 125 
Corolla less than 12 mm. broad. 8. U. biflora. 
Corolla more than 12 mm. broad. 9. U. Md "S 
Spur much exceediug in length the lower lip of the corolla. 10. U. macrorhyncha. 


Corolla violet-purple: flower solitary, transverse on the summit of the scape. 11. U. resupinata. 


Seapes solitary, rooting: stems, leaves and bladders so minute and delicate that 
they are usually overlooked. 
Pedicels longer than the subtending bracts. 
Pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts. 

reed shorter than the calyx. 

Jorolla surpassing the calyx. ; 
Corolla less than 1 em. broad; spur about 6 mm. long. 14. U gunea 
Corolla more than 1.5 cm. broad ; spur about 12 mm. long. 15. U. cornuta. 

1. Utricularia purpùrea Walt. Stems submersed, elongated, the branches eru 
ous, whorled, verticillately decompound. Leaves none: bladders solitary, ee 
many of the ultimate branchlets, the orifices without projecting processes : papa : "d 
slender, spongy-thickened below, 1-3 dm. tall, often naked : racemes 1-4-How "ue a Is 
cels erect or ascending : calyx becoming 2-2.5 mm. long: corolla violet-purpis, n the 
broad, the upper lip truncate, the lower lip 3-lobed, its saccate lateral lobes im euch 
palate; spur conic, somewhat flattened, about 3 as long as the middle lobe: capsu'e 
or ascending. 

In ponds and ditches, Maine to Indiana and Florida. Spring to fall. 


2. Utricularia radiàta Small. Stems submersed, slender, elongated. Los e 
omously dissected, copiously bladder-bearing : scapes erect, emersed, 6-12 cm. E ore or 
ing near the middle a single whorl of 4-6 conspicuous inflated bracts, which are e di- 
less confluent at the base and pinnately dissected near the tip: racemes 1-3-flowerec PON 
cels 0.5-1.5 cm. long, erect or ascending in fruit: calyx becoming 2-3 mm. torg ioed, 
yellow, about 1.5 cm. broad, the upper lip concave, nearly entire ; the lower, p Chapt, 
about twice as long as the appressed conic emarginate spur. [U. inflata var. mino 
not U. miner L.] 

In ponds and ditches, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


12. U. subulata. 
13. U. simplex. 


PINGUICULACEAE 1091 


3. Utricularia inflata Walt. Stems submersed, often stout, elongated. Leaves 
dichotomously dissected, copiously bladder-bearing : scapes erect, emersed, 2-6 dm. tall, 
bearing near the middle a single whorl of 6-9 conspicuous inflated bracts, which are 
more or less confluent at the base and pinnately dissected near the tip: racemes 5-12- 
flowered : pedicels 1-3 em. long, spreading or recurving in fruit : calyx becoming 4-5 cm. 
long: corolla yellow, about 2 cm. broad, the upper lip concave, nearly entire, the lower 
lip 3-lobed, about twice as long as the appressed conic emarginate spur. 

In ponds and ditches, Maine to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


4. Utricularia vulgaris L. Stems submersed, leafy, 3-12 dm. long. Leaves numer- 
ous, alternate; blades 2-3-pinnately dissected into filiform segments, usually bearing 
numerous bladders: bladders when fully developed 3-5 mm. long: scapes erect, 1-3 dm. 
tall: racemes 5-10-flowered : pedicels 5-15 mm. long, recurving at maturity : calyx becom- 
ing 3-3.5 mm. long: corolla yellow, 12-15 mm. broad, the upper lip erect, nearly entire, 
the lower lip spreading, slightly 3-lobed ; spur not appressed, horn-like, slightly curved, 
shorter than the lower lip : capsules many-seeded. 

In ponds and ditehes, throughout Canada and the United States. Also in Europe and Asia. 
Spring and summer. 

5. Utricularia oligospérma St. Hil. Stems submersed, 9-30 dm. long. Leaves 
chiefly in alternate pairs, one of each pair much more copiously bladder-bearing, 3-10 cm. 
long; blades pinnately 4-5-dissected into very fine or capillary segments, the segments 
fewer when the bladders are more numerous: bladders 2 mm. long or less: scapes erect, 
1-3 dm. tall: racemes 10-20-flowered : pedicels 1-2 cm. long, recurving at maturity: 
calyx becoming 4—5 mm. long: corolla yellow, 15-20 mm. broad, the upper lip erect, 
nearly entire, the lower lip spreading, slightly 3-lobed ; spur not appressed, slenderly 
conic, slightly curved, shorter than the lower lip: capsules few-seeded. 

In ponds, lakes and ditches, Florida to Louisiana. Also in tropical America. 


6. Utricularia Floridana Nash. Similar to the next preceding species. Scapes 
more or less tortuous, 1.5-4 dm. tall: pedicels erect or ascending at maturity: calyx be- 
coming 3-4 mm. long : corolla 12-15 mm. broad. 

In ponds, peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. 


7. Utricularia gíbba L. Stems radiating from the base of the scape or scapes, sev- 
eral cm. long, delicate, root-like : leaves scattered, sparingly divided ; segments capillary, 
with few minute bladders : scapes erect, wire-like, 2-10 cm. tall: flowers 2, or rarely 1-3 
near the top of the scape: pedicels very slender, erect or ascending: calyx becoming 2-3 
mm. long: corolla yellow, 5-7 mm. broad ; spur obtuse, shorter than the lower lip. 

In shallow water, New England, Ontario and Missouri to Louisiana and Florida. Summer. 


8. Utricularia bifldra Lam. Similar to the next preceding species. Corolla about 
10 mm. broad ; spur subulate, about as long as the lower lip. 
In shallow water, Massachusetts to Illinois, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 


9. Utricularia fibrósa Walt. Stems radiating from the base of the scape or scapes, 
often 1-2 dm. long and free-swimming at the tip. Leaves numerous ; blades 2-3-dichot- 
omously dissected, or the bladder-bearing ones much reduced : scapes erect, slender, 1-3 
dm. tall: racemes 2—5-flowered, usually 3-flowered : pedicels ascending, 5-20 mm. long: 
calyx becoming 2-3 mm. long: corolla yellow, about 15 mm. broad ; lips nearly equal ; 
spur linear, appressed, about as long as the lower lip, obtuse or emarginate at the apex. 

In and about ponds, chiefly in pine lands, New York to Florida and Louisiana. 


10. Utricularia macrorhyncha Barnhart. Stems radiating from the base of the 
scape or scapes, short, root-like. Leaves few; blades mostly bladder-bearing and much 
reduced : scapes erect, slender, 5-10 cm. tall: racemes 1-3-flowered, usually 2-flowered : 
calyx becoming 2 mm. long: corolla yellow, about 10 mm. broad; lips nearly equal ; spur 
slenderly conic, appressed, longer than the lower lip, obtuse or emarginate at the apex. 

In shallow water, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. 


11. Utricularia resupinàta B. D. Greene. Stems radiating from the base of the 
scape or scapes, short, root-like. Leaves scattered ; blades simple or forked near the base ; 
segments slender, capillary, often bladder-bearing : scapes erect, 2-5 cm. tall: flowers soli- 
tary: calyx becoming 1.5-2 mm. long: corolla violet-purple, 6-10 mm. long, reflexed so 
that it rests transversely on the top of the scape; spur conic, obtuse, shorter than the rest 
of the corolla, distant from the lower lip, with which it is parallel. 

In sandy swamps and shallow ponds, Maine to Michigan and Florida. Spring to fall. 

12. Utricularia subulàta L. Stems, leaves and bladders minute and delicate, evanes- 
cent. Scapes rooting in mud, filiform, bronze-colored, 2-20 cm. tall: racemes 1-9-flowered : 
rachis becoming zigzag when well-developed : pedicels ascending, 2-10 mm. long, surpass- 


1092 OROBANCHACEAE 


ing the bracts: calyx becoming 2-3 mm. long: corolla yellow, 4-6 mm. broad, the lower 
lip much larger than the upper one, equally 3-lobed ; spur oblong, appressed, nearly as 
long as the lower lip. 

In wet places, chiefly in pine lands, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 
Spring to fall. 

13. Utricularia simplex C. Wright. Stems, leaves and bladders minute and delicate. 
Scapes rooting in mud, erect, 8-20 cm. tall, strict, slender: racemes spike-like, 2-6-flow- 
ered : calyx becoming 2-2.5 mm. long: corolla shorter than the calyx ; lips nearly equal : 
spur obtuse. 

In pine lands, eastern Florida. Also in Cuba. 

14. Utricularia jáncea Vahl. Stems, leaves and bladders minute and delicate. 
Scapes rooting in mud, erect, 1-4 dm. tall: racemes spike-like, 3-12-flowered : calyx be- 
coming 3-3.5 mm. long: corolla yellow, less than 1 em. broad ; lower lip larger than the 
upper, laterally flattened, rather pointed ; spur horn-like, acute, slightly curved, pendant, 
about 6 mm. long. 

In bogs and meadows, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies and tropical 
America. Summer. 

15. Utricularia cornüta Michx. Stems, leaves and bladders minute and delicate. 
Scapes rooting in mud, erect, 1-4 dm. tall: racemes spike-like, 2-8-flowered, the flowers 
approximate: calyx becoming 4-5 cm. long: corolla yellow, 1.6-2 cm. broad: lower lip 
much larger than the upper, laterally flattened, abruptly pointed ; spur horn-like, acute, 
slightly curved, pendant, about 12 mm. long. 


In sandy or sphagnous swamps, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring and 
summer. 


FAMILY 16. OROBANCHACEAE Lindl. BRooMw-RAPE FAMILY. 


Commonly perennial herbs, with astringent bitter and caustic properties, 
destitute of green foliage and parasitic on the roots of other plants. Stems some- 
times almost wanting. Leaves scale-like. Flowers perfect, or rarely dioecious 
sometimes cleistogamous and complete on the same plant. Calyx of four or five 
more or less united sepals, persistent: tube campanulate or tubular, often 
oblique, rarely spathe-like. Corolla persistent or withering: limb more or less 
bilabiate and irregular. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens, adnate to the 
corolla, mostly included. Filaments terete. Anthers 2-celled or rarely 1-celled, 
leathery. Gynoecium free, 2-carpellary with 2 parietal placentae, which are 
often 2-lobed or divided. Styles united, terminal. Stigma capitate or 2-lobed. 
Ovules mostly numerous, anatropous. Fruit a capsule, enclosed in the persis- 
tent corolla, with 1 or apparently 2 cavities. Seeds very numerous, minute, with 
a thickish shining furrowed or tuberculate testa. Endosperm white, transparent. 
Embryo at the extremity of the endosperm. 

Flowers perfect and complete throughout. : 
Calyx irregular, spathe-like, the lower side split, the upper with 3 or 4 tooth-like mu aoe " 
Calyx regular or nearly so, with 2-5 equal or unequal lobes. 


E Pe opna above and below, the lateral lobes often 2-cleft. 2. OROBANCHE. 

/alyx nearly equally 5-lobed. 

UNE subtended by bractlets. " EE Hic oer 
Flowers without bractlets. 5. LEPTAMNIUM. 


Flowers various, cleistogamous on lower part of spike, complete but mostly sterile above. 


1. CONÓPHOLIS Wallr. 

Parasitic herbs, with pale yellow or brownish glabrous foliage. Stems simple, very 
stout. Leaves scale-like, erect or appressed, often imbricated at the base of the stem. 
Flowers perfect, in dense terminal scaly-bracted spikes. Calyx accompanied by 2 bract- 
lets, spathe-like, split on the lower side, 3—4-toothed on the upper. Corolla colored hike 
the rest of the plant: tube curved: limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip arching, notches: 
lower lip shorter, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, somewhat exserted : filaments in slightly unequ? 
pairs, sometimes accompanied by a fifth one. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 placentae : stigma 
slightly 2-lobed. Ovules numerous. Capsule 2-valved. SQuaw-Root. 


1. Conopholis Americana (L. f.) Wallr. Perennial, fleshy. Stems clustered, sans 
1-2 dm. tall, simple, clothed with ovate or lanceolate acute scales (reduced sepa r if x 
as long as the sterile part of the stem or the flowers sometimes extending to the base: €: 


OROBANCHACEAE 1093 


sessile, surpassing the two bracts; tube split on the lower side, terminating in 3-4 teeth 
on the upper side: corolla yellowish or pale yellow, surpassing the calyx, the upper lip 
notched, the lobes of lower lip obtuse or notched: capsules ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long, obliquely 
pointed. 

In woods, Maine to Michigan and Florida. Spring and summer. 


2. OROBANCHE L. 

Parasitic herbs, on roots of various plants, commonly with yellowish or brownish 
pubescent foliage. Leaves scale-like. Flowers spicate, with bractlets. Calyx with a deep 
sinus above and below, the lateral lobes often 2-cleft. Corolla irregular: tube slightly 
curved: limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect or incurved, the lower lip spreading. Ovary 
l-celled. Capsule 2-valved. BRoow-RAPE. 

1. Orobanche minor J. E. Smith. Foliage glandular-pubescent, yellowish or yellow- 
ish brown. Stems solitary or clustered, 1-5 dm. tall, simple: scales (leaves) ovate to 
lanceolate, 6-20 mm. long, acute, sessile: spikes interrupted below, continuous above, 1-2 
dm. long: bracts lanceolate, as long as the flowers or longer: calyx pubescent; lobes 
lanceolate-subulate : corolla glandular-pubescent especially along the back, 1-1.5 em. long ; 
fuv eh, the lips bluish, erose and irregularly toothed : capsules oblong, less than 1 
cm. long. 

PIENE on clover-roots, New Jersey to North Carolina. Naturalized from Europe. Spring and 
summer. 

3. MYZORRHIZA Philippi. 

Parasitic herbs, on the roots of other plants, with more or less pubescent foliage. 
Leaves scale-like. Flowers spicate, or sometimes peduncled, subtended by bractlets. Calyx 
nearly equally 5-lobed, the lobes narrow. Corolla purplish: tube slightly curved: limb 
2-lipped, the lips often nearly erect. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule 2-valved. 

1. Myzorrhiza Ludoviciàna (Nutt.) Rydb. Foliage minutely glandular-pubescent. 
Stems solitary or clustered, simple or usually branched, 0.5-3 dm. tall, scaly, often stout : 
scales (leaves) ovate to ovate-lanceolate: spikes 2-15 cm. long, dense, conspicuous : calyx 
densely glandular-pubescent; lobes linear-lanceolate or nearly linear: corolla purplish, 
1.5 em. long: tube constricted above the ovary, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower lip 3- 
lobed, the lobes entire: capsules oblong-ovoid. 

In sandy soil, Northwest Territory to Illinois, Texas and California. Summer. 


4. THALESIA Raf. 

Parasitic herbs, with pale or pink foliage. Stems solitary or tufted, simple or branched. 
Leaves scale-like, sometimes mainly at the base of the plant. Flowers perfect, occasionally 
solitary, peduncled or pediceled. Calyx erect or horizontal : lobes nearly equal, acute or 
acuminate. Corolla often more deeply colored than the rest of the foliage: tube curved : 
limb slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip often 2-lobed, the lower lip spreading, with 3 more or 
less unequal lobes. Stamensincluded. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 usually equidistant placentae. 
Stigmas peltate to slightly 2-cleft. Ovules numerous. Capsule erect or ascending, 2- 
valved. [Aphyllon Mitch.] BRooM-RAPE. 

1. Thalesia unifldra (L.) Britton. Foliage glandular-pubescent. Stems very short, 
often branching, commonly subterranean, scaly: peduncles solitary or several together, 
0.5-1.5 dm. tall, simple : flowers solitary, violet-scented : calyx campanulate ; lobes lanceo- 
late, acuminate, as long as the tube or longer: corolla cream-colored or tinged with pur- 
ple; tube 1-1.5 cm. long; lobes oblong or obovate, ciliate, 4-} as long as the tube: 
capsules erect, conic-ovoid, about 1 em. long. 

In woods, parasitic on roots, Newfoundland to British Columbia, middle Georgia, Texas and Cali- 
fornia. Spring and summer. 

5. LEPTÁMNIUM Raf. 

Parasitic caulescent herbs, with firm tissues and dark-colored foliage. Leaves scale- 
like, few. Flowers in elongated open spikes, of 2 kinds, cleistogamous on the lower part of 
the spike, and complete but mostly sterile above. Calyx nearly regular, 5-lobed. Corolla 
paler than the rest of the plant: tube curved and slightly enlarged upward : lobes 4, nearly 
equal, the slightly longer upper one concave or arching. Stamens slightly exserted. 
Ovary 1-celled, with 4 broad placentae in pairs. Stigma between capitate and 2-lobed. 
Ovules numerous. Capsule short, 2-valved at the apex. [Epiphegus Nutt.] BEECH-DROPS. 


1094 BIGNONIACEA E 


1. Leptamnium Virginianum (L.) Raf. Foliage purple or yellowish brown, some- 
times puberulent. Stems from a short base, solitary or tufted, erect, branched, 1-4 dm. tall, 
sparingly scaly especially at the base : racemes spike-like: pedicels 1-2 mm. long, enlarged 
upward: calyx often variegated ; lobes triangular or ovate-triangular, about as long as the 
tube, acute: cleistogamous flowers 2-3 mm. long: corolla of the complete flowers ascend- 
ing, 10-13 mm. long; tube curved, the upper lip notched, its lobes obtuse, the lower lip 3- 
lobed, its lobes acute, somewhat plaited : capsules 3-5 mm. broad, broader than high. 

In beech woods, New Brunswick to Ontario, Michigan, Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 


FAMILY 17. BIGNONIACEAE Pers. TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY. 


Trees, twining or climbing shrubby plants, or rarely herbs. Leaves oppo- 
site, rarely alternate or whorled, often developing tendrils from the petioles, 
without stipules: blades simple or pinnately-compound.  Inflorescence com- 
monly spicate or racemose. Flowers showy, sometimes solitary, perfect, irregu- 
lar. Calyx free, of usually 2 more or less united sepals. Corolla irregular, 5- 
lobed or 2-lipped, hypogynous, deciduous : tube varying from campanulate to 
tubular. Androecium of 5 stamens, 1 or 3 reduced to sterile filaments, or 4 and 
then didynamous. Filaments filiform, adnate to the corolla-tube, mostly in- 
cluded. Anther-sacs commonly divaricate. Gynoecium 2-carpellary. Ovary 1- 
celled with two parietal placentae or mainly 2-celled by a false partition between 
the placentae, surrounded by a fleshy disk: styles united: stigmas mostly 2. Ovules 
numerous, horizontal or rarely pendulous or ascending, anatropous. Fruit a 
leathery or woody capsule, often flattened and with two cavities and two valves. 
Seeds numerous, winged, with a membranous or leathery testa. Endosperm 
wanting. Embryo with cordate cotyledons notched at the apex. 


Leaf-blades compound: vines or rarely herbaceous plants. Sus: 
Calyx with an undulate ah a : capsule flattened parallel with its partition. 1. BIGNONIA. 
Calyx with 5 lobes: capsule fiattened at right angles to its partition. 
Upright mainly herbaceous plants : ovules in 2 rows in each cavity oftheovary. 2. STENOLOBIUM. 
Vines with twining stems: ovules in several rows in each cavity of the ovary. 3. CAMPSIS. 
Leaf-blades simple: shrubs or trees. 


Anther-bearing stamens 2: leaves opposite. 4. CATALPA. 
Anther-bearing stamens 4: leaves sonas or scattered. 
Ovary 2-celled: fruit loculicidally valved : leaf-blades linear or nearly so. 5. CHILOPSIS. 


Ovary 1-celled at least above: fruit indehiscent: Jeaf-blades relatively broad. 6. CRESCENTIA. 


1. BIGNONIA L. 

High-climbing or shrubby vines. Leaves opposite : blades 2-3-foliolate, or 1-foliolate, 
(the terminal one often represented by a tendril), entire or rarely toothed. Flowers in 
axillary cymes or in terminal panicles. Calyx campanulate or cup-shaped, nearly trun- 
cate or undulate. Corolla usually showy : limb spreading, more or less distinctly 2-lipped ; 
lobes much shorter than the tube. Stamens 4 (fertile), didynamous: filaments adnate 
to the base of the corolla: anthers glabrous. Ovary short-stalked or nearly sessile, 
2-celled. Ovules in 1 row on each placenta or more or less distinctly in 2 or 3 TOWS. Cap- 
sule narrow, elongated, flattened parallel with its partition. Seeds flattened, winged. 

1. Bignonia crucigera L. An evergreen high-climbing vine, with glabrate foliage 
and much-branched stems. Leaves compound : petioles 1-2 cm. long, prolonged uae 
forking tendrils: leaflets 2, oblong-oval or oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, slightly acu- 
minate but obtuse or mucronate, cordate or auricled at the base: flowers in axillary clus- 
ters: pedicels 2-4 cm. long, stout: calyx campanulate, 5-8 mm. long, lobes very on 
corolla red-orange without, yellow within, 4-5 em. long; lobes rounded or ovate, sai 
as long as the tube: stamens included : filaments villous at the base: capsules linear, 

17 em. long, flattened. [B. capreolata L.] 
In thickets, Virginia to Illinois, Florida and Louisiana. Spring. TRUMPET-FLOWER. 


2. STENOLOBIUM D. Don. 
Upright mainly herbaceous plants. Leaves usually opposite : blades unequally bus 
nate, the leaflets with toothed blades. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Ca 1: 
tubular-campanulate : lobes 5, nearly equal. Corolla funnelform. Stamens include fi 
anthers often pubescent, with foliaceous connectives. Ovary with many ovules borne 
2 rows in each cavity. Capsule slender, with leathery boat-like valves. Seeds winged. 


BIGNONIACEAE 1095 


1. Stenolobium stáns ( L.) D. Don. A branching plant 3-14 dm. tall, with erect 
stem, the foliage glabrous or minutely pubescent. Leaves pinnate, 1-2 dm. long: leaflets 
7-9 ; blades lanceolate, narrowly elliptic or nearly linear, 4-10 cm. long, acuminate, sharply 
serrate, sessile or nearly so: racemes rather many-flowered : pedicels variable, 1-10 mm. 
long: calyx tubular-campanulate, 3-5 mm. high ; lobes often triangular, acuminate, much 
shorter than the tube: corolla yellow, funnelform, 3.5-4.5 em. long ; limb 4-5 em. broad, 
the lobes undulate : capsules linear, 10-20 cm. long, acute. [Tecoma stans ( L.) Juss. ] 

In sandy soil, Florida and southern Texas to Mexico. Also in tropical America. 


3. CAMPSIS Lour. 


Vines. Leaves mainly opposite: blades unequally pinnate, the leaflets with toothed 
blades. Flowers in clusters or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate: lobes 5, nearly 
equal. Corolla tubular-funnelform. Stamens included. Ovary with numerous ovules 
borne in several rows in each cavity. Capsule narrow, with firm-leathery concave valves. 
Seeds winged. TRUMPET-FLOWER. TRUMPET-CREEPER. 

1. Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. A bushy vine climbing by aérial rootlets, the foliage 
softly pubescent to glabrate, the stems several m. long. Leaves pinnate: leaflets 7-11 ; 
blades oval, ovate or elliptic, 2-6 cm. long, acute or usually acuminate, coarsely serrate, 
gradually narrowed, short-petioluled : corymbs few-flowered: pedicels stout, 0.5-2 cm. 
long : calyx tubular-campanulate, 14-18 mm. long; lobes triangular or triangular-ovate, 
much shorter than the tube: corolla red and orange, or yellow within, tubular-funnel- 
form, 5-9 cm. long ; limb 3-5 em. broad, oblique, the lobes suborbicular or reniform : cap- 
sules spindle-shaped, 1-1.8 em. long, acute. [Tecoma radicans ( L.) DC.] 

In woods, swamps and thickets, Pennsylvania to Missouri, Florida and Texas. 


4. CATALPA L. 


Shrubs or trees, with a watery sap, scaly bark and soft wood. Leaves opposite, 
whorled or alternate, deciduous, without stipules : blades membranous. Flowers large and 
showy, white or yellow, in terminal panicles or corymbs. Calyx closed, obovoid and apic- 
ulate when young, later splitting into two broad concave lobes. Corolla oblique, strongly 
blotched or spotted, its limb bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 
2 or rarely 4, adnate to the base of the corolla, accompanied by several minute or rudimen- 
tary staminodia, included or slightly exserted : filaments filiform, flattened : anthers introrse, 
the sacs divergent, brought near the stigma by a bend in the filaments. Ovary 2-celled, 
sessile on a thick disk : style filiform: stigmas 2. Ovules numerous, inserted in many rows 
on the central placenta, horizontal, anatropous. Capsule much elongated, nearly 
terete, tapering at both ends, persistent, at length loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds nu- 
merous, in 2-4 ranks, flattened, much broader than long with a membranous testa which 
is constricted at either end of the seed and produced into long fimbriate wings at the 
sides. INDIAN BEAN. CIGAR-TREE. 

Panicles many-flowered, crowded: corolla with a limb 4-5 X 5-6 cm. 1. C. Catalpa. 
Panicles few-flowered, lax: corolla with a limb 6-7 x 7-8 em. 2. C. speciosa. 

1. Catalpa Catálpa (L.) Karst. A tree rarely 20 m. tall, with wide spreading 
branches. Leaf-blades ovate, 1-3 dm. long, acuminate, more or less densely tomentose be- 
neath, undulate, truncate or subcordate at the base; petioles usually shorter than the 
blades: panicles many-flowered: calyx glabrous or nearly so, 8-12 mm. long; lobes 
abruptly pointed: corolla white; tube campanulate, with 2 rows of yellow blotches within ; 
limb 4-5 X 5-6 em. the 3 lower lobes with purple spots: capsules linear, 1.5-4 dm. long, 
terete. [C. bignonioides Walt. ] 

In woods, mostly on river banks, New York to Florida and Texas. Native southward. Spring. 

2. Catalpa speciósa Warder. A tree sometimes 40 m. tall, with a thick scaly bark. 
Leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-3 dm. long, acuminate, undulate or angulately lobed, 
tomentose beneath, truncate or cordate at the base; petioles nearly as long as the blades 
or usually shorter: panicles few-flowered: pedicels 2-3 cm. long: calyx purple; lobes 
abruptly acuminate: corolla white; tube conic-campanulate, with 2 rows of yellow 
blotches within ; limb 6-7 X 7-8 em. ; lobes of the lower lip blotched with purple: capsules 
linear, 3.5-5 dm. long, terete. 

In damp soil or swamps, Illinois and Missouri to Alabama and Texas. Spring. 


1096 MARTYNIACEAE 


5. CHILOPSIS D. Don. 

Shrubs or trees, with furrowed bark and dark-colored coarse-grained wood. Leaves 
opposite or alternate, deciduous, without stipules: blades narrow, thin, entire, often 3- 
nerved, sometimes glutinous. Flowers perfect, showy, white, tinged with purple, in 
terminal puberulent racemes or thyrsoid panicles, with narrow bracts. Calyx membra- 
nous, splitting into 2 concave lobes. Corolla oblique, enlarged at the throat and blotched 
with yellow, inconspicuously bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, the mar- 
gins undulate, the central lobe larger than the rest. Stamens 4, adnate together with a 
staminodium to the base of the corolla-tube, mostly included : filaments filiform, the 2 pos- 
terior much shorter than the anterior pair: anther-sacs divergent. Ovary 2-celled, sessile 
on the nearly obsolete annular disk: style filiform: stigmas 2. Ovules numerous, hori- 
zontally borne in many rows in the central placenta, anatropous. Capsule narrow, elon- 
gated, tapering to both sides, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds numerous, in 2 ranks, flattened, 
notched at both ends, with a membranous testa which is produced into lateral fimbriate 
wings. Endosperm wanting. Embryo with cotyledons which are much broader than long. 

1. Chilopsis linearis ( Cav.) DC. A straggling shrub or small tree, sometimes 9 m. 
tall. Leaves numerous; blades linear, 10-20 cm. long, acuminate, rather prominently 
nerved, gradually narrowed to the base, or short-petioled : racemes 6-10 em. long, villous: 
calyx short-pedicelled ; lobes acute, villous, several-toothed at the apex: corolla white, 
with a shading of purple, funnelform ; lobes suborbicular, about 1 cm. in diameter, crisped : 
capsules narrowly linear, 10-20 em. long: seeds nearly 1.5 cm. long, bearded at both ends. 

Along streams, Texas to southern California and Mexico. 


6. CRESCÉNTIA L. 


Glabrous trees, with scaly bark and stout terete or angled branchlets. Leaves alter- 
nate, without stipules: blades leathery or membranous, solitary or fascicled, entire. 
Flowers perfect, clustered or solitary at the ends of branchlets. Calyx leathery, at length 
split into 2 lobes, or 5-cleft, deciduous. Corolla pale-yellow, striped with purple, oblique, 
tubular-campanulate: tube constricted near both ends and swollen on the lower side: limb 
inconspicuously bilabiate, obscurely 5-lobed, the lobes laciniate-toothed. Stamens 4, adnate 
together with a posterior staminodium, to the lower part of the corolla-tube, slightly 
exserted or included : filaments filiform : anther-sacs divergent. Ovary 1-celled, sessile 
ona thick annular disk : style filiform: stigmas 2. Ovules numerous, borne on two 2-lobed 
parietal placentae, anatropous. Capsule short and stout, indehiscent. 


Leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate, usually thrice as long as broad : capsules over 12 em. one ti 


Leaf-blades oblong to oblong-obovate, about twice as long as broad : capsules less than 12 m Ly. 

1. Crescentia Cujéte L. An evergreen tree 5-10 m. tall, with glabrous foliage. 
Leaves clustered ; blades leathery, spatulate or oblanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, abruptly 
acuminate, gradually narrowed to short-winged petioles: pedicels longer or shorter than 
the peduncles : calyx glabrous, 2-2.5 cm. long; lobes obtuse, little longer than bros 
corolla yellowish white, stout, tubular, 5-6 cm. long; lobes crisped, usually acute, muc 
shorter than the tube: capsules subglobose or oval, 1.5-3 dm. in diameter. 

In sand, Key West, Florida. Also in the West Indies. 

2. Crescentia ovata Burm. f. An evergreen tree rarely 7 m. tall, with Eie 
foliage. Leaf-blades leathery, oblong to oblong-ovate, 7-15 cm. long, abruptly pointed at 
the apex, acuminate at the base, short-petioled : pedicels 2-8 cm. long, in terminal prins 
calyx glabrous; lobes 2.5—4 cm. long, obtuse: corolla dull purple or creamy on the Tower 
side, tubular-funnelform, 5-6 cm. long; tube indented below; limb oblique, with a 4a 
flexed upper lip: capsules green, oblong or oval, 6-10 cm. long, blunt-pointed, obscure'y 
4-ridged : seeds 2-lobed, about 2 cm. broad, somewhat shorter. 

In sand, Florida. Also in the Antilles and tropical America. 


FAMILY 18. MARTYNIACEAE Link. UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial stocky herbs, with thick branching stems. ped 
posite or rarely alternate: blades expanded, thick, simple, mostly iens : 
into petioles. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx inferior, sessile or sta 


PLANTAGINACEAE 1097 


lobes 4 or 5, equal or unequal. Corolla gamopetalous, commonly showy: tube 
oblique, often decurved: limb 2-lipped ; lobes 5, spreading, slightly unequal, 
the 2 upper exterior in the bud. Stamens (fertile) 4, didynamous, or the two 
posterior ones without anthers. Filaments elongated.  Anthers with spreading 
sacs. Gynoecium 2-carpellary. Ovary 1-celled, elongated, with 2 parietal pla- 
centae, which sometimes form a false partition, thus making the cavity appar- 
ently 2-4-celled. Style slender. Stigmas 2, sometimes dilated. Ovules few or 
numerous, in two rows on each blade of the placentae. Fruit a beaked cap- 
sule. Seeds flattened, with or without wings. Endosperm wanting. Embryo 
large, with more or less flattened cotyledons. 


1. MARTYNIA L. 


Characters of the family. UNICORN PLANT. 
Corolla white or pink, 4-5 em. long: leaf-blades merely sinuate. 1, M. Louisiana. 
Corolla reddish or violet-purple, 2.5-3.5 cm. long: leaf-blades lobed. 2. M. fragrans. 

1. Martynia Louisiana Mill. Annual, densely viscid-pubescent, heavy-scented. 
Stems erect or much branched, the branches spreading or prostrate, 2-9 dm. long, fleshy, 
often zigzag : leaves alternate above; blades suborbicular or orbicular-ovate, often oblique, 
0.5-3 dm. in diameter, ciliate, sinuate, cordate ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter: 
peduncles 1-6 cm. long, becoming deflexed : bractlets linear or oblong, deciduous: flowers 
not fragrant: calyx cleft on the lower side; lobes ovate, obtuse: corolla white, or pink, 
spotted with yellow and purple within, 4-5 em. long; lobes broad, undulate : stamens all 
fertile: capsule 8-15 cm. long, strongly curved, separating into 2? elastically spreading 
valves; beak longer than the body. [M. proboscoidea Glox. ] 


On banks and in waste places, Maine to Iowa, Georgia and Texas. Naturalized eastward. Sum- 
mer and fall. Ram’s Horn. 


2. Martynia frágrans Lind]. Similar to M. Louisiana in habit, but smaller. Leaf- 
blades shallowly lobed as well as sinuate : flowers fragrant: corolla 2.5-3.5 cm. long, red- 
dish or v iolet-purple : capsule more slender than that of the preceding species. 

In dry soil, southern Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 


Order 8. PLANTAGINALES. 

A gamopetalous order, of uncertain relationship. Herbs, commonly acau- 
lescent. Leaves mainly or wholly basal: blades typically 1-several-ribbed. 
Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, in spikes. Calyx of 4 partially united 
or nearly distinct sepals. Corolla of 4 partially united, scarious and veinless 
petals. Androecium of 4 or 2 stamens. Gynoecium a compound superior pistil. 
Fruit capular, commonly a pyxis. 


FAMILY 1. PLANTAGINACEAE Lindl)! PLANTAIN FAMILY. 


Annual or perennial, acaulescent or short-stemmed, rarely stoloniferous 
plants with basal or, in (all our) stemmed forms, alternate leaves. Inflores- 
cence terminal spicate, on scapes or on axillary peduncles. Flowers bracteate, 
sessile, perfect, monoecious or dioecious. Calyx inferior, of 4 persistent often 
scarious-margined slightly united sepals. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or 
membranous, nerveless, usually persistent, with 4 erect or spreading imbricated 
lobes. Stamens (in ours) 4 or 2. Filaments adnate to the tube or throat of the 
corolla. Anthers versatile, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Gynoecium of a single 
pistil. Ovary superior, sessile, 1-2-celled or apparently 3-4-celled. Stigma 
single, filiform or slender. Ovules 1-many, amphitropous, peltate. Fruit (in 
ours) a circumscissile capsule or pyxis. Seeds 1-several in each cavity. Endo- 
sperm fleshy. Embryo straight or nearly so. 


1. PLANTAGO L. 
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves with their blades narrow or expanded, often 
prominently ribbed, thin or leathery and thickish. Scapes usually simple, solitary to 


1 Revised by Mr. E. L. Morris. 


1098 PLANTAGINACEAE 


many or clustered. Spikes elongated or abbreviated, sometimes conspicuously bracted. 
Calyx-lobes equal or two larger than the others. Corolla rather inconspicuous, during 
anthesis, at least, salverform or nearly rotate, constricted at the throat, the two lateral 
lobes exterior. Stamens exserted or included : filaments usually capillary. Capsule more 
or less membranous. Seeds with flattened or concave faces. PLANTAIN. 


Flowers mainly dioecious: corolla-lobes erect or closed over the capsules. 
Stamens 2: leaves linear to filiform. 
Capsule about twice as long as the calyx: seeds 10-30. 
Capsule slightly surpassing the calyx: seeds 2-4. 
Stamens 4: leaves with comparatively broad blades. 
Bracts and ealyx-lobes obtuse: seeds golden yellow. 
Braets and ealyx-lobes acute or acuminate: seeds red or fuscous. 
Bracts and calyx-lobes acutish : seeds fuscous. 
Bracts and calyx-lobes acuminate : seeds dark red. 
Flowers perfect: corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed on top of the capsules. 
Annuals; heterogenous: flowers mostly cleistogamous. ; 
Bracts not aristate, not over two times as long as the flowers. 
Bracts lanceolate to triangular, comparatively wide at the base. 
Plants usually spreading: spikes delicate: corolla-lobes less than 2 
- mm. long. 6. P. lanatifolia. 
Plants usually erect : spikes coarse : corolla-lobes more than 2 mm. long. 


heterophylla. 
elongata. 


Virginica. 


occidentalis. 
rhodosperma. 


om 0 DH 
boty Cv viv 


Plants glabrous or nearly so, drying dark brown. . P. Wrightiana. 
Plants villous to tomentose, not drying dark brown. 8. P. inflexa. 
Bracts linear-subulate to narrowly lanceolate, narrow at the base. 
Plants villous, drying dark brown: spikes coarse, thick, conspicuous by : 
the large corollas. P. Helleri. 
Plants white-woolly, not drying dark brown: spikes narrow-cylindri- E 
cal, not conspicuous. 10. P. Purshii. 
Bracts aristate, two or more times as long as the flowers. oh 
Plants lax and spreading: spikes plainly interrupted. 11. P. verticillata, 


Plants rigid and ascending or erect: spikes slightly if at all interrupted. : 
Bracts linear-subulate to tapering-linear: plants not drying dark brown. 12. P. spinulosa. 
_ Braets strictly linear, except at the apex: plants drying dark brown. 13. P. aristata. 
Perennials; proterogynous. 
Calyx-lobes various, the lower united, the upper nearly distinct. 14. P. lanceolata. 
Calyx-lobes all essentially distinct. 
Lateral nerves of the leaf-blades free and remote from the midrib. 


Spikes interrupted throughout: bracts very small. 15. P. sparsiflora. 
Spikes continuous at least above the base: bracts large. " t 
Capsules conie or oblong-conic, cireumscissile below the middle. 16. P. Rugelii. 
Capsules ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle. 17. P. major. 
Lateral nerves of the leaf-blades partially confluent with the midrib. 18. P. cordata. 


1. Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Annual, slender, glabrous or sparingly puber ulent. 
Leaves basal, 2-18 cm. long ; blades linear or nearly filiform, acute, entire or with several 
remote teeth or spreading narrow lobes, narrowed to the dilated base: scapes usually 
numerous, ascending or spreading, 2-2.5 cm. long, equalling or surpassing the leaves: 
spikes slender, 2-15 cm. long, loosely-flowered, interrupted at maturity: bracts ovate, 
1.5-2 mm. long, blunt: flowers dioecious or polygamous: calyx-lobes oval to rhombic- 
obovate, about 1.5 mm. long, very obtuse, scarious-margined, mostly shorter than the bracts : 
corolla glabrous ; lobes erect, ovate, 0.5 mm. long, acute: capsules oblong, 3-3.5 mm. 
long, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes, circumscissile below the middle: seeds 10-30, 
mainly 0.5-0.7 mm. long, dark red. 


In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida, Texas and southern California. Spring and summer. 


2. Plantago elongata Pursh. Annual, slender, sparingly pubescent. Leaves 
basal, several 2-12 cm. long; blades linear or nearly filiform, blunt-tipped, entire, 
obscurely 1-nerved, sometimes early deciduous: scapes usually several together, nearly 
filiform, 5-25 em. long, surpassing the leaves, often glabrate above : spikes rather loosely- 
flowered, slender: bracts ovate, 1-1.3 mm. long, acutish: flowers dioecious or polyga- 
mous: calyx-lobes oval to obovate, 1.3-1.5 mm. long, obtuse, about equalling the bracts 
in length, scarious-margined : corolla glabrous ; lobes erect, lanceolate to ovate lancelS?: 
capsules oblong or ovoid-oblong, about 2 mm. long, slightly surpassing the calyx-lobes, 
cireumscissile below the middle: seeds 2-4, 1-1.5 mm. long, dark red. [P. pusilla Nutt. ] 

In dry sandy soil, Connecticut to Oregon, Virginia, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 


3. Plantago Virginica L. Annual or biennial, very variable, glabrate to rather 
coarsely pubescent with 1-7-septate hairs. Leaves basal, spreading or ascending, epe 
long ; blades spatulate to obovate or elliptic, obtuse or acutish, entire or repond omnt ue > 
3-5-nerved, narrowed into margined petioles or nearly sessile: scapes erect or ascen eios 
0.5-20 dm. tall, much surpassing the leaves: spikes dense, sometimes interrupted be pd 
flowers dioecious : bracts linear-lanceolate to lanceolate : calyx-lobes oblong or ovate, z of 
mm. long, obtuse, scarious-margined, surpassing the bracts : corollas various, ia 
staminate flowers with spreading lobes, those of pistillate flowers with lobes usually un- 


PLANTAGINACEAE 1099 


equally erect after fertilization: capsules ovoid or oval-ovoid, 1.5-2 mm. long, circumscis- 
sile at about the middle: seeds 2-4, 1.3 mm. long, golden-yellow. 
In dry soil, Connecticut to Michigan, Missouri, Florida and Arizona. Spring and summer. 


4. Plantago occidentalis Decne. Annual or biennial, pubescent with 3-5-septate 
hairs. Leaves basal, 8-20 cm. long or more, spreading; blades spatulate to spatulate- 
lanceolate, obtusish, 3-5-nerved, subentire to strongly repand-lobed, narrowed into long 
somewhat margined petioles: scapes erect, 10-20 cm. tall, equalling or surpassing the 
leaves: spikes 3-15 cm. long, densely flowered or interrupted below: flowers dioecious : 
bracts ovate-lanceolate, equalling the calyx-lobes : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate to linear- 
oblong, acutish, narrowly scarious-margined, somewhat ciliolate: corolla smooth ; lobes 
narrowly ovate, subcordate, not closely connivent after fertilization : capsules oblong, about 
2.5 mm. long, circumscissile below the middle: seeds 2, about 1.75 mm. long, fuscous. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 


5. Plantago rhodospérma Decne. Annual or biennial, densely and coarsely pubes- 
cent with 1—7-septate hairs. Leaves basal, 5-18 cm. long, spreading or ascending ; blades 
oblong to spatulate, obtuse, 3- (or 5-)nerved, subentire to repand-dentate, sometimes tinged 
with red, narrowed into short margined flat petioles: scapes erect or decumbent, 2.5-20 cin. 
tall, usually much longer than the leaves: spike 1.5-15 cm. long, densely flowered, often 
interrupted below: flowers dioecious: bracts narrowly ovate, shorter than the calyx-lobes: 
calyx-lobes oblong to ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, typically acuminate, scarious-margined, some- 
what pubescent on the midrib: corolla glabrous or minutely papillose ; lobes ovate to del- 
toid-ovate, acute, usually connivent after fertilization : capsules oblong, about 3 mm. long, 
obtuse, circumscissile below the middle, often purplish : seeds 2, 2 mm. long, dark red. 

In sandy soil, Missouri and Oklahoma to Louisiana, Texas and Arizona. Spring and summer. 


6. Plantago lanatifólia (Coult. & Fish.) Small. Annual, floccose with white silky 
wool at least at the base. Leaves numerous, basal, 3-10 cm. long, spreading : blades nar- 
rowly oblanceolate or, when induplicate, appearing falcate, acute, entire or denticulate, 
gradually narrowed to the base : scapes ascending or spreading, solitary or several together, 
3-13 cm. tall, equalling or surpassing the leaves: spikes 1-3 em. long, 6-8 mm. thick, 
dense: flowers perfect: bracts deltoid-lanceolate, about $ the length of the calyx-lobes : 
calyx-lobes pilose, narrowly oblong, about 4 mm. long, scarious-margined : corolla glabrous ; 
lobes spreading, triangular-ovate, obtuse, dark at the base: capsules ovoid, obtuse, circum- 
scissile below the middle. 

In dry ground, Texas. Spring. 

7. Plantago Wrightiana Decne. Annual, usually glabrous, except the spikes and up- 
per part of the peduncles. Leaves alternate, erect or nearly so, rather rigid, 5-18 cm. long ; 

lades linear or slightly broadened upward, obtuse and callous-tipped, 3-nerved, entire, 
glabrous or sparingly pubescent at the dilated base of the short petioles : peduncles erect or 
ascending, somewhat enlarged above, twice or thrice longer than the leaves, silky-strigillose : 
spikes cylindric, 2-6 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, dense: flowers perfect : bracts deltoid-ovate, 
- not equalling the calyx-lobes, scarious-margined : calyx-lobes more or less silky, oval to 
cuneate, about 3 mm. long, scarious-margined : corolla glabrous ; lobes reflexed, ovate, 
cordate, 3-3.5 mm. long, obtuse, violet at the base : capsules broadly oblong, 4 mm. long, 
rounded at the apex, surpassing the calyx-lobes : seeds 2, about 3 mm. long, brown. 

In dry soil, Texas to Arizona. Spring and summer. - : 


8. Plantago infléxa Morris. Annual, villous to matted-tomentose. Leaves alter- 
nate, ascending to erect, 10-20 cm. long; blades oblanceolate-linear, acute and callous- 
tipped, 5-7-nerved, entire or with scattered teeth: peduncles ascending to erect, very 
stout, terete, much surpassing the leaves, 12-40 cm. high: spikes coarse, long-cylindric, 
3-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick, dense : flowers perfect : bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceo- 
late, slightly surpassing the calyx-lobes, scarious-margined : calyx-lobes more or less vil- 
lous, spatulate-oblong, rounded or retuse, about 3 mm. long, scarious-margined : corolla 
glabrous ; lobes reflexed, broad-ovate, cordate, 2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse, dark at the base : 
capsules broadly oblong, 4 mm. long, rounded, surpassing the calyx-lobes : seeds 2, about 
3 mm. long, brown. 

In dry soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. 


9. Plantago Hélleri Small. Annual, deep green, villous. Leaves basal, erect or 
ascending, rather numerous ; blades linear, slightly broadened upward, to linear-spatulate, 
2-14 cm. long, acute, 3-ribbed, entire and callous-tipped, glabrate in age, except near the 
base : scapes solitary or several together, erect or ascending, usually surpassing the leaves, 
villous: spikes oblong-cylindrical, 1-2 em. long, 7-12 mm. thick, conspicuous on account 
of the corolla-lobes : bracts linear-subulate, surpassing the calyx-lobes: flowers perfect : 


1100 PLANTAGINACEAE 


calyx-lobes 4 mm. long, silky, broadly oblong or oval, about 4.5 mm. long, the scarious 
margins much broader than the green midrib: corolla glabrous; tube often barely as 
long as the calyx ; lobes orbicular-ovate or suborbicular, about 4 mm. long, spreading, as 
long as the tube: capsules oblong, 4-5 mm. long, circumscissile below the middle : seeds 
2, about 4 mm. long, brown. 

In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 


10. Plantago Purshii R. & S. Annual, light green, white-woolly throughout. 
Leaves basal, 5-20 cm. long ; blades linear, acute or acuminate, 1-3-nerved, entire or rarely 
remotely toothed, narrowed into margined petioles: scapes erect, solitary or several together, 
5-40 em. tall, surpassing the leaves: spikes dense, 2-15 cm. long, very woolly : bracts rigid, 
about as long as the flowers or slightly longer, linear-subulate, acute, sometimes elongated 
or conspicuous: flowers perfect: calyx-lobes oblong, 2-3 mm. long, obtuse, scarious-mar- 
gined : corolla glabrous ; lobes ovate, spreading: capsules oblong, nearly 3-4 mm. long, 
slightly surpassing the calyx-lobes, circumscissile at the middle: seeds 2, 1.5-2 mm. long, 
light brown. 

On dry plains or prairies, Ontario to British Columbia, Texas and Mexico. Spring and summer. 


11. Plantago verticillàta Morris. Annual, light green, lax, pubescent. Leaves 
basal or nearly so, 8-12 cm. long; blades ascending, linear, acuminate, entire, narrowed 
into long-margined petioles, 3(—5)-nerved : scapes ascending, several, 10-60 cm. long, lax 
yet somewhat surpassing the leaves: spikes slender, with internodes 4—10 mm. long, 
ascending, long-interrupted, cylindrical, 3-7 cm. long, pubescent: bracts slender, herba- 
ceous, spreading, filiform-subulate, 6-14 mm. long, three to five times as long as the flowers: 
flowers perfect : calyx-lobes spatulate-oblong, 2 mm. long, rounded, with scarious margins : 
corolla glabrous; lobes narrowly ovate, 1.5 mm. long, obtuse, reflexed : capsules lanceo- 
late-oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, circumscissile at the lower third: seeds two, dark brown. 

On dry hills, southern Texas. Spring. 


12. Plantago spinulósa Decne. Annual, pale green, pubescent. Leaves basal, 5-12 
em. long; blades linear to spatulate-linear, acuminate and callous-tipped, entire, narrowed 
into margined petioles, 3-nerved : spikes erect, 5-10 cm. high, villous: spikes rather in- 
terrupted, erect, 3-7 em. long, villous: bracts linear-subulate, 7-17 mm. long, spread- 
ing, two to five times as long as the flowers : flowers perfect : calyx-lobes spatulate-oblong, 
2.5 mm. long, obtuse, scarious, with green midribs: corolla glabrous ; lobes ovate, 2.5 mm. 
long, obtuse, cordate: capsules equalling the calyx-lobes, oval, 2.5 mm. long, obtuse, cir- 
cumscissile at the middle: seeds 2, dark brown. 

On high prairies and foothills, Assiniboia to Texas. Spring and summer. 


13. Plantago aristàta Michx. Annual, deep-green, glabrate to villous. Leaves 
nearly basal, 5-25 em. long: blades linear, acuminate, entire and callous-tipped, narrowed 
into margined petioles, 3-5-nerved : scapes erect, solitary or several together, 10-50 cm. 
tall, rigid, surpassing the leaves: spikes dense, 2-15 cm. long, more or less pubescent but 
not woolly : bracts linear, puberulent, 1-3 em. long, surpassing the flowers by many times 
their length : flowers perfect: calyx-lobes spatulate-oblong or cuneate, 2-2.5 mm. long, 
obtuse, the outer herbaceous, the inner widely scarious-margined : corolla glabrous ; lobes 
ovate or orbicular-ovate, 2 mm. long, obtuse, cordate: capsules slightly narrowed upward, 
2.5-3 mm. long, slightly surpassing the calyx-lobes, circumscissile at the middle : seeds 2, 
2-3 mm. long, dark brown. 

In dry soil, Maine to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Florida and New Mexico. Natural 
ized in eastern North America. Spring to fall. 

14. Plantago lanceolàta L. Biennial or perennial, very variable, pubescent. 
Leaves basal, often numerous, 4-30 cm. long; blades linear-elliptic to broadly elliptic, 
acute and callous-tipped at the apex or acuminate at both ends, 3—7-nerved, entire or den- 
ticulate, narrowed into margined petioles ; which are dilated and hairy at the base: scapes 
erect or nearly so, 1-7 dm. tall, ridged : spikes cylindric, dense, 1-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. 
thick : bracts rhombic, 4-5 mm. long, the tip bent: flowers perfect : calyx-lobes 2-3 ec 
long, broadly oblong to oval, obtuse, the 2 lower ones usually united, their midribs closely 
subparallel : corolla glabrous; lobes broadly lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long : capsules oblong, 
3 mm. long, slightly longer than the calyx-lobes, circumscissile at about the middle : see 
2, fully 2 mm. long. 

i In fields and waste peces. New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory and Alaska, south to Flor- 
ida and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe and Asia. Spring to fall. RIB-GRASS. 

15. Plantago sparsiflòra Michx. Perennial, pubescent, or glabrate in age. -— 
basal, 8-30 cm. long; petioles shorter than the blades, margined ; blades Laconia 
very narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5(-7)-nerved, entire or ded 
denticulate : scapes erect, 2-7 dm. tall, slender, simple: spikes slender, sometimes 3. . 


LORANTHACEAE 1101 


long, glabrous or nearly so, loosely-flowered : bracts ovate, very much shorter than the 
calyx-lobes : flowers perfect : calyx-lobes orbicular to obovate, about 2 mm. long, rounded, 
each with a green midrib and scarious margins : corolla with tube slightly surpassing the 
calyx, glabrous; lobes reflexed : capsules oblong-cylindric, 3-4 mm. long, nearly twice as 
long as the calyx-lobes, circumscissile at the lower third : seeds 2, fully 2 mm. long. 

In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. 

16. Plantago Rugélii Decne. Perennial, bright green, glabrous or minutely pubes- 
cent. Leaves basal, 5-40 cm. long ; petioles flattened or channeled on the upper side, usually 
purple at the base ; blades broadly ovate to oblong, longer than the petioles or sometimes 
shorter, 5-7-nerved, entire or shallowly toothed, cuneately or abruptly narrowed at the base : 
scapes erect or ascending, solitary or several together, often surpassing the leaves, 10—50 
em. tall: spikes 2-30 cm. long, sometimes broadly bracted near the base : bracts fully one 
half as long as the calyx-lobes, acute: flowers perfect: sepals oblong, acute, 2-2.5 mm. 
long, keeled, often scarious-margined : corolla glabrous ; tubes slightly surpassing the calyx ; 
lobes spreading: capsules conic or oblong-conic, 4-4.5 mm. long, circumscissile below the 
middle: seeds 4-9, 1.5-2 mm. long. 

In woods and waste places, Maine to Ontario, North Dakota, Florida and Texas, and introduced 
farther west. Spring to fall. 

17. Plantago màjor L. Perennial, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Leaves basal, 
5-35 cm. long; petioles flattened or channeled on the upper surface, usually green at the 
base; blades ovate or oval, or rarely oblong, obtuse or acutish, 5—7-nerved, entire or 
coarsely toothed, rounded or cordate at the base, longer than the petioles or shorter : scapes 
erect, solitary or several together, surpassing the leaves, 8-40 cm. tall, rarely with several 
leaves under the spike, sometimes branched : spikes 4-20 cm. long, dense: bracts ovate, 
barely equalling the calyx-lobes: flowers perfect : calyx-lobes ovate to obovate, obtuse, not 
keeled, scarious-margined : corolla inconspicuous; tube about as long as the calyx ; lobes 
spreading or reflexed : capsules ovoid, about 3 mm. long, slightly surpassing the calyx- 
lobes, circumscissile at the middle: seeds 6-18, 0.7 mm. long. 

In waste places. throughout North America, except the extreme north. Chiefly naturalized east- 
ward from Europe. Spring to fall. 

18. Plantago cordàta Lam. Perennial, deep green, glabrous. Leaves basal, 1-4.5 
dm. long; petioles flattened, stout ; blades ovate to suborbicular, 5-30 em. long, acute or 
obtuse, 7-9-nerved, these confluent with the midrib below the middle of blade, entire or 
shallowly toothed, rounded or cordate at the base.: scapes erect, solitary or several together, 
surpassing the leaves, 15-50 cm. tall: spikes loosely-flowered, sometimes interrupted : 
bracts orbicular-ovate or reniform, 1.5-3 mm. long: calyx-lobes ovate to suborbicular, 
2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish : corolla surpassing the calyx ; lobes ovate or orbicular- 
ovate, spreading or reflexed in age: capsules globose-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, circumscissile 
at the middle or slightly below it: seeds 1—4, 3.5-4 mm. long. 

In swamps and on wet banks, New York to Missouri, Alabama and Louisiana. Spring and 


summer. `~ 
Order 9. SANTALALES. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, commonly parasitic on trees or on the roots of other 
plants. Leaves with expanded blades or often reduced to scales. Flowers per- 
fect or imperfect, inconspicuous, variously disposed. Calyx present, often a 
mere border. Corolla present or wanting. Androecium mostly of as many sta- 
mens as there are petals or sepals, or twice as many. Gynoecium compound, 
more or less inferior. Fruita drupe, a nut or a berry. Endosperm usually pre- 
sent, fleshy. 


Stamens as many as the petals or sepals : ovules not freely pendulous from an erect placenta. 


Leaves opposite : fruit a berry : tree-parasites. Fam. 1. LORANTHACEAE. 
Leaves mainly alternate: fruit a drupe or a nut: root-parasites. Fam. 2. SANTALACEAE. 
Stamens twice as many as the petals, except in Schoepfia: ovules freely pen- 
dulous from the erect placenta. Fam. 3. OLACACEAE. 


FAMILY 1. LORANTHACEAE D. Don. MISTLETOE FAMILY. 


Green parasitie shrubs or herbs, with chlorophyll-bearing tissues, growing 
mostly on woody plants from whose sap they take food through specialized roots 
called haustoria. Leaves mostly opposite, sometimes reduced to scales. Flow- 
ers regular, solitary or variously disposed, monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 
often sessile, truncate or lobed. Corolla of 2-6 more or less united petals. An- 
droecium of 2-6 stamens. Anthers 2-celled or confluently 1-celled. Gynoe- 


1102 SANTALACEAE 


cium a single compound pistil. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma blunt, sometimes 
sessile. Ovule usually solitary and suspended. Fruit a berry. Seed solitary, 
with the testa and the copious endosperm indistinguishable. Embryo terete or 
angled. 


1. PHORADENDRON Nutt. 


Shrubs, parasitic on trees, with jointed terete angled or flattened stems. Leaves oppo- 
site: blades leathery, flat, sometimes reduced to scales. Spikes axillary or terminal, 
solitary or several together, each joint furnished with a bract. Flowers very small, mostly 
dioecious : staminate with a 3-lobed or rarely a 2-5-lobed calyx, one stamen inserted at the 
base of each petal: anthers 2-celled, broad, opening lengthwise.  Pistillate flowers with 
a corolla like that of the staminate, and an inferior ovary adnate to the hypanthium : 
style very short, thick: stigma obtuse. Berry subglobose, sessile, often crowned with the 
persistent sepals, with a pale watery pulp. Seed solitary. MISTLETOE. 

1. Phoradendron flavéscens (Pursh) Nutt. A bright green or yellowish parasitic 
shrub growing in bunches on the limbs of deciduous-leaved trees. Stems 3-9 dm. long, 
often densely branched : leaves opposite ; blades leathery, spatulate or oblong-spatulate or 
sometimes oblong, 2.5-5 em. long, obtuse at the apex, entire, usually cuneately narrowed 
at the base, obscurely 3—5-nerved, short-petioled : petals obtuse, somewhat hooded: berry 
subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter, white, the pulp glutinous: seeds oblong, flattened. 

On various deciduous-leaved trees, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring. 


FAMILY 2. SANTALACEAE R. Br. SANDALWOOD FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs or trees, parasitic on the roots of other plants. Leaves op- 
posite or alternate: blades entire: stipules wanting. Flowers perfect, monoe- 
cious or dioecious, solitary or clustered. Calyx of 3-6 valvate sepals. Corolla 
wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals, and inserted at 
their bases or opposite them at the edge of a disk. Filaments distinct. Anthers 
opening lengthwise. Gynoecium a single compound pistil. Ovary 1-celled, 
sessile. Style cylindric or conic, sometimes wanting. Stigma capitate or lobed. 
Ovules 2-4, pendulous from the top of the central placenta. Fruit a drupe or 
nut. Seed solitary, nearly as thick as long. Testa wanting. Endosperm copi- 
ous, fleshy. Embryo apical. 

Herbaceous perennials : flowers perfect. L Com 
gaia Pee lg dioecious or polygamous. : i 
Anthers E MH Hia enais DR aula e a . NESTRONIS. 


9 
Anthers not connected with the sepals. "s Buor L 
Staminate flowers in racemes: leaves alternate. 4. PYRULARIA. 


1. COMANDRA Nutt. 


Glabrous herbs, perennial by elongated rootstocks, parasitic on the roots of other 
plants. Stems erect, solitary or clustered. Leaves alternate: blades entire, narrow. 
Flowers perfect, greenish white, in axillary or terminal peduncled cymes. Calyx of 4$ 
valvate sepals. Stamens 5 or rarely 4, inserted at the base of the sepals : filaments distinct, 
alternating with the lobes of the disk : anthers attached to the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. 
Ovary inferior, 1-celled : style elongated : stigma capitate. Ovules 2-4, pendulous from 
the end of the placenta. Drupe subglobose, with a thin somewhat fleshy pulp, and a crus- 
taceous stone, crowned with the persistent calyx. Seed subglobose. BASTARD ToAD-FLAX. 

1. Comandra umbellàta (L.) Nutt. Foliage bright green. Stems erect, solitary 
or clustered, leafy, angled, simple or branched : leaf-blades oblong, oval or oblong-lance? 
late, 1-3.5 em. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, entire, sessile, glabrous or aig : 
pubescent beneath : corymbs 1-3 cm. broad : peduncles slender, glaucescent : calyx Sieht 
pedicelled, greenish, about 5 mm. broad; tube deep green, turbinate ; segments c ^ 
green, oblong-ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, acute: stamens included: drupe subglobose, An te 
9 mm. in diameter, slightly ribbed, crowned with the persistent calyx-limb and wit 
forming an urn-shaped fruit. 


iod In thickets and on sandy banks, Cape Breton Island to British Columbia, Georgia and C 
pring. 


alifornia. 


OLACACEAE 1103 


2. NESTRONIA Raf. 


Low shrubs parasitic on the roots of other plants, with bright green foliage and a 
smooth shining bark. Stems terete, branched. Leaves opposite : blades thickish, entire, 
short-petioled. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, greenish : staminate in axillary peduncled 
umbels: pistillate solitary in the axils. Calyx of 4-5 valvate or slightly imbricated 
sepals. Hypanthium turbinate, adnate to the ovary. Stamens 4-5, inserted at the base 
of the sepals, alternating with the lobes of the disk: filaments short. Ovary inferior, 
l-celled : style stout, simple: stigma 3-4-lobed. Drupe nearly as thick as long, pedi- 
celled. Seed solitary. [Darbya A. Gray.] 

1. Nestronia umbéllula Raf. A low branching shrub, 3-10 dm. tall, with glabrous 
foliage. Leaves opposite or nearly so: blades membranous, oval varying to ovate or obo- 
vate, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse or acute, or rarely acuminate at both ends, entire, undulate, 
bright green above, pale beneath, short-petioled: staminate flowers 3-9 in axillary 
umbels: peduncles 1-3 cm. long: hypanthium top-shaped: calyx glaucescent, short-pedi- 
celled : sepals oblong-ovate, 2 mm. long, about equalling the hypanthium, obtuse: stamens 
shorter than the sepals: pistillate flowers solitary in the axils: pedicels 2-3 mm. long: 
sepals ovate: drupe oval or oblong-oval, 10-13 mm. long, glaucous. 

In woods and along streams, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 


3. BUCKLEYA Torr. 

Slender upright shrubs, with 2-ranked branches and leaves. Leaves opposite or nearly 
so: blades narrow, membranous, entire. Flowers small, greenish, dioecious : staminate in 
terminal umbels; hypanthium club-shaped, slender ; sepals 5, ovate or oval; stamens 4, 
shorter than the sepals ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Pistil- 
late flowers terminating branchlets, solitary: hypanthium thick, clavate: sepals nar- 
row, rather persistent: disk 4-lobed: ovary 1-celled, adnate to the hypanthium: style 
slender : stigma 4-lobed. Ovules pendulous. Drupe solitary, slightly flattened, furrowed. 
Seed shaped like the drupe. 

1. Buckleya distichophylla (Nutt.) Torr. A shrub 2-4 m. tall, the pubescent 
branches 2-ranked. Leaves opposite or nearly so; blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
2-7 cm. long, acuminate at both ends or acute at the base, entire, ciliate, undulate, 2- 
ranked, sessile : staminate flowers in terminal umbels: peduncles 2-4 mm. long: sepals 4, 
ovate, 1.5-2 cm. long, obtuse, ciliate: stamens 4, shorter than the sepals: pistillate flowers 
solitary, terminal, minutely pubescent without: hypanthium club-shaped : sepals linear 
or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed : drupe oval or oblong-oval, 2-2.5 
em. long, yellowish green. 

On river banks, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 


4. PYRULARIA Michx. 


Shrubs or trees, with more or less pubescent foliage. Stems with spreading branches. 
Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades thickish,