FLORA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES BEING DESCRIPTIONS OF ———— THE SEED-PLANTS, FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES GROWING NATURALLY IN NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, FLORIDA, TENNESSEE, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA AND THE INDIAN TERRITORY AND IN OKLAHOMA AND TEXAS EAST OF THE ONE-HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN BY JOHN KUNKEL SMALL, Pu.D. CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Y -y A - EN ae NEW YORK ene BOTAS P. e V 4 sa OS , Jy PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR o~ «= (5 Gl y poy C / Nw y^ 1903 ix. i Copyright 1903 By JOHN KUNKEL SMALL. Press OF Tue New ERA PRINTING COMPANY, LANCASTER, PA. PREFACE. The object of this Flora is to present descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally within the southeastern United States as limited by the northern boundaries of North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Indian Territory and Oklaboma, and the one hundredth Meridian, together with the known geographical distribution of each species. The usual flowering-period is given after the geographical distribution, except in cases where plants bloom throughout the year. The arrangement of the higher plant-groups is essentially that of Engler and Prantl in their Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, except where modifications of the sequence there adopted have seemed to be desirable. Analytical keys formed by the contrasting of diagnostie characters precede the descriptions of the families, genera and species, while a general key to the orders precedes the main body of the Flora. The collections on which the work is based are mainly at the New York Botanical Garden. The manuscript of several groups has been prepared else- where by specialists, as indicated in the text. To the custodians of the larger herbaria of the country, I wish to express my thanks for opportunities afforded for the examination of specimens desirable for study, during the prosecution of my investigations. Ialso take pleasure in acknowledging important assistance by my associates, Dr. N. L. Britton, Prof. L. M. Underwood, Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Mr. G. V. Nash, Dr. J. H. Barnhart and Mr. R. M. Harper ; by Mr. C. D. Beadle, Director of the Biltmore Herbarium and his associates ; by Prof. W. L. Bray, of the University of Texas, Mr. A. M. Huger of North Carolina, Mr. A. Cuthbert of Georgia and Prof. S. W. Stanfield of Texas. J. K. SMALL. THE NEw Yonk BOTANICAL GARDEN, July 22, 1903. ili CONTENTS. PAGE. Key to the Orders... ee a oe een a vii-xii Descriptive Flora......... te ULL LM ocius 1-1320 PU oo slo d OMNIS LL oy a ees 1321-1325 List of Genera and Species published in this Plora es 1326-1341 Pable of the Orders and Families: soi oso cise nes ee ewes 1342-1344 IBdeXo 5 0 42 E e re O EE ie cone 1345-1370 KEY TO THE ORDERS: I. Plants without flowers or seeds, but producing spores each of which, on germination, develops into a flat or an irregulur prothallium. The prothallia bear the reproductive organs (antheridia and archegonia). As a result of the fertilization of an egg in the archegonium by a sperm produced in the antheridium a fern or an allied plant is developed. PAGE. I. PTERIDOPHYTA. 1 Leaves with broad entire or dissected blades. (Fern-like plants. ) Spores of one kind, minute. Vernation straight or inclined: prothallium subterranean, yellowish. ; Order OPHIOGLOSSALES. 1 Vernation circinate: prothallium terrestrial or epiphytic, green. Order FILICALES. 3 Spores of two kinds, minute microspores and larger macrospores, borne in sporocarps. Order SALVINIALES. 19 Leaves scale-like or awl-like. (Moss-like or rush-like plants.) Sporangia in an apical cone, borne under peltate scales: stems hollow, rush-like. Order EQUISETALES. 20 Sporangia in the axils of small or leaf-like bracts: stems solid. Leaves narrow or scale-like, flat, borne on erect or creeping stems: terrestrial plants. Order LYCOPODIALES. 21 Leaves awl-like, often much elongated, borne on a short corm-like caudex : aquatic plants. Order ISOETALES. 24 II. Plants with flowers which produee seeds. Mierospores (pollen-grains) borne in microsporangia (anther-sacs) develop each into a tubular prothallium; a macrospore (embryo-sac) develops a minute prothallium, and together with the maerosporangium (ovule) in which it is contained, ripens into a seed. II. SPERMATOPHYTA. 25 Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a bract or a scale: stigmas wanting. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules and seeds in a elosed cavity (ovary): stigmas present. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. 1. Gymnospermae. Plants growing by a single terminal bud, with pinnate leaves circinate in vernation: embryo pro- longed into a spiral. $ : Order CYCADALES. 25 Plants growing by lateral as well as by terminal buds, with scale-like, flat or needle-like leaves not circinate: embryo not prolonged into a spiral. Order PINALES. 26 2. Angiospermae. Cotyledon 1: stem endogenous. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Cotyledons normally 2: stem exogenous (with rare exceptions). Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, the members often bristles or mere scales, not corolla-like, or wanting. Flowers noe in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (scales or glumes). Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. _ Order PANDANALES. Perianth fieshy or herbaceous, or wanting. Fruit baccate: endosperm present. | Order ARALES. Fruit drupaceous: endosperm wanting. : Order NAIADALES. Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricated, bracts (scales or Sum rder POALES. 48 gd g . Perianth of 2 distinet series, the inner series usually corolloid. erem m E ed rg Order ALISMALES. 40 ynoecium of united carpels. r Endosperm mealy. P Order XYRIDALES. 231 Endosperm fleshy, horny or cartilaginous. A. Ovary, and fruit, superior. ee i : a. Herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees, with simple leaves: ovules 2-many in each cavity of the ovary, or solitary only in the case of a few herbs. Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix. Order LILIALES. 247 Inflorescence a fleshy spadix subtended by a spathe. Order ARALES. 225 ! Prepared with the assistance of Dr. P. A. Rydberg. vii viii KEY TO THE ORDERS b. Trees or shrubs, with pinnately or palmately compound or lobed leaf-blades : ovules solitary in each peed us of the ovary. i Order ARECALES. B. Ovary, and fruit, "E Mucius recs a Endosperm present and usually copious. nga regular : M ag CN n Wade Sd AS MEO AMARYLLIDALES. i H um much reduc : Flowers very irregular: androec a ee Ne Endosperm wanting. eps i Flowers regular, monoecious or dioecious: aquatic plants. Order HYDROCHARITALES. Flowers irregular, perfect: terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Order ORCHIDALES. 2. DICOTYLEDONES. A. Corolla wanting, except in the pistillate flowers of Juglans (Juglandaceae). E Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers, except sometimes in Casuarina (Casuarinaceae). erbs. Flowers mainly perfect. : Seeds solitary in each carpel or in each cavity of the ovary: endosperm present. Flowers spicate: styles wanting: stigmas sessile. - 3 Order PIPERALES. Flowers axillary: styles present. Callitrichaceae in Order EUPHORBIALES. Seeds numerous in each cavity of the ovary : endosperm wanting. odostemaceae in Order ROSALES. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Order EUPHORBIALES. Trees or shrubs: flowers monoecious or dioecious, or polygamous. nd Leaves represented by appressed whorled scales: stems or branches loosely jointed. Order CASUARINALES. Leaves not appressed scales : stems or branches not loosely jointed. Fruit 1-seeded : seeds without tufts of hairs. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary : flowers not in heads. 2 Gynoecium I-carpellary : stigma 1: ovule laterally attached and amphitropous. Order LEITNERIALES. Gynoecium 2-carpellary: stigmas 2: ovule erect and orthotropous or pendulous and anatropous. Pistillate flowers without a calyx : ovule erect and orthotropous. x : Order MYRICALES. Fistillate flowers with a calyx : ovule pendulous and anatropous. Leaf-blades simple. Fruit a nut or an achene. Corylaceae in Order FAGALES. Fruit a drupe. Oleaceae in Order OLEALES. Leaf-blades compound : fruit a samara. Oleaceae in Order OLEALES. Ovules many : flowers aggregated intodense heads. Altingiaceae in Order ROSALES. Fruit many-seeded : seeds each with a tuft of hairs. Order SALICALES. Calyx present at least in the staminate or in the perfect flowers. Leaves represented by appressed whorled scales: branches loosely jointed. Order CASUARINALES. Leaves not appressed scales: branches not loosely jointed. Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments, or ament-like spikes. Leaf-blades simple: ovule pendulous and anatropous. Pistillate flowers separate at maturity: fruit a nut or an achene. Order FAGALES. Pistillate flowers forming aggregate fruits: fruit drupe-like. : Artocarpaceae in Order URTICALES. Leaf-blades pinnately compound : ovule erect and orthotropous. Order JUGLANDALES. Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments, &. Ovary superior. —€— C es or several and distinct carpela: stigma and style solitary. i ry. tyle lateral and oblique. Petiveriaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. Style axile, erect. Ovary neither enclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-tube. Flowers not solitary in axils : land plants. Filaments free and distinct. Urticaceae in Order URTICALES. Filaments adnate to the sepals or to the calyx-tube. Order PROTEALES. Flowers solitary in axils; aquatic plants. Ceratophyllaceae in Order RANALES. Ovary enclosed in or seated in a Dypenbium or a calyx-tube. Stamens borne under the gynoecium. Allioniaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. Stamens borne on the hypanthium or adnate to the calyx-tube. Order THYMELEALES. Carpels several : Stamens inserted below the ovary. Families in Order RANALES. Stamens inserted on the edge of à cup-shaped hypanthium. Rosaceae in Order RosALEs. Gynoecium of 2 or several united ls: stigmas or styles 2 or several. * Ovary, by abortion, 1-celled and Lo ue ur ves with sheathing stipules (ocreae). Order POLYGONALES. Big sel eee c or if stipules are present they are not sheathing. ors Anthers opening by slits: ovary not seated in a hypanthium. Ulmaceae in Order URTICALES. mene opening by hinged valves: € seated in an aecrescent hypan- jum. uraceae in Order THYMELEALES. Herbs or vines. t Leaves with stipules. Stipules herbaceous: inflorescence spicate or racemose: leaf-blades palmately veined. Cannabinaceae in Order URTICALES. 221 285 307 46 308 330 690 494 690 331 336 343 355 332 818 818 KEY TO THE ORDERS ix Stipules scarious or hyaline: inflorescence cymose: leaf-blades pin- nately veined. Families in Order CHENOPODIALES. 383 tt Leaves without stipules. Stigmas entire. Order CHENOPODIALES. 383 Stigmas 2-cleft. Euphorbiaceae in Order EUPHORBIALES. 690 ** Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled. Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gynoecium in the perfect flowers, not on a disk in the pistillate flowers. Herbs. Flowers perfect. Ovary several-celled. Fruit baccate or nut-like, or a circumscissile capsule, the carpels .terminalonthereceptacle. Families in Order CHENOPODIALES. 383 Fruit of several carpels, lateral on the receptacle, each carpel cir- cumscissile. Penthoraceae in Order ROSALES. 494 Ovary 1-2-celled. Stamens not tetradynamous, 4-8: ovary 1-celled. Order CHENOPODIALES. 383 Stamens tetradynamous: ovary 2-celled. Brassicaceae in Order PAPAVERALES, 460 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ovules with the raphe towards the axis of the gynoecium. : Euphorbiaceae in Order EUPHORBIALES. 690 Ovules with the raphe away from the axis of the gynoecium. Buxaceae in Order SAPINDALES. 723 Trees or shrubs. Gynoecium 5-carpellary, the carpels nearly distinet. : Buettneriaceae in Order MALVALEs. 759 Gynoecium 2-4-carpellary, the carpels united. Ovary 4-celled: fleshy maritime shrubs. Batidaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. 383 Ovary 2-celled: plants not fleshy. Oleaceae in Order OLEALES. 916 Ranier peru none or epigynous, inserted on the?margin of a hypanthium or a disk. Fruit a samara. Families in Order SAPINDALEs. 723 Fruit not a samara. Fruit drupe-like or berry-like: shrubs or trees. Order RHAMNALES. 747 Fruit a capsule; herbs. Order ARISTOLOCHIALES. 1130 b. Ovary inferior. Flowers not in involucrate heads. Fruit 3-winged, splitting into 3 nutlets. Gouania in Order RRHAMNALES. 747 Fruit neither 3-winged nor splitting into carpels. Fruit a berry or a drupe, or nut-like. Calyx deciduous as a lid : stamens numerous. Chytraculia in Order MYRTALES. 822 Calyx of valvate or imbricated sepals: stamens few. Stamens as many,as the perianth-members and alternate with them, or fewer. Herbs, with succulent stems and leaves, or woody below: flowers perfect. Tetragoniaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. Trees or shrubs : flowers dioecious. Nyssaceae in Order AMMIALES. 851 Stamens as many as the perianth-members and opposite them, or twice as many. Styles present. Ovules mostly on basal placentae, sometimes pendulous: cotyle- dons not convolute : tree or root-parasites. Order SANTALALES. 1101 Ovules not on basal placentae: cotyledons convolute: not parasitic plants. Families in Order MYRTALES. 822 Styles wanting: stigmas sessile. Gunneraceae in Order MYRTALES. 822 Fruit a capsule. Sepals as many as the ovary-cavities or one-half as many. Calyx regular and the sepals half as many as the cavities in the ovary, or regalar. | ii a M oe 1130 Calyx regular and the sepals as many as the cavities in the ovary. p " ^ : Order MYRTALES. 822 Sepals (4-5) at least twice as many as the ovary-cavities (2). —7 : Baxitragacene in Order ROSALES. 494 Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads. Ambrosiaceae in Order CARDUALES. 1148 B. Corolla present. * Petals distinct, at least at the base. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base. Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e., hypogynous. Flowers in monoecious heads. Platanaceae in Order ROSALES. 4194 Flowers not in monoecious heads. Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulent. Order RANALES. 428 Plants with suceulent stems and leaves. Sedaceae in Order RosALES. 494 Stamens on the margin of a hypanthium (the hypanthium very small in some Saxifra- gaceae). Plants without secreting glands in tlie bark. Order ROSALES. 494 Plants with een | glands in the bark. Surianaceae in Order GERANIALES. 658 Carpels several and united. + Ovary superior t Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle. à Stamens numerous. : peo de eun Order PAPAVERALES. 460 KEY TO THE ORDERS Calyx persistent. Stigmas pinnatifid : insectivorous plants. ` Dionaeaceae in Order SARRACENIA LES. Stigmas not pinnatifid : plants not insectivorous (except in Sarraceniales). Styles or stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid. Leaves glandular or pellucid-punctate. : Placentae axile. Rutaceae in Order GERANIALES. Placentae parietal. Canellaceae in Order HYPERICALES. Leaves not glandular. i Placentae pariental: gynoecium with a 1-celled ovary. Anther-sacs opening length wise. Capparidaceae in Order PAPAVERALES. Anther-sacs opening at the top. Bixaceae in Order HYPERICALES. Placentae axile or central: gynoecium with a 2-several-celled ovary, (or with distinct carpels.) Theaceae in Order HYPERICALES. Styles or stigmas united into a disk. Herbs: bog or aquatic plants. Petalsand sepals numerous : leaves with flat blades: aquatic plants. Nymphaeaceae in Order RANALES. Petals and sepals few: leaves with pitcher-like organs: bog plants. Sarraceniaceae in Order SARRACENIALES, Shrubsortrees: plants notaquatic. Clusiaceaein Order HYPERICALES. Sepals valvate. Stamens with distinct filaments. Ovary I-celled: placentae parietal. Capparidaceae in Order PAPAVERALES. Ovary 2-several-celled : placentae axile or central. Families in Order MALVALES. Stamens with united filaments. Order MALVALES. £2 Stamens few, not over twice as many as the petals. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves. Podophyliaceae in Order RANALES. Anther-sacs opening by slits. Flowers monoecious. Euphorbiaceae in Order EUPHORBIALES. Flowers perfect. Ovules, or seeds, several or many: embryo coiled. Portulacaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. Ovules, or seeds, solitary : embryo straight. Plumbaginaceae in Order PRIMULALES. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more, sometimes twice as many. Stamens 6: petals 4: sepals 2 or 4. Families in Order PAPAVERALES. Stamens, petals and sepals of the same number, or stamens more, usually twice as many as the sepals or petals. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae. Herbs. Families in Order CHENOPODIALES. Trees or shrubs. Stamens with free and distinct filaments. à B Tamaricaceae in Order HYPERICALES. Stamens with partially united filaments, and usually adnate to the corolla. Styracaceae in Order EBENALES. Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae. Stigmas 2-cleft. Anther with an inconspicuous connective. Stigmas not brush-like. Droseraceae in Order SARRACENIALES. Stigmas brush-like. Turneraceae in Order HYPERICALES. Anther with the conspicuous connective produced beyond the sacs. : Papayaceae in Order PASSIFLORALES. Stigmas entire. Stamens with united filaments and no staminodia. Families in Order MALVALES. Stamens with distinct filaments. : Staminodia present. Parnassiaceae in Order ROSALES. Staminodia wanting. Families in Order HYPERICALES. Ovary several-celled. Stamens adnate to the gynoecium. Asclepiadaceae in Order ASCLEPIADALES. Stamens not adnate to the gynoecium. Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments. Anthers opening lengthwise. Families in Order GERANIALES. Anthers opening by pores. Polygalaceae in Order PoLYGALALES. Stamens with distinct filaments. Anthers opening by pores. Families in Order ERICALEs. Anthers opening by slits. Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft, or foliaceous, or united by . pairs. Order EUPHORBIALES. php r styles all distinct or all united, neither cleft nor foli- us. Stamens 2. Oleaceae in Order OLEALES. Stamens more than 2. Leaves with compound blades. . E Families in Order GERANIALES. Leaves with simple blades. Ovule solitary in each carpel. Styles distinct: ovule pendulous. amilies in Order GERANIALES. 491 781 781 916 KEY TO THE ORDERS Styles united : ovule erect or ascending. Limnanthaceae in Order SAPINDALEs. Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. Flowers irregular: stamens united at the top or con- . verging. Placentae axile. Balsaminaceae in Order GERANIALES. Placentae parietal. Violaceae in Order HYPERICALEs. Flowers regular: stamens neither united nor con- verging at the top. Carpels not circumscissile at maturity. Placentae parietal. Cistaceae in Order HYPERICALES. Placentae axile or central. Styles distinct. Elatinaceae in Order HYPERICALES. Styles united. Ovary sessile : filaments filiform. Tiliaceae in Order MALVALEs. Ovary stipitate : filaments fusiform. Koeberliniaceae in Order GERANIALES. Carpelscircumscissile at maturity. Penthoraceae in Order ROSALES, 1i Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium (perigynous or hypogynous). Stamens fewer than the sepals or the petals. —— Hippocrateaceae in Order SAPINDALES. Stamens as many as the sepals or the petals, or more. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct: ovules and seeds many. Saxifragaceae in Order RosALEs. Styles united. Ovules and seeds numerous. Moringaceae in Order PAPAVERALES. Ovules and seeds solitary or 2. Order RHAMNALES. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more or many. Styles distinet. ; Upper part of the ovaries distinct, at least at maturity. Saxifragaceae and Iteaceae in Order ROSALES, Upper part of the ovaries united. Order SAPINDALES. Styles united. ced creep fiat or obsolete: disk fleshy. lants without secreting glands in the bark. Order SAPINDALES. Plants with secreting glandsinthe bark. Families in Order GERANIALES. Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate : disk obsolete or inconspicuous. Order MYRTALES. tł Ovary inferior. Stamens numerous. : Styles and stigmas united into a disk : water-plants with endogenous stems. Nymphaeaceae in Order ROSALES. Styles distinct, or united, but not forming a disk with radiating stigmas: land-plants with exogenous stems. Styles distinct. ; Stamens distinct: stigmassimple: shrubs or trees. Familiesin Order ROSALES. Stamens with united filaments: styles branched: herbs. Order BEGONIALES. Styles united. Shrubs or trees; not succulents, sometimes woody vines. Hypanthium not produced beyond the ovary. Escalloniaceae in Order ROSALES. Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary. Families in Order MYRTALES. Herbs, or shrub-like or tree-like succulents. Order OPUNTIALEs. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles wanting: stigmas sessile. Gunneraceae in Order MYRTALEs. Styles present. Styles distinet. Ovules € in each cavity of the ovary: fruit a capsule or a fleshy many- ITY, Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate. Families in Order ROSALES. Fruit cireumseissile, Portulacaceae in Order CHENOPODIALES. Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary: fruit a drupe or 2-5 more or less united achenes. Order AMMIALES. Styles united, or single. _ Plants without tendrils. Ovary enelosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium or adnate to it. Anther-sacs opening by pores. Vacciniaceae in Order ERICALES. Anther-sacs opening by slits. _ Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary. Order AMMIALES. Ovules several in each cavity. Ovary with parietal placentae. Loasaceae in Order OPUNTIALES. Ovary with central or basal placentae. Families in Order MYRTALES. Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free. _ Escalloniaceae in Order ROSALES. Plants with tendrils. : fruit a : leaf-blades palmately veined. dices qus Cucurbitaceae in Order CAMPANULALES. Shrubby vines: fruit drupaceous, separating into nutlets: leaf-blades pin- nately veined. Rhamnaceae in Order RHAMNALES. 723 494 494 1134 747 os xn KEY TO THE ORDERS ** Petals more or less united. Ovary superior. Stamens free from the corolla. aD AN Gynoecium of a single carpel. Families in Order ROSALES Gynoecium of several united carpels. Filaments united. Stamens diadelphous. Fumariaceae in Order PAPAVERALES. Stamens monadelphous. : : ; Anther-sacs opening by slits. Oxalidaceae in Order GERANIALES. Anther-sacs opening by pores. Calyx and corolla very irregular. ... Order POLYGALALES. Calyx and corolla regular. Families in Order ERICALES. Filaments distinct. à . oS : Styles wanting or very short: stigma sessile. Aquifoliaceae in Order SAPINDALES. Styles elongated. OM Ovary several-celled. Families in Order ERICALES. Ovary 1-celled. Armeriaceae in Order PRIMULALES. Stamens partially adnate to the corolla. i A Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, or twiceas many or more. Ovary 1-celled. ù Placentae central or basal. . Order PRIMULALES. Placentae parietal. Fouquieriaceae in Order HYPERICALES. Ovary several-celled. Lace E Upper portion of the ovaries distinct. Sedaceae in Order RosALEs. Upper portion of the ovaries united. Order EBENALES. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. Corolla not scarious, veiny : fruit various, but not a pyxis. Gynoecium of 3-6 carpels. t : Shrubs or trees: ovules and seeds few. Aquifoliaceae in Order SAPINDALES. Herbs, or creeping or tufted shrubby plants: ovules and seeds numerous. Stamens adnate up to the sinuses of the corolla: creeping evergreen under- shrubs. Diapensiaceae in Order ERICALES. Stamens adnate to the lower part of the corolla-tube: vines. Families in Order POLEMONIALES. Gynoecium of 2 carpels. Carpels distinet, except sometimes at the apex. Style terminal. Order ASCLEPIADALES. Style basal. Dichondraceae in Order POLEMONIALES. Carpels united. Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae. Order GENTIANALES. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled, or if 1-celled with parietal placentae. Stamens 2 and opposite each other, or 3. Order OLEALES. Stamens usually 4 or 5, if 2 by reduction not opposite each other. Leaves with stipules or stipular lines at their bases. Í Spigeliaceae in Order GENTIANALES. _ Leaves with no traces of stipules. Order POLEMONIALES, Corolla scarious, veinless: fruit a pyxis. Order PLANTAGINALES. Ovary inferior. Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla, Stamens 10: anther-saes opening by terminal pores or chinks. 2 Vacciniaceae in Order ERICALES. Stamens 5 or fewer: anther-sacs opening by longitudinal slits. Order CAMPANULALES. Stamens adnate to the corolla. Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules: calyx unmodified, at least not a pappus. — : Plants tendril-bearing. Cucurbitaceae in Order CAMPANULALES. Plants not tendril-bearing. Ovules mostly on basal placentae : plants itic. Order SANTALALES. Ovules variously borne, but not on a basal placenta : plants not parasitic. Ovary with one fertile cavity. eS ROM ME Ovules numerous on a basal placenta. Primulaceae in Order PRIMULALES. Ovule solitary, the placentae not basal. Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes. Order VALERIANALES. Flowers in involucrate heads. Order CARDUALES. 876. 1127 1148 FLORA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES Sunkincpom PTERIDÓPHYTA.' Ferns AND FERN ALLIES. Plants containing woody and vascular tissues. They produce spores asexually, each of which, on germination, develops into a prothallium (gametophyte). The prothallia bear the reproductive organs ; the female organ is known as an archegone, the male as an antherid. As a result of the fertilization of an egg in the archegone by a sperm produced in the antherid, the asexual state of the plant is developed (sporophyte) ; this phase is represented by a fern or an allied plant. Order 1. OPHIOGLOSSALES. Succulent plants, consisting of a stem and leaf growing from a fleshy root- stock. Sporophyll in the form of a spike or panicle, the sporanges formed from the interior tissues, naked, each opening at maturity by a transverse slit. Spores yellow, of one sort. Prothallia subterranean, devoid of chlorophyll. FAMILY 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl. ADDER’S-TONGUE FAMILY. Characters of the order. Veins reticulated : sporanges cohering in one or more distichous spikes. Terrestrial: spike single, long-stalked. 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Epiphytic on palmettos : spikes several, short-stalked. 2. CHEIROGLOSSA. Veins free: sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 3. BOTRYCHIUM. 1. OPHIOGLÓSSUM L. Low terrestrial plants, with small rootstocks, and slender fleshy roots. Bud for the following year formed at the side of the base of the stem. Leaf solitary, borne on the stem : blade simple, entire. Sporophyll terminal, formed of two rows of large coalescent sporanges. Veins reticulated. Spores sulphur-yellow. ADDER’S-TONGUE. Leaf-blades oyate or elliptic-oblong, 3-12 cm. long, with several equal or parallel veins at the base. Leaf-blades obtuse: areolae with few veinlets. : 1. O. vulgatum. Leaf-blades apiculate : areolae broad, with many veinlets. 2. O. Engelmannii. Leaf-blades cuneate or cordate at the base, with unequal veins at the base. Rootstocks slightly tuberous-thickened : leaf-blades lanceolate or ovate with a cuneate base. ` 3. O. pusillum. Rootstocks globose: leaf-blades ovate with a cordate base. 4. O. crotalophoroides. 1. Ophioglossum vulgàtum L. Rootstock oblique. Stem slender, 1-4 dm. tall, simple, glabrous, bearing a leaf near its middle ; leaf-blade sessile, ovate or elliptic-oblong, 3-12 cm. long, rather firm in texture, distinctly reticulated, with few veinlets within the areolae ; basal veins 9-13: spike solitary, 1-2.5 cm. long, erect apiculate. In moist meadows and thickets, Prince Edward Island to Alaska, south to Florida. Also in Europe and Asia. May to August. 1Contributed by Prof. Lucien Marcus Underwood. bo OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 2. Ophioglossum Engelmánnii Prantl. Rootstock cylindrie. Stem 8-22 em. high. bearing a leaf; blade elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, 3-9 cm. long, sharply apiculate, flesh y but becoming pellucid ; basal veins 13 or more, the transverse veinlets oblique, forming broad oblong-hexagonal areolae with numerous veinlets : spike 1.5-2.5 cm. long, apiculate. In moist grounds, Virginia to Indiana, Missouri, Texas and Arizona. 3. Ophioglossum pusíllum Nutt. Rootstock slightly thickened. Stem slender, 2.5-4 cm. high, bearing a leaf near the base; blade lanceolate or ovate with a cuneate base ; basal veins 3, the midvein branching by lateral veinlets which form narrow areolae with no free veinlets: spikes 6-12 mm. long, with 6-14 sporanges on either side. [0O. nudicaule Chapm., not L. f.] In sandy soil, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. 4. Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt. Rootstock globose. Stem relatively stout, bearing one leaf ; blade concave, broadly ovate, 8-30 mm. long, with a cordate base and acute apex ; basal veins 5, the midvein rarely branched, the lateral veins freely anas- tomosing, forming short hexagonal areolae with rarely a free veinlet: spikes broad, 4-12 mm. long, with 4-1]esporanges on either side. In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida and Texas, Also in tropical America. 2. CHEIROGLÓSSA Presl. Epiphytic plants, with slender fleshy roots. Leaf-blades:simple, palmately lobed, bear- ing several spikes near their bases. Veins reticulated ; the areolae without free veinlets. 1. Cheiroglossa palmata (L.) Presl. Rootstock tuberous, covered with fine woolly chaff. Leaves fleshy ; blades 10-25 cm. long, on a stem nearly as long, palmately divided into 2-9 broadly spreading lobes, or rarely entire and lanceolate : spikes 2-16, or rarely 1, short-stalked, 2.5 cm. long or more. [Ophioglossum palmatum L. ] On palmettos, Florida and tropical America. 3. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Fleshy plants, with erect rootstocks, and clustered fleshy roots, the bud for the succeed- ing year imbedded in the base of the stem. Leaf-blade pinnately or ternately divided, or compound. Sporophyll pinnate or 3-pinnate, with sessile distinct sporanges in rows on either side of its branches, forming large panicles in some species. Veins free. Spores yellow. Moonwort. Bud for the following year enclosed in the base of the stem: leaf-blades ternate or biternate, attached near the base of the common stem. : Leaf-blades sessile or nearly so: spores maturing in early i ] Leaf-blades stalked : spores arris a in fall. x re s LOB erT Leaf-blade biternate, thin. 2. B. tenuifolium. Leaf-blade ternate, with bipinnate or tripinnate divisions, fleshy. Bud enclosed in a cavity at one side of the base of the stem: leaf-blades ternate decompound, sessile at the middle of the stem. appe Virginianum. 1. Botrychium biternàtum (Lam.) Underw. Plant 6-10 cm. high, bearing a single leaf ; blade sessile or nearly so, ternately compound, 8-10 cm. wide, 5 cm. long, with the middle division slightly larger than the lateral ones and like them nearly 3-pinnate ; ulti- mate segments somewhat lunate, usually 5-6 mm. wide, the outer margin crenate, the lateral margins decurrent on the rachis: sporophyll on a stalk 8 cm. long or longer, 2- pinnate : bud smooth or slightly pilose. On dry grassy knolls, South Carolina to Louisiana. The spores mature in March or April. 2. Botrychium tenuifóülium Underw. A slender plant with a biternate leaf-blade. Stems very slender, 2-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick: leaf-blade 3.5-5 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, usually consisting of nine segments, the primary divisions nearly equal, or the termi- nal one sometimes slightly more divided ; segments ovate, 1.2-1.5 cm. long by 6-8 mm. wide, thin, sharply serrate, or nearly 2- or3-incised ; petiole 3-6.5 cm. long, very slender ; panicle 3-6 cm. long, bipinnate or basely tripinnate below on a slender stalk, 6-22 em. long. In low grounds, Alabama, Florida and Louisiana. The spores mature in fall, 3. Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Plant robust, 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaf rising from near the base of the stem on a stalk 2-10 em. long, or more ; blade ternate, with the three divisions nearly equal, 2-pinnate or somewhat 3-pinnatifid in larger forms, the ultimate segments obliquely ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the terminal one of each division elongated, 1-2 em. long, the margins crenate or serrate: sporophyll long-stalked 3-4-pinnate : bud densely pilose, both portions bent in vernation. [B. ternatum Chapm., not Sw.] In low woods and open places from New Brunswi i i i Pesce mde Hom ERRAT. OCDE unswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Mexico. 3. B. obliquum. OSMUNDACEAE 3 4. Botrychium Virginianum (L.) Sw. Plant 2-6 dm. high, the stem slender but fleshy. Leaf-blade nearly or quite sessile above the middle of the stem, spreading, thin, ternate with the primary divisions pinnate or 2-pinnate and the segments 1-2-pinnatifid ; ultimate segments oblong, more or less toothed near the apex ; epidermal cells flexuous : sporophyll long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate: bud for the following year pilose, enclosed in a glabrous cavity at one side of the lower part of the stem : sporophyll recurved its whole length, the leaf reclined upon it in vernation. In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida and Arizona. Alsoin Europe and Asia. Spring Order2. FILICALES. Terrestrial aquatic or epiphytic plants, various in habit. Sporanges devel- oped from the epidermal tissues, on the back or margin of the leaf-blades, or in panicles formed from modified leaves. Spores of one sort. Prothallia with chlorophyll, flat, terrestrial. Leaves with filmy translucent blades: sporanges sessile on a filiform receptacle. - Fam. 1. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE. Leaves with herbaceous or leathery blades: sporanges on normal or modified leaf-blades. Sporanges in panicles or spikes. Sporanges nearly globose, with a rudimentary ring. Fam. 2. OSMUNDACEAE. Sporanges ovoid or pyriform, with a complete apical ring. Fam. 3. SCHIZAEACEAE. Sporanges borne on the back or margin of a leaf-blade. Sporanges seattered, globose, with a more or less complete broad ring, opening vertically: aquatic. Fam. 4. CERATOPTERIDACEAE. _ Sporanges arranged in sori, with a complete ring, opening trans- versely: terrestrial or epiphytic. Fam. 5. POLYPODIACEAE. FAMILY d. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Gaud. FILMY FERN FAMILY. Membranous, mostly small ferns with filiform or slender creeping or hori- zontal rootstocks. Leaf-blades usually much divided. Sporanges sessile on a filiform usually elongated receptacle, surrounded by a transverse ring which opens vertically. 1. TRICHÓMANES L. Delicate filmy plants. Leaves usually with much divided blades. Receptacle slender- filiform, surrounded by a tubular or funnel-shaped indusium which is truncate or slightly 2-lipped. Leaf-blades entire or slightly pinnatifid, 6-24 mm. long. 1. T. Petersii. Leaf-blades 2-3-pinnatifid, 8-27 em. long. 2. T. Boschianum. 1. Trichomanes Petérsii A. Gray. Rootstocks widely creeping. Leaves with a few black hairs along the margins when young ; blades entire, or slightly pinnatifid, 6-24 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, on a stalk 2-4 mm. long: indusium solitary, terminal, funnel- form, expanded and slightly 2-lipped at the mouth: receptacle mostly included. Under moist rocks, Winston and Etowah Counties, Alabama, and in Georgia and Mississippi. 2. Trichomanes Boschiànum Sturm. Rootstocks wiry, tomentose. Leaves erect or ascending ; petioles 2.5-7.5 em. long, naked or nearly so; blades 5-20 cm. long, 1.5-3.3 em. wide, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2—3-pinnatifid : leaflets ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the cuneate base parallel or ipod. to the narrowly winged rachis; segments toothed or cut into linear divisions: indusia terminal on short lobes, 1-4 on a segment, slightly 2-lipped at the mouth : receptacle partially exserted. [T. radicans A. Gray, not Sw. J On wet rocks, Kentucky to Alabama and Florida. Also widely distributed in the tropics. FAMILY 2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. CINNAMON FERN FAMILY. Large plants, with stout often erect rootstocks. Leaves coiled in vernation : blades 1-2 pinnate: veins free, mostly forked, running to the margins of the leaflets or lobes. Sporanges large, globose, with no ring or mere traces of a transverse ring of thick-walled cells, borne on modified contracted leaflets, or in clusters (sori) on the lower surface of the leaflets. 1. OSMUNDA L. Swamp plants, growing in large crowns, with the fertile (spore-bearing) portions very much contracted, the short-pedicelled naked sporanges on the margins of their rachis-like 4 SCHIZAEACEAE divisions, which are destitute of chlorophyll. Veins forked, regular and prominent. Sporanges each opening by a longitudinal cleft into two halves. Spores green. Leaf-blades 2-pinnate, fertile at the apex. Leaf-blades 2-pinnatifid, wholly or partially fertile, or sterile. Leaflets of sterile leaf with a tuft of tomentum at the base; fertile leaf normally 1. O. spectabilis. distinct from sterile. * 2. O. cinnamomea. Leaflets of sterile leaf without a tuft of tomentum at the base; leaves fertile in the middle. 3. O. Claytoniana. 1. Osmunda spectábilis Willd. Leaves several, clustered, 6-20 dm. high ; blades 2-pinnate. Leaflets 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, their segments oblong-ovate, or lance- olate-oblong, sessile or slightly stalked, glabrous, finely serrulate, especially near the apex and occasionally crenate towards the truncate oblique or cordate base: sporophylls linear- cylindrie, panicled, withering and shrivelling with age, greenish before maturity, but becoming dark-brown after the spores have fallen. In swamps and marshes, New Brunswick to Nebraska, Florida and Mississippi. Alsoin Mexico. Distinct from the European O. regalis L. May-July. ROYAL FERN. 2. Osmunda cinnamómea L. Rootstock widely creeping, bearing a cluster of sterile leaves with one or several fertile ones within. Leaves erect or nearly so; petioles 3 dm. long, or longer, clothed with ferruginous tomentum when young, glabrous when old ; blades 3-12 dm. long, with merely a tuft of tomentum at the base of each leaflet ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into oblong obtuse segments : sporophyll 2-pinnate, con- tracted, soon withering: sporanges cinnamon-colored after the numerous green spores have been discharged. In wet places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Mexico. May-June. CINNAMON FERN.—Forms occur with leaves variously intermediate between the sterile and fertile. 3. Osmunda Claytoniàna L. Rootstock bearing a cluster of ascending or arching leaves, some usually partially fertile and taller than the sterile. Leaves 6-20 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 dm. wide; blades 2-pinnatifid ; sterile leaflets linear-lanceolate, without tufts of tomentum at the base, deeply cleft into oblong obtuse segments ; some of the leaf-blades contracted at the middle and bearing 2-5 pairs of sporophylls with dense cylindric divi- sions greenish at first, afterward dark-brown. In moist or shaded places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri. May-July. FAMILY 3. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb. CURLY-GRASS FAMILY. Plants various in habit, with simple or pinnate leaf-blades. Sporanges borne in spikes or panicles, sessile, each provided with an apical ring opening vertically by a longitudinal slit. Twining : sporanges in ample panicles in the upper portion of the leaf: leaflets palmate. F 1. LYGODIUM. Erect : sporanges in panicles borne on the elongated lower leaflets. 2. ORNITHOPTERIS. 1. LYGODIUM Sw. Twining or climbing plants. Leaves with the lower divisions sterile, variously stalked and lobed, the fertile divisions terminal, panicled. Sporanges ovoid, solitary or in twos, in the axils of imbricated scale-like indusia. Indusia fixed by their broad bases to short oblique veinlets. 1. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Rootstock slender, horizontal. Leaves ample ; petioles slender, flexible and twining; blades 4-10 dm. long, their short alternate branches 2-forked, each fork bearing a nearly orbicular 4-7-lobed leaflet, which is more or less cordate at the base with a narrow sinus ; ‘surfaces naked ; fertile leaflets contracted, several times forked, forming terminal panicles: sporanges solitary. In moist thickets and open woods, i New Hampshire and 4 i and Flocida; rare or local. Bunmber Gud red Massachusetts, to Pennsylvania, Tennessee 2. ORNITHOPTERIS Bernh. Erect plants, with creeping or horizontal rootstocks. Leaves with the lower pair of leaflets elongated and often overtopping the blade, bearing numerous panicles of sporanges which are borne in two rows on the back of very narrow divisions. Veins free. [Anemia Sw. ] Leaf-blades simply pinnate. 1 Leaf-blades pinnately decompound. : X 9: R, l. Ornithopteris Mexicàna : (Kl.) Underw. Leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, on petioles of equal length, with a large terminal leaflet and from 4-6 pairs of lateral oe ; Heaflets POLYPODIACEAE 5 ovate-lanceolate, short-stalked, somewhat leathery, smooth and manifestly glossy ; midrib distinct, with oblique parallel veins: sporophylls long-stalked, overtopping the leaf. In dry soi), western and southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. 2. Ornithopteris adiantifolia (L.) Bernh. Leaf-blades triangular-ovate, 12-20 em. long, on usually elongated petioles, slightly pubescent, pinnately decompound ; ultimate segments obovate or cuneate, entire or lobed, striate above with numerous flabellate veins. In sandy soil or coral rock, peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies and Mexico. FAMILY 4. CERATOPTERIDACEAE Underw. FLOATING FERN FAMILY. Aquatic succulent plants, floating, or rooting in the mud. Leaves of two kinds, some with flat blades, the sporophylls narrowed, with broadly reflexed margins meeting at the midrib. Sporanges scattered, sessile, each with a broad complete partial or obsolete ring. Sori seated on two or three veins that run down the length of the leaf-blade, nearly parallel to both the edge and the midrib. 1. CERATOPTERIS Brongn. Characters of the family. FLOATING Fern, __ i. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Leaves tufted ; petioles inflated, filled with large air-cavities ; blades floating, 15-35 cm. long, simple or only slightly divided when young, 2-pinnate at maturity : sporophyHs 2-3-pinnate, erect or ascending, the ulti- mate segments pod-like. Indeepor shallow water, peninsular Florida and Louisiana. Also widely distributed in the tropics. FAMILY 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. FERN FAMILY. Plants various in habit. Rootstocks creeping or horizontal, elongated, or short and erect. Leaves various, coiled in vernation: blades entire, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound. Sporanges borne in clusters (sori) on the lower side or margins of the leaf-blades, stalked, provided with a vertical ring, open trans- versely. Sori frequently with a membranous covering (indusium). Prothallia green. A. Sporiferous leaf-blades flat, or their edges merely revolute. Sori without indusia. Sori covering the leaf-blades or portions of them with a uniform layer. 1. ACROSTICHUM. Sori more or less separated from each other. Sori roundish, not more than twice as long as broad. Leaves with petioles jointed to the rootstocks; blades entire, pin- natifid or 1-pinnate. Veins free; leaf-blades (in our species) pinnatifid or pinnate. 2. POLYPODIUM. Veins copiously anastomosing. Veins forming regular ample areolae: leaf-blades pinnatifid. 3. PHLEBODIUM, Veins, or those parallel to the margins, forming irregular areo- lae: leaf-blades simple. Leaves ample : veins parallel to the margins with interven- ` ing finer areolae. 4. CAMPYLONEURON. Leaves relatively small: veins with irregular areolae through- out. Leaves not jointed to the rootstocks: blades (in our species) 2-3-pin- natifid or ternate. Veins free. 25. PHEGOPTERIS, Veins connivent, the branches of contiguous groups uniting to form A 5. PHYMATODES, one or more arches. . GONIOPTERIS. Sori linear. Leaf-blades simple. Leaves with very narrow grass-like blades: veins indistinet. 6. VITTARIA. : Leaves with expanded blades: veins markedly anastomosing. 7. CHEILOGRAMMA. Leaf-blades 1-4-pinnate : sori marginal. 13. NOTHOLAENA. Sori with indusia. : Indusia formed of the partially altered margin of the leaf-blade. Sporanges at the ends of veins, borne in a reflexed portion of the leaf- blade. 10. ADIANTUM. Sporanges borne on a continuous vein-like receptacle connecting the apices of the veins. : Indusia single, formed of the altered leaf-margin. 8. PTERIS. Indusia double, a membranous one arising within the receptacle. 9. PTERIDIUM. Sporanges at the apices of unconnected veins or near them. Sori mostly forming a continuous indusium around the leaf-segments. 11. PELLAEA. Sori minute; indusium usually interrupted, if continuous, leaf-seg- ments small and bead-like. 12. CHEILANTHES. Indusia specially developed. not from the leaf-margins: sori dorsal. Sori linear or oblong: indusia more than twice as long as broad. [er POLYPODIACEAE Sori parallel to the midrib or rachis. Veins free : sori continuous or nearly so. 14. BLECHNUM. Veins anastomosing : sori interrupted, chain-like. Leaves uniform: veins free between the sori and the margin. 15. ANCHISTEA. Leaves dimorphous: veins everywhere anastomosing. 19. LORINSERIA. Sori wholly or partially oblique to the midrib. Veins free: sori all oblique. mu Sori single on the upper side of a veinlet or rarely crossing 1t : leaf-blades (in our species) not entire. 3 à 16. ASPLENIUM. Sori confluent in pairs with an apparently double indusium opening in the middle: leaft-blades entire. 17. PHYLLITIS. Veins united : sori partly parallel to the midrib, partly oblique. 18. CAMPTOSORUS. Sori orbieular or nearly orbicular: indusia less than twice as long as a. Indusia superior. Sori mostly on the back of the veins. Indusia orbicular, peltate, fixed by the center. Veins copiously united, forming areolae. 91. TECTARIA. Veins free. 22. POLYSTICHUM. Indusia reniform, or orbicular with a narrow sinus. 23. DRYOPTERIS. Sori at the ends of free veins: indusia reniform, opening toward the margin of the leaflet. 27. NEPHROLEPIS. b. Indusia wholly or partly inferior. Indusia partly inferior, delicate, fixed by a broad base, enclosing the sorus like a hood. 29. FILIX. Indusia wholly inferior, various in shape. Y Indusia cup-shaped or somewhat 2-valved. 28. DENNSTAEDTIA. Indusia nearly orbicular or stellate. 30. WOODSIA. B. Sporiferous leaf-blades closely rolled together ; segments necklace-like. Leaf-blades with anastomosing veins: rootstock horizontal. 20. ONOCLEA. Leaf-blades with free veins: rootstock stout, erect. 24. MATTEUCCIA. 1. ACRÓSTICHUM L. Swamp-inhabiting plants, with the leaves growing in crowns. Sporanges spread over the whole lower surface of the leaf-blades, or of the upper leaflets. Veins forming copious areolae without free veinlets. Sporanges formed on the upper leaflets only. 1. A. aureum. Sporanges formed on all the leaflets of some leaves. 2. A. lomarioides. 1. Acrostichum aüreum L. Hootstocks erect, solitary, or in masses. Petioles tufted, erect, woody, 1-7 dm. long, flattish, channeled, with two or three alternate pairs of black indurated spurs ; blades stiff, leathery, glossy, light green, 10-12 dm. long, 3-4 dm. wide; leaflets 12 pairs or more, rather distant: sporanges confined to the upper half or third of the leaf-blade: venation fine, oblique to the margin. Southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical regions. _2. Acrostichum lomarioides Jenman. Rootstocks similar to those of A. aureum. Petioles tufted, erect, somewhat fleshy, 4-7 dm. long, longitudinally ribbed, slightly an- gular; blades erect-spreading, 10-12 dm. high, 3-6 dm. wide, slightly reduced at the base, abruptly reduced at the apex ; leaflets spreading, close or crowded, 25-30 pairs, the face turned upward and transverse to the rachis: sporanges covering all the leaflets of fertile leaves : areelae very fine, directed toward the margin. Southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 2. POLYPODIUM L. a Plants with creeping or horizontal rootstocks. Leaves various : petioles jointed to the rootstocks : blades pinnate or simple. Sori hemispheric, dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midrib. Indusium none. Veins free or only casually anastomosing. Both surfaces of leaf-blades naked. Sori large (2 mm. broad): lower segments of the Jeat-blade scarcely smaller than the upper. me smaller (1 mm. wide or less): lower segments of the leaf-blades reduced. ena eaf-blades with segments 3 mm. wide or less: veins once forked. 2. P. Plumula. Leaf-blades with segments 5 mm. wide or more: veins 2-3-forked i Under surface of leaf-blades with scattered peltate scales. : : P tie, 1. Polypodium vulgare L. Rootstocks widely creeping, densely covered witb cinna- mon-colored scales. Leaves evergreen ; petioles light-colored, glabrous, 5-15 cm. long ; blades ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong in outline, slightly leathery, glabrous on both sur- faces, 7-25 cm. long, cut nearly to the rachis into linear or linear-oblong segments : sori borne about midway between the midrib and the margins of the segments. On rocks or rocky banks, or rarely on trees, al à v i i Aa ond a Poses. y , almost throughout eastern North America. Also in POLYPODIACEAE 7 2. Polypodium Plùmula H.B.K. Leaves erect or spreading ; petioles 2.5-10 cm. long, black, slender; blades narrowly lanceolate, 20-40 cm. long; segments numerous, narrow, entire, blunt, the lower abruptly smaller, the surfaces naked except the black wiry rachis : veins once forked, obscure. Peninsular Florida. Also in tropical regions. 3. Polypodium pectinàtum L. Leaves spreading or arching; petioles rigid, 5-15 em. long ; blades elliptic-lanceolate, 3-8 dm. long, cut to the rachis into horizontal entire or slightly toothed segments, the lower ones gradually reduced to triangular lobes : rachis naked or finely villous; veins pellucid, twice or three times forked: sori of medium size in long rows. Eastern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical regions. 4. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Rootstocks woody, widely creeping. Leaves evergreen; petioles densely scaly, 2.5-4.5 cm. long; blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long, acute, cut very nearly or quite to the rachis into entire oblong or linear obtuse segments, nearly glabrous on the upper surface, the lower sur- face and rachis covered with gray peltate scales with darker centers: veins obscure. [P. incanum Sw. ] On trees or rocks, Pennsylvania to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Also through- out tropical America. 3. PHLEBÒDIUM R. Br. Tropical mostly epiphytic plants, with pinnate leaf-blades. Sori round, naked, dorsal, borne on the united ends of two or more free veinlets which are included in the ample areolae formed by the regular anastomosing veins. 1. Phlebodium aüreum (L. ) R. Br. Rootstock short, densely scaly. Leavesample, 3-6 dm. long; petioles chestnut-colored, naked ; blades 6-15 dm. long, cut nearly to the rachis into broad entire or undulate segments: areolae copious. [Polypodium aureum L.] On Sabal Palmetto, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 4. CAMPYLONEURON Presl. Tropical plants with usually simple and entire leaf-blades. Sori round, naked, dorsal, in one or two rows on either side of the midrib. Primary veins distinct from the midrib to the margin, connected by parallel transverse veinlets forming regular arches. Areolae similar, with two or more large sori. 1. Camplyoneuron Phyllitidis (L.) Presl. Rootstocks stout, scaly. Leaves erect or arching ; petioles short or wanting; blades simple, 3-9 dm. long, 2.5-10 cm. wide, leathery, acute, gradually narrowed below : areolae in rows of 6-12 from the midrib to the margin. [Polypodium Phyllitidis L.] Southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 5. PHYMATODES Presl. Tropical plants, often epiphytic, with simple leaf-blades. Sori rounded, naked, dor- sal, various in position. Veins forming fine copious irregular areolae with free veinlets spreading in various directions. 1. Phymatodes exiguum (Hew.) Underw. Rootstocks widely creeping, slender, covered with linear ferruginous scales. Leaves elongated ; petioles 6-12 mm. long, slender, naked ; blades simple, 5-10 cm. long, entire, undulate or barely lobed, gradually narrowed to both ends: sori in one series on free veinlets. [Polypodium Swartzii Baker. ] Climbing on shrubs, Key Largo, Florida. Also in tropical America. 6. VITTARIA J. E. Smith. Tufted often epiphytic plants, with grass-like leaves. Sori linear, continuous in 2- lipped marginal grooves or intramarginal lines, with the unaltered edge of the leaf-blade produced beyond, and often rolled over them, but without special indusia. Veins obscure but forming a single row of areolae. 1. Vittaria lineata (L.) J. E. Smith. Leaves 1.5-9 dm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, nar- rowed gradually toward a stout compressed stem, the edges often reflexed : sori in a broad intramarginal line in a slight furrow, the edge of the leaf-blade at first wrapped over it. On palmettos, middle and peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. Grass FERN. 8 POLYPODIACEAE 7. CHEILOGRÁMMA Blume. Epiphytes, relatively small, with simple leaf-blades. Sori linear, but the lines some- times interrupted, nearly marginal. Veins reticulated. 1. Cheilogramma lanceolàtum (L.) Blume. Rootstocks creeping. Leaves numer- ous; petioles 2.5-5 cm. long ; blades simple, 15-32 cm. long, 1 2-16 mm. wide, entire, often somewhat crisped, tapering both ways, with prominent midrib and obscure immersed veins ; veins anastomosing, the outer ones free and enlarged at their apices: sori antemar- ginal in a mostly continuous line near the apex. [ Tuenitis lanceolata ( L.) R. Br. ] On trees, Old Rhodes Key, Florida. Also in tropical America. 8. PTERIS L. Relatively large plants, with petioles continuous with the rootstock and variously di- vided leaf-blades. Sori marginal, linear, continuous, occupying a slender or filiform re- ceptacle, connecting the tips of thefree veins. Indusium membranous, single, formed from the reflexed margin of the leaf-blade. Veins free. Lower divisions of the leaf-blades undivided. 1. P. longifolia. Lower divisions of the leaf-blades forked or pinnate. Leaflets 7-10 mm. wide, the upper scarcely decurrent. 2. P. Cretica. Leaflets 5 mm. wide or less, the upper strongly decurrent. 9. P. serrulata. 1. Pteris longifólia L. Leaves somewhat spreading ; petioles 15-30 cm. long, clothed below with pale brown scales; blades oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 dm. long ; leaflets linear, 4-10 mm. wide, entire, sessile: veins close, usually once branched : indusium yellowish brown. Peninsular Florida and the Keys, and Louisiana. Also widely distributed in the tropics. 2. Pteris Crética L. Leaves several; petioles 15-30 cm. tall, straw-colored or pale brown ; blades 15-30 cm. long; leaflets usually 2-6 opposite pairs, sessile, the sterile con- siderably broader and spinulose-serrulate, the lower pairs often parted nearly to the base into 2 or 3 linear segments : indusium pale: veins free, parallel, simple or once forked. Peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical regions generally. 3. Pteris serrulàta L. f. Leaves several; petioles 15-22 cm. long, naked, pale or brownish ; blades ovate, 20—45 cm. long, 2-pinnatifid, the rachis with a wing 2-4 mm. wide at the top, thence narrowed downward ; leaflets in 6 or more distinct opposite pairs, the upper simple, the lower with several elongated linear segments on each side; the sterile portions spinulose-serrate. On old walls, South Carolina to Louisiana, doubtless escaped from cultivation. A nativeof China. 9. PTERÍDIUM Scop. Coarse plants growing in open sunny places, with ternately compound leaf-blades. Sori marginal, linear, continuous, rising from a vein-like receptacle connecting the ends of free veins. Indusium double, an outer formed by the reflexed margin of the leaf-blade and a second, more delicate with the vein-like receptacle. Ultimate segments of the leaf-blades approximate at the base. ode ili . Ultimate segments of the leaf-blades, L5 mm. apart at the base. 6 pe ceni 1. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Rootstock stout, woody, horizontal. Leaves erect, sometimes 2 m, tall; petioles straw-colored or brownish, 3-6 dm. long ; blades 6-12 dm. long, usually glabrous, ternate, the three divisions each 2-pinnate, the lower leaflets more or less pinnatifid. [Pteris aquilina L.] In sunny places, throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Variable. BRACKEN. BRAKE. 2. Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon. Leaves erect, 1-4 m. tall, or sometimes taller ; blades 3-4-pinnate ; divisions pinnatifid, the ultimate segments narrow, with recurved mar- gins, remote from one another, scarcely decurrent on the rachis except near the apex, the larger with 1-12 similar but shorter segments. [Pteris aquilina var. caudata (L.) Hook. ] In sandy soil, Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies. 10. ADIANTUM L. Graceful plants of rocky hillsides, woods and ravines, with much divided leaf-blades. Petioles and their divisions slender or filiform, polished and shining. Sori short, margi- nal, borne on the under side of the reflexed and altered portion of the leaflets, which serves as an indusium. MAIDENHAIR FERN. POLYPODIACEAE 9 Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate or deltoid in outline, pinnately compound. Leaf-blades 1-2-pinnate: leaflets persistent. 1. A. Capillus- Veneris. Leaf-blades 3-4-pinnate : leaflets deciduous. 2. A. tenerum. Leaf-blades roundish or reniform, dichotomously forked, with pinnate branches. 3. A. pedatum. 1. Adiantum Capíllus-Véneris L. Rootstocks creeping, slender, chaffy with light brown scales. Leaves numerous ; petioles very slender, black or nearly so, shining, 7-22 cm. long; blades ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2-pinnate below, l-pinnate above, mem- branous, commonly drooping, 1.5-5 dm. long, 1-3 dm. wide at the base ; leaflets cuneate- obovate or rhomboid, rather long-stalked, glabrous, the upper margin incised, crenate or dentate-serrate except where it forms the indusia. In ravines, preferring limestone, Virginia to Missouri, South Dakota and California, south to Florida and Louisiana. Rareorlocal. Alsoin warm-temperate regions generally. 2. Adiantum ténerum Sw. Leaves several; petioles 3 dm. tall, glossy ; blades del- toid, 3-9 dm. long, 2-4 dm. wide, 3-4-pinnate ; leaflets articulated at the base, and falling away at maturity, cuneate, the upper edge sometimes angular, broadly and often deeply lobed : sori numerous, roundish or transversely oblong. In sink-holes in lime-rock, central peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 3. Adiantum pedàtum L. Rootstocks slender, chaffy. Leaves numerous ; petioles 2-4.5 dm. long, dark chestnut-brown, polished and shining, dichotomously and pedately forked ; blades nearly orbicular or reniform in outline, 2-4.5 cm. broad, the larger divi- sions 1.5-2.5 dm. long: leaflets oblong, triangular-oblong or the terminal one fan-shaped, all short-stalked, the upper margin toothed, cleft or lobed, bearing the linear-oblong sori. . In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Georgia, Mississippi and Califor- nia. Also said to occur in western Asia. MAIDENHAIR FERN. 11. PELLABA Link. Rock-inhabiting plants, relatively small in size, with pinnate or pinnatifid leaf-blades. Sterile and fertile leaves similar: petioles usually dark colored. Sori intramarginal, borne on the ends of unconnected veins, at length confluent and forming marginal lines. In- dusium commonly broad, membranous, formed of the reflexed margins of fertile leaflets more or less modified, and membranous. CLIFF-BRAKE. Indusium broad : leaflets often narrow. Leaf-blades 1-2-pinnate. Leaflets obtuse or barely acute. Petioles and leaflets smooth. 1. P. atropurpurea. Petioles and leaflets scurfy-pubescent. 2. P. aspera. Leaflets mucronate or decidedly acute. 3. P. Wrightiana. . Leaf-blades 3-4-pinnate: leaflets numerous, 4. P. pulchella. Indusium very narrow: leaflets broad: rachis zigzag. 5. P. flexuosa. 1. Pellaea atropurpürea (L.) Link. Rootstocks short, densely clothed with rusty hair-like scales. Leaves tufted ; petioles 5-15 cm. long, dark purple or nearly black ; blades leathery, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, 1-3 dm. long, simply pinnate or 2-pinnate below ; rachis dark-brown or purple; leaflets 2.5-5 cm. long, glabrous, some- times sessile: veins obscure, commonly twice forked, On rocks, preferring limestone, Ontario to British Columbia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Georgia and Arizona. 2. Pellaea áspera (Hook.) Baker. Leaves several; petioles slender, 5-8 cm. long, with scurfy pubescence ; blades oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, 2-pinnate ; leaflets del- toid-lanceolate or oblong, those next to the main rachis often lobed, all scabrous on both surfaces. On dry rocks, Texas and New Mexico. 3. Pellaea Wrightiàna Hook. Rootstocks stout, densely chaffy. Petioles crowded, purplish brown, 10-15 cm. long ; leaf-blades lanceolate to deltoid, 10-25 cm. long, 2-pinnate, or 3-foliolate at the apex ; leaflets mucronulate, the ultimate ones often long and narrow ; spore-bearing ones with margins inflexed to the midrib. On rocks, Colorado to Texas and California. Also in Mexico. 4. Pellaea pulchélla ( Mart. & Gal.) Fée. Leaves clustered ; petioles 7-15 cm. long, chaffy at the base, nearly black ; blades 7-18 em. long, triangular ovate, 4-pinnate below, gradually simpler above ; leaflets numerous, oval or cordate-ovate, 2-6 mm. long, stalked, ieathery, smooth. In dry places, western Texas and New Mexico. Also from Mexico to Chile. 5. Pellaea flexuósa (Kaulf.) Link. Rootstocks slender. Leaves several; petioles reddish, passing into the zigzag rachis, with deflected and zigzag nearly smooth secondary 10 POLYPODIACEAE and tertiary divisions ; blades ovate-oblong, 15-75 cm. long, 2-pinnate, primary divisions mostly alternate: leaflets roundish ovate or nearly cordate-ovate, 10-20 mm. long, smooth. On dry rocks, Texas to California. Also in Mexico. 12. CHEILANTHES Sv. ` Rock-inhabiting ferns, often small, usually with pubescent foliage. Leaves various : blades much divided. Sori terminal on the veins, ultimately more or less confluent. In- dusium formed of the reflexed margins of the leaflets, roundish, sometimes more or less confluent. Sporanges often much concealed in the scales of tomentum. Lie-FERN. Indusium not continuous around the leaf-segments. Leaf-segments glabrous. Leaf-blades 2-pinnate ; lower leaflets not enlarged. 1. C. Alabamensis. Leaf-blades nearly or quite 3-pinnate ; lower leaflets enlarged. 2. C. microphylla. Leaf-segments pubescent and glandular, not tomentose. Leaf-blades deltoid-ovate ; petioles stra w-eolored, 8. C. leucopoda. Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate; petioles brownish. 4. C. lanosa. Indusium continuous around the margins of the leaf-segments. Leaf-blades tomentose below, hairy above. Leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long; petioles slender, becoming nearly glabrous. 5. €. Feei. Leaf-blades 15-45 em. long; petioles stout, densely brown-tomentose. 6. C. tomentosa. Leaf-biades scaly and tomentose beneath, white-tomentose above. 7. C. Lindheimeri. 1. Cheilanthes Alabaménsis (Buckl.) Kunze. Rootstocks horizontal, stout, with brown scales. Petioles black, 7-18 em. long, wiry, rusty-villous at least below; leaf-blades lanceolate, glabrous, 5-25 cm. long, 2-pinnate ; leaflets numerous, ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate, the lower usually smaller than those above, pinnatifid ; segments mostly acute, often auriculate on the upper side at the base: indusia pale, membranous, interrupted by the in- cising of the segments. On rocks, Virginia to Alabama, Arkansas and Arizona. Also in Mexico. 2. Cheilanthes microphylla Sw. Rootstocks with slender brown scales. Petioles dark brown, glossy, rusty-pubescent on the upper side, 10-15 cm. long ; leaf-blades ovate- lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, 2-pinnate; lower divisions larger and more deltoid than the upper; leaflets deeply incised or pinnatifid : indusium similar to the leaf-blade in texture, interrupted or nearly continuous. On shell heaps, Florida. Also in New Mexico and tropical America. 3. Cheilanthes leucópoda Link. Rootstocks stout. Petioles 8-25 cm. long, chaffy at the base; leaf-blades broadly deltoid-ovate, 5-8 cm. long, 4-pinnate at the base, gradu- ally simpler above, everywhere glandular-puberulent, lowest pair of pinnae inequilaterally deltoid, upper oblong ; leaflets short-stalked, the lobules strongly revolute when fertile. On rocks, Uvalde Cañon, Texas. Also in Mexico. „4. Cheilanthes lanósa (Michx.) Watt. Rootstocks with pale rusty-brown scales. Petioles tufted, wiry, chestnut-brown, 5-10 em. long, hirsute; leaf-blades evergreen, her- baceous, oblong-lanceolate, 10-22 cm. long, gradually attenuate to the apex, 2-pinnate ; leaflets somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid, acute, deeply pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered with almost bristly hairs and usually somewhat glandular: sori numerous, covered by the infolded ends of the rounded or oblong lobes. (C. vestita Sw. ] On rocks, Connecticut to Missouri, middle Georgia and Texas. _5. Cheilanthes Feèi Moore. Rootstocks with narrow brown scales lined with black. Petioles densely tufted, slender, at first covered with woolly hairs, at length nearly glabrous; leaf-blades about as long as the Joe ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 3-pinnate or 2- pinnate with the leaflets pinnatifid, the upper surface slightly tomentose, the lower densely matted with whitish brown woolly hairs; upper pinnae oblong-ovate, the lower deltoid, the lowest distant; leaflets or their lobes minute, the terminal ones slightly larger than the others, all roundish or obovate and much crowded : indusium narrow. On rocks, Minnesota to British Columbia, Illinois, Texas and Arizona. ,9. Cheilanthes tomentósa Link. Rootstocks densely chaffy with light brown scales. Petioles tufted, 1-2 dm. long, rather stout, densely brown-tomentose ; leaf-blades oblong- lanceolate, 3-pinnate, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, densely tomentose, especially beneath, with slender brownish white obscurely articulated hairs ; leaflets ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the ultimate division about 1 mm. long, the terminal ones sometimes twice as large as the others : indusium pale, membranous, continuous. On rocks, Virginia to Missouri, Georgia, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. 7. Cheilanthes Lindheimeri Hook. Rootstocks slender, chaffy. Petioles scattered, 10-18 em. long, black-brown, covered with scales and wool when young ; leaf-blades ovate- POLYPODIACEAE 11 lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, 3-4-pinnate ; leaflets crowded, 0.5 mm. long, white-tomentose above, very chaffy beneath. On rocks, Llano County, Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 13. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. Relatively small rock-inhabiting plants with tomentose scaly or powdery foliage. Leaves various: blades 1-4-pinnate or pinnatifid. Sori roundish or oblong, soon con- fluent into a narrow band. Indusium wanting: sporanges sometimes at first covered by the inflexed leaf-margins. Veins free. Leaf-blades covered with white or yellow powder beneath. Leaf-blades 3-4-pinnate at the base. Leaf-blades barely 2-pinnate. : Leaf-blades deltoid-ovate, white-powdery beneath. N. dealbata. IÓ 2. N. candida, Leaf-blades pentagonal, yellow-powdery beneath. 3. N. Hookeri. Leaf-blades scaly or tomentose beneath. Leaf-blades 1-pinnate, narrow, elongated. 4. N. sinuata. Leaf-blades 3-pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate. 5. N. Aschenborniana. 1. Notholaena dealbàta (Pursh) Kunze. Rootstock chaffy with narrow brown scales. Petioles tufted, wiry, shining, dark brown, 2.5-4.5 em. long; leaf-blades triangu- lar-ovate, acute, broadest at the base, 2.5-10 cm. long, 3-pinnate, the rachis black and shining ; leaflets ovate or obovate, obtuse, lobed, crenate or entire, small, scarcely 2 mm. long, white and powdery on the lower surface. On calcareous rocks, Missouri and Kansas to Texas and Arizona. 2. Notholaena candida (Mart. & Gal.) Hook. Rootstocks with rigid nearly black scales. Petioles tufted, 7-15 cm. long, wiry, black and shining ; leaf-blades deltoid, pin- nate, rather shorter than the petioles; leaflets various, the lower with the lowest inferior segments elongated and again pinnatifid, the 3 or 4 successive pairs lanceolate, upper leaflets resembling the segments of the lower, white-powdery beneath, slightly revolute. On rocks, Texas and New Mexico. Also in Mexico. 3. Notholaena Hodkeri D. C. Eaton. Rootstocks densely covered with rigid dark- brown scales. Petioles tufted, 10-20 cm. long, reddish brown, wiry, shining ; leaf-blades nearly pentagonal, 5-8 cm. in diameter, of 1 terminal and 2 lateral divisions ; terminal division pinnatifid into a few toothed segments, the second pair larger than the first ; lateral divisions bearing a single large pinnatifid basal segment on the lower side and above it pairs of smaller ones, covered beneath with pale yellow powder. On rocks, Uvalde Cafion, Texas, west to Arizona. : 4. Notholaena sinuàta (Sw.) Kaulf. Rootstocks very chaffy. Petioles erect, 5-10 em. long; leaf-blades simply pinnate, 15-60 cm. long; leaflets numerous, short- stalked, roundish or ovate, entire or pinnately lobed, densely scaly beneath, with merely scattered hairs above. On rocks, San Saba Texas, to Arizona and Mexico. Also in tropical America. . 5, Notholaena Aschenborniàna Kl. Rootstocks short. Petioles tufted, 5-8 cm. long, wiry, blackish, densely scaly ; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, 3-pin- natifid ; segments lanceolate, cut into linear-oblong, crenate or pinnatifid ultimate seg- ments, pale green above, densely mottled beneath with linear ciliate ferruginous scales and also somewhat mealy ; sori black. On rocks, Texas to southern Arizona and Mexico. 14. BLECHNUM L. Coarse swamp plants, with stout rootstocks. Leaves clustered: blades thickish. Sori linear, contiguous or nearly so, parallel to the midrib and usually contiguous to it. In- dusium membranous, distinct from the edge of the leaf-blade. Veins free. 1. Blechnum serrulatum L. C. Rich. Petioles erect, nearly naked, 15-30 cm. long, stout ; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, leathery, with 12-24 pairs of linear- oblong leaflets ; margins very finely incised : veins very fine and close: fertile leaves with much narrower blades than those of the sterile. In swamps, Florida. Also in tropical America. 15. ANCHISTEA Presl. Large and rather coarse swamp ferns, with short oblong sori sunk in cavities in the leaf and arranged in chain-like rows close to the midribs. Leaves uniform. Indusia fixed by 12 POLYPODIACEAE their outer margins. Veins forming a single line of areolae next the midrib, then free to the margin. 1. Anchistea Virginica (L.) Presl. Rootstock stout, chaffy. Petioles stout, 3-4.5 dm. long, nearly or quite naked, dark-colored below ; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base, 3-6 dm. long, 15-22 cm. wide, pinnate ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, usually alternate, or some of them opposite, leathery, glabrous, acuminate, sessile, 7-15 cm. long, deeply pinnatifid into ovate or oblong obtuse segments, their margins minutely serrulate. [ Woodwardia Virginica (L.) J. E. Smith. ] In swamps and meadows, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Michigan, Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. 16. ASPLÈNIUM L. Plants various in habit and habitat. Leaves tufted : blades entire, lobed, pinnatifid or 1-3-pinnate, mostly uniform. Sori linear or oblong, oblique to the midrib or rachis. Veins free. Indusia straight or curved, opening towards the midrib when single. SPLEEN- WORT. Sori straight or rien! Fins curved, attached to the upper side of a vein. Leaves with simple crenulate or serrulate blades: plants 4-7 dm. tall. 1. A. serratum. Leaves with pinnatifid or pinnate blades. Leaf-blades pinnatifid or pinnate. Leaf-blades pinnatifid, or pinnate merely below. Petioles green above, blackish below: leaf-lobes normally rounded. Petioles black throughout: leaf-lobes normally acuminate. Leaf-blades pinnate. Leaflets 0.7-3 em. long, mostly blunt. Rachis chestnut-brown or blackish. Leaflets auricled at the upper side of the base. Leaflets opposite, oblong : rachis dark brown or black. 4. A Leaflets partly alternate, lanceolate: rachis chestnut-brown. 5. A. platyneuron. Leafiets not auricled. ‘ 6. A. Trichomanes. Rachis green: leaflets not auricled, crenate. 7. A. dentatum. 8. A 9. A pinnatifidum. ebenoides. go =e . resiliens. Leaflets 4-12 em. long: acute or acuminate. Leaf-blades 7-9 dm. long. Leaf-blades 2.5-5 dm. long. Leaf-blades 2-3-pinnatifid : Texture leathery. . angustifolium. firmum. Petioles green: leaf-blades rhombic or obovate, the veins flabellate. 10. A. Ruta-muraria. Petioles dark below: leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate. 11. A. montanum. Texture herbaceous or membranous. Petioles and the lower part of the rachis chestnut-brown. 12. A. Bradleyi. Petioles green or greenish. i Leaf-segments linear or oblong, narrow. 13. A. cicutarium. Leaf-segments rounded, entire or 2-3-lobed. 14. A. myriophyllum. Sori more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the outer or lower side of the veinlet: large plants. Leaf-blades 2-pinnatifid ; segments blunt, scarcely crenate. 15. A. acrostichoides. Leaf-blades 2-pinnate; leaflets acute, toothed or pinnatifid. 16. A. Filix-foemina. 1. Asplenium serràtum L. Leaves in a crown from a stout erect rootstock ; blades spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, 4-7 dm. long, crenulate or irregularly serrulate, somewhat leathery ; midrib keeled and often blackish purple beneath ; veiris free, approximate, once- forked : sori elongated, following the veins of the upper half of the blade from near the midrib half way to the margins: indusia single, the free edge entire. In swamps, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. _ 2. Asplenium pinnatífidum Nutt. Rootstock short, chaffy. Leaves tufted ; petioles polished, blackish below, green above, 5-12 cm. long, somewhat chaffy below, at least when young ; blades broadly lanceolate in outline, 7-25 cm. long, firm, tapering upward to a long narrow tip, pinnatifid or the lower parts pinnate ; lowest segments, or occasionally several pairs, sometimes tapering to a point like that of the apex of the leaf. On rocks, New Jersey to Illinois and Arkansas, and in the mountains to Georgia. _ 3. Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott. Rootstock short, chaffy. Leaves tufted ; petioles blackish, 4-10 cm. long; blades lanceolate, variable, 8-25 cm. long, firm, tapering to a very long narrow acuminate apex, pinnatifid, or commonly pinnate below, the seg- ments lanceolate from a broad base, acute or acuminate, irregular, the lower sometimes shorter than those just above : sori several on each segment, straight or slightly curved. On limestone, Connecticut to Indiana and Alabama. Rare, except at asingle locality in Alabama. 4. Asplenium resiliens Kunze. Rootstock short, with black stiff scales. Leaves tufted ; petioles blackish and shining, 2.5-5 cm. long ; blades rather firm, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, 7-25 cm. long, 1-pinnate ; leaflets 4-12 mm. long, mostly opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled on the upper side and nearly sessile, the middle ones the longest, the lower gradually shorter and reflexed: rachis dark brown or black : POLYPODIACEAE 13 sori oblong, borne about midway between the midrib and the margin of the blade, nearly or quite straight. [A. parvulum Mart. & Gal., not Hook. ] Often on limestone, Virginia to Missouri, Florida, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. 5. Asplenium platyneùron ( L.) Oakes. Rootstock short. Leaves evergreen, tufted ; petioles purplish brown and shining, 2.5-10 cm. long; blades linear, 2-4 cm. long, firm, pinnate, the rachis chestnut-brown ; leaflets 20-40 pairs, lanceolate, subfalcate, alternate or partly so, sessile, crenate, serrate or incised, auricled on the upper side at the base and occasionally also on the lower ; lower leaflets gradually smaller and oblong, or triangular : sori 8-12 on each side of the midrib, crowded at maturity. [A. ebeneum Ait. ] On rocks and shaded slopes, Maine and Ontario to Colorado, south to Florida and Texas. 6. Asplenium Trichómanes L. Rootstock short, nearly erect, with blackish scales. Leaves densely tufted, numerous ; petioles 2.5-12 cm. long, purplish brown and shining ; blades linear in outline, 7-20 cm. long, rather rigid, pinnate, evergreen ; leaflets oval or roundish oblong, inequilateral, cuneate at the base, their margins slightly crenate ; sori 3-6 on each side of the forking and evanescent midrib, short, narrowed at both ends. On rocks, preferring limestone, nearly throughout North America. Also in Europe and Asia. 7. Asplenium dentátum L. Petioles tufted, 5-15 cm. long, naked, blackish below. Fertile leaf-blades 5-7.5 cm. long, with 6-8 pairs of stalked oblong or rhombic leaflets, the lower side truncate with a curve, the outer edge irregularly crenate ; sterile leaves similar but with shorter petioles : rachis naked : sori copious, in parallel rows. In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida. Also in the West Indies. 8. Asplenium angustifòlium Michx. Rootstock stout. Fertile leaves usually taller than the sterile. Petioles in a crown, chaffless, or merely scaly at the base, 2-3 dm. long, brownish or greenish above ; leaf-blades lanceolate, 3-8 dm. long, pinnate ; leaflets linear- lanceolate or those of sterile leaves lanceolate, in 20-30 pairs, acuminate, entire or crenulate, obtuse or truncate at the base: sori 20-30 on each side of the midrib, linear, crowded. In moist or rich woods, Quebec to Wisconsin, Virginia, Georgia and Alabama. 9. Asplenium fírmum Kunze. Petioles 10-20 cm. tall, naked, grayish. Leaf-blades 15-30 cm. long; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 12-20 pairs, blunt-pointed, minutely crenulate, the upper margin abruptly narrowed at the base, the lower obliquely truncate: sori short, not reaching either margin or midrib. : In eaverns, peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 10. Asplenium Rüta-murària L. Rootstock ascending. Leaves tufted; petioles naked, green, 5-7 cm. long; blades ovate or deltoid-ovate, 5-12 cm. long, glabrous, ever- reen, 2-3-pinnate, or pinnatifid above ; leaflets stalked, rhombic or obovate, mostly obtuse, entate or incised, cuneate at the base; veins flabellate: sori few, linear-oblong, confluent when mature and nearly covering the leaflet: indusia membranous and delicate. On limestone, Vermont to Michigan and Missouri, south to Connecticut, Alabama and Arkansas. Also in Europe, Asia and northern Africa. 11. Asplenium montànum Willd. Rootstock chaffy at the summit. Leaves tufted ; petioles naked, slender, blackish at the base, 5-7 cm. long ; blades 5-20 cm. long, ovate- lanceolate in outline, acuminate, rather firm, 1-2-pinnate ; lower leaflets longest, pinnate or pinnatifid, the lobes or segments ovate or oblong ; upper less divided, merely toothed or in- cised ; veins obscure : sori linear-oblong, short, the lower ones sometimes double. On rocks, Connecticut to Ohio and Arkansas, and in the mountains to Georgia and Alabama. 12. Asplenium Bradleyi D. C. Eaton. Rootstock chaffy with brown scales. Leaves tufted ; petioles slender, 5-7 cm. long, chestnut-brown ; blades oblong-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, not narrowed at the base, with 8-12 pairs of short-stalked or sessile oblong- ovate leaflets ; the lower again pinnatifid or pinnate, with oblong obtuse lobes or pinnules, which are toothed at the apex, the upper pinnatifid with dentate or nearly entire lobes: rachis brown : sori near the midrib, covered with the narrow indusia until mature. On rocks, often preferring limestone, New York to Illinois and Missouri, south to middle Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. 13. Asplenium cicutarium Sw. Petioles greenish, tufted, 10-20 cm. long, naked. Leaf-blades 15-38 cm. long, with 10-15 pairs of horizontal leaflets, the lower ones 5-7.5 em. long, parted into linear or oblong segments which are once or twice cleft at the apex : rachis compressed and often winged : sori mainly in 2 rows. In swamps, Sumter County, Florida. Also in tropical America. 14. Asplenium myriophyllum Mett. Petioles tufted, 5-15 cm. long. Leaf-blades lanceolate, 8-30 cm. long, 2-3-pinnatifid ; segments entire, or 2-3-lobed, each bearing a single vein and a sorus. On rocks in sink-holes, peninsular Fiorida. Also in tropical America.—A form with narrowly linear leaf-blades 1.8-2.5 em. wide, and 7-8-lobed widely ascending leaflets, is known as A. myriophyllum Biscayneànum D. C. Eaton. 14 POLYPODIACEAE 15. Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. Rootstock sinuous. Petioles 2-3 dm. long, straw-colored, somewhat chaffy below at least when young; leaf-blades lanceolate in out- line, 3-9 dm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, pinnate-pinnatifid ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid into numerous oblong obtuse or subacute, slightly crenate segments: sori crowded, slightly curved, or straight, the lower ones often double : indusium light-colored and somewhat shining when young. In rich moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Louisiana. Also in Asia. 16. Asplenium Filix-foémina (L.) Bernh. Rootstock rather slender for the size of the plant. Petioles tufted, 0.5-2.5 dm. long, straw-colored, brownish or reddish ; leaf- blades broadly oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, 3-9 dm. long, 2- pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, short-stalked or the upper ones sessile 1-2 dm. long, the ultimate divisions oblong-lanceolate, incised or serrate, their lobes or teeth often again toothed, those toward the ends of the leaflets confluent by a very narrow margin to the secondary rachis : sori short, the indusia straight or variously curved, sometimes horse- shoe-shaped. In wet woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Florida, Louisiana and Arizona. Also in Europe and Asia. Very variable. 17. PHYLLITIS Ludwig. Large ferns with oblong or strap-shaped mostly entire leaf-blades. Sori linear, elon- gated, almost at right angles to the midrib and contiguous in pairs, one on the upper side of a veinlet, the other on the lower side of the next contiguous veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening longitudinally along its middle. [Scolopendrium Adans. } 1. Phyllitis Scolopéndrium (L.) Newman. Rootstocks short, chaffy with light brown scales. _ Petioles 5-15 em. long, fibrillose-chaffy below or sometimes up to the top ; leaf-blades entire, bright green, firm, 2-4.5 dm. long, cordate at the base, pairs of sori dis- tinct, 4-15 mm. long, conspicuous: veins free, usually once forked near the midrib. [Scolopendrium vulgare J. E. Smith. ] i On shaded limestone cliffs, New Brunswick to Ontario and New York, south to Tennessee. Also in Europe, Asia and Africa. Hart’s TONGUE. , 18. CAMPTOSORUS Link. Slender plants, with tapering simple entire or undulate leaf-blades. Sori linear or ob- long, several times longer than broad, irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulate veins or sometimes crossing them, partly parallel to the midrib and partly oblique to it, the outer ones more or less approximate in pairs. Indusium membranous. 1. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Rootstock short, chaffy. Petioles light green, 2.5-15 em. long, tufted, spreading ; leaf-blades rather thin, lanceolate, simple, long- acuminate at the apex, cordate, hastate or rarely narrowed at the base, 10-25 cm. long, sometimes with a more or less elongated pair of basalauricles; tip of the leaf and sometimes the tip of one or both of the basal auricles rooting and forming a new plant by the ultimate withering away of its tissue : sori usually numerous, irregularly scattered. On roeks, preferring limestone, Quebec to Ontario an i P sete peat wee Q and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas. 19. LORINSERIA Presl. Rather coarse ferns of swamps, with dimorphous leaves and rather large linear sori sunk in cavities in the leaf and arranged in chain-like rows. Indusia rather leathery, fixed by their outer margins and covering the cavity like a lid. Veins forming copious areolae. 1. Lorinseria areolàta (L.) Presl. Rootstock slender, chaffy. Leaves of two kinds, the fertile taller than the sterile and their blades borne on longer petioles, 3-6 dm. high their segments much contracted, narrowly linear, 7-12.5 em. long, 4-6 mm. wide distant, their bases connected by a very narrow wing along the rachis or quite distinct ; sterile leaf- blades deltoid-ovate, membranous, broadest at the base, or sometimes with one or two small segments below, acuminate, the segments lanceolate or oblon -lanceolate, minutely serru- late, sometimes undulate, their bases connected by a rathe is-wl . L L * r y d e wardia angustifolia J. E. Smith. ] e Pian In swamps or wet woods, Maine and Michigan to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. 20. ONOCLEA L. Ferns with elongated horizontal rootstocks. Leaves growing separately. Fertile leaf- blades closely rolled up into berry-like segments, and entirely unlike the broad pinnatifid POLYPODIACEAE 15 sterile leaf-blades. Sori round, borne on the back of the veins. Indusium very thin and membranous, hemispheric or hood-shaped, fixed at the inferior side of the sorus. Sporo- phylls unrolling at maturity, allowing the spores to escape, and remaining long after the sterile leaves have been killed by frost. Veins forming small areolae. 1. Onoclea sensibilis L. Leaves 3-13 dm. high ; blades triangular, deeply pinnati- fid ; segments lanceolate-oblong, entire, undulate, or the lower pairs sinuate-pinnatifid : sporophylls 3-7 dm. high, persistent over winter, much contracted and with short pin- nules rolled up into berry-like closed involucres forming a narrow panicle. In moist soil, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to the Gulf of Mexico.—Various forms intermediate between sporophylls and foliage leaves occur. Summer and fall. SENSITIVE FERN. 21. TECTARIA Cav. Plants with horizontal rootstocks. Sori round, borne on the back of the leaflets or leaf-segments. Indusium peltate, opening all around the margin. Veins everywhere anastomosing, forming copious areolae, with free included veinlets. 1. Tectaria trifoliàta (L.) Cav. Leaves tufted, 6-7.5 dm. tall; petioles brownish, scaly at the base ; leaf-blades 3-4.5 dm. long, each with a large ovate-acuminate terminal leaflet narrowed or forked at the base, and 1 or 2 lateral leaflets, the lowest mostly forked : primary veins distinct to the margin: areolae fine: sori in 2 rows near the main veins : indusia orbicular, peltate. [Aspidium trifoliatum (L.) Sw. ] In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 22. POLYSTICHUM Roth. Coarse plants, often with chaffy foliage. Leaves tufted: petioles not jointed to the rootstock ; blades 1-2-pinnate, the sterile and fertile similar. Sori usually borne on the backs of the veins. Indusium superior, centrally peltate, orbicular. Veins free. 1. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Rootstocks stout. Leaves ever- green, 2.5-8 dm. tall; petioles densely chaffy ; blades lanceolate, those of the fertile ones contracted near the top, 1.5-6 dm. long, 1-pinnate ; leaflets somewhat leathery, linear- lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm. long, falcate, half-hastate at the base, with appressed bristly teeth, bearing the large contiguous sori, which soon cover the whole lower surface near the mid- dle. [-Aspidium acrostichoides ( Michx. ) Sw.] In woods and on rocky banks, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, south to Forida and Mississippi. CHRIST- MAS FERN, 23. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Terrestial plants with erect or horizontal rootstocks. Leaves tufted, the sterile and fertile similar: blades 2-3-pinnate or -pinnatifid : petioles not jointed to the rootstocks. Indusium flattish, cordate-reniform, superior, fixed by the sinus. Veins free or basal veinlets united. Often known as SHIELD-FERNS. Leaf-blades thin-membranous: veins simple or 1-forked. Lower leaf-segments reduced to mere lobes. Rootstock stout, erect, forming a short caudex. 1. D. contermina. Rootstock slender, horizontal. 2. D. Noveboracensis. Lower leaf-segments little smaller than the central. i à Veins forked : leaf-blades dark green, relatively firm. 3. D. Thelypteris. Veins simple : leaf-blades pale green, thin-flaccid. 4. D. patens. Leaf-blades firm or leathery : veins freely forking. Leaf-blades 2-3-pinnatifid : veins always free. ; Leaf-blades 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate: divisions not spinulose. Indusia large, thinnisn, flat: sori midway to the margins. Leaflets or segments broadest at the base. Fertile and sterile leaflets alike, deltoid or triangular. 5. D. cristata. Fertile leaflets narrowly lanceolate, unlike the sterile ones. 6. D. Floridana. Leaflets or segments broadest at the middle. : 7. D. Goldieana. Indusia convex, without marginal glands: sori near the margin. 8. D. marginalis. Leaf-blades 2-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid : divisions spinulose-tipped. P. ys INN . unita. Leaf-blades pinnate : contiguous veinlets united. 1. Dryopteris contérmina ( Willd.) Kuntze. Rootstocks erect, often 3 dm. above the surface of the ground. Leaves in a crown ; petioles narrowly wing-margined at the base ; blades 3-12 dm. long, lanceolate, cordate-acuminate at the apex, rather rigid, narrowed at the base ; leaflets sessile, narrowly lanceolate from a broader base, acuminate, deeply pinnat- ifid ; segments obtuse, obliquely and slightly falcate, copiously resinous-dotted beneath : sori near the margins : indusia minute, reniform, glandular and pilose, evanescent. In swamps near Fort Meade, Florida.—The form within our range is known as D. contermina strigósa (Fée) Underw., to which the above description mainly applies. 16 POLYPODIACEAE 2. Dryopteris Noveboracénsis ( L.) A. Gray. Rootstocks slender, horizontal. Leaf- blades lanceolate, tapering both ways from the middle, 3-6 dm. long, membranous, long- acuminate, pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, sessile, long-acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, ciliate and finely pubescent beneath, 3-7 cm. long, the two or more lower pairs gradually shorter and deflexed, commonly distant ; segments flat, oblong, obtuse, the basal ones often en- larged : veins simple, or those of the basal lobes forked ; sori not confluent, borne near the margin: indusia minute, reniform, delicate, glandular. In moist or swampy woods, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. 3. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray. Rootstocks slender. Leaf-blades lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely narrower at the base than at the middle, 3-8 dm. long, short-acuminate, membranous, pinnate ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile, mostly horizontal, acuminate at the apex, nearly truncate at the base, 3-7 em. long, slightly pubescent beneath, deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, or appearing acute from the strongly revolute margins: veins regularly once or twice forked: sori crowded, 10-12 to each segment: indusia reniform, slightly glandular, or glabrous. In marshes, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. Also in Europe and Asia. 4. Dryopteris pàtens (Sw.) Kuntze. Rootstocks stout. Leaves several together ; blades ovate-oblong, 4-12 dm. long, softly pubescent beneath ; leaflets approximate, linear, acuminate, the broadest pair somewhat reflexed, all cleft three-fourths the way to the mid- rib; segments numerous, the basal ones longest: veinlets manifest, the lowest ones of adjacent segments often uniting: sori near the margins: indusia very pubescent. In sandy soil or on calcareous rocks, Georgia and Florida to California. 5. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray. Rootstocks densely chaffy. Leaves ever- green ; petioles of the sterile leaves 5-12 cm. long, those of the fertile 1.5-2.5 dm. long ; blades linear-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, gradually and slightly narrowed to the base, rather firm, 3-8 dm. long, pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate or triangular-ovate, acumi- nate, deeply pinnatifid or the lower pinnate, the segments 6-10 pairs, serrate or incised : sori about midway between the margin and midrib: indusia thin, glabrous. In wet woods and swamps, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Kentucky and Arkansas. Also in Europe and Asia. 6. Dryopteris Floridàna (Hook.) Kuntze. Leaves clustered ; petioles 15-25 cm. long, with few ovate scales ; blades lanceolate, 45-50 cm. long; leaflets various ; fertile contined to the upper half of the leaf-blade, narrowly lanceolate, cut nearly to the rachis into oblong segments ; sterile leaflets broader, shorter below, less deeply cut. In swamps, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. : 7. Dryopteris Goldieàna (Hook.) A. Gray. Rootstocks chaffy. Petioles 2.5-4.5 dm. long, chaffy at least below ; leaf-blades ovate, rather firm, 6-12 dm. long, glabrous or nearly so, dark-green above, pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate ; lower leaflets broadly lanceolate, widest at about the middle, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, parted into about 20 pairs of oblong-linear subfalcate segments which are serrate with appressed teeth: sori very near the midrib, close together but distinct, large: indusia orbicular, glabrous, persistent. In rich woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and the Indian Territory. _ 8. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray. Rootstocks ascending, with dark brown shining scales. Leaves evergreen; petioles 7-20 cm. long, chaffy below; blades ovate- oblong or ovate-lanceolate, rather leathery, 1.5-7.5 dm. long, 1-2-pinnate, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at the base ; leaflets numerous, lanceolate, nearly sessile, gla- brous, 5-12.5 em. long, the lower broader and shorter than the middle ones, the upper pinnatifid, the lower pinnately parted into oblong obtuse entire dentate or pinnately lobed segments : sori distinct, close to the margin, covered by the glabrous indusia. In rocky woods, Prince Edward Island to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. 9. Dryopteris spinulósa (Retz) Kuntze. Leaves tufted, evergreen ; petioles bearing scales with dark centers ; blades ovate-lanceolate, usually not narrowed below, 2-pinnate ; leaflets narrowly triangular or the lower pairs broadly triangular, the ultimate segments oblique, connected by a very narrow wing, with spinulose-toothed lobes : indusia glabrous. : In rich woods, Newfoundland to Alaska and Washington, south to Virginia and Michigan. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.—Two forms represent the species in our vance : one, D. pimp inter- média (Muhl.) Underw., has oblong-ovate 2-3-pinnate leaf-blades and oblong-lanceolate spreading leaflets, the lowest unequally triangular-ovate: indusium beset with stalked glands. Its range extends southward to North Carolina and Missouri. The other variety, D. spinulosa dilatáta (Hoffm.) Underw.. bis Kern n: Es bee ag maha commonly 3-pinnate blades, lanceolate-oblong ultimate divi- MS often much elongated, and glabrous indusia, ranges as far sonth as Georgia, Tennessee _ 10. Dryopteris unita (L.) Kuntze. Leaves tufted ; petioles brownish, naked, about 45 em. long ; blades 0.5-1 m. long, 12-20 em. wide; leaflets narrow, the lower ones not reduced, cleft 3 to 3 the way to the midrib ; segments acute : veins pinnate in the broad POLYPODIACEAE 17 segments, with 6-8 veinlets on each side of the lower ones of contiguous groups : sori near the ends of the veins, mainly in the segments. In thickets, Florida. 24. MATTEUCCIA Todaro. Stately ferns with large rootstocks. Leaves in crowns, the sterile and fertile different : blades pinnate or pinnatifid : sori round, borne on the veins of a contracted fertile leaf concealed by their revolute margins. Veins free. 1 Matteuccia Struthiópteris (L.) Todaro. Fertile leaves 3-5 dm. long; blades simply pinnate, with necklace-shaped leaflets formed of the strongly revolute margins ; sterile leaves 6-18 dm. long; blades broadly lanceolate, 2-pinnatifid, the lowest leaflets gradually much shorter: veins pinnate: sori crowded, confluent. [Onoclea Struthiopteris (L. ) Hoffm.] In moist thickets, especially on river banks, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south,to New Jersey and Arkansas. OsTRICH FERN. 25. PHEGOPTERIS Fée. Low rather tender ferns, with horizontal rootstalks. Leaves few, the fertile and sterile similar: petioles continuous with the rootstocks: blades ternate or 2-3-pinnatifid. Sori round, each on the back of a vein just below its tip or on the middle of the veinlets. In- dusium wanting or rudimentary. Veins free. OAK or BEECH-FERN. 1. Phegopteris hexagonóptera ( Michx.) Fée. Rootstock chaffy, somewhat fleshy. Petioles 2-4.5 dm. long, straw-colored, naked ; leaf-blades triangular, as broad as long or broader, 2-3 dm. wide, slightly pubescent and often slightly glandular beneath, acuminate ; uppermost leaflets oblong, obtuse, dentate or entire, small, the middle ones lanceolate, acuminate, the very large lowest pair broadest near the middle, pinnately parted nearly to the midvein into linear-oblong obtuse segments : sori mostly near the margin. In dry woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. 26. GONIOPTERIS Presl. Rather large ferns of woods and rocky places, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves pin- natifid or bipinnatifid. Sori on the back of the veins normally without an indusium. Veins connivent, the branches form contiguous groups uniting to form one or more arches. 'Sporiferous leaves of two sorts, one rigid, pinnatifid toward the apex, the other lax, pinnate through- out, and proliferous. 1. G. reptans. ‘Sporiferous leaves of one sort, with large terminal leaflets. 2. G. tetragona. 1. Goniopteris réptans (Sw.) Presl. Leavesspreading or procumbent ; petioles 7-25 cm. long, clustered, grayish straw-colored, slender, naked ; blades 10-30 cm. long, mem- branous, softly pubescent with branched or stellate hairs, oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, with nearly or quite sessile crenately pinnatifid leaflets, the apex merely pinnatifid, often elon- ‘gated and rooting: veins pinnate, simple, the basal veinlets often anastomosing: sori on the middle of the veinlets, sometimes with a rudimentary indusium. On ealeareous rocks, middle and peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 2. Goniopteris tetrágona (Sw.) Presl. Leaves erect; petioles 15-45 em. long, sometimes slightly villogs; blades 3-6 dm. long, 15-30 cm. wide; leaflets numerous, spreading, 7.5-15 cm. long, the lowest narrowed at the base and sometimes stalked, deeply pinnatifid, thin-herbaceous, the lower surface and the rachis finely pubescent : sori in rows near the midrib. In rocky woods, Marion County, Florida. Also in tropical America. 27. NEPHRÓLEPIS &chott. More or less epiphytic plants. Leaves spreading or pendent : blades elongated : leaf- lets numerous, approximate, jointed at the base, with whitish dots on the upper surface. Sori round, rising from the apex of the upper branch of a vein, usually near the margin. Veins free. Leaf-blades 7-15 cm. wide: indusia distinctly reniform. 1. N. exaltata. Leaf-blades 20-30 cm. wide: indusia nearly orbicular. 2. N. biserrata. 1l. Nephrolepis exaltàta (L.) Schott. Petioles 10-15 cm. long; leaf-blades various, 3-20 dm. long, 7-15 cm. wide; leaflets lanceolate, sometimes crenulate, the upper side auricled at the base, the lower rounded ; the rachis nearly naked : sori almost marginal, covered with firm distinctly reniform indusia. On logs and stumps, peninsular Florida. Also in the tropics. SWORD OR BOSTON FERN. 2. Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott. Petioles 10-20 cm. long ; leaf-blades 6-12, dm. long, 20-40 cm. wide; leaflets 10-20 cm. long, acute, entire or crenulate, the upper 2 18 POLY PODIACEAE side auricled, the lower rounded at the base: rachis nearly naked: sori almost marginal, covered by nearly orbicular, rather peltate indusia. [N. acuta Presl.] On the south bank of the Miami River, Florida. Also in tropical regions. 28. DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. Rootstocks usually horizontal. Leaves tufted : blades 2-3-pinnatifid. Sori small, globu- lar marginal or nearly so. Sporanges borne in an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in a membranous cup-shaped inferior indusium, which is open at the top, and on the outer side adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the leaf. Veins always free. 1. Dennstaedtia punctilóbula (Michx.) Moore. Rootstock not chaffy. Petioles stout, chaffless, pale green and sweet-scented ; leaf-blades 3-10 dm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, frequently long-attenuate, usually 3-pinnatifid, thin and delicate ; rachis and under surface minutely glandular and pubescent : sori minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe: sporanges few : indusium cup-shaped with a delicate membranous irregular margin. [Dicksonia punctilobula (Michx.) A. Gray. ] On open hillsides, New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to the mountains of Georgia. and Alabama. 29. FILIX Adans. Delicate rock ferns. Leaves with slender petioles and 2-4-pinnate blades. Sori roundish, each borne on the back of a vein. Indusium membranous, hood-like, attached by a broad base on its inner side and partly under the sorus, early opening and somewhat evanescent. Veins free. [Cystopteris Bernh.] Leaf-blades scarcely broader at the base, short-pointed, without bulblets. 1. F. fragilis. Leaf-blades broadest at the base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath. 2. F. bulbifera. 1. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Leaves tufted; petioles 10-20 cm. long; blades thin, oblong-lanceolate, slightly tapering below, 1-3 dm. long, 2-3-pinnatifid or pinnate ; leaf- lets lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnatifid, with a broad central space and bluntly or sharply toothed segments decurrent along the margined or winged rachis, without bulb- lets: indusia narrow or acute at the free end, early withering. On rocks and in moist grassy woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia and Arizona. Almost eosmopolitan. 2. Filix bulbífera (L.) Underw. Leaves weak; petioles 10-15 cm. long, light- colored ; blades elongated, lanceolate from a broad base, 3-8 dm. long, 2-3-pinnatifid or pinnate ; leaflets crowded, toothed or pinnatifid : rachis wingless, commonly bearing under- neath, in the axils of the leaflets and segments, fleshy bulblets which fall away and propa- gate the plant : indusia truncate on the free side, early thrown back and withering. On moist rocks, especially limestone, Quebec to Wisconsin, south to Tennessee and Arkansas. 30. WOODSIA R. Br. Small or medium-sized ferns, growing in rocky places. Leaves often evergreen, tufted : petioles often jointed above the base and finally separating : blades 1-2-pinnate or pinnatifid. Sori round, borne on the backs of simply forked free veins. Indusia inferior, thin and often evanescent, roundish or stellate, either small and open or early bursting at the top into irregular lobes or segments. Indusium minute or evanescent, flat, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into hair-like seg- ments. 1. W. Ilvensis. Indusium manifest, at first enclosing the sporanges, splitting into jagged lobes. 2. W. obtusa. 1. Woodsia Ilvénsis (L.) R. Br. Leaf-blades lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, glabrous above, more or less covered with rusty chaff beneath, as are also the slender jointed peti- oles ; leaflets crowded, sessile, pinnately parted, the crowded segments oblong, obscurely crenate: sori borne near the margins of the segments, somewhat confluent when old: in- dusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into filiform segments, which are inflexed over the sporanges and inconspicuous, especially when mature. a e mes aah pe eae Seach and Greenland to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Kentucky. 2. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Petioles not jointed, pale green, 7-15 cm. long; leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, 15-40 em. long, minutely glandular-pubescent, nearly 2-pinnate ; leaflets rather remote, triangular-ovate, or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse crenate-dentate segments : veins forked, bearing the sori near the minutely toothed lobes : indusia conspicuous, at first enclosing the sporanges, at length splitting into several lobes. P aa Nova Seotia to New York and British Columbia, south to middle Georgia, Texas and. MARSILEACEAE 19 Order 3. SALVINIALES. Aquatic or mud-inhabiting herbs, with horizontal or creeping stems, or float- ing. Leaves various, sometimes filiform, or blades entire, lobed or 4-foliolate. Spores of two kinds (microspores and macrospores), contained in sporocarps. Macrospores germinating into simple prothallia which bear archegones, the microspores forming still simpler prothallia bearing antherozoids. Plants rooting in the mud: leaves filiform or with 4-foliolate blades. Fam. 1. MARSILEACEAE. Plants floating: leaves with entire or 2-lobed blades. Fam. 2. SALVINIACEAE. FAMILY 1. MARSILEACEAE R. Br. MARSILEA FAMILY. Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, with slender rootstocks. Leaves with 4-foliolate blades, or merely filiform. Asexual propagation consisting of spor- ocarps borne on peduncles which arise from the rootstock near the leaf-stalk, or are consolidated with it, containing both macrospores and microspores. Sporocarps ovoid : leaves with 4-foliolate blades. 1. MARSILEA. Sporocarps globose: leaves filiform. 2. PILULARIA. 1. MARSÍLEA L. Marsh or aquatic plants. Leaves commonly floating on the surface of shallow water ; blades slender-petioled, 4-foliolate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, arising from their bases or more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of two vertical valves with several transverse compartments (sori) in each valve. Sporocarps 2-6 on each peduncle: leaves pubescent on both sides. 1. M. macropoda. Sporocarps solitary or rarely 2 on each peduncle. Leaflets 4-16 mm. broad, obovate or nearly obcordate. Sporocarps 3-5 x 4-7 mm.; raphe short, with acute teeth. 2. M. vestita. Sporocarps 6 x 8 mm.; raphe long, with long hooked teeth. 8. M. uncinata. Leafiets 2-4 mm. wide, more or less falcate. 4. M. tenuifolia. 1. Marsilea macrópoda Engelm. Plant robust, 10-25 cm. tall. Leaflets 2-5 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, or narrower, usually undulate, pubescent with white hairs on both sides, especially so when young: sporocarps 2-6 on erect branching peduncles, densely villous, 6-8 mm. long, 5-6 mm. thick : raphe short, the lower tooth obtuse, the upper prominent or wanting : sori 10 in each valve. In muddy places, Texas and New Mexico. 2. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Rootstock slender. Petioles 5-13 cm. high: leaflets entire or toothed : sporocarps 4-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with a short raphe, a short and blunt lower tooth and an acute and sometimes curved upper one, densely cov- ered with soft spreading narrow hair-like scales, or in certain forms these are short and appressed or almost wanting: sori 6-11 in each valve. In wet sand or in shallow ditehes, Kansas to British Columbia, Mexico, Texas and Florida. 3. Marsilea uncinàta A. Br. Plant 6-20 cm. tall. Leaflets nearly glabrous, entire, 10-16 mm. wide, 8 mm. long: peduncles 15-30 cm. long, 2-4 times the length of the sporocarps : raphe long, terminating in 2 approximate teeth, the upper longer and mostly uncinately curved : sori 13-14 in each valve. In swamps, Louisiana and Texas. 4. Marsilea tenuifdlia Engelm. Plant slender, 5-15 cm. high. Leaflets 2-4 mm. wide, more or less falcate, often slightly truncate and unequally toothed at the apex, " pressed-pubescent : sporocarps solitary, 5-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, the teeth nearly equal, divergent: sori 9-12 in each valve. On borders of ponds, Pierdenales, Texas. 2. PILULARIA L. Marsh plants with slender creeping rootstocks and few filiform leaves. Sporocarps globose, longitudinally 2-4-celled, dehiscing from the apex : cavities with parietal cushions bearing microsporanges above and numerous macrosporanges below. Macrospores solitary. - 1. Pilularia Americana A. Br. Leaves filiform, about 2.5 cm. long. Sporocarps 2 mm. in diameter, attached by the side to a short descending peduncle, 3-4-celled : micro- spores 13-17, not constricted at the middle. In shallow pools, Arkansas and California. 20 — EQUISETACEAE FAMILY 2. SALVINIACEAE Reichenb. SALVINIA FAMILY. Small floating plants, with a more or less elongated and sometimes branch- ing axis bearing apparently 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps soft, thin-walled, borne 2 or more on a common stalk, 1-celled, with a central often branched re- ceptacle, which bears macrosporanges containing a single macrospore or micro- sporanges containing numerous microspores. 1. AZOLLA Lam. Minute moss-like reddish or green floating plants, with pinnately branched stems cov- ered with minute imbricated 2-lobed leaves, and emitting rootlets beneath. Sporocarps of two kinds borne in the axils of the leaves, the smaller ovoid or acorn-shaped, containing a single macrospore at the base and a few minute bodies above it, the larger globose, pro- ducing many pedicelled sporanges, each containing several masses of microspores. 1. Azolla Caroliniana Willd. Plants greenish or reddish, 2-4 mm. broad, deltoid or triangular-ovate, pinnately branching, sometimes covering large surfaces of water. Macrospores minutely granulate, with three accessory bodies; masses of microspores armed with rigid septate processes: leaves with ovate lobes, their color varying with the amount of sunlight, the lower usually reddish, the upper green with a reddish border. Floating on still water, Ontario to British Columbia, south to Florida, Arizona and Mexico. Order 4. EQUISETALES. Rush-like perennial plants, with horizontal rootstocks and mostly hollow jointed simple or often much-branched grooved stems, provided with a double series of cavities and usually with a large central one, the branches whorled, the nodes provided with diaphragms. Leaves reduced to toothed sheaths at the joints. Sporanges 1-celled, clustered underneath the scales of terminal cone- like spikes. Spores uniform, furnished with 2 narrow appendages (elaters) at- tached at the middle, coiling around the spores when moist, and spreading, when dry, in diverse ways. Prothallia terrestrial, green, usually dioecious. FAMILY 1. EQUISETACEAE Michx. HORSETAIL FAMILY. Characters of the order. Theonly genus. 1. EQUISETUM L. Stems annual, of 2 kinds; fertile vernal, simple, soon withering; sterile much branched: stomata scattered. : aed : 1. E. arvense. Stems perennial: spikes rigid-pointed : stomata in regular rows. Stems rough and tuberculate, prominently ridged. Stems stout: ridges with 1 line of tubercles: sheaths with 3-keeled ridges. 2. E. robustum. : prems songe E Por with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles: sheaths with obscurely -kee ges. 3. E. hyemale. Stems not tuberculate: sheaths enlarged upward. 4. E. leevigatums. _ l. Equisetum arvénse L. Stems annual, with scattered stomata, the fertile appear- ing in early spring before the sterile. Fertile stems 1-2.5 dm. high, not branched, soon withering, light brown, their loose scarious sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown acuminate teeth ; sterile stems green, rather slender, 0.5-6 dm. high, 6-19-fur- rowed, with numerous long mostly simple whorled 4-angled or rarely 3-angled solid aaron their sheaths 4-toothed, the stomata in two rows in the furrows. n sandy soil. Newfoundland, Greenland and Alaska, south to North Carolina and ifornia. Also sii a : os iin Sou A is an occasional form with a ane carina i normally _ ,2. Equisetum robüstum A. Br. Stems perennial, stout, tall, evergreen, 1-2.5 m. high, sometimes 2 em. in diameter, 20-48-furrowed, simple or little branched. Ridges roughened with a single series of transversely oblong siliceous tubercles: sheaths short, cylindrie, appressed, marked with black girdles at the base, and at the bases of the dark caducous teeth; ridges of the sheath 3-carinate; branches, when present, occasionally fertile: spikes tipped with a rigid point. i j In wet places, Ohio to British Columbia, south to Louisiana, California and Mexico. Also in Asia. __ 3. Equisetum hyemale L. Stems slender, rather stiff, evergreen, 6-12 dm. high, with the stomata arranged in rows, rough, 8-34-furrowed, the ridges with two indistinct LYCOPODIACEAE 21 lines of tubercles, the central cavity large, from one-half to two-thirds the diameter ; sheaths rather long, cylindric, marked with one or two black girdles, their ridges obscurely 4-keeled ; teeth brown, membranous, soon deciduous: stem rarely producing branches which are usually short and occasionally fertile, sometimes with longer sterile branches. In wet places, especially on river banks, widely distributed in North America, Europe and Asia. SCOURING RUSH. 4. Equisetum laevigàtum A. Br. Stems 3-15 dm. high, simple or little branched, pale green, persistent, 14-30-furrowed, the ridges almost smooth. Sheaths elongated and enlarged upward, with a black girdle at the base of the mostly deciduous, white-margined teeth and rarely also at their bases ; ridges of the sheath with a faint central carina and sometimes with faint short lateral ones : stomata arranged in single series ; central cavity very large, the wall of the stem very thin. Along streams, especial]y in clay soil, New Jersey to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Louisiana and California. : Order 5. LYCOPODIALES. Terrestrial or epiphytie plants with spores produced in sporanges borne in the axils of scale-like leaves. Spores all of one sort and size. - Sporanges 1-celled, transversely 2-valved : stems leafy. Fam. 1. LYCOPODIACEAE. Sporanges 2-3-celled, opening by 2-3 apical valves: stems and branches nearly naked. Fam, 2. PSILOTACEAE. Spores of two sizes, macrospores and microspores. Fam. 3, SELAGINELLACEAE. FAMILY 1. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. CruB-Moss FAMILY. Moss-like plants, with erect, trailing or creeping stems. Leaves often nu- merous, in 2-several series: blades narrow. Sporanges 1-celled, solitary in the axils of leaf-like or scale-like bracts (sporophylls), sometimes forming compact cones (strobiles). Spores uniform, minute. Prothallia (as far as known) mon- oecious, mostly subterranean. 1. LYCOPODIUM L.! Perennial evergreen plants various in habit. Leaves in 4-16 series: blades 1-nerved. Sporanges 1-celled, in the axils of more or less distant leaf-like bracts or collected into ter- minal compact bracted cones, transversely 2-valved. Spores of one kind, sulphur-yellow, copious, readily inflammable. Some species are known as CLUB-MOSSEs. Plants with mostly upright stems: leaves and bracts (sporophylls) in alternating zones (cones inter- rupted). Leaf-blades appressed, with hollow bases. 1. L. Selago. Leaf-blades ultimately reflexed, flattened at the bases. Leaf-blades linear or nearly so, entire or denticulate. Leaf-blades manifestly broadest above the middle; erose. _ Plants with creeping or horizontal stems (rootstocks): cones terminal. Sporanges globose: bracts and leaves similar. Bracts 5-6 mm. long, often slightly toothed at the base. 4 Bracts 8-10 mm. long, usually much toothed. : Leaves in many series, radially spreading: stems arching. 3 L. alopecuroides. 7 . L. porophilum. . L. lucidulum. wh . L. Chapmani. Leaves twisted so as to be in one plane: stems prostrate. . L. pinnatum. Sporanges transversely compressed, reniform : braets entirely unlike the leaves. Stems (rootstocks) prostrate or creeping : leaves nearly in one plane. Stems (rootstocks) creeping or horizontal, with erect or ascending branches. Leaves equal, radially arranged (except on twigs of No. 8), in 5 or more series. Cones few, stout, erect. 8. L. obscurum. . L. Carolinianum. Cones numerous, short, nodding. | 9. L. cernuum. Leaves dorsiventrally arranged in 4 series on flattened stems. Leaves of under row scarcely reduced : terminal branches erect. 10. L. tristachyum. Leaves of under row reduced to subulate scales: terminal branches horizontally fan-like. 11. L. complanatum. 1. Lycopodium Selàgo L. Prostrate portion of the stems very short, rooting, curv- ing upward, thence dichotomously branched and forming tufts 4-17 cm. tall. Leaves densely disposed, appressed or ascending ; blades triangular, linear-subulate or subulate, 4-8 mm. long, broadest at the hollow base, entire: bracts shorter than the leaves, triangular: sporanges reniform. On rocks and shaded cliffs, Labrador, Greenland and Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan and Wash- ington and on the mountains to North Carolina. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw. Prostrate portion of the stems short, abundantly rooting, curving upward, thence forking 1-3 times and forming tufts 4-10 cm. tall. Leaves densely disposed, spreading or reflexed ; blades very slightly broadened ! Revised by Prof. Francis Ernest Lloyd. 22 LYCOPODIACEAE above the middle and somewhat contracted near the base, those between the sporangial re- gions 6-7 mm. long, broadest at the base, entire or denticulate : sporanges reniform : bracts (sporophylls) 4-5 mm. long, denticulate or entire, acuminate. On sandstone cliffs, Wisconsin, Indiana, Kentucky and Alabama. 3. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Prostrate portion of the stems 5-15 cm. long, rooting, thence usually forking 1-3 times, forming lax clusters 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves numerous, reflexed ; blades linear-spatulate, 8-11 mm. long, acute, erose-denticulate, 1 mm. wide at the base: bracts linear to lanceolate, 3.5-8.5 mm. long, sometimes denticulate : sporanges depressed-reniform. In cool woods and on damp slopes, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to South Carolina, Tennessee and Iowa. 4. Lycopodium Chapmánii Underw. Stems creeping or arching, about 3 mm. thick, 18-40 cm. long, simple or occasionally pinnately branched. Leaves numerous ; blades lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, curved upward, irregularly toothed, with the lower teeth often branched, or those of the fertile branches appressed, the lower with subulate teeth, upper entire : fertile branches 10-25 cm. long: cones 1.8-7 cm. long, or sometimes longer, about 3 mm. thick: bracts 5-6 mm. long, toothed just above the base, whence they are contracted into subulate tips: sporanges nearly globular. In sandy bogs, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. 5. Lycopodium pinnàtum (Chapm.) Lloyd & Underw. Stems 20-30 cm. long, pin- nately branched, 1-2 mm. thick. Leaves numerous; blades thin, 8-9 mm. long, linear- lanceolate, curved, long-toothed, those of the upper side of the stem smaller, all slightly contracted at the base: fertile branches 25-40 cm. long, their numerous leaves narrower than the stem-leaves: cones 3-12 em. long, 5 mm. thick : bracts spreading, similar to the leaves of the fertile branches but more gradually tapering : sporanges nearly globular. In low sandy grounds, southern Georgia, Florida and Alabama. 6. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Stems 5 dm. long, or even longer, arching, root- ing at the ends. Leaves numerous ; blades 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate, and spinulose on the sides of the stem, linear-lanceolate and long-toothed on the upper and lower sides of the stem, and with long hairs near the base on the lower side of the stem : fertile branches 2-3 dm. tall, densely leafy, resembling the stem : cones 2-10.5 cm. long, 5 mm. thick: bracts 10-11 mm. long, becoming reflexed, similar to the leaves of the fertile branches but not hairy. In low pine lands, Long Island to Florida and Mississippi, usually within about 125 miles of the coast. Also in Brazil. 7. Lycopodium Carolinianum L. Stems prostrate or creeping, 1-15 cm. long, l- 1.5 mm. thick, pinnately branching. Stem-leaves of 2 kinds, the apparently lateral ones ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, falcate, recurved, acute, entire, with the midrib asymmetri- cally placed ; leaves of the upper side of the stem 3—4 mm. long, subulate above the broad base : fertile branches slender, 5-22 cm. tall, their leaves few, subulate, 2-3 mm. long, ap- pressed : cones 1-5 em. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick: bracts triangular, or somewhat constricted above the base, sometimes erose : sporanges compressed. In sandy bogs, New Jersey to Florida and Mississippi. Also in tropical America. 8. Lycopodium obscürum L. Stems or branches arising from horizontal root- stocks, becoming bushy and 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves numerous, spreading and curved up- ward ; blades linear-lanceolate, mucronulate, in 8 rows below, in 6 rows above, twisted so as to lie in vertical planes: cones sessile: bracts broadly ovate, papery, erose, subulate- tipped : sporanges reniform. [L. dendroidewum Michx. ] E MURDER Alaska, south on the mountains to Georgia, and Montana. Alsoappar- 9. Lycopodium cérnuum L. Stems procumbent or arching, 2-3.5 dm. long, some- what creeping, branching, often in various planes, the ultimate branches nodding and fertile. Leaves numerous, terete, subulate, 3-5 mm. long, spreading and upwardly curved : cones sessile, 5 mm. long: bracts ovate, acuminate, thin-fringed : sporanges minute, trans- versely flattened. 1 In sandy soil or pine lands, Florida to southern Mississippi. Also in tropical regions. 10. Lycopodium tristáchyum Pursh. Rootstocks horizontal; branches becoming erect, or decumbent, repeatedly forking to form several vertically placed flattened branch- lets 1.5-2 mm. wide. Leaves of branches appressed or incurved ; blades linear-subulate : fertile branches scape-like, 5-6 cm. tall, usually twice-forked : cones 2, 3 dr casually 4, 2-2.8 cm. long: bracts ovate, abruptly subulate-tipped. [L. Chamaecyparissus A. Br.] In woods, Maine to Minnesota, south along the mountains to North Carolina. : 11. Lycopodium complanàtum L. Rootstocks creeping: branches er forked to form several horizontally spreading branchlete LEZE iier dad Toe SELAGINELLACEAE 23 branches somewhat spreading, linear, with subulate tips: fertile branches erect, 5-8 cm. long, usually twice-forked : cones 15-25 mm. long: bracts ovate, gradually contracted to the subulate tips, toothed. > In woods, Prince Edward Island to Ontario and Minnesota, south to the mountains of North Caro- lina. Also in Europe and Asia. CHRISTMAS-GREEN. FAMILY 2. PSILOTÀCEAE Pritzel. PsILOTUM FAMILY. Perennial slender terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Sporanges sessile in the axils of the leaves, 2-3-celled, opening by valves at the apex. Spores uniform. 1. PSILOTUM R. Br. Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic. Stem dichotomously forked. Leaves alternate, reduced to scales. Sporanges 3-celled, opening by 3 valves at the apex. Spores mealy, oval or elongated-reniform. 1. Psilotum nüdum (L.) Griseb. Stems erect, 20-25 cm. tall, 3-angled at the base, copiously forked above, the ultimate divisions with 3 wing-like angles: leaves remote, awl-like, 1-1.5 mm. long: sporanges in interrupted spikes. [P. triquetrum Sw. ] In hammocks, South Carolina to Florida. Also in tropical America. FAMILY 3. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. SELAGINELLA FAMILY. Terrestrial moss-like annual or perennial plants, with much branched stems. Leaves scale-like, uniform and several-ranked, or of 2 kinds and in 2 planes. Sporanges 1-celled, disposed in 4-sided cones, solitary in the axils of bracts, some containing 4 macrospores (macrosporanges), others containing numerous microspores (microsporanges), which develop into small prothallia, those from the macrospores bearing archegones, those from the microspores antherids. 1. SELAGINÉLLA Beauv. Characters of the family. Stem-leaves of 2 kinds, spreading in two planes. Stems flaccid, creeping; microspores warty. 1. S.apus. . Stems rigid, ascending ; microspores smooth. 2. S. Ludoviciana. Stem-leaves all alike, several-ranked. Stems erect or ascending. Cones 2-3 em. long, slender. ! Cones 5 mm. long or less, as stout as the diameter of the stem. Stems spreading or creeping. Š : : Stems rooting only near the base: leaves with tortuous hairs. 5. S. tortipila. Stems rooting throughout, usually less than 1 dm.long: cones 10-15 mm. long: leaves ending in a slender awn. A : Lips of the dorsal groove of the leaf-blades glabrous. _ 6. S. rupestris. Lips of the dorsal groove of the leaf-blades spinose-ciliate. 7. S. acanthonota. 1. Selaginella àpus (L.) Spring. Annual, pale green. Stems creeping, 5-15 cm. long, flaccid, pinnately branched: leaves in two planes, those of the lower plane ovate, acute, short-ciliate on the margins, those of the upper plane lanceolate short bristle-pointed : cones 6-15 mm. long, obscurely 4-angled: bracts ovate, acutely keeled above : microspores warty. th moist shaded ground, Maine and Ontario to the Northwest Territory, Florida and Texas. 2. Selaginella Ludoviciana A.Br. Annual, dark green. Stems creeping or ascend- ing, 15-30 em. long, once or twice pinnately branched: leaves in two planes, those of the lower plane broadly ovate, obtuse, with whitish margins formed of sclerotic cells, those of the upper plane lanceolate with slender acuminate tips: cones 1-2 cm. long: micro- spores smooth. In shaded ground, Florida to Louisiana. 3. Selaginella arenicola Underw. Roots copious, delicate, 15-20 em. long. Stems much branched, the branches tufted, slender, 5-8 cm. tall, giving off brown roots near their bases: leaves appressed, narrowly lanceolate, 0.25 mm. wide, ciliate, channeled dor- sally, tipped with a spinulose white awn 0.35-0.50 mm. long: cones sharply 4-angled, 2-3 em. long: bracts broadly lanceolate, spreading, with 15-20 cilia on each side: micro- spores copious, globose-tetrahedral. In exposed sandy fields, Georgia and Florida. i 4. Selaginella Sherwoddii Underw. Plants forming densely branched compact tree-like tufts 6-8 cm. high. Stems repeatedly branching, erect or ascending, rooting only at the base, rigid ; leaves about 10-ranked, about 1.5 mm. long, closely appressed, grooved . S. arenicola. . S. Sherwoodii. moO 24 ISOETACEAE dorsally in the lower two thirds, ending in a slender white coiled hair 0.7-0.9 mm. long, and with 8-12 minute cilia on each margin ; cones less than 5 mm. long, terminal on the branches, the sporophylls similar to the ordinary leaves ; macrosporangia three-lobed, the macrospores pale yellow, rugose-reticulate, 0.44 mm. in diameter; microsporangia round- reniform, the microspores bright yellow, smooth, 44 in diameter. On rocks, mountains of southwestern North Carolina. 5. Selaginella tortípila A. Br. Stems rooting only near the base ; branches] zigzag, 20-25 cm. long, primary ones elongated. Leaves about 6-ranked, loosely imbricated, narrowly lanceolate, ciliate, scarcely channeied, tipped by a contorted or coiled hair: cones 4-5 mm. long, slightly 4-angled: bracts ovate-lanceolate, loosely spreading, dorsally channeled. On rocky mountain tops, North Carolina and South Carolina. 6. Selaginella rupéstris (L.) Spring. Stems and branches creeping, 5-10 cm. long, zigzag, ascending at the tips ; primary branches short. Leaves closely imbricated, about 8- ranked, 0.3-0.38 mm. wide, deeply channeled dorsally, with 6-9 cilia on each side, tipped with a white spinulose awn about 1 mm. long: cones 1-1.5 cm. long, sharply 4- angled : bracts similar to the leaves but broader and with shorter awns and more cilia. On dry rocks, Maine and Ontario to British Columbia, south to Georgia and Missouri. 7. Selaginella acanthonóta Underw. Stems and branches stout, rooting and ascend- ing, softly plumose at the tips. Leaves of the stems in 8-10 regular series ; blades about 2mm. long, gradually tapering into a roughened awn one-half to one-third their length, with about 12 short irregular cilia on each side and similar cilia on either side of the dorsal groove : cones fully 10 mm. long: bracts broadly triangular, ciliate like the leaf-blades. In sand, near the coast, North Carolina. Summer. Order 6. ISOETALES. Submerged, amphibious or uliginous plants, with a cluster of elongated awl- shaped leaves rising from a more or less 2—3-lobed fleshy short stem, the leaves with or without peripheral bast-bundles, with or without stomata, bearing a small membranous organ (ligule) above the base. Sporanges sessile in the ex- cavated bases of the leaves, the sides more or less covered with a fold of the inner side of the leaf-blades (velum) ; those of the outer leaves usually contain spherical, mostly sculptured macrospores, those of the inner contain minute powdery oblong microspores ; the former germinate into prothallia bearing only archegones, the latter into prothallia bearing usually only a single antherid. FAMILY 1. ISOETACEAE Horan. QUILLWoRT FAMILY. Characters of the order. 1. ISOBTES L. * The only genus. Owing to their aquatic habitat and apparently local distribution, these plants are popularly little known. Some species are called QUILLWoRT. Velum incomplete or wanting. Amphibious: macrospores honeycombed-reticulated. 1. I. Engelmannii. Terrestrial: macrospores tuberculate. Polygamous : leaves 15-60, often biackish at the base. 2. I. melanopoda. Dioecious: leaves 8-15, bright green. 8. I, Butleri. Velum complete. Macrospores dark-colored: leaves 5-6 em. long. 4. I. melanospora., Macrospores light-colored : leaves 40-60 cm. long. 5. I. flaccida. 1. Isoetes Engelmannii A. Br. Amphibious, usually partly immersed when mature. Leaves 25-100, light green, quadrangular, tapering, 22-50 em. long, bearing abundant stomata: peripheral bast-bundles present : sporanges oblong or linear-oblong, unspotted : velum narrow : macrospores 400—520 in diameter, covered with honeycomb-like reticula- tions: microspores 24-28 u long, mostly smooth. In ponds and ditches, rooting in mud, Maine to Delaware, Pennsylvania and Missouri.—Repre- sented in our range by I. Engelmannii Georgidna Engelm., which has fewer leaves and slightly larger macrospores, and is known from Georgia; and by I. Engelmannii Caroliniàna A. A. Eaton, which has stouter leaves. a broader velum and larger brown densely muricate microspores; it occurs in the mountains and middle country of North Carolina. 2. Isoetes melanópoda J. Gay. Terrestrial, with a subglobose deeply 2-lobed trunk. Leaves 15-60, slender, erect, bright green, with a blackish shining base, 12-15 cm. long, 3-angled, bearing stomata throughout, and well developed peripheral bast-bundles ; ligule ISOETACEAE 25 3-angled, awl-shaped : sporanges mostly oblong, spotted, with a narrow velum: polyga- mous: macrospores 250—400 u in diameter with low more or less confluent tubercles, often united into worm-like wrinkles, or almost smooth : microspores 23-28 u long, spinulose. On moist prairies and in overflowed fields, Iowa to Illinois, Missouri and Texas.—The Texan form bas larger leaves with pale bases. 3. Isoetes Bütleri Engelm. Terrestrial, from a subglobose trunk. Leaves 8-15, bright green, paler at base, triangular, 4.5-18 em. long, bearing numerous stomata, and with well developed peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small air cavities : sporanges usually oblong, spotted : velum very narrow or none : ligule small, triangular: dioecious: macrospores 500-630 x in diameter, with distinct or confluent tubercles. On rocky hillsides, Missouri and Indian Territory.—A variety, I. Butleri immaculdta Engelm., grow- ing in the barrens about Nashville, Tennessee, has longer leaves, unspotted sporanges and spinulose microspores. 4. Isoetes melandspora Engelm. Stem flat, slightly 2-lobed. Leaves 5-10, dis- tichous, slender, 5-6 cm. long, light green: sporanges orbicular or nearly obcordate, 1-2 mm. long, covered by the velum : ligule triangular, obtuse: macrospores 350-450 u long, with distinct or confluent warts, dark-colored : microspores 28-31 « long. In shallow excavations in granite, slopes and summit of Stone Mountain and Little Stone Moun- tain, middle Georgia. 5. Isoetes flaccida Shuttlw. Leaves 10-35, light green, 4-6 dm. long, submersed or emersed. Sporanges oval, 4-6 mm. long, covered with numerous, or rarely few large flat- tish tubercles, these distinct or confluent into labyrinthiform wrinkles. In lakes and ponds, western and peninsular Florida.—A variety, I. flaccida rigida Engelm. from Lake Flirt, is smaller, and has more slender and erect leaves. SUBKINGDOM SPERMATOPHYTA. SEED-BEARING PLANTS. Plants producing seeds each of which contains an embryo consisting of a short stem (radicle, caulicle or hypocotyl), one, two or several rudi- mentary leaves (cotyledons) and a terminal bud (plumule). These parts are sometimes partially undifferentiated before germination. Microspor- anges (anther-sacs) are borne on modified leaves (filaments) and contain usually several or many microspores (pollen-grains). Macrosporanges (ovules) are borne on the surface of a flat or inrolled modified leaf (car- pel) and contain a macrospore (embryo-sac). A macrospore develops the reduced female prothallium ; an egg-cell in an archegone of this prothal- lium is fertilized by means of an elongating tube (pollen-tube), a part of the male prothallium protruding from the pollen-grain (microspore). Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a bract or ascale: stigmas wanting. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE, Ovules and seeds in a closed cavity (ovary): stigmas present. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Carpel or pistil represented by a scale or disk upon whose face are borne the ovules (macrosporanges). Pollen-grains (microspores) divide into two or several cells, one of which gives rise to the pollen-tube (male prothallium) ; a sperm-cell or spermatozoid developed at the end of a pollen-tube directly fertilizes an egg-cell in the archegone of the embryo- sac (female prothallium) in the ovule (macrosporange). Order 1. CYCADALES. Relatively low palm-like plants. Stems scarred with the bases of fallen leaves. Leaves aggregated in a terminal crown: blades pinnate. Flowers in terminal or nearly terminal cones of often numerous approximate scales, or on slightly modified leaves. Staminate cones with peltate or boat-shaped scales supporting several pollen-sacs. Pistillate with two or more ovules on each flat or shield-like scale. Seed drupe-like or nut-like, 26 PINACEAE FAMILY 1l. CYCADACEAE Lindl. Cycas FAMILY. Shrubs or trees of tropical or subtropical regions, usually possessing a sticky sap. Leaves (fronds) clustered: blades pinnate: segments variously nerved. Flowers dioecious, without perianth: staminate cones falling away : pistillate leaves or cones accrescent. Pollen-sacs 1-celled, in groups of 2-4, or more. Ovules orthotropous, sessile or nearly so. Fruit an aggregate of nut-like or drupe-like seeds. Embryo in the upper part of the endosperm. Cotyledons 2 ; radicle ending in a spiral. k 1. ZAMIA L.! Usually low palm-like plants, with stems usually beneath the surface of the ground. Leaves few or many : blades pinnate: petioles smooth or spiny ; segments with simple par- allel nerves, entire or toothed, jointed at the rachis. Flowers in oblong or cylindric cones : scales peltate, spirally arranged. Pollen-sacs numerous. Ovules 2 on each scale, pendu- lous, sessile. Cones relatively small, glabrous or scurfy. COONTIE. Leaf-segments 10-16-nerved : mature pistillate cones 12-16.5 cm. long, markedly Bn vli . 4 0. = Leaf-segments 20-28-nerved : mature pistillate cones 6.5-10.5 em. long, scarcely umbonate. ae 2. Z. pumila. 1. Zamia Floridàna DC. Plants 3-5 dm. tall. Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, 20-30 cm. long; petioles about 20 cm. long, unarmed, 3-angled, silky tomentose at the base, with scattered hairs above: leaf-segments mostly opposite, 28-40, linear, 9-14 cm. long, 3-7 mm. broad, with 5 or 6 obscure teeth at the obtuse apex, glabrous above, with a few scattered hairs beneath, faleate and somewhat twisted, 10-16-nerved, revolute : stami- nate cones dark brown, oblong, about 8 cm. long and 2.5 em. thick ; peduncles 5-10 cm. long: mature pistillate cones oblong, 12-16.5 cm. long and 6-8 cm. thick, markedly um- bonate, densely tomentose with persistent dark brown hairs, peduncles about 10 cm. long, ferruginous-tomentose : seed-bearing scales hexagonal, thick, nearly hemispheric at the outer end. [ Z. integrifolia Chapm. in part, not Jacq. ] In dry forests, ‘‘ flat woods," east coast of Florida below New River. 2. Zamia pumila L. Plants usually more robust than those of Z. Floridana. Leaf- segments mostly opposite but sometimes irregularly placed, 32-44, linear-oblanceolate or linear-oblong, somewhat falcate, 7-11 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide, slightly serrate at the ob- tuse apex, mostly straight but occasionally slightly twisted, 20-28-nerved, revolute: stami- nate cones brown, oblong, about 8 cm. long and 2.5 cm. thick: peduncles 5-10 cm. long: mature pistillate cones elliptic, scarcely umbonate, 6.5-10.5 em. long and 5-8 cm. thick, densely tomentose with ferruginous partially deciduous hairs: seed-bearing scales hexagonal, thin, somewhat flattened at the outer end. [Z. integrifolia Chapm. in part, not Jacq. ] In moist woods, ‘‘ hammocks,” middle peninsular Florida, particularly on the eastern coast. Order 2. PINALES. Shrubs or lofty trees, various in habit. Leaves scale-like, narrow, or needle- like and often collected into bundles, or rarely with expanded blades. Flowers in cones of spirally imbricated scales, the staminate and pistillate usually on the same plant. Staminate cones with scales bearing pollen-sacs. Pistillate cones with scales bearing ovules: in TAXACEAE the pistillate flowers are rarely in cones. Fruit drupe-like, berry-like, or a dry cone. Embryo usually axile. Pistillate flowers several. with carpellary scales, these sometimes bracted: fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. Carpellary scales with bracts, never peltate: ovules inverted: buds scaly: wing accompanying the seed a portion of the carpellary scale. Fam. 1. PINACEAE. Carpellary scales without bracts, mostly peltate or fleshy: ovules erect: buds naked: wing of the seed, when present, a portion of the testa. Fam. 2. JUNIPERACEAE. Pistillate flowers solitary or 2, without carpellary scales: fruit drupaceous or baccate. Fam. 3. TAXACEAE. FAMILY 1. PINACEAE Lindl. Prine FAMILY. Mostly evergreen monoecious resin-yielding shrubs or trees, often conic in outline. Buds scaly. Leaves rigid, needle-like or flat, alternate, opposite, whorled, or several in a sheath. Anthers 2-several-celled, in more or less elongated cones. Pollen-grains globose, ellipsoidal or lobed. Pistillate aments 1 Contributed by Mr. Herbert J. Webber. PINACEAE 27 solitary or clustered, consisting of usually numerous spirally disposed bracted scales. Ovules inverted, usually 2 at the base of each scale. Fruit a dry cone formed by the accrescent scales of the pistillate aments. Seeds usually two at the base of each scale, often samara-like, the wing a portion of the carpellary scale. Endosperm copious, fleshy, or somewhat mealy. Cotyledons 2-16. Leaves several together, surrounded by a sheath at the base: cones maturing the second year. Cone-scales with dorsal usually spine-armed appendages: leaves mostly in 2’s or 3's. Leaves with 2 fibro-vascular bundles: seeds with elongated wings, these free from the scales, and attached to the seeds when they fall. 1. PINUS, Leaves with 1 fibro-vascular bundle: seeds with narrow or rudimentary wings, these adnate to the scales when the seeds fall. 2. CARYOPITYS. Cone-scales with inconspicuous terminal unarmed appendages: leaves in 5’s. 3. STROBUS. Leaves solitary, without a sheath : cones maturing the first year. Cones drooping: bracts shorter than the scales. Leaves 4-sided or nearly terete, spreading : anther-sacs opening lengthwise. 4, PICEA. Leaves flat, apparently 2-ranked : anther-sacs opening transversely. 5. TSUGA. Cones erect : bracts longer than the scales. 6. ABIES. 1. PINUS L. Rigid monoecious evergreen trees or rarely shrubs, of great economic importance. Leaves needle-like, 2-3 together or rarely more, each with 2 fibro-vascular bundles, the clusters surrounded at the base by a thin persistent sheath, spreading in all directions. Staminate aments elongated, at the ends of branchlets of the preceding year. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Pollen-grains of 3 cells, the 2 lateral cells empty. Pistil- late aments globose or slightly elongated, just back of the terminal bud, or on the young twigs: scales crowded. Cones maturing the second year: scalesat length hard and spread- ing, each appendaged below the apex, usually spine-tipped. Seeds samara-like. The plants flower in the spring. Scales of the pistillate aments stout, each with a short tip which scarcely equals the body in length. Cones over 7 cm. long. Cones 16-25 em. long, the spines of the scales stout and strongly recurved : staminate aments over 5 em. long: seed-wing over 4 cm. long. 1. P. palustris. Cones 8-14 em. long, the spines of the scales small, not recurved: staminate aments less than 5 em. long: seed-wing less than 4 em. long. Leaves not glaucous: cone of an ovoid type when open, flat or depressed at the base: seed-wing 2.5-3 cm. long. 2. P. Elliottii. Leaves glaucous: cones of a cylindric or conic-cylindrie type when open, rounded at the base: seed-wing 1.5-2 cm. long. Appendage of the cone scale very thick at the apex, projecting littletif at all beyond the spine. Sf ees 3. P. Taeda. Appendage of the cone-scale thin at the apex, projecting far beyond the spine. 4. P. heterophylla Cones less than 7 em. long. Cones ovoid or globular-ovoid when closed: leaves 15-25 cm. long, about 2 . mm. wide. i 5. P. serotina. Cones narrowly conic when closed : leaves 4-i2 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Cone-scales readily opening, each with a slender or minute spine towards the front of the appendage, the spine sometimes deciduous or obsolete. Cones mainly less du 5 em. long: scales of the staminate aments erose- toothed at the apex: bark of thetrunk relatively closeand smooth. 6. P. glabra. Cone mainly over 5 em. long: scales of the staminate aments, entire : bark of the trunk very rough and shaggy. : . P. echinata. Cone-scales tardily opening or permanently closed, each with a'stout spine at the middle or towards the back of the appendage. 8. P. clausa. Scales of the pistillate aments slender, each with a subulate tip several times the length of the body. Cones conic when closed, ovoid when open : twigs glaucous. 9. P. Virginiana. Cones ovoid when closed, globose-ovoid or depressed when open; twigs yellow. Scales of the pistillate aments recurved: appendages of the cone-scales rela- -1 tively thin ; spine slender, more or less recurved. 10. P. rigida. Seales of the pistillate aments ascending: appendages of the cone-scales very thick ; spines stout, more or less incurved. 11. P. pungens. l. Pinus palústris Mill. A tree of great economic importance, reaching a height of 40 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 1.5 m., with few irregular spreading branches near the top, the bark separating into large thin plates. Leaves typically 3 in a sheath, 20-40 cm. long, bright green, plumosely crowded at the tips of the branches, partially drooping: sheaths 2-3 cm. long : staminate aments 5.5-8 cm. long : cones 16-25 cm. long, narrowly conic when closed, broadly conic when open, often slightly curved, each scale armed with a stout recurved spine : seed 12-13 mm. long, the wing 4.5-5 cm. long. [P. australis Michx. ] In sandy soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Texas, locally inland to the foothills of Georgia and Alabama. GEORGIA PINE. YELLOW PINE. LONG-LEAF PINE. 2. Pinus Hllióttii Engelm. A tree resembling P. palustris in habit, but smaller. Leaves 20r3ina sheath, 18-30 em. long, bright green: sheaths about 1.5 cm. long : stami- 28 PINACEAE nate aments 2.5—4 cm. long: cones 10-14 em. long, broadly conic when closed, ovoid when open, straight, each scale armed with a small straight spine : seed 6-8 mm. long, the wing 2-2.5 cm. long. In sandy, usually low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. This species and the preceding furnish the turpentine of commerce. SLASH PINE. 3. Pinus Taéda L. A tree reaching a height of 46 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 1.5 m., the bark dark, very rough, deeply furrowed, exfoliating ın coarse plates. Leaves glaucous, 3 in a sheath, 15-28 cm. long : sheaths 15-20 mm. long: stami- nate aments 1.5-3 em. long : cones 10-13 em. long, narrowly conic when closed, cylindric or conic-cylindric when open, each scale with a thick appendage which projects little if at all beyond the small spine : seeds 6-7 mm. long, the wing usually about 2 em. long. In sandy or clay soil, Delaware and Arkansas to Floridaand Texas. LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE. 4. Pinus heterophylla (Ell.) Sudw. A tree becoming 35 m. tall, with a maximum trunk diameter of 1 m., the bark pale, thick, but not deeply furrowed. Leaves glaucous, 2 or 3 in a sheath, 12-25 em. long: often stouter than'those of P. Taeda: sheaths 1.5-2. em. long: staminate aments 1.5-2.5 em. long: cones 9-14 em. long, narrowly conic when closed, cylindric or conic-cylindric when open, each scale with a thin appendage which pro- jects far beyond the slender spine: seeds 5—7 mm. long, the wing 2-2.5 cm. long. In swampy pine lands near the coast, South Carolina and Georgia. POND PINE. SLASH PINE. 5. Pinus serótina Michx. A tree reaching a height of 25 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of 9 dm., the trunk clothed with a flaky bark and bearing many irregular short branches near the base. Leaves glaucous, 3 in a sheath, 15-25 cm. long, crowded: sheaths about 15 mm. long: staminate aments 1.5-2 cm. long : cones 4-6 cm. long, ovoid or globular-ovoid when closed, very broad when open, each scale with a thick appendage and a minute spine: seeds 3-4 mm. long, the wing nearly 2 cm. long. In sandy swamps, in the coastal plain, North Carolina to Florida. BLACK PINE. POND PINE. 6. Pinus glabra Walt. A tree reaching a height of 40 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of 1.2 m., the trunk and branches clothed with a relatively smooth and close bark, and bearing spreading branches near the ground, except in the case of very old trees. Leaves glaucous, 2 in a sheath, very slender, 4-8 cm. long, numerous or somewhat crowded : sheaths 5-8 mm. long: staminate aments fully 1 cm. long: cones 3.5-5 cm. long, conic when closed, ovoid when open, the appendages bearing minute or almost obsolete spines, and often essentially unarmed : seeds about 4 mm. long, the wing usually 1.5 cm. long. In river swamps or hammocks, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. SPRUCE PINE. CEDAR PINE. WHITE PINE. WALTER’S PINE. 7. Pinus echinata Mill. A tree reaching a height of 40 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of 1.35 m., the trunk clothed with a coarsely furrowed and very rough bark, with- out branches on the lower part, except in the case of young trees. Leaves deep green, 2 in a sheath or sometimes three together, 8-12 cm. long, slender: sheaths 10-15 mm. long: staminate aments 1-1.5 cm. long: cones 5-6.5 cm. long, conic when closed, ovoid when open, each appendage armed with a slender spine: seeds 4-5 mm. long, the wing 1.5-2 em. long. [P. mitis Michx.] In sand or clay or on rocky banks, New York to Kansas, Florida and Texas. SHORT-LEAVED PINE. YELLOW-PINE. 8. Pinus claüsa Chapm. A tree reaching a height of 24 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of 7.5 dm., the bark relatively smooth. Leaves deep green, 2 in a sheath, 4-8 em. long, very slender, rather crowded : sheaths 5-7 mm. long : cones 4.5-6 em. long, conic when closed, ovoid when open, the appendages of the scales each armed with a stout spine at the middle or behind it: seeds 4 mm. long, the wings about 1.5 em. long. In sandy ridges near the coast, Florida and Alabama, SAND PINE. 9. Pinus Virginiàna Mill. A tree reaching a height of 36 m., with a trunk diameter of 1 m., but often much smaller, the bark more or less flaky, the twigs glaucous. Leaves deep green, 2 in a sheath, 4-7 cm. long, rather stout: sheaths 5-8 mm. long: staminate aments 1-1.5 cm. long: cones 5-7 cm. long, narrowly conic when closed, ovoid when open, the appendages of the scales each armed with a curved spine: seeds 4-5 mm. long, the wing fully 1.5 em. long. | P. inops Ait.] In sandy soil or on stony ridges, Long Island to Indiana, Georgia and Alabama. SCRUB or JERSEY PINE. POVERTY PINE. 10. Pinus rígida Mill. A tree reaching a height of 25 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of 9 dm., the bark very rough, the twigs yellow. Leaves bright green, 3 in a sheath, 6-12 cm. long, rather stout : sheaths 10-15 mm. long: staminate aments about 1.5 em. long: cones 4-7 cm. long, ovoid when closed, globose-ovoid or depressed when open, the appendages of the scales relatively thin, each armed with a more or less recurved spine. In sandy or rocky soil, New Brunswick to the Lake Ontario region, Virginia and Kentucky and in the mountains to Georgia and Alabama. PITCH PINE. PINACEAE 29 11. Pinus püngens Michx. A tree reaching a height of 18 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of about 1 m., the bark rather smooth but flaky. Leaves light green, 2 in a sheath, 5-10 em. long, stout, rigid: sheaths 12-14 mm. long: staminate aments 1-1.5 em. long: cones 8-12 cm. long, ovoid when closed, globose-ovoid or depressed when open, very persistent, the appendages of the scales very thick, each armed with a stout incurved spine: seeds 6-7 mm. long, the wing fully 2 cm. long. In stony soil or on cliffs, Allegheny Mountains and the Blue Ridge from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia, and locally in the contiguous territory. TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE. 2. CARYÓPITYS Small. Monoecious evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves needle-like, 2-3 together, or solitary, each with 1 fibro-vascular bundle, each cluster surrounded at the base by a deciduous sheath. Staminate aments clustered at the ends of branchlets of the preceding year. Anthers 2- celled, each sac opening lengthwise. Pollen-grains with two lateral empty cells. Pistil- late aments borne behind the terminal bud. Cones maturing the second year: scales be- coming leathery, with the dorsal thickenings often minutely spine-tipped. Seed-wing very narrow or a mere margin which remains attached to the scale when the seed falls. 1. Caryopitys édulis ( Engelm.) Small. A tree often becoming 12 m. tall, with irregularly ridged bark. Leaves 2 or rarely 3 in a sheath, 2-5 em. long, rigid, dark green: sheaths 6-12 mm. long, early deciduous: staminate aments 6-9 mm. long: pistillate aments oblong-cylindrie, short-peduncled : cones ovoid, 4-6 cm. long ; scales much thickened back of the apex, each enlargement with a minute incurved tip: seeds ovoid, fully 1 cm. long, the wing about 3 mm. wide, detached from the seeds at maturity. [Pinus edulis Engelm. ] On limestone bluffs or in arid soil, Wyoming to Texas and Mexico. Spring. Nut PINE. PIÑON. 3. STROBUS Opiz. Monoecious evergreen trees. Leaves needle-like, mostly with 1 fibro-vascular bundle, 5 together, surrounded at the base by a deciduous sheath, the clusters spreading in all direc- tions. Staminate aments in spikes or clusters at the ends of brachlets of the preceding year. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Pollen-grains of 3 cells; 2 lateral cells empty. Pistillate aments slightly elongated, on twigs behind the terminal bud: scales crowded in several series. Cones maturing the second year, drooping: scales becoming leathery, without either dorsal thickening or spine. Seeds winged. 1. Strobus Strdbus (L.) Small. . A forest tree of the first economic importance, reaching a height of 52 m., with approximately whorled branches, bark relatively smooth, often shining. Leaves very slender, 5 in a sheath, often rather crowded, 5-10 cm. long, glaucous, nearly triangular in cross-section: sheaths deciduous or fugaceous : staminate aments ovoid or oblong, 8-10 mm. long, glaucous, in dense clusters: pistillate aments nar- rowly oblong, about 1 cm. in length, glaucous: cones narrowly cylindric, 1-2 dm. long, somewhat tapering towards the apex, more or less curved ; scales at length loosely spreading, thinnish : seeds elliptic, 6-7 mm. long ; wing usually about 2.5 em. long. [Pinus Strobus L. ] In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba. south to New Jersey and Iowa, and in the mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama. Spring. WHITE PINE. 4. PICEA Link. Evergreen monoecious trees, with soft wood. Leaves ascending or nearly erect: blades needle-shaped, but short, nearly terete or 4-angled, curved, leaving a prominent base on falling away. Staminate aments arising from the axils of the leaves of the preceding year, or sometimes terminal. Pollen-sacs loosely disposed, opening longitudinally. Pistillate aments terminal: scales closely imbricated : bracts membranous, inconspicuous. Cones maturing the first year, drooping ; scales thinnish, persistent, at length spreading. Seeds samara-like, each with a hyaline wing. The plants flower in spring. Twigs stout, copiously pubescent: leaves over 1 mm. broad, blunt or mucronate: cones LOTRO . P. Mariana. Twigs slender, glabrate or merely pubescent between the decurrent sterigmata : leaves ; barely 1 mm. broad, acute: cones early deciduous. 2. P. australis. 1. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. A forest tree reaching a height of 30 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of about 1 m. Bark slightly roughened : twigs stout, stiff, copi- ously pubescent as are usually the sterigmata: leaves stout, curved, 8-12 mm. long, over 1 mm. thick, blunt or mucronate, deep green : cones oval or ovoid, 2.5-4 cm. long, persistent. In moist soil, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, New Jersey and Minnesota, and in the mountains to North Carolina. BLACK SPRUCE. HE BALSAM. TAMARACK. YEW PINE. LASHHORN. 30 JUNIPERACEAE 2. Picea australis Small. A forest tree sometimes 35 or 40 m. tall, with a maximum trunk diameter of nearly 1.5 m. Bark relatively smooth : twigs slender, glabrous or merely pubescent in lines between the decurrent sterigmata: sterigmata glabrous: leaves slender, straight or slightly incurved, 8-14 mm. long, barely 1 mm. thick, acute, bright green: cones oblong, oval or ovoid, rarely 2.5 cm. long, deciduous. [P. alba Chapm., not Link.] On dry mountain slopes or summits, or about ledges of rock, Virginia and North Carolina. 5. TSUGA Carr. Stately monoecious evergreen trees, with spreading or somewhat declining branches and a brittle wood. Leaves apparently 2-ranked : blades flat, linear, glaucous beneath, articulated at the base of the petiole. Staminate aments on slender stalks arising from the axils of the leaves of the preceding year. Pollen-sacs subglobose, confluent, opening trans- versely. Pollen-grains 2-lobed or discoid. Pistillate aments solitary and terminal on the branchlets of the preceding year: scales in few series: bracts membranous, inconspicuous. Cones elongated, drooping, maturing the first year: scales at length loose or spreading, persistent. Seeds samara-like, each with a delicately striate wing. Twigs tomentose with long hairs: cones narrowly ovoid, 1.8-2.3 cm. long: scales nearly erect. s 1. T. Canadensis. Twigs tomentose with short hairs, or glabrate: cones cylindric-oblong, 3 em. long: : scales spreading at right angles. 2. T. Caroliniana. 1. Tsuga Canadénsis (L.) Carr. A forest tree reaching a height of 31 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of 1.2 m., clothed with a thin bark which exfoliates in scales. Branches lax, somewhat declining: leaves 6-14 mm. long; blades linear, obtuse, slightly revolute, glabrous, shining, with a furrow along the midrib above, glaucous beneath : twigs reddish, tomentose with long hairs : staminate aments subglobose, 2 mm. in diameter: cones narrowly ovoid, 1.8-2.3 em. long; scales suborbicular, thinnish, nearly erect, the tips slightly revolute : seeds oblong, 4 mm. long, oblique at the ends; wings 1 cm. long or shorter. On rocky banks, in woods and ravines, Nova Scotia to Quebec and Wisconsin, south to Delaware, ane on ie Alleghenies or in their vicinity to northern Georgia and Alabama. Spring. HEMLOCK. PRUCE PINE. 2. Tsuga Caroliniàna Engelm. A tree rarely reaching a height of 25 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 1 m., the bark rather smooth. Branches bristly, spreading horizontally : leaves 1.2-2 cm. long ; blades linear, obtuse or notched at the apex, glabrous and shining above, glaucous beneath, somewhat revolute : twigs tomentose with short hairs or glabrate: staminate aments ovoid, 3 mm. long: cones cylindric-ovoid, 3 cm. long; scales oblong or nearly so, thinnish, at length spreading at right angles, the tips slightly involute : seeds ovoid, 4 mm. long, covered with resinous glands ; wings 1.2-1.5 cm. long. _ In ravines and on rocky mountain slopes from southwestern Virginia to northeastern Georgia. Spring. HEMLOCK. CRAG HEMLOCK. CAROLINA HEMLOCK. 6. ABIES Mill. Small or medium sized monoecious evergreen trees, with spreading or somewhat droop- ing branches and soft but compact wood. Leaves sometimes apparently 2-ranked, narrow, flattish or strongly keeled and glaucous beneath, leaving no prominent points of attach- ment in falling away. Staminate aments arising from the axils of the leaves of the preced- ing year, solitary, subtended by imbricated bracts. Pollen-sacs loosely disposed, opening transversely or nearly so. Pistillate aments lateral, elongated, erect: scales densely im- bricated ; bracts membranous, conspicuous, deciddous at maturity. Cones maturing the first year, cylindric, erect: scales spreading at right angles. Seeds samara-like. 1. Abies Praseri (Pursh) Lind]. A tree reaching a height of 25 m., with balsam- yielding blisters on the trunk. Leaves curved ; blades linear, 1-2 cm. long, flattish, rather thick, slightly keeled beneath, obtuse or notched at the apex, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath, sessile: twigs pubescent : staminate aments 5-8 mm. long, nearly sessile : cones cylindric, 4-5 cm. long, rounded at each end, their scales fan-shaped, compactly arranged ; bracts suborbicular, surpassing the scales, reflexed, erose and apiculate : seeds 4-5 mm. long, each with a short wing which is nearly as broad as long. On mountain peaks, southern Virginia to Tennessee and North Crolina. Spring. FIR. SILVER Fir. SHE BALSAM. LASH HORN. FAMILY 2. JUNIPERACEAE Horan. JUNIPER FAMILY. Usually evergreen dioecious or monoecious trees or shrubs, commonly conic in outline. Buds naked. Leaves opposite or whorled, mostly reduced to ap- JUNIPERACEAE 31 pressed scales, or sometimes subulate and spreading. Perianth wanting. Staminate aments solitary, variously disposed. Pistillate aments mostly soli- tary, of few carpellary scales. Ovules naked, erect, 1 or several at the base of each carpellary scale. Fruit a cone of often peltate scales, or sometimes fleshy and berry-like or drupaceous. Seeds wingless, or winged, the wing a portion of the testa. Cotyledons 2 or more. Plants monoecious : cones dry : scales merely imbricated. Leaves not scale-like. spreading. 1. TAXODIUM. Leaves mostly scale-like. typically appressedland imbricated. Cones elongated : seales not peltate: seeds winged at both ends. 2. THUJA. Cones nearly globose: scales peltate: seeds slightly winged. 3. CHAMAECYPARIS. Plants mostly dioecious: cones berry-like or drupe-like : scales fleshy, coalescent. Leaves subulate and spreading on the mature branches: aments axillary, the pistillate with smaller scales at the top. 4. JUNIPERUS. Leaves scale-like and appressed on the mature branches: aments terminal, the pistillate with larger scales at the top. 5. SABINA. 1. TAXODIUM L. C. Rich.! Deciduous-leaved monoecious trees, with lax branches. Bark thin, smooth, fibrous. Leaves narrow, often almost 2-ranked, normally spreading. Staminate aments in panicled spikes or racemes. Anthers stalked on an oblong column, 2-5-celled, crowded, opening longitudinally. Pistillate aments subglobose, sessile on the branchlets of the preceding year, solitary or in pairs: scales peltate, crowded. Ovules erect, 2 on each scale. Cones globose or obovoid, closed, their scales orbicular or oblong, shield-like, each base narrowed into a stalk. Seeds angled, not winged. Testa shining. Embryo with 6-9 cotyledons. Leaves 2-ranked, widely spreading: branchlets horizontal: bark thin, comparatively smooth. 1. T. distichum. Leaves appressed to the appressed branchlets: bark thick, strongly furrowed. 2. T. imbricarium. 1. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. A tree sometimes 49 m. tall and rarely 4 m. in diameter above the enlarged base, with soft light, but compact and durable wood. Roots producing hollow conic knees sometimes 2 m. tall: base of the trunk conic, usually hollow, with very prominent narrow longitudinal ridges: bark thin, comparatively smooth : branchlets narrowly horizontal: leaves spreading, 2-ranked ; blades linear, often falcate, 1-1.5 em. long, acute, sessile: staminate aments 1-2 mm, in diameter, in naked drooping panicled spikes: pistillate aments in the axils of the leaves, with crested scales: cones globular, 2.5 cm. in diameter: seeds 8-10 mm. long. In swamps, in or near the coastal plain, usually along the larger rivers and over calcareous rocks, Delaware to Florida and Texas, ascending the Mississippi Valley to Missouri and Indiana. Spring.—A Mexican species, T. mucrondtum Tenore, may occur in southern Texas. CYPRESS. BALD CYPRESS. 2. Taxodium imbricàrium (Nutt.) Harper. A tree usually smaller than T. disti- chwm, sometimes attaining a height of 25 m. and a diameter of 1 m. above the enlarged base, the wood usually heavier and stronger than that of the preceding species, the knees less abundant and short and rounded. Base of the trunk conoidal, hollow, often 3 or 4 times the diameter of the trunk proper, with broad rounded or almost obsolete longitudinal ridges: bark thick, coarse and furrowed : branchlets normally erect: leaves appressed to the branchlets (but on shoots often resembling those of T. distichum), incurved : blades subu- late, 0.5-1 cm. long, sessile: inflorescence and fruit very similar to that of T. distichum. In lakes, pine-land ponds, creeks and small rivers in the coastal plain, apparently always over a clay subsoil, Virginia (Dismal Swamp) to Florida and Alabama. Spring. POND CYPRESS. 2. THUJA L. Evergreen monoecious shrubs or trees narrowly conic in outline. Branchlets 2-ranked. Leaves scale-like, opposite, 4-ranked, flat or concave, often with a gland on the back, be- coming longer and less densely imbricated on the older parts. Staminate aments terminal, solitary, nearly sessile between the leaves. Anthers in 2 or 3 series, 4-celled, stalked. Pistillate aments solitary, terminal, on short twigs, ovoid or oblong: scales opposite, in several series. Ovules 2 or rarely 3—5, erect at the base of each scale. Cones ovoid or ob- long, drooping, persistent: scales dry, spreading. Seeds flat, broadly winged on both sides. .. l. Thuja occidentalis L. A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 18 m., rarely With a trunk diameter of 1.5 m., producing light and soft but durable wood. Branches zigzag : leaves scale-like, appressed, each bearing a gland on the back, those of the branches ‘Contributed by Mr. Roland M. Harper. 32 JUNIPERACEAE 5-7 mm. long, sharp-pointed, those of the twigs of two forms, one set opposite, flat, acute, the other boat-shaped, overlapping the edges of the flat ones: staminate aments in depres- sions, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter: cones oblong, 1-1.3 cm. long, brown, drooping ; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, with a gland at the apex, at length loose and spreading : seeds elliptic, 5 mm. long, narrowed at each end; wing 6-7 mm. long, notched at each end. In swamps and on rocky banks, New Brunswick to Lake Winnipeg, south to Pennsylvania and in the Alleghenies to North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring. ARBOR VITAE. WHITE CEDAR. 3. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. Evergreen monoecious strong-scented trees, with 2-ranked branchlets. Leaves imbri- cated, scale-like, or sometimes subulate on twigs, opposite, 4-ranked, each with a gland on the back. Staminate aments terminal, sessile or nearly so. Anthers 2-4-celled, in the side of a shield-like scale. Pistillate aments terminal, globose, of several series of opposite scales. Ovules erect, 1-4 at the constricted base of each scale, bottle-shaped. Cones glo- bose, woody : scales more or less angled, thick, with points or knobs on the back. Seeds angled or slightly winged. 1. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P. A small or medium-sized strong-scented tree, reaching a height of 27 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 1.2 m., producing soft light but compact and durable wood. Leaves scale-like, 1-2 mm. long, 4-ranked, imbri- cated, covering the branchlets, acute, the lateral keeled, the vertical merely convex ; those of twigs subulate: staminate aments 2-3 mm. long, slightly broadened upward: pistillate aments about 2 mm. in diameter, glaucous, their scales with hyaline appendages: cones globose, somewhat angled, 5-7 mm. in diameter ; scales at length widely spreading, pointed on the back: seeds narrowly winged. [Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Bn . In swamps and sandy places, mostly near the coast, southern Maine to Florida and Mississippi. Spring. WHITE CEDAR. CYPRESS. 4. JUNIPERUS L. Evergreen dioecious or monoecious shrubs or trees, with decumbent or erect stems. Leaves in whorls of 3, subulate, neither appressed nor imbricated, without glands on the back, jointed at the base. Staminate aments axillary, solitary. Pollen-sacs several under each scale. Pistillate aments of 2-3 rows of fleshy scales. Ovules usually solitary, erect. Cone berry-like by the accrescent scales of the pistillate aments. Seeds 1 or several, enclosed in the cones, wingless. A depressed shrub, with creeping branches: leaves abruptly bent at the base, deeply channeled, rather abruptly pointed. 1. J. Sibirica. A tree or an erect shrub: leaves straight or nearly so, shallowly channeled, gradually acuminate. 2. J. communis. 1. Juniperus Sibirica Burgsd. A depressed radially spreading shrub, with creeping branches, forming extensive patches, seldom rising over 5 dm. above the ground. Leaves stout, mostly 8-12 mm. long, abruptly curved at the base, appressed or erect-ascending, densely crowded, abruptly pointed : cones subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In dry or stony soil, Labrador to Alaska and in the Appalachian Mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. Spring. . 2. Juniperus comminis L. An erect shrub or a narrowly conic tree, attaining a height of 8 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 0.5 m. Leaves 1-2 cm. long ; blades narrowly linear, sometimes gradually narrowed upward into a very sharp point, somewhat concave and glaucous above, keeled beneath, sessile, usually spreading : staminate aments oblong, 4-5 mm. long, sessile: pistillate aments narrowly ovoid, glaucous: cones globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, dark blue, covered with a bloom : seeds ovoid, about 3 mm. long, more or less flattened, 3-angled below the apex, roughened. On dry rocky hills, Labrador to the Rocky Mountains, southward to Georgia and New Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. Spring. JUNIPER. 5. SABINA Haller. Evergreen strong-scented monoecious or dioecious shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly scale-like, each with a gland on the back, appressed and imbricated at maturity, opposite, sometimes connate at the base, or sometimes subulate on the twigs. Staminate aments very small, solitary or 3-6 together, terminal on the branchlets. Pollen-sacs 3-6 under each ovate or shield-like scale. Pistillate aments subglobose, composed of 2-3 rows of fleshy TAXACEAE 33 scales. Ovules erect, 1 or sometimes 2 under each scale. Cone berry-like by the acrescent fleshy scales, which enclose the seeds. Seed 1-4, wingless. Cones 3-6 mm. long: seeds 2-4 mm. long, smooth. Staminate aments 4-5 mm. long: cones 5-6 mm. long. l. S. Virginiana. Staminate aments 3-4 mm. long: cones 3-4 mm. long. 2. S. Barbadensis. Cones 8-10 mm. long: seeds 6-8 mm. long, ribbed. 3. S. sabinoides. 1. Sabina Virginiàna (L.) Antoine. A shrub-like or conic tree, reaching a height of 30 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 1.5 m., clothed with a shreddy bark, and with a durable red heart-wood. Leaves often of 2 forms, those on the twigs awl-shaped, spread- ing, about 1 em. long, but normally scale-like, appressed, acute, opposite and 4-ranked, or in whorls of 3, 1-4 mm. long, with a gland on the back : staminate aments oblong, 3-4 mm. long, numerous: cones ovoid, 5-6 mm. in diameter, blue, covered with a bloom: seeds ovoid, flattened, 3-4 mm. long, smooth, shining. [Juniperus Virginiana L.] On dry hills and in swamps throughout the United States and southern British America. Spring. Fruit ripe in fall. RED CEDAR. SAVIN. 2. Sabina Barbadénsis (L.) Small. A shrub or tree similar in habit to S. Virginiana, but with shorter and rather thicker leaves, the relatively blunt apex closely appressed. Staminate aments 4-5 mm. long: berry-like cones ovoid or oval-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long. [Juniperus Barbadensis L.] In sandy or clay soil, Florida to Texas, along or near the coast. Spring. Also in the West Indies. 3. Sabina sabinoides (H.B.K.) Small. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 15 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 3 dm., clothed with a shreddy bark and pos- sessing a brown wood. Leaves scale-like, appressed, imbricated, 1-2 mm. long, opposite, or four-ranked, obtuse, minutely fringed: staminate aments oblong, about 4 mm. long: pistillate aments 2-3 mm. long, with very large spreading terminal scales: cones subglo- bose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, covered with a bloom : seeds ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, flattened, 1-4 in a cone, ribbed. [Juniperus sabinoides (H.B.K. ) Sargent.] On hillsides, mostly in limestone soil, Texas and Mexico. Winter and spring. MOUNTAIN CEDAR. FAMILY 3. TAXACEAE Lindl. Yew FAMILY. Evergreen monoecious or dioecious shrubs or trees, mostly destitute of resin, with scaly buds. Leaves spirally disposed but usually spreading as if 2-ranked : blades simple, entire, rigid. Aments axillary or terminal; staminate small, naked or subtended by imbricated bracts. Pollen-sacs under variously shaped scales, opening longitudinally. Pistillate flowers solitary, or one only maturing, consisting of an orthotropous ovule; this sessile, without a carpellary scale. Fruit berry-like, erect, nearly enclosed in the accrescent pulpy aril, or naked. Testa bony or woody. Endosperm fleshy or mealy, sometimes channeled. Cotyledons 2. Pistillate flowers 2 together: pollen-sacs 2: fruit naked : endosperm channeled. 1. TUMION. Pistillate flowers solitary: pollen-sacs 6-8: fruit surrounded by an aril: endosperm even. 2. TAXUS. 1. TUMION Raf. Medium-sized dioecious conic evergreen trees, with a light but hard and compact wood. Branches whorled : branchlets 2-ranked. Leaves spreading as if 2-ranked : blades linear, flat. Staminate aments often crowded, each arising from a set of imbricated bracts, sessile in the axils of the leaves. Pollen-sacs 2 under each scale. Pistillate aments soli- tary, erect, consisting of 2 ovules, these sessile in a set of persistent bracts. Seeds berry- like, elongated, witha fleshy pericarp. [Torreya Arn., not Raf.] 1. Tumion taxifdlium (Arn.) Greene. A low or medium-sized tree, reaching a height of 18 m., with a maximum trunk diameter of 0.9 m., when bruised exhaling a dis- agreeable odor. Twigs puberulent: leaf-blades linear, 1.5-3 cm. long, slightly narrowed upward, tipped by a hard sharp point, somewhat revolute, longitudinally wrinkled beneath, short-petioled : staminate aments subglobose, 5-7 mm. in diameter, yellow, often crowded, subtended by broadly ovate keeled scales: seed globose-oblong or somewhat obovoid, 3-4 em. long, smooth, glaucous. [Torreya taxifolia Arn. ] Along the Apalachicola River, western Florida. Rare and local. Spring. STINKING CEDAR. 2. TÁXUS L. Low often diffuse dioecious or rarely monoecious evergreen trees, or shrubs. Leaves spreading as if 2-ranked: blades flat, usually pointed, often scythe-shaped. Staminate 34 TYPHACEAE aments short-stalked, subtended by involucres of several imbricated bracts arising from the axils of the leaves. Pollen-sacs 6-8 under each shield-like scale. Pistillate aments erect, consisting of usually one ovule ; this sessile in an involucre of several imbricated bracts. Aril accrescent into a pulpy cup. Seed nut-like, elongated, exposed only at the apex. 1. Taxus Floridana Nutt. A low tree ranging from 3-6 m. in height, with a maxi- mum trunk diameter of 0.25 m., producing a heavy, hard and compact wood. Branches horizontally spreading ; branchlets 2-ranked : leaves 1-2 em. long ; blades narrowly linear, sharply apiculate, revolute, sometimes glaucescent beneath, narrowed into short twisted poe ; midrib prominent on both surfaces: fruit berry-like; aril bright red, 6-10 mm. ong: seed ovoid, 5-7 mm. long, minutely wrinkled, narrowed into a short tip. On river banks, western Florida. Rare and local. Spring. YEW. Class 2. ANGIOSPÉRMAE. Carpel or pistil a closed cavity formed by the uniting of the margins of a rudimentary leaf, or sometimes of several leaves. The ovules (macro- sporanges) are borne on the inner face of this cavity and within it the seeds are matured. A pollen-grain alighting on the stigma (a specialized portion of the carpel) sends out a pollen-tube which penetrates the tissues of the carpel and on reaching an ovule enters its orifice (micropyle), or rarely the pollen-tube enters at the chalaza. Fertilization is effected by a sperm-cell at the end of a pollen-tube coming in contact with an egg cell in the embryo-sac. Cotyledon 1: stem endogenous. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Cotyledons normally 2: stem exogenous ( with rare exceptions). Subelass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. SuBcLAss 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Stems endogenous, with no distinction into bark, wood and pith, con- sisting of a ground-mass of soft tissue (parenchyma) in which strands or bundles of wood-cells are irregularly distributed. Leaves mostly alter- nate, sheathing at the base : blades usually parallel-nerved, entire or essen- tially so, rarely separating by a manifest articulation. Perianth and essen- tial parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes. Embryo with a single cotyledon, the early leaves always alternate. Order 1. PANDANALES. Aquatic, or marsh-inhabiting herbs, perennial, mostly with elongated root- stocks. Leaves alternate, with narrow elongated blades. Flowers incomplete and imperfect, in elongated or head-like spikes. Perianth of bristles or scales. Androecium of 2-7 stamens. Gynoecium a single carpel, or rarely of 2 united carpels. Ovary 1-2-celled. Fruit nut-like. Endosperm mealy or fleshy. Flowers in elongated terminal spikes: fruit hidden among bristles. ; Fam. 1. TYPHACEAE. Flowers in globose axillary spikes: fruit not hidden among bristles. Fam. 2. SPARGANIACEAF. FAMILY 1. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. Perennial marsh herbs, with long rootstocks and glabrous foliage. Stems simple, terete. Leaves sheathing at the base: blades linear, sword-like, flat. Flowers monoecious, in dense spikes, these subtended by fugacious bracts; staminate spike above the pistillate. Perianth of several bristles. Stamens 2- 7. Filaments united atthe base. Anthers oblong or broadened upward. Ovary 1-2-celled, stalked. Stigmas club-shaped, oblong or rhomboidal. Ovules sus- pended, anatropous. Accompanying the stamens and pistils are numerous bristles, while among the pistillate flowers are other sterile flowers in the form of club-shaped hairs. Fruit nut-like. Endosperm copious. SPARGANIACEAE 35 1. TYPHA L. Characters of the family. CAT-TAIL. REED MACE. Spikes with pistillate and staminate portions separated ; pistillate with bractlets; stigmas linear: pol- len of simple grains. Hairs accompanying the pistillate flowers not thickened at the apex. 1. T. angustifolia. Hairs accompanying the pistillate flowers with club-shaped tips. 2. T. Domingensis. Spikes with pistillate and staminate portions contiguous : pistillate without bract- lets: stigmas club-shaped or rhomboidal: pollen grains in 4's. 3. T. latifolia. 1. Typha angustifolia L. Stems 1.5-3 m. tall, slender, not jointed: leaf-blades narrowly linear, 5-15 mm. wide, finely striate-ridged : spikes light brown, 1-4 dm. long ; pistillate portion with bractlets, 0.5-1.5 em. thick ; staminate part separated from the pis- tillate : stigmas linear or oblong-linear: pollen-grains simple : nutlets terete, not bursting in water: outer coat of seeds not separable from the inner. In marshes, chiefly along the coast, Nova Scotia to Florida. Summer. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. Typha Domingénsis Pers. Similar to T. angustifolia, but larger. Leaf-blades flat or nearly so, the lower ones often 2 em. broad : spikes 4-6 dm. long, the pistillate portion 10-20 mm. thick: hairs accompanying the pistillate flowers, or most of them, with mani- fest club-shaped tips. 3 "x marshes or low grounds, Florida, Texas and California. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 3. Typha latifólia L. Stems 1-2.5 m. tall, stout, not jointed: leaf-blades linear, 10-25 mm. wide, contracting much in drying: spikes dark brown or black, 1.5-6 dm. long ; pistillate portion destitute of bractlets, 2.5-3 cm. thick ; staminate part contiguous with the pistillate: stigmas spatulate or rhomboidal: pollen-grains in 4's: nutlets fur- rowed, bursting in water: outer coat of the seeds separating from inner. In marshes nearly throughout North America. Summer and fall. Also in Asia and Europe. FAMILY 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh. BuR-REED FAMILY. Perennial marsh or aquatic herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Stems erect or floating. Leaves alternate: blades sheathing at the base, narrow. Flowers monoecious, in dense heads on the upper part of the stem and its branches. Heads globose, sessile or peduncled ; staminate uppermost. Spathes bract-like, sometimes remote from the head or its peduncle. Perianth of several (3-6) scales. Stamens mostly 5. Filaments distinct. Anthers oblong, or cuneate. Ovary 1-2-celled. Stigmas slender. Ovules anatropous. Fruit nut-like. Endosperm copious, surrounding the straight embryo. 1. SPARGANIUM L. Characters of the family. Bun-REED. The plants flower in spring and summer. Nutlets stalked, fusiform. ; Upper leaves with neither sac-like bases nor hyaline margins: achenes abruptly narrowed into the slender style. 1. S. androcladum. Upper leaves with sac-like bases and hyaline margins: achenes gradually nar- : rowed into the conspicuous styles. 2. S. Americanum. Nutlets sessile, obovoid or cuneate. 8. S. eurycarpum. l. Sparganium andrócladum (Engelm.) Morong. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades linear, attenuate, sometimes quite numerous: staminate heads usually less than 1 cm. thick: pistillate heads 3-7, sessile or duncled : bractlets broadest at the eroded apex, as long as the nutlets or shorter : fruiting eads globose, 1-2 cm. in diameter : nutlets fusiform, more or less constricted at the middle, 4-6 mm. long, each abruptly narrowed into a slender style. [.S. simplex Chapm., not Huds. ] In swamps or shallow water, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida and Louisiana. 2. Sparganium Americànum Nutt. Similar to S. androcladum, but the stem simple, the lower heads of the inflorescence merely peduncled. Leaves drying green, the upper with more or less sac-like bases and broad hyaline-scarious margins : nutlets slightly angled, each gradually narrowed into a stout conspicuous style. In low grounds or ponds, Ontario to British Columbia, Pennsylvania, and the Indian Territory. 3. Sparganium eurycárpum Engelm. Foliage glabrous. Stems 8-20 dm. tall, branched : leaf-blades linear, attenuate, flat or slightly keeled beneath, the lower ones 9-15 dm. long, the upper shorter : staminate heads about 1 em. thick: pistillate heads several, 36 ZANNICHELLIACEAE sessile or peduncled, accrescent : bractlets broadened upward, as many as the angles of the nutlets, entire or eroded at the apex : fruiting heads globose, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter: nutlets 6-10 mm. long, sessile, 4-5-angled, rounded or depressed at the apex, tipped with the style. Along streams or in marshes, Newfoundland to British Columbia, North Carolina and California. Order 2. NAIADALES. Aquatic or marsh-inhabiting herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Leaves various, sometimes reduced to phyllodes, sometimes with both narrow and broad blades on the same plant. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, usually with an unequal number of parts in the whorls. Perianth wanting or very imperfect. Androecium of 1—4 stamens or sometimes more. Gynoecium of 1 or several distinct or united carpels. Endosperm scant or wanting. Gynoecium of distinct carpels: stigmas disk-like or cup-like. Fam. 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Gynoecium of united carpels: stigmas 2-4, slender. Staminate and pistillate flowers alternating on a slender spadix, later- ally attached : leaves with entire blades. Fam. 2. ZOSTERACEAE. Staminate and pistillate flowers axillary, attached at the base : leaves with spiny-toothed blades. Fam. 3. NAIADACEAE. FAMILY 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dumort. PONDWEED FAMILY. Perennial submersed caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, sometimes clus- tered: blades filiform or expanded. Flowers perfect or monoecious, in axillary sometimes peduncled spikes or clusters arising from a spathe. Perianth a hya- line envelope, or wanting. Androecium of 1-4 stamens or rarely more. Fila- ments distinct, hypogynous in the perfect flowers. Anthers 1-2-celled, extrorse. Gynoecium of several distinct carpels. Ovaries 1-celled. Ovule solitary. Fruit a spike or cluster of drupelets. Endosperm wanting. Stamens 2 or sometimes solitary, the connectives without appendages: drupelets manifestly stipitate. Stigma terminating a long style: anther 1. 1. ZANNICHELLIA. Stigma sessile: anthers 2. 2. RUPPIA. Stamens 4, the connectives with dilated appendages: drupelets sessile. 3. POTAMOGETON. 1. ZANNICHÉLLIA L. Delicate submerged herbs, with filiform branching flaccid stems. Leaves alternate: blades slender, entire, 1-nerved, tapering from the dilated base. Flowers monoecious, both kinds in the same axils; staminate of a single stamen : anther 2-4-celled, terminating a pedicel-like filament. Pistillate flowers consisting of a gynoecium of 2-6 sessile carpels. Ovary flask-shaped : stigma peltate or somewhat cup-shaped, with uneven edges, surmount- ing along style. Fruit a cluster of somewhat elongated curved stalked drupelets, these ribbed, sometimes toothed on the back. Seed with a coiled embryo. 1. Zannichellia palustris L. Stems filiform, 2-7 dm. long, sparingly branched: leaves numerous ; blades soft, narrowly linear, 2-9 cm. long, acute, 1-nerved: stipules or spathes persistent, separating from the leaves: peduncles very short: pedicels obsolete or wanting: drupelets 2-4, or sometimes 6 in a cluster, oblong or oblong-falcate, 2-4 mm. long, tipped with the persistent style, maturing under water. In fresh or brackish ponds or ditehes, throughout North A me north. Summer and fall. Also throughout the Old World." SIMI PAESE MAR CANTI 2. RÜPPIA L. Submersed delicate herbs, with filiform branching stems and elongated rootstocks. Leaves alternate : blades 1-nerved, tapering to a hair-like apex from a more or less dilated basal sheath. Flowers perfect, terminating spadix-like peduncles. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2: anthers sessile; sacs large, separate, attached by their backs to the rachis. Pistils 4, sessile: stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit a cluster of several oblique stipitate drupe- , lets. Embryo with the hypocotyl and the inflexed cotyledonary end immersed. .l. Ruppia maritima L. Foliage deep green. Stems slender, 3-10 dm. long, often whitish ; internodes unequal in length: leaf-blades narrowly linear, or filiform, 2.5-4 cm. ZAN NICHELLIACEAE 37 long, attenuate: sheaths membranous, 6-8 mm. long, each with a minute ligule : peduncles filiform, sometimes becoming 3 dm. long: drupelets ovoid, about 2 mm. long, oblique or gibbous at the base, 4-7 together, in umbel-like clusters, each on a stipe 1-4 cm. long. In salt or brackish water on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and in the interior of North America. Summer. Widely distributed throughout the world. DiTCH-GRASS. 3. POTAMOGETON L. Perennial submerged herbs, with more or less elongated often branching stems. Leaves commonly numerous, often of 2 kinds: submerged of thin texture: floating smaller, of thick texture. Spathe stipule-like, free, or united with the base of the petiole or blade, early deciduous. Peduncles axillary. Spikes mostly erect. Flowers perfect. Perianth wanting or obsolete. Stamens 4. Anthers sessile, the connectives bearing dilated appen- dages. Pistils 4, distinct, sessile: ovary 1-celled. Stigmas sessile or terminating recurved styles. Fruit of 4 drupelets with a hard or spongy pericarp. Seeds solitary, crustaceous, campylotropous. Embryo hooked. PoNDWEED. Stipules axillary, free from the leaf. : Plants with both submerged and floating leaves. Submerged leaves without blades. Floating leaves with ovate broadly elliptic or oval blades subcordate or rounded at the base: flowering spikes 3-6 cm. long, 5-6 mm. thick. 1. P. natans. Floating leaves with narrowly elliptic blades acute at both ends : flowering spikes 1-2 em. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick. 2. P. Floridanus. Submerged leaves with normal blades. Blades of submerged leaves of 2 forms. 3. P. pulcher, Blades of submerged leaves all alike. : Submerged leaves with linear or nearly linear blades. Leaf-blades with coarse cellular reticulation in the middle. 4. P. Nuttallii. Leaf-blades with inconspicuous cellular reticulation. 5. P. heterophyllus. Submerged leaves with lanceolate or oblanceolate blades. Leaf-blades distinctly petioled. 6. P. Lonchites. Leaf-blades sessile or nearly so. Ta P. Ziji: Plants with submerged leaves only. Leaf-blades broad. Blades short-petioled or nearly sessile. 8. P. lucens. Blades clasping the stem. 9. P. perfoliatus. Leaf-blades linear or filiform. Blades 1-nerved. 10. P. Curtissii. Blades 3-nerved. ? ; Drupelets crested : plants without propagating buds or glands. 11. P. foliosus. : Drupelets erestless: plants with both propagating buds and glands. 12. P. pusillus. Stipules adnate to the blades or the petioles of the submerged leaves. Plants with both submerged and floating leaves: drupelets crested. 13. P. diversifolius. Plants with submerged leaves only: drupelets crestless. 14. P. pectinatus. 1. Potamogeton nàtans L. Stems 6-12 dm. long,simple or sparingly branched: leaves various, of 2 kinds, those of submerged leaves reduced to bladeless petioles which perish early ; those of floating leaves with leathery ovate broadly elliptic or oval blades 4-9 cm. long, usually abruptly pointed, many-nerved, rounded or subcordate at the base; tioles as long as the blades or much longer: peduncles as thick as the stem, 4-9 cm. ong: spikes cylindric, 3-6 em. long, dense: drupelets narrowly obovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long, scarcely kou : nutlets more or less pitted on the sides, 2-grooved on the back. Instill water or streams, nearly throughout North America. Alsoin Europe and Asia. Summer. 2. Potamogeton Floridànus Small. Resembling P. natans, but more slender. Floating leaves few ; blades narrowly elliptic, 4-7 cm. long, acute at both ends, narrowly revolute, with 7 main nerves ; petioles very slender, several times longer than the blades : peduncles stouter than the stem, 4—6 cm. long: flowering spikes cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick. In the Blackwater River, Florida. Spring and summer. 3. Potamogeton pülcher Tuckerm. Stems 3-6 dm. long nearly simple, terete, Spotted: leaves various ; blades of 3 kinds, those of submerged leaves leathery, spatulate ovate or oblong, and those above these flimsy, pellucid, lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, attenu- ate, short-petioled ; those of floating leaves leathery, ovate or orbicular-ovate, 4-10 cm. long, obtuse or abruptly pointed, many-nerved, cordate at the base ; petioles as long as the blades or longer : peduncles slightly thicker than the stem, 5-10 cm. long : spikes cylindric, dense, 2-2.5 em. long: drupelets turgid, 4—4.5 mm, long, abruptly pointed, 3-keeled on the back. In ponds, Maine to Missouri and Georgia. Summer. . ^4. Potamogeton Nuttállii Cham. & Schlecht. Stem slender, 3-20 dm. long, flattened, simple or sparingly branched : leaves various ; blades of 2 kinds, those of submerged leaves linear, 2-ranked, 5-16 em. long, 5-nerved, reticulated between the midrib and contiguous 38 ZANNICHELLIACEAE nerves ; those of floating leaves leathery, oblong, elliptic or obovate, 3-8 cm. long, many- nerved, short-petioled : peduncles 2.5-12 cm. long: spikes 1.5-2 cm. long, dense, emersed or partly so: drupelets globose-obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp: embryo coiled 13 times. In ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to Ontario and South Carolina. Summer. 5. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Stems slender, 1-3.5 m. long, flattened, branched : leaves various ; blades of 2 kinds, those of submerged leaves lanceolate or nar- rowly linear-lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, mostly sessile, with conspicuous cellular reticula- tions; those of floating leaves leathery, oval or elliptic, 1.5-4 cm. long, abruptly pointed, shorter than the petioles: peduncles 2.5-15 cm. long, often thickened upward : spikes 2-4 em. long, dense: drupelets nearly as broad as long, 1.5-3 mm. long, indistinctly 3-keeled on the back, abruptly pointed. In still or flowing water, nearly throughout North America. Also in Europe. Summer and fall. 6. Potamogeton Lonchites Tuckerm. Stems terete, 9-20 dm. long, branching: leaves various ; blades of two kinds; those of submerged leaves elongated, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 10-30 cm. long, pellucid ; those of floating leaves thinnish, oblong or ellip- tic, 4-15 cm. long, many-nerved, usually acute at both ends ; petioles fully 3 as long as the blades: peduncles 5 cm. long, slightly thickened upward: spikes cylindric, 2.5-5 cm. long, dense: drupelets as broad as long, 3.5-4 mm. long, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel prominent. In ponds and rivers, New Brunswick to Washington, Florida and California. Summer and fall. 7. Potamogeton Zízii Roth. Stems slender, elongated, branching: leaves various ; blades of 2 kinds ; those of submerged leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, cus- pidate or acute, wavy-margined, pellucid ; those of floating leaves more less leathery, elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, many-nerved, sessile or nearly so: peduncles thicker than the stems, 5-15 cm. long: spikes 2.5-5 cm. long, not very dense: drupelets nearly as broad as long, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 3-keeled on the back, abruptly pointed. In lakes and rivers, Quebec to Montana, Florida, Texas and Wyoming. Summer. Also in Europe. 8. Potamogeton lücens L. Stems stout, elongated, more or less branched, often profusely so above: leaves all submerged ; blades elliptic or lanceolate, or oval above, 5-20 em. long, acute or acuminate or sometimes mucronate, often serrulate at the apex, mostly 13-nerved, short-petioled or nearly sessile: peduncles 7-15 cm. long, barely thick- ened upward : spikes dense, 5-7 cm. long: drupelets 3 mm. long, blunt-tipped. In ponds, Nova Scotia to California, Florida and Mexico. Fall. Also in Europe. 9. Potamogeton perfoliàtus L. Stems slender, elongated, much branched : leaves all submerged ; blades suborbicular to ovate or lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, usually obtuse, often serrulate at the apex, cordate-perfoliate, crisped : peduncles 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about as thick as the stem: spikes 1.5-2.5 cm. long, as long as' the peduncle or shorter, often UM ander water: drupelets obliquely obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, obscurely 3-keeled on the back. In rivers and ponds, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida and California. Also in Europe. Summer and fall. 10. Potamogeton Curtissii Morong. Stems delicate, filiform, 2-4 dm. long, simple or branched ; internodes elongated, naked : leaves all submerged : blades linear-filiform, 1-4 em. long, 0.5-1 mm. broad, terminating in a hair-like tip, 1-nerved, sometimes with an indication of 2 lateral nerves; stipules hyaline, 6-8 mm. long, obtuse, deciduous : pedun- cles slender, club-shaped, 6-12 mm. long, erect, axillary near the upper end of the stem: spikes capitate, 4-6 mm. long, 3-6-flowered : fruit not seen. In tidal creeks, Blackwater River, Florida. Spring and summer. 11. Potamogeton folidsus Raf. Plants without propagating buds, or glands at the base of each leaf. Stems 3-10 dm. long, flattened, much branched : leaves all submerged, very numerous ; blades linear or filiform, 1.5-5 cm. long, acute, 3-nerved : peduncles some- what club-shaped, 8-12 mm. long: spikes short, about 4-flowered : drupelets 1.5-2 mm. long, 3-keeled ; middle keel crest-like, undulate or sinuate-toothed, often with tooth-like shoulders at each end. In streams and ponds, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Florida and California. Summer. 12. Potamogeton pusíllus L. Plants with both propagating buds and glands at the base of each leaf. Stems filiform, 1-6 dm. long, branched: leaves all submerged, numer- ous ; blades linear or linear-filiform, 2-8 cm. long, acute, 1-3-nerved, usually 2-glandular at the base: peduncles slender, 6-20 mm. long, or rarely 10 cm. long : spikes 3-10-flowered, capitate or interrupted : drupelets longer than broad, 1.5-2 mm. long, 2-grooved on the back or with 3 distinct keels, crestless. In slow streams and ponds, New Brunswick to British i i ali- fornia. Summer. Also in Europe. ritish Columbia, North Carolina, Texas and C NAIADACEAE 39 13. Potamogeton diversiífólius Raf. Stems elongated, flattened or nearly terete, branched : leaves various ; blades of 2 kinds; those of submerged leaves linear-setaceous, 2-8 cm. long, acute, 1-nerved ; those of the floating leaves leathery, elliptic or oval, some- times oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse or acute: petioles shorter than the blades or rarely longer : peduncles various, emersed club-shaped, 6-14 mm. long ; submerged, 4-6 mm. long: spikes dense, 4-8 mm. long : drupelets cochleate, about 1 mm. long, 3-keeled ; middle keel crest-like, 7-8-toothed ; lateral keels acute or obtuse. In pools and still water, Maine to Montana, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 14. Potamogeton pectinàtus L. Stems slender, 3-10 dm. long, or longer, repeat- edly forking : leaves all submerged ; blades setaceous or filiform, 2-15 cm. long, 1-nerved or nerveless : peduncles filiform, 5-30 cm. long: spikes interrupted, sometimes elongated ; flowers in approximate whorls or these remote : drupelets cochleate, barely fleshy, 1.5 mm. long, 3-keeled on the back, crestless, but with 4-5 teeth. In still or running fresh or salt water, Cape Breton Island to British Columbia, Florida, Texas and California. Summer and fall. FAMILY 2. ZOSTERACEAE Dumort. EEr-GRAss FAMILY. Perennial marine herbs, with creeping rootstocks and flattened branching stems. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked: blades several-nerved, linear from a sheathing inflated base. Flowers monoecious, both kinds arranged alternately on a flattened spadix ; this enclosed in a spathe. Perianth wanting. Stami- nate flower a sessile 1-celled anther attached to the spadix. Pollen thread-like. Pistillate flower a single pistil with an elongated style and 2 thread-like stigmas, attached by its back to the spadix. Fruit a flask-shaped beaked utricle ; this irregularly rupturing. Seeds ribbed : embryo ellipsoidal. 1. ZOSTERA L. Characters of the family. Err-GRAss. GRASS-WRACK. Leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 1-nerved: seeds 1.5 mm. long. 1, Z. minor. Leaves 2-18 dm. long, 3-7-nerved : seeds 3 mm. long. 2. Z. marina. 1. Zostera minor (Caval.) Nolte. Stems more or less elongated, often sparingly branched. Leaves few ; blades narrowly linear, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, obtuse, 1-nerved, usually about 1-5 mm. broad : spathe 1-1.5 cm. long: fruits flask-shaped, with an oval or broadly oblong body in all about 3 mm. long, 4-5 maturing in a spathe : seeds nearly 1.5 mm. long, smooth or very faintly striate. In shallow water, Key West, Florida. Also in Europe. 2. Zostera marina L. Stems slender. Leaf-blades linear, ribbon-like, 2-18 dm. long, obtuse, 3-7-nerved: spadix 2.5-6.5 cm. long: flowers commonly 10-20 on each spadix : fruits oblong, fully 3 mm. long, obtuse : seeds nearly cylindric, about 3 mm. long, 20-ribbed, truncate. In streams or ditches, on or near the coast, Greenland and Labrador to Florida, also from Alaska to California, and on the coasts of Europe. Summer. FAMILY 3. NAIADACEAE Lindl. Naras FAMILY. Submerged herbs, with fibrous roots and slender branching stems. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled : blades various, dilated and sheathing at the base, mostly toothed. Flowers dioecious, solitary in the axils. Staminate flow- ers with a double perianth, the outer entire or 4-horned, the inner hyaline, ad- hering to the solitary stamen. Anther sessile or short-stalked, 1-4-celled, apic- ulate or 2-lobed at the apex. Pistillate flowers with a single ovary, topped by a short style and 2-4 stigmas. Fruit a sessile drupelet, with acrustaceous pericarp and a membranous epicarp. Seed solitary, filling the pericarp. Embryo con- formed to the interior of the seed. 1. NÀIAS L. Characters of the family. Sheaths oblique, with margins minutely 10-20-toothed. Leaf-margins with shallow inconspicuous teeth. : i Pericarp of the drupelets dull, with 16-20 rows of strong reticulations : leaf- > blades with 80-100 marginal teeth. : : : 1. N. Guadalupensis. Pericarp of the drupelets shining, with 30-50 rows of delicate reticulations: E EE leaf-blades with 50-60 marginal teeth. 2. N. flexilis. 40 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Leaf-margins with prominent sharp teeth. 8. N. conferta. Sheaths equilateral, with margins entire or coarsely few-toothed. ; E a Leaves about 0.5 mm. broad, with 15-24 marginal teeth : internodes filiform. 4. N. gracilis. Leaves about 2 mm. broad, with 6-10 marginal teeth : internodes stout. 5. N. marina. 1. Naias Guadalupénsis (Spreng.) Morong. Stems filiform or hair-like, 3-7 dm. long, widely branched : leaves opposite, sometimes clustered ; blades narrowly linear, 10-20 mm. long, acute, often curved, with 40-50 minute teeth on each margin : drupelets 2 mm. long; pericarp granular, marked with 16-20 rows of rectangular or hexagonal reticu- lations, the long axis transverse. [N. microdon A. Br.] In ponds and lakes, Nebraska to Oregon, Florida, Texas and throughout;tropical America. Sum- mer and fall. 2. Naias fléxilis ( Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Stems slender, 2-18 dm. long, forking ; internodes commonly armed with teeth : leaves numerous ; blades narrowly linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, with 25-30 minute teeth on each margin: drupelets ellipsoidal, 2-4 mm. long ; pericarp lustrous, finely sculptured, with 30-50 rows of square or hexagonal reticulations. In streams and ponds, nearly throughout North America. Summer. Also in Europe. 3. Naias conférta A. Br. Similar to N. flexilis in habit. Leaves slender, the mar- gins with prominent sharp teeth. In tidal creeks, Milton, Florida. Summer. Also in tropical America. 4. Naias gracilis (Morong) Small. Stems filiform, forking; branches erect or as- cending, the internodes 2.5-10 cm. long, with a few teeth near the upper ends: leaves slender ; blades 2-4 cm. long, about 0.5 mm. broad, with 15-24 marginal teeth and few dorsal teeth : sheaths with 2-3 teeth on each margin: drupelets barely 4 mm. long, slightly oblique ; pericarp with about 25 rows of square or irregular-oblong reticulations. [N. marina var. gracilis Morong. ] In ereeks and ponds, Florida. Spring to winter. 5. Naias marina L. Stems stout, several dm. long, flattened, branching, commonly armed with tooth-like spines about twice as long as broad: leaves opposite or whorled ; blades linear, 10-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, acute, with 6-10 spine-like teeth on each side and sometimes several on the back of the midrib: drupelet oblong, 4-5 mm. long ; pericarp granular, reticulated. [.N. major All. ] In lakes, New York to California and Florida. Summer. Also in Europe. Order 3. ALISMALES. Marsh or aquatic herbs, with rush-like or spongy tissues. Leaves alternate, various, slender and stiff, or with dilated blades. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious. Perianth of 2 often dissimilar series (sepals and petals). Androecium of 3-6 stamens. Gynoecium of 3-many distinct carpels. Endosperm wanting. Petals nearly similar to the sepals: anthers long and narrow: carpels coherent. i . Fam. 1. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Petals very different from the sepals: anthers short and thick: carpels not coherent. Fam. 2. ALISMACEAE. FAMILY 1. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Agardh. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. Perennial marsh herbs, with scapes or normal stems. Leaves alternate: blades rush-like, narrow, often very siender from a dilated base. Flowers per- fect, in terminal spikes or racemes : perianth of 4-6 members in 2 series, or the corolla wanting, persistent or deciduous. Androecium mostly of 4-6 stamens. Filaments variable in length. Anthers usually 2-celled, extrorse. Gynoecium of 3-6 partially united carpels. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit of 3-6 separating dehiscent or indehiscent carpels. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel. Embryo straight. 1. TRIGLOCHIN L. Acaulescent marsh herbs, commonly with abbreviated rootstocks. Leaves basal, sheathing each other by their dilated membranous bases : blades narrow, elongated. Scapes slender, erect, simple. Spikes or racemes terminal. Perianth inconspicuous : sepals 3: petals 3, remote from thesimilar sepals, or wanting. Stamens 3-6 : anthers 2-celled, sessile or nearly so. Pistils 3-6, 1-celled : stigmas 3-6, sessile or nearly so, plumose. Ovule soli- ALISMACEAE 41 tary, erect. Carpels leathery, 3-6, distinct or partially united until fully mature, each opening by a ventral suture. Seeds solitary, erect, flattened or angled. 1. Triglochin striata R. & P. Foliage'glabrous. Leaves basal; blades slightly fleshy, linear, attenuate, 0.5-2 mm. broad, 2-3 dm. long, erect: scapes erect, solitary or 2 together, angled, about as long as the leaves or longer : racemes 2-15 cm. long, barely if at all interrupted : pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long, not crowded : perianth greenish or light yel- low: sepals 3, oval or ovate, obtuse, less than 1 mm. long: stigmas plumose : fruit sub- globose, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, somewhat 3-winged at maturity: carpels 3, 3-ribbed on the back. [Triglochin triandra Michx.] In salt marshes, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. ARROW-GRASS. FawiLY 2. ALISMACEAE DC. WaATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. Annual or perennial acaulescent aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves basal: petioles elongated, sheathing at the base: blades flat, several-ribbed, often with spreading or deflexed lobes. Scapes erect or floating, mostly simple to the in- florescence. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, regular, whorled, dis- posed in terminal racemes or panicles. Receptacle flat or globose. Calyx of 3 persistent sepals. Corolla white or pink, of 3 deciduous imbricated petals. Androecium of 6 or more stamens. Filaments distinct. Anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Gynoecium of few or many carpels. Ovaries 1-celled. Styles rather persistent. Ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit a head of flattened achenes. Seeds curved. Embryo horseshoe-shaped Carpels in a ring on a flat receptacle. 1. ALISMA. Carpels curved in many series on a convex or globose receptacle. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Sepals spreading : pedicels not recurved at maturity. 2. ECHINODORUS. Sepals appressed : pedicels recurved at maturity. 3. LOPHOTOCARPUS. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 4. SAGITTARIA. 1. ALISMA L. Annual, or mostly perennial scapose herbs. Leaves erect or floating : blades several- ribbed, without basal lobes, narrowed into petioles. Flowers perfect, in compound or umbel-like panicles. Stamens 6-9, rather perigynous: filaments slender. Carpels few or many, in one whorl on a flat receptacle. Achenes in 1 whorl, 2-3-ribbed on the back, 1-2-ribbed on the sides. WATER PLANTAIN. 1. Alisma subcordatum Raf. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Leaf-blades ob- long, elliptic, oval or ovate, or sometimes narrower, 3-15 cm. long, usually abruptly pointed, entire, cuneate to truncate, or cordate at the base ; petioles often longer than the blades : scapes 1-10 dm. tall, solitary or several together ; branches and pedicels in whorls of 3-10, variable in length: bracts lanceolate or linear, often acuminate: sepals broadly ovate to suborbicular, obtuse : petals white or pinkish, 1-2 mm. long: mature heads 4-6 mm. broad, flat: achenes obliquely obovate, 2 mm. long; beak small, ascending. In swamps and shallow water, Nova Scotia to North Dakota, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 2. ECHINÓDORUS L. C. Rich. Annual or perennial usually acaulescent marsh herbs. Leaves erect or ascending: blades sometimes ample, several-ribbed. Scapes usually surpassing the leaves. Flowers perfect, in whorls disposed in racemes or panicles. Stamens 12-30: filaments often about as long as the anthers. Carpels numerous, inserted on a convex or globose receptacle. Style obliquely apical: stigma simple. Achenes forming a bristly head, leathery, ribbed, and beaked by the persistent style. Carpels few, usually less than 14 maturing: flowers in termina] umbel-like clusters. 1. E. parvulus. Carpels numerous, many maturing: flowers in terminal panicles, the main axis of the panicle sometimes greatly elongated. Scapes creeping near the base: style shorter than the ovary : beak about 14 as long as body of the achene. 2. E. radicans. Scapes erect or ascending: style longer than the ovary: beak fully 14 as long as ease body of the achene. 8. E. cordifolius. 1. Echinodorus párvulus Engelm. Leaf-blades linear to linear-elliptic, 1-3 cm. long, acute at both ends, longer than the petioles or much shorter: scapes solitary or several together, surpassing the leaves or overtopped by them, topped by a whorl of 2-8 Pedicels, these spreading or curved, 5-25 mm. long, unequal in length: bracts white, 42 ALISMACEAE 3-5 mm. long: petals white: mature heads 3-4 mm. in diameter: achenes broadly and obliquely obovate, barely 1 mm. long, black ; beak minute, sharp, oblique. In mud, Massachusetts to Ontario and Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 2. Echinodorus radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. Leaf-blades ovate or oblong, 5-20 cm. long, obtuse, undulate, truncate or cordate at the base; petioles 1-7 dm. long: scapes elongated, spreading or decumbent, creeping, 3-12 dm. long, often solitary : whorls of the inflorescence remote : pedicels 3-12, unequal, 1.5-6 em. long: bracts linear-lanceolate from dilated bases: sepals ovate or orbicular-ovate, rather obtuse: petals white, about 6 mm. long: mature heads bur-like, 7-8 mm. in diameter : achenes cuneate, 2 mm. long ; body 6-10-ribbed ; beak about 1 as long as the body. In ponds and swamps, Illinois and Missouri, to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 3. Echinodorus cordifdlius ( L.) Griseb. Leaf-blades various, lanceolate to broadly ovate, 4-20 cm. long, obtuse, commonly truncate or cordate at the base ; petioles angled, usually longer than the blades: scapes solitary or clustered, 1-5 dm. tall, surpassing the leaves, simple or branched from the lower whorls of the inflorescence : pedicels 7-15 mm. long, not very variable in length: bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate : sepals ovate, rather acute: petals white, 4-6 mm. long, usually broader: mature heads bur-like, 4-6 mm. in diameter : achenes 2.5-3 mm. long ; body cuneate ; beak slender, fully 3 as long as the body. [ E. rostratus Engelm. ] In ditches and swamps, Illinois and Missouri, to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 3. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Durand. Annual or perennial acaulescent aquatic or marsh herbs. Scapes simple below the inflorescence. Flowers in several whorls of 2-3 at the top of the scape ; upper staminate ; lower pistillate. Stamens 9-15, hypogynous : filaments flattened, inserted at the base of the receptacle. Pistils numerous on a convex receptacle. Style slender, oblique. Achenes crowded together, crested or winged, more or less completely enveloped by the calyx. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Petioles 0.5-1.5 dm. long : leaf-blades less than 4.5 em. broad: whorls of the inflorescence usually soli- _ tary: mature fruiting heads 7-8 mm. in diameter. 1. L. depauperatus. Petioles 1.5-4 dm. long : leaf-blades over 4.5 em. broad : whorls of the inflorescence 2-6: mature fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter. 2. L. calycinus. 1. Lophotocarpus depauperatus J. G. Smith. Leaves with petioles 0.5-1.5 dm. long ; blades oblong, elliptic, oval or ovate, sometimes sagittate or hastate, 1-2 cm. wide or the small basal lobes spreading to a width of 3-4 cm. and acuminate: inflorescence of usually 1 whorl: mature fruiting heads 7-8 mm. in diameter: achenes cuneate, about 1.7 mm. long, each with a slender horizontal beak. On margins of ponds, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 2. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Leaves with petioles 1.5-4 dm. long; blades hastate or sagittate, sometimes almost triangular or lunate, the basal lobes often longer than the middle one, spreading to a width of 5-30 cm. and usually acuminate: inflorescence of 2-6 whorls: mature fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter: achenes cuneate, 2-2.5 mm. long, each with a triangular horizontal beak. [Sagittaria caly- cina Engelm.] Santis swamps or ponds, often submerged, South Dakota to Delaware, Louisiana and New Mexico. er. 4. SAGITTARIA L. Perennial acaulescent marsh or aquatic herbs, either erect or floating. Rootstock irregularly thickened or tuber-bearing. Leaves various, usually differentiated into petioles and blades, or reduced to phyllodes. Scapes sometimes greatly elongated, usually simple below the inflorescence. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in whorls of 3 near the top of the scape, those of the upper whorls usually staminate. Staminate flowers with many stamens: anthers 2-celled, opening by lateral slits: gynoecium wholly or partially sup- pressed. Pistillate flowers with many distinct carpels : androecium wholly or partially suppressed. Receptacle more or. less convex. Achenes numerous, flattened, densely crowded in globular heads. ARROW-HEAD. Sepals of the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading, not accrescent. Pedicels of the pistillate flowers much thickened. reflexed at maturity. Filaments glabrous. Seapes simple. Filaments about as long as the anthers: achenes with 3 undulate or slightly Lesen crests. 1. S. subulata. ALISMACEAE 43 Filaments much longer than the anthers: achenes with 5-7 crenate or dentate crests. 2. S. natans. , Seapes branching. 3. S. filiformis. Filaments pubescent. 4. S. platyphylla. Pedicels of the pistillate flowers slender, ascending, or wanting. Leaf-blades entire or barely hastate, sometimes greatly reduced. Pistillate flowers pedicelled. Filaments dilated. Pedicels of the pistillate flowers shorter than those of the stam- _inate. x 5. S. macrocarpa. Pedicels of the pistillate flowers as long as those of the staminate or longer. Leaves terete, mostly bladeless. Filaments as long as the anthers: achenes 1 mm. long, with low facial ridges. 6. S. isoctiformis. Filaments shorter than the anthers: achenes 2 mm. long, with several facial wings. 7. S. teres. Leaves with more or less flattened blades. Achenes oval or broadly oblong. 8. S. cycloptera. Achenes cuneate. Beak large, horizontal at the top of the achene. 9. S. Mohrii. Beak minute, much below the top of the achene. Braets ovate, united to the middle. 10. S. graminea. Braets lanceolate, nearly distinct. 11. S. Chapmanii. Filaments slender, not dilated. Filaments glabrous. Braets ovate, obtuse, united to about the middle: beak near the middle of one side of the achene. 12. S.'papillosa. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, distinct or nearly so: beak hori- zontal at top of the achene. 13. S. ambigua. __,. Filaments pubescent. 14. S. lancifolia. Pistillate flowers sessile. 15. S. rigida. Leaf-blades mostly sagittate. Basal lobes twice or thrice as long as the middle lobe. 16. S. longiloba. Basal lobes shorter than the middle lobe. ; Pedicels of the pistillate flowers much shorter than their bracts. 17. S. longirostra. Pedicels of the pou flowers surpassing their bracts. Filaments villous, not dilated: bracts and sepals viscid. 18. S. viscosa. Filaments glabrous: bracts and sepals not viscid. Beak of the achene erect, the tip sometimes recurved. Lobes of the leaf-blades ovate, obtuse: achenes broadest at the top with 1 facial wing on each side. 19. S. australis. Lobes of the leaf-blades linear or nearly so, acute: achene : broadest at the middle with 2 facial wings on each side. 20. S. Engelmanniana. Beak of the achene lateral, horizontal or oblique. : Foliage. especially that of the inflorescence, glabrous. 21. S. latifolia. Foliage, especially that of the inflorescence, pubescent. 22. S. pubescens. — Sepals of the pistillate flowers erect, accrescent. 23. S. Montevidensis. 1. Sagittaria subulàta (L.) Buch. Monoecious or sometimes wholly staminate. Leaves usually represented by rigid phyllodes 2-12 cm. long, rarely normal ; blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, acutish, shorter than the petioles : scapes 5-15 cm. tall, rarely surpassing the leaves: whorls of the raceme solitary or often 2: bracts thin, 1-3 mm. long: pedicels of pistillate heads 10-15 mm. long: sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse : corollas 15 mm. broad : achenes few, 1.5 to nearly 2 mm. long, with short lateral beaks and 3 prominent but merely undulate or sparingly toothed crests. In mud and tidal flats, New York to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 2. Sagittaria nàtans Michx. Monoecious, commonly submerged. Petioles blade- less, or blades floating, elliptic, oblong or ovate-oblong, 1.5-5 cm. long, rounded, subcor- date or hastate-truncate at the base: phyllodes flattened, elongated : scape elongating to the surface of the water or rising above it, 1-10 dm. long : whorls of the inflorescence one or several: bracts thin, acuminate: mature fruiting heads 8 mm. in diameter: achenes rather numerous, 2 mm. long, with short upeurved beaks and 5-7 prominently dentate or crenate crests. In fresh or brackish ponds, South Carolina to Florida. Summer and fall. 3. Sagittaria filifórmis J. G. Smith. Monoecious, submerged. Leaves wanting: phyllodes filiform from thicker bases, 1-6 dm. long, rarely as long as the scape: scapes slender, 6-12 dm. long, often branching from the lower whorls : bracts lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, acuminate : pedicels filiform, those of the lower whorls 1-4 cm. long, ascending or erect: whorls remote, staminate except 1 or 2 flowers of the lower one: sepals ovate, 2-3 mm. long, obtuse: corolla white, about 2 cm. broad : mature fruiting heads 6-7 mm. in diameter: achenes 1.5 mm. long, with upcurved lateral beaks and about 6 crests. In ponds, Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 4. Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Monoecious. Leaf-blades rather leathery, lanceolate, elliptic to ovate, 5-15 cm. long, 5-7-nerved, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed or subcordate at the base: scapes 2-5 dm. tall, usually overtopped by 44 ALISMACEAE the leaves: whorls of the inflorescence 3-8, the 2 or 3 lower ones pistillate : pedicels 1-2.5 em. long: bracts broadly ovate, 3-8 mm. long, scarious tipped : mature fruiting heads fully 1 cm. in diameter: achenes obliquely obovate, 2 mm. long, winged ; beak horizontal. In ponds and swamps, Missouri to Alabama and Texas. Spring to fall. 5. Sagittaria macrocárpa J. G. Smith. Monoecious. Leaves phyllode-like ; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long, much shorter than the petioles : scapes 3-4 dm. tall, overtopping the leaves: whorls of the inflorescence 3-5, the lower pair, or only the lowest one, pistillate: pedicels about as long as the internodes except those of the pistillate flowers ; these much shorter: bracts obovate, 3 mm. long, acute, united at the base: fila- ments dilated, pubescent : mature fruiting heads 10-12 mm. in diameter: achenes obovate or oblong-ovate, 3 mm. long, winged ; beak ascending. On the margins of ponds, North Carolina and South Carolina. Spring to fall. 6. Sagittaria isoetifórmis J. G. Smith. Monoecious, delicate. Leaves terete throughout, or rarely with imperfect flattish blades : scapes 8-12 cm. tall, as long as the leaves or overtopping them : whorl of the inflorescence usually one: bracts ovate, 2-3 mm. long, acute, united below : pedicels of pistillate flowers slender, 15-18 mm. long, those of the staminate flowers filiform, 2-3 cm. long : sepals 2 mm. long : corolla white, 12-15 mm. broad : filaments dilated, pubescent, about as long as the anthers : mature fruiting heads about 6 mm. in diameter: achenes obovate, 1 mm. long, with a prominent dorsal crest and low facial ridges ; beak short, oblique. On sandy margins of lakes, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 7. Sagittaria téres S. Wats. Monoecious, slender. Leaves usually reduced to terete attenuate nodose phyllodes 1-3 dm. long, or rarely developing narrow, imperfect blades at the top: scapes slender, 15-45 cm. tall: bracts ovate, 3 mm. long, obtuse: whorls of the inflorescence solitary or sometimes 3, 1 or 2 pedicels of the lower whorls bearing pistillate flowers, 10-25 mm. long, longer than those of staminate flowers : sepals about 3 mm. long: corolla white, 12-15 mm. broad : stamens often 12: filaments dilated, pubescent, shorter than the anthers : mature fruiting heads 8-12 mm. in diameter : achenes oval or oval-obovate, 2 mm. long, with stout obliquely upcurved beaks, an uneven crest and several facial wings. Inshallow water, Massachusetts to South Carolina. Summer and fall. 8. Sagittaria cyclóptera (J. G. Smith) C. Mohr. Monoecious or dioecious. Leaves sometimes reduced to slender tapering phyllodes ; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-15 em. long, tapering to both ends, shorter than the petioles: scapes 2-8 dm. long : whorls of the inflorescence 3-15, or rarely solitary, several of the lower ones usually pistillate : bracts ovate, 3-5 mm. long, acute, united at the base: filaments dilated, pubescent : mature fruit- ing heads barely 1 cm. in diameter : achenes broadly oblong or oval, 1.5 mm. long, winged, crested, with 2 facial wings on each side; beak short, ascending, rather lateral. In swamps, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 9. Sagittaria Mohrii J. G. Smith. Monoecious. Leaves 3-7 dm. tall ; blades linear to lanceolate, 5-15 em. long, acuminate, often poorly developed : scapes ascending, decum- bent or declining, 3-angled : whorls of the inflorescence 6-8, the lower 3-4 pistillate, with pedicels somewhat longer than those of the staminate flowers: bracts thin, 3-4 mm. long, united to about the middle: sepals oblong, 2-3 mm. long, obtuse: corolla hardly 1 cm. broad : mature fruiting heads subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter : achenes cuneate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, winged, with cuneate crests ; beak horizontal. In muddy ponds, southern Alabama. Summer. ~ 10. Sagittaria gramínea. Michx. Monoecious or dioecious. Leaf-blades linear, lanceolate or elliptic, 5-15 cm. long, or leaves represented by phyllodes: scapes 1-6 dm. tall, shorter than the leaves or overtopping them : whorls of the inflorescence few and remote or sometimes numerous and rather approximate: pedicels variable, but those of staminate and pistillate flowers often equal in length: bracts ovate, 3-5 mm. long, acute, united to about the middle: filaments dilated, pubescent : mature fruiting heads less than 1 cm. in diameter : achenes cuneate, 1.5 mm. long, winged, with one facial wing or crest ; ` beak short, lateral, spreading. In mud or ponds, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 1l. Sagittaria Chapmánii (J. G. Smith) C. Mohr. Monoecious or dioecious. Leaves often accompanied by phyllodes; blades linear or lanceolate, 15-20 cm. long, acute, usually much shorter than the petioles : scapes 3-5 dm. long : whorls of the inflores- cence often numerous : pedicels spreading or ascending, those of the pistillate heads 1.5-3 cm. long: bracts lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long, acute or acuminate, slightly united at the base: filaments dilated, pubescent: mature fruiting heads 5 mm. in diameter : achenes cuneate, 1 mm. long, wingless ; beak short, lateral and above the middle of the body. In ponds and marshes, Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. ALISMACEAE 45 12. Sagittaria papillósa Buch. Monoecious. Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceo- late, 10-15 cm. long, acute, as long as the petioles or shorter : scapes 3-5 dm. tall: whorls of the inflorescence 3-10, the lower remote: pedicels of pistillate flowers 1-1.5 cm. long: bracts ovate, 3-4 mm. long, densely granular-papillose, united to about the middle : sepals ovate, roughened like the bracts : corollas:2-3 cm. broad : filaments not dilated, glabrous : mature fruiting heads subglobose, 6-10 mm. in diameter: achenes cuneate, 1.5 mm. long ; beak lateral and slightly above the middle of the body. In shallow ponds, Louisiana and Texas. Spring to fall. 13. Sagittaria ambígua J. G. Smith. Monoecious. Leaves erect ; blades lanceo- late, 12-50 cm. long, 5-nerved, shorter than the petioles: scapes 3-6 dm. tall, as long as the leaves or surpassing them: whorls numerous, commonly 8-15: pedicels mostly ascend- ing, those of the pistillate heads longer than those of staminate ; bracts lanceolate, 10-15 mm. long, united at the bases : filaments not dilated, glabrous : achenes oblong, slightly curved, 2 mm. long, narrowly winged, prolonged into short horizontal beaks at the top. In ponds, Kansas and Oklahoma. Summer. ~~ 14. Sagittaria lancifólia L. Monoecious. Leaves 4-9 dm. tall; blades leathery, broadly linear to elliptic, 3-6 dm. long, acute, commonly shorter than the petioles: scapes 6-20 dm. tall, usually branched: whorls of the inflorescence numerous : pedicels of the pistillate heads ascending, often shorter than those of the staminate : bracts ovate or ovate- lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate: sepals obtuse: corollas 4-5 cm. broad ; petals obovate : filaments not dilated, pubescent : mature fruiting heads fully 1 cm. in diam- eter: achenes cuneate or obovate, 2-3 mm. long, winged ; beak short, ascending. In marshes, Delaware to Florida, Texas and tropical America. Spring and summer. 15. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Monoecious. Leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, linear, lance- olate, elliptic or broadly ovate, 7-9-nerved, acute or cordate at the base, sometimes with 1 or 2 spreading or recurved basal lobes : scapes 1-8 dm. long, commonly shorter than the leaves, usually bent and sometimes branched at the lower whorl of the inflorescence : pedi- cels of the pistillate heads (1 or 2 lower whorls) barely 1 cm. long: bracts ovate, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, united at the base: mature fruiting heads 8-15 mm. in diameter, bristly by the protruding beaks of the achenes : achenes cuneate, 3-4 mm. long, winged ; beak stout, ascending. In swamps or running water, Quebec to Minnesota, New Jersey, Tennessee and Nebraska, Sum- mer and fall. 16. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. Monoecious, glabrous. Leaf-blades 10-18 cm. long ; terminal lobe linear to lanceolate ; basal lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, twice or thrice as long as the terminal one, long-acuminate : scapes 3-15 dm. tall, rarely branched : whorls of the inflorescence 4-8, remote, 1-3 lower very fertile : pedicels slender, 15-35 mm. long, spreading: bracts lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, acuminate : filaments not dilated, gla- brous : mature fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter : achenes cuneate, 1 mm. long ; wings somewhat undulate ; beak very short, lateral. On margins of shallow ponds, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 17. Sagittaria longiróstra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. Monoecious, glabrous. Leaf- blades rather ample, 10-25 cm. long ; terminal lobe broadly ovate, abruptly pointed ; basal lobes ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, about 3 as long as the blade: scapes 4-8 dm. tall, sharply 6-angled: whorls of the inflorescence few, 1 or 2 lower ones usually pistillate : bracts triangular, 15-30 mm. long, acuminate: pedicels of the lower whorls 5-10 mm. long, ascending: mature fruiting heads spheroidal, 12-18 mm. in diameter: achenes obovate, 4 mm. long, the crest undulate ; beak about 3 as long as the body, curved ; facial wings prominent. On margins of ponds, New Jersey and Pennsy!vania to Tennessee. Summer. 18. Sagittaria viscósa C. Mohr. Monoecious. Leaf-blades broadly ovate, 2-3.5 dm. long, rounded to the apiculate apex ; basal lobes ovate, acute or acuminate, shorter than the middle lobe : scapes 5-8 dm. tall, overtopping the leaves: pedicels in 8-10 whorls, of nearly equal length throughout: bracts leathery, ovate-oblong, obtuse, papillose, rugose and viscid : sepals leathery, ovate-lanceolate, roughened and viscid like the bracts : corol- las white, fully 1 em. broad : filaments not dilated, pubescent : achenes not seen. In muddy plases and marshes, southern Alabama. Spring and summer. 19. Sagittaria australis (J. G. Smith) Small. Monoecious, slender. Leaf-blades oval or suborbicular, 8-10 cm. long, abruptly pointed at the apex, ciliate; basal lobes ovate, barely 3 as long as the blade, obtuse: scapes 4-5 dm. tall, pubescent about the nodes in the inflorescence, angled, overtopping the leaves : whorls of the inflorescence 4-6, remote: bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate : pedicels of lower whorls 10-13 mm. long: achenes obovate, 3-3.5 mm. long ; crest undulate ; beak curved over the top of the crest, $ 46 ELODEACEAE as long as the body; facial wings prominent, 1 on each side. [S. longirostra australis J. G. Smith. ] In low grounds, Alabama. Summer. 20. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith. Slender, monoecious, glabrous. Leaf- blades narrow, 8-20 cm. long, shorter than the petioles ; lobes linear, 1-5 mm. broad, the terminal and basal about equal in length: scapes about as tall as the leaves, 2-6 dm. long: whorls of inflorescence 5-6, remote: bracts lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long: pedicels ascend- ing, those of staminate flowers often longer than those of the pistillate: sepals ovate, 6-7 mm. long, acute : filaments not dilated, glabrous: mature fruiting heads subglobose, 12-14 mm. in diameter : achenes obovate, 4 mm. long ; beak erect, 1-3 as long asthe body ; facial wings 1-3. In shallow water, Massachusetts to Florida. Summer. 21. Sagittaria latifdlia Willd. Monoecious or dioecious. Leaf-blades ample, some- times broader than long, 15-40 cm. long, glabrous and rarely pubescent ; basal lobes ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate : scape 3—6 dm. long, angled : bracts 1—5 cm. long, gla- brous, acute or acuminate : whorls of the inflorescence mostly distant: pedicels variable, those bearing pistillate heads 2-5 cm. long, or longer: filaments not dilated, glabrous: mature fruiting heads subglobose, 1.5-3 cm. in diameter: achenes obovate, about 3 mm. long, erect, undulate ; beak ascending or recurved. In swamps and shallow water, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Florida and Louisiana. Sum- mer and fall. 22. Sagittaria pubéscens Muhl. Monoecious or dioecious, puberulent or hirsute. Leaf-blades oblong or broadly ovate, 8-25 cm. long, usually abruptly pointed ; basal lobes ovate to lanceolate, about 3 as long as the blade or longer: scapes 3-6 dm. tall: whorls of the inflorescence remote : pedicels variable in length, surpassing the bracts: bracts ovate or suborbicular, obtuse, 7-10 mm. long: mature fruiting heads 8-15 mm. in diameter: achenes somewhat anvil-shaped or resembling the head of a bird, 2-3 mm, long; beak horizontal or somewhat declined. In meadows or marshes, Ontario to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 23. Sagittaria Montevidénsis Cham. & Schlecht. Monoecious, robust. Leaf-blades sagittate, 1-5 dm. long, often as broad, glabrous above, sparingly scabrous on the nerves beneath ; basal lobes acute or acuminate, more or less divergent, middle lobe acute : scapes sometimes 6-8 cm. thick at the base, usually simple : whorls of the inflorescence several or numerous, 2-4 of the lower ones pistillate: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, united below: pedicels of staminate flowers ender, 2-3 cm. long, surpassing those of pistillate flowers : sepals 10-15 mm. long, obtuse: petals white, obovate: filaments not dilated, glandular- pubescent, longer than the anthers : mature fruiting heads 1.5-3 cm. in diameter : achenes 2-3 mm. long, rhomboid-obovate, winged ; beak slender, oblique ; faces flat. a ve North Carolina to Alabama and California, naturalized from South America. Spring and fall. Order 4. HYDROCHARITALES. Floating or more or less emersed herbs, perennial by rootstocks or stolons. Leaves usually with dilated blades. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arising from spathes. Perianth of 2 dissimilar series, or the corolla rarely wanting. Androecium of 3-12 stamens. Gynoecium of 3-15 united carpels. Ovary in- ferior, with several parietal placentae or several-celled. Endosperm wanting. Ovary 1-celled, with 3, or rarely 2, 4 or 5 parietal placentae: stigmas usually 3. : Fam. 1. ELODEACEAE. Ovary 6-9-celled : stigmas 6-9. Fam. 2. HyDROCHARITACEAE. FAMILY 1. ELODEACEAE Dumort. TAPE-GRASS FAMILY. Floating or submerged sometimes acaulescent herbs, perennial by root- stocks or stolons. Leaves clustered or remote : blades short and broad or much elongated and ribbon-like. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arising from a spathe or 1-3 bracts. Perianth regular, of 3 sepals and 3 petals, or the latter wanting, all more or less petaloid. Androecium of 3-12 stamens. Filaments distinct or monadelphous. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium a single pistil. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with 3 or rarely 2-5 parietal placentae. Ovules mostly num- erous, orthotropous or anatropous. Fruit usually indehiscent, often becoming ` HYDROCHARITACEAE 47 submerged and maturing under water. Seeds with a straight embryo, without endosperm. Staminate flowers with 1-3 stamens. Spathes of pistillate flowers sessile or nearly so, of 2-3 distinct bracts. 1. HALOPHILA. Spathes of pistillate flowers very long peduncled, of several more or less united bracts. 2. VALLISNERIA. Staminate flowers with 9 stamens. 3. PHILOTRIA. 1. HALOPHILA Thouars. Marine herbs, with creeping rootstocks. Leaves opposite or whorled at the nodes, accompanied by stipule-like scales. Flowers dioecious, solitary in spathes, 2 or 3 distinct bracts arising between the leaves. Staminate flowers pedicelled: perianth of 3 rather herbaceous sepals. Stamens 3: anthers nearly sessile, extrorse. Pistillate flowers sessile in the spathes: perianth of 3 minute sepals. Ovary l-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, long-beaked. Style 3-parted: branches filiform. Fruit included in the spathe. Seeds numerous. Embryo with spirally bent cotyledons. 1. Halophila Engelmánnii Aschers. Floating, glabrous. Rootstocks branched, with many nodes : stems 10 cm. long, or shorter, commonly erect : leaves mainly whorled at the ends of the stem or its branches; blades linear, oblong or oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, sharply serrulate, 3-nerved, sessile: flowers and fruit not known. In coves and ereeks, peninsular Florida. Spring to winter. 2. VALLISNERIA L. Acaulescent submerged herbs, very delicate. Leaves basal: blades several-nerved, ribbon-like. Flowers dioecious. Staminate minute, numerous, crowded on a spadix enclosed in a spathe of 3 segments. Perianth of 3 sepals. Stamens 2 or 1-3. Pistillate flowers solitary at the ends of elongated cord-like spiral scapes, subtended by a tubular 2-cleft spathe: petals 3, larger than the 3 green sepals. Ovary 1-celled, inferior, with 3 parietal placentae: stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Fruit elongated, leathery, indehiscent. 1. Vallisneria spiralis L. Stoloniferous, flaccid, glabrous: leaf-blades narrowly linear, 1-18 dm. long, entire or serrate below the apex: flowers inconspicuous ; staminate basal, detached at maturity, floating and expanding on the surface; pistillate floating, attached to the base of plant by elongated filiform scapes, which after fertilization coil spirally and submerge the flower : spathes cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, subtending one flower, membranous: fruit cylindric, 3-15 cm. long. In ponds or flowing water, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. EEL-GRASS. TAPE-GRASS. 3. PHILOTRIA Raf. Caulescent submerged herbs, with slender rootstocks and branching stems. Leaves numerous, opposite or whorled : blades 1-nerved. Flowers polygamous or dioecious, from a sessile 2-cleft spathe. Sepals 3. Petals 3, thin. Staminate flowers minute, with 9 sta- mens. Fertile flowers pistillate or perfect: stamens 3-6, sometimes sterile. Ovary l-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Stigmas apparently sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules few. Fruit leathery, inhehiscent. [Elodea Michx., not Elodes Adans. ] WATER-WEED. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-oblong : calyx over 2.5 mm. broad. 1. P. Canadensis. avi narrowly linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate: calyx less than 2.5 mm. S road. . P. minor. 1. Philotria Canadénsis (Michx.) Britton. Aquatic, flaccid. Stems variable in length, 1-12 dm. long, forking: leaves opposite or in whorls of 3 or 4 above the base ; blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-oblong, 4-15 mm. long, entire or serrulate ; whorls often approximate : flowers axillary ; staminate submerged, breaking off at maturity and floating on the surface they discharge the pollen near the pistillate flowers, these floating, attached to the plant by the elongated stalk, which varies from 3-30 cm. in length : spathes 10-18 mm. long. [Elodea Canadensis Michx.] In ponds and slow-flowing water, nearly throughout North America. Spring to fall. 3. Philotria minor (Engelm.) Small. Similar to P. Canadensis in habit, but more slender, with more branched stems and less densely crowded leaves. Leaf-blades narrowly linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate : pedicels hair-like : calyx 1.5-2 mm. broad. In ponds and streams, Minnesota to Tennessee, Missouri and Arkansas. Summer. 48 POACEAE FAMILY 2. HYDROCHARITACEAE Aschers. FRoG's-BIT FAMILY. Aquatic or mud-inhabiting herbs. Leaves clustered, usually with well de- veloped blades. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arising from spathes of distinct or united bracts. Perianth regular, superior, of 3 sepals and 3 petals. Androe- cium of 6-12 stamens. Filaments distinct or partially united. Gynoecium of 6-15 united carpels. Ovary inferior, usually 6-9-celled. Styles as many as the cavities of the ovary. Ovules numerous. Fruit usually indehiscent. Leaf not differentiated into blade and petiole: flowers dioecious: stamens distinct: anthers nearly sessile. _ ; : : ; 1. THALASSIA. Leaf differentiated into blade and petiole: flowers monoecious : stamens with united filaments. 2. LIMNOBIUM. l. THALASSIA Banks. Marine herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leavesseveralata joint, sheathing at the base: blades linear, elongated. Scape arising from the cluster of leaves. Flowers dioecious, solitary in narrow spathes of two bracts : these united into a tube at the base. Staminate flowers long- pedicelled : perianth of 3 petaloid sepals: stamens 6: filaments very short: anthers open- ing laterally. Pistillate flower nearly sessile in the spathe, caducous : ovary 6-9-celled, beaked. Fruit stalked, rugose or nearly echinate, opening by many valves. Seeds numerous. 1. Thalassia testudinum Koenig & Sims. Submersed, glabrous. Rootstocks creep- ing, elongated : stems short, arising from the nodes of the rootstock : leaves 2-5, sheathing the stem ; blades linear, strap-like, 0.5-3 dm. long, obtuse, withering-persistent : scapes solitary, central: fruit globose or oval, echinate-pubescent, slightly pointed. In shallow water, along the coast of peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 2. LIMNÓBIUM L.C. Rich. Aquatic herbs usually floating and producing pendent roots and stolons. Leaves clustered : petioles elongated : blades broad, several-nerved. Flowers monoecious, from spathes of 2 membranous bracts. Perianth white: sepals 3: petals 3, narrower than the sepals, Staminate flowers 2—4 in a spathe, usually with 6-12 stamens : filaments united into a column, bearing the anthers at different heights. Pistillate flowers with 3-6 abortive stamens, a 6-9-celled ovary with several central placentae : stigmas as many as the cavities in the ovary, each 2-parted. Fruit a many-celled berry. 1. Limnobium Spóngia (Bosc) L. C. Rich. Acaulescent, stoloniferous. Leaves basal ; petioles erect or ascending, 5-25 cm. long: blades ovate to suborbicular or reniform, 2-5 em. broad, obtuse, entire, truncate or cordate at the base; petioles tapering to the blade : flowers monoecious ; staminate on scapes 8-10 cm. long ; pistillate on shorter and stouter scapes, these recurving at maturity: berry nodding, oval, 1-1.5 cm. long. In shallow water or mud, Ontario to Illinois and Missouri, to Florida and Louisiana. FROG'S-BIT. Order 5. POALES. Mostly perennial caulescent or acaulescent plants, commonly known as GRASSES and SEDGES. Stems (culms) simple or branched, sometimes conspicu- ously jointed. Leaves alternate, mostly sheathing at the base: blades usually narrow and elongated, entire or nearly so. Flowers variously disposed in à simple or compound inflorescence, perfect, or rarely monoecious or dioecious, incomplete, inconspicuous, in the axils of chaffy bracts or scales (glumes). Fruit a caryopis (grain) or an achene. Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with ununited margins: stems mostly hollow: fruit a grain (caryopsis). ; ; Fam. 1. POACEAE. Leaves3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins: stems solid : fruitan achene. Fam. 2. CYPERACEAE. FAMILY 1. POACEAE R. Br! Grass FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, varying much in habit. Stems (culms) usually hollow, the nodes closed. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, sheathing, the sheaths generally open to the base on the side opposite to the blade; a scarious or cartilaginous ring 1Contributed by Mr. George V. Nash. / POACEAE 49 (ligule), naked or sometimes hairy, rarely wanting, occurs at the sheath-orifice. Inflorescence of spikes, racemes, or panicles, composed of spikelets, these con- sisting of 2-many 2-ranked imbricated bracts (scales), usually the lower 2, and occasionally the succeeding 2-4 scales also empty, rarely all the scales flower- bearing. One or more of the upper scales, except sometimes the terminal one, bearing an axillary flower surrounded by a bract-like organ (palet), which is placed opposite to the scale and with its back to the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled and awnless, rarely 1-nerved or awned ; the palet is sometimes present without the flower and vice versa; the rachilla is often thickened and appears as a hard projection (callus) at the base of the scale. Flowers perfect, staminate, or pistillate, subtended by 1-3 minute scales (lodicules). Stamens 1-6, rarely more, usually 3. Anthers 2 celled, versatile. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Styles 1-8, commonly 2, distinct or more or less united, rarely wanting. Stigmas hairy or plumose. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis), sometimes nut-like. Endosperm starchy. [Gramineae Juss.] A. Spikelets falling from the pedicel entire (see also nos. 58, 61, 62, 68 and 76 of section B), naked, or en- closed in bristles or a bur-like involucre, or immersed in the internodes of a readil disarticulating rachis, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered the lower flower staminate ; no upper empty scales: rachilla not extending beyond the uppermost scale. Spikelets round or somewhat dorsally compressed ; empty scales manifest: hilum punctiform. Flowering scale and palet hyaline, thin, much more delicate in structure than the thick-mem- branous to coriaceous empty scales. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the E staminate in the upper, part of the same spike. TRIBE I. MAYDEAE. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, the former perfect, the latter sometimes perfect, more com- monly with a staminate flower, often empty or reduced to one or two scales, or occasionally wanting; both i ree spikelets pedicellate in nos. 2 and 6. TRIBE II. ANDROPOGONEAE Flowering seale, at least that of the perfect flower, similar in texture to the empty scales, or frequently thicker and firmer, never hyaline and thin. Flowering scale and palet membranous. Inflorescence spicate: spikelets deciduous singly or in MTM groups, the first scale usually larger than the rest. TRIBE III. ZOYSIEAE. MV vede ee v eap dc $ dg LUE Eom rid rom the ultimate branches, the first scale usually 3 smaller or narrower than the rest. TRIBE IV. TRISTEGINEAE. Flowering scale and palet chartaceous, cartilaginous, or coriaceous, very different in color and appearance from the remaining scales. TRIBE V. PANICEAE. Spikelets much compressed laterally ; empty scales none or rudi- 3 mentary: hilum linear. TRIBE VI. ORYZEAE. B: Spikelets with the empty scales persistent, the rachilla hence articulated above them Paor them in nos. 58, 61, 62, 68 and 76 and the spikelet falling entire), 1-many-flowered ; frequently the upper scales are empty : rachilla often produced beyond the uppermost scale. Stems herbaceous, hence annual: leaf-blade sessile, not articulated with the sheath. Spikelets borne in open or spike-like panicles or racemes, usually upon distinct and often long pedicels. Spikelets 1-flowered. Empty scales 4: palet 1-nerved. TRIBE VII. PHALARIDEAE. Empty scales 2 (rarely 1): palet 2-nerved. TRIBE VIII. AGROSTIDEAE. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Flowering scales usually shorter than the empty ones, 2 the es dorsal and usually bent. TRIBE IX. AVENEAE. Flowering seales usually bone An empty en ses i ight, rarely dorsal, so Rd Ri puis d | TRIBE XI. FESTUCEAE. Spikelets in two rows: : On one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes or racemes. TRIBE X. CHLORIDEAE. On opposite sides of an axis which is often articulated, orming equilateral spikes. TRIBE XII. HORDEAE. Stems, at least near the base, woody, hence perennial: leaf-blade with a petiole-like base which is articulated with the sheath. TRIBE XIII. BAMBUSEAE. TRIBE I. MAYDEAE. Fertile spikelets imbedded in the internodes of the thick rachis. 1. TRIPSACUM. 4 50 POACEAE TRIBE Il. ANDROPOGONEAE. A. Internodes of the rachis not thickened nor excavated for the reception of the spikelets. Spikelets alike, perfect. ; Axis of the racemes continuous, not articulated. Axis of the racemes articulated. Spikelets not alike: : f All pedicellate, the long-pedicellate one perfect, the short-pedicellate one staminate. : Sessile and pedicellate, the former perfect, the latter empty, staminate or wanting. First empty scale of the sessile spikelet balsam-bearing. First empty scale of the spikelet not balsam-bearing. a. Sessile spikelets alike throughout the inflorescence. Racemes singly disposed : apex of the rachis-internodes a trans- lucent cup-shaped, entire or irregularly toothed, va E a Racemes disposed in Perc or more: apex of the rachis-inter- nodes not appendaged. Rachis-internodes and pedicels sulcate, the median portion translucent, the margins thickened. Rachis-internodes and pedicels not sulcate. Some or all of the racemes sessile. All of the racemes more or less pedunculate. Sessile spikelets dorsally compressed. Pedicellate spikelets wanting. Pedicellate spikelets present and usually staminate. Sessile spikelets rounded or laterally compressed. Racemes with many internodes: awns none. Racemes with usually but one internode: awns long. b. Lower spikelets differing from the others. B. preci of the rachis much thickened and excavated to receive the spikelets. First scale of the spikelet flat or convex. First scale of the spikelet globose. TRIBE III. ZOYSIEAE. Second empty scale naked. Second empty scale with hooked spines on the back. TRIBE IV. TRISTEGINEAE. Inflorescence a panicle, the spikelets long-awned. TRIBE V. PANICEAE. A. Spikelets all perfect. a. Spikelets not sunken in the rachis. 1. Spikelets naked, not involucrate. Empty scale 1. Empty scales more than 1. mpty scales 2. Lower empty scale with a thickened ring-like callus. Lower empty scale unappendaged. Spikelets in one-sided racemes or spikes. Flowering scale with its opening turned from the rachis. Spikelets ovate to orbicular, usually obtuse, rarely acute. Spikelets lanceolate, acute to acuminate. Flowering scale with its opening turned toward the rachis. Spikelets in panicles: Fertile. Sterile: fertile spikelets on short subterranean branches. Empty scales 3. Palet of the third scale not enlarged. Second empty scale not saccate at the base. Spikelets acute to obtuse, their empty scales not markedly exceeding the flowering ones. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, singly disposed : flowering scale with the opening toward the rachis. Spikelets more or less distinctly pedicellate, usually in pairs or more; flowering scale with the opening turned from the rachis. Empty scales not awned. Spikelets in very slender one-sided racemes which _ are usually whorled or approximate. Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes, the lat- ter never whorled, commonly distant. Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, long-hairy. Spikelets orbicular or lanceolate, if the latter then glabrous. Spikelets in pairs in one-sided racemes: first scale of the short-pedicelled spikelet turned to one side and often much longer than the corresponding scale in __ the other spikelet. Spikelets not in one-sided racemes, or if thus pie es the first scale of the spikelets central. a) -I gU 16. Tni 18. . IMPERATA. . ERIANTHUS. . TRACHYPOGON. . ELIONURUS. . SCHIZACHYRIUM. . AMPHILOPSIS. . ANDROPOGON. . SORGHASTRUM. . SORGHUM. . VETIVERIA. . RAPHIS. . HETEROPOGON. . MANISURIS. . HACKELOCHLOA. HILARIA. NAZIA. LIMNODEA. . REIMARIA. . ERIOCHLOA. . PASPALUM. SYNTHERISMA. ANASTROPHUS. . ANTHAENANTIA. . AMPHICARPON. . BRACHIARIA. 27. SYNTHERISMA. 21. 31. . TRICHACHNE. DIMORPHOSTACHYS- PANICUM. POACEAE Empty scales awned or awn-pointed. Stems creeping: leaf-blades short and broad: ra- cemes or clusters usually of few spikelets. Stems erect: leaf-blades long and narrow: ra- cemes usually of many spikelets. Spikelets and their empty scales long-acuminate, the lat- ter not varying much in length and more than twice as long as the fourth scale. Second empty scale much enlarged, many-nerved, saccate at the base. Palet of the third scale much enlarged when mature, forcing open the spikelet. 2. Spikelets involucrate. Involucre of numerous bristles. Bristles persistent: spikelets deciduous. Bristles not plumose. Bristles plumose. Bristles deciduous with the spikelets. Bristles rigid, thickened at the base. Bristles delicate, not thickened at the base, plumose. Involucre of two spine-bearing valves. b. Spikelets sunken in one side of the flat rachis. B. Spikelets monoecious: leaf-blades with a petiole-like base at the junction with the sheath. TRIBE VI. ORYZEAE. Spikelets monoecious. Inflorescence of short terminal and axillary spikes. Inflorescence paniculate. ne Spikelets in pairs, the larger one sessile and pistillate, the other small and staminate, pedicellate. Spikelets not in pairs. Spikelets linear. Spikelets ovate or elliptic. ; : Pistillate and staminate spikelets in different panicles. Pistillate and staminate spikelets in the same paniele. Spikelets perfect. Empty scales present, manifest. : E Empty scales wanting, or rarely present as minute rudiments. TRIBE VII. PHALARIDEAE. Third and fourth scales empty : Awnless. Awned upon the back. Third and fourth scales enclosing staminate flowers. TRIBE VIII. AGROSTIDEAE. A. Flowering scale indurated when mature and very closely embracing the grain, or at least firmer than the empty scales. Rachilla not extending beyond the palet. Flowering scale 3-awned. Flowering scale 1-awned. Awn untwisted : Stout: spikelets large. Slender : spikelets small. Awn twisted. Rachilla extending beyond the palet. E B. Flowering scale WHAY hyaline or membranous at maturity, delicate than the empty ones: grain loosely enclosed. Inflorescence a spike. Rachilla of the spikelets articulated above the empty scales which are therefore persistent. Rachilla of the spikelets articulated below the empty scales, hence de- ciduous entire. Inflorescence an open or spike-like panicle. j Grain not permanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet: peri- _ carp opening readily when mature. . : nage rmanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet: pericarp erent. Spikelets readily falling off entire when mature. Spikelets with the empty scales at least persistent. Palet 1-nerved and 1-keeled : stamen 1. Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled: stamens 3. Empty scales saccate at the base. Empty scales not saccate at the base. lowering scale with long hairs at the base. Flowering scale and palet thin-membranous. Flowering scale and palet chartaceous. * Flowering scale 5-nerved. Flowering scale 1-nerved. Flowering scales naked at the base. : Inflorescence an elongated narrow panicle. Inflorescence an open, or short and spike-like panicle. atleast more 30. 29. 51 OPLISMENUS. ECHINOCHLOA. . PHANOPYRUM. . SACCIOLEPIS, 34. STEINCHISMA. . CHAETOCHLOA. . PENICILLARIA. . CENCHROPSIS. . PENNISETUM. . CENCHRUS. . STENOTAPHRUM. . OLYRA. . HYDROCHLOA. . PHARUS. . ZIZANIA. . LUZIOLA. . ZIZANIOPSIS. VORYZA: . HOMALOCENCHRUS. . PHALARIS. . ANTHOXANTHUM. . SAVASTANA. . ARISTIDA. . ORTACHNE. . MUHLENBERGIA. . STIPA. . BRACHYELYTRUM. . PHLEUM. . ALOPECURUS. . SPOROBOLUS. . POLYPOGON. . CINNA. . GASTRIDIUM. 5. CALAMAGROSTIS. 5. AMMOPHILA. 67. CALAMOVILFA. 60. EPICAMPES. 63. AGROSTIS, 52 POACEAE TRIBE IX. AVENEAE. Spikelets readily deciduous as a whole. : : 68. HoLcus. Spikelets with the cd be scales persistent, the flowering scales deciduous. Spikelets 2-flowered : rachilla not rolonged. 69. AIRA. Spikelets 2-many-flowered : rachilla extending beyond the upper flower. Flowering scale awned below the teeth. Flowers all perfect. ; Grain free, unfurrowed : spikelets less than 1 em. long. Flowering scales erose-toothed or shortly 2-lobed at the apex. 70. DESCHAMPSIA. Flowering scales cleft or 2-toothed, the teeth extending into awns. 71. TRISETUM. Grain furrowed, adherent to the scale: spikelets exceeding 1 cm. in length. 72. AVENA. Flowers different, the uper perfect, the lower staminate and with its a scale strongly awned. 73. ARRHENATHERUM. Flowering scales awned between their usually awned teeth. 74. DANTHONIA. TRIBE X. CHLORIDEAE. A. Spikelets with perfect flowers. a Spikelets deciduous as a whole. i 76. SPARTINA. Spikelets with at least the empty scales persistent. Spikelets with one perfect flower. No scales above the flowering scale. Spikes 2-6, digitate. 75. CAPRIOLA. Spikes numerous, arranged along a common axis. 82. SCHEDONNARDUS. 1-several scales above the flower. Empty scales 4. 77. CAMPULOSUS. Empty scales 2. Spikes in whorls or closely approximate. Flowering scales with a single awn or awnless. Second empty scale acute: awn of flowering scales usually long. 78. CHLORIS. Second empty scale truncate or 2-toothed : flowering scales awnless or awn-pointed. 79. EUSTACHYS. Flowering scales with three awns. 80. TRICHLORIS. Spikes scattered. Spikelets scattered or distant. 81. GYMNOPOGON. Spikelets crowded. Spikes generally 4 or less, rarely as many as 8, long : spike- lets numerous, exceeding 12. 83. BOUTELOUA. Spikes often numerous, short: spikelets few, less than 12. Rachis of the spikes with manifest internodes. Spikelets broad, erowded ; internodes of the rachis short: rachilla terminated by a 3-awned scale, or sometimes reduced to 3 weak awns. 84. ATHEROPOGON. Spikelets very narrow, scattered : internodes of the rachis at least 14 as long as the spikelets: ra- chilla terminated by 3 stout awns. 85. TRIATHERA. Rachis with the internodes so short that the spikelets ; appear clustered. 86. POLYODON. Spikelets with 2-3 perfect flowers. Spikes commonly digitate ; spikelets crowded. Spikes with terminal spikelets. 87. ELEUSINE. Spikes with the rachis extending beyond the spikelets in a manifest : f ege : 88. DACTYLOCTENIUM. Spikes distant: spikelets alternate. Spikelets small, numerous and crowded : scales thin. 89. LEPTOCHLOA. À Spikelets large, few and distant: scales firm and thick. 90. ACAMPTOCLADOS, B. Spikelets dioecious, those of the two sexes very dissimilar. 91. BULBILIS. TRIBE XI. FESTUCEAE. Flowering scales many-cleft into awn-like divisions. 92. PAPPOPHORUM. Flowering scales entire, or at most 2-lobed. Hairs on the rachilla or flowering scale very long and enclosing the latter : tall reed-like grasses. Flowering scales hairy : rachilla glabrous. 95. ARUNDO. Flowering scales glabrous: rachilla hairy. 96. PHRAGMITES. Hairs, if any, on the rachilla or flowering scales shorter than the scale: rasses of lower stature. Stigmas barbellate, on elongated styles. z Spikelets dioecious, single, concealed in the heath-like leaves. 93. MONANTHOCHLOE. _Spikelets perfect, commonly in 3's, in the axils of stiff spinescent leaves. 94. MUNROA. Stigmas plumose, sessile or on a short style. Flowering scale 1-3-nerved, or rarely with faint additional interme- diate nerves. adesse: nue membranous : seed not beaked nor exserted from e scale. Lateral nerves of the flowering scale pilose. Internodes of the rachilla long, the deeply 2-lobed flowering scales attached by a long pointed callus. 99. TRIPLASIS. Internodes of the rachilla and the blunt callus of the flower- ing scale short. Inflorescence simple or pe iiir contracted or open, the spikelets on pedicels of varying length. POACEAE Inflorescence a short congested raceme: leaf-blades with thick conspicuous cartilaginous margins. Inflorescence a contracted or open panicle: leaf-blades not cartilaginous on the margins. Inflorescence composed of long branches along which the appressed spikelets are arranged on short pedicels, or sometimes only a one-sided raceme. Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous. eke of the flowering scales copiously pubescent with long airs. Panicle contracted : flowering scales broadly oval, rounded 98. 97. at the apex. 102. Panicle pon and diffuse: flowering scales lanceolate and acute. Callus of the flowering scales glabrous. Second empty scale similar to the first. Rachilla of the spikelet continuous: palets often per- sistent. 1 Rachilla of the spikelet articulated. Spikelets very small and numerous, less than 3 mm. long, usually several-many-flowered. 103. 105. Spikelets large, about 6 mm. long, 2-3-flowered. Second empty scale very dissimilar to the first, broad and rounded at the summit. Flowering scale coriaceous in fruit: seed beaked and exserted from the scale. 1 Flowering scales 5-many-nerved. Spikelets with two or more of the upper scales empty, broad and enfolding each other. 1 Spikelets with the upper scales flower-bearing, or smaller and 101. ERIONEURON. TRIDENS. DIPLACHNE. RHOMBOLYTRUM. 00. REDFIELDIA. 03. ERAGROSTIS. ERAGROSTIS. KOELERIA. 04. EATONIA. 07. KORYCARPUS. 06. MELICA. empty. Empty basal scales 3-6. 108. UNIOLA. Empty basal scales 2. Spikelets dioecious. 109. DISTICHLIS. Spikelets perfect : Bornein fascicles which are arranged in a glomerate or in- terrupted panicle. 11 Borne in panicles or racemes, but not in fascicles. Stigmas inserted at or near the apex of the ovary. 0. DACTYLIS. Flowering scales with the nerves parallel. 112. PANICULARIA. Flowering scales with the lateral nerves converging above toward the midnerve. Flowering scales strongly keeled on the back, pu- bescent on some or all of the nerves: hilum punctiform. 111. Poa. Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least ; below: hilum linear. 113. FESTUCA. : Stigmas plainly inserted below the apex of the ovary. 114. BROMUS. TRIBE XII. HORDEAE. Spikelets singly arranged at the rachis nodes. Spikelets with the flowering scales with their backs to the rachis ; empty scale 1. 115. LoLium. Spikelets with the flowering scales with their sides to the rachis: empty Scales 2, 116. AGROPYRON. Spikelets 2-6 at each rachis node: 1-flowered. 117. HoRDEUM. 2-many-flowered. Empty scales usually as long as the flowering ones. à c chis of the spike articulated, its internodes readily separating at the joints: empty scales 2-many-parted or cleft. 1 18. SITANION. Rachis of the spike continuous: empty scales entire. 119. ELYMUS. Empty scales wanting or minute. 120. HysTRIX. TRIBE XIII. BAMBUSEAE. Shrubs or trees with the leaf-blades usually articulated with the sheaths. 121. ARUNDINARIA. 1. TRIPSACUM L. Tall perennial monoecious grasses, with stout rootstocks, usually broad flat leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence. Spikes articulated, elongated. Staminate spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs at each joint of the upper portion of the axis, of 4 scales, the outer 2 empty, coriaceous and shining, the inner 2 thinner, each enclosing a hyaline palet and a flower consisting of 3 stamens. Pistillate spikelets 1-flowered, in excavations in the lower inter- nodes of the rachis, the outer scale very hard, thick and shining, concealing the more deli- cate remaining scales, the fourth scale enclosing a flower with a slender style. Stigmas 2, exserted. Grain enclosed in the appressed outer scale and the internode. Spikes in pai ingle, terminal and axillary: leaf-blades 1-2 em. p x ; irs or more, rarely single, termina y a Spike single, terminal, none axillary : leaf-blades 8 mm. broad or less. Der, Suid. 54 POACEAE l. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Glabrous, or on the summit of the sheaths and the upper surface of the leaves more or less hirsute. Stems 1-2.5 m. tall, from stout root- stocks; blades 6 dm. long or less, 1-4 cm. wide: spikes terminating the stem and its branches, single, or at the summit of the stem in 2's-4's, 1-3 dm. long, the lower 1-3 pistillate, the remainder staminate, the margins of the excavations in the pistillate portion ciliate, the sinus at the base with long hairs: pistillate spikelets 7-10 mm. long, orbicular- ovate: staminate spikelets 7-10 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, oblong, the outer 2 scales glabrous or puberulent. In swamps or along streams, Rhode Island to Kansas, Florida, Texas, and Mexico. Summer and fall GAMA GRASS. 2. Tripsacum Floridanum Porter. Similar to the preceding species, but much more slender. Stems from stout rootstocks, 6-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades long and narrow, usually 5-8 mm. wide: spikes rather slender, 1.5-2 dm. long, single, terminal, never axillary. In moist or wet places, peninsular Florida and the Keys to Texas. Spring and summer. 2. IMPERATA Cyr. Perennial grasses, with long leaf-blades and long terminal cylindric dense and spike- like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, narrow, in pairs, unequally pedicel- late. Scales 4, thin, hyaline, awnless, the outer 2 empty, pilose, the third scale glabrous, empty or rarely enclosing a palet and staminate flower, the fourth scale glabrous, subtend- ing a perfect flower and its 2-nerved palet which is truncate and toothed at the apex. Stamens l or 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Imperata Brasiliénsis Trin. Stems tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, slender: leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-8 mm. wide, smooth beneath, hirsute above near the base: panicle 6-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. broad, oblong, its branches 1.5-4 cm. long, ascending: spikelets about 4 mm. long, the one about equalling, the other about twice as long as its pedicel, the outer 2 scales and the callus densely clothed with hairs, these, as well as those at the summit of the rachis internodes, more than twice as long as the spikelets. In dry soil, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring and summer. BBRA- ZILIAN BLADY-GRASS. 3. ERIANTHUS Michx. Tall perennial grasses, with frequently robust stems arising from thick rootstocks, and with flat leaf-blades and perfect flowers in open or contracted terminal panicles. Spikelets usually with a basal ring of long hairs, or rarely naked, in pairs at each joint of the artic- ulated and often hairy rachis. Scales 4, the outer 2 indurated, frequently hairy, the re- mainder hyaline, the fourth scale often 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an awn which is straight, spiral, or more or less contorted ; palet small, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles dis- tinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose. PLUME Grass. BEARD GRASS. Spikelets with a basal ring of hairs at least 14 its length, the outer 2 scales long- pilose or becoming glabrous. Panicle pale, rarely tinged with P a the basal hairs much exceeding the eco d yellowish white spikelet. Exserted portion of the awn loosely coiled, the included part tightly spiral. 1. E. alopecuroides. Exserted portion of the awn straight, the included portion rarely slightly ae 2. E. Tracyi. twisted. Panicle dark, often tinged with purple, the basal hairs?from'shorter than to ex- ceeding the yellowish brown or dark brown spikelet. Exserted portion of the awn straight. Spikelets 6 mm. long or less, equalling or shorter than the basal hairs. Panicle dense and compact, its branches short and erect; basal hairs about as long as the spikelet. 3. E. compactus. Paniele loose and open, its branches long and ascending ; basal hairs much exceeding the spikelet. Internodes of the branches commonly about as long as the spikelets whieh are about 24 as long as the basal hairs. 4. E. saccharoides. Lower internodes of the elongated branches much exceeding the : spikelets which are about 14 as long as the basal hairs. 5. E. lazus. Spikelets 8 mm. long or more, exceeding the basal hairs. 6. E. brevibarbis. Exserted portion of the awn contorted or loosely spiral. Spikelets 7.5 mm. long or less; summit of the stem and panicle-axis gla- .. brous orsparingly appressed-hirsute. 7. E. contortus. Spikelets 8-9 mm. long; summit of the stem and panicle-axis densely ap- pressed-hirsute. 8. E. Smallü. Spikelet naked at the base or with a few short hairs, the outer 2scales strongly ap- pressed-hispid. 9. E. strictus. POACEAE 55 1. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) EIL. Stems 1.5-3 m. tall, the apex, the panicle-axis, and often also the nodes, pubescent with long silky appressed hairs. Leaf-sheaths gla- brous ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 5-25 mm. broad, hirsute above near the base: panicle 2-3. dm. long, 5-10 em. broad, oblong, its branches erect-ascending, the larger 4-11 em. long : spikelets rather crowded, about $ as long as the basal hairs and 4 again as long as the inter- nodes; 2 outer scales about 6 mm. long, pilose with hairs less than 1} timesas long as the scales; fourth scale 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth acuminate, the awn 12-16 mm. long, the included portion a tightly spiral column, the remainder loosely coiled. In damp soil, North Carolina, Kentucky and Missouri, to Georgia and Alabama. Fall.—A form» E. alopecuroides hirsütus Nash, differs from the species in having the sheaths, at least the lower ones, and the lower surface of the leaf-blades appressed-hirsute. In similar situations, Florida. 2. Erlanthus Tracyi Nash. Stems 2-4 m. tall, the summit and nodes together with the paniele-axis and top of the otherwise glabrous sheaths appressed-pubescent with long silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes; blades 5 dm. long or more, 1.5-3 em. broad, very rough, pilose above at the base: panicle 3-5 dm. long, 8-12 cm. wide, ob- long, its pubescent branches erect-ascending, the larger 1-1.5 dm. long : spikelets crowded, less than å as long as the basal hairs and 4 again as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 5-6 mm. long, pilose with hairs twice as long as the scale ; fourth scale entire or somewhat 2-toothed at the apex, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, straight or slightly flexuous. In moist open places, Florida and Mississippi. Fall. S. Erianthus compáctus Nash. Stems 1-2 m. tall, the summit and nodes together with the panicle-axis and top of the otherwise glabrous sheaths appressed-pubescent with long silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, rough on both surfaces, more or less appressed-hirsute beneath, also above near the base: panicle 1-2 dm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, oblong, its branches erect-ascending, the larger 3-5 cm. long: spikelets crowded, about equalling the basal hairs, and usually over twice as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 5-6 mm. long, pilose with long hairs; fourth . scale slightly if at all toothed at the apex, the awn straight or slightly flexuous, 1-2 cm. long. In swamps, New Jersey to North Carolina and Tennessee. Fall. 4. Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Stems 1.5-3 m. tall, the summit and nodes to- gether with the panicle-axis and top of the otherwise glabrous sheaths appressed-pubes- cent with long silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, usually rough and more or less hirsute on both surfaces : panicle 1.5-4 dm. long, 5-15 cm. wide, oblong, its branches ascending, the larger 7-15 cm. long: spikelets rather loosely disposed, about 3 as long as the basal hairs and a little exceeding the inter- nodes ; 2 outer scales 4-6 mm. long, pilose with long hairs; fourth scale slightly if at all toothed at the apex, the awn straight or slightly flexuous, 1.5-2.5 em. long. In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 5. Erianthus láxus Nash. Stems 2-3 m. tall, pubescent, especially at the nodes, with appressed hairs, those at the apex and on the panicle-axis long and copious. Leaf- sheaths, particularly the lower ones, densely hirsute, especially at the ends; blades 2-5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, hirsute on both surfaces, the upper surface becoming glabrous : pee 4-5 dm. long, 1 dm. wide or less, its elongated and ascending branches lax and exuous, the larger 2-2.5 dm. long : spikelets loosely disposed, 3 as long as the basal hairs and much exceeded by the internodes, especially by the lower ones; 2 outer scales 4-5 mm. long, pilose with long hairs ; fourth scale entire or shortly 2-toothed at the apex, the awn straight or slightly flexuous, about 2 cm. long. In swamps, peninsular Florida. Fall. 6. Erianthus brevibárbis Michx. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, the nodes pubescent with readily deciduous hairs, the summit and panicle-axis glabrous. Leaf-sheaths rough, the summit appressed-hirsute ; blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, rough: panicle 2-3 dm. long, about 3 cm. wide, its branches erect, the larger 2-7 em. long : spikelets crowded, exceeding the basal hairs and a little less than twice as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 8-9 mm. long, sparingly pilose; fourth scale usually entire at the apex, the awn straight, 1.5-2.5 em. long. In moist soil, Delaware to North Carolina and Louisiana. Fall. 7. Erianthus contórtus Ell. Stems 1-2 m. tall, the nodes often pubescent with readily deciduous hairs, the summit and panicle-axis glabrous, or sparingly appressed- pubescent. Leaf-sheaths smooth or rough; blades 1.5-8 dm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, smoothish or rough : panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, its branches erect, the larger 4-7 cm. long: spikelets crowded, exceeding the basal hairs and about } again as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 7-7.5 mm. long, at first more or less pilose with long hairs ; fourth scale 2-toothed at the apex, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, the included portion often a little spiral at the base, the remainder loosely spiral. In pine woods, Delaware to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 56 POACEAE 8. Erianthus Smállii Nash. Stems 1.5-2.5 m. tall, the nodes pubescent with readily deciduous hairs, the summit and the panicle-axis copiously appressed-pubescent with long silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths usually sparingly hirsute at the apex, otherwise glabrous ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 6-20 mm. wide, rough on both surfaces: panicle 2-4 dm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, its branches erect, the larger 7-10 cm. long: spikelets crowded, about equalling the basal hairs and 3 again as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 8-9 mm. long, pilose with long hairs ; fourth scale 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth long and subulate, the awn 2-2.5 em. long, the included portion long and tightly spiral, the remainder loosely spiral. In low grounds, Tennessee to Georgia, Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 9. Erianthus strictus Baldw. Stems 1-2 m. tall, the nodes usually pubescent with readily deciduous hairs, the summit and the panicle-axis glabrous. Leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades 2-7 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, rough on the margins but otherwise smooth : pan- icle 2-4 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, its branches appressed, the larger 5-8 cm. long : spikelets crowded, about 4 again as long as the internodes, the basal hairs wanting or sparse and less than } as long as the spikelet ; 2 outer scales 8-10 mm. long, strongly appressed-hispid ; fourth scale entire or shortly 2-toothed at the apex, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, straight. In moist soil, Tennessee to Florida and Texas. Fall. 4. MANISURIS L. Perennial, often tall grasses, sometimes with rootstocks, narrow flat leaf-blades, and cylindric articulated terminal and axillary spikes. Spikelets in pairs at each joint, in ex- cavations in the rachis, one sessile and containing a perfect flower, the other pedicellate and either bearing a staminate flower, or empty. Scales of the sessile spikelet 4, the outermost thick and coriaceous, sometimes more or less rugose or pitted, concealing, to- gether with the pedicel of the other spikelet, the remaining scales and the excavation in the rachis ; second scale chartaceous, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the former empty or infolding a staminate flower, the latter enclosing a thinly hyaline palet and perfect flower. Scales of the pedicellate spikelet 4 or fewer. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. [ Rottboellia L. f.] RAT-TAIL Grass. Stems from horizontal rootstocks, round ; sheaths round, narrow. 1. M. cylindrica. Stems tufted, much flattened, at least below ; rootstocks wanting ; sheaths much com- pressed, broad, keeled. First scale of the sessile spikelet transversely wrinkled (rarely smooth). Wrinkles short, but little elevated, tubercle-like, sometimes entirely wanting. 2. M, tuberculosa. Wrinkles long, often extending completely across the scale, much elevated. Leaf-blades rather short and broad, especially those of the upper sheaths, 6-10 mm. wide at the base: rachis of the racemes glabrous. 3. M. C hapmanii. Leaf-blades elongated and narrow, even those of the upper sheaths, 6 mm. wide at the base or less: rachis of the racemes puberulent. 4. M. rugosa. First scale of the sessile spikelet pitted. 5. M. tessellata. 1l. Manisuris cylíndrica (Michx.) Kuntze. Stems from creeping rootstocks, round, 3-10 dm. tall, slender: leaf-sheaths round, narrow ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wide: racemes finally exserted, 1-2 dm. long, straight or curved, the rachis barely if at all contracted at the nodes: sessile spikelet 4.5-5 mm. long, about equalling the internode, the first scale more or less pitted in longitudinal lines, or rarely unpitted, each pit often con- taining a subulate hair; pedicellate spikelet reduced to 1 or 2 short scales, the pedicel linear, shorter than the sessile spikelet and curved around its margin. [Rottboellia cylin- drica (Michx.) Chapm.] In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Texas; also in Missouri and the Indian Territory. Summer, 2. Manisuris tuberculósa Nash. Stems tufted, much compressed, 8-12 dm. tall, stout: leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad, keeled; blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. wide: racemes finally exserted, 6-10 cm. long, straight, the rachis barely if at all contracted at the nodes : sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, about equalling the internode, the first scale transversely wrinkled, or very rarely without wrinkles, the wrinkles short, tubercle- like, irregularly disposed ; pedicellate spikelet reduced to 1 or 2 short scales about 4 the length of the linear pedicel which isa little shorter than the sessile spikelet and curved around its margin. On lake shores, peninsular Florida. Summer. 3. Manisuris Chapmánii (Hack.) Nash. Stems tufted, 6-15 dm. tall, much com- pressed: leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad throughout ; blades usually less than 2.5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, those of the inflorescence generally very short and broad : racemes commonly 4-5 em. long, occasionally longer, little compressed, exserted or a little included at the base, the rachis glabrous, the internodes and pedicels usually flat, not much de- pressed on the back: sessile spikelet 4-5 mm. long, usually exceeding the stout inter- POACEAE 57 node ; pedicellate spikelet smaller and of 2 scales, or sometimes staminate and as long as the linear pedicel. In swampy places, Florida. Fall. 4. Manisuris rugósa (Nutt.) Kuntze. Stems tufted, much compressed, 7-12 dm. tall, stout: leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad, keeled ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 6 mm. wide or less: racemes exserted or somewhat included at the base, 5-8 em. long, straight or a little curved, the rachis internodes usually much contracted at the base and puberulent : sessile spikelet 3.5-4.5 mm. long, about equalling or a little exceeding the internodes, the first scale strongly transversely wrinkled, the wrinkles much elevated and often extending across the entire width of the scale, the longitudinal ridges usually rather prominent, often 2-toothed at the obtuse apex ; pedicellate spikelet of 2 scales, 3 as long as the clavate puberulent pedicel or less. [Rottboellia rugosa Nutt. Rottboellia corrugata Baldw. ] In wet places, Delaware and Maryland to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 5. Manisuris tessellata (Steud. ) Scribn. Stems tufted, much compressed, 8-12 dm. tall, stout: leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad, keeled ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 3-8 mm. wide: racemes finally exserted, 6-12 cm. long, straight, the rachis barely if at all contracted at the nodes: sessile spikelet about 5 mm. long, a little exceeding the inter- node, the first scale deeply pitted, the pits quadrangular: pedicellate spikelet of 1 or 2 scales, about 3 as long as the straight linear pedicel which is shorter than the sessile spike- let. [Rottboellia corrugata Chapm., not Baldw. ] In low pine lands, Alabama to Louisiana. Summer and fall. 5. HACKELOCHLOA Kuntze. Annual grasses, with branching stems, flat leaf-blades and terminal and axillary short spikes which are sometimes partially included in the sheaths. Spikelets in pairs in excava- tions at the rachis-joints, one sessile, 1-flowered, the other pedicellate, flowerless. Scales of the sessile spikelet 4, awnless, the outermost empty, firm, globose, pitted, covering the excavation in the rachis, the second small, concave, thin, somewhat rigid, the third empty, the fourth small, thin, hyaline, enclosing a perfect flower and sometimes also a minute palet. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Manisuris Sw., not L.] 1. Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze. Stems tufted, 2-10 dm. tall, finally much branched: leaf-sheaths papillose-hirsute ; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-15 mm. wide, papillose-hirsute on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins : racemes 1-2 cm. long, the peduncles hirsute: sessile spikelet about 1 mm. in diameter; pedicellate spikelet about 2 mm. long, sterile, consisting of 2 scales. [Manisuris granularis Sw. ] In cultivated and waste places, Georgia and Florida to Arizona. Also in all tropical regions. Summer and fall. LizARD-TAIL GRASS. 6. TRACHYPOGON Nees. Tall perennial grasses, with long narrow leaf-blades and spike-like terminal racemes. Spikelets 1-flowered, one almost sessile and staminate, or if perfect, sterile, the other ped- icellate and enclosing a perfect flower. Scales usually 4; the first scale rigid, awnless, en- closing the rest, the second somewhat resembling the first but smaller and thinner, the third scale very thin and hyaline ; fourth scale in the sessile spikelets very thinly hyaline, awnless, in the pedicellate spikelet very narrowly hyaline at the base, and produced into a very long contorted awn which is geniculate above. Palet minute or wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1l. Trachypogon secündus (Presl) Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, simple, the nodes barbed : leaf-blades erect, 1-3 dm. long, about 3 mm. wide, hirsute on the upper surface: racemes 1-2 dm. long, the rachis glabrous: short-pedicellate spikelet about 7 mm. long, the long-pedicellate one about 9 mm. in length, the first scale of both copiously pu- bescent with rather long ascending hairs, the awn of the latter 4-6 cm. long, twisted at the base and geniculate, pubescent below with long nearly erect hairs which become much shorter toward the summit. [Heteropogon secundus Presl.] In dry soil, Texas to Arizona, south to Mexico. Summer and fall. 7. ELIONURUS H. & P. Tall and branched, or low and tufted grasses, with often elongated leaves, and terminal Spikes. Spikelets in pairs in excavations at the rachis-nodes ; one sessile, 1-flowered, or rarely 2-flowered ; the other pedicellate, sometimes enclosing a flower. Scales 4, awnless, 58 POACEAE the outermost one larger than the rest, membranous, exhaling a balsam-odor when fresh or when soaked in water, second scale shorter, thinner, somewhat rigid, acute, the third scale empty, or rarely in the sessile spikelets infolding a staminate flower, the fourth scale very thinly hyaline, in the sessile spikelets enclosing a perfect flower, in the pedicellate spikelets either empty or enclosing a staminate flower ; palet minute or wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Blionurus tripsacoides H. & B. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, from a rootstock, branched above: leaf-blades 5 dm. long or less, involute above the base when dry and about 0.8 mm. in diameter, 3-5 mm. wide at the base, hirsute above near the base: racemes finally exserted, 7-14 cm. long, the rachis-internodes pilose excepting the inner surface : sessile spikelet 6.5-8 mm. long, about twice as long as the rachis-internode ; pedicellate spikelet 5-6 mm. long, reaching or extending a little beyond the apex of the sessile spikelet, the pedicel pilose, excepting the inner surface. In low pine lands, Florida to Texas. Also in Mexico and South America. Summer and fall. 8. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees. Annual or perennial grasses, tufted, or from rootstocks, with flat or involute leaf-blades, and spike-like racemes, singly disposed, terminating the stem or its branches. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate. Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, sometimes pubescent, the remainder of the scales hyaline, the fourth scale entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a straight, contorted or spiral awn; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate spikelet sterile, of 1 or 2 scales, or wanting. Stamens1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. BEARD GRASS. Internodes of the racemes glabrous, or merely shortly appressed-pubescent on the back, the racemes hence appearing naked. Internodes as well as the first scale of the sessile spikelet glabrous. Sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long; pedicel stout, oblong-elliptic, the outer mar- gin ciliate its entire length. 1. S. semibcrbe. Sessile spikelet 4 mm. long; pedicel slender, linear, the outer margin ciliate only at the apex. 2. S. tenerum. Internodes as well as the first scale of the sessile spikelet appressed-pubes- cent. 3. S. oligostachyum. Internodes of the racemes and the pedicels long-ciliate on the margins, the in- ner or usually both surfaces glabrous, the racemes hence appearing hairy. Leaf-blades flat and broad; rachis-internodes and pedicels glabrous on the back, or the former rarely sparsely pilose at the summit, the marginal hairs much shorter than the respective organs. Stems tufted, no stolons. Sheaths and leaf-blades glabrous or sometimes sparingly pubescent. Spikelets 5-7 mm. long. Spikelets 10 mm. long. Sheaths and leaf-blades densely long-villous. Stems not tufted, stoloniferous, rootstocks long and slender. Pedicellate spikelet staminate: lower sheaths numerous, crowded, the blades spreading. 7. S. maritimum. Danes teres spikelet sterile: lower sheaths few, not crowded, the blades erect. Sessile spikelet 6-7 mm. long, the first scale strongly tuberculate- roughened ; pedicellate spikelet of a single scale, about 3mm. : long, single-awned. 8. S. stoloniferum. Sessile spikelet 9-10 mm. long, the first scale smooth or nearly so; pedicellate spikelet of 2 scales, 6-8 mm. long, the first scale 3- . S. scoparium. ES. acuminatum. . S. villosissimum. oO awned. 9. S. triaristatum. Leaf-blades involute, filiform ; rachis-internodes and pedicels strongly pilose on the back, the marginal and dorsal hairs much longer than the re- spective members. 10. S. gracile. 1. Schizachyrium semibérbe Nees. Smooth and glabrous. Stems tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s or 2’s: leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide: racemes single, 5-8 cm. long, partially included at the base, the rachis-internodes with a dense ring of short hairs at the base, thick, channeled on the inner surface : sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, the first scale rounded on the back, roughened, acuminate, the awn of the fourth scale 12-15 mm. long, geniculate, tightly spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicel- late spikelet consisting of a single hispidulous scale about 3 mm. long with an equally long awn, the pedicel stout, oblong-elliptic, ciliate on the outer margin, shorter than the inter- node. [Andropogon semiberbis (Nees) Kunth. ] In dry rocky or sandy ground, southern peninsular Florida. Also tropical America. Summer. 2. Schizachyrium ténerum Nees. Smooth and glabrous. Stems tufted, slender, often weak and decumbent, 4-10 dm. long, the branches in 1’s or Xs: leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 0.5-2 mm. wide, the lower ones often sparingly hirsute above near the base: racemes single, 3-6 em. long, the rachis-internodes with a ring of hairs at the base, stout, POACEAE 59 channeled on the inner surface: sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, the first scale somewhat rounded on the back, acute, the awn of the fourth scale 7-10 mm. long, geniculate, tightly spiral at the base, the column exserted; pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale, 4-5 mm. long, awnless or awn-pointed, the pedicel linear, not stout, pilose on the outer side near the summit, usually equalling or a little exceeding the internode. [Andropogon tener (Nees) Kunth. ] In dry ground, South Carolina to Florida and southern Texas. Also in tropical America. Fall. 3. Schizachyrium oligostachyum (Chapm.) Nash. Smooth and glabrous, some- times glaucous. Stems 9-15 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s or 2’s: leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 4 mm. wide or less: racemes single, usually partially included at the base, 6-10 cm. long: sessile spikelet about 6 mm. long, about as long as or a little exceeding the hirsute rachis-internode, the first scale hirsute, the geniculate awn of the fourth scale 10-12 min. long, closely spiral at the base, the column considerably exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 4-5 mm. long, the first scale glabrous, bearing an awn about 2 mm. long. [Andropogon oligostachyus Chapm. ] In dry sandy soil, Florida. Fall. 4. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash. Green or purplish, sometimes glaucous. Stems tufted, 4.5-15 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s-4’s: leaf-sheaths usually glabrous, sometimes more or less hirsute; blades 5 dm. long or less, 8 mm. wide or less, commonly roughened, and frequently somewhat hirsute above near the base: racemes single, 3-6 cm. long, the hairs on the rachis-internodes and pedicels grayish white : ses- sile spikelet 5-7 mm. long, usually about twice as long as the internode, the first scale generally more or less tuberculate-roughened, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, 8-15 mm. long, closely spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 2-4.5 mm. long, the first scale usually glabrous, tipped with an awn generally 1 mm. long or less, the pedicel considerally shorter than the sessile spikelet. [Andropogon scoparius Michx. ] In dry sandy soil, New Brunswick to Alberta, Florida and Texas. Summer and Fall. BROOM GRASS. 5. Schizachyrium acuminatum Nash. Stems tufted, 7-10 dm. tall, the branches in I's-3's: leaf-sheaths generally rough toward the summit, compressed, keeled ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, rough: racemes single, finally exserted, 3-6 cm. long, the hairs of the rachis-internodes and pedicels grayish white: sessile spikelet 1 cm. long, about twice the length of the internode, the awn about 1.5 cm. long, geniculate ; pedicellate spikelet consisting of 2 scales, the first 4-5 mm. long, strongly hispidulous and bearing an awn 2 mm. long or less, the pedicel about 2 as long as the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Mississippi. Fall. i 6. Schizachyrium villosíssimum (Kearn.) Nash. Leaf-sheaths, and blades on both surfaces, densely villous. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, rather stout : leaf-blades 3.5 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, erect, rather firm : racemes single, about 3 em. long, exserted from the spathes which are more or less villous: sessile spikelet about 6.5 mm. long, the first scale tuberculate-roughened, acuminate, the awn of the fourth scale usually geniculate and more or less contorted, 10-13 mm. long, tightly spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale about 2 mm. long with an awn 1-2 mm. long, the pedicel recurved, at least when dry, shorter than the sessile spikelet, pilose above the middle with white hairs, glabrous below. [Andropogon scoparius villosissimus Kearn. ] In dry sandy soil, Mississippi. Fall. 7. Schizachyrium marítimum (Chapm.) Nash. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems 4-6 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, the lower ones crowded and over- lapping ; blades 1 dm. long or less, 4 mm. broad or less, widely spreading : racemes single, usually partially included at the base, 3-4 cm. long, rather stout, the terminal hairs of the internodes of the rachis 5-7 mm. long: sessile spikelet 8-9 mm. long, about twice as long as the internodes, the awn twisted at the base, geniculate, 9-13 mm. long; pedicel- late spikelet 5-7 mm. long, awnless, consisting of four scales, the outer two acuminate and usually awn-pointed, the fourth scale enclosing a staminate flower, the pedicel about 4 as long as the sessile spikelet. [Andropogon maritimus Chapm. ] Along the seacoast, western Florida to Mississippi. Fall. 8. Schizachyrium stoloniferum Nash. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, stoloniferous: leaf- sheaths keeled, more or less hirsute on the margins near the summit ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above and hirsute near the base: racemes single, 3-4 cm. long: sessile spikelet 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, about twice as long as the rachis-internode, the first scale strongly tuberculate-roughened, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, more or less contorted, 8-10 mm. long, spiral at the base, the column not ex- serted ; pedicellate spikelet of a single scale about 3 mm. long, hispidulous, bearing an awn shorter than itself. In sandy soil, western Florida. Fall. 60 POACEAE 9. Schizachyrium triaristàtum Nash. Stems 6-8 dm. tall, stoloniferous: leaf- sheaths keeled, more or less hirsute on the margins near the summit ; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, hirsute above near the base: racemes single, 3-5 cm. long: sessile spikelet 9-10 mm. Jong, acuminate, more than twice as long as the rachis-internode, the first scale smooth or nearly so, the awn of the fourth scale 12-15 mm. long, geniculate, more or less contorted, spiral at the base, the column not exserted ; pedicellate spikelet of 2 scales, 6-8 mm. long, the first scale hispidulous, 3-awned. In sand, Florida. Fall. 10. Schizachyrium gracile (Spreng.) Nash. Smoothand glabrous. Stems densely tufted, slender, rigid, 3-6 dm. tall; leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, very slender, involute, 0.5 mm. in diameter or less: racemes long-exserted, single, 3-5 cm. long, silvery white : sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about 4 again as long as the internode, the awn geniculate, 13-20 mm. long, tightly spiral to the bend, loosely so above, the column much exserted : pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale, 1-2.5 mm. long, short-awned, the pedicel about as long as or a little shorter than the sessile spikelet. [Andropogon gracilis Spreng. ] In dry pine woods, southern peninsular Florida: also in the West Indies. Summer. 9. ANDROPOGON L. Perennial grasses, tufted or from elongated rootstocks, with flat or involute leaf-blades, and spike-like racemes, disposed in pairs or sometimes in 3’s or more, terminating the stem or its branches, and often protruding from the side of a membranous spathe-like sheath. Spikelets sometimes with a ring of short hairs at the base, in pairs at each node of the articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate. Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often pubescent, the remainder of the scales usually hyaline, the fourth scale entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a straight contorted or spiral awn, or sometimes awnless ; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate spikelet usually sterile of 1 or 2 scales, sometimes of four scales and enclosing a staminate or more rarely a perfect flower, or frequently entirely wanting, the first scale rarely short-awned. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. BEARD Grass. Broom Grass. SAND GRASS. A. Pedicellate spikelet sterile, consisting of 1 or 2 scales, much smaller than the sessile one. a. Stamen 1. i 1. Racemes usually equalling or a little shorter than the spathes, rarely somewhat exceeding them (considerably exserted in some forms of no. 2), the common peduncle thus concealed. Inflorescence oblong to oval or obovate, the branches many times di- vided, the lower ones elongated, forming 1 or more corymbiform masses; upper stem-leaves usually equalling or exceeding the in- florescence. Spathes smooth; apex of the common peduncle of the racemes gla- brous. 1. A. glomeratus. Spathes very rough ; apex of the common peduncle of the racemes hispidulous. 2. A. corymbosus. Inflorescence long and narrow, commonly linear, the branches not much divided nor the lower ones excessively elongated, hence forming no corymbiform masses ; upper stem-leaves usually shorter than the inflorescence. Racemes in pairs (very rarely in 3’s or 4’s). Sheaths not glabrous. Sheaths hirsute on the margins, the upper surface of the leaf- blades also hirsute near the base; hairs on the summit of the internodes of the racemes rather sparse, and about twice their length, 3. A. Virginicus. Sheaths, especially those of the innovations and their blades, densely appressed-hirsute; hairs on the summit of the internodes of the racemes copious and about three times their length. 4. A. longiberbis. Sheaths glabrous. Leaf-blades tuberculate-hirsute above toward the base; hairs of xs racemes dense, the spikelets therefore obscurely visible. Leaf-blades not hirsute above; hairs of the racemes rather scant, the spikelets therefore plainly visible. Branches of the inflorescence several times divided : spathes 2-3 em. long. 6. A. capillipes. Branches of the inflorescence simple: spathes 4-7 em. long. Stems slender; basal leaf-blades narrow, 2 mm. wide or Jess, usually long and flexuous. 7. A. perangustatus. Stems cha basal leaf-blades broad and rigid, 3-6 mm. c (A. Tracyt: wide. 8. A. glaucopsis. Racemes in 4's (rarely in 2’s or 3’s) ; sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely hirsute. POACEAE 61 Spathes narrow, long-acuminate, much exceeding the slender ra- cemes : sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, lanceolate. 9. A. tetrastachyus. Spathes broad, acuminate, equalling or shorter than the stout racemes: sessile spikelet about 4.5 mm. long, broadly lanceo- late. : 10. A. Mohrii. 2. Racemes, at least some of them, entirely exserted from the spathes. the common peduncle thus visible. Sheaths at the summit of the stem and also sometimes at the upper nodes much enlarged, crowded and imbricated. All the flowering stems with enlarged upper sheaths; lower sheaths shorter than the internodes, hence distant. Basal sheaths and those of the innovations glabrous; enlarged sheaths in 2’s or 3’s, 3 mm. wide or less. ll. A. gracilior. Basal sheaths and those of the innovations densely hirsute; en- larged sheaths in 4's or more, 4-6 mm. wide. 12. A. Elliottii. Only some of the flowering stems with enlarged upper sheaths ; lower sheaths much exceeding the internodes, hence overlapping. 18. A. campyloracheus. Sheaths not enlarged. Spathes exceeding 10 cm. in length : racemes long and lax, the inter- nodes much exceeding the spikelets. 1BE IL Spathes less than 8 em. long : racemes short and stout, the internodes equalling or shorter than the spikelets. Inflorescence much branched, branches much divided; sheaths glabrous. Racemes 1-2 cm. long, the spikelets about twice as long as the rachis-internodes. 14. A. brachystachyus. Racemes 3-4 em. long, the spikelets equalling or little exceed- ing the rachis-internodes. 15. A. Floridanus. peace not much branched, the branches little or not at all ivided. Sheaths glabrous; racemes silvery white. 16. A. subtenuis. Sheaths hirsute; racemes brown. 17. A. arctatus. b. Stamens 3. First scale of the sessile spikelet appressed-hispid between the keels, rather thin: sheaths sometimes pubescent. First scale nerveless between the keels, or if intermediate nerves occur, not running the entire length of the scale: terminal hairs of the internodes about twice their length. i 18. A. argyraeus. First scale with 2 or 3 nerves between the keels, the nerves running the entire length of the scale: terminal hairs of the internodes about A campyloracheus. m. 3 equalling them. ris 19. A. Cabanisii. First scale of the sessile spikelet glabrous and shining between the keels, firm : sheaths glabrous, and, with their blades, glaucous. 20. A. Scribnerianus. B. Pedicellate spikelet as large as the sessile, or larger, consisting of 4 scales and a staminate or rarely perfect flower. Stems tufted, no rootstocks. / Rachis-internodes of the racemes smooth : pedicellate spikelet staminate. Outer 2 seales of the sessile spikelet more or less hispidulous all over: hairs on the internodes usually 2 mm. long or less. 21. A. furcatus. Outer 2 scales of the spikelet glabrous, arp the nerves and also toward the summit of the first scale: hairs on the internodes 3-4 mm. long, usually yellow. 1 ‘ 22. A. chrysocomus. Rachis-internodes of the racemes strongly hispidulous: pedicellate spike- let perfect. 23. A. Tennesseensis. Stems from long horizontal rootstocks. 24. A. geminatus. 1. Andropogon glomeràtus (Walt.) B.S.P. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, commonly stout, the branches repeatedly and fastigiately branched, the lower ones somewhat elon- gated but considerably shorter than the stem, thus forming a large oblong glomerate pan- icle: leaf-blades 4 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, rough : spathes 2.5-3 cm. long, equalling or somewhat exceeding the racemes, smooth and glabrous, fastigiately crowded at the summit of the stem and ends of the branches : racemes in pairs, 1-2 cm. long: ses- sile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, the awn 10-15 mm. long, straight; pedicellate spikelet want- ing, or present as a subulate rudimentary scale. [.A. macrourus Michx. ] In low ground, Florida to Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Fall.—A form with the racemes usu- ally more eye exserted from the apex of the narrow spathes which are tightly enrolled on the com- mon peduncle of the racemes, is known as A. glomeratus tenuispátheus Nash. 2. Andropogon corymbósus (Chapm.) Nash. Stems 4-10 dm. tall, rather stout, from a little exceeding to twice as long as the basal leaves, the branches much divided, the lower ones elongated and nearly equalling the upper, thus forming a corymbiform panicle: leaf-sheaths keeled, those at the base much compressed and equitant, rough, often more or less papillose-hirsute, especially the shorter and crowded ones of the inflorescence ; stem-leaves with blades 3 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, rough : spathes very rough, narrow, tightly enrolled around the common peduncle of the raceme which is densely his- pidulous toward the summit and rather stout : racemes in pairs, more or less exserted from the summit of the spathes, 2-3 cm. long: sessile spikelet 4-5 mm. long, the awn 12-13 mm. long, straight or nearly so ; pedicellate spikelet usually present as a subulate scale 1-2 mm. long. [A. macrourus var. corymbosus Chapm. ] 3 In wet soil, District of Columbia to Floridaand Mississippi. Fall.—A form differing from the type in having the spathes generally about equalling the racemes and few if any of them narrow and in- rolled on the peduncles is known as A. corymbosus abbrevidtus ( Hack.) Nash. It ranges as far north as Long Island, EK y 62 POACEAE 3. Andropogon Virginicus L. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s-3’s: leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, more or less tuberculate-hirsute on the margins with long usually lax hairs ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, rough or roughish, hirsute on the upper surface near the base : spathes 3-5 em. long, extending beyond the racemes : racemes generally in pairs, rarely in 3’s or 4’s, 2-3 cm. long: sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, twice to 3 again as long as the internode, the awn straight, 10-15 mm. long; pedi- cellate spikelet wanting, or rarely present as a minute scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry or moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Florida and Texas. Fall. 4. Andropogon longibérbis Hack. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s-3’s: leaf-sheaths, especially those on the innovations, appressed-hirsute, shorter than the internodes ; blades 5 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, those on the innovations densely appressed-hirsute, those on the stem more or less so beneath, rough above: spathes 3-5 cm. long, usually considerably exceeding the racemes, commonly brown: racemes in pairs, 3-4 cm. long, stout: sessile spikelet 4-4.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the rather stout rachis-internode, the awn straight or nearly so, 12-16 mm. long ; pedicellate spikelet a subulate scale, or wanting, the pedicel rather stout and a little exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry pine lands, eastern and peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 5. Andropogon Tracyi Nash. Stems 5-8 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s or Xs: leaf- sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-2.5 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above and hirsute toward the base: spathes 4-5 cm. long, rather broad, from slightly shorter to exceeding the racemes: racemes in pairs, 3-4 cm. long, rather stout : sessile spikelet 5 mm. long, about twice as long as the stout internode which is densely clothed with silvery white hairs a little more than 13 times as long as the spikelet, the awn 1.5-2 em. long, sometimes a little spiral at the base ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Alabama and Mississippi. Fall. 6. Andropogon capillipes Nash. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems 8-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths on the branches and summit of the stem much narrower than the spathes, shorter than the peduncles which are usually in 3’s and around which the sheaths are tightly enrolled, the peduncles usually manifestly exserted ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-2.5 mm. wide, erect: spathes 2-3 cm. long, exceeding the racemes: racemes 1.5-2 cm. long: sessile spikelet 3-3.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the awn straight, 11-13 mm. long: pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as à minute rudimen- tary scale, the pedicel as long as or a little exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida. Fall. 7. Andropogon perangustatus Nash. Smooth and glabrous, the basal leaves nar- row and flexuous, about 4 as long as the plant. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, slender, the branches usually single, sometimes in pairs : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide: spathes 4-5 cm. long, extending beyond the summit of the racemes which are in pairs, 2.5—4 cm. long : sessile spikelet 3.5—4 mm. long, twice to J again as long as the internode, the awn 12-18 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet wanting or rarely present as a minute scale, the ped- icel exceeding the sessile spikelet. [A. Virginicus var. stenophyllus Hack., not A. stenophyl- lus R. & S.J In dry soil, Florida to Mississippi. Fall. 8. Andropogon glaucópsis (Ell) Nash. Glaucous, grayish green. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, rigid, rather stout, the branches in 1’s—2’s, usually considerably above the middle: leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous, keeled, the lower ones compressed ; blades erect, 2 dm. long or less, 2.5-6 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous beneath, roughened above with a minute pubescence, the basal ones from 4-3 as long as the stems: spathes 4-6 cm. long, equalling or usually a little exceeding the racemes : racemes in pairs, 3-4.5 cm. long : sessile spikelet 4.5-5 mm. long, long-acuminate, from equalling to nearly twice as long as the inter- node, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, straight; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a e EIL] ar scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet. [A. macrourus var. glaucop- sis Ell. In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 9. Andropogon tetrastáchyus Ell. Stems tufted, 8-15 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths densely villous, at least the lower ones, with dark hairs; blades 4 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, the lower ones villous on both surfaces toward the base : spathes 3—4, rarely 6, em. long, extending beyond the racemes: racemes usually in 4's, sometimes fewer, em. long: sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, twice to 3 again as long as the internode, the awn straight, 1.5-2 em. long; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or rarely present as a minute POACEAE 63 scale, the pedicel considerably exceeding the sessile spikelet. [A. Virginicus var. tetra- stachyus ( Ell.) Hack.] In dry or moist soil, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Fall. 10. Andropogon Mohrii Hack. Stems 8-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths densely ap- pressed-hirsute ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, densely appressed-hirsute : spathes 4-5 em. long, equalling or a little shorter than the racemes : racemes in 4’s, 3-4 cm. long, rather stout, the hairs at the summit of the rachis-internodes 3 again as long as the spikelets: sessile spikelet about 4.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the awn straight or nearly so, slightly if at all twisted at the base, 2-2.5 cm. long ; pedicel- late spikelet wanting, or sometimes present as a small subulate scale, the pedicel usually a little shorter than the sessile spikelet. In low pine lands, western Florida to Louisiana. Fall. 11. Andropogon gracílior (Hack.) Nash. Stems tufted, slender, 3-7 dm. tall, 2-3 times as long as the basal leaves, the lower branches single: leaf-sheaths glabrous, shorter than the internodes, the terminal ones more or less enlarged, 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; stem-leaves with blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above and sparingly hirsute near the base : racemes in pairs, slender, about 3 cm. long, exserted, or slightly included at the base: sessile spikelet 3.5-4 mm. long, equalling or somewhat exceeding the internode, the awn geniculate, 1.3-2 cm. long, loosely spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicellate spikelet a minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel usually about 3 again as long as the sessile spikelet. In dry or moist places, Florida to Alabama; also in Tennessee. Fall. 12. Andropogon Ellidttii Chapm. Stems tufted, 5-8 dm. tall, rather stout, 2-3 times as long as the basal leaves: leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes, the lower ones and those of the innovations densely appressed-hirsute, those of the inflorescence much en- larged and densely crowded at the summit and also sometimes at the nodes below, 8-11 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; blades 2 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, usually smooth beneath, rough above and hirsute near the base : racemes in pairs, slender, 3-4 cm. long, the longer one at each node exserted, the rest concealed in the spathes: sessile spikelet 4.5-5 mm. long, equalling or somewhat exceeding the internode, the awn geniculate, 1.5-2.3 cm. long, usually spiral at the base, the column much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet a minute rudi- mentary scale, the pedicel usually about 4 again as long as the sessile spikelet. In dry sandy soil, South Carolina and Tennessee to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 13. Andropogon campylorácheus Nash. Stems densely tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, the terminal internode much elongated and slender, the branches single : leaf-sheaths much exceeding the internodes, overlapping, those on the stem 13-17 em. long, sparingly hirsute, those on the innovations densely hirsute with ascending hairs, the terminal one very nar- row and tightly embracing the stem, the upper sheaths on some of the stems much en- larged and producing smaller spathes in their axils with concealed racemes ; blades erect, 2 dm. long or less, 2-3 mm. broad, smooth beneath, hirsute above near the base : racemes in 2's-4's, flexuous, 5-10 cm. long: sessile spikelet 5 mm. long, usually much exceeded by the internode, the terminal hairs of which are 8-10 mm. long, the awn more or less contorted, 1.5-2 cm. long, barely if at all twisted at the base ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel much exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 14. Andropogon brachystáchyus Chapm. Stems tufted, 6-15 dm. tall, the branches in l's-3's and usually pilose just below the nodes: leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades erect, 3 dm. long or less, 3-4 mm. wide, smooth beneath, on the upper surface rough and hirsute near the base: racemes in pairs, shortly exserted, or partly in- cluded at the base, 1-2 cm. long: sessile spikelet 3~4.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the first scale pubescent between the keels, the awn of the fourth scale straight or nearly so, 6-9 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale, the pedicel shorter than the sessile spikelet. In moist pine lands, Florida. Summer and fall. : 15. Andropogon Floridanus Scribn. Stems tufted, 5-16 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s~3’s : leaf-sheaths roughish, usually shorter than the internodes; blades 5 dm. long or less, 1 em. wide or less, rough : racemes in pairs, occasionally in 3's or 4’s, 3-4 cm, long, exserted, or partly included at the base : sessile spikelet 3.5-4 mm. long, equalling ora little longer than the internode, the awn straight, 8-12 mm. long ; pedicellate spikelet wanting or present as a small scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry pine lands, peninsular Florida. Summer and fall. 16. Andropogon subténuis Nash. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, slender, the branches single : leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth 64 POACEAE beneath, rough above and somewhat hirsute near the base : racemes in pairs, exserted, or a little included in the narrow spathes, 2-3 em. long: sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, exceed- ing the internode, the awn 1-1.5 em. long, more or less contorted, slightly twisted at the base ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or a minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel considerably exceeding the sessile spikelet. In sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi. Fall. 17. Andropogon arctàtus Chapm. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, branched toward the sum- mit, the branches in 1's-3's: leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, more or less densely appressed-hirsute at the summit ; blades erect, 3 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, the upper surface rough, the lower usually densely appressed-hirsute toward the base : racemes in pairs, rarely in 3’s or 4’s, rather stout, dark gray, 2.5-4 cm. long, long-exserted : sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the awn more or less con- torted, 1-1.5 em. long ; pedicellate spikelet usually present, consisting of a single scale, the pedicel considerably shorter than the sessile spikelet. In low pine lands, Florida. Fall. 18. Andropogon argyraéus Schult. Stems tufted, 8-12 dm. tall, about twice as long as the basal leaves, the branches in 1’s-3’s: leaf-sheaths smooth or rough, glabrous or hirsute ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 3 mm. wide or less, rough : racemes in pairs, rather stout, silvery gray, 3-5 cm. long, long-exserted, the hairs on the summit of the internodes 13-2 times their length : sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the inter- node, the first scale appressed-pubescent between the nerves, acuminate from about the lower third, nerveless between the keels and usually deeply depressed, the awn more or less contorted, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; pedicellate spikelet of a single scale, 1-3 mm. long, the pedicel usually a little shorter than the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Delaware and Maryland to Florida, and Texas; also in Indian Territory and Mis- souri, and probably southward tothe Gulf. Fall SILVER BEARD. 19. Andropogon Cabanisii Hack. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, the branches in 1’s or 2’s: leaf-sheaths smooth or a little roughened ; blades 2.5 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. broad, smooth beneath, rough above: racemes in pairs, 4-7 cm. long, grayish, the hairs at the apex of the internodes as long as or a little exceeding them, rather scant: sessile spikelet 6-7 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, tapering from the middle, about twice as long as the internode, the first scale strongly hispidulous and 2-3-nerved between the keels, the nerves running the entire length of the scale; pedicellate spikelet of a single hispidulous scale 3-3.5 mm. long, the pedicel about $ as long as the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Pennsylvania (according to Hackel) and Florida. Summer. 20. Andropogon Scribneriànus Nash. Glaucous. Stems tufted, 3-10 dm. tall, twice as long as the basal leaves, rather sparsely branched above : leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth and glabrous ; blades 1 dm. long or less, 2.5 mm. wide or less, the upper surface minutely pubescent and also often hirsute near the base: racemes in pairs, stout, long-exserted, 4—7 cm. long, bright silvery white, the hairs on the internodes copious, those at the summit about twice the length of the internodes: sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the first scale narrowed from about the middle, glabrous and shining between the keels, the internerve flat or nearly so, the awn of the fourth scale more or less contorted and bent, somewhat twisted below, 1-1.5 cm. long ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a small scale 1.5 mm. long or less, the pedicel equalling or a little shorter than the sessile spikelet. In dry pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 21. Andropogon furcàtus Muhl. Stems 1-2 m. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous or some- times slightly hirsute ; blades 6 dm. long or less, 12 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath and glabrous or rarely a little hirsute, more or less roughened above and hirsute at the base : racemes in 2's-6's, 5-10 cm. long, stout, long-exserted, the hairs of the internodes and pedicels grayish white, 1-2 mm. long: sessile spikelet 7-10 mm. long, the outer 2 scales more or less hispidulous, the awn 7-15 mm. long, geniculate, twisted at the base ; pedicel- late spikelet as large as or a little smaller than the sessile, staminate, awnless. ih In dry or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Summer and all. 22. Andropogon chrysocómus Nash. Stems 7-15 dm. tall, the branches in l's-3's: leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, a little roughened above: racemes in 2's-4's, 5-9 cm. long, stout, long- exserted, the hairs of the internodes and pedicels about 3 mm. long, usually yellow : ses- sile spikelet about 1 cm. long, with a basal ring of short hairs, the outer 2 scales hispid on the nerves, the awn of the fourth scale twisted at the base, geniculate, 10-12 mm. long ; pedicellate spikelet awnless. In dry soil, Kansasto Texas. Summer and fall. POACEAE 65 23. Andropogon Tennesseénsis Scribn. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, stout, the branches in 1’s or 2’s: leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, hirsute toward the summit ; blades 6 dm. long or less, 6-12 mm. wide, rough, the lower surface sometimes hirsute, and also the upper surface near the base: racemes in 2’s—4’s, 5-8 cm. long: sessile spikelet about 8.5 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, twice as long as the hispidulous internode, the outer 2 scales strongly hispidulous, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, about 1.5 cm. long, twisted below, the column a little exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 8-10 mm. long, of 4 scales, perfect, the outer 2 scales strongly hispidulous, the first often short-awned, the hispidulous pedicel less than 4 as long as the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Tennessee and Mississippi. Fall. 24. Andropogon geminatus Hack. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, from long rootstocks: leaf-blades erect, rigid, long-acuminate, 3 dm. long or less, 9 mm. wide or less: racemes in pairs, finally exserted, 3-5 cm. long, rather slender, the hairs on the rachis-internodes and the pedicels grayish or yellowish white: sessile spikelet 6-8 mm. long, the awn not twisted below, geniculate, 5-7 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet about the same length, awnless. In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 10. AMPHILÓPHIS Nash.’ Perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades and showy often silvery white panicles, the axis short, making the panicle appear fan-like, or elongated with the branches scattered. Racemes usually numerous, the internodes with manifestly thickened margins, the median portion thin and translucent, the pedicels of the same construction, the margins ciliate with usually long hairs. Sessile spikelets,of 4 scales, the first one 2-keeled, the second l-keeled, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter very narrow, stipe-like, somewhat thickened, gradually merging into a usually geniculate contorted or spiral awn, or the awn rarely wanting. Pedicellate spikelets staminate and similar to the sessile, or sterile and smaller than them. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. First scale of the sessile spikelet not pitted on the back. : ; Axis of the panicle elongated, the branches scattered, the panicle hence linear to oblong ; stem-nodes naked. ^ Sessile spikelets 3 mm. long, the awn wanting or rarely present and then but 2 short and not twisted. ; : 1. A. exaristatus. Sessile spikelets 4 mm. long, the awn long and geniculate, spiral at the base. 2. A. Torreyanus. Axis of the panicle short, the branches congested, the panicle hence fan-like, ; : : oval or obovate; stem-nodes densely barbed. | ` 3. A. barbinodis. First scale of the sessile spikelet with a deep pit-like impression on the back. 4. A. perforat us. 1. Amphilophis exaristatus Nash. Smooth and glabrous. Stems 6-8 dm. tall, rather slender: leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 3-6 mm. wide, rough toward the apex: panicle 10-13 em. long, 2-2.5 em. wide, oblong, its axis 8-10 em. long, the branches much divided, the ultimate divisions (racemes) 1-2 cm. long, the terminal hairs 2-3 times as long as the rachis-internodes: sessile spikelet 3 mm. long, about j again as long as the internode, the fourth scale almost wanting, or present as a mere rudiment, very rarely short-awned ; pedicellate spikelet of a single scale, 2-3 mm. long, the pedicel considerably shorter than the sessile spikelet. [Andropogon saecharoides submuticus Vasey, not A. submuticus Steud. ] In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 2. Amphilophis Torreyanus (Steud. ) Nash. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, simple or somewhat branched : leaf-blades 1-5 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. wide, rough above : panicle 4-10 cm. long, 7-20 mm. wide, linear to oblong, its axis 2-7 em. long, the longer branches somewhat divided, the ultimate divisions ( racemes) 1-4 cm. long, the terminal hairs 14-2 times as long as_ the internodes: sessile spikelet 4 mm. long, about 3 again as long as the internode, the awn geniculate, more or less contorted, 10-15 mm. long, spiral at the base, the column much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale, 2-3 mm. long, the pedicel shorter than the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Kansas to Arizona, Texas and Mexico. Summer, : 3. Amphilophis barbinódis (Lag.) Nash. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, simple or somewhat branched, the nodes densely barbed with silvery hairs: leaf-sheaths and their blades smooth and glabrous, the latter 2 dm. long or less, 2-8 mm. wide, rough : panicle broadly oblong, ovate, oval or obovate, 5-12 cm. long, finally exserted, its axis 2-5 em. long: racemes 2-15, 3-5 cm. long, the terminal hairs twice as long as the internodes: ses- sile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about } again as long as the internode, the geniculate awn 2-3 cm. long, spiral at the base, the column much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet of a single awnless scale, 4-5 mm. long, the pedicel considerably shorter than the sessile spikelet. In moist or rocky ground, central Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Summer and fall, 5 66 POACEAE 4. Amphilophis perforatus (Hack.) Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, the nodes barbed : leaf-sheaths and blades smooth and glabrous, or the latter with the upper sur- face pubescent with long scattered hairs ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle 6-8 em. long, fan-shaped, much exserted : racemes 5-8, 5-6 cm. long, the terminal hairs about as long as the internodes: sessile spikelet 5-5.5 mm. long, the first scale with a deep depression on the back above the middle, the fourth scale with a geniculate awn 2-2.5 em. long, the column tightly spiral and much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet of a single awnless scale about 3 mm. long. In dry soil, Texas and Mexico. Fall. ll. SORGHUM Pers. Tall grasses, with usually broad flat leaf-blades and large terminal panicles, its primary branches verticillate. Spikelets of 4 scales, in pairs, or in 3’s at the end of the branches, one sessile and perfect, the rest pedicellate and staminate, dorsally compressed, pubescent or glabrous. Sessile spikelets with the outer 2 scales indurated, the third and fourth hya- line, the latter awned or awnless. Pedicellate spikelets with the outer 2 scales firm-mem- branous, or rarely reduced to 1 or 2 scales and sterile. Lodicules ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Sorghum Halepénse (L.) Pers. Smooth and glabrous. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, from a long rootstock : leaf-blades 5 dm. long or less, 0.5-3 cm. wide: panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, oblong to oval, its branches ascending, the longer ones 7-14 cm. long : sessile spike- let 4.5—5.5 mm. long, ovate, the outer 2 scales densely appressed-pubescent with silky hairs and indurated at maturity, the first scale 3-toothed at the apex, the readily deciduous awn of the fourth scale 1-1.5 em. long, geniculate, spiral below, the column much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer scales sparingly pubescent. In fields and waste places, Pennsylvania to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. JOHNSON-GRASS. 12. SORGHÁSTRUM Nash. Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal panicles with the prim- ary branches usually solitary and branched from the base, hence appearing as if whorled. Sessile spikelets dorsally compressed, of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often hairy, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter long-awned, the awn spiral at the base. Pedi- cellate spikelets wanting, or very rarely present as a minute rudiment, usually only the hairy pedicels present, a single one at the side of each sessile spikelet, or 2, one on each side, at the end of the branches. Lodicules glabrous. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Awn but once bent, 1-1.5 em. long, the closely spiral portion but little exserted be- yond the scales. 1. S. nutans, Awn twice bent, 2-3 em. long, the closely spiral portion extending to the second bend and much exserted beyond the scales. Branches of the panicle much exceeding the internodes of the axis, the ulti- mate divisions of its branches straight. 2. S. Linnaeanum. Branches of the one-sided panicle shorter than the internodes of the axis, the ultimate divisions of the branches much curved, the spikelets hence re- flexed. : 3. S. secundum. 1. Sorghastrum nütans (L.) Nash. Stems 1-2.5 m. tall: leaf-sheaths usually smooth and glabrous, or the lowermost ones sometimes pubescent; blades 6 dm. long or less, 13 mm. wide or less, very rough : panicle 2-5 dm. long, loose, the apex usually nod- ding, its branches erect or nearly so, at least the lower ones much exceeding the internodes of the axis, 7-10 cm. long, the ultimate divisions straight: spikelet 6-8 mm. long, lance- olate, the 2 outer scales golden brown and indurated at maturity, the first one densely pubescent with long erect hairs, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, 1-1.5 cm. long, closely spiral to the bend, thence loosely twisted, the column more or less exserted ; ped- icel from 3-3 as long as the spikelet. [Sorghum avenaceum (Michx. ) Chapm.] In dry or moist soil, Ontario to Manitoba, Rhode Island, Florida, Texas and Arizona. Late sum- mer and fall. INDIAN GRAss. 2. Sorghastrum Linnaeànum (Hack.) Nash. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall: leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades 4 dm. long or less, 1 cm. wide or less, very rough : panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, the apex usually nodding, its branches erect or nearly so, at least the lower ones much exceeding the internodes of the axis, 6-8 cm. long, the ultimate divisions straight: spikelet 5.5-7.5 mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer scales blackish brown and in- durated at maturity, the first one densely pubescent with long erect hairs, the awn of the POACEAE 67 fourth scale twice bent, 2-3 cm. long, closely spiral to the second bend, thence loosely twisted, the column very much exserted ; pedicel from 3 as long as the spikelet to nearly equalling it. [Sorghum nutans Chapm. ] E x In dry soil, South Carolina and Tennessee to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 3. Sorghastrum secándum ( Ell.) Nash.. Stems 8-14 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 6 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, often involute: panicle 2-4 dm. long, one-sided, its branches erect or nearly so, rarely exceeding 4 em. in length, usually shorter than the internodes of the axis, the ultimate divisions much curved, making the spikelets reflexed: spikelet 6-8 mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer scales golden brown and indurated at maturity, the first one pubescent with long erect hairs, the awn of the fourth scale twice bent, 2.5-3 cm. long, closely spiral to the second bend, thence loosely twisted, the column very much exserted ; pedicel from 3-3 as long as the spikelet. [Sorghum secundum ( Ell.) Chapm. ] In dry sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Fall. WILD Oats. 13. VETIVERIA Thouars. Tall grasses with simple stems, narrow leaf-blades and terminal panicles with the branches usually much articulated and disposed in dense whorls. Spikelets in pairs, narrow, acute, of 4 scales, the one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate and staminate. Sessile spikelets usually somewhat laterally compressed, the first scale coriaceous or char- taceous, the margin inflexed or involute, the second awned or awnless, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter entire or shortly 2-toothed, mucronate or awned from between the teeth. Pedicellate spikelets usually awnless, rarely awned. Stames 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. l. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash. Stems 2 m. tall or more: sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 9 dm. long or less, 4-10 mm. wide: panicle 2-3 dm. long, its slender as- cending or nearly erect branches in dense whorls and readily disarticulating at the nodes : sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, about as long as the internode, the first scale minutely tuberculate-roughened, 2-keeled, the keels muricate, the second scale 1-keeled, the keel muricate, the fourth scale awnless or short-awned, the awn not exserted beyond the 2 outer scales ; pedicellate spikelet about as long as or a little shorter than the sessile, the 2 outer scales sparingly muricate. Cultivated and escaping into fields in Louisiana. Fall. 14. RHAPHIS Lour. Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with narrow leaf-blades and terminal panicles, whose branches usually bear clusters of 3 spikelets, or very rarely more, at the end, one spikelet sessile and perfect, the other 2 staminate or sterile and pedicellate. Sessile spike- lets usually somewhat laterally compressed, of 4 scales, the first scale broadly involute, the second somewhat distinctly keeled, and usually awned, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter usually awned. Pedicellate spikelets dorsally compressed, awnless or awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Rhaphis pauciflórus (Chapm.) Nash. Annual. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, simple or somewhat branched : leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 2-10 mm. wide, papillose-hirsute above: panicle 2-3 dm. long, its branches erect or ascending, slender, the lower in whorls of 2-5, rarely divided, the longer, exclusive of the spikelets and awn, 5-8 cm. long: ses- sile spikelet about 15 mm. long, including the 6-7 mm. long and densely p callus, cylindric or slightly zen d compressed, the first and second scales dark brown, shining and coriaceous at maturity, hispidulous at the apex, the fourth scale emitting a flexuous more or less contorted usually geniculate awn 14-16 cm. long; pedicellate spikelet 10-12 mm. long, on slender pedicels about reaching the apex of the sessile spikelet, empty or containing a staminate flower. [Sorghum pauciflorum Chapm. In dry sandy soil, eastern and peninsular Florida. Alsoin Cuba. Fall. 15. HETEROPOGON Pers. Annual or perennial grasses, sometimes tall, with narrow leaf-blades and compressed sheaths, and terminal solitary dense racemes. Spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs at the rachis- nodes, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate, containing a staminate flower, or empty. Scales of the sessile spikelets 4, the outermost empty, firm, convolute, awnless, the second also empty, thinner, keeled, the third scale very thinly hyaline, likewise empty, the 68 POACEAE fourth scale, enclosing a pistillate flower, small and hyaline and bearing a long rigid con- torted and geniculate awn ; palet small and hyaline, or wanting. Pedicellate spikelet awn- less, the outermost scale thinner than the corresponding one in the sessile spikelet. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Upper sheaths tuberculate along the keel and the first scale of the pedicellate spikelet on the midnerve, the latter 1.5 em. long or more and glabrous. 1. H. melanocarpus. Upper sheaths and the first scale of the pedicellate spikelet smooth all over, the latter 1 em. long or less, papillose-hispid toward the summit and near the margins. 2. H. contortus. 1. Heteropogon melanocárpus (Muhl.) Ell. Annual. Stems 4-15 dm. tall, much branched above : upper leaf-sheaths at least tuberculate on the keel; blades 5 dm. long or less, 3-12 mm. wide: racemes 3-6 cm. long, exserted, or included at the base, the pedun- cles pilose with ascending hairs, the internodes between the upper spikelets densely pu- bescent with long chestnut-brown hairs: sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, the awn 9-15 cm. long ; pedicellate spikelet 15-22 mm. long, sterile or staminate, the first scale long-acumi- nate, tuberculate on the midnerve. [H. acuminatus Trin. ] In cultivated grounds, South Carolina to Florida, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 2. Heteropogon contórtus (L.) Beauv. Perennial. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, rather sparingly branched above: leaf-sheaths smooth, even on the keel; blades 2 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. wide: racemes 4-6 cm. long, exserted, or included at the base, the peduncles hispidulous, the internodes between the upper spikelets densely pubescent with long nearly appressed chestnut-brown hairs: sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, the awn 4.5-8 em. long ; pedicellate spikelet about 1 cm. long, sterile or staminate, the first scale acute, papillose- hispid toward the summit and near the margins with long hairs. In dry soil, southern and western Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Widely distributed in the warmer parts of all countries. Spring to fall. 16. HILARIA H.B.K. Stoloniferous grasses, decumbent and branching at the base, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence. Spiklets in sessile deciduous crowded clusters of 3, the empty scales resembling an involucre, the central spikelet 1-flowered, the flower pistil- late or perfect, the lateral spikelets 2-flowered, the flowers staminate. Scales 4, the 2 outer empty, rigid, thin or indurated, the first the larger and varying much in shape, entire or 2-cleft at the toothed or lacerate apex, awnless, or bearing an awn between the lobes, the second scale narrower, often keeled, entire or 2-toothed at the apex, awnless, mucronate, or short-awned ; third and fourth scales thin-membranous, entire or toothed at the apex, each in the lateral spikelets enclosing a palet and a flower, in the central spikelet the third scale is empty. Stamens 3. Styles a little united at the base. Stigmas shortly plumose. Outer scales of the spikelet linear or oblong, the nerves parallel, some of them awned. 1. H. Texana. Outer scales of the spikelet cuneate, the nerves strongly diverging above, awnless. 2. H. mutica. 1. Hilaria Texana (Vasey) Nash. Creeping by arched stolons. Stems 1-2.5 dm. tall: basal leaves numerous ; blades 1-5 cm. long and about 2 mm. wide, very rough, pu- bescent, the upper surface densely so with short hairs, the lower surface with a few lon es ee 2-3 cm. long, of 4-8 spikelets, which are 4-5.5 mm. long, each cluster nak at the base. On hills and plains, central Texas to Arizona. Spring and summer. CREEPING MESQUITE. 2. Hilaria mütica (Buckl.) Benth. Stems rigid, 2-6 dm. tall, from rootstocks : leaf- blades erect, firm, 1 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide: spike 4-6 cm. long: spikelets many, crowded, usually overlapping, 6-7 mm. long. On plains and prairies, Texasto Arizona. Alsoin Mexico. Summer and fall. BLACK GRAMA. 17. NAZIA Adans. An annual grass, with flat leaf-blades and racemose or spike-like inflorescence. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales, 1-flowered, solitary, or in clusters of 3-5. Scales 2 or 3, the first small, or sometimes wanting, the second firm, with its nerves dorsally armed with hooked prickles, the third scale membranous, subtending a hyaline palet and a perfect flower. Stamens3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas moderately long, plumose. 1. Nazia alièna (Spreng.) Scribn. Tufted. Stems finally prostrate and rooting and branching at the lower nodes, 1-3 dm. tall: leaf-blades ciliate on the margin : spike 4-10 cm. long: spikelets about 2.5 mm. long. On dry hillsides, Texas to Arizona. Also in Central and South America, and the West Indies. Spring and fall. POACEAE 69 18. LIMNODEA L. H. Dewey. Somewhat branched tufted grasses, with the stems usually decumbent at the base, nar- row flat leaf-blades, and narrow slender elongated contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-flow- ered, narrow, scattered on the panicle branches. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, about equal in length, hispidulous or pilose, the nerves inconspicuous, the third scale scarcely shorter, thin, the apex shortly 2-toothed or 2-cleft, with an elongated slender genieulate or flexuous awn, which is a little twisted at the base, arising from between the teeth, the scale enclos- ing a somewhat shorter 2-keeled narrow hyaline palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas shortly pilose. [Thurberia Benth., not A. Gray. ] 1. Limnodea Arkansàna (Nutt.) L. H. Dewey. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall: leaf- sheaths glabrous or more or less hirsute ; blades erect, 3-12 em. long, 2-8 mm. wide, more or less pubescent on both surfaces: panicle narrow, often partially included at the base, 7-17 em. long: spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, the 2 outer scales tuberculate-hispidulous, the awn of the third scale geniculate, spiral at the base, 8-10 mm. long. [Thurberia Arkansana (Nutt.) Benth. ] In dry soil, Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Spring.—A form known as L. Arkansana pilosa (Trin. ) Nash (Sclerachne pilosa Trin.) is like the preceding, but the two outer scales are densely hirsute. It occursin Louisiana and Texas. 19. REIMARIA Fluegge. Perennial grasses, usually diffusely branching, with ascending stems, and the inflores- cence composed of 2 or more secund racemes. Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, acuminate, subsessile, alternately disposed in 2 rows on a narrow or somewhat dilated rachis. Scales 2, the first empty, membranous, 3-5-nerved, acute, the second scarcely shorter and enclos- ing the slightly shorter palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 2. Styles distinct to the base. Btigmas long-plumose. 1. Reimaria oligostáchya Munro. Smooth and glabrous. Stems compressed, 4-8 dm. long: leaf-sheaths compressed ; blades erect or ascending, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: racemes one-sided, in pairs at the summit of the stem, or sometimes with an addi- tional one a short distance below, 5-7 cm. long: spikelets broadly lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, about twice as long as the rachis-internodes, the first scale 9-nerved, the four nerves on each side close together and rather distant from the midnerve. Along shores and in ditehes, Florida. Summer. 20. PASPALUM L. Usually perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of one or ‘more unilateral racemes, arranged singly, in pairs, or in panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, obtuse, or rarely short-acuminate, nearly sessile or short-pedicelled, alternately disposed, singly or in pairs, in 2 rows on one side of a narrow and usually winged rachis. Scales 3, rarely 4, the 2 outer, rarely 3, empty, membranous, usually equal in length, the flowering scales glabrous and shining, more or less convex, with its back turned toward the rachis, at length indurated, enfolding a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct to the base, often elongated. Stigmas plumose. A. Rachis dilated, its broad margins membranous and at maturity inrolled on the spikelets. : Rachis long-acuminate, extending beyond the spikelets which are 1.5 mm. long or less. 1. P. mucronatum. Rachis acute, not extended ; spikelets about 2 mm. long or more. 2. P. membranaceum. B. Rachis more or less winged, rarely wingless, its margins not membranous nor enclosing the spikelets. a. Stems with 1-several raceme-bearing naked branches from the upper- most sheath. 1. Leaf-blades glabrous on the lower surface, or the midnerve some- times pubescent. *Blades conspicuously ciliate. t Uppermost sheath with the margins glabrous. Spikelets glabrous, or nearly so, rounded at the apex. 3. P. blepharophyllum. Spikelets Sorma pubescent, obtusely apiculate at the apex. 4. P. propinquum. Uppermost sheath with the overlapping margin prominently cili- ate. Spikelets orbicular, hence as broad as long, straw-color. 5. P. stramineum. Spikelets broadly obovate to oval, longer than broad, green. Spikelets densely pubescent, 2 mm. long, the leaves scat- L tered along the stem. 6. P. Chapmanii. 70 POACEAE Spikelets glabrous: 2mm. long: leaves scattered along the stem. 1.5 mın. long: leaves crowded at the base of the stem: Upper surface of the blades glabrous; marginal hairs less than 1 mm. long. Upper surface of the leaves pubescent with short hairs; marginal hairs about 2 mm. long. **Blades naked on the margins, or rarely with a few scattered hairs. Racemes 1-3. Uppermost sheath pubescent on the overlapping margin. Leaf-blades lanceolate; spikelets orbicular-obovate, the first and second scales strongly pubescent. Leaf-blades linear, rigid, long and narrow; spikelets oval, the first scale sparingly pubescent. Uppermost sheath glabrous on the margin. Spikelets glabrous. Spikelets with the first scale pubescent. Leaf-blades linear, narrow, becoming involute; spike- lets elliptic. Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, broad, flat; broadly obovate. Racemes 6-12. 2. Leaf-blades very pubescent on both surfaces. Stem long-hirsute below the raceme; basal sheaths glabrous or nearly so. Stem glabrous throughout; basal sheaths usually hirsute. Spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long. Stems slender; blades narrow and scattered. Stems stout; blades broad, crowded at the base; pubescence very leng and copious. Spikelets 2-2.25 mm. long. Raceme on the main stem 1, or sometimes 2 together ; spike- lets glabrous; leaf-blades not thick. Racemes on the main stem 2 or 8; spikelets usually more or less pubescent ; leaf-blades thick. b. Stems simple, no raceme-bearing branches from the uppermost sheath. 1. Racemes 2-several, scattered, never in pairs. *Stems tufted. Spikelets rounded or obtuse at the apex, not ciliate on the mar- spikelets gins. 2Spikelets convex on one side. Spikelets 3 mm. long or less. Spikelets singly disposed. Spikelets oval, 14 as thick as broad or more, the outer scales firm. Spikelets 2 mm. long, the flowering scale deep seal brown at maturity. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long, the flowering scale yellow- ish white at maturity. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. Blades short ; racemes usually 2 or 3. Blades elongated ; racemes usually 3-5. Leaf-sheaths hirsute, at least on the margins. Blades short, glabrous on the lower surface. Sheaths hirsute only on the margins, or the basal ones sometimes sparingly so on the surface. Sheaths broad and much compressed, densely hirsute all over with very long weak hairs. Blades elongated, more or less hirsute on both surfaces. : Spikelets circular or nearly so, about L4 as thick as broad, the outer scales very thin. ` Spikelets in pairs. Mature flowering scale white or yellowish. Spikelets 2 mm. long or less; stems slender. Spikelets obovate, 1.5 mm. long, pubescent with ope glandular-tipped hairs. Spikelets elliptie, 2 mm. long, sparsely pubes- cent with long appressed hairs. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; stems usually stout. Spikelets pubescent. Spikelets glabrous. Stems rooting at the lower nodes; blades thin, long ; racemes 4-8. Stems not rooting at the lower nodes; blades firm, short; racemes 3, rarely 4. Mature Verse scale deep seal brown. Rachis broadly winged, wider than the spikelets which are about 2 mm. long. Rachis narrowly winged, much narrower than the spikelets which are 2.5-3 mm. long. Spikelets more than 3 mm. long. Racemes long and strictly erect, or short and ascending. Leaf-blades short ; racemes short and ascending. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so. Sheaths densely hirsute. 21. 26. 31. 32. 7. P. ciliatifolium. . P. Kentuckiense. . P. longepedunculatum. . P. Eggertii. . P. rigidifolium. SP epue. . P. elatum. . P. latifolium. . P. gracillimum. . P. pubescens. . P. setaceum. . P. villosissimum. . P. Muhlenbergii. . P. dasyphyllum. P. scrobiculatum. . P. laeve. . P. angustifolium. . P. australe. . P. longipilum. P. praelongum. . P. circulare. . P. Simpsonii. . P. Blodgettii. . P. Hallii. P. laeviglumis. P. geminum. . P. Boscianum. . P. plicatulum. 5. P. difforme. 36. P. altissimum. POACEAE 71 Leaf-blades elongated ; racemes long and erect. Sheaths glabrous. 37. P. glabratum. Sheaths densely hirsute. 38. P. Floridanum. Racemes finally widely spreading. Sheaths glabrous; blades glabrous or ciliate with short hairs. | 39. P. giganteum. Sheaths densely hirsute; blades ciliate with long : airs. 40. P. longicilium. 228pikelets flat, barely if at all convex on one side. Spikelets pubescent. 41. P. Buckleyanum. Spikelets glabrous. Sheaths, excepting the exterior basal ones, glabrous, or the lower sometimes pubescent at the summit. Stems and sheaths much compressed, the former rather slender. Spikelets elliptic. 42. P. lividum. Spikelets orbieular or nearly so. Leaf-blades glabrous. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. 43. P. praecox. Spikelets 3 mm. long. 41. P. glaberrimum. Leaf-blades hirsute : On the upper surface only : spikelets circular or nearly so. 45. P. tardum. On both surfaces, strongly so on the lower: spikelets broadly obovate. 46. P. Kearneyi. Stems and sheaths not much compressed, the former stout. 47. P. amplum. Sheaths densely hirsute. 48. P. Curtisianum. TiSpikelets acute, ciliate with very long hairs. Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long; racemes numerous (usually 10 or more). 49. P. Vaseyanum. Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long; racemes few to several (usually less than 8). 50. P. dilatatum. **Stem single, from a long scaly rootstock. Seales of the rootstock appressed-pubescent: rachis of the ra- cemes not winged, the spikelets scattered. 51. P. bifidum. Seales of the rootstock glabrous: rachis of the racemes winged, the spikelets crowded. i : 92. P. solitarium. 2. Racemes in pairs at the summit of the stem, rarely in 3’s or with another raceme below. Stems tufted : racemes long and slender, the spikelets about 1.5 mm. 53. P. conjugatum. ong. : Stems from long rootstocks: racemes short and stout, the spikelets exceeding 2 mm. long. 3 Spikelets ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, pubescent; midnerve of the second scale present. : Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, glabrous; midnerve : of the rugose second scale suppressed. 55. P. vaginatum. 1. Paspalum mucronàtum Muhl. Stems 1.5-8 dm. long, compressed, from a float- ing or creeping base, branched: leaf-sheaths loose or inflated, glabrous or hirsute ; blades 8-30 em. long, 6-25 mm. wide, acuminate, rough: racemes 20-100, scattered, or sometimes apparently whorled, 1-8 cm. long, slender, spreading, the rachis extending in an acumi- nate point beyond the spikelets, the wings membranous and nearly enclosing the spikelets at maturity : spikelets singly disposed in two rows, elliptic, 1.2-1.5 mm. long and about 0.6 mm. wide, pubescent. [P. fluitans Kunth. ] In water, Virginia to southern Illinois, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 54. P. distichum. Fall 2. Paspalum membranàceum Walt. Stems sometimes 6-8 dm. long, compressed, creeping at the base, much branched: leaf-sheaths compressed, loose; blades 3-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, smooth: racemes 3-7, erect, 2-3 cm. long, the rachis not extending beyond the spikelets, the wings broad and nearly enclosing the spikelets at maturity : spikelets singly disposed in two rows, 2-2.3 mm. long and 1.3-1.5 mm. wide, oval, gla- brous. [P. Walterianum Schult. ] In moist or wet soil, New Jersey and Delaware to southern Ohio, Florida and Texas. Fall. 3. Paspalum blepharophyllum Nash. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous, even on the margins; blades linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins, 2.5 dm. long or less, 8-16 mm. wide: racemes usually single, commonly 6-8 cm. long, sometimes longer: spikelets in pairs, 2 mm. long and 1.3-1.6 mm. wide, broadly obovate or oval, the first scale 3-nerved, usually pubescent with short hairs, the second scale 3-nerved, or sometimes 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, glabrous. In sandy soil, Florida to Louisiana. Spring and summer, 4. Paspalum propínquum Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall: basal leaf-sheaths pubescent, the remaining ones glabrous ; blades glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins with stiff hairs, linear, erect or nearly so, 5-20 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide : racemes rather slender, 8-12 cm. long, in 1’s or 2’s: spikelets in pairs, on shorter pubescent pedi- 72 POACEAE cels, oval, about 1.8 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, obtusely apiculate at the apex, the outer 2 scales densely pubescent with short spreading glandular-tipped hairs, the first scale 3- nerved, the second usually 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Summer. 5. Paspalum stramineum Nash. Foliage light yellowish green, the spikelets, and sometimes also the sheaths, pale straw color. Stems tufted, 2-8 dm. tall: basal leaf-sheaths softly and densely pubescent, the remaining sheaths glabrous, excepting on the margins ; blades erect or nearly so, firm, linear to lanceolate, long-ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous except usually on the midnerve beneath, 5-25 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide: racemes 4-10 cm. long, on the main stem usually 2, rarely 1 or 3, single on the branches : spike- lets in pairs, on shorter pubescent pedicels, orbicular, 2 mm. in diameter, the first scale 3-nerved, pubescent with short spreading glandular-tipped hairs, the second scale glabrous or nearly so, 2-nerved, the midnerve suppressed. In sandy places and fields, Nebraska, Kansas and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 6. Paspalum Chapmanii Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall: basal leaf-sheaths pubescent, the remaining ones glabrous except on the margins; blades glabrous on both surfaces, the margins ciliate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rather thin, 7-20 cm. long, 7-14 mm. wide: racemes 10-12 cm. long, rather slender, usually in 2's on the main stem, single on the branches: spikelets in pairs on shorter pubescent pedicels, oval, 2.2 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales densely pubescent with short spreading gland- ular-tipped hairs, 3-nerved, or the second often 2-nerved by the suppression of the midverve. In dry sandy soil, Florida. Summer. 7. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Stems tufted, erect, 4-8 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous : leaf-sheaths ciliate on the overlapping margin, otherwise glabrous ; blades 5-26 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, the margins conspicuously ciliate with long hairs: racemes single, or sometimes in 2’s, 5-11 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, 1.8-2.1 mm. long and 1.5-1.8 mm. broad, oval to broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved or the second one rarely 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, both the scales glabrous. In sandy or rocky soil, District of Coitumbia to Alabama and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 8. Paspalum Kentuckiénse Nash. Stems tufted, 2-5 dm. tall, slender: leaf-sheaths ciliate on the overlapping margin, otherwise glabrous ; blades erect, lanceolate, 6 cm. long or less, 4-10 mm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins with hairs less than 1 mm. long: racemes single or in pairs, 2-5 em. long: spikelets about 1.6 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, the scales glabrous, the first scale 3-nerved, the second one usu- ally 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry soil, Kentucky and Tennessee. Summer. 9. Paspalum longepedunculàtum Le Conte. Stems tufted, 2.5-8 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous: leaf-sheaths glabrous excepting on the pilose margins, crowded towards the base of the stem : blades 2.5-9 cm. long, rarely a little longer, 4-9 mm. broad, smooth and glabrous below, pubescent above with short appressed hairs, conspicuously ciliate on the margins, the hairs about 2 mm. long: racemes in l's or Xs, 2.5-8 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, 1.5-1.8 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. wide, broadly obovate, glabrous, the first scale 3-nerved, the second 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve which is rarely present. In sandy or rocky soil, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 10. Paspalum Eggértii Nash. Stems tufted, 3-5 dm. tall: basal leaf-sheaths pubes- cent, the remainder ciliate on the overlapping margin but otherwise glabrous ; blades lan- ceolate, glabrous on both surfaces and on the margins, 10 cm. long or less, 4-8 mm. wide: racemes single or in pairs, 4-6 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, a little exceeding 2 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, oval, the first scale strongly pubescent with short spreading hairs, 3-nerved, the second scale usually 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, sparingly pubescent with similar hairs. Onsandy ridges, Arkansas. Fall. : 11. Paspalum rigidifolium Nash. Stems tufted, erect, 3-8 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous: basal leaf-sheaths softly pilose with rather long spreading hairs, the remaining ones glabrous ; blades erect or ascending, rigid, linear, glabrous, 7-20 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide : racemes single, or rarely in 2’s, 6-13 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, on shorter glabrous or nearly glabrous pedicels, 2.3-2.5 mm. long, 1.7-2 mm. wide, oval or broadly obovate, the first scale more or less pubescent with spreading hairs, 5-nerved, the second scale glabrous, 5-nerved, or sometimes 4-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring. 12. Paspalum épile Nash. Whole plant glabrous. Stems 6-8 dm. tall: leaf- blades thick, firm, linear-lanceolate, 2 dm. long or less, 7-10 mm. wide: racemes single or POACEAE 73 in pairs, 6-10 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, 2 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale 3-nerved, the second one generally 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. ` In sand, Key West, Florida. Spring to fall. 13. Paspalum elàtum L. C. Rich. Stems 6-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 2-6 mm. wide, densely pubescent with long hairs above at the very base, otherwise glabrous: racemes in 3's, 10-13 cm. long: spikelets on hispidulous pedicels, elliptic, about 2.2 mm. long and 1.3 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, the first scale pubescent with long appressed hairs, the second one glabrous. In sandy soil, Key West, Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 14. Paspalum latifolium Le Conte. Stems tufted, 6-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous, or the basal ones a little pubescent ; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, or the upper- most often shorter, 1-2 cm. wide, rather thin, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, glabrous, or some of them occasionally with a few scattered hairs on the margins near the base : racemes on the main stem usually in pairs, rarely single, those on the branches single, 6-12 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 2 mm. long and 1.5-1.7 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale 3-nerved, pubescent with short spreading hairs, the second scale 3-nerved, or rarely 5-nerved, glabrous. In dry usually shady places, Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 15. Paspalum gracílimum Nash. Stems slender, 4-6 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous : blades (the upper ones) 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-7 mm. wide, flat, a ring of long hairs just above the ligule, otherwise glabrous : racemes 6-10, usually alternate, widely spreading, slender, 3-7 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, obovate, 1.4 mm. long and 0.9 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, the first scale pubescent with short glandular-tipped hairs, the second scale glabrous, the third scale about 4 as thick as broad. Insandy soil, Key West, Florida. Spring to fall. 16. Paspalum pubéscens Muhl. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, long-hirsute below the racemes: leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes pubescent on the margins or toward the apex, the basal ones sometimes pubescent all over ; blades 4-23 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rarely broader, densely pubescent on both surfaces with long spreading rather stiff hairs arising from papillae, if ciliate on the margins the hairs short: racemes usually 1, rarely 2 on the main stem, generally straight, or sometimes a little curved, 6-12 cm. long, rarely shorter : spikelets in pairs, glabrous, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 2 mm. long and 1.5-1.8 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, or the second 2-nerved by the sup- pression of the midnerve, the flowering scale triangular in cross-section, the angles rounded, about two-thirds as thick as broad. In fields, New York and New Jersey to Pennsylvania, District of Columbia and Tennessee. Sum- mer and fall. 17. Paspalum Muhlenbérgii Nash. Stems tufted, at first erect, finally reclining, 4-8 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous: leaf-sheaths generally pubescent all over with long hairs or sometimes only on the margins ; blades 0.5-2 dm. long, rarely longer, usually 7-11 mm. wide, or sometimes narrower, ciliate on the margins with usually long hairs, more or less pubescent on both surfaces with long hairs: racemes in 1’s or 2’s, straight or curved, 5-10 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, glabrous, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 2mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, oval or broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, or the second rarely 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, the flowering scale triangular in cross-section, the angles rounded, about à as thick as broad. In fields or in sandy or stony ground, Massachusetts to Missouri and the Indian Territory, South Carolina, Georgia and Mississippi. Late summer and fall. 18. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Stems tufted, slender, 2-7 dm. tall: basal leaf- sheaths densely pubescent with long hairs, the upper ones only on the margins ; blades 3-14 cm. long, rarely somewhat longer, usually 2.5-5 mm. wide, sometimes a little broader, linear, strict and erect or ascending, densely pubescent on both surfaces with long hairs: racemes single, slender, 4-8 cm. long, sometimes a little longer: spikelets either - single or in pairs, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 1.5 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale 3-nerved,* pubescent with spreading glandular-tipped hairs, the second scale 2-nerved, the midnerve rarely, if ever, present, glabrous or occasion- ally pubescent. oe In dry sandy soil, southeastern New York to Florida, west to Mississippi. Summer and fall. 19. Paspalum villosissimum Nash. Plant yellowish gray-green. Stems tufted, erect, 4-10 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths crowded at the base of the stem, very densely pubescent, as well as both surfaces of the blades, with very long white spreading hairs; blades erect or ascending, thick, lanceolate, 2 dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. broad : racemes single or in 74 POACEAE pairs, 5-9 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 1.8 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales densely pubescent with spread- ing glandular-tipped hairs, the first scale 3-nerved, the second 2-nerved, or the midnerve very rarely present. In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Summer. 20. Paspalum dasyphyllum Ell. Plant yellowish green. Stems tufted, stout, 2-6 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths, as well as both surfaces of the blades, densely pubescent with long yellowish spreading hairs ; blades erect or ascending, thick, lanceolate, 2 dm. Jong or less, usually 1-2 cm. broad, sometimes a little narrower: racemes on the main stem in 2’s or 3’s, those on the branches single, 4-10 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, on shorter puberulent pedicels, 2-2.2 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale usually more or less pubescent with spreading glandular-tipped hairs, 3-nerved, the second scale glabrous, usually 2-nerved or sometimes 3-nerved. In dry usually sandy places, South Carolina to Florida; also in Missouri. Summer. 21. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Glabrous. Stems densely tufted, 2-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades erect, flat, 1 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, those on the innovations longer : racemes 2-5, erect or nearly so, 2-4 cm. long: spikelets singly disposed, oval, about 2 mm. long and 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, glabrous, the outer scales 5-nerved, the lateral nerves ap- proximate and distant from the midnerve, the third scale deep seal brown when mature, scrobiculate. In sandy soil, Florida. Also in tropical countries. Summer and fall. DITCH MILLET. 22. Paspalum laéve Michx. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed, glabrous ; blades short, those on the stem usually less than 1.5 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, pubescent above near the base: racemes 2 or 3, spreading, 4-8 cm. long: spikelets singly disposed, glabrous, oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. In fields, District of Columbia to Kentucky, Georgia, Arkansas and Texas. Summer. 23. Paspalum angustifóltum Le Conte. Stems tufted, 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed, glabrous; blades long, the larger 2-4 dm. long, less than 1 cm. wide, gla- brous, or the upper surface sometimes sparingly hirsute near the base : racemes 3-5, spread- ing, usually 6-10 cm. long, sometimes shorter: spikelets singly disposed, oval, 3-3.5 mm. long and about 2.5 mm. wide, glabrous, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. B zi fields, District of Columbia to northern Florida, Louisiana, Kansas and Missouri. Summer an all. 24. Paspalum australe Nash. Stems tufted, 4-7 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths usually hir- sute only on the margins; blades erect, short, generally 1.5 dm. long or less, 5-10 mm. wide, strongly ribbed, rather thick, firm, glabrous beneath or nearly so, hirsute above: racemes 2-5, usually 2 or 3, finally spreading, commonly 5 em. long or less, sometimes longer : spikelets singly disposed, oval, 2.7-3 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous. On grassy flats and banks, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 25. Paspalum longipilum Nash. Stems tufted, compressed : leaf-sheaths much com- pressed, keeled, the lower ones strongly hirsute with very long hairs: blades erect, firm, stiff, folded when dry, 2 dm. long or less, 6-12 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, densely hir- sute above with very long hairs: racemes 2 or 3, spreading or ascending, usually 4—6 cm. long, sometimes longer: spikelets singly disposed, oval, about 3 mm. long and a little ex- ceeding 2 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 5-nerved, the lateral nerves close together and near the margin. In moist or wet soil, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 26. Paspalum praelóngum Nash. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths usually hirsute all over; blades long, usually exceeding 1.5 dm., sometimes 3 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, thin, lax, hirsute on both surfaces: racemes 2-4, usually 3 or 4, finally spreading, 5-10 em. long: spikelets singly disposed, oval, 2.5-2.8 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous. : In moist or dry soil, District of Columbia to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. Summer and fall. 27. Paspalum circulare Nash. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths hirsute with long hairs, compressed ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 5-8 mm. wide, glabrous beneath or hirsute along the midnerve, the upper surface hirsute with long hairs: racemes 2-4, spreading or ascending, 4-6 cm. long: spikelets singly disposed, glabrous, orbicular, about 2.5 mm. in diameter, the 2 outer scales thin, finely but distinctly striate. In fields and meadows, New York to North Carolina; alsoin Missouri Summer and fall. 28. Paspalum Simpsdnii Nash. Stems tufted, slender, 4-8 dm. tall: basal leaf- sheaths hirsute, the rest glabrous; blades lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, gla- brous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins below the middle : racemes 3-5, spreading, POACEAE 75 2-7 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, obovate, 1.3-1.5 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, densely pubescent with short glandular-tipped hairs. In rocky pine woods, No-name Key and Key West, Florida. Spring and summer. 29. Paspalum Blodgéttli Chapm. Smooth and glabrous. Stems densely tufted, slender, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, narrowed at both ends: racemes erect, 2-6, 1.5-6 cm. long, slender, the rachis flat, winged, about 0.5 mm. broad, about j as wide as the spikelets: spikelets in pairs, 1.5-2 mm. long, about 1 mm. broad, elliptie to obovate, the 2 outer scales papillose-pubescent with appressed hairs, 3-nerved. On coral soil or shell mounds, Florida. Alsoin Cuba. Spring and fall. 30 Paspalum Hállii Vasey & Scribn. Stems 4-10 dm. long, finally prostrate and rooting toward the base, the nodes pubescent: leaf-sheaths more or less hirsute on one margin, the exterior basal ones hirsute all over ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 1-1.5 cm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces: racemes 2-4, usually ascending, the lower ones 5-10 em. long : spikelets in pairs, broadly obovate, 2.5-3 mm. long and about 2 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, the first scale strongly hirsute, the second one glabrous. In moist soil, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 31. Paspalum laeviglümis Scribn. Stems 5-15 dm. long, finally prostrate and rooting toward the base, the nodes pubescent : sheaths more or less hirsute on one margin, otherwise glabrous; leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 1-2 em. wide, glabrous on both surfaces : racemes 4-7, spreading or ascending, the lower ones usually 5-10 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, oval to broadly obovate, 2.7-3 mm. long, 1.8-2 mm. broad, glabrous, the first scale 3-5-nerved, the second scale 5—7-nerved. In moist places, Tennessee to the Indian Territory, Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 32. Paspalum géminum Nash. Stems 5-7 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, glabrous, or the basal ones pubescent; blades erect, firm, thick, 2 dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, hirsute above near the base with long hairs : racemes about 3, sometimes more, spreading or ascending, 4-6 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, elliptic, 3-3.3 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, glabrous, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. In fields and orchards, Florida. Spring and summer. 33. Paspalum Bosciànum Fluegge. Stems 5-12 dm. long, compressed, finally branched, often decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: leaf-sheaths com- pressed, smooth and glabrous, or the basal ones papillose-hirsute ; blades 4—30 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, smooth or roughish, papillose-hirsute above near the base: racemes 2-13, spreading or ascending, 4-9 cm. long, the rachis straight, 2-2.5 mm. wide, broadly winged : spikelets in pairs and often so crowded as to appear in four rows, frequently red- brown, broadly obovate, 2-2.3 mm. long, 1.5-1.8 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales smooth and glabrous, the first 5-nerved, the second 3-nerved, the flowering scale faintly pitted in close longitudinal lines, deep brown at maturity. [P. purpurascens Ell. ] In meadows and moist places, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 34. Paspalum plicàtulum Michx. Stems tufted, flattened, 4-8 dm. tall: leaf- sheaths compressed, smooth and glabrous ; blades usually folded, at least when dry, more or less long-hairy above, erect, rather stiff, 2dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide: racemes 3-7, rarely fewer, spreading or ascending, 3-7 cm. long: spikelets brown at maturity, elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. wide, the first scale 5-nerved, the lateral nerves approximate, more or less pubescent with appressed hairs, the second scale glabrous, 3-nerved, the margins usually more or less transversely plicate, the third scale seal-brown at maturity. In dry, usually sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Also in Mexico, South America and the West Indies. Spring to fall. 35. Paspalum diffórme Le Conte. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, rather stout, leafy below, not tufted: leaf-sheaths somewhat compressed, the external basal ones, as well as some- times the summit of the others, papillose-hirsute ; blades erect or nearly so, commonly less than 1.5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, flat, glabrous or hirsute above and sometimes more or less so below : racemes 2 or 3, ascending, short, commonly 4-6 cm. long : spikelets usu- ally singly disposed, or rarely some of the central ones in pairs, 3-3.5 mm. long and abont 2.6 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous. In low grounds, Georgia and Florida. Summer. B 36. Paspalum altíssimum LeConte. Stems usually 5-8 dm. tall, rarely taller, slen der: leaf-sheaths hirsute with rather short hairs; blades short-hirsute on both surfaces, commonly ]ess than 2 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide : racemes generally in pairs, 5-8 cm. long, ascending : spikelets usually singly disposed, sometimes in pairs, about 3.5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved. In dry pine lands, Alabama and Mississippi. Fall. 76 POACEAE 37. Paspalum glabratum (Engelm. ) C. Mohr. Whole plant often glaucous. Stems usually 1-2 m. tall, stout, leafy: leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes sparingly pubescent, the external basal ones sometimes hirsute ; blades glabrous on the lower surface, the upper surface glabrous or more or less hirsute, the lower blades 3-7 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide: racemes usually 3-6, sometimes 2, erect or nearly so, the lower ones commonly 1-1.5 dm. long, occasionally shorter or longer: spikelets singly disposed or in pairs, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 2.75-3.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved. In low ground, Maryland to Kansas, Georgia and Texas. Summer and fall. 38. Paspalum Floridànum Michx. Stems 9-12 dm. tall, rather stout, leafy : leaf- sheaths densely hirsute with long hairs ; blades densely hirsute above and usually also on the lower surface, the lower ones 3-6 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide: racemes commonly 2 or 3, rarely 4, erect, the lower ones usually 8-12 cm. long: spikelets usually singly disposed, 3.5-4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous. In low ground, South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas. Summer and fall. 39. Paspalum gigantéum Baldw. Stems tufted, 1-1.5 m. tall, stout: leaf-sheaths glabrous; blades erect, glabrous on both surfaces, if ciliate on the margins the hairs short, the lower leaves 2-3 dm. long, 1.5-2 em. wide: racemes 3-5, finally widely spreading, 1-1.5 dm. long: spikelets in pairs, about 3.25 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved. In ditches and swamps, Florida. Summer. 40. Paspalum longicílium Nash. Stems tufted, ascending, stout, 6-12 dm. tall: lower leaf-sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long shaggy hairs ; blades glabrous on both surfaces, the margins ciliate with very long hairs, the lower blades 2-4 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide : racemes ascending, the lower ones 8-17 cm. long : spikelets usually singly disposed, 3-3.3 mm. long and 2-2.3 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved. In clay soil in ditches, central peninsular Florida. Summer. 41. Paspalum Buckleyanum Vasey. Stems erect, 6-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 4-20 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough above, smooth beneath : racemes erect, 2-4, 5-7 cm. long, the rachis straight, broadly winged, 1.5-2 mm. wide: spikelets in pairs, often so crowded as to appear as if in 4 rows, 3 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. broad, elliptic, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, densely appressed-pubescent, the flowering scale yellowish at maturity, faintly pitted in fine longitudinal lines. «in low grounds, Texas. Summer and fall. 42. Paspalum lívidum Trin. Stems 6-10 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, smooth, glabrous, except on the margins ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, more or less pubescent on the upper surface: racemes 3-7, erect or ascending, 2.5-5 cm. long, the rachis often setiferous on the margins: spikelets bright green, in pairs, elliptic, acute or acutish, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, gla-: brous, the third scale yellowish white, only slightly convex in cross-section. In wet places, Texas. Also in Mexico and South America. Summer. 43. Paspalum praécox Walt. Stems tufted, compressed, 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed, the lower ones purple, the exterior basal ones hirsute, the remainder glabrous ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 4-6 mm. wide, glabrous: racemes usually 4-6, rarely more or fewer, ascending, 2-5 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, lenticular, nearly flat on the inner side, yellowish green, orbicular to oval, 2.2-2.6 mm. long, 1.8-2.2 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved, the third scale striately roughened with conspicuous papillae. In moist or wet places, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. In spring and early summer ; some- times also in the late fall. 44. Paspalum glabérrimum Nash. Glabrous. Stems single, about 1 m. tall, erect, compressed : leaf-sheaths compressed ; blades erect, long-acuminate, the larger 3-4 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the upper blade very short or wanting : racemes 3 or 4, ascending, the lower 4-7 em. long: spikelets nearly circular, barely if at all convex on one side, 3 mm. long, light green, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. In low pine lands, southern peninsular Florida. Summer. 45. Paspalum tárdum Nash. Stems not tufted, compressed, usually 6-13 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, the outer basal ones densely papillose-hirsute with long hairs, the remainder similarly pubescent with very long hairs at the apex ; blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, hirsute above toward the base, especially near the base where the hairs are very dense and long : racemes usually 3 or 4, sometimes only 2, spread- ing or ascending, commonly 3-6 cm. long, sometimes shorter: spikelets singly or in pairs, orbicular or nearly so, 2.2-2.5 mm. in diameter, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous, the third scale striately roughened with conspicuous papillae. In wet ground, Florida to Mississippi. Summer and fall. POACEAE 77 46. Paspalum Kearneyi Nash. Stems single, slender, 8-10 dm. tall, compressed : leaf-sheaths compressed, the external basal ones hirsute, as well as sometimes the summit of some of the others ; blades erect, elongated, densely hirsute on both surfaces, long- acuminate, the lower ones 2-3 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide: racemes about 3, spreading, 3-4 cm. long : spikelets broadly obovate, 2.8 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, barely if at all convex on one side, light green, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. In dry soil, Mississippi. Fall. 47. Paspalum ámplum Nash. Stems tufted, stout, 1-1.5 m. tall, round or but little compressed : leaf-sheaths a little flattened, the outer basal ones hirsute below, the remainder glabrous, excepting a tuft of long hairs at the apex ; blades 2-5 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, pubescent above with short appressed hairs and near the base with very long ones: racemes usually 6-8, erect or ascending, the lower ones commonly 8-15 em. long: spikelets orbicular to oval, about 3 mm. long and 2.5-3 mm. wide, the third scale strongly roughened with conspicuous papillae. In wet ground, Florida to Mississippi. Summer. 48. Paspalum Curtisiànum Steud. Stems stout, 8-10 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long ascending hairs ; blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, strongly papillose-hirsute, especially above, with long hairs: racemes 5-10, finally spread- ing, 3-8 em. long: spikelets single or in pairs, lenticular, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved, the third scale striately roughened with conspicuous papillae. In wet places, South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 49. Paspalum Vaseyànum Scribn. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, stout: lower leaf-sheaths densely papillose-hispid with ascending hairs ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 8-12 mm. wide, hirsute above at the very base, otherwise glabrous : racemes erect, 10-20, the lower 8-12 em. long: spikelets in pairs, acute, 2.3-2.5 mm. long and about 1.4 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, acute, pilose on the margins with very long hairs, the surface, especially that of the first scale, pubescent with shorter hairs. In fields, Alabama to Texas. Summer and fall. 50. Paspalum dilatàtum Poir. Smooth and glabrous. Stems 5-17 dm. tall, some- what compressed : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-12 mm. wide: racemes 5-10 cm. long, erect or ascending, the rachis broadly winged, 1.2-1.5 mm. wide, straight : spikelets in pairs, so densely crowded as to appear as if in 4 rows, 3-3.3 mm. long, 2-2.2 mm. broad, nearly orbicular, apiculate, much compressed dorsally, the 2 outer scales 5—7-nerved, the first scale ciliate on the margins with very long lax hairs, the second sparingly ciliate with much shorter hairs, the flowering scale white at maturity, orbicular. In meadows and moist places, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Summer and fall. 51. Paspalum bifidum (A. Bertol.) Nash. Glaucous. Stems 7-13 dm. tall, single, from a stout scaly rootstock, its scales strongly appressed-hirsute: leaves mostly at the base of the stem ; sheaths, at least the external basal ones, papillose-hirsute ; blades 3 dm. long or less, generally 5-10 mm. wide, narrowed at both ends, glabrous or but sparingly hirsute beneath, strongly hirsute above toward the base: racemes usually 2 or 3, sometimes more or only 1, 7-15 cm. long, erect, the rachis triangular, slender, the lateral margins not winged: spikelets in rather distant pairs, oval, 3.5-4 mm. long and about 2.5 mm. broad ; scales usually 3 (sometimes 4 and the first one minute), the first scale 7-nerved, the second one 5-nerved. [P. racemulosum Nutt. ] In dry pine lands or on wooded hillsides, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Fall. 52. Paspalum solitarium Nash. Rootstock long and stout, scaly, the scales gla- brous. Stems single, rigid, 6-10 dm. tall (rarely shorter) : leaf-sheaths sometimes pubes- cent on the exterior margin ; blades elongated, stiff, the larger ones often 3-6 dm. long, involute, at least when dry, long-acuminate, glabrous: raceme 1, or rarely 2 racemes, 1-2 dm. long, erect: spikelets crowded in pairs on hispid pedicels, glabrous, 3 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, elliptic, the 3 outer scales 3-nerved. [P. monostachyum Vasey, not Walp.] In wet soil, southern Florida and Texas. Fall. 53. Paspalum conjugàtum Berg. Smooth and glabrous. Stems compressed, 2-9 dm. tall, finally decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: leaf-blades 4-16 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide: racemes in pairs, slender, often curved, spreading or ascending, 5-12 em. long, the rachis straight, or flexuous toward the apex, 0.6-0.8 mm. broad : spike- lets crowded, much compressed dorsally, singly disposed, 1.5 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. broad, apiculate, the 2 outer scales 2-nerved, the nerves marginal, the first scale ciliate on the margins with very long lax hairs, the third scale smooth, white. In wet places, Louisiana and Texas. Common in all tropical countries. Summer. 78 POACEAE 54. Paspalum distichum L. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, from a long stout rootstock: leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, especially at the base and on the innovations, glabrous, or more or less hairy on the margins; blades com- monly less than 1 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, generally glabrous : racemes terminal, in pairs, ascending, 2-5 cm. long: spikelets singly disposed, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute, the 2 outer scales firm, 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved, the first scale glabrous, the second appressed- pubescent, the third apiculate, strongly pubescent at the apex. In sandy soil, on the seashore or along rivers, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas, and on the Pacific coast. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 55. Paspalum vaginatum Sw. Stems 2-6 dm. tall. from a long stout rootstock : leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, at least at the base and on the innovations, glabrous ; blades folded, or involute when dry, 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, glabrous, or sparingly hairy above at the very base: racemes terminal, usu- ally in pairs, rarely more or but a single one, erect or ascending, 3-7 cm. long: spikelets singly disposed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long, the 2 outer scales glabrous, thin, the first scale 4-nerved, the lateral nerves approximate at the margin, the midnerve sup- pressed, the second scale 5-nerved, the lateral nerves rather near together, the third scale glabrous at the apex or with 2 or 3 hairs. Along the seashore, Florida to Texas. Also in the West Indies. Summer and fall. 21. DIMORPHOSTACHYS Fourn. Perennial grasses with simple or somewhat branched stems, flat leaf-blades and one-sided racemes. Spikelets borne in pairs, the one short-, the other longer-pedicelled, the former with the first scale turned to one side and often much longer than the corresponding scale in the other spikelet. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous; fourth scale indurated in fruit, with its opening turned away from the rachis, and enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles long, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Spikelets 2.3-2.5 mm. long: leaf-blades usually short, with naked margins. 1. D. Drummondii. Spikelets 2.8-3 mm. long: leaf-blades with ciliate margins. 2. D. ciliifera. 1. Dimorphostachys Drummondii Fourn. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, rather slen- der, glabrous: leaf-sheaths glabrous excepting the ciliate margins; blades erect, gla- brous, or sometimes with a few scattered hairs on the surface, generally 1.5 dm. long or less, occasionally longer, 1-1.5 cm. broad: racemes 2-4, 4-9 cm. long: spikelets in pairs, 2.3-2.5 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. broad, obovate or elliptic ; scales 4 (rarely 3), the first and second scales rather strongly pubescent, the first scale very small, nerveless, the second me third scales 5-nerved, the latter glabrous. [Paspalum Drummondii ( Fourn. ) Vasey. In low grounds, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 2. Dimorphostachys ciliifera Nash. Stems tufted, glabrous, or sometimes papillose- hirsute toward the base, 7-11 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths ciliate, otherwise glabrous, or the lower ones papillose-hirsute ; blades erect or nearly so, the larger ones 2-3 dm. long and 1-1.5 em. wide, ciliate on the margins, sparingly pubescent on the surface with scattered hairs: racemes 2 or 3, finally spreading, 7-9 cm. long: spikelets crowded in pairs, 2.8-3 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. broad ; scales 4, the glabrous first scale very small or occa- sionally $ as long as the spikelet and acuminate, nerveless, or in the latter case 1-nerved, the second and third scales 5-nerved, the former glabrous, the latter sparingly pubescent with short appressed hairs. In moist soil, southern peninsular Florida. Fall. 22. ANASTROPHUS Schlecht. Perennial grasses, with compressed stems and sheaths, the stems creeping at the base, the inflorescence consisting of 2-several (rarely 1) unilateral more or less spreading spikes. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales, 1-flowered, singly and alternately disposed in 2 rows on one side of a narrow rachis, appressed, narrow, sessile, acute or acuminate. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, membranous, the third one firmer, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, with its back turned away from the rachis, enfolding a shorter palet of similar texture and.a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. 1. A. paspaloides. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long: : Ovate: lower leaf-blades 8-12 mm. wide. 2. A. platycaulis. Elliptic: lower leaf-blades rarely exceeding 6 mm. in width. 3. A. compressus. 1. Anastrophus paspaloides (Michx.) Nash. Perennial, with creeping stolons. Stems flattened, 2-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths compressed and, like the blades, pubescent or POACEAE 79 glabrous ; blades commonly 2 dm. long or less, 5-12 mm. wide: spikes 4-13 em. long, usually a pair at the summit of the stem, sometimes with an additional one a short distance below: spikelets 4-6 mm. long. [Paspalum furcatum Fluegge. ] In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Spring to fall. 2. Anastrophus platycatlis (Poir.) Nash. Stolons stout and creeping. Stems flattened, 2-4 dm. tall: leaves glabrous or pubescent ; sheaths compressed ; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 8-12 mm. wide: spikes a pair, or sometimes with an additional one below: spikelets about 2.25 mm. long, ovate, very acute, pubescent. In dry sandy soil, Florida. Summer and fall. 3. Anastrophus compréssus (Sw.) Schlecht. Stolons numerous and creeping, Stems 3-8 dm. tall, slender, flattened : leaves glabrous ; sheaths compressed ; blades some- times 3 dm. long, usually shorter, 4-8 mm. wide: spikes in pairs, or with an additiona] third one below, slender, 4-10 cm. long: spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic, pubescent, In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Alsoin tropical America. Summer and fall. 23. ANTHAENANTIA Beauv. Erect perennial grasses, with numerous spikelets arranged in a narrow or contracted panicle. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, ovate, sometimes shortly acuminate. Scales 3, the 2 outer equal, or nearly so, membranous, densely silky-pilose externally, empty, or the second one enclosing a palet and sometimes also a staminate flower, the third scale equal- ling ora little shorter than the second, membranous, finally somewhat rigid or slightly in- durated, enclosing a shorter palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stig- mas penicillate-plumose. Leaf-blades linear, the lower ones 3-4 mm. wide: plant often purple or purplish. '1. A. rufa. Leaf-blades narrowed toward the summit, the lower ones 5-10 mm. wide: plant green. 2. A. villosa. 1. Anthaenantia rüfa (Ell.) Schult. Smooth and glabrous, often purple. Stems 4-10 dm. tall, from a running rootstock : leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, linear, obtuse, 2-5 mm. wide, those at the base and on the innovations 2-4 dm. long, those on the stem 2 dm. long or less: panicle contracted, 8-20 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad : Spikelets numerous, 3.5-4 mm. long, the first and second scales about equal in length, 9-nerved, the hairs about 1 mm. long, the second enclosing a palet and often also a stami- nate flower, the third scale as long as or a little shorter than the others. In moist pine lands, South Carolina to'Florida. Fall.—A form, A.rufa scdbra Nash, differing from the above in having the sheaths and blades scabrous, occurs in similar situations in South Carolina, but mainly from Alabama to Louisiana. Fall. 2. Anthaenantia villdsa (Michx.) Beauv. Smooth and glabrous, green. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, from a running rootstock : leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, narrowed toward the apex, acute or somewhat obtuse, 3 dm. long or less, 1 cm. wide or less: panicle contracted, 8-20 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad: spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the 2 outer scales 5-nerved, the hairs about 0.6 mm. long, the first scale equalling or a little shorter than the second which encloses a palet and sometimes also a staminate flower, the third scale about equalling the second. In dry pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 24. AMPHICARPON Raf. Tufted grasses, with flat leaf-blades and 1-flowered spikelets of two kinds; one borne in terminal panicles, articulated below the empty scales and readily deciduous, lanceolate, not ripening fruit; the other solitary, larger, becoming ovoid and turgid, terminating subterranean stems, and maturing fruit. Scales 3, the third subtending a palet and perfect flower; the scales of the aérial spikelets green, membranous ; those of the subterranean spikelets much firmer in texture, white or yellowish, becoming indurated and enclosing the grain. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas penicillate-plumose. 1. A. Amphicarpon. Stems not from rootstocks : leaf-blades papillose-hispid. j Stems from long running rootstocks : leaf-blades glabrous. 2. A. Floridanum. 1. Am on Amphicárpon (Pursh) Nash. Stems tufted, the aérial 3-8 dm. tall, naked ea buius a EI contracted panicle 3-20 cm. long, the spikelets numerous, elliptic, 4-5 mm. long; subterranean stems slender, 1.5-10 cm. long, bracted at the base, with a single terminal spikelet : leaf-sheaths and blades papillose-hispid with spreading hairs, the latter erect, 15 cm. long or less, 1.5 cm. wide or less, lanceolate. [A. Purshii Kunth. ] In sandy soil, New Jersey to Georgia (according to Chapman). Fall. 80 i POACEAE 2. Amphicarpon Floridànum Chapm. Stems tufted, from a long stout rootstock, the aërial 3-8 dm. tall, naked above and bearing a terminal contracted panicle 3-23 cm. long, the lanceolate spikelets numerous, 6-7 mm. long ; subterranean stems 3-15 cm. long, scaly at the base, with a single terminal spikelet : leaf-sheaths papillose-hispid at the summit and along the margins, or sometimes the lower ones all over ; blades erect or as- cending, glabrous on both surfaces, or sparingly pubescent above, 2 dm. long or less, 1 cm. wide or less, lanceolate. In dry sandy soil, Fiorida. Summer and fall. 25. ERIÓCHLOA H.B.K. Perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of spike-like one- sided racemes which are racemosely arranged. Spikelets with an annular callus at the base, articulated below the callus, 1-flowered, imbricated, arranged in 2 rows on a flat rachis, acute or acuminate. Scales 3, the two outer membranous, empty, acute or acuminate, the third scale glabrous and shining, shorter, at length indurated, awn-pointed or short-awned at the apex, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Flowering scale 34 as long as the spikelet or more, the awn a mere point or apiculation. Hairs at the apex of the pedicels none, or few and short. Rachis of the inflorescence and racemes puberulent or with a few scattered long hairs. 1. E. longifolia. Rachis of the inflorescence and racemes densely pilose with long hairs. 2. E. mollis. Hairs at the apex of the pedicels many, more than 4 as long as the spikelet. 3. E. sericea. Flowering scale usually about 24 as long as the spikelet, the awn 14-4 as long as the scale. 4, E. punctata. 1. Eriochloa longifdlia Vasey. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades erect or ascending, 4 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth : inflorescence 6-20 cm. long, its axis puberulent or with a few scattered long hairs: racemes erect, 2-4 cm. long, puberulent: spikelets 8-16, ovate-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, on puberulent pedicels, the 2 outer scales appressed-pubescent with long hairs, 5-nerved, acute or obtuse ; third scale about 3.5 mm. long, coarsely transverse-rugose, about $ as long as the spikelet, . apiculate, or with a short awn less than 1 mm. long. In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida. Spring. 2. Eriochloa mollis ( Michx.) Kunth. Stems single, 7-15 dm. tall, densely and softly pubescent at and near the nodes : leaf-sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent with short ascending hairs; blades 1-4.5 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous : inflores- cence 1.5- 4 dm. long, its axis densely pilose with somewhat ascending hairs: racemes erect or nearly so, 8-20, 3-15 cm. long, the rachis densely pilose with somewhat ascending hairs : spikelets 12-40, 5—5.5 mm. long, ovate, acute, on pilose pedicels, the 2 outer scales appressed- pubescent with long hairs, 5-nerved, acute ; third scale about 3.5 mm. long, rather finely transverse-rugose, apiculate, or with a very short awn. [Panicum molle Michx. ] In low pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Summer. 3. Eriochloa sericea Munro. Stems tufted, 4-10 dm. tall, softly pubescent at and near the nodes : leaf-sheaths usually softly pubescent ; blades glabrous or pubescent, 4 mm. broad or less, those on the innovations 1-3 dm. long, those on the stem 3-20 cm. long: inflorescence 1-2 dm. long, its axis pubescent with short ascending hairs; racemes ap- pressed, 5-9, 1-4 cm. long, the rachis pubescent with short ascending hairs: spikelets 10-24, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, ovate, acutish, on pedicels which are densely hispid at the apex with hairs more than 3 as long as the spikelet, the 2 outer scales pubescent with rather long hairs, acute or obtuse ; third scale 3-3.5 mm. long, transversely rugose, apiculate. In dry soil, Texas and the Indian Territory to New Mexico. Summer. 4. Eriochloa punctata (L.) Hamilt. Stems tufted, 2-8 dm. tall, finally much branched, the nodes puberulent: leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous or pubescent, the latter 2-30 em. long, 3-10 mm. wide: inflorescence 6-20 cm. long, its axis pubescent with short ascending or nearly appressed hairs: racemes erect or nearly so, 4-20, 1.5-4 cm. long, the rachis with short ascending hairs: spikelets 10-30, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, on appressed-pubescent pedicels, the 2 outer scales appressed-pubescent with long hairs, acuminate ; third scale transversely rugose, from 3-3 as long as the spikelet, about 2.5 mm. long, exclusive of the hispid awn which is 4 as long as the scale or more. On plains or prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer and fall. EvERLASTING GRASS. 26. BRACHIARIA Ledeb. Grasses with flat leaves and the spikelets borne in 2 rows in one-sided spikes. Spikelets of 4 scales, the outer 3 membranous, the fourth scale chartaceous, indurated in fruit, trans- POACEAE 81 versely rugose, and enclosing a similar palet and a perfect flower, its opening turned toward the rachis. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. i. Brachiaria platyphylla (Munro) Nash. Stems at first erect, finally prostrate and rooting at the lower nodes, 4-6 dm. long: leaf-sheaths pubescent, commonly overlapping ; blades flat, 5-10 em. long, 7-12 mm. wide, lanceolate : spikes 2-5, rather distant, 3-6 cm. long, the rachis broadly winged : spikelets ovate, glabrous, about 4 mm. long. In wet woods, Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 27. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Annual grasses, with flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of spike-like racemes which are disposed in whorls, or scattered and approximate, at the summit of the stems. Spikelets narrow, acute, in 2’s or 3’s on one side of the flat and winged or triangular rachis, one of the spikelets generally longer pedicelled than the rest. Scales 3 or 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first small or wanting, the fourth scale chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Digitaria Scop., not Heist.] CRAB GRASS. Rachis of the racemes with the angles naked, not winged: first scale wanting or sometimes present as an inconspicuous rudiment. Second and third scales pubescent with appressed glandular tipped hairs: stems simple or sparingly branched at the base; nodes 5 or fewer. Racemes usually short, 2-10 em. long: spikelets less than 2 mm. long. 1. S. filiforme. Racemes usually exceeding 10 em. in length, rarely shorter: spikelets 2.25 mm. long or more. Pubescence on the sheaths spreading: racemes commonly more than 5. 2. S. villosum. Pubescence on the sheaths appressed or nearly so: racemes commonly less than 4. 3. S. leucocomum. Second and third scales glabrous. Hairs on the sheaths appressed or nearly so: nodes 5 or fewer. Second scale 14 as long as the spikelet or less, rounded or truncate at the apex. i 4. S. gracillimum. Second scale more than 23% as long as the spikelet, sparingly pilose at the 2 acute apex. 5. S. Bakeri. Hairs on the sheaths widely spreading: nodes numerous. j 6. S. Simpsonii. Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles broadly winged, thus making it nite flat: first scale usually present, or generally wanting in nos. 7 and 8. Pedicels terete or sometimes obscurely angled, sparingly if at all hispidulous. Sheaths and leaf-blades strongly papillose-hirsute: rachis of the racemes 0.8 mm. wide or less; second scale 12 as long as the spikelets or less. 7. S. serotinum. Sheaths and leaf-blades glabrous: rachis of the racemes 1 mm. wide or more ; second scale nearly as long as the spikelet. 8. S. humifusum. Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous. Sheaths strongly papillose-hirsute : racemes commonly more than 3. : Racemes very slender, the rachis usually less than 0.5 mm. wide: spike- lets 1/5 as wide as long, acuminate: fourth scale greenish when ma- ture. Racemes stouter, the rachis usually exceeding 0.7 mm. wide: spikelets 14 as wide as long or more, acute: fourth scale yellowish white when mature. Spikelets usually less than 3 mm. long, the second scale 34 as long as the spikelet or less, the third scale with the first and second nerves on each side hispid above the middle. 10. S. sanguinale. Spikelets commonly more than 3 mm, long, the second scale more than ý as long as the spikelet, the third scale with the nerves moot. 9. S. setosum. S 2 11. S. fimbriatum. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so: spikelets about 4 mm. long: racemes 2. 12. S. barbatum. 1. Syntherisma filifórme (L.) Nash. Stems 1.5-7 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths papillose-hir- sute, or the uppermost one glabrous ; blades 3-20 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, erect, usually glabrous below, papillose-hirsute above toward the base: axis of the inflorescence 1-3 cm. long: racemes 2-5, 2-10 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate: spikelets about 1.8 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, in pairs ; first scale wanting, the second and third scales appressed-pubescent with long glandular-tipped hairs, the former 3-nerved and about ł as long as the 7-nerved third scale, the fourth scale slightly exceeding the third, deep chestnut brown when mature, striate. [Panicum filiforme L. ] In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Michigan, North Carolina and the Indian Territory. Summer. 2. Syntherisma villdsum Walt. Stems densely tufted, 6-14 dm. tall: lower leaf- sheaths papillose-hirsute, the uppermost one sometimes glabrous; blades 7-25 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, erect or nearly so, smooth beneath, rough above, the lower surface more or less papillose-hirsute, the upper leaves glabrous: axis of the inflorescence 3-9 cm. long ; racemes 2-8, usually more than 5, generally 12-15 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate : spikelets 2.5 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in 3's, the first scale wanting, the second and third scales appressed-pubescent with long glandular-tipped hairs, 6 $2 POACEAE the second scale 3-nerved, a little shorter than the 7-nerved third, the fourth scale slightly exceeding the third, deep chestnut brown when mature, striate, apiculate. In sandy soil, Illinois to the Indian Territory, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 3. Syntherisma leucocómum Nash. Stems 1 m. tall or less: leaf-sheaths coarsely striate, the lower one densely hirsute with nearly appressed hairs; blades erect, often invo- lute when dry, smooth beneath, rough above, those on the stem 1.5-2.5 dm. long, those on the innovations 1-4 dm. long: axis of the inflorescence 4-6 cm. long; racemes 2-4, 2-2.5 dm. long, erect or nearly so, alternate : spikelets 2.25-2.5 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in 3's; first scale wanting, the second and third scales appressed- pubescent with very long glandular-tipped hairs, the second scale about as long as the fourth, 3-nerved, the third scale a little longer than the fourth, 7-nerved, the fourth scale brown at maturity, striate, apiculate. In high pine lands, Florida. Summer. 4. Syntherisma gracíllimum (Scribn.) Nash. Stems tufted, 6-8 dm. tall, the inno- vations mostly about j as long: lower leaf-sheaths somewhat hirsute with ascending-ap; pressed hairs ; blades 2 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, those on the inno- vations 3-4 dm. long; axis of the inflorescence 3-6 cm. long ; racemes 2, or rarely 3, about 3 dm. long, erect : spikelets slightly exceeding 2 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. broad, elliptic, acute, usually in 3’s, irregularly scattered ; scales glabrous, the first wanting, the second 3-nerved, usually about } as long as the spikelet, the third scale 5-nerved, slightly shorter than the spikelet, the fourth scale deep seal brown when mature, conspicuously striate, ob- tusely angled on the back, apiculate. In high pine lands, Florida. Summer. 5. Syntherisma Bakeri Nash. Stems tufted, 1 m. tall or less: lower leaf-sheaths densely hirsute with ascending hairs; blades 2 mm. wide or less, involute when dry, smooth, densely pubescent above at the base, those on the innovations 2-4 dm. long, those on the stem 1-2.5 dm. long: axis of the inflorescence 4-7 cm. long ; racemes usually 3, 14-22 em. long, densely long-pilose at the base: spikelets about 2.25 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic, usually in 3’s; scales glabrous, excepting the sparsely pilose apex of the second, the first one wanting, the second about $ as long as the spikelet, acute or acutish, 3-nerved, the third a little shorter than the fourth which is deep chestnut brown when ma- ture, elliptic, obtusely apiculate and rather faintly striate. In dry sandy soil, Florida. S- mmer. 6. Syntherisma Simpsónii (Vasey) Nash. Stems 8-12 dm. long, finally branched, prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes : leaf-sheaths copiously papillose-hir- sute with spreading hairs; blades 7-30 cm. long, 5 mm. wide or less, papillose-hirsute on both surfaces : axis of the inflorescence 4-6 cm. long ; racemes 6-8, 10-13 cm. long, erect or ascending, usually scattered : spikelets a little exceeding 3 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, in pairs; scales glabrous, the first one usually wanting, the second and third about equal in length, the former 5-, the latter 7-nerved, the fourth a little shorter than the third, elliptic, acute, yellowish white, finely striate. In moist saline soil, Florida. Summer. 7. Syntherisma serótinum Walt. Stems 2-5 dm. long, finally branched, prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: leaf-sheaths, especially the lower ones, papil- lose-hirsute with spreading hairs ; blades 1.5-10 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, ascending, pu- bescent on both surfaces: axis of the panicle 1-2 cm. long; racemes 2-6, 2.5-10 cm. long, ascending, usually alternate : spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, about 0.6 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in pairs; first scale wanting, the second and third appressed-pubescent with long hairs, the second one about 4 as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the fourth a little longer than the third, white, ovate-lanceolate, acute. [Panicum serotinum Trin. ] In low open grounds, Delaware to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 8. Syntherisma humifüsum (Pers.) Rydb. Stems 2-5 dm. long, finally branched, prostrate and forming large mats: leaf-sheaths glabrous; blades 1.5-15 cm. long, 2.5- mm. wide, erect or nearly so, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces: axis of the inflores- cence 1-3 cm. long ; racemes 2-5, 2-8 cm. long, finally widely spreading, alternate : spike- lets slightly exceeding 2 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, acutish, usually in pairs; first scale usually wanting, the second and third appressed-pubescent, the 3-nerved second about equalling the 7-nerved third, the fourth one a little longer than the third, deep chestnut brown when mature, striate, acute. [Panicum glabrum Gaud.] In waste places and fields, Ontario to Kansas, Florida and Louisiana.—A form, S. humifusum Mis- sissippiénse papery Nash, differs from the above in having usually longer racemes and the first scale of the spikelet generally present. Cedar barrens, Nashville, Tenn. Summer. 9. Syntherisma setdsum ( Desv.) Nash. Stems tufted, 4-10 dm. tall, finally branched, decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: leaf-sheaths, excepting the upper- POACEAE 83 most one, densely papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs ; blades 2-12 em. long, 2-7 mm. wide, papillose-hirsute on both surfaces: axis of the inflorescence 4 cm. long or less; racemes 4-13, 4-13 cm. long, finally widely spreading, usually in a whorl at the base and the remainder alternate or approximately in pairs: spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide, lanceolate, acuminate, in pairs, occasionally with a delicate basal bristle ; first scale minute, glabrous, the second and third scales appressed-pubescent, the second 3-nerved, about 4 as long as the spikelet, the third 7-nerved, noticeably longer than the fourth one which is slightly less than 2 mm. long, elliptic, greenish when mature. In dry sandy soil, Florida. Also in the West Indies and South America. Summer. 10. Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Stems 1 m. long or less, finally branched, rostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: lower leaf-sheaths densely papillose- irsute ; blades 4-20 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute on both sur- faces: axis of the inflorescence 1 cm. long or less; racemes 3-10, 5-18 em. long, usually erect or ascending, commonly digitate: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, in pairs ; first scale small, glabrous, the second and third appressed- pubescent, the second about 3 as long as the spikelet, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, the third about as long as the flowering one, 7-nerved, the first and second nerves on each side hispid above the middle, fourth scale yellowish white when mature, acutely apiculate, elliptic- lanceolate. [Panicum sanguinale L.] In cultivated places, nearly throughout North America. Introduced. Spring to fall. 11. Syntherisma fimbriàtum (Link) Nash. Stems 8 dm. long or less, finally branched, prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes: lower leaf-sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs; blades 2-8 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, erect or ascending, both surfaces glabrous or more or less pubescent : axis of the inflorescence 2 cm. or less long ; racemes 2-9, 2-12 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate, in pairs or whorls : spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, lanceolate, very acute, in pairs ; first scale small, glabrous, the second and third appressed-pubescent with long hairs, the second one ł to $ as long as the spikelet, lanceolate-cuneate, 3-nerved, the third slightly exceeding the flowering scale, 7-nerved, the pubescence usually becoming widely spreading, the fourth one lanceolate, very acute, yellowish white at maturity. In dry sandy soil, District of Columbia to Florida and Texas. Introduced. Summer. 12. Syntherisma barbàtum (Willd.) Nash. Stems 5 dm. long or less, branching, often rooting at the lower nodes: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades lanceolate, 3 em. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces, sparsely ciliate at the base: racemes in pairs, 4-6 em. long, erect or ascending: spikelets 3.5—4 mm. long, slightly exceeding 1 mm. wide, lanceolate, acute, in pairs; first scale small, glabrous, the second and third appressed-pubescent with very long hairs, the second one about $ as long as the spikelet, lanceolate-cuneate, 3-nerved, the third 7-nerved and in the long-pedicelled spikelet the pubescence of two kinds; fourth scale yellowish white at maturity, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Insandy soil, Mississippi. Introduced. Summer. 28. TRICHACHNE Nees. Perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades, usually tufted stems and narrow or contracted panicles, usually densely hairy. Spikelets numerous, articulated below the empty scales, 1-flowered, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, empty, the second and usually also the much shorter first densely silky-pilose or long-ciliate on the margins, often acuminate, and sometimes with a short bristle at the apex, the fourth scale shorter, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, finally indurated, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Panicle tawny white: spikelets 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate. 1. T. insulare. Panicle silvery white: spikelets about 3 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate. 2. T. saccharatum, 1. Trichachne insulàre (L.) Nash.. Stems 1-1.5 dm. tall, stout, finally more or less branched : leaf-sheaths usually glabrous, or sometimes papillose-hirsute ; blades ascending, sometimes drooping, 1-3 dm. hoes generally 5-20 mm. wide : panicle tawny white, usually 2-3 dm. long, 1-2 em. wide : spikelets 4-5 mm. long, long-acuminate, the hairs less copious than in the following species. [Panicum leucophaeum H.B.K. In cultivated ground, on banks, and in coral soil, Florida and southern Texas. Also in tropical countries. Spring to fall. 2. Trichachne saccharatum (Buckl.) Nash. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, finally somewhat branched : leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes papillose-hirsute ; blades erect or ascending, generally less than 1.5 dm. long and usually less than 5 mm. wide : panieles silvery white, 84 POACEAE 1-2 dm. long, usually 1.5 cm. wide or less: spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-3.5 mm. long, the silvery white hairs very long and copious, extending much beyond the apex of the spikelet. On dry hillsides, Texas to Colorado. Also in Mexico. Summer. 29. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Often tall grasses, with flat leaf-blades, the inflorescence composed of several to many unilateral more or less spreading spike-like racemes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, lanceolate to ovate or orbicular-ovate, crowded in small clusters or racemes in 2 rows on one side of the flat rachis. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, spiny-hirsute or hispid externally, the first much shorter than the spikelet, often awn-pointed, the second and third awn-pointed or awned (rarely awnless), the latter bearing the longer awn and rarely enclosing a palet and sometimes also a staminate flower ; fourth scale chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, acute or acuminate, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. Awn of the third scale not exceeding 4 times the length of the spikelet, some- times very short or almost wanting. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long: lower racemes rarely exceeding the rachis-inter- nodes. 1. E. colona. Spikelets 4 mm. long; the lower racemes much exceeding the rachis-inter- `’ nodes. 2. E. Crus-galli. Awn of the third scale 8-15 times the length of the spikelet. 3. E. longearistata. Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose-hispid. 4. E. Walteri. 1. Echinochloa colóna (L.) Link. Stems tufted, 1-8 dm. tall, often decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes : leaf-sheaths glabrous, compressed ; blades flat, 2-17 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide: inflorescence composed of 3-18 one-sided more or less spreading ra- cemes, 6-30 mm. long: spikelets single, in pairs, or in 3's in 2 rows, obovate, pointed, his- pid on the nerves, 2.5-3 mm. in length, the fourth scale cuspidate. [Panicum colonum L.] In fields and along roadsides, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Common in all tropical countries. Spring to fall. JUNGLE RICE. 2. Echinochioa Crüs-gálli (L.) Beauv. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth or rough: panicle of 5-15 erect or ascending branches, or the lower ones spreading or reflexed and sometimes 6-8 cm. long: spikelets ovate, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis, about 4 mm. long, exclusive of the awn, hispidulous, hispid on the nerves, the second and third scales more or less awned, the fourth abruptly pointed. [Panicum Crus-galli L.] In cultivated and waste places throughout North America, excepting the extreme north, and widely distributed as a weed in all eultivated areas. Introduced from Europe. Summer and fall. BARNYARD GRASS. 3. Echinochloa longearistàta Nash. Stems 1-2 m. tall, stout: leaf-sheaths gla- brous ; blades flat, rough on the upper surface, smooth beneath, 6-12 dm. long, 2-4 cm. wide or more : panicle 4-6 dm. long, its branches ascending: spikelets ovate, 3.5—4 mm. long, acuminate, hispidulous, the nerves strongly hispid, the awn of the third scale usually 8-15 times as long as the spikelet. In wet ground, South Carolina to Louisiana. Summer. 4. Echinochloa Wálteri (Pursh) Nash. Stems 9-18 dm. tall, stout : leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, papillose-hispid ; blades 3 dm. long or more, 1-2.5 cm. wide, very rough above : panicle of 10—40 ascending or spreading branches : spikelets ovate-lanceolate, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis, 3-4 mm. long, exclusive of the awns, hispidulous, hispid on the nerves, the second and third scales very long-awned, the fourth scale ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. In marshes and ditches, usually near salt-water, New York to Florida. Summer and fall. 30. OPLÍSMENUS Beauv. Perennial grasses, often decumbent and branched at the base, with broad flat leaf- blades and inflorescence composed of spikes, bearing on the lower side scattered clusters of a few spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first and second empty, awned, the first equalling or somewhat shorter than the spikelet, the third scale usually awned, empty, or enclosing a small palet, the fourth one shorter than the others, obtuse, awnless, chartaceous, finally indurate, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct to the base. Stigmas plumose. Oplismenus setàrius ( Lam.) R. & S. Stems prostrate, rooting at the nodes: leaf- blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-6 em. long: panicle 2-8 em. long, its short POACEAE 85 branches erect to spreading : spikelets, exclusive of the awns, 2.5-3 mm. long, the longer awns 6-8 mm. long. In low woods and swamps, Georgia to Texas. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 31. PANICUM L. Annual or perennial grasses, varying much in habit, with elongated or flat and broad leaf-blades, and the spikelets in open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, lance- olate, oblong, ovate to obovate or globose, obtuse to acute or acuminate. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first and second empty, the first usually much shorter than the spikelet, sometimes minute, the third one empty or enclosing a shorter hyaline palet and often alsoa staminate flower ; fourth scale shorter and usually more obtuse than the others, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Herbs, varying in habit. Spikelets disposed singly or in pairs in one-sided racemes, the pedicels short. I. PASPALOIDEA. Spikelets arranged in panicles but not disposed in one-sided racemes, the pedicels short or long. Basal leaf-blades long and narrow, similar to those of the stem: no rosu- late tufts of leaves in the fall: spikelets lanceolate to ovate, usually the former, acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse. Spikelets manifestly tuberculate. II. VERRUCOSA. Spikelets not tuberculate. Basal leaf-sheaths round or but little flattened, not keeled. Fourth scale smooth. Annuals or perennials, if the latter no rootstocks or stolons. III. CAPILLARIA. Perennial by long rootstocks or stolons. Rootstocks and stolons naked or with a few large scales : sandbinders. IV. HALOPHILA. Rootstocks, at least when young, and stolons covered with numerous small broad acute scales. V. VIRGATA. Fourth scale transversely rugose. VI. MAXIMA. Basal leaf-sheaths much crt ahire broad, keeled, often equitant. VII. AGROSTOIDEA. Basal leaf-blades commonly unlike those of the stem, ovate to ovate- lanceolate: perennial by rosulate tufts which form in the fall at the base of the stems: spikelets elliptic to spherical, usually obtuse, some- times acute, never acuminate. s VIII. DICHOTOMA. Much branched shrubs, with broad leaf-blades: spikelets large and turgid, the outer scales woolly-tipped. IX. LATIFOLIA. I. PASPALOIDEA. Fourth scale of the spikelet smooth. Spikelets not ciliate with long hairs, the first scale 14 as long as the spike- let or less, excepting in no. 2. Terrestrial grasses. - Stems prostrate: leaf-blades short, ovate-lanceolate, spreading. 1. P. prostratum. Stems erect: leaf-blades long and relatively narrow, Spikelets obtuse, turgid, the first scale very large, rounded at the apex, more than 1; as long as the spikelet. 2. P. obtusum. Spikelets acute, the first scale small, acute at the apex, less than 15 as long as the spikelet. . P. molle. Aquatic grasses. Spikeléts singly disposed, about 3 mm. long, the first scale rounded or truncate at the He Spikelets in pairs, about 2 mm. long, the first scale acute at the sum- e 4. P. paspaloides. Qr . P. digitarioides. . P. ciliatissimum. Iz] mit. Spikelets ciliate with numerous very ond EN the first'scale narrow and acuminate, nearly as long as the spikelet. Fourth scale transversely rugose: usually the outer scales of some or all of the spikelets with anastomosing veinlets. : sri oo of the panicle terminated by a spikelet, no extension beyond them. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, broadly obovoid, obtuse or acutish, anasto- mosing veinlets numerous and prominent. : 1 7. P. fuscum. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long, acute or acuminate. oval, anastomosing vein- lets few and faint. Spikelets about 4 mm. long, the first scale less Mr their length. 8. P. fasciculatum. Spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the first scale more than 4 their Mag lu 9. P. Texanum. Branches of the panicle extending beyond thespikelets in an awn-like pro- jection. : : : First scale of the spikelet 1-nerved, or sometimes with a faint lateral . nerve on each side. First scale of the spikelet 5-nerved. : Spikelets 2.5 mm. long : leaf-blades usually short. 1 1. P. ramisetum, Spikelets 3.5 mm. long : leaf-blades usually elongated. 12. P. Reverchonii. 10. P. Chapmanii. II. VERRUCOSA. Spikelets about 2 mm. long, the tubercles not hair-bearing. 13. P. verrucosum, Spikelets about 3 mm. long, each tubercle bearing a short stout hair. 14. P. brachyanthum. 86 POACEAE HI. CAPILLARIA. Annuals, Spikelets 3 mm. long or less, lanceolate or elliptic. Leaf-sheaths pubescent. Stems stout : panicle usually included at the base, its many branches repeatedly divided and bearing numerous spikelets. Stems slender: panicle exserted, its few branches but little divided relatively and bearing comparatively few spikelets. Spikelets 2 mm. long, acute. Spikelets lanceolate, about 0.6 mm. wide. Spikelets elliptic, about 0.8 mm. wide. Spikelets 3 mm. long, acuminate. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. First scale about 14 as long as the spikelet. First scale more than 15 as long as the spikelet. Spikelets ovate, the panicle branches ascending: leaf-blades 1.5 dm. long or less. Spikelets lanceolate, the panicle branches very long and wide- spreading: leaf-blades 2.5-4 dm. long. Spikelets 5 mm. long, ovate. Perennials. Spikelets less than 4 mm. long. Pedicels usually not RUD four times the length of the spikelets, often shorter than them. Stems densely tufted, stiff and wiry, slender. Panicle branches appressed. Panicle branches at maturity spreading. Stems single or not much tufted, stout, not rigid and wiry. Spikelets ovate, the panicle branches ascending: leaf-blades 1.5 dm. long or less. Spikelets lanceolate, the panicle branches very long and widely spreading : leaf-blades 2.5-4 dm. long. Pedicels usually many times exceeding the spikelets. Spikelets 5-6 mm. long, acuminate. IV. HALOPHILA. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish. Panicle dense, the spikelets crowded, the first scale of the spikelet acute, about 12 as long as the spikelet. i Panicle long and narrow, loose, the spikelets rather scattered, the first : scale of the spikelet truncate, about 14 as long as the spikelet. Spikelets 5-6 mm. long, acuminate. V. VIRGATA, Stems tall, simple: panicle usually ample. VI. MAXIMA. Tall stout grasses, with large leaves and ample panicles. VII. AGROSTOIDEA. Innovations intravaginal, hence stems tufted; spikelet not oblique to the pedicel, the apex straight, hence equilateral. Fourth scale of the spikelet sessile. Ligule membranous. Panicle ovate, its branches at maturity widely spreading. Panicle oblong, its branches erect. Ligule a ring of long hairs. Leaf-sheaths naked at the apex: panicle branches rigid and spread- ing at maturity. Leaf-sheaths pubescent with long hairs at the apex on the outside : nicle branches long and slender, erect, flexuous. Fourth seale of the spikelet with a distinet slender a Innovations extravaginal, the long stolons stout and scaly: spikelet oblique to the pedicel, the apex decidedly curved, hence inequilateral. VIII. DICHOTOMA. A. Leaf-blades on the stem long and narrow, linear, narrowed at both ends, very different from the early basal ones. a. Leaf-blades erect. Stems 8-14 dm. tall, stout. Stems less than 6 dm. tall, not stout. Primary leaf-blades of the stem usually less than 4 mm. wide, from 25-50 times as long as broad. Stems simple, finally with very short spikelet-bearing basal stems concealed in the leaves: spikelets 2 mm. long or more. Spikelets obtuse, the outer scales as long as or but little shorter than the fourth scale. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, Spikelets 3 mm. long, wit base. Spikelets acute, glabrous, the outer scales manifestly exceeding the fourth scale. Stems finally branching at the nodes, no short basal stems : spike- lets 1.5 mm. long or less. Primary leaf-blades of the stem exceeding 4 mm. wide, often more than 1 em. in width, 20 times as long as broad or less. ubescent. a few scattered hairs near the 29, 105. dA. EUM ex up. E: edt P. P. capillare. Philadelphicum. Gattingeri. flexile. proliferum. Hallii. filipes. miliaceum. stenodes. diffusum. . Hallii. filipes. cognatum. capillarioides. . halophilum. repens. amarum. . virgatum. v marimum. agrostoides. condensum. P. Combsii. . P. pseudanceps. P. stipitatum. rostratum. P. scabriusculum. linearifolium. perlongum. depauperatum. glabrifolium. POACEAE Stems simple, or sometimes sparingly branched at the nodes: eiie usually bright green: hairs on the leaf-sheaths re- exea: Spikelets 1.7-2 mm. long : leaf-blades usually pubescent, some- times nearly glabrous, commonly ciliate on the margins. Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long : leaf-blades glabrous, excepting / sometimes a few hairs on the margin. Stems at length repeatedly dichotomous-branched, forming dense mats : plants grayish green : hairs on the leaf-sheaths, if any, ascending or appressed. Whole plant, excepting the spikelets, glabrous or nearly so, or the sheaths and blades sometimes pubescent. Spikelets broadly obovoid, about 2 mm. long. Spikelets obovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long. Ne lant, including the upper part of the stem, densely villous. b. Leaf-blades widely spreading. B. Leaf-blades of the main stem differing from the above, usually lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sometimes short and linear. Stems simple, or rarelya little branched at the lower nodes, forming dense tufts. Leaf-sheaths hirsute. Spikelets less than 1.5 mm. long. Spikelets exceeding 1.5 mm. long. Leaf-sheaths glabrous, excepting the ciliate margin; blades strongly and beautifully ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, glabrous. yep 1.8-2 mm. long, pubescent. Stems finally branching at the upper nodes (sometimes remaining simple in number 89), often repeatedly branching. * Middle leaf-blades of the main stem less than 1.5 em. in width, usually less than 1 em. wide, the base rounded or truncate, sometimes in the broadest ones cordate. t Leaf-sheaths glabrous or puberulent, the lower ones sometimes with a few scattered long hairs, the margins often ciliate. Stem nearly naked above the base, a single leaf above the mid- dle of the stem. Stems leafy. Nodes barbed. Spikelets glabrous : A little less than 2 mm. long. About 2.5 mm. long. Spikelets pubescent. Nodes naked. Spikelets glabrous. Spikelets less than 1.5 mm. long. Stems densely tufted, less than 3 dm. tall, finally much-branched and prostrate and forming large mats: spikelets about 1 mm. long. Stems exceeding 6 dm. tall: spikelets about 1.3 mm. long. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long. Leaf-blades ciliate with long hairs, at least for the Jower half. Leaf-blades not ciliate. Primary leaí-blades of the stem large, 9-12 cm. ong. Primary leaf-blades of the stem small, rarely ex- ceeding 6 em. long. Leaf-blades widely spreading, thin. Stems remaining erect, branching at the mid- dle, the late state assuming the form of a little tree. Stems becoming prostrate, branching their whole length. Leaf-blades erect: Thin : stems finally much-branched and pros- trate. Ligule membranous, 0.25 mm. long to al- most wanting: spikelets elliptic. Ligule of erect hairs about 1 mm. long: spikelets obovoid. Firm, the basal ones thick and much broader than the upper. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long: Elliptic : stems finally much-branched and prostrate. Broadly obovoid : stems erect. Spikelets pubescent. 2 Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. : Leaf-blades ciliate for at least 14 their length. Panicle ovoid: spikelets few, 1.75 mm. long: leaf- blades small. Panicle oblong : spikelets numerous, 1.3 mm. long: leaf-blades large. ; : Leaf-blades naked on the margins, or sometimes with a few long hairs at the very base. 46. 45. 47. 48. 49, 107. 52. 87 P. laxiflorum. P. pyriforme. P. neuranthum. P. angustifolium. P. consanguineum. P. equilaterale. . P. strigosum. . P. laxiflorum.. . P. polycaulon. . P. ciliatum. . P. nudicaule. . P. barbulatum. . P. nemopanthum. . P. Mattamuskeetense. . P. Baldwinii. 78. P. octonodum. P. Nashianum. . P. Yadkinense. . P. dichotomum. . P. lucidum. . P. lucidum. . P. curtivaginum. . P. Roanokense. P. sphagnicola, P. pernervosum. . P. Nashianum. 91. P. erectifolium. 88 POACEAE Spikelets less than 1 mm. long. Spikelets 1-2 mm. long. Ligule 0.5 mm. long to almost wanting. Blades of the primary stem-leaves, the larger ones, 8-15 mm. wide. Spikelets 1.3 mm. long: basal leaf-blades equalling or larger than those on the stem which are usually 5-7 in number. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long or more: basal leaf- blades smaller than those on the stem whieh usually number 4 or less. Upper surface of the blades very rough. Upper surface of the blades smooth : stems much-branched : sheaths in- flated. Blades of the primary stem-leaves, the larger ones, rarely exceeding 6 mm. wide: With a broad cartilaginous white much- thickened margin. Upper portion of the stem naked. the 2 leaves below the middle. Stems leafy almost to the panicle: leaves usually 3. With no conspicuous white margin. Leaf-blades glabrous on both surfaces. Spikelets barely exceeding 1 mm. long, obovoid: primary leaf- blades 5-7 em. long. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long. elliptie: pri- mary leaf-blades usually less than 5 em. long. Leaf-blades pubescent, at least below. Stems very slender, weak: stem- leaves light green, thin, spread- ing, usually less than 2 em. long. Upper surface of the blades pubes- cent with very long weak hairs. Upper surface of the blades gla- brous. Stem stouter: stem-leaves grayish green, firm, 2-3 cm. long. Ligule of hairs 2-4 mm. long. Leaf-blades glabrous on the lower surface. Plant bright green : panicle broadly ovoid, its branches spreading. Plant grayish green, the leaves purplish: anicle oblong, its branches ascend- ing or nearly erect. Peet pe pubescent beneath with short airs. Stems slender, glabrous. Plant bright green : sheath margin cili- ate with long hairs. Plant (ue que green: sheath margin naked. Stems rather stout, the lower portion densely pubescent with long nearly erect hairs. 2? Spikelets exceeding 2 mm. in length. n leaf-blades elongated, broadly linear, often 2 dm. long and 1.5 em. wide, spreading. Primary leaf-blades lanceolate : Rounded or truncate at the base. Margins ciliate, at least for the lower half. Margins naked, or sometimes with a few hairs at the very base. Leaf-blades spreading: first scale 14 as long as the spikelet, acute. Stems puberulent: primary leaf-blades less than 4 em. long: plant usually purplish. Stems glabrous: primary leaf-blades 5-7 em. long: plant usually green. Leaf-blades erect: first scale 44-14 as long as the spikelet, rounded at the apex. Cordate at the clasping base. Leaf-blades glabrous. sometimes ciliate on the margins. Stems puberulent: blades naked on the margin. Stems glabrous : blades ciliate on the margin. Leaf-blades pubescent. ++ Leaf-sheaths pubescent with long hairs. Spikelets very prin A and sharply nerved, acute: leaf-blades elongated, broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, the larger ones often 2 dm. long and 1 em. wide. eo - 91. 105. E I TE: ej SE: ej TE SU 10 Je BAS 39-5: biden 4 Je ped be SED: p: E E- Wrightianum. erectifolium. sphaerocarpon. inflatum. albomarginatum. trifolium. gracilicaule. . flavovirens. Cuthbertii. ensifolium. glabrissimum., nitidum. paucipilum. nitidum. longiligulatum. . parvispiculum. equilaterale. Nashianum. . P. patentifolium. 101. PD epilifolium. Webberianum. . Ashei. Sa commutatum. P. ovale. v P: scabriusculum. POACEAE Spikelets and leaf-blades not as above, the former obtuse. Spikelets glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. Spikelets 3 mm. long. Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones and those on the branches, densely papillose-hispid. Lower leaf-sheaths with scattered papillae from some of : which arise hairs. Spikelets not exceeding 1.5 mm. long. Leaf-blades pubescent with long weak hairs. Leaf-blades glabrous, or if pubescent the hairs few and : very short. Spikelets densely pubescent. Leaf-blades glabrous on both surfaces, or the lower surface sometimes with a few scattered long hairs. Spikelets 2 mm. long or less. Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, broadest at the mid- dle: spikelets about 1.5 mm. long. Leaf-blades broadest below the middle, long-acumi- nate : spikelets a little less than 2 mm. long. Spikelets about 3 mm. long : Broadly obovoid, turgid. Elliptic, not turgid. Leaf-blades pubescent on one or both surfaces. Spikelets but little exceeding 1.5 mm. long or less. Lower surface of the leaf-blades softly pubescent with usually short hairs,sometimes intermixed with a few stiff ones. Spikelets about 1 mm. long. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long. Upper surface of the leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so, or at first with a few scattered hairs. Leaf-blades See, ciliate on the margin with long hairs. Leaf-blades naked on the margin, or some- times with a few scattered hairs. Upper surface of the leaf-blades strongly pubes- cent, sometimes with long stiff hairs. Stems low, slender, usually 2 dm. tall or less. Stems tall, stout, 4 dm. high or more. Spikelets obovoid, 1.5 mm. long: pubes- cence on the lower surface of the leaf- blades short. Spikelets elliptic, about 1.75 mm. long: pubescence on the lower surface of the leaf-blades longer and villous. Lower surface of the leaf-blades as well as the upper surface pubescent with long usually stiff hairs. Spikelets 2 mm. long or more. Pubescence on the lower surface of the leaf-blades of long stiff spreading hairs. Pubescence on the leaf-sheaths and stems appressed or ascending. Pubescence on the sheaths and stems widely keystore A à Spikelets about 2 mm. long, obovoid. Hairs on the upper surface of the leaf-blades similar to those on the lower surface. Hairs on the upper surface of the leaf-blades mueh longer than those of the lower surface. Spikelets 2.5-2.75 mm. long, elliptic. Spikelets purplish. Spikelets yellow. Pubescence on the lower surface of the leaf-blades of either soft and short or appressed hairs. Upper surface of the leaf-blades glabrous, or at least the pubescence much more scanty than on the lower surface. Stems pubescent below with long stiff appressed or nearly appressed hairs. Leaf-blades naked on the margins : Exceeding 1 em. in width : spikelets about 4 mm. long. Less than 1 em. in width: spikelets 3 mm. long or less. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. Spikelets 3 mm. long. à Leaf-blades ciliate on the margin with Jong hairs. Stems villous below. ; Both surfaces of the leaf-blades pubescent with short hairs. Stems glabrous or nearly so. Stems strongly pubescent. Pubescence minutely villous, or of long and stiff ascending or appressed hairs. 104. 61. 5d 2d 79; 95. 97. 119. mp: D: PE . Helleri. V 72 I I Y P. ID. DP. p P: D. P. F.: E: D. js 89 Scribnerianum. Earlei. curtifolium. Lindheimeri. arenicola. . Seribnerianum. . Helleri. leucothrix. cilioswum. Tennesscense, filiculime. lanuginosum. Thurowii. . unciphyllum. chrysopsidifolium. pseudopubescens. Atlanticum.