A

GRAMMAR

SPANISH LANGUAGE,

PRACTICAL EXERCISES.

THE FIRST PART

Containing essential Observations and Directions with respect to Ancient and Modern Orthography ; A List of the Abbreviations which are frequently found in writing and books ; A Treatise on Pronunciation and Alterations in Orthography, founded upon the latest Rules established by the Academy of Madrid ; Comparative Rulea of the Spanish and English Languages ; A general Scheme of the Terminations of Regular Verbs; An alphabetical List of the Irregular Verbs, conjugated in their order; A Table, illustrating the use of Prepositions in Spanish ; Lists of the Names of different Countries, Islands, Capes, Seas, Rivers, Cities, and Christian Names.

THE SECOND PART

Containing a Collection of Exercises interlined; A Vocabulary; Familiar Phrases and Dialogues; Spanish Extracts; Literary and Mercantile Correspondence and Documents ; A Treatise on Spanish Versification ; and an Appendix upon SER and ESTAR. The whole carefully accented, to facilitate the pronunciation.

BY M. JOSSE.

REVISED, AMENDED, IMPROVED, AND ENLAKGED

BY F. SALES, A. M.,

Instructer of French and Spanish at Harvard University, Cambridge.

SIXTEENTH AMERICAN EDITION.

"PEU DE PRECEPTES, ET BEAUCOUP DE PRATIQUE."

FIRST PART. S

_ _. j^ ,

/ J BOSTON AND CAMBRIDGE: Q

JAMES MUNROE AND COMPANY.

1860.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1837,

BY FRANCIS SALES, in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

NOTA BENE.- The ELEVENTH EDITION of this Grammar has been carefully revised, corrected, and improved with a few additions and alterations.

Cambridge, 1843.

At the Bookstore of the publishers of this Grammar may be found the follow- ing Elementary and Classical Works prepared for students of all classes and ages, by F. SALES, corrected according to the latest rules on Orthography by the SPANISH ACADEMY, the only legitimate standard on this subject, with necessary English notes at the bottom of the pages, and the pronunciation made very easy with a few rules and prosodial accents.

CARTlLLA 6 SILABARIO y METODO PRACTICO de enseiiar a leer,

para los Estados de la America Setentrionil y Meridional. (Spanish

Alphabet and Spelling Book.) 16th edition.

RUDIMENTS of the SPANISH LANGUAGE. 1 small vol. 18mo. COLMENA ESPANoLA, or SPANISH EXTRACTS, with English notes

at the bottom of every page. 1 vol. ISmo. 8th edition. CiRTAS MARRUECAS, or DESCRIPTION of SPANISH CUSTOMS,

MANNERS, INSTITUTIONS, &c., followed by a SELECTION of

POEMS, by CADALSO. 1 vol. 12mo.

FABULAS LITERARIAS de DON TOMAS DE IRIARTE, with Eng- lish notes.

EL SI DE LAS NiNAS, Comedia de DON LEANDRO FERNANDEZ DE MORATiN, with English notes added to this 4th edition. (These two last works in 1 vol. large 18mo.)

EL INGENIOSO HIDALGO DON QUIJOTE DE LA MANCHA, com- pnesto por MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA. Nueva edicion clasic.a, ilustrada con notas historicas, gramat Scales y criticas, por LA ACADEMIA ESPAUOLA, sus Individuos de nuincro Pdlicer, Arrieta y Cleinencin. Retrato de Cervantes, diez ilustraciones de las principatea aventuras de Don Quijote, y un Ma|>a geogralico (pie re|)irscnta lus parages por donde anduvo ; 4a. edicion Americana, en 2 tosnos 12mo.

SELECCIoN DE OBRAS JUAESTRAS DRAMATICAS, con notas, con- teniendo LA ESTRELLA D*E SE VILLA por Fr. Lope Felix de la Vega C:\r- pio; EL PIUNCIFE CONSTANTE, y EL MAGICO PRODIGIOSO por Don Pedro Calderon de la Barca; 3a. edicion mejorada.

TO THE

PATRONS AND LOVERS OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGE

IN THE

UNITED STATES OF NORTH-AMERICA,

THIS SIXTEENTH EDITION,

amended, improved and enlarged,

OF

'a Grammar,

IS

RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,

BY THEIR OBEDIENT SERVANT,

THE EDITOR.

NOTICE.

THIS Grammar is now so well known and its utility so gen- erally acknowledged, that we deem it unnecessary to set forth its peculiar merits by comparisons derogatory to other similar publications. We will just assure the public that this edition has been carefully revised and corrected, and that such ad- ditional improvements have been made as a due regard to the arrangement of the former editions of this work would comport.

Boston, February, 1832.

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE THIRD AND FOURTH EDITIONS.

WE have the satisfaction of announcing to the liberal and enlightened patrons and lovers of the Spanish Language in these United States, that a Third Edition of Josse's Grammar is about to be issued from the press. We will not aver that it is exactly the same in all its parts as the* last Edi- tion, though this had been honoured by flattering commendations ; but we will confidently assert that if the previous Editions merited the approbation of the most competent and respectable judges of similar productions, the present will be found still more deserving of general acceptance.

Every part of the work has been carefully and minutely examined, and such parts as were susceptible of melioration have been assiduously amended.

We will not detail the particulars in which this Edition is superior to the preceding, as it would be a tedious enumeration of corrections and im- provements ; but Instructers and Students will perceive it in almost every page ; especially in the rules and illustrations regarding the use of the Fu- ture and Conditional tenses ; in the degree of perfection to which the Al- phabetical List of the Irregular Verbs has been brought ; in the new lights introduced upon the right use of the Verbs HABER and TENER, SER and ESTAR and other verbs occasionally used as Auxiliaries ; in short, upon every other point which is singular and peculiar to the Castilian tongue.

For the relief of those who may learn by this METHODICAL and PRACTI- CAL SYSTEM, we have thought proper to mark with an, acute accent the vowel of every word in the Grammar on which the stress in pronouncing is laid ; so that, after a few lessons, no uncertainty can remain respecting this important subject.

Boston, IQth August, 1827. — Fourth Edit. 1829.

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION.

GRATEFUL for the approbation that our labours have met with in the rapid diffusion of a large edition of this Grammar, and encouraged by the favourable judgment passed on the theoretical and practical method observed in this elementary work, by the most distinguished philologists and eminent scholars in our country; we now present to the American nation a second edition carefully revised, considerably alter- ed, and improved throughout; particularly in the arrange- ment of the Conjugation of the Irregular Verbs; in giving the English signih'cation of the Table of Prepositions publish- ed by the Royal Academy; in prefixing an Article to every word in the Vocabulary to denote its gender; and in assim- ilating as far as possible the English phraseology to the Spanish, in the Familiar Phrases and Dialogues.

We have enlarged this new edition by the addition of in- teresting Extracts from some of the best Spanish Writers; with specimens of critical, familiar, and commercial Letters; Mercantile Documents; a Treatise on Spanish Versification, translated from the latest Paris edition of Josse's Grammar, and a copious Table of Contents; the whole corrected in conformity to the most recent decisions on orthography of the Spanish Academy.

Our earnest purpose having been to render this publication extensively useful and acceptable to all classes and ages of learners, the public may rest assured that no pains have be.en spared to attain so desirable an object.

Boston, May, 1825.

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FIRST EDITION.

FROM the first appearance in this metropolis of Josse's Grammar, a desire has been entertained of adapting it to the English language; but the little encouragement hitherto promised, in the United States, to an undertaking of this kind, has delayed its execution.

1*

6 ADVERTISEMENT.

This system however has been used, and recommended to such learners of the Spanish Language as were well acquaint- ed with the French, and we have always had the satisfaction to find them well pleased with it, commonly expressing their re- gret, that it had not yet been adapted to the English language.

The recognition of the North and South American Sove- reignties by our Government, has determined us to make the attempt. This glorious act on the part of our nation opens such a boundless field for scientific, political and commercial advantages to the rising generation, that we could not deny ourselves the gratification of aiding the generous purpose by presenting a keij, which will, it is hoped, open an easy way to the attainment of knowledge, honours, and wealth.

The English and Spanish Grammars, which we have hith- erto used, are so irregular and incorrect, that it has required the utmost patience and perseverance of both teacher and pupil to wade through them. To this should be added the enormous price at which they are imported and sold, tending to prevent many a studious youth from .acquiring a language, not only noble and beautiful, but spoken in so many regions of the earth, that the benign rays of the star of day are peren- nially smiling upon and fertilizing some one of them.

This work of adaptation and improvement has been com- menced and finished, at different intervals, in the course of the last season, as our regular occupations would permit. We have endeavoured to perform our task faithfully; should our labour meet with approbation, we shall be rewarded; should a contrary fate await it, we shall console ourselves with the reflection that our motive was good. In the meantime it is requested that all defects which shall be discovered be made known, and any improvements suggested which may occur: so that this grammar in future editions may be rendered as perfect as possible.

We have thought proper, in order to render this work complete, and save an additional expense, to insert the Vo- cabulary and Dialogues of Fernandez at the end of the sec- ond part, altering the orthography according to the latest rules of the Spanish Academy. The object of collections of this kind is to teach the most necessary and usual words and phrases in civil and familiar conversations; a sure method, after passing carefully through the Grammar and Exercises, of learning to speak a foreign language with propriety.

Boston, October, 1822.

ESSENTIAL OBSERVATIONS AND DIRECTIONS.

As we have adopted in our publications the modern system of Orthography of the Spanish Academy, and this may oc- casion some perplexity to the Students who use Neuman and Baretti's Dictionary, which is printed according to the ancient orthography, the following rules must be remember- ed and attended to.

1st. The words that may not be found in the combinations JA, JE, Ji, jo, Ju, GE, GI, should be looked for in the com- binations XA, XE, xr, xo, xu, and vice versa.

2d. The words that may not be found in the combinations CE, ci, may be looked for in the combinations ZE, zi, and vice versa.

3d. The words that may not be found in the combinations CUA, CUE, cui, cuo, will be looked for in the combinations QUA', QjiiE, qiii, QUO.

4th. Those that may not be found in the combinations CA QUE, QUI, will be looked for in the combinations cua, cue. CHI.

5th. Those that may not be found in the combinations os, us, will be found in the combinations OBS, UBS.

6th. Those that may not be found in the combinations ESC, EST, will be found in the combinations EXC, EXT.

7th. Those that may not b^e found in the combination ET, will be found in the combination EFT.

8th. Those that may not be found in the combination TRAS, will be found in the combination TRA.\TS.

9th. Those that may not be found with the suppression of the syllable HA, HE, in the middle of words done for the sake of euphony, as in Jlzar, for Azahdr ; Comprender for com- prehender, &c. they must look into the Dictionary according to the last manner.

10th. Those that may not be found with the letter i, may be looked for with the letter Y.

llth. Those that may not be found with one N, will be found with double N.

12th. Those that may not be found with the letter B, will be found with the letter v, and vice versa.

N. B. In looking for words in the Dictionary, the student should bear in mind that c7i, //, and n are distinct characters from c, I, and n, and that the words with these simple letters must be looked thoroughly through, before finding the words commencing with the above compound characters.

COMMON SPANISH ABBREVIATIONS.

A.C.	Ano Cristiano,	in the. year of Christ.
A a.8	Arroba, or arrobas,	twenty-Jive pounds.
A.s	An os,	years.
A. A.	Autores,	authors.
A. V. E.	A. V.ra Es.civ	to ¥. E.
Adm.or	Administrador,	administrator.
Ag.<°	Agosto,	Jlugust.
Am.0	Amigo,	friend.
Ant.°	Antonio,	Jlnthony.
Ang.°	Angosto,	narrow.
App.c°App.ca	Apostolico, ca,	apostolical.
Art.	Articulo,	article,
Arzbpo.	Arzobispo,	archbishop.
At.0	Atento,	respectful.
B.	Beato	blessed.
B.	Vuelta,	turn over.
Barr.	Barrll,	barrel.
B.«	Bachiller,	bachelor.
B. L. M.	Beso 6 besa las manos,	I kiss, or he kisses the
		hands.
B. L. P.	Beso 6 besa los pies,	I kiss or he kisses the feet.
J£ mo p e	Beatisimo Padre,	most blessed father.
C. A. R.	Cat.0 Ap.co Rom.°	Cath. Jlpost. Rom.
C. M. B.	Ciiyas manos beso,	whose hands I kiss,
C. P. B.	Cuyos pies beso,	whose feet 1 kiss.
Cam.a	Camara,	chamber.
Cap.	Capitulo,	chapter.
Cap."	Capitan,	captain.
Capp.n	Capellan,	chaplain.
Col.	Columna,	column.
Comis.	Comisario,	commissary.
Comp.a	Compama,	company.
Cons.0	Consejo,	council.
Conv.te	Conveniente,	convenient.
C— v.	Cuenta de venta,	Account of sale.
C— C.	Cuenta Corriente	Account current.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Corr.te	Corriente,	current.
C.do	Cuando,	when.
C.to C.ta	Cuanto, ta,	how much.
D.0rD.n D.a	Don, Dona,	mister , mistress.
D. D.*	Doctores,	doctors.
D.ror D.or	Doctor,	doctor.
D.s	Dios,	God.
D.110 dha.	Dicho, dicha,	said, ditto.
Dro.	Derecho,	right or duty.
Dic.re, 10.re	Diciembre,	December.
Doz.	Docena,	dozen.
Dom.° Ecc.° Ecc.a	Domingo, Eclesiastico, ca,	Sunday, ecclesiastic.
Enm.do, vale.	Enmendado,	amended, valid.
En.°	Enero,	January.
Es.mo Es.ma	Escelentisimo, ma,	most excellent.
Es.no p.co	Escribano publico,	Not.y Public.
Fho. fha.	Fecho, fecha,	dated.
Feb." Frz, Frnz.	Febrerpj Fernandez,	February. Fernandez.
Fol.	Folio,	folio.
F.r	Fray,^Frey,	brother of certain relig-
Fran.co	Francisco,	Francis. [ious orders-
Fern/10	Fernando,	Ferdinand,
Gue. or gde.	Guarde,	save, preserve.
Gra.	Gracia,	grace.
Gen.1 or gral.	General,	general.
Id. Yd.	Idem,	ditto.
Igla.	Iglesia,	church.
Il.e	Ilustre,	illustrious.
11. mo 11 nia	Ilustrisimo, ma,	most illustrious.
Inq.or	Inquisidor,	inquisitor.
Intend.16	Intendente,	intendant.
Jhs.	Jesus,	Jesus.
Jph.	Josef, Jose,	Joseph.
Jn.	Juan,	John.
L. L.*	Leyes,	laws.
Lib	Libro,	book.
Lib.9 Ib.	Libras,	pounds.
Lin.	Linea,	line.
Lic.do	Licenciado,	licentiate.

* D. D. stands also for Ddnes, plural of Don. letter of titles indicates the plural number.

The duplication of the initial

10

ABBREVIATIONS.

M. P. S.	Muy poderoso Sefior,	most powerful Lord.
M.e	Madre,	Mother.
M.or	Mayor,	elder, major.
M.s a.a	Muchos an os,	many years.
Mag.d	Magestad,	•Majesty.
Man.	Manuel,	Manuel.
May.mo	Mayordomo,	Steward.
M.°	Medio,	Half.
Mig.	Miguel,	J\fichael.
Minro.	Ministro,	minister.
Mrd.	Merced,	favour, worship.
Mrn.	Martin,	Martin.
Mr as.	Muestras,	patterns.
Mrnz.	Martinez,	Martinez.
Mro.	Maestro,	master.
Mrs.	M.is , Maravedis,	maravedis.
Ms.	Muchos,	many.
MS.	Manuscrito,	manuscript.
MSS.	Manuscritos,	manuscripts.
N. C. M.	Nro. Cat.0 Monarca,	our Cath. Mon.
N.S	Nuestro Senor,	our Lord.
N. S.a	Nuestra Senora,	our Lady.
Nro. nra.	Nuestro, nuestra,	our.
Nov.6 , 9.re	Noviembre,	November.
Obpo.	Obispo,	Bishop.
Oct.re, 8.re	Octubre,	October.
On. onz.	Onza, onzas,	ounce, doubloons.
Ord.11 ord.s	6rden, ordenes,	order, orders.
P. D.	Posdata,	postscript.
P.a q.e	Para que,	for, in order that
P.e	Padre,	father.
P.°	Pedro,	Peter.
P.'	Por,	for, per, by.
P.8	Pies, pesos,	feet, dollars.
P ta	Plata,	fiilver or plate.
p\e	Parte,	part.
P.to	Puerto,	port.
Pag.	Pagina,	page.
Pag.to	Pagamento,	payment.
Pza.	Pieza,	piece.
PI.	Plana,	trowel, page.
Pror.	Procurador,	attorney.
Publ.0	Publico,	public.

ABBREVIATIONS.

11

Prov.or Pral.

mo r\ do

'

QQs.

Q. or q.e

Q! S. M. B. R.1 R.le3 V.on

.

P. M. Fr. R.bi

Rec.°

Resp.

S. S.toS.ta

S. M.

S.r orS.orS.ra

S. S.d

SS. S.re9

S. S. S.

Seb.n

Sep.re or 7.bre

S.ri:i Secret.a

S.° Secret.0

Ser.mo or ma

Serv.°

Serv.r

Spre.

Sig.<«

SS.™ SS.'no

gS.mo p e

SS.'10

S. S. P. P.

S. B. T. S.

Sup.ca

Sup.te

Super.16

S. Y. tJ. O.

Ten.te

Tesor.0

Tom.

Pro visor,

Principal,

Proximo pasado,

Quintales,

Que,

Quien,

Quien sus manos besa,

Real, reales vellon,

Reverendisimo,

Reverendo, reverenda,

Padre maestro fray,

Recibi,

Recibo,

Respuesta,

San 6 Santo, Santa,

Su magestad,

Sefior, Sefiora,

Su Santidad,

Senores,

Su seguro servidor,

Sebastian,

Setiembre,

Secretarla,

Secretario,

Serenisimo, ma,

Servicio,

Servidor,

Siempre,

Siguiente,

Santisimo,

Santisimo(el sacramen-

Santisimo padre, [to)

Escribano,

Santos padres,

Subtenientes,

Suplica,

Suplicante,

Superintendente,

Salvo yerro u omision,

Teniente,

Tesorero,

Tomo,

promsor.

principal.

last past.

quintals.

that.

who.

W. K. Y. H.

real, reales, silver coin.

most reverend.

reverend.

reverend father and

J received. [master,

receipt.

ansiver.

saint, holy.

his majesty.

Sir, Madam.

his Holiness.

gentlemen, Messrs.

your faithful servant.

Sebastian.

September.

secretary'^ office •

secretary.

most serene.

service.

servant.

always.

following.

most holy.. [inent.

the host, the holy sacra"

most holy father.

notary, scrivener.

holy fathers.

sublieutenants.

entreaty, request

petitioner.

superintendent.

errors or omissions cx-

lieutenant. ' [cepted.

treasurer

volume.

12 ABBREVIATIONS.

Tpo.	Tiempo,	time.
Ton.a	Tonelada,	ton.
Tral.	Tribunal,	tribunal.
Usi'a, V. S.a	Vuestra Senoria,	your lordship, honour.
V M.	Vuestra Magestad,	your Majesty.
V. R.	Vuestra Real,	your Royal.
Ult.°	tJltimo,	last.
V. V.«	Venerable,	venerable.
V. A.	Vuestra Alteza,	your highness.
V. B.d	Vuestra Beatitud,	your beatitude.
V. I.	Vuestra Il.raa,	your grace.
V.EorV.Ex.	Vuecelencia,	your excellency.
V. E. E.	Vuecelencias,	your excellencies.
V. G.	Verbi gracia,	for example.
Vm. Vmd.V.	Vuestra, vuesamerced,	you, your worship, your
Vd.*	or usted,	favour.
V. P.	Vuestra Paternidad,	your paternity.
V. R.a	Vuestra Reverencia,	your reverence.
V. S.a, Usia,	V.a Senoria,	your lordship, honour.
V. S. I.	Vuesenoria Ilustrisima,	your most illustrious rev-
V. S.d	Vuestra Santidad,	your holiness, [erence.
y,on	Real vellon,	real of bullion, coin.
Vol.	Volumen,	volume.
V. S. G.	Vuelva si gusta,	please turn over.
Vro. vra.	Vuestro, vuestra,	your.
X.mo	Diezmo,	tenth and tithe.
Xp.to	Cristo,	Christ.
Xpt.no	Cristiano,	Christian.
Xptobal.	Cristobal,	Christopher.

* Aii * is added to these abbreviations when more than one person is addressed; and then they stand lor vuestras mercedes, vu£sa$ mercedes or ustfdes, in th«

nlural

SPANISH GRAMMAR.

INTRODUCTION

GRAMMAR is the art of speaking and writing correctly.

Speaking correctly is to speak according to established rules, as regards both the pronunciation of letters, syllables and words, and the arrangement and combination of these words among themselves.

Writing correctly is to write in conformity to the rules and usage adopted by the best writers.

We shall first consider words as sounds, show the letters that form them, and succinctly give the rules most proper to fix their pronunciation.

Considering them afterwards as signs of our thoughts, we shall examine their nature, and their accidental variations, the order they observe between themselves, and the rules of their union.

Most grammarians treat separately upon the rules of syn- tax. It has appeared to us more methodical, precise and sim- ple, to place these rules in the chapters relating to each kind of words. From this it follows, however, that the examples we give for the understanding of the rules sometimes precede the knowledge, which they suppose of certain parts of speech. But those examples are always accompanied by the transla- tion; which greatly diminishes a slight inconvenience, which a second reading of the grammar will remove, and which is abundantly compensated by the advantage of avoiding fre- quent repetitions and references, a multiplicity of which fatigues and discourages beginners.

14 PRONUNCIATION

CHAPTER I.

OF WORDS CONSIDERED AS SOUNDS.

Words, considered as sounds, are formed of letters and syllables. The only syllables that require explanation are guc,gui; que, qui; we shall speak of them at the letter u, next page, in which all the difficulty lies.

The Spanish language reckons twenty-eight letters. The following is the order and particular denomination o^ these letters :

ALPHABET, Denomination.	a, ah,	b, C, bay, thay,*	ch, d, chay, day,	e, ff, a, a-fav,§
ALPHABET, Denomination.	g,t hay.f	h, at-chay,	l> , J»T *f lj e, Ii6tah,f kah, &-lay,
ALPHABET, Denomination.	a-lee-ay,	m, a-may,	a-nay, ti-nec-ay,	o'
ALPHABET, Denomination.	P> pay*	q, r, s, t, koo, air-ray, a-say, tay,	GO,
ALPHABET, Denomination. FTM i „ ,1	V, X, vay, a-kiss,	e-gree-a-gah,	Z,* thay-tah. X

The Spanish language has five VOWELS, which are o, e, i, o, u. They are called vowels, because they have a pcri'ect sound of themselves, without being joined to other letters.

The other letters are CONSONANTS; they are thus called, because they cannot form a perfect sound without the assist- ance of vowels.

* Pronounced as tha in the English word thane; tk in theft.

§ In pronouncing the letters, lay the stress upon the vowels marked with the acute accent.

f g and j are guttural, and their pronunciation can be learned only from a master; the English combination under them conveys the nearest sound | KISS i Me.

J // and n are pronounced as the liquid / and gn in French; as in Ireille, vine- arbour; rt'gner, to reign; Ex.. in Spanish, avclldna, filbert; guaddfid, sidie.

PRONUXCIATIOX. 15

OF THE PROXUXCIATION OF VOWELS.

A. — This letter is pronounced as ah in English. Ex Jlmar, to love; alba, dawn.

E. — This letter is pronounced as a in the alphabet in En- glish. Ex. Eclipse, eclipse; ve, see thou.

Exceptions. Before n, r, s, z, in the same syllable, e is pro- nounced more open, as in the English words, care, snare. Ex. ver, to see; desden, disdain; verdadero, true ; cspia, spy; rt'r, time. On the contrary, in vcrisimil, probable, and sim- ilar cases, it is close, because e, in this last word, forms a part of the first syllable, and r begins the second.

I. — This vowel is pronounced as e in English, except when it is marked with the acute accent, then it is long, and pronounced like ce in English, as in the words, todavia, yet; arisen, origin; silaba, syllable.

O. — The o is generally pronounced as in English; it is, However, necessary to observe, that it is sometimes open, sometimes close, and sometimes long. It is open, — 1st, — in words of one syllable, when it is not immediately followed by another vowel, and before «, and r at the end of a syllable. Ex. /o, the, it; no, no, not; vos, you; Don, Mister; dolor, grief; amor, love. — 2d. — At the end of words when it is ac- cented; for example, in the third person of the singular of the preterite delinite of regular and several irregular verbs. Ex. Amo, he loved; temio, he feared; sitbio, he went up. And this o must necessarily be distinguished by the pronun- ciation and the accent in the first conjugation, so as not to confound the first person of the present of the indicative dmo, I love, with the third of the preterite definite, amo, he loved. It is close when o ends a syllable of words of two or more syllables; Ex. Doila, Mistress; cache, coach; cochero, coach- man. It is long, whenever it is immediately followed by an- other vowel, as in voy,* go; hoy,* to-day; doy* I give. In other cases it is close.

U. — U is pronounced oo. We except from this rule the syllables qve, qui, ^ue, £w, in which the u is not sounded

Sometimes in the diphthong, £•??<•, gid, the u preserves its sound of oo, as in arguir, to argue ; agiiiro, omen. jVot to k-ave any doubt in this respect, the Spanish Academy writes the u with two dots whenever it must be pronounced oo, so

note at the bottom of the next

16

PRONUNCIATION.

that it is very easy for any stranger to see, at the first glance, the difference of the pronunciation between guerra, war; and vergiienza, shame; seguir, to follow; and arguir, to argue.

Y. — This letter is sometimes a vowel and sometimes a consonant. It is a vowel when it is preceded by another vowel, making with it a diphthong, as in the words ley,* law; Hey* King; muy, very. It is also a vowel, when it is a conjunctive particle. Ex. Pan y dgua, bread and water. In almost every other case it is a consonant, as in sdya, petti- coat; yerro, error; yugo, yoke; SLC.

OF DIPHTHONGS.

A diphthong is the union of two vowels expressing a dou- ble sound, and pronounced by a single emission of the voice these are sixteen in number:

ai or ay.*	ddbais,	you gave	j	hay, —	there is, there are
au.	pdusa,	pause;		causa,	cause.
ei or ey.*	veis, -	you see;		ley, ^	law.
ea.	lined,	line;		Boreas,	Boreas.
to.	mrgineo,	virginal;		cutdneo,	cutaneous.
cu.	deudd,	debt;		deiLdor*-	kinsman.
ia.	grdcia,	grace ;	h	Hu	towards.
1C.	ciclo,	heaven,	i	ciewi^	mud.
10.	pre^io,	price ;	1	?i4ci^j*~	fojol.
iu.	ciuddd,	city;	it	V'tftdo,	widower.
oe.	heroe,	hero;	I	aloe,	aloes.
oi or oy.*	sols,	you are;		voy, *-	I go.
ua.	frdgua,^-ibYge;	1 \	dgua,^.	water.
lie.	dueno,	master;		sueng_,*a*	dream.
ui or uy* uo. T%.T T-» T	drduo,	noise; arduous; i	/	*•"''*'' " *"' muyt .^ muiuo,	very, mutual.

N. B. When in these combinations the i and « are accent- j as in brio, efectua, each vowel forms a distinct syllable.

The TRIPHTHONGS are four:

mi.	precidis,	you value.
ids.	vacitis,	you may empty.
uai, 11 ay *	saniigudis,	you bless.	Paragudy*
uei, uey*	arcri^ifcis,	you may search;	buey, ox.

*'I'lio cusioin of iisinjr the loiter i instead of y as ;i voxvcl is becoming .lore gene- ral. Ex. Riyno, reyndr, urc now fj;*.!t, rcino, reim'tr, $~c.

PRONUNCIATION. 17

OF THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS.

B. — B, in the beginning of a word, is always pronounced as in English. (See Obs. page 20.)

C. — C has the sound of th in English, as in the word thane, before e and i; and fReT sound of k^ before «, o, u. Formerly the c with the cedilla (c) was used, as in capa- to, shoe; cutdno, T such a one; but it is no longer used, and the z has been substituted in its place: thus we now write zap'aTo, zutdno; double cc as in diccion, Jlccion, &.c. pro- nounce dick-tiieon, Jick-thcon.

Ch. — These two letters are pronounced as in English in the word check; as cJiico, small; chocolate, chocolate. In words derived from the ancient languages, it sounds like k, as Charibdis, Mdchisedech. (See Obs. page 20.)

D. — D is pronounced in the beginning of a word, as in English; but when the d is between two vowels, it is as soft asTTie th in the words though, the. Ex. Dado, a dye; dtdp, finger.""it is pronounced lisping at the end of a word, as libertdd, JWadrid. (See Obs. page 20.)

F. — F is pronounced as in English.

G. — G is pronounced as in English before a, o, u. It is guttural before e. i. Ex. muger, woman; chgir, to elect l?elore n it has theTLatin and English pronunciation. Ex. dig- no, woirrny; i)idig-no, unworthy; ig-nordnte, ignorant; emg-r.ia.

II. — The //is mute and only lightly aspirated before we. Ex. hitcvo, eggj'liweso, bone. The Academy suppresses it after the/; and uses/* instead of. ^A. Ex. Filosofia, philosophy; Icdt'ro, theatre •jFlladu'ljia, Philadelphia.

The letter h has been retained in many words, though not pronounced; and in several it has taken the place of the let- ter /, formerly used. Ex. fijo, son ; facer, to do ; fermo- s;'ira, beauty, are now written hijo, hacer, hermosura, kc.

J. — J is pronounced guttural before all the vo-.vels. It is

»rc e and i onlv in the words ,7i/.s/''.9, Jo-irsalen,

and in tho dimirjutives and derivatives of the nuiins

tluit in ja or jo; as pcija. straw; pujila, little

jo, old man ; xiijccilu, little old^man.

18 PRONUNCIATION.

K. — The K is admitted only in foreign words, and is pro- nounced as in English.

L. — This letter is pronounced as in English.

LL. — When // occurs in a word, it is liquid, and pronounc- ed as in the words seraglio and William, in English. Ex. Llciga, wound; lleno, full ; -cabdllo, horse; llegdr, to arrive; Hover, to rain ; lluvia, rain.

M. — M and JV* are pronounced as in English.

N. — JV having this mark ( ~) which the Spaniards call n with tilde, has the same sound as n in onion, minion, &.c. Ex. Senor, Sir ; nincz, childhood ; ensendr, to teach.

P and Q — are pronounced as in English.

R. — R preserves in Spanish its natural pronunciation. Ex. razon, reason ; rico, rich ; and when it is double, both let- ters must be distinctly heard. Ex. cdr-ro, cart ; car-rera, career ; zur-ra, flogging. (See Obs. page 20.)

S. — S is always pronounced hard, like double ss, even be- tween two vowels, as in assembly. Ex. sdbio, wise ; sebo, tallow ; famoso, famous ; esposo, husband ; sosiego, tran- quillity.

T. — -T never loses the sound it has in the alphabet, and is always hard. Ex. tio, uncle ; iia, aunt.

V. — The Spaniards often confound the sound of this letter with that of b; but the Academy disapproves of it, and re- commends that it should be pronounced as the English and French. Ex. valentia, valour ; vclo, veil ; vil, vile ; voluntdd, will; vuelo, flight.

X. — X is pronounced like s when followed by a conso- nant, and it is lightly sounded s when followed by ce, ci. Ex. txfrangero,* cxirdno, excepto, excildr, &c. It is pronounced like ks when it is found between two vowels, as examindr, exisiir, sexo. In a few words ending in x, it is somewhat guttural. Ex. Relox,^ watch; 6007, box-tree; carcdx, quiv- er. (See Obs. page 20.)

N. B The x is not now used as a guttural letter; the j is used in its place before the vowels a, o, it, and the g before c and i. (See Obs. page 20.)

* Now spelt estrnnfff.ro, estrdno, esccpto, escit&r. \ i\ou written reluj, boj, carciij, &c.

PRONUNCIATION. 19

Z. — The Z is only used now before a, o, u, and is pro- nounced like the c before e and i. Ex. zapdto, shoe; zorra, fox: zumo, juice; and is always pronounced lisping after a vowel, as juez, judge; nuez, walnut.

Observations.

1st. The Spanish Academy, conforming to the pronunci- ation, has suppressed double consonants, when one alone is pronounced. In the Spanish books, printed within a few years, the double letters U, ss, ff, bb, Sec. are no longer found, and cc, ?m, rr, only when both consonants are sounded; as in the words acceso, ennoblecer, burro. Double // is to be considered only as the sign of the liquid letter /, and not as a double consonant.

2d. But as Spanish books less modern have not followed fixed rules as respects not only doubling the consonants, but also the orthography, when the pronunciation does not indi- cate it in an evident manner, we inform beginners, — 1st — that

ought to have recourse to the latest Dictionaries, (though it is to be regretted that these have as yet been printed and reprinted in England anid in the United States most careless- ly in this important point of view,) because it may be suppo- sed that their authors have generally adopted the orthogra-

S'iy of the Spanisli Academy; — 2d. — that, in consulting these ictionaries, the scholar should remember, that, if he does not iind the word at the first search, it is because its orthog- raphy has varied, and because the Spanish writers have often confounded, and do sometimes still confound the letters 6 and r; s and c; c and C/A, and sometimes q; c and q in the sylla- bles qua, qite, qiii; c and z; f and /?, in the beginning of a word; i and y: j and /*•, in the syllables je and ji. Some writers use the j entirely for the guttural sound, and never the g nor x; but we follow the decisions of the Academy and not the whims of every schemer. X, having had till lately the guttural sound, was confounded with g, before e, t; and with the j, which is always guttural before all vowels. Instead of looking in the Dictionary for alvedrio, ferttfa, 9, quclndo, ztlo, ch'imia, Sec. he should look for albfdrio, heridot Itjos, citdndo, celo, qniuiia, &.c. (See Syllabical Ta- ble and Observations, page 20. and directions, page 7.)

20

PRONUNCIATION.

TABLE.

										Orthographical alterations made by the Royal Acad-
										emy of Madrid, and
										now generally adopted by
										Spanish, writers.
ba,1	be,	bi,	bo,	bu,	ma,	me,	mi,	mo,	mu,
ca,			CO,	cu,	na,	ne,	ni,	no,	nu,
	ce,	ci,			na,	fie,	ni,	no,	nu,
cha,2	che,	chi,	cho,	chu,	pa,	pe,	PJ>	po,	po,
da,3	de,	di,	do,	du,	qua,5			quo,		cua, cuo,
fa,	fe,	fi,	fo,	fu,		que,	qui,
g»»	ge,	gi,	g°>	g",	ra«	qiie,	qui,			cue, cm,
	o '				rra,	rre,	rn,	1TO,	rru,
	giie,	giii,
ha/	he, ie,	hi, ji,	ho,	hu,	to,	te,	ti,	to,	to,
ka,	ke,	ki,	ko,	KU,	xa,7	xe,		XO,	xu.	ja, ge, gi, jo, ju,
la,	le,	li,	lo,	lu,	xa,	xe,	xi,	x6,	xu,	xa, xe, xi, xo, xu,
Ha	lie	Hi	Ho	llu		ve		vo	vu
					za,	ze,	zi,	zo,