psy ' ' • f • HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology i i I I i PSYCHE A Journal of Entomology Volume 60 1953 Editorial Board Frank M. Carpenter, Editor P. J. Darlington, Jr. Charles T. Brues Joseph C. Bequaert Published Quarterly by the Cambridge Entomological Club Editorial Office; Biological Laboratories Harvard University Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. The numbers of Psyche issued during fhe past year were mailed on the following dates : Vol. 59, no. 4, Dec., 1952: April 27, 1953 Vol. 60, no. 1, March, 1953: June 26, 1953 Vol. 60, no. 2, June, 1953: September 28, 1953 Vol. 60, no. 3, Sept., 1953: January 8, 1954 APR 2 9 1954 PSYCHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Established in 1874 Vol. 60 March, 1953 No. 1 MBS. COMP. 200U UBR&RY JUN 2 6 1953 tmm BW5f£fsnrr TABLE OF CONTEXTS Three New Ants Related to Strumigenys louisianae Roger. W. L. Brown, Jr 1 Observations on the Reproduction of the Giant Cockroach, Blaberus craniifera Burm. W. L. Nutting 6 Nemestrinidae (Diptera) of Iowa and Missouri. J . Bequaert . . 14 On Flanders’ Hypothesis of Caste Determination in Ants. E. 0. Wilson 15 Two New Species of Water Beetles from Florida (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). F. N. Young 21 The Biology of Brachypanorpa (Mecoptera), F. M. Carpenter . . 28 Two New Oregon Chilopods of the Order Geophilida. R. V. Chamberlin 37 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB Officers for 1952-53 President . Vice-President . Secretary . Treasurer . Executive Committee . T. Eisner W. L. Brown, Jr. E. 0. Wilson F. M. Carpenter . H. S. Fuller . S. K. Harris EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE F. M. Carpenter — editor C. T. Brues p. J. Darlington, Jr. J. Bequaert PSYCHE is published quarterly, the ldvTcl"%Tu> fubS!rs and December. Subscription price, ^ $3 35 single copies, 85 cenhs. Club Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, address etc sh?ui"L‘sLrto\irEdftorole="“orP?^ Jboratorles, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. IMPORTANT NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS $10.00 each; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES by the Editor on application. The December, 1952, Psyche (Vol. 59, No. 4) was mailed a\pril 27, 1953 EATON PRESS INC., WATERTOWN, MASS, PSYCHE Vol. 60 March, 1953 No. 1 THREE NEW ANTS RELATED TO STRUMIGENYS LOUISIANAE ROGER! By William L. Brown, Jr. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University In this time of high printing costs, the difficulty of pub- lishing in one large work the results of my studies on the ant tribe Dacetini has forced me to break up what would otherwise be a revision in one piece into many smaller treatments. It is hoped that, with the publication after each large natural group of a concise key and other general information, the effect of a revision within the same covers will be approached. Below are described three new species closely related to Strumigenys louisianae Roger, the latter being a common and well-known form ranging from Tennessee and Arizona south through the West Indies and Central America and reaching Bolivia and northern Argentina. S. louisianae has been known under several names in different parts of its range (S. bruchi Forel, S. infidelis Santschi, S. eggersi cubaensis Mann and S, louisianae, various subspecies and varieties), but all of these names are treated as synonyms in an extended discussion of this form at present in press. A distributional peculiarity of S. louisianae seems to be pointed up by the lack of records from the rainforest areas of the Amazon-Orinoco Basins and from the extensively collected Panamanian localities centering on Barro Colorado Island. The descriptions given are all strictly comparative ones ^ Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 1 2 Psyche [March drawn against S, louisianae. Relationships to other species have not been overlooked, however, as each of the three forms has been compared with all other neotropical species of Strumigenys known to me, both described and unde- scribed, except S. fusca and S. unidentata, two species to be placed among the species inquirendae. The measurements given are stated in the way standard in recent publications dealing with the dacetine ants. Ab- breviations: TL, “total” or synthetic aggregate length of body, including mandibles ; HL, maximum measurable length of head proper; ML, exposed length of mandibles; WL, (Weber’s) diagonal length of alitrunk, lateral view; Cl, cephalic index, or maximum head width expressed as a percentage of hl; mi, mandibulocephalic index, or exposed length of mandibles expressed as a percentage of HL. Material studied originated from, and is redeposited in, the W. M. Mann and National Museum Collections, United States National Museum (USNM) ; Borgmeier Collection, Petropolis, Brazil; series are also placed by exchange in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ). Thanks are due Father Thomaz Borgmeier, Dr. W. M. Mann and Dr. M. R. Smith for the privilege of exam- ining the above-mentioned series. All three species, like S. louisianae, belong to the nomin- ate subgenus of Strumigenys. Strumigenys clasmospongia new species Holotype worker: TL 2.57 mm., HL 0.60 mm., ml 0.39 mm., WL 0.58 mm.. Cl 74, Ml 65. Similar to S. louisianae, but differing in its larger, dis- tinctly more slender body and relatively much longer man- dibles, and also in the following details: (1) Promesonotum with a fine but distinct median longitudinal carinula; lateral carinuliform margins also more distinct, and on each side of the mesonotum forming a low, rounded translucent flange ; posterior to each of these flanges is a second smaller, but similar flange at each pos- terior mesonotal corner. Homologous, but much less dis- tinct flanges may sometimes be seen in S. louisianae workers. 1953] Brown — Strumigenys 3 (2) Metanotal groove as distinct as in S. louisianae or slightly more so; posterior mesonotal region a bit more strongly concave and slightly more distinctly constricted. (3) Petiolar node with a more slender peduncle and the anterior face not so strongly obliquely depressed, the summit rather evenly rounded in profile seen from the side; node only slightly broader than long seen from above. (4) Dorsum of postpetiole for the most part smooth or nearly so, definitely shining. Gastric dorsum at base with a few feeble costulae, basal tergite only feebly reticu- late (covered with a whitish dried film possibly represent- ing a secretion) and with anterior part subopaque, but sides and posterior half moderately but definitely shining. Sculpture over entire body a trifle weaker than in S. louisianae. (5) Pilosity in general a little less abundant and con- spicuous; ground pilosity vestigial on alitruncal dorsum. Color ferrugineous. Holotype (Borgmeier Coll.) taken at Petropolis, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; “gesiebt. Nr. 5884” (T. Borg- meier leg.) Paratypes: 5 workers (Borgmeier Coll., USNM, MCZ) with data as for holotype. TL 2.54-2.76 mm., HL 0.60-0.65 mm., ML 0.39-0.41 mm., WL 0.58-0.62 mm.. Cl 71-76, MI 63-66. Strumigenys producta new species Holotype worker: TL 2.91 mm., HL 0.65 mm., ML 0.45 mm., WL 0.70 mm.. Cl 81, mi 69. Very similar to S. louisianae, but larger, more slender, and with much longer mandibles. Dentition as in S. louisu anae and S. clasmospongia, that is, with a single small preapical tooth and two acute intercalary denticles to the apical fork. Also the following differences from S. louisi- anae : (1) Propodeal spines more slender and acute, rather strongly elevated, divergent, longer than the distance be- tween the centers of their bases. (2) Gastric tergite I with fine basal costulae extending 4 Psyche [March 1/3 its length, remainder of its surface only very feebly and superficially reticulate, definitely shining. (3) Petiole slender, with a long, slender peduncle and subglobose node; posterior spongiform collar vestigial; cariniform. (4) Ground pilosity of alitrunk reduced and mostly inconspicuous. Color light ferrugineous ; appendages, etc. and base of gaster lighter, more yellowish. Holotype (Mann Coll., USNM) one of a series of 15 workers in the type series, taken at Rurrenabaque, Rio Beni, Bolivia (W. M. Mann leg.) Paratypes: (USNM, Coll. Borgmeier, MCZ) Remaining 14 workers of type series, same data. TL 2.85-3.06 mm., HL 0.65-0.70 mm., ML 0.45-0.48 mm., WL 0.69-0.74 mm.. Cl 78-82, MI 69-70. Color varying from yellowish- to medium-ferrugineous. Strumigenys mixta new species Holotype ivorker: TL 2.32 mm., HL 0.54 mm., ML 0.31 mm., WL 0.54 mm., Cl'83, Ml 57. Differs significantly from S. louisianae only in the fol- lowing details: (1) Inner mandibular border with an extra minute denticle slightly basad of the apical third of the ML. (2) Pilosity decidedly narrower and less conspicuous, especially on the posterior cephalic dorsum. Paired, out- standing hairs, one on each lateral occipital border, each humeral angle and each side of the mesonotum are all finely flagelliform, whereas in S. louisianae, the lateral oc- cipital and mesonotal hairs are stiff and spatulate towards their apices. (3) Metanotal groove completely or very nearly com- pletely obsolete; in profile from lateral view, the posterior alitruncal dorsum continuous in outline, not interrupted by the notch at the metanotal groove as in S. louisianae. Color light ferrugineous yellow. Holotype (USNM) one of 15 workers taken at Escuintla, Guatemala (W. M. Mann leg.). Paratypes : 14 workers from type nest series, same data 1953] Brown — Strumigenys 5 as for holotype, and 5 workers from orchid plants (Cattleya bowringeana) shipped from San Jose, Guatemala and in- tercepted in U.S. Plant Quarantine at San Francisco, Cali- fornia (SF 20739 Supl. ; 46-5348). Deposited in USNM and MCZ. tl 2.14-2.49 mm., HL 0.51-0.59 mm., ML 0.28-0.32, WL 0.51-0.60, Cl 80-84, Ml 54-60. The Escuintla (type nest) series is made up of mostly smaller, yellow individuals, while that from San Jose contains workers mostly in the upper part of the size range given and medium ferrugineous or deep burnt-orange in color. Means of dimensions, but not of proportions, differ slightly, but there is also an absolute overlap. The color difference is not considered taxonomically significant in the face of similar variation seen in many other dacetine species. The name mixta re- fers to the intermediate characters, seemingly linking S. louisianae and S. emeryi Mann, but also distinguishing this species from both. OBSERVATIONS ON THE REPRODUCTION OF THE GIANT COCKROACH, BLABERUS CRANIIFERA BURM. By W. L. Nutting Biological Laboratories, Harvard University In his Embryology of the Viviparous Insects, H. R. Hagan (1951) cites nine species of roaches recorded as exhibiting some type of viviparity, or oviparity approaching vivi- parity. Chopard (1950) and Van Wyk (1952) have furn- ished two additional examples of viviparous blattids. Much of the evidence for viviparity has been indirect; that is, it has been based on dissections of gravid females, while in scarcely half the cases has the birth process actually been witnessed. Among the species mentioned by Hagan are the West Indian Blabera fusca Brunner (Saupe, 1929), and a Bolivian Blabera species (Holmgren, 1903). (Blabera fusca Brunner can probably be referred to craniifera Burm. according to Rehn and Hebard (1927).) Over the past seven years I have had the opportunity to observe rather closely a flourishing culture of Blaberus craniifera Burm., originally started from Florida specimens by Prof. C. T. Brues. (This roach is limited to Cuba in the West Indies and ranges from southern Mexico to British Honduras on the mainland; it has undoubtedly been introduced to Key West from Cuba.) During this period I have found newly hatched nymphs dozens of times, but only recently have I observed parturition itself. Before recounting this event, it seems appropriate to include available information on mating, the little-known spermatophore, and other relevant details on the reproductive habits of this large laboratory roach. Blaberus is rarely active during the daytime, even in the laboratory, and I have never seen courting behavior. How- ever, Saupe (1929) described the one case of love play and copulation for B. fusca which he observed during daylight. The actions were generally much like those detailed for 6 1953] Nutting — Reproduction in Blab er us 7 some of the more common roaches (see Roth, 1952), except that no dorsal glands are known which attract and engage the female as in Blattella. The male vibrates his antennae and goes through brisk quivering motions, sometimes raised up on his legs. After contact stimuli from the interested female he raises his wings, while the female advances over his abdomen as far as his raised wings to the “female supe- rior pose”. As the male makes contact with the female’s genitalia, they simultaneously turn in opposite directions to complete copulation in the “false-linear position” which is typical for the roaches. The pair observed by Saupe re- mained together for 80 minutes, but I have noted many pairs together for four hours and more which is much longer than is usual for most roaches. Many texts list the occurrence of spermatophores in cer- tain members of the Thysanura, Odonata, Neuroptera, Lep- idoptera, Coleoptera, and several subgroups of the Orthop- tera. Until recently, oddly enough, it was not generally known that this method of sperm transfer is also used by at least some of the blattids. Zabinski (1933) first described and figured the spermatophore for Blatta orientalis, while Qadri (1938) reported some conflicting observations on spermatophore formation for the same species. Hagan (1941) mentioned the genital pouch as a receptacle for the spermatophore in Diploptera, but did not describe it. The spermatophore of Periplaneta americana was de- scribed and figured in position by Gupta (1947). The formation of the spermatophore of Blattella germanica is described and discussed by Khalifa (1950). Roth (1952) presented notes on the spermatophores of Blattella, Blatta, and Periplaneta. Recently Van Wyk (1952) described the spermatophore of Leucophaea maderae. The present obser- vations on Blaberus now make a total of five subgroups of the Blattaria which are known to form spermatophores. This strengthens Khalifa’s presumption that spermato- phores are of general occurrence among the roaches. Figs. 1 and 2 show the position of the spermatophore (Sph) in Blaberus shortly after copulation. The freshly deposited spermatophore is a tailed, pearly-white spheroid, about 3.5 mm. in diameter. A clear, jelly-like mass fills 8 Psyche [March the vestibule (Ve) and cements (stippled area) the sperm- atophore into the genital pouch. According to Qadri the spermatophore of Blatta contains a number of sperm cap- sules, while Khalifa and Van Wyk described two sperm sacs in those of Blattella and Leucophaea. In Blaberus the spermatophore is irregularly divided into a small and a large compartment, while two sperm ducts lead from the larger one to oppose the spermathecal orifices. Whereas most of the roaches previously noted have not retained their spermatophores longer than 24 hours before dropping them, one Blaberus female was noted to retain her sperma- tophore intact for five days, when on the sixth day a mass of chalky fragments and greyish jelly was observed in her genital pouch. As in the other roaches which retain their eggs for a considerable time, the ootheca resembles a thin, transparent plastic bag drawn tightly about the eggs. It is quite smooth and, as it varies in thickness, a dull ochreaceous to a bright chestnut in color. A point which has previously been over- looked in Blaberus is that the ootheca is not complete, so that the micropylar end of each egg is plainly visible through a slit usually wider than one egg. The extremely delicate ootheca of Diploptera as described by Hagan, never covers more than half of each oocyte, and may not even cover the older eggs. Although Blaberus does not approach this extreme, the pro- and mesothorax of each embryo are virtually free of the ootheca shortly before birth. This open type of ootheca may be of some importance to embryonic respiration within the brood pouch as suggested by Hagan. The elaborate arrangement of air tubes through the keel of the conventional armored roach ootheca (Lawson, 1951) Explanation of Plate 1 Fig. 1. Blaberus craniifera Burm. Ventral dissection of female repro- ductive system showing spermatophore (Sph) cemented (stippled area) into the genital pouch over the gonopore. The posterior ventral wall of the genital chamber has been removed. Pig. 2. Sagittal section through region shown in Fig. 1. AG, accessory gland; An, anus; BrS, brood sac; C, colon; Od, oviduct; Ov, ovary; Ovp, ovipositor; R, rectum; S, sternite; Sph, spermatophore; T, tergite; Ve, vestibule; Vul, vulva. Psyche, 1953 VoL. 60, Plate 1 Nutting — Blaberus craniifera 10 Psyche [March would certainly be unnecessary, if not actually impractical here. One of the largest oothecae I have seen contained 45 eggs and measured 8 x 35 mm., while an unusually small one containing 23, probably from an old female, measured 4 x 16 mm. The average number of eggs found in 14 oothecae was 36.4. Saupe (1929) gave an average of 23.25 eggs for 8 oothecae, ranging from 11 to 38 per ootheca in B. fusca. Stewart (1925) reported an ootheca 14. x IV2 inches con- taining 44 eggs from a specimen of B. ciibensis Saussure. (Rehn and Hebard (1927) refer this species to B. discoidal- is Serville.) Two oothecae of the Central American B. trapezoideus Burm. measured 7 x 35 and 4.5 x 31 mm., and contained 40 and 41 eggs respectively. Diploptera, which has been more thoroughly studied than any of the viviparous roaches, exhibits a pseudoplacental type of vivi- parity and forms an ootheca normally containing but 12 eggs. All other known viviparous roaches produce many more eggs at a time, the numbers per ootheca generally falling within the limits reported for these three species of Blaberus. While in the brood sac, all the eggs in an ootheca have the micropylar ends directed toward the left. The smallest eggs found in newly formed oothecae measured 1.7 - 2.0 x 4.5 - 5.0 mm. ; the largest, shortly before hatching, 2.5 x 8.2 mm. In the young germ band stage the pleuropodia re- semble short, thick-stalked, immature mushrooms, and pro- ject back to the posterior margin of the second abdominal segment. In the chitinized embryo, shortly before they are resorbed, they appear as long, thin-stalked mushrooms ex- tending to the middle of the third abdominal segment. They consist of a base and bulb only; there is no evidence of any pleuropodial extension as found in Diploptera. The eggs contain a large amount of yolk, and a considerable amount is present shortly before hatching. In the absence of any embryological studies on Blaberus, little more can be said concerning embryonic nutrition ; it does not seem likely that the mother provides any more than the original yolk. Many times I have seen females with a newly formed 1953] Nutting — Reproduction in Blaberus 11 ootheca protruding about two-thirds of its length from the brood sac. Some of these females were segregated, and their oothecae were usually completely returned into the brood sac within a short time. This act apparently signals the completion of an ootheca and the beginning of the incubation period, as has been observed in Gromphadorhina by Chopard (1950). Neither the duration of gestation nor the span of female reproductive life is known for any of the species of Blaberus, although the former may last for more than two months. Females sometimes discard an ootheca; this has occurred most notably after the roaches have been disturbed and handled during cage-cleaning. Except in two cases noted below, none of these oothecae has been known to hatch. Recently a relatively inactive female was found with about half the length of her ootheca extruded from the brood sac. At least the pro- and mesothorax of each visible embryo were free of the ootheca. The ensuing events of hatching were observed under a low-power dissecting micro- scope. All of these embryos were rapidly swallowing air, and the bubbles could easily be seen passing through the head capsule into the enlarging crop. Within 2 or 3 min- utes the embryonic cuticle on one individual had split; after 60 to 90 seconds, with some side to side struggling, it was free. Although the abdominal movements of the female indicated that she was trying to expel the ootheca, she was unable to extrude more than three-fourths of its length. I therefore removed the egg case, and within 10 minutes all but four unfertile eggs had hatched. On becoming free the embryos gradually stopped swal- lowing air; at this point they were cylindrical and about 10 mm. long. They began telescoping their abdominal seg- ments and within a few seconds they had assumed a flat- tened roach-like appearance measuring about 7 mm. long. The air is probably expelled through the mouth. The young roaches do not leave the mother but swarm over the ootheca practically consuming it in a short time. Saupe (1929) suspected the mother of devouring the oothecal remains. A degree of maternal solicitude is exhibited by this roach, for many times I have observed the female to remain 12 Psyche [March motionless for an hour or more with her unpigmented brood clustered around and beneath her body. The nymphs are completely pigmented in about 6 hours. I have recorded the next molt as occurring within 15 to 36 days for four different broods. Although deposited oothecae generally do not hatch, a mature one, picked up two days after the cage had been cleaned, did hatch after considerable handling. While ex- amining another ootheca six days after its deposition, it was noted that the embryos were swallowing air. Slight pressure on the ootheca while held between the fingers finally resulted in the successful hatching of 14 normal nymphs. Two more nymphs were obtained from this same ootheca upon considerable manipulation ten days after its deposition. On numerous other occasions mature oothecae have been kept in humid petri dishes for two or three weeks without hatching. The hearts of these embryos continued beating until they finally died from mold or desiccation. These observations strongly suggest that the pressure exerted by the female on the ootheca during ex- trusion supplies the necessary hatching stimulus. Unless some such stimulus is applied to initiate the air-swallowing, mature embryos remain helplessly encased until death. The fine line separating ovoviviparity from viviparity seems to be whether or not the embryos hatch before deposi- tion. By strict definition, this single reported observation on the birth of Blaherus nymphs would qualify it as an ovovi- viparous insect. Many more observations would be required to determine whether the female generally retains the ootheca while the majority of the embryos hatch; it ap- pears to me quite impossible for the event to take place within the confines of the brood sac itself. Although this categorizing is relatively unimportant, the features which place this fine laboratory insect between the more common oviparous roaches and the viviparous Diploptera are worth noting. The ovarioles have not been reduced in number (16 to 23 per ovary as opposed to 6 in Diploptera) y and the ac- cessory glands are not as highly modified as in Diploptera. Even though each ootheca contains a large number of eggs. 1953] Nutting — Reproduction in Blaberus 13 the period between oothecae may be measured in weeks rather than in days as in Periplaneta (Gould and Deay, 1940). The brood sac is very large, and the development of the genital pouch approaches that of Diploptera. Lastly, the ootheca is soft, thin, and open, and is retained in the brood sac until hatching. In summary, the major modifi- cations toward viviparity in Blaberus have occurred in the mother and not in the embryo. Bibliography Chopard, L. 1950. Sur I’anatomie et la developpement d’une blatte vivipare. Proc. 8th Int. Cong. Enit. Stockholm, 218-222. Gould, G. E. and H. O. Deay 1940. The biology of six species of cockroaches which inhabit build- ings. Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 451, 31 pp. Gupta, P. D. 1947. On copulation and insemination in the cockroach Periplaneta americana (Linn.). Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, 13:65-71. Hagan, H. R. 1941. The general morphology of the female reproductive system of a viviparous roach, Diploptera dytiscoides (Serv.) . Psyche, 48:1-9. 1951. Embryology of the viviparous insects. New York, Ronald Press. 472 + xiv pp. Holmgren, N. 1903. Ueber vivipare Insecten. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst., 19: 431-468. Khalifa, A. 1950. Spermatophore production in Blattella germanica L. (Orthop- tera:Blattidae) . Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, 25A:53-61. Lawson, F. A. 1951. Structural features of the oothecae of certain species of cock- roaches (Blattidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 44:269-285. Qadri, M. a. H. 1938. The life-history and growth of the cockroach Blatta orientalis Linn. Bull. Ent. Res., 29:263-276. Rehn, J. a. G. and M. Hebard 1927. The Orthoptera of the West Indies: Blattidae. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 54:pp.257-262. Roth, L. M. and E. R. Willis 1952. A study of cockroach behavior. Amer. Mid. Nat,, 47:66-129. 14 Psyche [March Saupe, R. 1929. Zur Kenntnis der Lebensweise der Riesenschabe Blahera fusca Brunner und der Gewachshausschabe Pycnoscelus surinamensis L. Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent., 14:461-500. Stewart, A. M. 1925. Blahera cuhensis (Orthoptera) and its odtheca. Entomologist, 58:57-58. Van Wyk, L. E. 1952. The morphology and histology of the genital organs of Leiico- phaea maderae (Fabr.) (Blattidae, Orthoptera) . J. Ent. Soo. S. Africa, 15:1-62. Zabinski, J. 1933. Fonotionnement des diiferentes parties des appareils copula- teurs chitines males et femelles de la Blatte (Periplaneta orientalis L.) . C. R. Soc. Biol., 112:598-602. Nemestrinidae (Diptera) of Iowa and Missouri. — A small collection recently sent by Mr. Jean L. Laffoon, at Iowa State College, contains a male of N eorhynchocephalus sackenii (Williston) collected at Sioux City, Woodbury Co., Iowa, June 10, 1949, by J. A. Slater and J. L. Laffoon. It was taken immediately above the mouth of the Sioux River, on top of the loess hills which border the Missouri River in western Iowa. Mr. Laffoon points out to me that this area contains some plants and animals ordinarily found only farther west. It is the first record for any of the Nemestrinidae in Iowa. Specimens of N. sackenii were also collected at Washington University Farm, 7 miles southwest of Clarksville, Pike Co., Missouri, by Mr. Robert A. Dietz, of the University of Tennessee. N. sackenii is now recorded from British Columbia and the states of Washington, Oregon, Montana, California, Idaho, Wyom- ing, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas, Okla- homa, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Michigan, and Illinois. I have seen specimens from Huachuca Canyon, Cochise Co., Arizona, August 17, 1950 (R. L. Langston). It is remark- able that there are as yet no records from Mexico. — J. Bequaert, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. ON FLANDERS’ HYPOTHESIS OF CASTE DETERMINATION IN ANTS* By Edward 0. Wilson Biological Laboratories, Harvard University S. E. Flanders (1945, 1952) has recently advanced a hypothesis concerning caste determination in ants which has gained wide recognition. According to Flanders, the nutritive material available to the female embryo in the egg determines the developmental path it will follow as a larva, producing finally a queen or one of the worker subcastes. The available nutritive material is assumed to be a function of the degree of ovisorption, since this has been shown to be the basis of discontinuous variation in several terebrant Hymenoptera. The degree of ovisorption in turn is assumed to be a function of one or more environ- mental influences affecting the queen. One of the ways the environment can act is through its effect on the rate of oviposition, which is probably inversely related to the degree of ovisorption. What appears to be the crux of Flanders’ hypothesis is stated as follows in his 1952 paper: “Since the worker caste is characteristic of all non-parasitic ants, irrespective of the wide variation in the larval nutrition of the various species, it is evident that any trophic influence on caste formation must be made effective through an agency com- mon to all ant colonies. Such an agency is most likely to consist of a set of conditions resident in the queen. Morph- ological differentiation would be initiated therefore prior to egg deposition.” * Dr. Flanders has recently published the paper read at the December 1952 meeting of the American Section of the Internaitional Union for the Study of Social Insects (Scientific Monthly, 76: 142-148, 1953). This contains an extensive elaboration of his hypothesis, wifih heavy emphasis on examples drawn from the terebrant Hymenoptera, but presents no new experimental evidence bearing on ants and does not take into account the objections raised by myself at the original read- ing and presented once again in the following paper. 15 16 Psyche [March From the onset this line of reasoning appears weak, since it is obvious that the environment of the ovary is by no means the only condition affecting individual develop- ment which is common to all ant colonies. Colonial organi- zation and the details of individual postembryonic develop- ment are fundamentally the same for all ants and are amenable to the establishment of any number of physio- logical mechanisms controlling caste differentiation. To settle on one specific mechanism without supporting evi- dence is to engage in almost pure speculation. Since a great deal of new information bearing on this subject has been brought to light in the past decade, a reevaluation of Flanders’ suggestions and of the literature pertinent to them is warranted at the present time. One does not need to look far to find that Flanders’ hypothesis is contravened by a considerable body of evi- dence, much of it resting in the literature. While it is pos- sible that the differences in yolk content which are pre- sumed to underlie caste differentiation may be so subtle as to escape the eye of the casual myrmecological observer, it still should be taken as significant that variation in egg size and content have rarely been recorded in the liter- ature and then have been shown definitely not to correlate with caste differentiation (Eidmann 1931, Ledoux 1950). Some effort has actually been made to demonstrate caste differences at the level of the egg, as in the work of Bhat- tacharya (1943) on Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius), but with negative results. Direct evidence against the hypothesis may be supplied by the work of Ledoux (1949, 1950) on Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille). In this species the workers act as supplementary reproductives and can produce males, queens, and major and minor workers with equal facility. Two sizes of eggs are laid, averaging in length 0.6 mm and 1.1 mm respectively. The larger size yields males, the smaller, any of the three female castes. The fecundated female, on the other hand, lays eggs all of the same size, averaging 1.2 mm in length, from which proceed either workers (at least) or males. Ledoux has offered the logical explanation that the smaller worker eggs produce females and not males, as would be expected 1953] Wilson — Caste Determination 17 from unfertilized eggs, because they are laid prematurely and at least some time before the first meiotic division. But whatever the explanation, the important point con- sidered here is that workers can develop from eggs of either of the two different sizes, whereas queens develop from at least the smaller of the two sizes. While it is true that the size of the Oecophijlla egg may not absolutely determine yolk content, yet it seems very probable that the differences in yolk content between two such markedly distinct egg sizes would greatly outweigh the very slight differences that must be assumed to determine caste in the worker- laid egg if Flanders’ hypothesis is correct. The preponderance of available evidence seems to in- dicate that the caste of female individuals is determined in the larval period, without regard to the original condi- tion of the egg. The work of Wesson (1940), Goetsch (1937) , and many others in the past half century has shown that larval feeding plays a major role; an excellent review of this work is presented by Light (1942-43) . Gregg (1942) has shown that the major-minor ratio in colonies of Pheid- ole morrisi Forel affects significantly the ratio of these castes appearing in the brood, and he has offered as the simplest explanation that this condition originates through trophic influences, possibly ectohormonal, on the develop- ing larvae. Recently, Brian (1951) has outlined his pre- liminary results from current work on caste determination in Myrmica ruhra L. The threshold for queen-worker divergence is reported to be in the larval period; in order to attain queenness an overwintering larva must reach by a certain time a weight of about 6.5 milligrams. It must then race to reach another threshold in order to become a fully developed queen; if it fails, it ends its development abnormally small or as an intercaste. Ledoux (op. cit.) presents convincing evidence that in Oecophylla longinoda the threshold for queen-worker divergence is in very early larval life, while the threshold for major-minor divergence is at some time in the second larval stadium. In the work of both Brian and Ledoux it is especially noteworthy that larval nutrition and larval size are apparently the major factors involved. 18 Psyche [March The present writer (Wilson 1953) has shown that all stages of polymorphism in ants can be explained on the basis of simple or modified adult allometry and correlated changes in the frequency distribution of size. The greater part of the differential growth underlying this allometry must occur no sooner than the prepupal stage, when the gross adult form is laid down by the proliferation and deployment of the pupal hypodermis. Certain finer details of allometry may not become apparent until later at the onset of adult development. The allometric character of the castes is obscured in the case of complete dimorphism, or queen-worker and major-minor segregation, in which the intermediates drop out and the log-log allometric re- gression curves of the two castes become disaligned. Di- morphism can be explained simply on the basis of abrupt changes in the specific growth rates of the imaginal discs of various organs at critical sizes or under certain physio- logical influences, a phenomenon which has been demon- strated to be fundamental in the ontogenetic growth of many other groups of animals (Teissier 1934, Yasumatsu 1946). Queen-worker divergence, preceding in ontogeny the allometric differentiation of the worker subcastes, prob- ably is initiated at a critical time by the fixing in the imaginal discs of one of two alternative specific-growth-rate potentials ; this is attended by an approximate regulation of the course of larval development. A second threshold of this type may be introduced at a later stage of larval development in the case of major-minor dimorphism. As stated previously, the important specific-growth-rate po- tentials are completely expressed only at or after the onset of pupal development prior to the last larval ecdysis. This means that differentiation of female castes at all levels is probably a function of size, whether in the attainment of a threshold size in larval development, in the case of di- morphism, or in the relation of gradient allometric growth to the total size reached at the termination of larval develop- ment, in the case of the more elementary stages of poly- morphism. If an attempt is made to fit Flander’s hypothesis to this concept, it seems to force the proposition that the nutritive 1953] Wilson — Caste Deter minatioyi 19 material in the egg determines caste by predetermining exactly the size reached by a larva at various stages of its development. Such a proposition would be wrong, of course, since it is a commonly observed fact that the growth of larvae can be changed greatly by simply varying the amount and kind of food supplied the colony. It appears to the present writer that Flanders’ explanation has a good chance of holding only under certain conditions of com- plete dimorphism. It is not impossible that in extreme cases the critical developmental time mentioned above can be pushed back in ontogeny all the way through the larval period and to the embryonic period within the egg, so that the imaginal disc potentials are already fixed at the time of eclosion from the egg. On the other hand, ovisorption might exercise a subsidiary infiuence in caste determina- tion by statistically affecting the chances of a larva attain- ing the important size levels during its growth; existing data on larval development are not complete enough to evaluate this particular aspect. Whether ovisorption ever actually plays these two roles remains to be seen, but at the present time this outstanding fact must be accepted: there is no direct evidence upon which to base such an assumption. Literature Cited Bhattacharya, G. C. 1943. Reproduction and caste determination in aggressive red-ants Oecophylla smaragdina Fab. Bose -Research Institute, Calcutta. Brian, M. V. 1951. Caste determination in a myrmicine ant. Experientia, 7: 1-4. Eidmann, H. 1931. Die Koloniegriindung von Lasius flavus F. nebst weiteren Untersuchungen tiber die Koloniegriindung der Ameisen. Biol. Zentralbl., 51: 657-677. Flanders, S. E. 1945. Is caste determination in ants a function of the rate of egg deposition? Science, 101: 245-246. 1952. Ovisorption as the mechanism causing worker development in ants. Jour. Econ. Ent., 45: 37-39. Goetsch, W. 1937. Die Entstehung der “Soldaten” im Ameisenstaat. Naturwis- sensch., hrsg. A. Berliner, 25: 803-808. 20 Psyche [March Gregg, R. E. 1942. The origin of castes in ants with special reference to Pheidole morrisi Forel. Ecology, 23: 295-308. Ledoux, a. 1949. La ponte des ouvrieres de la fourmi fileuse Oecophylla longinoda (Latr.). C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 228: 1154-1155. 1950. Recherche sur la biologie de la fourmi fileuse (Oecophylla longinoda Latr.). Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 12: 312-461. Light, S. F. 1942-1943. The determination of the castes of social insects. Quart. Rev. Biol., 17: 312-326; 18 : 46-63. Teissier, G. 1934. Dysharmonies et discontinuities dans la croissance. Herman and Co., Paris. 39 pp. Wilson, E. O. 1953. The origin and evolution of polymorphism in ants. Quart. Rev. Biol., in press. Yasumatsu, K. 1946. Some analyses on the growth of insects with special reference to a phasmid, Phraortes kumamotoensis Shiraki (Orthoptera) . Jour. Dept. Agric. Kyushu Imp. Univ., 8: 1-579. TWO NEW SPECIES OF WATER BEETLES FROM FLORIDA (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE)* By Frank N. Young The two new species of Dytiscidae described below were encountered during the course of the writer’s investigations of the species comprising the genera represented in the Florida fauna. The new Hydrovatus is remarkable in that it is apparent- ly confined to the peninsular region of Florida and may represent an endemic form originally isolated on the Pleis- tocene Islands. Examination of the type of Hydrovatus indianensis Blatchley convinces me that it is not that species although the two are similar. The occurrence of “giant” forms within the limits of the populations of H. pustulatus Melsheimer and compressus Sharp respectively suggests the possibility that they may represent mutant or even polyploid species. The new Copelatus has stood on our lists for many years as C. dehilis Sharp, but a comparison of Blatchley’s speci- mens with true dehilis indicates that the two are distinct. The form is probably not restricted to the Florida Keys, unless those islands represent the remnants of a land mass more ancient than we now suspect. Hydrovatus peninsularis sp. nov. Diagnosis : A moderately large, dark colored Hydrovatus resembling in general H. indianensis Blatchley, but differ- ing from that species in color pattern and in punctation. From H. major Sharp or horni Crotch it differs in lacking conspicuous sulci on the sides of the el3rtra. From H. pustu- latus Melsheimer and compressus Sharp it differs in its * Contribution No. 513 from the Department of Zooloigy, Indiana University. Aided by a grant from the National Science Foundation and published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 21 22 Psyche [March larger size, different coloration, and in the structure of the male genitalia. Total length ranges from 2.9 to 3.1 mm.; greatest width from about 1.9 to 2.1 mm. Average size based on measurements of eight specimens about 2.98 by 1.96 mm. H. compressus, the only species so far taken in company with peninsularis , averages about 2.31 by 1.58 mm. Peninsularis may represent a form of indianensis, but that species is still so rare in collections that I have had no material available for comparison except the unique female type. Holotype male: Form broadly oval, nearly hemis- pherical. Outline of body when viewed from above broadest at base of elytra, not much narrowed anteriorly, but nar- rowing posteriorly from the humeri with a slight sinuation near the middle of the elytra beyond which the elytra narrow again to the acuminate tips. Strongly convex above and below. Total length 2.92 mm. ; greatest width 1.98 mm. Width at base of pronotum 1.81 mm.; width at apex of pronotum 1.13 mm.; length of pronotum at midline 0.76 mm. Length from base of prosternal process to apex of coxal lamina 1.43 mm. Width between eyes 0.73 mm. Head: Microreticulate with some irregularly spaced, moderately fine punctures. (Coarser punctures along inner margin of eyes and on front in usual position for genus.) Clypeus inconspicuously margined. Microsculpture of vertex with meshes regular and rather deeply impressed. Pronotum: Microsculpture much as on head. Punctation much coarser than on head, coarse and dense along anterior and posterior margins but somewhat finer and sparser on disk and toward sides. Punctures at apex and base of pronotum with some tendency to coalesce to form vermiculate sculp- ture. Elytra : Microsculpture less deeply impressed than on either the head or the pronotum (surface appearing more strongly polished). Punctation coarser than on pro- notum and arranged in roughly regular rows or striae running from base toward apex. (Three striae of hair bearing punctures vaguely discernible on each elytron). Apices and lateral margins of elytra less densely and more finely punctate than disk. A number of coarse punctures extending posteriorly from the humerus of each elytron 1953] Young — Water Beetles 23 apparently occupy the same position as the sulcus seen in major and horni. Below these punctures there is a vague longitudinal ridge above the epipleura. Venter: Metas- ternum slightly more coarsely and irregularly punctate than the elytra. Hind coxal plates with very large punctures separated from one another by less than their own diameter and in part confluent (punctures much coarser than those of elytra; about as coarse as those of elytra in indianensis) . Two basal abdominal sternites with a few coarse punctures ; other sternites with microsculpture but not conspicuously punctate (two basal abdominal sternites very coarsely and confluently punctate in indianensis). Terminal abdominal sternite mucronate but without a median ridge (with a blunt projecting ridge and not strongly pointed in the female type of indianensis). Epipleurae with some coarse, irregularly spaced punctures. Anterior and middle tarsi: Moderately strongly dilated. Anterior protarsal claw slightly broader and blunter than its fellow. Genitalia: Similar to those of compressus and pustulatus, but with the parameres more evenly rounded at the tips, and with the aedeagus with the constricted apical portion relatively longer, stouter, and less strongly curved down at the tip. Color: Head nearly uniformly reddish brown. Pronotum with disk dark reddish brown and the lateral margins lighter; base and apex somewhat darker, but no lighter cross-bar between them as in indianensis. Elytra dark red- dish brown, each with a transverse sub-basal yellowish brown spot which reaches the lighter margin at the side but does not attain the suture, a postmedian yellowish brown spot, and the apices yellowish brown. Venter red- dish brown with the metasternum and hind coxal plates darker. Color pattern similar to that of indianensis but differing in the narrower sub-basal spot and the larger postmedian spot, as well as in the lack of a light cross-bar on the pronotum. Allotype female: Similar to the male but somewhat more regularly oval, somewhat darker in general color, the elytra less polished and with the anterior and middle tarsi less strongly expanded. Total length 2.93 mm. ; greatest width 1.97 mm. Width at base of pronotum 1.62 mm. ; 24 Psyche [March width at apex of pronotum 1.16 mm.; length of pronotum at midline 0.76 mm. Length from base of prosternum to apex of coxal lamina 1.48 mm. Width between eyes 0.78 mm. Variation : Paratypes differ somewhat from the types in coloration and in the coarseness of punctation. The punctation of the pronotum in some is coarser, in others finer than in the types. Type locality : Holotype and allotype from : Florida : Alachua County, Lake Newman east of Gainesville, Sept. 27, 1939 F. N. Young. Paratypes from: Florida: Alachua County, Bivan’s Arm of Payne Prairie south of Gainesville, Feb. 1939 F. N. Young (49); Lake Wauberg near Mican- opy, Apr. 30, 1938, F. N. Young (1 9 ) ; Polk County, Saddle Creek Canal, 1 mi. north of Bartow, Nov. 1, 1951 Ellis Lanquist (1 5 ) ; and Brighton (Okeechobee), June 16, 1929, P. J. Darlington Jr. (10 exs.). Location of types : Holotype, allotype and two female paratypes are in the University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor. One male paratype is in the collection of Ellis Lanquist at the Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville. One female paratype is in the col- lection of H. B. Leech at the California Academy of Sci- ences, and another in the W. S. Blatchley collection at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. The Brighton para- types are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Type No. 29,018), Cambridge, Massachusetts. Copelatus blatchleyi sp. nov. 1919 Copelatus debilis Blatchley, not of Sharp, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. History, 41 (4) :312. 1932 Copelatus debilis Blatchley, not of Sharp, “In Days Agone . . Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis, p. 293. The Copelatus recorded by Blatchley from Florida (see above) represents a species resembling, but very dis- tinct from debilis Sharp as represented by specimens from Texas, Mexico, and Central America. Blatchley (1932) states that his specimens were sifted from among dead leaves about 200 yards from tidal pools near the cemetery at Key West. He surmises that the species may be a 1953] Young — Water Beetles 25 brackish water form, but from the situation cited blatchleyi will more likely be found associated with the ephemeral rain pools which form in the broadleaved evergreen jungle hammock associes of the Keys. It will probably also be found in the West Indies. Fig. 1. Lateral outline of aedeagus of holotype of Copelatus blatchleyi from Key Wesit, Florida. Fig.2. Lateral outline of aedeagus of Copelatus debilis from Brownsville, Texas. (Both figures drawn to same scale) Copelatus cubaensis Schaeffer (Jour. New York Ent. Soc., 16: 18, 1908) seems from the description to be very similar to blatchleyi, but is described as having a sub- marginal and six other striae on each elytron. A compari- son of the male genitalia should help to determine the re- lationships of several forms which we now place in differ- ent groups almost entirely on the number of striae on the elytra. The genitalia of debilis and blatchleyi are of a sim- ilar type radically different from those of glyphicus or chevrolati. C. chevrolati, the only other Copelatus so far taken at Key West, is easily distinguished from blatchleyi 26 Psyche [March by having a submarginal and eight other striae on each elytron. Diagnosis : A small, ovate, moderately convex Copelatus with a distinct submarginal and five other distinct striae on each elytron (Sharp’s Group 9). The structure of the male aedeagus is diagnostic (Fig. 1) and indicates the re- lationship of the species to debilis Sharp (Fig.2). The lat- ter, however, is smaller, more elongate, less convex, less coarsely punctate, and the aedeagus differs in structure. Average length 4.63 mm. ; average width at middle of elytra 2.43 mm. Holotype male : Elongate oval, greatest width at about middle of elytra, moderately convex dorsally. Total length 4.73 mm.; greatest width 2.43 mm. Width at base of pro- notum 2.19 mm.; width at apex of pronotum 1.30 mm.; length of pronotum at midline 0.86 mm. Length of pro- sternal process 0.76 mm.; length from apex of prosternal process to apex of coxal laminae 1.57 mm. Width between eyes 0.78 mm. Head: Microreticulate and moderately finely punctate, punctures on vertex separated by from 2 to 3 times their diameter (coarser punctures in usual position for genus). Pronotum: Microreticulation and punctation on disk about as on head ; coarser punctures along anterior margin, laterally, and in two depressions near the base on either side of middle. Elytra : Microreticulation coarser and more irregular than on head and pronotum; punctures along suture and between the impressed striae coarser and denser than on head or pronotum. Each elytron with a sub- marginal and five other distinct, deeply impressed striae; no sutural stria ; first discal stria about twice as distant from the suture as from the second stria; first and second striae a little shorter at base than outer three; second and fifth striae somewhat abbreviated toward the apex (the fifth showing a tendency to turn inward and almost join the fourth toward the apex) ; submarginal stria originating just before middle of elytra and extending a little beyond termination of the 5th discal stria. Venter: Metasternum, coxal plates, and abdominal sternites microreticulate and with some parallel scratches, but not conspicuously punc- tate in any part. Prosternal process similar to that of 1953] Young — Water Beetles 27 debilis, but relatively stouter and more expanded behind the anterior coxae. Anterior and middle tarsi moderately dilated; protarsal claws simple. Anterior tibiae constricted at base as in debilis. Genitalia : Parameres similar to those of debilis. Aedeagus distinctive (see Fig. 1). Color: Head reddish brown, eyes dark. Pronotum dark reddish brown to fuscous on disk, lighter yellowish brown at anterior angles and along margins. Elytra very dark reddish brown to fuscous with a narrow, transverse yellowish brown area at base not quite reaching the suture; margins and apices diffusely lighter. Appendages and undersurface nearly uniformly reddish brown, a little darker along sutures and on abdominal sternites. Allotype female : Similar to male except that specimen is teneral and almost uniformly light yellowish brown above and below. The specimen is in poor condition, but the structural characters are distinct. The anterior and mid- dle tibiae and tarsi are simple. Total length 4.59 mm. ; greatest width 2.40 mm. Width of pronotum at base 2.11 mm.; width of pronotum at apex 1.24 mm.; length of pro- notum at midline 0.81 mm. Length of prosternal process 0.70 mm. ; length from apex of prosternal process to apex of coxal laminae 1.51 mm. Width between eyes 0.78 mm.. Variation : The series of specimens before me is rela- tively uniform. Both of the females are teneral and lighter in color, but do not seem to differ significantly otherwise. The largest male measures 4.75 by 2.54 mm.; smallest female 4.56 by 2.38 mm. Type locality: Holotype, allotype, two male and one female paratypes, all from Florida: Monroe County, Key West, Mar. 3, 1919, W. S. Blatchley. (These apparently represent all but four of the specimens collected by Blatch- ley and recorded by him as debilis.) Location of types: Holotype and allotype in the W. S. Blatchley Collection at Purdue University. One male and one female paratype in the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan. One male paratype in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Type No. 29,019), Cambridge, Massachusetts. THE BIOLOGY OF BRACHYPANORPA (MECOPTERA)i By F. M. Carpenter Harvard University The Genus Brachypanorpa, as now known, consists of only three species, all confined to the United States : one in the southern Appalachian region and two in the north- western region. The distinctive features of the genus are the absence of the long rostrum characteristic of other Mecoptera and the reduction of the wings in the females. The most closely related genus — and indeed the only one which shows any affinities at all with Brachypanorpa — is Panorpocles, known only from Japan. The species of the latter, however, possess a distinct rostrum and fully de- veloped wings in both sexes. Virtually nothing has been known of the general biology of either of these two genera. Japanese entomologists have attempted to rear larvae of Panorpodes, but without suc- cess. During the past two years Dr. F. Y. Cheng and I have made observations on the habits of Brachypanorpa carolinensis , both in the field and laboratory, and have been able to work out part of its life-history. The present paper includes our observations on the adults of this insect and brings together some notes on the distribution of all three species of the genus. In another paper Dr. Cheng will give an account of the larva of carolinensis. Brachypanorpa carolinensis (Banks) ^ This species was first taken by William Beutenmiiller in the Black Mountains, North Carolina, on May 26, 1903, and was described by Banks in 1905 (as Panorpodes caro- linensis) from seven males in Beutenmiiller’s collection. ^ Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. For the nomenclature of Brachypanorpa, see my ravision of the Nearctic Mecoptera (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72:205-277, 1931). 28 1953] Carpenter — Biology of Brachypanorpa 29 The exact localities in the Black Mountains at which Beutenmiiller found his specimens are not known, but it is clear from a short note published in 1903 that his col- lecting was done in the southern half of the Black Moun- tain range. On subsequent trips he took many additional specimens of the species in that range. In late May, 1905, Nathan Banks made a trip to the same region, but most of his collecting was done along the North Fork of the Swannanoa River,^ a few miles north of the town of Black Mountain and just east of Craggy Knob, in the Craggy Mountain range. At this locality Banks collected a great many specimens of carolinensis , including the first females. The latter he mentioned in a paper published in 1911, stating that they had very short wings, were unable to fly, and hopped about very lively. Additional females were subsequently taken by Beutenmiiller in the Black Moun- tains. Other localities for the species were added by R. W. Leiby, who found it abundant near the top of Mt. Mitchell, the highest peak (6700') in the Black Mountains (July, 1919), and who also collected it in the Craggy Mountains (June, 1920) about six miles from the Black Mountains and only three miles from Banks’ locality along the North Fork of the Swannanoa. It was also found by F. Sherman at Linville Falls (4000', late May and June, 1920) in the Blue Ridge Mountains, twenty miles northeast of the Black Mountain range. So far as I am aware, carolinensis was not collected again for about thirty years, until May, 1951, when Dr. Cheng, Dr. W. Nutting, Dr. K. Christiansen and I secured many specimens at Carolina Hemlock Camp on the edge of the Black Mountains, and brought back alive 150 males and seven females to Cambridge for study. By what is certainly a striking coincidence, at about this same time (May 17, 1951), several specimens were collected by Dr. P. W. Fattig at Unicoi Gap in Georgia (near the town of Robertson). In May, 1952, Dr. Cheng and I again visited the Black Moun- ^ Banks’ labels for this locality read, “Black Mt., North Fork Swan- nanoa’’. It should be noted that the town of Black Mountain is not in the Black Mountains, but is about itwenty miles south of that range. 30 Psyche [March tains. Both sexes of carolinensis were active when we reached Carolina Hemlock Camp on May 15. The males re- mained abundant until June 1, but the females were numer- ous only on May 20th. Specimens of both sexes were collected at many places in the Black Mountains, including Cobert Creek, towards Deep Gap; along White Oak Creek; along Laurel Fork, near Busick; along South Toe River towards Bald Knob Ridge; at Potato Knob and Stepp Gap (Beuten- miiller’s localities). Specimens were also found at Craggy Gardens, in the Craggy Mountains. On May 23, 24 and 25, P. W. Fattig and I found many specimens at Unicoi Gap, at Henson Gap, and on Blue Mountain, Georgia (all be- tween 3600' and 4000' elevation). The history of the collecting of this insect has been given in detail above because it contributes significant evidence to our understanding of a change that seems to have taken place in the female population. As stated above, the fe- males of the three known species of Brachypanorpa have smaller wings than the males (see Plate 2). The real notable aspect of the record of carolinensis is that all of the females (20 specimens) known to me to have been col- lected from 1903 to 1920 have wings which do not reach to the end of the abdomen (see Plate 2, fig. B) and which were so small in area that the insects (according to Banks) were flightless and could only hop about; whereas all the females (80 specimens) which Dr. Cheng and I collected in 1951 and 1952 at the previous localities, as well as new ones, have wings which extend beyond the end of the ab- domen (see Plate 2, fig. C) and which have such an area that the insects were able to fly distances of several feet. Since the males taken over the entire period show no differentiation and the females exhibit no differences ex- cept in wing size, I believe we are dealing here with a single species, the female population of which has under- Explanaticn of Plate 2 Brachypcmorpa carolinensis (Banks). A. Drawing cf male from Carolina Hemlock Camp, North Carolina. B. Drawing cf female from Black Mt., N. Fork of Swannanoa, North Carolina <1905). C. Drawing of female from Carolina Hemlock Camp, North Carolina (1951). All drawings are to scale. Psyche, 1953 Vol. 60, Plate 2 Carpenter — Brachypanorpa carolinensis 32 Psyche [March gone a marked change in the past thirty years. Although the long winged females may have been present as a small minority in the population before 1920, they are now clearly the majority in the same population. The reverse applies, of course, to the short winged females. It is conceivable that the long winged females, which are able to fly short distances and which might, therefore, more readily find males, have a definite selective advantage over the flightless females. This could account for such a change taking place in the course of a maximum of 30 generations. The distribution of carolinensis presents some interest- ing features. Its most northern record is now Linville Falls, North Carolina, and its most southern near Unicoi Gap, Georgia. The species seems to be confined to the nar- row strip of mountainous country, about 120 miles long, between these two places. However, even in this area, the species appears to be local except for the Black Mountains, where it occurs more generally. With the possible excep- tion of one individual (the data on which are questionable), all specimens of the species so far known to me have been collected at elevations between 3000 and 6700 feet. At the lower elevations, as at Carolina Hemlock Camp (3000'), both male and female adults occur as early as May 15, but virtually all disappear by June 4. At higher elevations (such as 6000'), the adults do not appear until early July; both sexes have been taken as late as July 18 on the top of Mt. Mitchell (6700'). The species occurs only in shady woods, where the soil is moist, though without any definite plant associations. Galax, Rhododendron, Jack-in-the-Pulpit, jewel weed, asters and May apple occur commonly where carolinensis is found, but these plants are characteristic of nearly all moist woods in the southern Appalachian region. Some of them, how- ever, may be necessary as food for the adults of carolinen- sis. Our first efforts to keep the adults alive in cages failed completely because we did not find anything on which they would feed. Bits of animal flesh or of dead insects, which Panorpa and Neopanorpa readily consume, were not eaten by carolinensis. Subsequent observation showed that they fed on the epidermis of soft leaves, such as those of aster 1953] Carpenter — Biology of Brachypanorpa 33 and jewel weed, by scraping the surface of the leaves with their mouth-parts. Caged specimens furnished with fresh leaves lived through the life span of adults in their natural environment. The males of carolinensis fly much like those of Panorpa, though usually not quite so far. The females, after pupal ecdysis, crawl up the stems of low-growing plants, and spend much of the time on the ventral surface of the leaves. This undoubtedly explains why so relatively few females have been found. When disturbed, the females will fly, usually downward, to another leaf or to the ground. Mating takes place on the leaves, usually on the upper surface. Complicated courtship, like that in Panorpa, is entirely absent; the male quickly approaches and grasps the female with his terminal forceps. Mating usually occurs in the evening, but may take place anytime during the day. A day or two after mating, the female works the tip of her abdomen into the soil and lays a loose mass of white eggs. Details of egg structure and development will be given by Dr. Cheng with his account of the larva. Brachypanorpa oregonensis (MacLachlan) This species was first collected on Mt. Hood, Oregon, in 1881, and was described by MacLachan the same year from males only. The males differ from those of carolinensis chiefly by having several long ocellar bristles, absent in the latter. The females, first described by Carpenter (1931), are flightless, the wings being only as long as the thorax (Text fig. IB). B. oregonensis has now been found at many localities in the western half of Oregon, in the area extending nearly the full width of the state and about 130 miles inland from the coast. Unlike carolinensis, which has been found only at relatively high elevations, oregonensis occurs all the way from about sea-level {e.g., Glenada and Walport) to as high as 7000 feet at Crater Lake. Also the seasonal range of the adults is much greater than for carolinensis. At relatively low elevations (up to 1000'), the adults have been found from April 20 to June 22; at higher elevations (3000-7000'), from June 19 to August 4. Although there 34 Psyche [March are no observations on the occurrence of oregonensis over a period of several weeks at any one locality, the foregoing records suggest either a longer period of adult life than in carolinensis or a greater seasonal period of emergence from the pupae. A few specimens of this insect have been found outside the state of Oregon. One male (now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology) was collected on the northern Cali- fornian coast (Patrick’s Point State Park, Humboldt Co., June 2, 1950, W. L. Nutting and F. Werner) ; another (in the California Academy of Sciences) was taken in northern Idaho, almost at the Canadian border (Coolin, Priest Lake, July 15, 1927, E. C. Van Dyke.^ The most surprising record is a male (in the U. S. National Museum) from eastern Utah (Neola, near Vernal, July 13, Harmston). A more extensive series of specimens of Brachypanorpa from these northwestern states may show that more than one species is involved in this population, though structural details of both sexes seem notably constant. Brachypanorpa montana Carp. This species was originally based on nine males from Mt. McLoughlin, Klamath Co., Oregon, 8000-9000 feet eleva- tion (July 19, 1930, H. A. Scullen). They were specifically separated from oregonensis chiefly on their darker color, since the males of Bi'achypanorpa, like those of Panorpodes (Japan), appear to show no marked structural differences between species. Subsequent examination of more speci- mens of Brachypanorpa from Oregon convinced me that the coloration was not a reliable characteristic and that montana was a synonym of oregonensis.^ Since then a female Brachypanorpa, having a very dark body and wings which extend beyond the abdomen (Text-fig. 1, A), has been collected at Lake of the Woods, Klamath Falls, Oregon * I am indebted to Dr. E. S. Ross for the loan of this specimen. 5 Records and Notes of Nearctic Mecoptera and Raphidiodea, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 34(3) :163 (1939). 1953] Carpenter — Biology of Brachypanorpa 35 (5100', July 5, 1946, B. Malkin).® There are several rea- sons for considering this female a representative of a species distinct from oregonensis; and since it was collected near the type locality of montana, as pointed out by Miss Parfin, I now believe it advisable to re-instate the latter as Text-figure 1. A, Brachypanorpa montana Carp,, drawing of female from Mt. McLoughlin, Oregon. Actual length of specimen, 8.7 mm. B. Brachypanorpa oregonensis (McLach.) , drawing of female from Mary’s Peak, Oregon. Both drawings are to scale. ® I am indebted to ithe U. S. National Museum for the loan of this specimen, which was briefly noted by S. Parfin (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash- ington, 49:258, 1947). 36 Psyche [March a valid species and tentatively to assign this female there. Additional collecting, or better still, rearing experiments, will undoubtedly clarify the relationship of this female, of the males described as montana, and of oregonensis. The most interesting aspect of this female, and my reason for mentioning it here, is its analogy with the long winged females of carolinensis , described above. There clearly exist or have existed in both the eastern and western popu- lations of Brachypanorpa long winged and short winged females. The collecting data on carolinensis, given in some detail above, suggest that the long winged female is now the dominant, if not the only, form in existence in the eastern population. Comparable data on the western fe- males have not been obtained, but I believe the occurrence of even the single long winged female shows that a similar genetical trend, (i.e., towards the development of both short winged and long winged females) has existed in both populations. More intensive collecting of Brachypanorpa in Oregon, especially at one locality over a whole season, might furnish data indicating even further similarities. TWO NEW OREGON CHILOPODS OF THE ORDER GEOPHILIDA By Ralph V. Chamberlin University of Utah Representatives of the two new centipeds described be- low were found in a collection belonging to the Oregon State College and submitted to me for study through the courtesy of Vincent D. Roth of that institution. Himantariidae The genus Stenophilus was proposed several years ago by the writer for several species of this family occurring in western America which, while obviously related closely to the European genera Meinertophilus and Latzel’s Stig- matogaster (Haplophilus Cook), present some characters which would require substantial emendation of those genera to permit inclusion of the American forms. I am, therefore, retaining for our species the name Stenophilus, emended now from the original definition in the light of new species subsequently discovered. Stenophilus as far as now known differs from the European genera mentioned in lacking conspicuous sclerotic or chitinous lines on the prosternum and in lacking all paratergites. In Stenophilus ventral pores may be absent, present on a few anterior sternites, or on sternites of approximately the anterior half of the body (rothi n. sp.). Sternal pouches such as are present in nearly all, if not all, European species of the genera men- tioned, have been detected in American forms only in S. coloradanus Chamb., in which they occur on segments 25 to 35. American species referred to Stenophilus are now known from Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and California. They seem to be replaced farther south by species of Gosi- philus which are common in Mexico and the border states from California to Louisiana. From these species those of Stenophilus are readily distinguished by the deeper, more angular, embayment of the labrum with its much stouter 37 38 Psyche [March teeth as well as by the details of the coxopleural region at caudal end. Body and legs yellow throughout, the head but little darker. Head much wider than long (ad 11.5:9) and of the form shown in fig. 1. Antennae flattened, contiguous at base, the articles proportionately short and broad, the last one subequal to the two preceding taken together. Median excavation in labrum cutting through to base, the eight median teeth large and strongly sclerotized and laterad from these one or two weaker teeth or serrations on each side as show in fig. 2. Coxosternum of second maxillae with anterior indentation or excision of form shown in fig. 3. 2 Stenophilus rothi n. sp. Fig. 1. Head in outline. Fig. 2. Labrum, with lateral ends omitted. Fig. 3. Second maxillae. Dorsal plates plainly bisulcate but the sulci not sharply impressed. Ventral pores in a transverse, narrowly oblong and clearly limited area behind middle of sternites of an- terior half of body. Last sternite narrowly trapeziform; prepleurites present on last segment. Coxal pores small Stenophilus rothi new species 3 1 1953] Chamberlin — Oregon Chilopods 39 and numerous, present over entire surface. Anal legs in- flated in the male, the last article conically tapered. Pairs of legs, 73. Length of male holotype, 41 mm. Localities. — Oregon : Marion Co., Silver Creek Falls, male holotype taken by V. Roth on May 12, 1951. Montana: St. Regis, female allotype taken Sept. 23, 1950, also by Roth. Geophilidae Brachygeophilus tampophor new species Body and legs yellow throughout. Head a little longer than broad; sides over middle of length gently convex, more strongly rounding in at ends, the caudal margin straight; overlapping the basal plate. Claws of the prehensors when closed reaching distal end of first antennal article ; armed at base with a distinct acute tooth ; the other articles and the prosternum unarmed. Prosternum without sclerotic or chitinous lines. No clypeal areas. Clypeus with three pairs of submedian setae, of which the setae of the anterior pair are farther apart than those of the median, and those of the median pair than the most caudal. Median piece of clypeus bearing typically 7 long conical teeth. Spiracles all circular. Last ventral plate moderately wide. Coxal pores 5 on each side, the two innermost of which may be partly covered by the ventral plate. Anal pores not detected. Pairs of legs 39 except in one specimen in which there are 47 pairs. Length, 15 to 20 mm. Locality. — Oregon : Tombstone Prairie, Santiam Pass. Seven specimens taken Aug. 13, 1949, by V. Roth. This form differs from other western American species, excepting B. anonyx, in having the claw of the prehensors armed at base. From B, anonyx it differs in having the anal legs armed with claws as well as in the smaller num- ber of legs. CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tues- day of each month (July, August and September, excepted) at 8:00 p.m. in Room B-455, Biological Laboratories, Divin- ity Ave., Cambridge. Entomologists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. BACK VOLUMES OF PSYCHE The Cambridge Entomological Club is able to offer for sale the following volumes of Psyche. Those not mentioned are entirely out of print. Volumes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, each covering a period of three years, $5.00 each. Volumes 10, 12, 14, 17, each covering a single year, $1.00 each. Volumes 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, each covering a single year, $1.50 each. Volumes 27 to 53, each covering a single year, $2.00. Volumes 54 to 59, each covering a single year, $3.00. Orders for 2 or more volumes subject to a discount of 10%. Orders for 10 or more volumes subject to a discount of 20%. All orders should be addressed to F. M. Carpenter, Editor of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. FOR SALE The Ants of North America, by Professor Wm. S. Creighton. Published in April, 1950, as volume 104 of the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, with 585 pages and 57 plates. Price $10.00 (postpaid). Send orders to Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. BLACK STEEL INSECT PINS Trade Mark “Elephant”, the ideal black insect pin. Trade Mark “Imperial”, formerly Czechoslovakia. Both types in sizes No. 000-7. Also Minuten Nadeln. Request samples and prices from the manufacturer: Emil Arlt, Spezial- NADELFABRIK, SALZBURG, 2, P.O. BOX 76, AUSTRIA. PSYCHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Established in 1874 Vol. 60 June, 1953 No. 2 | MUS. COMP. ZOOL LIBRARY SEP 2 8 195: HARVARD UfliVERSlTY TABLE OF CONTENTS Tabanidae from the State of Chiapas, Mexico, with Descriptions of Two New Species (Diptera) . G. B. Fairchild .... 41 An Australian Trapeziopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) . W. L. Brown, Jr. .......... 51 Australian Carabid Beetles I. Some Clivina from Western Australia. P. J. Darlington, Jr 52 Some New Diptera with Remarks on the Affinities of the Genus Pnyxia Joh. F. R. Shaw 62 The Biology of Euphasiopteryx brevicomis (Townsend) (Diptera, Taohinidae) , Parasitic in the Cone-headed Grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Copiphorinae) , W. L. Nutting . . . . 69 New Data on the Habits of Camponotus (Myrmaphaenus) ulcerosus Wheeler. Wm. S. Creighton 82 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB Officers for 1952-53 President . . . . T. Eisner Vice-President . . . W. L. Brown, Jr. Secretary . . E. 0. Wilson Treasurer . . . F. M. Carpenter Executive Committee ) • 1 . • H. S. Fuller S. K. Harris EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE F. M. Carpenter — editor C. T. Brues P. J. Darlington, Jr. J. Bequaert PSYCHE is published quarterly, the Issues appearing in March, June, September, and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance: $3.00 to subscribers in the United States and Canada; other subscriptions $3.35. Single copies, 85 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomological Club, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 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AUTHOR’S SEPARATES Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if they are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Elditor on application. The March, 1953, Psyche (Vol. 60, No. 1) was mailed June 26, 1953 EATON PRESS INC., WATERTOWN, MASS. «!)S. COMP. 2001 ^ IIBWRY S£P 2 8 195 3 PSYCHE y?*Sv'ESS!TY Vol. 60 June, 1953 No. 2 TABANIDAE FROM THE STATE OF CHIAPAS, MEXICO, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA) By G. B. Fairchild Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama A survey for Yellow Fever immunity in wild animals, primarily monkeys, undertaken by members of the staff of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory at the request of the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau furnished an opportunity for the writer to visit several localities in the State of Chiapas, Mexico. Since records of Tabanidae from Chiapas are relatively few, it is believed that a report on the col- lections made may be of interest. Although all groups of biting insects were collected, only the Tabanidae will be discussed in detail here. While we were in Chiapas about 5 weeks, from March 20 to April 25, 1951, only 20 days were actually spent in the field, collections being made in the following localities. Tuxtla Gutierrez. This town, the capital of the state, was our headquarters in Chiapas. It lies in a broad valley in a rather dry limestone area. At the time of our visit little rain had fallen for some time, and except along the few streams, the scrubby vegetation was mostly leafless and insects little in evidence. Collecting along the banks of the Rio Sabinal, a small highly polluted stream on the out- skirts of the town, yielded a few Phlebotomus and great numbers of Culex from hollows in large mango and cypress trees. SimuLium were annoying at times around the hotel, especially during the latter part of our stay, and a few tabanids were taken on the windows of the hotel. 41 42 Psyche [June OCOSOCOAUTLA. This is a small town about 50 km. west of Tuxtla on the Pan American highway. Collecting was done on a forested ridge east of the town. The forest con- sisted mainly of evergreen oaks with fair numbers of Bursera, but no palms, much resembling a South Florida oak hammock. Epiphytes were very abundant. A good number of Phlebotomus were taken here from shallow buttresses and hollow trees, and a species of Tabanus was fairly abundant. Larval ticks fairly swarmed, as cattle had access to the forest. Only one visit of a few hours was made to this locality, on April 8. Palenque. This town is situated in the north eastern corner of the state, not far from the border of Tabasco. The town itself is small and primitive, surrounded by nearly flat sandy country, partly forested and partly open grass- land. We took several species of tabanids and Phlebotomus in swampy cut-over forest on the outskirts of the town on March 28. From that date to April 4 we were encamped in the Maya ruins which lie about 9 km. from the town on the slopes of a range of low limestone hills. Here we were surrounded by practically virgin forest of Humid Lower Tropical Zone type with abundant palms. Wild animals were quite abundant and monkeys of two genera, Ateles and Allouata were easily secured. Tabanids were very abund- ant, and good numbers of Phlebotomus and mosquitoes were taken. Santa Maria. This is a hacienda about 51 km. north or north east of Cintalapa by road, about 35 km. airline, sit- uated on the Rio Sta. Maria, a tributary of the Rio Grijalva. At the time of our visit there was a sawmill operating here, owned by the Coabas de Chiapas, S.A. where we made headquarters from April 10 to 19. The sawmill itself is said to be at an elevation of 800 metres and is in a narrow valley at the confluence of two small streams. Immediately adjacent to the sawmill the vegetation is of Arid Lower Tropical Zone type. Across the Rio Sta. Maria, the land rises steeply to a high ridge, the slopes clothed with heavy forest of Humid Lower Tropical Zone type with much mahogany and cedro, which was being cut for the sawmill. We made camp in this forest at a place called La Puerta, 1953] Fairchild — Mexican Tabanidae 43 an abandoned lumber camp about 10 km. from the sawmill and said to be at the same elevation, though probably some- what higher. Here the forest, although considerably cut- over, consisted of very large trees with many palms. It was distinctly dryer than Palenque, though some rain fell during our stay. We were at this camp from April 10 to 13. Collecting at both the camp and the sawmill was excellent. Much of the collecting was done with the aid of a modi- fied Shannon trap, although the use of a horse as described by Shannon (1939, Amer. J. Trop. Med. 19 (2) : 132-133) was dispensed with. During the day large numbers of Tabanidae and some mosquitoes entered the trap, while at night a gasoline lantern placed in the center compart- ment attracted nocturnal mosquitoes and some Phleboto- mus. In the following list those species believed to be hitherto unrecorded for Mexico are starred. *Assipala melanoptera (Hine). 19 $ Sta. Maria, taken attempting to bite the collector at La Puerta camp. None were taken in the Shannon trap. Previously known only from Guatemala. Chrysops latifasciata Bell. 3 $ Palenque, taken attempting to bite in the forest around the ruins. 3 $ Sta. Maria, attempting to bite around La Puerta camp. Chrysops pachycnemia Hine. 1 $ Sta. Maria, in forest near sawmill. Chrysops scalarata Bell. 1 9 Palenque, in swampy forest near village. Chrysops variegata de Geer. 9 $ Palenque, in swampy forest near village and wet forest below ruins. '^Chrysops willistoni Hine. 1 $ Palenque, in swampy forest near village. Previously known from Guatemala. Scione aurulans Wied. 25 $ Palenque, very abundant at the ruins, biting man avidly and taken in Shannon trap during the day. 9 $ Sta. Maria, abundant at La Puerta camp, but less annoying than at Palenque. More specimens could easily have been taken at both localities. 44 Psyche [June Esenbeckia iviedemanni Bell. 10 $ Palenque, attacking man, attempting to bite dead monkeys, and in the Shannon trap at the ruins. 2 9 Sta. Maria, in trap at La Puerta camp. Esenbeckia illota illota Will. 1 9 Palenque, attempting to bite man in the forest near ruins. Diachlorus ferrugatus Fab. 4 9 Palenque, in Shannon trap at ruins. Lepiselaga crassipes Fab. 1 9 Palenque, in Shannon trap at ruins. Stenotabanus minuscvXus Krob. 2 9 Palenque, in Shannon trap at ruins. The tibiae are wholly dark, as described, not lighter as in Panama material, but I can see no other difference. "^'Stenotabanus n. sp. 9 ^ 21 9 Sta. Maria, attempting to bite and in trap at La Puerta camp. 9 9 also taken, mostly in Shannon trap at sawmill. Described below. Dichelacera pulchra Will. 9 9 Palenque, in Shannon trap at ruins and attempting to bite in the forest. 1 9 Sta. Maria, in trap at La Puerta camp. Smaller and less contrastingly marked than Guatemalan specimens. Chlorotabanus mexicanus Linn. 1 5 Palenque, attracted to light near camp in ruins. Leucotahanus leucaspis Wied. 1 9 Sta. Maria, in trap at sawmill. "‘''Leucotabanus canithorax Fchld. 1 9 Palenque, in trap at ruins. Tabanus (Tabanus) subruber Bell. 2 ^ 42 9 Palenque, very abundant both at village and at ruins, attacking horses in swarms and humans to a lesser extent, enter- ing Shannon trap in very large numbers, where hun- dreds could have been collected. 7 9 Sta. Maria, present in fair numbers both at camp and sawmill, but only a few collected. Tabanus (Tabanus) yucatanus Towns. 6^29 Ocosoco- autla, males hovering a few feet above trails, females flying around collector and seen biting cattle. 3 ^ 22 9 Sta. Maria, males hovering over small stream, females 1953] Fairchild — Mexican Tabanidae 45 in trap. 1^1$ Tuxtla Gutierrez, on hotel windows. Tabanus (Lophotabanus) oculus Walk. 1 $ Palenque, in Shannon trap near ruins. * Tabanus {Lophotabanus) piraticus Fchld. 5 $ Palenque, in forest near ruins in trap and attempting to bite. 12 $ Sta. Maria, in trap and attempting to bite in forest around La Puerta camp. This species somewhat crepuscular. Tabanus {Taenio tab anus) lineola var. carneus Bell. 1 9 Tuxtla Gutierrez, on hotel window. Tabanus {Taenio tab anus) amplifrons Krob. 1 $ Tuxtla, on hotel window. Stenotabanus (Stenotabanus) chiapasensis n. sp. Fig. 1 Female. Length 7.5-10 mm., of wing 7-8.5 mm. Eyes bare, in life purple to reddish brown with three narrow transverse bands of green or bluish green. The extreme upper margin is greenish purple or narrowly greenish blue. Frons moderately broad, about 3 times as high as wide, light yellowish grey pollinose. Basal callus black, nearly square, as wide as frons, rather protuberant and with two pits or dimples on the upper margin. No median callus in undenuded specimens, though rubbed examples may show a denuded streak on each side and indications of a fine median ridge. Vertex with a rounded fiat shiny area, but without swelling, tubercle or vestiges of ocelli. Subcallus, fronto-clypeus and genae yellowish grey, paler than frons, the last two with long pale hairs. Antennae orange yel- low, the annulate portion of third segment black. Basal plate longer than annulate portion, moderately wide, evenly rounded above. Palpi yellowish, white pollinose, beset with white hairs basally, black hairs apically, rather slender Proboscis short, hardly exceeding palpi, the labella large and membranous. Mesonotum and scutellum dark blackish brown with three yellowish pollinose stripes and the lateral margins of mesonotum and apex and margins of scutellum also 46 Psyche [June yellowish pollinose, both mesonotum and scutellum beset with sparse shiny yellowish and black hairs. Pleura and sternum steel grey pollinose, thinly white haired. Wings with subepaulet bare, costa, subcosta and first vein setose above, subcosta more densely setose below; a rather long ap- pendix on upper branch of third vein. Wings hyaline, all cross veins and fork of third vein with faint to quite in- tense dark clouds; apices of 2nd (R2) and upper branch of 3rd (R3+4) veins with dark clouds and apices of cells Ri, R2 and R4 somewhat dusky. Stigma yellow. Fore coxae yel- lowish, grey pollinose, pale haired. Fore femora brown, dusky at apex, mostly dark haired. Fore tibiae yellowish and yellow haired on basal half, blackish and black haired apically, as are the tarsi. Mid legs yellowish brown, the tips of tibiae and tarsi a little darker, mostly pale haired. Hind Fig. 1. Stenotahanus chiapasensis n. sp. Holotype. Antenna, frons and palpus x 22. femora brown, grey pollinose, pale haired. Hind tibiae and tarsi yellowish, black haired dorsally, yellow haired beneath. Abdomen light brown with the following pattern in yel- lowish and dark brown pollinosity. First tergite mainly dark brown, the anterior angles somewhat bluish, the pos- terior margin narrowly yellowish. Second to sixth tergites dark brown with a narrow yellowish posterior and lateral 1953] Fairchild — M exican Tabanidae 47 borders, broad median longitudinal yellowish bands which reach both margins but are narrower anteriorly and small round isolated yellowish dorsolateral spots, one on each side. Seventh tergite brown with yellow posterior border. The brown areas and the dorsolateral spots are clothed with black hairs, the remaining yellow areas with yellowish hairs. Beneath the abdomen is thinly grey pollinose, wholly pale haired. Male. 8-9 mm., of wing 7-8 mm. Head enlarged, eyes bare, holoptic, the area of large facets somewhat over 1/2 total eye area, the two types of facets well differentiated and demarkated. Large facets brown, small facets purple with two narrow green bands and a small segment of a third band at extreme outer angle. Tubercle at vertex deeply sunk between eyes, hardly discernible. Frontal tri- angle yellowish grey pollinose. Antennae more slender than in female, yellow, the annulate portion black. Palpi inflated, porrect, cylindrical but ending in a sharp point, clothed with long black and white hairs. Wings, legs, thorax and abdomen as in female, except that the abdominal color pattern is less sharply marked, the pollinosity sparser and all hairs longer. The abdomen is also very much more slender, the last few segments narrowed almost to a point. Holotype, female. Hacienda Sta. Maria, on Rio Sta. Maria, 35 km. north of Cintalapa, Chiapas, Mexico, 15 April 1951. Allotype male, same locality, 11 April 1951. Paratypes 28 females, 7 males, same locality, 11, 15 and 18 April 1951, attempting to bite the collectors or in a Shannon trap. All Fairchild and Hartmann colls. This little species appears to most nearly resemble St. crihellum 0. S., sharing with it the presence of a bare patch at vertex, but no true tubercle and having a similar frons and callus. In rubbed specimens the trident-shaped median callus shown by Stone (1938) for cribellum is quite evident. The male, however, has but a vestige of a vertical tubercle, deeply sunk between the eyes and difficult to detect and the facets are very well differentiated, somewhat in con- trast to the male of cribellum described by Philip (1941, p. 11). The abdominal pattern and spotted wings will easily 48 Psyche [June separate the present species from cribellum, pumiloides Will., campechianus Towns, and subtilis Bell, all of which appear to be small species with relatively broad frons and a more or less distinct median stripe on abdomen. This species appears to me to form in some ways a con- necting link between such species as St. littoreus Hine, and paitillensis Fchld. which I would place in Aegialomyia Philip, and the more typical species of Stenotabanus as represented by the Genotype taeniotes Wied. and the closely related fulvistriatus Hine. The latter have definite vestiges of ocelli on a small vertical tubercle, and the vertical tuber- cle of the male of at least fulvistriatus is quite obvious and on a level with the eyes. The eye pattern of chiapasensis is also closely similar to that of fulvistriatus. On the other hand, the relatively broader frons, lack of vertical tubercle and abdominal pattern, seem to indicate relationship to littoreus. The pattern of the eye in life seems to be of little help in grouping these species, as fulvistriatus has a pat- tern very much like jamaicensis Newst., ananasi Fchld. and psamophilus O.S., while the eyes of littoreus Hine have but two green bands. Paitillensis Fchld. is intermediate, having three green stripes, but the middle one very narrow. I take this opportunity to describe the following new species here, since part of the material is from Chiapas, though it was not taken on our trip. Stenotabanus (Stenotabanus) litotes n. sp. Fig. 2 Female. Length 9-11.5 mm., of wing 9-12 mm. Eyes bare, purple with two transverse green bands separated by a purple median band of equal width. Frons yellowish grey pollinose, the basal callus dark brown to black, a little higher than wide, not quite as wide as frons, prolonged above in a spindle-shaped ridge or median callus. Vertical tubercle small but discrete, with vestiges of ocelli and sur- rounded by a discolored patch which may be more or less bare. Subcallus yellowish pollinose, concolorous with frons, fading to steel grey on genae and frontoclypeus. Beard pale grey. Antennae dull yellowish throughout, the first 1953] Fah'chilcl — Mexican Tabaniclae 49 two segments sparsely pale pollinose and black haired, the third rather slender with a weak to moderate dorsal angle. Palpi moderately inflated, slender tipped, yellowish, white pollinose, mostly black haired but with more or less white hair basally. Proboscis short, hardly exceeding palpi, brown, the labella fleshy. Fig. 2. Stenotahanus litotes n. sp. Holotype. Antenna, frons and palpus X 22. Mesonotum light brown, thinly greyish brown pollinose and with two slender, rather faint, yellowish pollinose stripes. Both mesonotum and the concolorous scutellum clothed with pale hairs. Pleura and sternum pale grey, sparsely pale haired. Wings with subepaulet bare, costa, subcosta and first vein setose above, and a short to moder- ate appendix on upper branch of third vein. Wings faintly yellowish smoky, but without distinct clouds or streaks; costal cell not darker, stigma yellow. Legs dull yellowish brown, the tarsi darker and fore tibiae obscurely bicolored through having pale hairs on basal half, black hairs distally. Abdomen brown, mainly brown pollinose, but the hind and lateral margins of all tergites pale yellowish pollinose. There are also indistinct pale pollinose narrow median tri- angles, in most specimens forming a faint to clear median stripe, in a few interrupted on the anterior part of each tergite. In most specimens there are no indications of dor- 50 Psyche [June solateral spots, but in a few there are obscure and ill-defined paler dorsolateral patches on some or all tergites. Pale yellowish hairs clothe the pale pollinose areas, dark hairs the dark areas. Beneath the abdomen is pale grey, wholly pale haired Holotype female, labelled “M.F. 4222 Vigi. Chis. 20-V-35” probably Finca Vergel, Chiapas, Mexico. Paratypes, 2 females same locality as holotype, labelled 15-V-35 and 21-V-35; 4 females Panajachel, Guatemala, 6 Aug. 1943, and 1 female Tzanjuyu, Panajachel, Guatemala, 20 Aug. 1943, D. M. Jobbins coll.; 3 females Antigua, Guatemala, no date, J. R. de Leon coll. ; 4 females Yepocapa, Dept. Chimaltenango, Guatemala, 11 Aug. (1) and 31 Oct. (3), 1949, H. T. Dalmat coll. The holotype and the two other Chiapas specimens are from the late Dr. A. Dampf’s collection, labelled in his handwriting, and sent to me by Dr. C. B. Philip. The holotype and seven paratypes are in Dr. Philip’s collec- tion, the remaining paratypes in the author’s collection. This obscurely marked little species was tentatively de- termined by both Dr. Philip and myself as St. pallipes Krober, described from Brazil. Krober’s description was drawn from a specimen preserved in alcohol, but indicates a much paler, more yellowish insect, and the wings are described as absolutely glass clear. Three of the present series were also alcoholics, but are very much darker than Krober’s description indicates. The present species also shows differences in the frons and a somewhat broader third antennal segment and more slender palpi. From the description of Tabanus siibtilis Bell the present species differs in having wholly pale antennae and pale femora. Dr. Bequaert’s notes on the types show that sub- tilbs is a Stenotabanus, with bare subepaulets, and he con- firms the presence of a black annulate portion to the third antennal segment. Tabanus pumiloides Will, differs, according to the de- scription, in having a much more marked angle on the dorsal aspect of the third antennal segment, and also in having a black annulate portion to this segment. The legs are said to be black with the tibiae basally yellow. It seems 1953] Fairchild — Mexican Tabanidae 51 difficult to separate pumiloides and subtilis from the de- scriptions. Both were described from Mexico, pumiloides from Guerrero and Jalisco, subtilis from Oaxaca. Direct type comparisons will be needed to achieve certainty in this difficult group, but the present species is separable on color characters at least. References Stone, A. 1938. Horseflies of the subfamily Tabaninae of the Nearctic region. U.S.D.A. Misc. Pub. 305: 1-171, 79 figs. Philip, C. B. 1941. Comments oin the .supra -ispeciflc categories of Nearctic Tabanidae. Can. Ent., 73: 1-14. An Australian Trapeziopelta (Hymenoptera: Form- ICIDAE). — Specimens of Trapeziopelta collected by me at Mt. Dandenong (2000 feet) and Olinda (1600 feet) under stones in grassy-floored moist sclerophyll (eucalypt) forest, Dandenong Ranges, Victoria, Australia compare very closely with the types of Myopias tasmaniensis Wheeler (1923, Psyche, 30: 177-179, fig. 1, worker), kept in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. My series also compared equally well with types of Trap- eziopelta diadela Clark (1934, Mem. Nat. Mus., Melbourne; No. 8: 54-55, pi. 4, figs. 7, 8, worker and female). All of the specimens concerned belong to one species, which is correctly assigned to Trapeziopelta on the basis of the clypeal structure. The correct name of the species is there- fore Trapeziopelta tasmaniensis (Wheeler), new combin- ation, and T. diadela Clark is its new synonym. The species is now known from widely separated localities in Tasmania and southern Victoria, where it appears to prefer higher- rainfall sclerophyllous forest. At least two other species of Trapeziopelta, remaining unstudied, occur in southeastern and northeastern Queens- land. — W. L. Brown, Jr., Museum of Comparative Zo- ology, Harvard University. AUSTRALIAN CARABID BEETLES I. SOME CLIVINA FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA^ By P. J. Darlington Jr. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University This is the first of what I hope will be a long series of papers on Australian Carabidae. The papers will be based chiefly on the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The Museum possesses much material secured in Australia, especially in eastern and southwestern districts, by myself and other members of the Harvard Australian Expedition of 1931-1932; some collected by myself in South Queensland in October and November 1943, while I was staging with the 26th Malaria Survey Unit of the Army of the United States; and sets of duplicates from the South Australian Museum, the National Museum at Melbourne, and from several private collectors; and recently we have received additional interesting specimens from many local- ities in Australia collected in 1950-1951 by Dr. W. L. Brown, now Assistant Curator of Insects at the M. C. Z. I plan to work up appropriate portions of this material in connection with study of large collections of New Guinean Carabidae secured during the war. The present paper concerns certain interesting Western Australian species of the nearly cos- mopolitan genus Clivina. My intention in this series of papers is, so far as possible, to describe only those new species which are well defined and of which we have more than one specimen, and to return at least one of the type series of each new form to Australia. I am particularly anxious that a good set of specimens be deposited at Canberra, with the collection of the late Thomas G. Sloane, who did so much fine work on Australian Carabidae. The papers of this series are to be regarded as prelim- inary to more extensive work which I plan to do on Aus- ^ Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 52 1953] Darling ton — Australian Carabidae 53 tralian Carabidae after (I hope) another collecting trip to Australia and accumulation of much more material. The later work is planned to take the form of revisions with comparative illustrations. Since I cannot foresee the exact forms of illustration which will prove most useful in dif- ferent groups, I do not plan to illustrate the present pre- liminary series. All statements of proportions, e. g. the relative widths of head and prothorax, in my descriptions are based upon actual measurements made with a ruled ocular in a binocular microscope. It is not possible to estimate proportions accu- rately without measuring. Width of head includes the eyes ; width of prothorax is greatest width ; length of prothorax, length at middle including margins, but not including ad- vanced anterior angles or the peduncle; width of elytra is greatest width; length of elytra, length from a transverse line tangent to the base to apex at suture, with the specimen in normal, flat position. Sloane’s revision of Australian Clivina appeared in 1896; his supplementary revision of certain groups, in 1904; and additional descriptions in 1896, 1907, 1916, 1917, and 1923 (see references). These papers lay the groundwork for classiflcation of the Australian species of the genus, but much detailed work remains to be done. There is hardly a species which does not need to be redescribed and figured and its variations studied. Two characters deserve special mention here, one because it has been overstressed by Sloane, the other because it has not been noticed enough. The transverse impression of the declivity of the prosternal process is not a trustworthy taxonomic character ; the impression is sometimes both present and absent in different specimens of series of single species from single localities. The inner or flying wings, supposed by Sloane (1896, p. 145) always to be present in Australian Clivina, are actually vestigial in some of the species, including one of the new ones described below. Dimorphism of inner wings may occur too, but has not yet been demonstrated in any Australian species of Clivina. The new species of Clivina here described have been checked not only against the collection of the Museum of 54 Psyche [June Comparative Zoology and the literature, but against the collection of the British Museum, which contains Black- burn’s types and specimens identified by Sloane. The present new species all go into Clivina in the strict sense in Kult’s classification {Acta Soc. Ent. Cechosl. [Czecholovakia] XLiv, 1947, 26-37). Clivina frenchi Sloane (1896, p. 159) Previously known from North Queensland and from Lake Callabonna, South Australia. I took a series of specimens, which agree exactly with the description, near WiLUNA, interior of Western Australia, September 28 to October 3, 1931, some on the shores of Lake Violet (near Lake Way) and others beside water holes on Mr. Alfred G. Paterson’s station, ‘‘Yandil”. These specimens vary in size from about 7.0 to 9.5 mm., and in color from dark piceous to rufous with head and prothorax slightly darker. The elytral striae are all free at base in most specimens, but the basal end of the 5th stria is very close to that of the 6th and occasionally the two are connected, leaving only 4 striae free at base. This is an example of the sort of variation, affecting Sloane’s group characters, which has not yet been properly studied in most Australian’ and which must be understood before the species can be finally arranged in natural groups. C. frenchi is apparently closely allied to C. obsoleta Sloane (and to the following new species), although Sloane put f)‘cnchi and obsoleta in different groups. Clivina diluta n. sp. Parallel, cylindrical, but not more slender than usual; head very large, neck wide; shining, head and prothorax piceous or castaneous, elytra more or less dilute brown; body below piceous or dark rufous, somewhat paler an- teriorly; anterior legs rufous, antennae and middle and posterior legs brownish testaceous. Head 7 8 or slightly less wide as prothorax (by measurement — to the eye, the head seems virtually as wide as prothorax) ; mandibles rather short; clypeus with middle part separated from wings, depressed, and rather strongly emarginate at middle, with 1953] Darlington — Australian Carabiclae 55 angles of median part forming strong teeth ; clypeal wings al- most as prominent as teeth of median part, with outer angles narrowly rounded, separated from supra-antennal plates by distinct notches; eyes small, only slightly more prominent than supra-antennal plates, but not enclosed behind ; 2 supra-orbital setae each side in all specimens; front not distinctly separated from clypeus, only slightly convex, with frontal sulci recurved; occiput without transverse impressed line; middle of front and usually sides and vertex also, but not occiput, closely punctate. Prothorax with lateral margins entire or nearly so, but in some specimens becoming vague or obsolete just before reaching basal margin; without longitudinal foveae on episterna; about as long as wide, with sides approximately parallel; front margin distinctly emarginate (as seen on a line perpendicular to pronotum) ; posterior angles broadly rounded ; anterior angles acute except finely blunted (as usual) ; disc with median line fine, but distinct, anterior transverse impression more or less obsolete, sub-basal lateral impressions long, reaching to slightly in front of middle; surface of disc finely, sparsely punctulate and with a few irregular transverse strioles; posterior declivity vaguely rugose. Elytra parallel, hardly 1/20 wider than prothorax, truncate at base; 4 inner striae free at base, 5th united with 6th; subhumeral carina short, not very distinct; striae almost entire, but vague or obliter- ated just before apex, punctulate; intervals nearly flat, 3rd with usual 4 distinct setigerous punctures on outer edge, surface of intervals with some fine, irregular, transverse strioles, but not distinctly punctulate. Prosternal process very narrow (attenuate) between anterior parts of coxae; prosternal episterna and lower surface of head and abdo- men, especially at sides, with distinct isodj' ^.metric micro- sculpture; body virtually impunctate below. Anterior femora rather strongly lobed below; anterior tibiae each strongly 4-dentate externally, and with upper internal spine somewhat curved and thickened; middle tibiae each with a spur about 1/3 from apex externally. Length about 6.3-7.0; width about 1.7 mm. Holotj^e (M. C. Z. Type No. 23,091) and 7 paratypes all from Wiluna and vicinity. Western Australia, most from 56 Psyche [June Lake Violet but a few from “Yandil”, Sept. 28-Oct. 3, 1931 ; from banks of ponds and water holes. This new species is closely related probably only to Clivina obsoleta SI. of Cape York (see Sloane’s key, 1896, p. 162). The most important difference is probably in the form of the anterior angles of the prothorax. The prothorax is described as slightly narrowed anteriorly in obsoleta, with anterior margin truncate and anterior angles obtuse ; while in diluta the prothorax is parallel, with anterior margin slighly emarginate and anterior angles somewhat acute except that, as usual in this genus, they are slightly blunted. Moreover, the head is probably much more closely punctate in diluta than in obsoleta, the front of the clypeus is emarg- inate at middle (described as truncate in obsoleta), and the description of obsoleta suggests other slight differences. I have not seen specimens of obsoleta. I believe that diluta is distinct from it, but the former may prove to be only a well- defined western subspecies of it rather than a separate species. The present new species, diluta, resembles C. frenchi SI. (as obsoleta too is said to do) but is smaller, with a (short) subhumeral carina, relatively longer pro- thorax, and clypeus much more deeply emarginate at middle. These differences are not sexual, for dissection shows that I have both sexes of both species. Clivina wiluna n. sp. Parallel, cylindrical, head not unusually large ; brown, darker (sometimes blackish) anteriorly. Head about 4/5 width prothorax; mandibles short; clypeus with middle part separated from wings, angles advanced and dentiform, clypeal wings angulate or sub-angulate externally, nearly as prominent as angles of median part, separated by distinct notches from supra-antennal plates ; latter with outer angles somewhat variable in form but usually less (never more) prominent than angles of clypeal wings; eyes prominent, much more so than supra-antennal plates ; front not distinctly separated from clypeus, more or less (variably) impressed at middle, frontal sulci recurved, front sparsely or not distinctly punctate, except punctation sometimes more distinct at middle. Prothorax slightly (1/20 or 1/10) 1953] Darlington — Australian Carabidae 57 longer than wide, slightly but distinctly narrowed ant- eriorly; anterior margin approximately truncate; posterior angles broadly rounded, anterior ones right or slightly obtuse, blunted; disc with middle line distinct, anterior transverse impression obsolete or nearly so, sub-basal lateral impression short and vague; surface of disc smooth except for a few transverse strioles. Elytra only 1/10 or 1/20 wider than prothorax, parallel, truncate at base; 4 inner striae free at base, 5th united with 6th; sub-humeral carina short, indistinct; striae entire except some very briefly obsolete at extreme apex, punctulate ; intervals slightly convex, 3rd with usual 4 distinct setigerous punctures on outer edge. Prosternal process very narrow (attenuate) between anterior parts of coxae; prosternal episterna dull; body impunctate below. Anterior femora stout, lobed below; anterior tibiae 4-dentate externally, the upper tooth much shorter than the others but distinct and acute; upper in- ternal spine of front tibia somewhat curved and thickened; middle tibia with spur about 1/3 from apex externally. Length 5. 7-6. 4; width about 1.6 mm. Holotype (M. C. Z. Type No. 23,092) and 14 paratypes from Wiluna and vicinity. Western Australia, most at '‘Yandil” but 1 from Lake Violet, Sept. 28-Oct. 3, 1931 ; from the banks of ponds and water holes. Apparently closely related only to Clivina cylindriformis SI. from the Gulf of Carpentaria (see Sloane’s key, 1896, p. 162). The most important differences are that the front femur of iviluna is 4-dentate externally (described as 3- dentate in cylindriformis) and that in iviluna the clypeal wings are angulate and at least as prominent as and usually more prominent than the angles of the supra-aiitennal plates (clypeal wings described as rounded and apparently much less prominent than the angles of the supra-antennal plates in cylindriformis) . As compared with the description of cylindriformis, wiluna evidently also has the median part of the clypeus with more prominent angles, the front much less punctate, and the color paler; and the prosternum is usually not sulcate across the base in iviluna, although this is not a trustworthy character. I have not seen speci- mens of cylindriformis. From C. obsoleta SI., to which 58 Psyche [June unluna might be run in Sloane’s key, wilwna differs in having a much smaller head, with relatively more prominent eyes. Clivina suturalis Putz. As Sloane has pointed out (1920, p. 122), verticalis Putz. and dorsalis Blackb. seem to be synonyms of this species. The species is extremely variable in color. A long series from Rottnest Island (near Perth), Western Australia, taken in October, 1931, varies from elytra testaceous with the sutural region only slightly reddish (these specimens possibly slightly immature) to black with only a short reddish dash behind the humerus, the dash not reaching the middle of the elytral length, and all stages of intermediates occur. Clivina grata n. sp. Of about average stoutness for Clivina, convex but not cylindrical; color either entirely rufous or rufous with elytra piceous black and lower surface posteriorly rufo- piceous; surface above moderately shining. Head % or a trifle less width prothorax; mandibles rather short but acute ; clypeus with- median part evenly slightly emarginate, separated from wings by indistinct, very obtuse notches; eyes small, enclosed behind by convex genae about as long as eyes and nearly as prominent; front not distinctly separated from clypeus, slightly convex between broad facial sulci ; vertex slightly impressed at middle ; vertex and front, but not clypeus, rather closely punctate. Prothorax 1/10 (slightlyi) longer than wide, widest about 1/3 from base, thence slightly narrowed anteriorly; posterior angles broadly rounded, finely denticulate, anterior angles minutely prominent; disc with median line and apical transverse line distinct, surface of disc entirely covered with fine, rather irregular punctation. Elytra 1/6 or 1/7 wider than pro- thorax, elongate oval rather than parallel, with humeri slightly narrowed; 3 inner striae free at base, 4th united with external striae; subhumeral carinae distinct; striae entire except partly obliterated at extreme apex, impressed and punctate on disc; discal striae convex, 3rd with 4 distinct setigerous punctures on outer edge. Prosternum 1953] Darlington — Australian Carabiclae 59 transversely sulcate in front, prosternal process very fine (attenuate) opposite front margins of coxae; prosternal episterna closely rugulose; indistinct traces of punctation at sides of prosternum (not on episterna) ; hind body below roughened at sides but not distinctly punctate. Inner wings reduced to narrow strips about V2 length of elytra; metepi- sterna shortened. Anterior femur with lower, posterior margin approximately straight (faintly convex) as seen from behind; anterior tibia externally with three long teeth and (above them) a small triangular projection; middle tibia with a slender spur 1/3 or i/4 from apex. Length 5 mm. (or slightly less) ; width about 1.4 mm. Holotype (M. C. Z. No. 23,093) and 2 paratypes all from near the town of Margaret River, southwestern division of Western Australia, October, 1931. This species finds its closest relatives in the Heterogena Group of Clivina. In Sloane’s second key (1904, p. 714) it would go with olliffi SI. and blackhurni SI., differing from the former by being smaller and with narrower prothorax, and from the latter by having a distinct anterior transverse line on the pronotum. So far as I can judge from the descriptions alone, there are many other differences too. The separation of the median part of the clypeus from the clypeal wings in grata is so slight that the species might easily be referred to the Australasiae Group, where it would run (in Sloane’s key, 1904, p. 719) to ferruginea or to nigra or occulta, but it probably is not really very closely related to any of these. In my opinion, this new species {grata) really represents some stock close to heterogena Putz., modified as a result of reduction of the wings. The other characters which distinguish grata, especially the more oval elytra and shortened metepisterna, often accompany or follow wing- reduction among Carabidae {cf. Darlington 1936) and occur in some other (unhplated) flightless Australian Clivina, especially in the Procera Group. Even the reduced eyes of grata may be a secondary result of wing atrophy. I took, also at Margaret River, a single specimen of a Clivina which may represent the winged stock from which grata has been derived. It is bicolored like some examples 60 Psyche [June of grata and is similar also in many ways structurally, but it is fully winged, with elytra parallel-sided, metepisterna long, and eyes relatively large. In these respects it is very close to heterogena, of which we have a series from Victoria. However, the Margaret River specimen differs from both heterogena and the present new species (grata) in having the abdomen rugose-punctate, most strongly so on the apical segment. The differences between this specimen and grata seem too great for them to be forms of a single dimorphic species. This specimen very likely represents a new species, but I do not care to describe it without more material. Clivina sculpticeps n. sp. Rather broad, subparallel, only moderately convex ; rufous, not very shining. Head about 7/10 width prothorax; mandibles short; clypeus with marginal outline as in australasiae and its immediate allies, broadly emarginate at middle, with median part not at all separated from wings ; latter rounded, separated from supra-ocular plates by obtuse notches; eyes prominent; front separated from clypeus by a deep and conspicuous transverse impression, and clypeus before impression with a broad more or less semicircular swelling; front and usually vertex somewhat variably longitudinally impressed at middle, and usually also with oblique irregular impressions at sides; frontal sulci long, recurved; front impunctate or virtually so; occiput with a few punctures at sides. Prothorax as wide as long or barely wider, moderately narrowed anteriorly; posterior angles broadly rounded, slightly dentate ; anterior angles also rounded, but more narrowly so ; disc with median and anterior transverse lines distinct, sub-basal lateral impressions faint or obsolete; surface of disc impunctate, with a few transverse strioles. Elytra about 1/10 wider than prothorax, only slightly narrowed anteriorly, with base subtruncate; humeri distinct, rather narrowly rounded; only 3 striae free at base; sub-humeral carinae well developed; striae entire, moderately impressed (less so apically), punctulate; intervals convex, 3rd 4-punctate as usual. Prosternum more or less sulcate transversely an- teriorly, with episterna striolate and rugulose, not punctate; 1953] Darlington — Australian Carahidae 61 prosternal process narrow but not “attenuate” between anterior parts of coxae; body below locally rugulose but not punctate. Anterior femora with lower posterior margin slightly convex; anterior tibiae strongly 3-dentate; middle tibia with a strong spur about from apex externally. Length 7. 8-9.0; width 2. 2-2. 5 mm. Holotype (M. C. Z. Type No. 23,094) and 4 paratypes all from Geraldton, Western Australia, October, 1931. Also 1 specimen, not a type, measuring only 6.5 by 1.8 mm., from Meekatharra, Western Australia (nearly 300 miles inland from Geraldton), Sept. 25, 1931. The form of the clypeal margin and the distinct joining of the 4th and 5th elytral striae at base put this new species in Sloane’s Australasiae Group. In Sloane’s second key (1904, p. 719) it actually runs to australasiae and the latter’s close relatives lepida Putz. and dingo SI., but the new species (scidpticeps) differs from all of them by the conspicuous and rather complex sculpture of the head. The brown rather than black coloration is probably also a distinguishing character of scidpticeps, but a relatively unimportant one. References Darlington, P. J. Jr. 1936. Variation and atrophy of flying wings of some carabid beetles. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 29:136-176, pis. i-iii. Sloane, T. G. 1896. On the Australian Clivinides. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 21:143-257, 275-280. 1904. Revisional notes Clivinini. Ibid., 29:710-733. 1905. [Check-list of Clivina.l Ibid., 30 Suppl.: 4-8. 1907. [New ClivinaJ Ibid., 32:346-350. 1916. [New Clivina.l Ibid., 41:600-607. 1917. [New Clivina.'] Ibid., 42:406. 1920. [Tasmanian Clivina.l Ibid., 45:122-123. 1923. [New ClivinaJ Ibid., 48:18-19. SOME NEW DIPTERA WITH REMARKS ON THE AFFINITIES OF THE GENUS PNYXIA JOH. By F. R. Shaw University of Massachusetts In a lot of material sent to me for identification bv Dr. Peter Bellinger, while a student at Yale University, I found some specimens of unusual interest. Most of the insects fall in the genus Bradysia^ of the family Sciaridae. There were a few Mycetophilidae. By far the most interesting insects were small Diptera resembling Cecidomyiidae. The females are wingless and lack halteres. The males have antennae similar to certain gall midges. At first, the specimens were believed to fall in the genus Peyerimhoffla but further study indicated that their affinities were not with this group. It was finally determined that the insects would fall within the genera Pnyxia Johannsen or Epidapus Haliday. Through the kindness of Alan Stone of the U.S. National Museum, I was able to borrow specimens originally de- scribed by Hopkins as Epidapus scabiei but subsequently placed in the genus Pnyxia by Johannsen. Two char">p' ^rs used to recognize Pnyxia include the absence of the dorsal eye-bridge and the shape of the palpi. Since the dorsal eye- bridge is greatly reduced in the females I was examining, I wondered if Hopkins could have overlooked this structure. My material also possesses a one-segmented maxillary palpus as is characteristic of Pnyxia. A thorough study of Pnyxia scabiei (Hopkins) revealed the complete absence of an eye-bridge. The palpi although one-segmented are more or less cup-shaped and possess a great number of small peg-like setae on the concave surface. Thes.^^are entirely lacking in the specimens I was examining. Another feature I found of value to distinguish my material * I am following the interpretation of Frey, 1948, of the generic concepts of the Sciaridae. 62 1953] Shaw — New Dipt era 63 from Pmjxia is that in Pnyxia there is a snout-like projec- tion above the antennae. In general appearance, the males of my specimens closely resemble those of Pnyxia except for the palpal structure and presence of an eye-bridge. The eye-bridge in both sexes IS greatly reduced being not over one facet wide in the male and possessing a total of eight facets in the female In the female most of the facets are located in front of the ocelli and they are easily overlooked. The systematic position of Pnyxia has been somewhat uncertain. Johannsen, 1912, indicated that according to Enderlein, this genus would be placed in the Mycetophilinae. Edwards, 1925, placed the genus in the Sciophilinae. Frey, 1942, makes the following statement concerning this genus, '‘nicht zu den Sciariden gehdren die Gattungen Pnyxia Joh! und Allostooma Schmitz.’’ My conclusions concerning this matter are that Pnyxia is a sciarid. The thoracic sclerites show that the affinities of the genus are closest to the Sciaridae. The reduced eye-bridge in the specimens I am naming as a new species of Epidapus is certainly a step toward the loss of the eye-bridge in Pnyxia. A total of four new species was found in the course of study of the specimens. These include Epidapus johannseni, Zelmira williami, Bradysia bellingeri and B. farn. Their descriptions appear herewith. Epidapus johannseni n. sp. Male. Length 1 mm., General color dark brown, legs and abdomen lighter. Resembles a cecidomyiid in general appearance. Head. Antennae about 1.5 the length of the body. The basal two segments compact, the second bulb-like. The flagellar segments, with the exception of the terminal one, attenuated at the tip, see figure 1. Antennal hairs more or less verticillate. The intermediate antennal segments are about 0.16 as broad as long-. The attenuated portion of each of the segments is about 0.33 the length of the entire segment. Compound eyes sparsely hairy. Eye-bridge present, narrow, for the most part possessing a single row of facets! 64 Psyche [June Ocelli 3, prominent. Maxillary palpi one-segmented, some- what paler than rest of mouthparts. Thorax dark brown. Wing slightly more than 1 mm. long, slender, anal angle greatly reduced. Anterior wing veins most evident. Costa extends about 0.5 the distance from Rs to Mi +2. Humeral crossvein present. Only the radius with macrosetae. R1+2 ends at about 0.375 of length of wing. Rs ends before tip of M3 at about 0.78 the length of the wing. Petiole of M indistinct. Petiole of Cu is prac- tically absent. In some specimens the anterior branch of Cu appears to originate from the petiole of M. Halteres pale brown, about 0.25 the length of the wing. Legs dark brown. Tibial spurs present, paired on meso- and metathoracic legs. Anterior tibia about 0.81 the length of the tarsus. The basitarsus is about 0.40 the length of the tibia. Tarsal claws simple. Pulvilli and empodium with prominent hairs. Abdomen. Brown in color, somewhat paler at tip. Clasper, figure 2, about 0.66 as broad as long has about 6 spines on the mesal, apical surface of which the dorsal one is most conspicuous. Frey’s key, 1948, would place this species near E. abieticola Frey described from N. Esbo. It differs in the details of the structure of the hypopygium. Described from 7 males from Mt. Higby Reservoir, Hartford County, Connecticut, March — July 1951. Female. Length 1.5-2 mm. General color brown. Head. Dark brown. Antennae 16-segmented, segments not attenuated at tip as in males. Antennal hairs somewhat ver- ticillate. Antenna about 0.28 the length of the body. Compound eyes sparsely hairy. The number of facets is reduced. Dorsal bridge present but the number of facets not over 8 mainly located in area of bridge anterior to ocelli. Ocelli 3, prominent. Mouthparts small, maxillary palpi one-segmented with two prominent setae. Thorax. Wings and halteres absent. Legs pale brown. Explanation of Plate 3 Fig. 1. Fifth flagellar segment of male Epidapus johannseni. Fig, 2. Dorsal view of male hypopygium of Epidapus johannseni. Fig. 3. Ven- tral view of male hypopygium of Zelmira williami. Fig. 4. Ventral view of male hypopygium of Bradysia hellingeri. Fig. 5. Ventral view of male hypopygium of Bradysia farri. Psyche, 1953 VoL. 60, Plate 3 Shaw — New Diptera F IG. 5 66 Psyche [June Coxae elongate, not especially robust as in Pnyxia scabiei. Tibial spurs present. Prothoracic tibia slightly shorter than tarsus. Basitarsus about 0.33 length of the tibia. Abdomen pale brown. Ovipositor prominent. Described from 35 specimens from Mt. Higby Reservoir, Hartford County; Middlefield; and Cathedral Pines, Litch- field County, Connecticut, January — August 1951. Male and female holotypes and 2 paratypes in my collection, the remainder in collection at Yale University. I take pleasure in naming this species for Dr. 0. A. Johannsen, an outstanding American dipterist. Zelmira williami n. sp. Male, Length 6 mm. General color brown. Head. Dark brown. Antennae short, about subequal to length of the thorax. Ocelli 3. prominent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented, first segment darker than the other segments. Thorax. Dark brown. Postnotum with bristles. Pleurites are bare. Wings yellowish with a terminal dark band. Costa terminates at tip of R4 + ;-,. Sci ends before origin of Rs. Sc2 present, about 1/2 way between humeral crossvein and tip of Sc,. R.{ almost perpendicular to ends about 0.33 the distance from tip of R14-2 to tip of R4+5. A brown band covers the terminal sixth of the wing. Fused portion of M subequal to the petiole of M. Two distinct anal veins. Legs yellow. The tarsi appear darker due to the presence of numerous black setulae. Prothoracic basitarsus about 0.9 the length of the tibia. Tibial spurs brown. Some of setae on meso- and metathoracic tibiae are arranged in lines. Halteres brown, the knobs a little darker. Abdomen dark brown. Apices of segments 2-4 with yellow bands. Remainder of segments including the hypopygium dark brown. Clasper, figure 3, of the “genualis” type but lacks the long mesal spur. In Fisher’s manuscript key this species would run to Zelmira genitalis Joh. It can be distinguished from this species by the shape of the claspers and the shape of the tergum. Described from 1 male collected in a soil sample from a virgin White Pine and Hemlock stand in Cathedral Pines, 67 Shaiv — New Diptera Litchfield County, Connecticut on May 16, 1951. Type in my collection. I take pleasure in naming this insect for my son, William Morse Shaw. Bradysia farri n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. General color dark brown. Head dark brown. Antennae 16-segmented somewhat paler in color. Mouthparts yellowish brown. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Thorax. Dark brown. Wings 2.75 mm. long. Costa strong, extends about 0.75 distance from tip of R4+5 to Ml +2. Ri+2 ends at about 0.56 distance from wing base to its tip about opposite fork of M. Rs originates proximad of mid-point between humeral crossvein and tip of Ri+2- Both branches of radius have setae. M3 ends only slightly beyond tip of Ri+2- Petiole of cubitus about 0.88 as long as basal portion of media Halteres pale brown. Legs — Coxae yellowish brown, remainder of legs yellowish. Ratio of prothoracic basitarsus to its tibia 0.60. Tibial spurs yellowish with dark setulae. Abdomen dark brown. Hypopygium, figure 5, resembles somewhat that of B. acuta Joh. Clasper with a strong terminal spine and about 8 setae on its inner surface. In Pettey’s key, 1918, this species would run to Bradysia varians Joh. It differs from this species in venation, in the structure of the clasper, and in other details. Described from 1 male collected at Mt. Higby Reservoir, Hartford County, Connecticut on March 7, 1951. Type in my collection. I take pleasure in naming this insect for Thomas Farr, an outstanding student in entomology who has a firm belief in the value of the study of insects in their natural habitats. Bradysia bellingeri n. sp. Male. Length 2.25 mm. General color dark brown. Head dark brown. Antennae and mouthparts paler. Max- illary palpi 3-segmented, yellowish brown. Thorax dark brown. Wing 2.0 mm. long. Costa extends 68 Psyche [June about 0.75 the distance from tip of R4+5 to Mi +2- R1 + 2 ends proximad of fork M at about 0.5 the length of the wing. Rs originates about 0.70 the distance from the humeral crossvein to the tip of Ri+2- Only the radius has setae. M3 ends opposite tip of R4+5. Petiole of cubitus about 0.60 as long as basal portion of media. Halteres pale brown, tips darker. Legs yellow, appearing darker toward apices due to presence of fine black setulae. Prothoracic basitarsus about 0.62 as long as the tibia. Tibial spurs yellow. Abdomen dark brown, terminal portion somewhat paler. Hypopygium, figure 4, resembles Brady sia diluta Joh. some- what. In Pettey’s key, 1918, this species would run to Bradysia scita Joh. It can be distinguished from B. scita by the structure of the clasper of the hypopygium which lacks a mesal lobe as shown for scita. In addition B. hellingeri possesses a strong apical spine and 3 sub-apical spines on the mesal surface. Described from 1 male collected in a soil sample from a stand of Red Pine at Mt. Higby Reservoir, Hartford County, Connecticut on March 27, 1951. Type in my collection. I take pleasure in naming this species for Dr. Peter Bellinger who sent me these specimens for determination. References Edwards, F. W. 1925. British Fungus-Gnats. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1924: 505-670, pis. 49-61. Frey, R. 1942. Entwurf einer neuen Klassifikation der Muckenfamilie Sciaridae. Not. Ent., 22:5-44, figs. 1-12. 1948. Entwurf einer neuen Klassifikation der Muckenfamilie. Sciaridae. II Die nordeuropaischen Arten. Not. Ent., 27:33-92, figs. 1-136. JOHANNSEN, O.A. 1912. The Fungus Gnats of North America. Maine Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., 200:57-146, figs. 24-267. THE BIOLOGY OF EUPHASIOPTERYX BREVICORNIS (TOWNSEND) (DIPTERA, TACHINIDAE), PARASITIC IN THE CONE-HEADED GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA, COPIPHORINAE) * By W. L. Nutting Biological Laboratories, Harvard University The presence of oddly placed, supernumerary “spiracles” on a number of cone-headed grasshoppers [N eoconocephalus r. rohustus (Scudder)] collected on Cape Cod in August, 1951, suggested parasitism by dipterous larvae, probably of some tachinid fly. Collection and conflnement of a number of parasitized individuals during late summer in 1952 and ’53 eventually led to the successful rearing of three male and two female flies. After considerable study, which involved not only these specimens but a large part of the accessible material in the difficult tribe Ormiini, C. W. Sabrosky of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine is now describing the fly as a new subspecies of Euphasiopteryx brevicornis. (Sabrosky, in press). Reinhard in 1922 published a record of three larvae which emerged from an adult cricket, Gryllus assimilis, and formed puparia. Although no flies emerged, C. T. Greene identifled the puparia as Ormia Euphasiopteryx) ochracea (Bigot). There is but one record of undoubted host relationship for the genus, that of “E'. australis (Tns.)” as a parasite of the Brazilian mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, reported by Wolcott (1940). ^ The cryptic habits of both host and parasite emphasized in the present paper further explain the scarcity and incompleteness of the previous life history data on these flies. The locality where the parasitized cone-heads were * Published with the aid of the B. Pickman Mann Fund, Cambridge Entomological Club. 1 Australis sensu Wolcott=E. depleta (Wiedemann) , teste Sabrosky, 1&53; E. australis (Tns.) from Peru is distinct. Hereafter, E. australis sensu Wolcott will be used in quotaition marks. 69 70 Psyche [June collected is a narrow 16 acre tract, extending from the beachgrass-lined bay inland 0.4 mile to U.S. Route 6 in East Brewster, Mass. One fourth of the land bordering the beach is characterized by Hudsonia-\medi sand-blows dotted with red pine, while the adjoining fourth is overgrown swamp. The remaining eight acres are largely open fields, supporting an occasional red cedar and bordered with clumps of bayberry and beach-plum. The cone-heads were confined to the beachgrass and open fields, although one or two specimens were taken in the bayberry bushes. Because of their alertness and habit of dropping from the tops of grasses and shrubs into inaccessible tangles below, the most practical collecting method is that of night-stalking. In early evening the ear-splitting, cicada-like song of a male is pin-pointed, then approached upwind; with careful man- euvering the singing insect may be spotted and grabbed or tricked into a ready net. Thus the taking of females is limit- ed to chance sightings or association with singing males. In this manner eight males were collected in the eight acre tract between 15 and 17 August, 1951; six were parasitized. On 3 August, 1952, seven males were para- sitized of ten collected in the same area; three unparasitized males came from the beachgrass section. From the number of individual songs noted, probably at least 75 per cent of the male population in the tract were taken each season. The incidence of parasitism in this area, of the males at least, is certainly much higher than the one to five per cent Explanation of Plate 4 Euphasiopteryx brevicornis (Tns.) . Fig. 1, left half, ventral aspect of 0.8 mm first instar larva; right half, dorsal aspect. Fig. 2, left lateral view cf same, spines omitted. Fig. 3, detail of larval hooks. Fig. 4, first instar cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 5, 1.3 mm first instar larva after feeding. Fig. 6, nearly mature, 10 mm larva. An, anus. Fig. 7, posterior view of 8 mm puparium. Fig. 8, right lateral view of same. Fig. 9, detail of mature larval spiracular plate (x44). Fig. 10, detail of second instar spiracular plate (x457). Fig. 11, abdominal cutaway of the host, Neoconocephalus r. rohustus, showing larval respiratory funnels in place; lower funnel was ruptured by escaping larva (xl3) . Fig. 12, longitudinal section of funnel showing larval posterior in place (dotted) ; Ex, first instar exuviae embedded in funnel wall (x40). Nutting Euphasiopteryx 72 Psyche [June reported by Wolcott (1951) . A total of 50 larvae and vacated larval respiratory funnels was found in these 13 grass- hoppers, an average of 3.85 per host. Two hosts contained one larva each, while two others contained eight and nine. Since all hosts were collected within three days in 1951 and on a single date in ’52, the size range and probable age of the larvae are particularly noteworthy. In all specimens containing more than two larvae, considerable variation in larval size was found. This probably indicates different larval entry times, although it is also suggestive of feeding competition among the larvae. Two hosts which each contained one first instar larva, also contained six and seven other larvae of various sizes, including several three quarters grown. Another contained a first instar larva along with two more which were ready to pupate. The dissection of three species of adult female ormiines by Townsend (1911) indicates that larviposition may be the rule with these flies. It is not known whether the females deposit their larvae directly on the host insects, or merely on ground or vegetation frequented by them. The armored, planidium type first instar larva (figs. 1 and 2), coupled with the following observations, suggests an active seeking out of host by larva. Four of the cone-heads collected contained first instar larvae, one of which was found in the muscles of the right hind femur, one quarter of the femur length from the coxa. This cone-head had been killed and pinned, so that even though the larva was found headed apically in the femur, there is no assurance that this was the case before death. Although it is tempting to speculate that it had entered the host through soft or membranous areas of the tarsus, it might be argued that it had entered at any other point and become diverted into the leg in making its way to the abdomen. On the other hand, a careful autopsy of seven cone-heads showed that not one of 30 larvae was encountered in any part of the body but the abdominal cavity. Twenty more larvae, or larval funnels, in the six other cone-heads were also restricted to the abdomen. The second first instar larva was found near the anterior end of the mid gut, and the third in a tangle of malpighian tubules, both free in the 1953] Nutting — Biology of Euphasiopteryx 73 haemocoele. The fourth larva (fig. 5) had recently become fixed to the pleural membrane on the left side of the fifth abdominal segment. This evidence suggests that the larvae are strongly attracted to the host’s abdominal haemocoele, and that they probably do not often miss this goal. It is possible that entry may occasionally be effected via vul- nerable areas of the appendages in contact with the ground. In any case, the paired sets of hooks on the second segment (fig. 3) undoubtedly assist the larvae during penetration of the host. There was no apparent evidence of larval entrance on any of the 13 parasitized cone-heads, although it might be mentioned that five bore from one to four 0.5 to 1.5 mm scars on either or both faces of their hind femora. No such scars were found on the uninfected specimens. They may be significant, but it would be difficult to understand how or why the larvae would enter at such a point. It is more likely that these scars were earned during battle with other males, or perhaps during or after mating. Although not exactly popular knowledge, the unusual respiratory funnels used by tachinid larvae for obtaining an atmospheric oxygen supply have long been known from the early biological researches of Nielsen (1909) and Pantel (1910). Baer (1920) , Thompson (1928), and Beard (1942), have also contributed to our understanding of larval respiration and host relationships within this group of flies. (See Clausen (1940) for a comprehensive review.) York and Prescott (1952) have reported that similar funnels are also formed by nemestrinid larvae in grasshopper hosts. Euphadopteryx behaves typically for, after the active larva enters the cone-head’s abdomen, it perforates the host’s body wall and settles down with its posterior spiracles in contact with the outside air until it is nearly ready to pupate. Perforation of the host integument may be accom- plished by means of the minute circumstigmatal spines as suggested by Beard, or in the case of larvae such as these, perhaps by means of the postcephalic recurved hooks. In any event, the larva, with its spiracles in this hole, obstructs the normal healing of the wound in such a manner as to cause an inward growth of host integument which eventually 74 Psyche [June forms a funnel around its posterior end (see Beard, 1942). With Euphasiopteryx, the funnel walls are extended by a brownish, transparent, acellular membrane, so that the larva is completely enclosed in a sac-like structure (figs. 11 and 12). This type of funnel has been described for certain other tachinids, and Nielsen (1909) claims that the saccular portion is composed of the compacted walls of host fat body cells destroyed by the larva. Pantel (1910) presumed that the enclosed larva fed on the host’s body fiuids absorbed through the sac walls. However this may be, he stated that at a later stage such larvae pierce the sheath and feed actively on fat body and other tissues. This may be the case with Euphasiopteryx , for most over 6 or 8 mm long had ruptured their sheaths (fig. 11). In the cone-heads examined, all the darkened external funnel openings were situated either in the soft pleural integument or in the ventral intersegmental membranes, from the first through the eighth abdominal segments (fig. 11). Internally the basal 1 or 2 mm of the funnel bear heavily sclerotized annular thickenings (fig. 12), while the whole structure is often enveloped in the lobular fat body, covered with blood cells and detritus, and wound round with malpighian tubules. The first instar exuviae (figs. 11 and 12, Ex) are embedded in the thickened layers of cuticle at the funnel base, but no trace of later molts has been found. Cast larval skins of the squash bug parasite, Trichopoda pennipes Fabr., have been found either embedded in the sheath or, more commonly, between the maggot and its sheath (Beard, 1942). Although the remarkable first instar larvae of Phasiop- teryx montana Tns. [E. ochracea (Bigot)] and P. hilimeki BB. [E. hilimekii (BB.)] were described and figured by Townsend (1912, 1942), drawings of this stage of brevi- cornis are included here for comparison. This active, armored larva (figs. 1 and 2), shortly after entering the host, measures about 0.8 x 0.15 mm. It has already done sufficient feeding so that the nine dorsal plates and the flanking rows of eight dorsolateral and seven ventrolateral plates no longer overlap as shown by Townsend. The light brown plates are sculptured, and bear a pattern of round, 1953] Nutting — Biology of Euphasiopteryx 75 unpigmented spots. These hole-like dots form triangular patterns on the first two dorsal plates as described for E. ochracea by Townsend. In the present well preserved material, the spots do not appear to be origins of detached bristles as he suggested. Ventrally the abdomen is equipped with six compact groups of long spines instead of plates, while posteriorly and anteriorly the body is ringed with bands of microspines. The last segment, adorned with a few larger spines, bears the slightly raised spiracular plates which are bounded anterolaterally by a lightly pigmented area. Anteriorly there is a group of claw-like spurs on either side of the second segment, similar to those described for E. hilimekii. Each group is made up of nine heavily sclerotized rods, the seven median ones each bearing two hooks, and the end rods, one each (fig. 3). The cephalo- pharyngeal skeleton (fig. 4) extends back to the anterior margin of the first dorsal plate. The antennae are rather prominent elongate papillae. After considerable feeding, and at the time it becomes sedentary, this larva measures about 1.3 X 0.8 mm, and appears as shown in fig. 5. Mature larvae, ready to pupate (fig. 6), are typical white maggots and measure from 9 x 3 to 13 x 4.5 mm. They are practically smooth, although segmental bands of minute spines become barely visible at 90x in sectioned material. The pair of large, well separated posterior tubercles which bear the spiracles are shining black. The reniform spiracular plate (fig. 9) bears an inconstant serpentine pattern of minute parallel ridges. Between these ridges is a single row of breathing pores leading to the atrium within the tubercle. The stigmatic scar, representing the spiracle of the previous instar, is eccentrically placed opposite the hilum on the plate’s inner margin. Figure 10 is a detail of the typically muscoid spiracular plate of the second instar larva. Prominent fleshy lobes mark the anal opening (An) which is rather remote from the spiracles. From the 13 cone-heads collected and confined, 12 larvae escaped and successfully formed puparia. When ready to pupate the larvae pierced the host’s integument, generally in the vicinity of their breathing funnels, although one may have emerged from the anus. They were given a choice of 76 Psyche [June moist or dry, loosely packed earth with piles of dead grass for cover. The larvae were exceedingly active, humping frantically over the soil and exploring every part of the chamber. Some burrowed between or under loose, moist clods, but most of them settled under the grass on the moist surface. Within one to six hours all had become shortened and dark brown ; puparia were formed a few hours later. One large specimen emerged from its host and formed a puparium within one hour. As to the effects of the parasitism on the host, most of the cone-heads were active, singing and feeding nightly, until a day or two before the larvae emerged. A few hours before the exodus they became feeble and sluggish; two or three hours after even one or two larvae had emerged, the host was dead. Post-mortem examination showed a depletion of the fat body roughly proportionate to the number of parasites, but little apparent damage to the major organ systems. From these facts it is significant that larval survival is narrowly limited to those individuals within a particular host which reach maturity almost simultaneously. Two larvae emerged from one host within two hours of each other and pupated, while six other larvae, including one of the first instar, died inside the moribund host a few hours later. The total complement of three larvae escaped from another host and pupated successfully. This situation, 'involving larvae in staggered developmental stages within one host, is suggestive of a rather extended period of larviposition and a considerable endurance in the host-seeking first instar larvae. It might be added here that two heavily parasitized hosts also contained one and two specimens of a nematomorph, Gordius sp., coiled in their abdominal cavities. Further, three of the 1952 cone- heads each contained one nearly mature larva which Mr. Sabrosky has suggested as possibly Beskia aelops. A female puparium is shown in figs. 7 and 8. Four male puparia vary from approximately 5.5 x 2.9 to 6.2 x 3.4 mm, and those of two females from 5.3 x 3.1 to 8.1 x 4.1 mm. The surface is finely wrinkled and the larval segmentation is fairly prominent. The line of dehiscence of the puparial cap, as well as a secondary fracture, is dotted in the figure. 1953] Nutting — Biology of Euphasiopteryx 77 Although Green figured the puparium of Oestrophasia {—Euphasiopteryx) ochracea in 1922, spiracular details of the three known puparia of the genus are included in text fig. 1 for ready comparison. The brevicornis puparium is dark mahogany with the spiracular tubercles a shining black, while those of ochracea and depleta are a dull brick red with subshining black tubercles. In all three species the tubercles are basally enlarged and well separated, depleta being the most extreme in these features. The tubercles of ochracea arise slightly above the longitudinal puparial axis, but in depleta they arise obliquely from the Text figure 1. Comparison of spiracular details of the three known puparia of Euphasiopteryx. Fig. 1, E. ochracea (Bigot) ; a, ventral aspect of right spiracular tubercle; b, lateral aspect of same, An, anus; c, detail of spiracular plate. Fig. 2, E. depleta (Wied.), a, b, c, same as fig. 1. Fig. 3, E. brevicornis (Tns.) , a, b, c, same as fig. 1. (x44) . 78 Psyche [June posterior dorsal surface. In brevicornis the tubercles arise from an intermediate position well above the axis. The serpentine pattern of respiratory pores on each spiracular plate is raised in ochracea and depleta, and is divided into thi’ee groups which are only vaguely indicated in some specimens of brevicornis. These groups in depleta are separated by much deeper grooves than in ochracea. The stigmatic scar is fairly prominent and the anus is remote from the tubercles in all three species. All puparia of brevicornis were formed in the laboratory essentially under normal seasonal temperatures. Two were obtained on 21 Aug., 1951, and ten more between 5 and 12 Aug., 1952. Each year the puparia were kept at about 23° C foi- a little over two months, held at 8° for two more months, then returned to 23°. Of the 1951 puparia, one female emerged on 10 March, 1952; the other, also a female, succumbed to mold shortly before emergence. Of the 1952 puparia, two males emerged after 11 days, and one male and one female emerged after 12 days, all before being placed in the cold room. The remaining six succumbed to mold and anthomyiid larvae in the insectary after cold treatment. Three of these contained fully formed flies, at least one of which was a female. Townsend (1936) cited a case of E. ochracea (Bigot) adults emerging in October, 12 days after the puparia were collected in Dallas, Texas. According to Wolcott (1951) the pupal stage of ''E. australis (Tns.)” in Brazil lasts for ten days. From these records it is evident that a diapause induced by winter cold is not necessary for adult development. On Cape Cod, adults of both N eoconocephalus robustus and erisiger have been taken at least until early October, while adults of several other likely orthopteran hosts, such as the katydid, Amblycorypha oblojigifolia caidnata R. & H., and the common cricket, Acheta assimilis F., live beyond mid- November in many seasons. In the vicinity of Dallas, the closely related N. triops (L.) has been collected in mid- December (Rehn and Hebard, 1944) , and there are certainly many other possible hosts available beyond this date. With the probable capacity for a four to flve week life cycle as far north as Cape Cod, this parasite could well produce 1953] Nutting — Biology of Euphasiopteryx 79 at least two generations a year on adult Orthoptera alone. It can and probably does pass the winter in the puparium, although nothing is known of the mating habits and survival capabilities of the adult flies. In an effort to fill in the range and determine the host preferenda of these little-known flies, 15 specimens of N. r. robustus in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, from Cape Cod to Long Island, were examined for the presence of larval breathing holes. Similarly examined were 176 specimens, representing nine other species of Neocono- cephalus from Massachusetts to Minnesota, Texas, and Florida, together with 26 Florida specimens of the related genera Belocephalus, Pyrgocorypha, and Homorocoryphus. In addition, large numbers of Orthoptera have been collected in East Brewster for anatomical studies over the past five years, and lately re-examined. These have included such likely hosts as N. ensiger (Harris) ; the conocephaline, Orchelimum vulgare Harris; the phaneropterine, Amhly- corypha oblongifolia carinata R. & H. ; and the common cricket, Acheta assimilis F. All of these examinations proved negative except for a single male of N. ensiger, collected by Richard Dow in Needham, Mass., 7 Aug., 1936, which bore the characteristic larval breathing hole in the left pleural membrane of the sixth abdominal segment. After softening the specimen a half-grown larva, with the first instar exuviae adhering to the funnel, was dissected out. On comparison with equivalent material under study, there is little doubt that E. brevicornis also parasitizes N. ensiger, C. W. Sabrosky has checked the ranges of the two subspecies of E. brevicornis against those of the two subspecies of this particular host, N. r. robustus and r. crepitans, and informs me that the ranges show no signifi- cant coincidence. Therefore, until further evidence is available, it is assumed that the two subspecies of brevi- cornis must utilize additional hosts, at least in other areas of the range, but one or more of the ten other species of Neocono cephalus are probably favored. The question as to whether or not only adult Orthoptera are parasitized remains unanswered. Should the adults of a certain species 80 Psyche [June be the only host in a particular area, either the pupal stage or the adult life must be rather extended; on the other hand, if nymphal stages are also attacked, the host attrition must be considerable in favorable seasons. Since all evidence has shown the genus to have a pre- dilection for nocturnal orthopteran hosts, it is not surprising that, in the laboratory at least, the adult flies are also nocturnal. Wolcott (1951) has reported that “E, australis” adults hid in the darkest part of their cage during the day, but were unusually active at night. At present I can only confirm his observations and add that, during six years of occasional general collecting in the East Brewster area, I have never seen an adult fly. Many specimens seen by Mr. Sabrosky were collected at night, a further hint, but not proof, of nocturnal habits. Although much of the evidence cited above on range and host preference is either negative or purely circumstantial and speculative, it does explain the rarity and obscurity of these flies as well as their extremely local occurrence. I extend my appreciation to C. W. Sabrosky of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine for furnishing some of the pertinent references included, and especially for identification of the fly and description of the new sub- species, without which this information would be of little value. He made available for comparison the puparia of E. ochracea and australis, details of which are shown in text fig. 1. I also wish to thank Prof. H. J. Reinhard, of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, for his part in assisting in the identification. Bibliography Baer, W. 1920. Die Tachinen als Schmarotzer der schadlichen Insekten. Ihre Lebensweise, wirtschaftliche Bedeutung und systematische Kennzeichnung. Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent., 6: 185-246. Beard, R. L. 1942. On the formation of the tracheal funnel in Anasa tristis DeG. induced by the parasite Trichopoda pennipes Fabr. Ann, Ent. Soc. Am., 35:68-72. Clausen, C. P. 1940. Entomophagous Insects, pp. 430-484. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1953] Nutting — Biology of Euphasiopteryx 81 Greene, C. T. 1922. An illustrated synopsis of the puparia of 100 muscoid flies (Diptera) . Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 60, Art. 10:p. 13. Nielsen, J. C. 1909. lagttagelser over entoparasitiske Muscidelarver hos Arthro- poder. Ent. Meddel., 4:pp. 118-121. Pantel, J. 1910. Rechercibes sur les Dipteres a Larves Entomobies. I. Caracteres parasitiques aux points de vue biologique, ethologique et his- tologique. La Cellule, 26:25-216. Rehn, j. a. G. and M. Hebard 1914. Studies in American Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) . III. A synop- sis of the species of the genus Neoconocephalus found in North America north of Mexico. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 40:365-413. Reinhard, H. j. 1922. Host records of some Texas Tachinidae (Diptera) . Ent. News, 33:72-73. Sabrosky, C. W. 1953. Taxonomy and host relations of the tribe Ormiini in the west- ern hemisphere (Diptera, Larvaevoridae) . Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 55: 167-183. Thompson, W. R. 1928. A contribution to the study of the dipterous parasites of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) . Parasitology, 20:123- 158. Townsend, C. H. T. 1911. Announcement of further results secured in the study of muscoid flies. Ann. Elnt. Soc. Am., 4:pp. 136-137. 1912. Foundation of some new genera and species of muscoid flies mainly on reproductive and early-stage characters. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 20:pp.ll4-117. 1936. Manual of Myiology. 3:p.l02. 1942. Manual of Myiology. 12:Pls. 27, 28. Wolcott, G. N. 1940. A tachinid parasite of the Puerto Rican Changa. J. Ec. Ent., 33:202. 1951. The insects of Puerto Rico, Diptera. J. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico. 32 (3) : pp. 476-477. York, G. T. and H. W. Prescott 1952. Nemestrinid parasites of grasshoppers. J. Ec. Ent., 45 :p. 1. NEW DATA ON THE HABITS OF CAMPONOTUS {MYRMAPHAENUS) ULCEROSUS WHEELER By William Steel Creighton Department of Biology, College of the City of New York In June 1951 the writer published, in this Journal, an account of the habits of C. {M.) ulcerosus. Since that time eight more colonies have been observed and additional data have been secured on the habits of this remarkable anth The truncated head of the major worker of ulcerosus has suggested to some myrmecologists a relationship with the subgenus Colobopsis. This view is unsatisfactory from a structural standpoint, for the two subgenera actually have little in common. Nor did it seem likely, since ulcerosus is a ground-dweller, that the head of the major could be used in phragmosis. It is now certain, however, that the major worker of ulcerosus does function as a door and does close the nest entrance with the front of the head in a fashion essentially similar to the phragmotic major of Colobopsis. This is possible because ulcerosus constructs a carton shield at the nest entrance. In this shield is a single aperture which closely approximates, in size and shape, the truncated portion of the head of the major. The shield is made of a mixture of earth and bits of vegetable detritus. The shield is so fragile that it usually cannot be lifted away from the nest entrance intact and it is sometimes destroyed by a heavy rainstorm. The shield may be flat, dome-shaped or tubular. In the dome-shaped and tubular shields the length is from ten to fifteen millimeters and the diameter from seven to ten millimeters. Since the aperture is notably smaller, it forms a bottle-neck which the head of the major can close. The major of ulcerosus, when acting as a door, lets the other members of the colony in and out by backing away 1 This work was done on a Guggenheim Fellowship for 1951-52. 82 1953] Creighton — Camponotus ulcerosus 88 from the aperture. In this respect it behaves essentially as does the major of Colobopsis. There are, however, a number of interesting differences in the process. When the head of the major of Colobopsis is serving in its phragmotic capacity, the only portions of it presented to the exterior are the jaws and the truncated anterior face. The antennae are folded back against the sides of the head and they are well removed from the exterior : it is difficult to see how they could receive tactile stimuli. This may be why Wheeler (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20, No. 10, p. 154, 1904) was unable to elicit any response when he attempted to cause the withdrawal of the Colobopsis major by touching the exposed portion of the head with a pin or straw. The head of the major of ulcerosus, when in the phragmotic position, can readily receive tactile stimuli with the an- tennae. For these parts are not concealed, but held so that each funiculus lies at one side of the aperture. The return- ing workers touch the exposed antennae of the occluding major with their own antennae to secure entry for, when thus stimulated, the major withdraws its head from the aperture. This same response can be elicited by touching the antennae of the occluding major with a bit of grass. The major of ulcerosus is capable of a rather surprising range of behavior when acting as a guard. As a general rule a strange ant can walk across the face of the ulcerosus major, when the latter has assumed the phragmotic position, without producing any visible response. Occasionally, how- ever, the major will seize the strange ant in its jaws and jerk it into the nest, where it is, presumably, killed. Further- more, the major of ulcerosus does not always take a position where its head blocks the entrance. During periods when little traffic is passing the “door”, the major on guard often remains well inside the carton, with only the tips of the antennae showing at the aperture. From this position it can pop into place instantaneously, which it does if a strange ant walks onto the shield. If foraging has ceased and there are no strange ants in the vicinity, the major may retreat so far from the aperture that it cannot be seen when a beam of light is thrown through that opening. It is of interest to note that the major of ulcerosus is not limited to serving 84 Psyche [June in a phragmotic capacity only. Some of the majors regularly leave the nest to forage with the medias and minors. A few other observations may be added. Workers return- ing to the nest always go in through the aperture head- first. They will do so even when this involves considerable struggle with what they are carrying. In the event that some strange ant is on or near the shield, the returning ulcerosus workers make no effort to enter the nest. They will wander about nearby until the intruder leaves, at which time they will secure entry to the nest in the usual fashion. It is clear that ulcerosus is a very timid ant. It is much afraid of several smaller species, particularly Xiphomyrmex spinosus insons. If the two meet, the Xiphomyrmex will usually rob the ulcerosus worker of anything it is carrying. This may be the reason why the workers of ulcerosus, which are returning to the nest with food, will take a needlessly tortuous course over grass tufts. Such a course would minimize the chance for encounters with Xiphomyrmex, for the latter ant rarely leaves the surface of the soil when foraging. Presented below are several records which add to the known range of ulcerosus : Arizona: Huachuca Mountains, Carr Canyon, 5400'; Santa Rita Mountains, Sweetwater, 5800'; Chiricahua Mountains, Nat. Mon. Campground, 5400'. Chihuahua: Sierra de en Medio, Nogales Ranch, 5000'. Sonora: Cerro San Jose (Naco) 5100’. CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tues- day of each month (July, August and September, excepted) at 8 :00 p.m. in Room B-455, Biological Laboratories, Divin- ity Ave., Cambridge. Entomologists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. BACK VOLUMES OF PSYCHE The Cambridge Entomological Club is able to offer for sale the following volumes of Psyche. Those not mentioned are entirely out of print. Volumes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, each covering a period of three years, $5.00 each. Volumes 10, 12, 14, 17, each covering a single year, $1.00 each. Volumes 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, each covering a single year, $1.50 each. Volumes 27 to 53, each covering a single year, $2.00. Volumes 54 to 59, each covering a single year, $3.00. Orders for 2 or more volumes subject to a discount of 10 Orders for 10 or more volumes subject to a discount of 200. All orders should be addressed to F. M. Carpenter, Editor of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Macs. FOR SALE The Ants of North America, by Professor Wm. S. Creighton. Published in April, 1950, as volume 104 of the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, with 585 pages and 57 plates. Price $10.00 (postpaid). Send orders to Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. BLACK STEEL INSECT PINS Trade Mark “Elephant”, the ideal black insect pin. Trade Mark “Imperial”, formerly Czechoslovakia. Both types in sizes No. 000-7. Also Minuten Nadeln. Request samples and prices from the manufacturer: Emil Arlt, Spezial- nadelfabrik, Salzburg, 2, P.O. Box 76, Austria. PSYCHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Established in 1874 VoL 60 September, 1953 No. 3 V J i ' c MUS. mu?. 200L LiBway JAN 1 1 1954 TABLE OF CONTEXTS TIu* ludo-Australian Species of tiie Ant Genus Slrumigenys Fr. Smith: S. wallncei Emerv and Relatives. IF. L. Brown, Jr. ... 85 Fii>t Records of the Eiiro])ean rcligio-sa (L.) from Maine. II'. L. Xutting 89 .Viistralian Carabid Beetles II. Some New Pterostichini. P. J. Darling- ton, Jr 90 'I'axonomic Notes on the Ant, Cainponotus cooperi Gregg. R. E. Gregg 102 Further Notes on North American Epicauta, with New Synonjunj’ (Coleop., Meloidae). F. G. Werner 105 N('w England Records of Ululodes Currie (Neuroptera: .Yscalaphidae). G. //. Beatty, III 114 .\ .New Neotropical C/ir^.sop.s (Diptera, Tabanidae). L. L. Pechuman 115 'Flirc'e New Species of Panorpidae (Mecoptera). F. Y. Cheng . . 119 I.arval Mites of the Genus Eutromhidium Attached to a Carolina Locust. TP. IF. Judd 124 -A Gregarine, Diplocystis, in the Haemocoele of the Roach. Blaberus rraniifcr Bunn. W. L. Xutting 126 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB Officers President .... Vice-President . Secretary .... Treasurer .... Executive Committee EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE F. M. Carpenter — editor C. T. Brues P. J. Darlington, Jr. J. Bequaert FOR 1953-54 . W. L. Brown, Jr. S. K. Harris . E. 0. Wilson F. M. Carpenter ) . . . J. C. Bequaert \ . . . A. G. Humes PSYCHE is published quarterly, the issues appearing in March, June, September, and December. Subscription price, per year, payable in advance; $3.00 to subscribers in the United States and Canada: other subscriptions $3.35. Single copies, 85 cents. Cheques and remittances should be addressed to Treasurer, Cambridge Entomological Club, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Orders for back volumes, missing numbers, notices of change of address, etc., should be sent to the Editorial Office of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. IMPORTANT NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Manuscripts intended for publication, books intended for review, and other editorial matter, should be addressed to Professor P. M. Carpenter, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Authors contributing articles over 8 printed pages in length will be required to bear a part of the extra exF>ense, for additional pages. This expense will be that of typesetting oniy, which is about $3.00 per p'’'” . The actual cost of preparing cuts for all illustrations must be borne by comlributors; the expense for full page plates from line drawings is approximately $8.00 each, and for full page half-tones. $10.00 each; smaller sizes in proportion. AUTHOR’S SEPARATES Reprints of articles may be secured by authors, if i.'hey are ordered before, or at the time proofs are received for corrections. The cost of these will be furnished by the Editor on application. The June, 1953, Psychk (Vol. 60, No. 2) was mailed Sept. 28. 1953 EATON PRESS INC., WATERTOWN, MASS, PSYCHE Mus. m?. zooi LIBPAIY JAN 1 1 195 Vol. 60 September, 1953 No. 3 THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF THE ANT GENUS STRUMIGENYS FR. SMITH: S. WALLACEI EMERY AND RELATIVES^ By William L. Brown, Jr. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University This is another part of my continuing revision of the dacetine ant genus Strumigenys. Here are discussed three species of the szalayi group, one of which is described as new. The other species of the group will be treated in a later paper in the series. The abbreviations for measure- ments and proportions are explained in previous parts of the revision: see Psyche 60: 1 (1953). Deposition of cer- tain types is indicated by capitals in brackets as follows: United States National Museum [USNM], Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Harvard University [MCZ]. Strumigenys nidifex Mann Strumigenys nidifex Mann, 1921, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 6 A: 464, fig. 23, all castes. This very large, dark brown species is found only on a few of the larger islands of the Fijian Group. The original description permits easy recognition ; the ant is larger than any other species known from the Indo-Australian area, although Mann’s measurements are a bit too low. I have recently received specimens from Mr. N. L. H. Krauss taken at Navai, Viti Levu. It nests under stones, where it builds reticulately patterned nests with mud, or in rotten wood [USNM, MCZ]. Strumigenys wallacei Emery Strumigenys Wallacei Emery, 1897, Term. Fuzetek 20 : 575, 578, pi. 14, fig. 7, worker. ^ Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 85 86 Psyche [September 1 have seen no specimens of this species, but Emery’s figure and description show that it is very closely related to S. opaca sp. nov., described below. Emery’s measurements are probably too low (‘‘2%-3 mm.”), and in his figure, the eyes may be portrayed as much too flat, judging from other related species. In the width of the head, form and pilosity of the antennal scapes, and other features, this species and S. opaca together form a subgroup distinct from the other szalayi relatives. Possibly wallacei, like opaca, may also lack the intercalary tooth of the apical fork. Of ivallacei, Emery says the gaster is “nitida, nigra, basi rugosi-striata.” In the new species, the entire first tergite is sculptured and opaque, and is deep red instead of black. As already men- tioned, the difference in the eyes as portrayed in Emery’s figure may not be reliable, so we shall have to await an opportunity to see types of ivallacei before citing other dis- tinctions between the two species. The types are either in the Emery Collection, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa, or in the Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, or both. Type locality: Lemien Forest, near Berlinhafen, New Guinea. Slrumigenys opaca new species Holotype worker : TL 3.49 mm., HL 0.83 mm., ML 0.46 mm., WL 0.81 mm.; Cl 86, MI 55. Occipital lobes overlapping pro- notum by about 0.04 m., this amount not subtracted from TL. Head in outline very much as in Emery’s figure of S. wallacei (see above), very broad and similarly deeply ex- cised posteriorly. Eyes larger, more convex and more strongly protuberant, also more anteriorly directed, than those shown for ivallacei in Emery’s figure. Actually, the eyes are situated on low protuberances, immediately in front of which run deep vertical preocular sulci ; the latter continue onto the ventral surface of the head and join there to form the deep postoral sulcus. Antennal scrobes ending abruptly above the eyes. As the head is seen in direct dorsal view, the dorsolateral borders run well inside of the ventro- lateral borders and are only very feebly indented at the level of the eyes. The periocular structure is similar to that of szalayi, niclifex, etc., but differs in having the dorsolateral 1953] Brown — Indo- Australian Strumigenys 87 borders only slightly indented above the eyes and in having the eyes themselves much larger and more protruding, more nearly prospicient. Vertex evenly convex, feebly impressed in the middle; occipital lobes strongly depressed and nearly plane dorsally ; broadly expanded both posteriad and laterad. Clypeus more than half again as broad as long, moderately convex, an- terior border emarginate and weakly depressed in the middle. Mandibles about as shown in Emery’s wallacei figure, slightly depressed and very slightly broadened just at their insertions. Seen from the side, they tilt slightly dorsad and are feebly arched. Apical fork of two long spiniform teeth, subparallel and forming a U, the ventral tooth (L 0.10 mm.) about % as long as the dorsal (l 0.15-0.16 mm.) ; no inter- calary denticle. Preapical tooth slightly curved, spiniform, situated at approximately the apical third of the ml, its L ca. 0.10 mm. Antennal scapes (straightline L about 0.60 mm.) very feebly bent posteriorly near the base, where they are very slender; apical half gradually incrassate, thickest at about the apical quarter, and gently arched so as to follow the contour of the sides of the head when in repose. This adapt- ation evidently compensates for the incomplete condition of the scrobes, and is seen in somewhat similar form in szalayi. Funiculus L 0.65 mm., the apical segment occupying just half this length ; iv longer than i ; ii and iii subequal, longer than broad, together not quite as long as i. Anterior promesonotum gently convex, descending be- hind through the evenly concave posterior half of the meso- notum to the lower, extremely feebly convex (nearly straight in profile) propodeal dorsum; metanotal groove obsolete. Promesonotum seen from above with a very nar- rowly rounded and poorly developed anterior border ; cervix with a median dorsal carinula. No traces of humeral angles or tubercles, humeral region gently convex, promesonotal suture obsolete. Propodeal teeth long (l ca. 0.12 mm.), set far apart, slender, acute, feebly diverging and elevated at an angle of about 35° from the plane of the propodeal dorsum. Infradental carinulae indistinct, becoming obsolete ventrad. 88 Psyche [September Petiolar peduncle slender, slig'htly longer than node. Node evenly rounded above, very slightly broader than long, with only very narrow, sublamellose vestiges of ap- pendages posterodorsally, posterolaterally and ventrally. Postpetiole twice as broad as petiolar node, and higher and more bulky, subglobose, only slightly broader than long (L 0.20, w 0.25 mm.) ; spongiform appendages poorly de- veloped, restricted to thin posterodorsal border and meager ventral and ventrolateral lobes. Entire insect, except for shining mandibular apices, densely and finely sculptured and opaque ; the sculpture pre- dominantly punctulate as in other species of the genus, and similarly becoming more superficial and indistinct on the gastric dorsum, which, though largely quite opaque, be- comes less definitely so toward the apex. Dorsum of head, alitrunk and nodes with a sparse, in- conspicuous ground pilosity of short, spatulate subappressed hairs. Clypeus with a medially directed fringe of spatulate hairs, about 9 or 10 on each side of the middle. Anterior border of scape with a regular row of stiff, apically-inclined oar-shaped hairs, becoming longer toward the scape apex; a similar row appears in Emery’s figure of tvallacei, but the individual hairs in opaca appear to have broader blades apically. Hairs on inner mandibular borders near base long, fine, subreclinate ; those near apex longer, perpendic- ular. Abundant short subreclinate hairs along posterior borders of scapes. No specialized erect hairs on head or ali- trunk. Short, erect, posteriorly-inclined clavo-spatulate hairs as follows: a pair on postpetiole; 3 pairs on basal gastric tergite; transverse rows of 4-6 hairs each on suc- ceeding gastric segments, becoming smaller and finer toward extreme apex. Short fine hairs under gastric apex. Color deep brownish-red; mandibles, legs, antennae and occipital lobes a trifle lighter and more yellowish. Holotype [MCZ] selected from a nest series of 15 workers taken in rain-forest at Lankelly Creek in the Mcllwraith Range, a few miles east of Coen, central Cape York Pen- insula, Queensland during June, 1932 (P. J. Darlington: Harvard Australia Expedition). Paratypes: [MCZ, USNM, Queensland Museum, etc.] the i953J Brotvn — Indo-Australian Strumigenys 89 remaining 14 workers from the type nest series are very uniform in structure and color, and quantitative variation is slight. TL 3.18-3.51, hl 0.78-0.85, ml 0.43-0.48, WL 0.75- 0.81 mm.; Cl 82-86, Ml 54-57. First Records of the European Mantis religiosa (L.) FROM Maine. — Aside from the persistent records from New York and Ontario, the last three years have produced numerous records of this insect in widely scattered locali- ties in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. Although only one specimen was reported in Sept. 1951, from Saco, Maine (Mrs. G. B. Nutting), the following 1952 records from York County, Maine indicate that it may now have a hold in that state: three specimens from Biddeford, 15, 18 Aug., and 6 Oct. (H. J. Edwards, A. Lowell, and J. Foran) ; one specimen from South Buxton, 10 Sept, (de- termined by Mr. A. E. Brower of the Entomological Labora- tory, Augusta). The Biddeford records, along with numer- ous other “sightings”, were largely from the business dis- trict, in yards, on window sills, parking meters, and the like. Although the males fly well, as do many females be- fore they become gravid, this relatively rapid spread is probably due largely to long-distance shipments of hay and nursery stock containing their egg masses. The average winter temperature of coastal and south- eastern Maine is close to that of southern Ontario, but is deflnitely warmer than northeastern Ontario near the con- fluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers. Since this mantid is already well established in both these regions of Ontario, it is possible that it may eventually become a per- manent resident over much of New England, including coastal Maine. — W. L. Nutting, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University. AUSTRALIAN CARABID BEETLES II. SOME NEW PTEROSTICHINI By P. J. Darlington, Jr. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University This is the second of what I hope will be a continuing series of papers on Australian Carabidae. The first, with some information on sources of material and methods of work, appeared in Psyche, vol. 60, 1953, pp. 52-61. The present paper contains the descriptions of seven new Pter- ostichini of the Australian genera Leiradira, Setalis, TH- chosternus, and Notonomus. Several of the new species either extend the known ranges of their genera or show unusual characters or variations. Except as otherwise stated, all the specimens here reported upon were collected by myself during the course of the Harvard Australian Expedition of 1931-1932. Genus Leiradira Cast. Leiradira alternans n. sp. Of general form and appearance of previously known Leiradira (e. g. auricoUis Cast.) but larger and narrower; color, including appendages, black or piceous (more rufous in recently emerged individuals) with outer antennal seg- ments brown ; rather shining, microsculpture faint, iso- diametric on head, somewhat transverse on prothorax and elytra. Head normal for genus, .67 and .71 width prothorax in 5 $ measured; antennae geniculate but with 1st seg- ment shorter than usual in genus; frontal sulci deep, linear, somewhat curved and converging anteriorly, joined anter- iorly by a variable but usually lightly impressed clypeal suture; surface impunctate. Prothorax appearing at least as long as wide but by measurement slightly wider than long; base about equal to apex; sides broadly arcuate, al- most parallel 1/3 from apex, strongly sinuate just before base ; basal angles right ; lateral margins very narrow, consisting of marginal bead only, with usual setae at base 90 1953.1 Darlington — Australian Carabidae 91 and about 13 from apex; base subtruncate or slightly sinuate; apex subtruncate, with anterior angles very slightly advanced; sub-basal impressions in form of deep, somewhat elongate foveae, each connected with the margin posteriorly by a deep, curved impression ; disc with median line light, transverse impressions obsolete, surface impunc- tate.. Elytra 1/5 or 1/4 wider than prothorax, not or moder- ately narrowed anteriorly (variable), with sides subparal- lel or slightly arcuate at middle, sinuate before apex, then rather narrowly and almost conjointly rounded; basal mar- gin either entire and conspicuously lobed or interrupted at 1st, 3rd, and 5th intervals (variation individual, not geo- gi'aphical), approximately rectangular and strongly ele- vated at humeri ; striae rather deep, entire, impunctate, but finely granular at bottom; intervals alternately wide and narrow (1, 3, 5, and 7 wide), moderately convex on disc, more so laterally and apically; 3rd interval 2, 3, or 4 punc- tate, the punctures somewhat irregular in position as well as number; 8th and 9th intervals narrow and convex; frag- ments of a very narrow 10th (submarginal) interval post- eriorly. Prosternal process not margined, declivity flat, without setae; metepisterna short; sides of sterna not much punctate, but sides of abdomen especially anteriorly ex- tensively punctate, with the segments more or less im- pressed near sides. Fifth segment of tarsi without acces- sory setae below. Male with anterior tarsi a little dilated, first 3 segments biseriately squamulose; $ with 1, $ with 2 setigerous punctures each side last ventral segment. Length 14-16.5; width 4. 1-5.0 mm. Holotype S (M. C. Z. Type No. 29,016) and 3 paratypes from Malanda, Atherton Tableland, North Queensland, Nov. 7 and 8, 1950, collected by Dr. W. L. Brown in rotten logs in rain forest; and also the following additional para- types : 3, Millaa Millaa, Atherton Tableland, about 2,500 ft. alFtude, April, 1932; and 1, Lake Barrine, Atherton Table- land, about 2,300 ft. altitude, April, 1932. This, the first Leiradira to be recorded from North Queensland, is very distinct from all species previously as- signed to the genus. The alternation in width of the elytral intervals is alone enough to distinguish it from, for ex- ample, L. auHcollis Cast, and all other known species of the 92 Psyche 1 Septemb-:!' genus (keyed out and discussed by Tschitscherine in Horae Soc. Ent. Rossicae, Vol. 32, 1898, pp. 39-46), and there are many other specific differences. It is not so easy to say just how the new species is related to ''Notonomus” opacistri- atus SI., which Sloane eventually decided was not a Xotono- mus (Proc. Linn. Soc. Neiv South Wales, Vol. 38, 1913, p. 409), and which is from Cairns, below the Atherton Table- land. The two species are apparently related, but different. As compared with the description of opacistriatus, the present new species agrees in many significant details in- cluding alternation in width of the elytral intervals and opacity of the elytral striae, but Sloane’s species is evident- ly a wider, less convex, somewhat differently shaped insect. This is shown by the measurements he gives (16 by 5.5 mm. — a 16 mm. specimen of the present new species would be less than 5 mm. wide), by his statement that his species is oval and rather depressed while the present new species is subparallel and rather convex, and by his statement that in his species the prothoracic margins (as distinguished from the lateral channels) are narrow but wider toward the base while the present new species has no margins ex- cept the lateral channels, this being consistent with the new species being a narrower and more convex insect. I think that ''Notonomus” opacistHatus SI. will probably pro\ e to be a link between Leiraclira and more normally formed pterostichines, but I do not care to place it formally with- out seeing it. Genus Setalis Cast. Setalis sloanei n. sp. Almost exactly like Setalis niger Cast, in form and ap- pearance, but very much smaller; shining black, legs brown- ish piceous, antennae reddish brown ; upper surface slightly silky but without distinct microsculpture. Head .62 and .59 width prothorax in 6 9 measured, almost as in 5. ulgtr, swollen posteriorly, with small but even more abruptly prominent eyes; frontal impressions deep, irregular, some- what converging, joined anteriorly by a sharply defined slightly emarginate clypeal suture; surface impunctate. P}'otho7'ax 1/4 wider than long, narrowed anteriorly, .scarce- ly so posteriorly ; base about 2/5 wider than apex : side.s 1953 Darlington — Australiari Carabidae 98 broadly arcuate anteriorly, straight or even faintly sinuate and only slightly converging posteriorly; basal angles al- most idght but narrowly rounded ; base broadly sinuate ; apex subtruncate or very broadly emarginate, with ant- erior angles not advanced; lateral margins very narrow, with usual setae at base and about 1/4 from apex; disc normally convex; sub-basal impressions short, deep, linear, iri*egular or subpunctate; a group of punctures (sometimes only 1 puncture) between sub-basal impression and lateral margin; disc otherwise impunctate, with median line light, transverse impressions vague; base not distinctly mar- gined, apex margined at sides but not at middle. Elytra about 1 6 wider than prothorax; sides subparallel, slightly sinuate before apex, then conjointly rounded; basal margin entire, bent forward and forming acute angles (more acute titan in }tiger) at humeri; striae entire, deep, impunctate; intervals slightly convex on disc, more so laterally and apically; dorsal intervals equal, 3rd impunctate; 6th in- terval a little narrower especially at extremities; 7th still narrower and abbreviated posteriorly (ending near apical 14); 8th very narrow and a little more abbreviated (but not so short as in niger) ; 9th with usual ocellate setigerous punctures; a vague 10th interval present but not sharply sei>arated from marginal trough. Prosternal process strong- ly margined (not so in niger), without setae; metepisterna short, they and sides of anterior ventral segments more or less punctate, but body below almost impunctate; last 3 ventral segments deeply transversely sulcate basally. Male with anterior tarsi moderately dilated, first 3 segments biseriately squamulose; last ventral segment of both sexes with 1 conspicuous puncture (sometimes doubled) each side of middle. Length 6-7 ; width 2.4-2.S mm. Holotype $ (M. C. Z. Type No. 29,015) and 10 para- types all from National Park, McPherson Range, South Queensland (on New South Wales border), 3,000-4,000 ft. altitude, March, 1932. In appearance this new species is a diminutive of Setalis nigtr Cast., but the size difference is great {niger is 10-12 mm. long), and there are some definite structural differ- ences ; the new species has more acute humeri, less abbrevi- ated eighth elytral intervals, and a strongly margined pro- 94 Psyche [ September sternal process. (The M. C. Z. possesses a good series of niger from several localities in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland.) The new species very much resembles certain Setalimorphus, especially S. regidcm's SI. (which we have), but differs in the unusual modification of the seventh and eighth elytral intervals. Genus Trichosternus Chd. Trichosternus relictus n. sp. Rather elongate in genus, subparallel, normally convex; piceous black with purplish reflections especially on head, pronotum, and elytral margins (sometimes brassy on head and pronotum) ; legs piceous; antennae with 3 basal seg- ments piceous, other segments pubescent and progressively paler brown; head and pronotum shining, with microsculp- ture fine and lightly impressed (nearly isodiametric on head, somewhat transverse on pronotum) ; elytra (except margins) duller, with microsculpture fine but deeply im- pressed, isodiametric; but marginal trough of elytra shin- ing, with microsculpture faint; whole insect virtually im- punctate above and below, except for punctures of fixed setae. Head large,- .77 and .85 width prothorax in • $ measured, but appearing wider; mandibles rather short; eyes small but convex, slightly more prominent than genae ; genae barely longer than eyes, convex in profile ; 2 setae above each eye; frontal impressions parallel, not deep, rather irregular; mentum deeply emarginate, with tooth rather broad, short, channeled ; labium bisetose ; paraglos- sae glabrous; inner lobe of maxilla strongly curved in at apex, with inner margin densely ciliate. Prothorax nearly 1/3 (width/length 1.33 and 1.31 in ed a Neotropical Aphomomyrmex nearly twenty years ago, so it is not unknown from this side of the Atlantic. And the genus which Dr. Brown proposes, Neaphomus, has been regarded as a subgenus of Aphomomyrmex. In view of the above discussion, therefore, and particular- ly since we are as yet unable to associate the worker caste with the female of the species concerned, I submit the following correction, and the synonymy then should i*ead : Aphomomyrmex (Neaphomus) cooperi (Gregg), nevv combination for Camponotus (Myrmostenus) cooperi Gregg, 1951, loc. cit. Literati kp: Cited Emery, C. 1925. Suhfain. Foimicinao. Genera Inscct(3nmi. Ease. 183. Gregg, R. E. 1951. Two new species of exotic ants. Psyche, 58:77-84. Menozzi, C. 1935. Lc Eormichc del Cile. Zool. Jahrl). Syst., 67:319-330. At' HEELER, W. M. 1922. Keys to the genera and suhgenera of ants. Bull, .\iiim. .\ln'. Nat. Hist., 45:631-710. ^ In contrast. Dr. Brown l)clieves, “there is no essential difh i. n<“« in the clavation of the antennae between cooperi and certain hinDnim .‘species. In fact, cooperi may be said to have stronger and nimf definite clavation of the funiculi than does M. (D.) pndercwskii femalm Purtlc r- more, certain species of Myrmelachista (eg. M. skwarrae) arc Muallf'r replicas of Ah goetschi in all essential habitus characters, including the lengthened head. Thus, while to Creighton some Myrmelachista females ma}' look like Indomyrmex of the same caste . . ., at least .som< h.n e an a])pearance very much different from that of iridomyrmex." FURTHER NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN EPICAUTA, WITH NEW SYNONYMY (COLEOP., MELOIDAE) By F. G. Werner Department of Zoology, University of Vermont The availability of series of several of our species of Ejjicauta has made possible a more thorough study of the species involved than has been possible before. Some of the more extensive necessary changes are recorded in this paper. Several of the series have been sent for determina- tion and are acknowledged under the species. Most of the 1‘esl were collected by Dr. and Mrs. W. L. Nutting and the author during the summers of 1948^ and 1949. Epicauta emarginata Champ. Kpicauta emarginata Champion, 1892, Biol. Cent.-Am., Coleop. U (2) :426, pi. 19, fig. 24. Vaurie, 1950, American Museum Novitates No. 1477: 30. Epicauta calcarata Werner, 1944, Psyche 50 (1943) : 70; 1945, Bull. M. C. Z. 95: 477. (New Synonymy) A long series of this species (over 150 specimens) was collected by the author 15 miles west of Lordsburg, New Mexico, Aug. 30, 1949, on fiowers of a grass. Most of the specimens fit the description of calcarata. Some have broader and some have narrower tibial spurs than the holo- type of that species. Two abnormally small individuals (7 mm.) have sparser pubescence and more slender legs and tibia! spurs. The color of the pubescence varies from ciner- eous to dull yellow-cinereous, being cinereous in most. Two paratypes of emarginata Champ., kindly loaned by Mr. J. Balfour-Browne of the British Museum, agree per- fectly with some specimens in the Lordsburg series, and differ from the holotype of calcarata only in having slightly more slender posterior tibial spurs. The shape and size ’ This trip, for the purpose of collecting and studying Anthicidae, was mad- possible bj’’ a grant-in-aid from the Society of the Sigma Xi. 105 106 Psyche [September of the anterior and middle tibial spurs are precisely the same as in the type of calcarata. The two species are cer- tainly the same. The known range of eniarginata is now from San Isidro- in Coahuila to west Texas and southeastern Arizona. I have the following additional records: Texas: Marathon, July 9, 1938 (K. U.) ; Culbertson Co., Aug. 30, 1947, D. J. and J. N. Knull (Ohio). New Mexico: Luna Co., Oct. 1 (Ohio). Arizona: Douglas, Cochise Co., July 3, 1931, W. W. Jones (Parker) ; near Willcox, Cochise Co., Sept. 3, F. H. Parker, on flowers of Kallstroemia (Parker) ; Dragoon Mts., Cochise Co., Sept. 10, 1947, D. J. and J. N. Knull (Ohio and Werner). Epicauta ochrea (Lee.) Lytta ochrea LeConte, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. ;>.s-Arten Siid- nnd Mittelamerikas neh.^^t den n der Insehvelt nnd Mexikos. Konowia, 4: 319-375. Li tz, Ad. 1909. Tahaniden B;-asilien< und einiger X’ac!i')ai>'ta;iien. ZixX ■i-i'r. Supi)!.. 10: 619-692. THREE NEW SPECIES OF PANORPIDAE (MECOPTERA) By Fung Ying Cheng Harvard University and University of Taiwan The new species of Mecoptera described below have come to my attention during a study of Old World Panorpidae. Genus Panorpa Panorpa chiensis, n. sp. (PL 5, figs. 1-3; text-fig. 1,A) Body mostly black; vertex and rostrum uniformly shin- ing black; thorax black dorsally, reddish brown laterally; the lst-9th abdominal segments of male shining black dor- sally and ventrally; the hind process of the third tergite is short and stout, unusually broad, with more or less trunc- ate apex, and is in contact with the very short conical medi- an projection of the fourth tergite; the 6th-8th segments not prolonged. Fore wing: length, 17.2-19 mm.; width, 4. 7-5. 2 mm.; membrane hyaline, markings brownish black; pterostigma not very prominent. Hind wing: length 15.5- 17 mm.; width, 4.5-5. 1 mm. $ genitalia: genital bulb slender; coxopodites long, their inner margins bearing a rounded process distally and a sharp tooth-like process medianly; harpagones slender, the outer margin greatly concave near the base, inner margin with a triangular pro- cess and a true basal lobe, which bears a tuft of bristles; the apex of harpagones usually truncate; hypandrium broad basally; branches of hypovalvae broad distally, its distal outer margins fold upward to form a triangular plate on the edge, the apex folded upward to form a rounded distal end, which reaches to the base of the harpagones; para- meres simple, each consisting of a simple stalk, which broadens distally with a somewhat twisted apical portion, its distal inner margin usually bearing a row of short barbs ; preepiproct narrow towards apex, with very small U-shaped distal incision ; aedeagus with prominent finger-like ventral processes, apical processes finger-shaped, lateral processes very short, sharp tooth-like, extended upward. 119 120 Psyche [September 9 unknown. Holotype ( (S ) : Chi-i, Korea; July 5, 1940; in the Muse- um of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Paratypes : Same collecting data as holotype ; 1 5 , in the above Institute of Zoology ; 1 ^ , in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology ; 1 ^ , in Cheng Collection. At first sight this species looks like Panorpa approximata Esben-Peterson, but the peculiar shape of the genitalia in the male easily separates the two species. Genus N eopanorpa Neopanorpa baviensis, n. sp. (PI. 5, figs. 6-8; text-fig. 1,B) Body grayish brown, vertex grayish brown posteriorly, black anteriorly ; rostrum brown, with grayish brown longi- tudinal stripe on each side; thorax brown, meso- and meta- notum with grayish brown median streak; the lst-9th ab- dominal segments of male grayish brown dorsally and ven- trally, median process of 3rd tergite short, extending a little beyond the middle of the 4th tergite. Fore wing: length, 15.5 mm. ; width, 3.2 mm., membrane slightly brown, markings blackish brown; pterostigmal band broad, com- plete, with broad basal branch and apical branch; basal band complete; apical band very large, connected with the pterostigmal band at both the front and hind margins; basal spot obscure; marginal spot present; pterostigma not very prominent. Hind wing: length, 15 mm.; width, 3.1 mm., similar to fore wings, except that the basal band is indicated only by a spot at the hind margin. S genitalia : genital bulb slender ; coxopodites long with truncated apex ; harpagones slender, the outer margin slightly concave at the mxiddle, with a row of short black hairs at the middle; inner margin with a slightly projecting median portion and a small basal lobe which bears a small tooth-like process on its dorsal edge; hypandrium long; branches of hypo- valvae slender, the basal portions wide apart, the distal portions, slightly overlapping each other; the apex of hypo- valvae usually reaching to the middle of the harpagones; parameres simple, small and curved; preepiproct slightly enlarged distally and with truncated apex; aedeagus small, with a pair of tooth-like processes on its dorsal edge, the 121 1^53] Cheng — New Panorpidae apical processes united, lateral processes tooth-like, usually bent upwards. 9 unknown. Holotype (5): Mt. Bavi 800-1000 m.. Tonkin; July, 1941; A. DeCooman; in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Paratype : 1 <5 ; same collecting data as holotype, in Cheng Collection. Toxt-fig. 1. A. PdHorp'i chieyisi^, n. 8])., fore wing. If. \ e<>i)un j)p'i hnvt- cn.-iiH, n. s])., fore wing. C, X eopanorpn contracta, n. sp.. fore wing. This species differs from other described N eopanorpa by its rather sharp wing apex and the very long branches of the hypovalvae in the male. 122 Psyche [September Neopanorpa contracta, n. sp. (PI. 5, figs. 4-5; text-fig. 1,C) Body mostly brown; vertex sooty brown, rostrum uni- formly grayish brown; thorax deep brown dorsally; the lst-7th abdominal segments of female deep brown dorsally, last few abdominal segments light brown. Fore wing: length, 14.5 mm. ; width, 3.2 mm. ; membrane hyaline, mark- ings grayish brown ; pterostigmal band complete, with a broad basal branch and apical branch; basal band repre- sented by a spot ; apical band large with two hyaline spots ; basal spot absent; marginal spot large; pterostigma not very prominent ; the basal portion of wing is very long and narrow. Hind wing : length, 13.2 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; sim- ilar to the fore wing. $ genitalia : subgenital plate broad with wide V-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton small, the posterior arms of the plate rather long, twisted, with narrow apex, the axis shorter than the posterior arms, ex- tending a little beyond the plate. 6 unknown. Holotype (9): Darjeeling, India; May, 1938; Maa; in Maa Collection. Paratype: 1 9; same collecting data as holotype; in Cheng Collection. This species is easily distinguished from others of the genus by the very long and contracted basal portion of the wings. The shape of the female genitalia also makes its recognition easy. Explanation to Plate 5 Eig.s. 1-3. Pnnorpn chiensis, n. sp. 1, ventral view of genital bulb of ^ : 2. i)reei)iproct of ^ ; 3. ventral view of genital bulb of $ with harpagones removed. Figs. 4-5. Xcopnnorpn contracta, n. sp. 4, subgenital plate cf 9 ; 5. internal .‘^ke’eton of 9 . Figs. 6-8. Xeo])anorpa havicjisis, n. sp. 6, A'entral view of genital bulb of 3 ; 7. preepiproet of 3 • genital bulb of ^ with harpagones removed. f Chexg — New Panorpidae LARVAL MITES OF THE GENUS EUTROMBIDIUM ATTACHED TO A CAROLINA LOCUST By W. W. Judd Department of Zoology University of Western Ontario, London A pinned female specimen of the Carolina Locust (Dis- sosteira Carolina L.) captured at Bayfield, Ontario, July 25, 1924, and deposited in the collection of the University of Western Ontario, had a number of mites attached to the upper surface of the hind wings (Fig. 1 - L). Some of the mites were scraped off with a needle and were put in pre- servative and were identified by Dr. E. W. Baker, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D. C., as Eutrombidium {trigoniim (Hermann)?). Fig. 1. Outspread liiiid wings of Di'iso.sieim Carolina L. to show' attached larval mites (L). C — Costa, Cu — Cubitus, M — Media, Ri — First branch of Radius, Rs — Radial sector, R+M — Radius+Media, Sc — Subcosta, IV — First Vaniial vein, vd — vena dividens, Vp — primary vannal vein. Vs — secondary vannal vein. There were 39 mites on the left wing and 40 on the right wing, on the upper surface, and a single mite was located on the lower surface of the left wing on a vannal vein near the hind border of the wing. They were attached to the veins by their anterior ends and were confined to the sec- 124 19Wj Judd — Eutromhidium on Locust 125 ondary veins of the vannal region (Fig. 1 - Vs) . Snodgrass^ shows that when the wings of the locust are folded the sec- ondary vannal veins lie in troughs of the folds. Severing says of the attachment of the mites that “on the adult grass- hoppers, the favorite location is in the folds or plications of the hind wings.” He records that on an adult female of Dissosteira Carolina 175 mites were found attached to the body and appendages. On the specimen from Bayfield the mites were attached only to the hind wings. Some of the mites were softened in alcohol and when examined under the microscope proved to be six-legged larvae which re- sembled the figures of “active engorged” larvae shown by Severin (1944). ’ 1935. Principles of insect morphology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. " 1944. The grasshopper mite, Eutromhidium trigonum (Hermann), an important enemy of grasshoppers. South Dakota State College Agr. Exp. Sta Bull. 3. A GREGARINE, DIPLOCYSTIS, IN THE HAEMOCOELE OF THE ROACH, BLABERUS CRANllFER BURM. By W. L. Nutting Biological Laboratories, Harvard University Until such time as the genus of giant cockroaches, Blaher- us, is better known, both taxonomically and biologically, it would be useless as well as impossible to present even a reliable list of their internal parasites. Furthermore, con- sidering our meager knowledge of the protozoan faunas of some of our commonest roaches, the mere identification of forms in exotic roaches such as these, must often involve a certain amount of original research. However, since B. cramifer has gained considerable standing as a general laboratory animal in many institutions, attention should be called to a rather unusual acephaline gregarine, probably a Diplocijstis, which has been noted in some cultures of this insect. Gregarines seem not to have caught and held the attentions of many protozoologists, but the encountering of such large, immobile bodies as Diplocijstis during dissection of a cockroach, seldom fails to arouse the curiosity of the entomology student. The stages of this gregarine most commonly seen are the paired trophozoites, and the cysts following the com- plete fusion of these pairs (fig. 1). Both stages are opaque white and smooth, and frequently attain a length or maxi- mum diameter approaching 2 mm. Staining with haema- toxylin reveals the nuclei and a coarsely granular cytoplasm in these otherwise almost characterless organisms. From one to 12 or more paired trophozoites or cysts may be found in the haemocoele among lobes of the fat body, generally near coils of the hind gut, but occasionally in the thorax. The early stages of Diplocystis schneideri Kunstler are found in the mid gut epithelium of Periplaneta amencana until sufficiently developed to enter the host’s body cavity. The cannibalistic tendencies of roaches insure the parasite’vS 126 1953 I Nutting — Gregay'ine in Blaberm 127 perpetuation through the ingestion of mature spore-con- taining cysts along with the tissues of weakened or dead infected individuals. This mode of infection probably ex- plains why heavy infections in this gregarine are rare, even in crowded cultures of roaches, for crowding favors the growth of enormous infections of many gregarines whose cysts are passed with the feces. I. Paired 1 rophozoitos (loft) ami early cyst of Diplncy-hs sj). fro(!i till haomocoeie of Blnberns cmniijcr, X 13. Since the mid gut and bind gut of B. craniifei' harbor at least two cephaline gregarines, along with a number of other protozoans and nematodes, it is impossible at present to assess the effect of any one of them on the health of the roach. The presence of D. schneideri in Periplaneta raises doubts as to the specific identity of the Diplocystis in labor- atory cultures of Blaberus. Large numbers of Periplaneta, raised adjacent to Blaberus cages, have been examined for the parasite with negative results. However, the identifi- cation of the Diplocystis in Blaberus, either as schneideri or as some other species, might involve carefully controlled and lengthy infection experiments. Although the life cycle of many gregarines is known, detailed information on their biology and host specificity is extremely limited. It might be added that the gregarines most often observed by entomologists belong to the tribe Cephalina. These are commonly found in the alimentary canal of arthropods and other invertebrates. Some may accidentally reach the haem- ocoele, but only a few are regularly found there. On the other hand, members of the Acephalina are confined chiefly to the haemocoele and associated organs. Most of the known acephalines are found in annelids, but a few are known from echinoderms and insects. I wish to thank Dr. Victor Sprague of Black Mountain College, Black Moun- tain, N. C., for examining the gregarine fauna of Blaberus, 128 Psyche [September and suggesting that this particular one might well be a Diplocystis. For a partial synopsis of this genus, reference should be made to the following paper which also contains a list of pertinent literature. (Semans, F. M. 1943. Protozo- an parasites of the Orthoptera, with special reference to those of Ohio. Part IV: Ohio Jour. Sci., 43: 221-234. 271- 276.) CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tues- day of each month (July, August and September, excepted) at 8:00 p.m. in Room B-455, Biological Laboratories, Divin- ity Ave., Cambridge. Entomologists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. BACK VOLUMES OF PSYCHE The Cambridge Entomological Club is able to offer for sale the following volumes of Psyche. Those not mentioned are entirely out of print. 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Trade Mark “Imperial", formerly Czechoslovakia. Both types in sizes No. 000-7. Also Minuten Nadeln. Request samples and prices from the manufacturer: Emil Arlt, Spezial- NADELFABRIK, SALZBURG, 2, P.O. BOX 76, AUSTRIA. PSYCHE A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Established in 1874 I Vol. 60 December, 1953 No. 4 I t' TABLE OF CONTEXTS The Ant Larv^ae of the Myrmicine Tribe Pheidologetini. G. C. Wheeler and J. Wheeler 129 Some New S3monyins in CljArinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). F. Monros 14S Two New Tingidae (Hemiptera). C. J. Drake .... 151 Additional Notes on Brachypanorpa. F. M. Carpenter . . . 154 Cicindelidae (Tiger Beetles) Collected in Eastern New Guinea, with Description of a New Species. C. M. C. B. van Nidek . . 155 The Indo- Australian Species of the Ant Genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of doriae Emeiy. IF. L. Brown, Jr 160 Index to Volume 60 C^^P. ZBOL LlCnARY APR 2 9 1954 \mm\i , !Jfi:VERSlTY CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB Officers FOR 1953-54 President . , . W. L. 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The Sept., 1953, Psyche (Vol. 60, No. 3) was mailed January 8, 1954 EATON PRESS INC., WATERTOWN. MASS. PSYCHE ^ :: ? zooL APR 2 9 1954 lRSITY Vol. 60 December, 1953 No. 4 THE ANT LARVAE OF THE MYRMICINE TRIBE PHEIDOLOGETINH By George C. Wheeler and Jeanette Wheeler Department of Biology, University of North Dakota In the Genera Insectorum Emery included the genera Lophomyrmex, T rig onog aster, Pheidologeton, Aneleus, Oli- gomyrmex, Erebomyrma, Carebara and Paedalgus in the tribe Pheidologetini. Wheeler placed these genera in the Solenopsidini but admitted (1922, p. 659) that the latter tribe was “very unsatisfactorily defined.” We have followed Emery. The tribe Pheidologetini comprises about a hundred species, most of which are Paleotropical. The tribe is noted for the large size of the queens. In C. vidua, for example, the volume ratio of queen to worker is several thousand to one. Pheidologeton is a genus of harvesters, with a poly- morphic worker caste ranging from minute minimae through a graded series to gigantic soldiers with enormous heads. The other genera are suspected of having relations with termites, though just what sort of relations has never been proved. At least they nest in termitaria. Aneleus and Oligomyrmex have the worker caste strongly dimorphic — large headed soldier and small worker. In Lophomyrmex, T rig onog aster, Erebomyrma, Carebara and Paedalgus the worker caste is monomorphic and minute. In this article we have described the larvae of 13 species in seven genera. These larvae do not constitute a homogeneous group. They are nevertheless better defined ^The research on which this article is based was aided by a grant-in-aid from the Sigma Xi — Resa Research Fund. 129 130 Psyche [December as a group than are the larvae of the Solenopsidini (either in the sense of Emery or in the sense of Wheeler) to the ex- tent that at least a few minor characters are common to all the known genera. The subtribes, however, are homo- geneous and easily differentiated. Within each subtribe the genera are not easily distinguished. Tribe Pheidologetini Emery Body hairs moderately numerous and uniformly dis- tributed. Anchor-tipped hairs absent. Antennae small. Head hairs few. Labrum short and broad (breadth 2X to 3x length). Ratio of head width to mandible length = 3.0 to 4.0 ; average 3.5. Ratio of mandible length to mandible width (at base) = 1.4 to 2.4; average 1.7. Surface of maxil- lae without spinules. Anterior surface of labium spinulose. Subtribe Lophomyrmicini Emery Body hairs all of the same shape: either with the tip denticulate or with the tip bifid. Labrum trilobed, the median lobe projecting posteriorly. Posterior surface of labrum densely spinulose. Mandibles as a whole curved medially; teeth surrounding a denticulate area; anterior surface spinulose. Labium with a median anteroventral projection, which bears the opening of the sericteries at its apex. Labial palp a low knob bearing five sensilla. Hypo- pharynx spinulose. Genus Lophomyrmex Emery Thorax rather stout and bent ventrally at right angles; abdomen elongate-ovoidal ; diameter greatest at the fourth and fifth abdominal somites; posterior end broadly rounded. Body hairs moderately numerous and short; all with the tip denticulate. Antennae small. Head hairs few, short to moderately long, with the tip denticulate. Labrum small, trilobed, with the median lobe projecting posteriorly; pos- terior surface densely spinulose. Mandibles slender and thin; curved medially; apical tooth curved medially and posteriorly ; a large anterior subapical tooth directed antero- ventrally; a large blunt medial tooth directed postero- ventrally ; teeth surrounding a denticulate area ; anterior surface with several sharp spinules. Maxillary palp a peg Wheeler and Wheeler — Myrmicine Larvae 131 bearing five sensilla. Labium with a median anteroventral spinulose projection, with the opening of the sericteries at its apex. Labial palp a low knob bearing five sensilla. Hypopharynx with a few oblique rows of minute spinules. Text figure 1. Trigonogaster recurvispinosa kemneri Wheeler, A-F — A, head in anterior view, X85; B, left mandible in medial view, X247; C, left mandible in anterior view, X247; D, body hair, X329; E, larva in side view, Xl8; F, left half of labrum and labium in sagittal view, X165. Erehomyrma sp., G-I — G, head in anterior view (with hair bases only), X108; H, left mandible in anterior view, X247; I, profile, X18. Lophomyrmex quadrispinosus (Jerdon), J-N — J, head in anterior view, X85; K, left mandible in anterior view, X192; L, left mandible in medial view, X192; M and N, two body hairs, X209. Lophomyrmex qimdrispinosus (Jerdon) (Text. fig. 1, J-N) Thorax rather stout and bent ventrally at right angles; abdomen elongate-ovoidal ; diameter greatest at the fourth 132 Psyche [December and fifth abdominal somites ; posterior end broadly rounded, anterior end formed from the dorsum of the prothorax. Anus posteroventral. Leg vestiges present. Segmentation indistinct. Integument of ventral surface of thorax and abdominal somites i-iii with numerous transverse rows of spinules. Body hairs moderately numerous, short (0.036- 0.126 mm), all with denticulate tip; hairs without alveo- lus and articular membrane except on the prothorax. Head moderately large; cranium transversely subelliptical, breadth 1.25 X length. Antennae small, each with three (rarely two) sensilla, each of which bears a spinule. Head hairs few, short to moderately long (0.018-0.072 mm), with denticulate tip. Labrum small, short (width 2X length), trilobed, the median lobe projecting posteriorly; anterior surface of each lateral lobe with three minute hairs and/or sensilla ; ventral border of each lateral lobe with three sen- silla and several short oblique rows of exceedingly minute spinules; posterior surface of each half with 1-2 isolated and a cluster of 3-4 sensilla; posterior surface spinulose, the spinules minute and in numerous long transverse rows. Mandibles slender and thin; curved medially; apical tooth curved medially and posteriorly; a large anterior subapical tooth directed anteroventrally ; a large blunt medial tooth directed posteroventrally ; teeth surrounding a denticulate area; anterior surface with several sharp spinules. Maxil- lae with the apex paraboloidal; palp a peg with one sub- apical (bearing a spinule) and four apical sensilla; galea a rather tall peg with two apical sensilla. Labium with a median anteroventral projection covered with short rows of minute spinules; palp a low knob with five sensilla (one of which bears a spinule) ; a minute sensillum between each palp and the opening of the sericteries; the latter a transverse slit on the end of the projection. Hypopharynx with a few oblique rows of minute spinules. Sexual larva : Elongate-ovoidal ; head small, on the ven- tral surface near the anterior end. Body naked. Head naked but with minute sensilla. Mandibles with all teeth directed medially. Otherwise similar to worker larva. Material studied : numerous slightly damaged larvae from Java labelled ‘Var. opaciceps Viehmeyer.’’ Wheeler and Wheeler — Myrmicine Larvae 133 Genus Trigonogaster Forel Long, slender, club-shaped, with only the prothorax bent ventrally to form a very short neck; posterior end broadly round. Body hairs moderately numerous, very short, usual- ly with a short-bifid tip. Antennae minute. Head hairs few, long and with some part of the distal half finely den- ticulate. Labrum trilobed, with the median lobe projecting posteriorly; posterior surface densely spinulose. Mandibles curved medially; apical tooth round-pointed and curved medially; a large anterior subapical tooth directed antero- ventrally; a large blunt medial tooth directed posteroven- trally and sometimes covered with spinules ; teeth surround- ing a denticulate area; anterior surface with many long slender spinules arranged in transverse arcuate rows. Maxillary palp a peg bearing five sensilla. Labium with a median anteroventral spinulose projection, with the open- ing of the sericteries at its apex; labial palp a low knob bearing five sensilla. Hypopharynx with numerous trans- verse rows of minute spinules. Trigonogaster recurvispinosa kemneri Wheeler (Text fig. 1, A-F) Long, slender, club-shaped, with only the prothorax bent ventrally to form a very short neck; posterior end broadly rounded. Anus posteroventral. Spiracles small, the meso- thoracic larger than the others. Integument with minute spinules on the ventral surface of the thorax. Body hairs moderately numerous, uniformly distributed, very short (0.018-0.108 mm), usually with very short-bifid tip; with alveolus and articular membrane. Head moderately large; cranium transversely subelliptical, slightly broader than long. Antennae minute, each with three sensilla, each of which bears a spinule. Head hairs few, long (0.04-0.105 mm) and with some part of the distal half finely denticulate. Labrum short (breadth 2x length), trilobed, the median lobe projecting posteriorly; anterior surface of each lateral lobe with 2-3 minute hairs and/or sensilla; ventral border of each lateral lobe spinulose and with one isolated and two contiguous sensilla; posterior surface of each half with 3-4 isolated and two contiguous sensilla; posterior surface densely spinulose, the spinules minute and in numerous 134 Psyche [December long transverse rows. Mandibles curved medially; apical tooth round-pointed and curved medially; a large anterior subapical tooth directed anteroventrally ; a large blunt medial tooth directed posteroventrally and sometimes covered with spinules ; teeth surrounding a denticulate area; anterior surface with many long slender spinules arranged in transverse arcuate rows. Maxillae with the apex paraboloidal; palp a peg with one subapical (bearing a spinule) and four apical (two bearing each a short spinule) sensilla; galea a tall slender frustum with two apical sensilla. Labium with a median anteroventral pro- jection covered with short rows of minute spinules; palp a low knob with five sensilla (three bearing a spinule each) ; opening of sericteries a short transverse slit on the end of the projection. Hypopharynx with numerous transverse rows of minute spinules. (Material studied: eight larvae from Java.) Subtribe Pheidologetini Emery Body hairs of two or three types; those on the dorsal and lateral surfaces deeply bifid, with the branches curling away from each other. Labrum subrectangular, with the ventral corners rounded. Posterior surface of labrum sparsely spinulose or without spinules. Mandibles as a whole not curved medially; the teeth not surrounding a denticulate area; anterior surface without spinules. Labi- um without a median projection. Labial palp represented by a cluster of four sensilla. Hypopharynx apparently with- out spinules. Genus Pheidologeton Mayr Short and stout; prothorax forming a stout neck, which is bent ventrally to a right angle; dorsal profile C-shaped, ventral profile of abdomen nearly straight ; diameter great- est at abdominal somites ill and IV. Body hairs moderately numerous and short. Of three types ( with intergrades) : (1) deeply bifid, with the branches curling away from each other and enlarged at the tip, the most abundant type (but absent from the ventral surface) ; (2) bifid, with the branches acuminate and nearly straight, a few on the ven- trolateral surfaces; (3) a few simple hairs on the ventral 1953] Wheeler and Wheeler — Myrmicine Larvae 135 surface. Antennae small. Head hairs few, short, simple or with denticulate tip. Labrum subrectangular ; posterior surface sparsely spinulose. Mandibles small, short, stout and thick; apex forming a small tooth which is curved medially and posteriorly; with two small medial teeth near the anterior surface. Maxillary palp a low elevation bear- ing four sensilla; galea a low knob. Labial palp represented by a cluster of four sensilla. Sexual (?) larva voluminous, plump, turgid, bean-shaped; head exceedingly minute, on the ventral surface near the anterior end; mandibles with the apical tooth vestigial and with only one medial tooth. Pheidologeton diversus (Jerdon) (PI. 6, figs. 8-16) Mature worker larva: Length about 2.1 mm. Short and stout; prothorax forming a stout neck, which is bent ventrally to a right angle; dorsal profile C-shaped, ventral profile of abdomen nearly straight; diameter greatest at abdominal somites III and iv. Anus ventral. Leg vestiges present. Segmentation indistinct. Mesothoracic spiracle a third larger than the metathoracic, the others diminishing slightly toward the posterior end. Integument of dorsal surface of posterior somites sparsely spinulose, the spinules minute and isolated or in very short rows; on the ventral surface of the thorax and abdominal somites I and il they are in longer rows. Body hairs moderately numerous and short. Of three types: (1) deeply bifid, about 0.054 mm, with the branches curling away from each other and en- larged at the tip, the most abundant type, absent from the ventral surface; (2) bifid, 0.024-0.054 mm, with the branches acuminate and nearly straight, a few on the ventrolateral surfaces; (3) simple, about 0.024 mm, a few on the ventral surface; there are intergrades between the several types; a few hairs on the ventral surface have alveolus and articular membrane. Head large; cranium suboctagonal, but with the angles rounded, slightly broader than long. Antennae small, each with three (rarely four) sensilla each bearing a spinule. Head hairs few, short (0.006-0.036 mm), simple or with the tip denticulate. Lab- rum short and broad (breadth 3x length) ; subrectangular, with the ventral corners rounded; each half of anterior 136 Psyche [December surface with 5-6 sensilla; ventral border with a few spinules and two isolated sensilla; posterior surface with 5-6 sen- silla and three spinulose areas, a central area of minute spinules arranged in a few scattered short rows and two ventrolateral areas of coarse isolated spinules. Mandibles small, short, stout and thick; apex forming a small tooth which is curved medially and posteriorly; with two small medial teeth near the anterior surface. Maxillae with the apex paraboloidal; palp a low elevation bearing four sen- silla; galea a low knob bearing two sensilla. Anterior sur- face of labium sparsely spinulose, the spinules isolated or in short transverse rows; palp represented by a cluster of four sensilla; an isolated sensillum between each palp and the opening of the sericteries; the latter a short transverse slit. Young larva: Length about 1.1 mm. Thorax bent ven- trally to an acute angle; diameter nearly uniform but greatest at the third and fourth abdominal somites. Head relatively very large. Posterior end forming a knob which is directed posteroventrally. Otherwise as in the mature larva. Material studied: two dozen larvae from the Philippine Islands. Explanation of Plate 6 Oligomyrynex parviconm Forel, Figs. 1-7 — 1, head in anterior view, XI 15; 2, left mandible in anterior view, X303; 3 and 4, two body hairs, X418; 5, first instar larva in side view, X39; 6, young larva in side view, X39; 7, mature larva in side view, X39. Phcidologeton diversus (Jerdon), Figs. 8-16 — 8, head in anterior view, X77; 9, left mandible in anterior view, X209; 10, left mandible in medial view, X209; 11, young larva in side view, X36; 12, mature larva in side view, X36; 13-16, four body hairs, X418. Phcidologeton nfjinis (Jerdon), Figs. 17 and 18 — 17, profile of sexual (?) larva, X2.7; 18, left mandible of sexual (?) larva in anterior view, X209. Careham icinifredae Wheeler, Figs. 19 and 20, two body hairs, X418. Carebara lignnta Westwood, Figs. 21-23 — 21, head in anterior view, X108; 22, profile of worker larva, X18; 23, left mandible in anterior view, X245. Paedalgus termitolestes Wheeler, Figs. 24-27 — 24 and 25, two body hairs, X329; 26, head in anterior view, Xl32; 27, left mandible in anterior view, X303. Psyche, 1953 VoL. 60, Plate 6 Wheeler and Wheeler — Myrmicine Larvae 138 Psyche [December Pheidologeton affinis (Jerdon) (PL 6, figs. 17-18) Sexual (?) larva: Length straight from end to end 8 mm; length from head to anus through spiracles about 12 mm. Voluminous, plump and turgid, bean-shaped. Head exceedingly minute, on the ventral surface near the anterior end. Mandibles somewhat smaller; apical tooth vestigial; only one medial tooth. Otherwise similar to diversiis worker larva. (Material studied: six larvae from Dutch New Guinea; hairs broken off.) Genus Oligoviyrmex Mayr Short and very stout; prothorax forming a short, very stout neck which is bent ventrally to a right angle; dorsal profile C-shaped, ventral sinuate; diameter greatest at ab- dominal somites IV and v. Body hairs short and moderately numerous. Of two types : ( 1) deeply bifid, with the branches curling away from each other, the most abundant type, absent from the ventral surface of the thorax; (2) a few on the ventral surface, with short-bifid tip. Head hairs few, short, varying in arrangement and shape. Labrum small and subrectangular ; posterior surface sparsely spinulose. Mandibles with a long slender apical tooth which is curved medially; a large subapical tooth on the anterior surface; an acute medial tooth arising from the posterior surface near the middle of the mandible; one or two additional medial teeth may be present. Maxillary and labial palps each represented by a cluster of four sensilla; galea a low knob. Oligomyrmex parvicornis Forel (PI. 6, figs. 1-7) Mature worker larva: Length about 1.5 mm. Short and very stout; prothorax forming a short, very stout neck which is bent ventrally to a right angle; dorsal profile C- shaped, ventral sinuate; diameter greatest at abdominal somites iv-v. Anus ventral, with a posterior lip. Segmenta- tion indistinct. Mesothoracic spiracle a third larger than the metathoracic and first abdominal (which are equal), the others exceedingly minute (one-third the size of the mesothoracic). Integument of midventral surface of thorax Wheeler and Wheeler — Myrmicine Larvae 139 and abdominal somites I and ii with a few long transverse rows of spinules. Body hairs moderately numerous, uni- formly distributed, short. Of two types: (1) deeply bifid, 0.036-0.054 mm, with the branches curling away from each other, the most abundant type, absent from the ventral surface of the thorax (a few of this type are trifid or have the branches denticulate), without alveolus and articular membrane; (2) a few hairs on the ventral surface, 0.018- 0.045 mm, with short-bifid tip, with alveolus and articular membrane. Head large; cranium suboctagonal in anterior view, slightly broader than long. Antennae with three (rarely two) sensilla, each bearing a short spinule. Head hairs few, short (0.018-0.036 mm), varying in arrangement and shape (simple or bifid or trifid or with short-bifid tip or long-branched with a few denticles.) Labrum small, short and broad (breadth 3X length) ; subrectangular, with the ventral corners rounded; anterior surface with four minute hairs, four sensilla and a few spinules; ventral border spinulose; posterior surface with six isolated sen- silla and a few spinules. Mandibles heavily sclerotized; a trifle stout; apex forming a long slender tooth which is curved medially; a large subapical tooth on the anterior surface; an acute medial tooth arising from the posterior surface near the middle of the mandible; one or two addi- tional medial teeth may be present. Maxillae with the apex paraboloidal; palp a cluster of four sensilla, two of which bear each a spinule and two a cap ; galea a short knob with two sensilla. Anterior surface of labium sparsely spinulose, the spinules minute and in short rows; palp a cluster of four sensilla, two of which bear each a spinule and two a cap; a minute hair between each palp and the opening of the sericteries ; the latter a short transverse slit. First instar larva : Length about 0.27 mm. Body short, stout and subovoidal. Head very large, ventral. Hairs simple, about 0.006 mm long. Integument of dorsal surface with spinules in short transverse rows. Second instar larva: Similar to the first instar but with hairs up to 0.009 mm long. Young larva: Length about 0.73 mm. Short and stout with the prothorax curved ventrally to a right angle. Head very large. Body hairs very short (0.006-0.018 mm), most 140 Psyche [December hairs on the ventral surface straight, with simple or bifid tip; elsewhere varied (simple and straight or flexible, or with bifid tip or deeply bifid) . Integument of dorsal surface of abdominal somites Vi-X with spinules in short transverse rows ; a few minute spinules on the venter of the prothorax. Young larva: Length about 1.1 mm. Similar to mature larva. Material studied: two dozen larvae from Queensland; courtesy of Dr. W. L. Brown. Oligomyrmex jacobsoni Forel Length about 1.36 mm. Body hairs shorter. With a sensillum between each palp and the opening of the seric- teries. Otherwise as in parvicornis. (Material studied: numerous larvae from Java.) Oligoinyrmex mjobergi Forel Very similar to parvicornis. (Material studied: numerous larvae from Queensland; courtesy of Dr. W. L. Brown.) Oligomyrmex thoracicus Weber Weber, 1950, pp. 16-17 : “The 6-mm. cell contained worker and female pupae, the latter 3.3 mm. in length, and a few larvae which could have been only female, being 1.8-2. 3 mm. long. Early worker pupae were enclosed in the larval skin, the latter being 0.9 mm. long. The female larvae were as plump as those of Atta, one 1.8 mm. long having an ab- dominal diameter of 1.1 mm. and a head capsule of 0.25 mm. situated completely on the ventral side; no hairs were ap- parent. Worker larval skins on the other hand were covered with short hairs, bifurcate or trifurcate apically.” Oligomyrmex {Aeromyrma) sundaicus Forel Very similar to parvicornis. (Material studied: 18 dam- aged larvae from Java.) Genus Erebomyrma Wheeler Short and stout; curved ventrally; posterior end conoidal and directed ventrally. Labrum small and subrectangular ; the posterior surface sparsely spinulose. Mandibles with apex forming a long slender acute tooth which is curved medially; anterior surface with two large medial teeth. Maxillary and labial palps each represented by a cluster of four sensilla. Wheeler and Wheeler — Myrmicine Larvae 141 Erehomyrma sp. (Text fig. 1, G-I) Length about 2 mm. Short and stout; curved ventrally; posterior end conoidal and directed ventrally; anus at the tip of the conoid, with a conspicuous posterior lip; head ventral near the anterior end. Segmentation indistinct. Dorsal surface of posterior somites sparsely spinulose, the spinules minute and in very short transverse rows ; ventral surface of anterior somites with more numerous and longer rows. Head large, subpyriform in anterior view. Each antenna with three sensilla, each of which bears a spinule. Labrum small, subrectangular in anterior view, short and broad (breadth 2.3 X the length) ; anterior surface with four minute hairs, four sensilla and a few spinules; ventral border with six sensilla and a few spinules; posterior sur- face with four isolated sensilla and a few short rows of minute spinules. Mandibles heavily sclerotized; somewhat stout; apex forming a long slender acute tooth which is curved medially; posterior surface with one large medial tooth ; anterior surface with two large medial teeth ; medial surface may have a single denticle near the base. Maxillae rather small, lobose; palp a short frustum with four sen- silla; galea a short subcone with two sensilla. Anterior surface of labium spinulose, the spinules minute and in short rows; palp represented by a cluster of four sensilla; an isolated sensillum between each palp and the opening of the sericteries; the latter a short transverse slit. (Ma- terial studied: two damaged larvae from Costa Rica; hairs broken off.) Genus Carebara Westwood Shaped somewhat like a crookneck squash; thorax form- ing a short, stout neck which is strongly curved ventrally; abdomen somewhat swollen. Body hairs moderately numer- ous and short. Of two types: (1) deeply bifid, with the branches curled away from each other, the most common type; (2) a few with short-bifid tip, restricted to ventral and ventrolateral surfaces. Antennae small. Head hairs few, short, simple. Labrum small and subrectangular; the posterior surface apparently without spinules. Mandibles small, short and stout; apex forming a short slender tooth; 142 Psyche [December two small medial teeth arise from the anterior surface and one from the posterior. Maxillary and labial palps each represented by a cluster of four sensilla. Eidmann (1944, p. 458) characterized the sexual larvae of this genus as gigantic {riesig) . Wheeler, 1922, p. 171 : The larvae of the sexual forms are ‘'so voluminous that they could not be moved by the workers and are so soft and vulnerable that they would have to be reared in chambers inaccessible to the termites.” Carebara lignata Westwood (PI. 6, figs. 21-23) Mature worker larva: Length about 2 mm. Shaped somewhat like a crookneck squash ; thorax forming a short, stout neck which is strongly curved ventrally; abdomen somewhat swollen ; posterior end round. Anus postero- ventral. Segmentation indistinct. Spiracles uniform in size. Integument of ventral surface of thorax with rather long transverse rows of spinules. Cranium subcircular in anterior view. Antennae small, each with three sensilla, each of which bears a spinule. Head hairs few, short (0.027-0.045 mm), simple, slightly curved. Labrum small, short and broad (breadth 3x length) ; subrectangular, but with the ventral corners rounded; anterior surface with about 10 sensilla ; ventral border with a couple of isolated sensilla and with a few spinules at either side; posterior surface with six sensilla. Mandibles small, short and rather stout; apex forming a short slender tooth; two small medial teeth arise from the anterior surface and one from the posterior. Maxillae with the apex paraboloidal; palp represented by a cluster of four sensilla (two encapsu- lated and two bearing a spinule each) ; galea a short frus- tum bearing two apical sensilla. Anterior surface of labium spinulose, the spinules minute and in very short transverse rows; palp a cluster of four sensilla (two encapsulated and two bearing a spinule each) ; opening of sericteries a short transverse slit. (Material studied: numerous damaged larvae from Java.) Carebara winifredae Wheeler (P1.6, figs. 19-20) Mature worker larva : Length about 2 mm. Body hairs Wheeler and Wheeler — Myrmicine Larvae 143 moderately numerous and short. Of two types: (1) about 0.036 mm long, deeply bifid, with the branches curled away from each other, without alveolus and articular membrane, the most common type; (2) a few, 0.027-0.045 mm long, with short-bifid tip, with alveolus and articular membrane, restricted to the ventral surface of the abdomen and to the ventral and ventrolateral surfaces of the thorax. In- tegument of ventral surface of thorax and abdominal so- mites I and II with rather long transverse rows of spinules. Labium with an isolated sensillum between each palp and the opening of the sericteries. Otherwise similar to lignata. (Material studied: a dozen damaged larvae from British Guiana.) Genus Paedalgus Forel Abdomen spheroidal; thorax forming a short stout neck which is arched ventrally. Body hairs short and moderate- ly numerous. Of two types: (1) deeply bifid, with the branches curling away from each other, the most abundant type; (2) a few with bifid tip, on the ventral surface. Head hairs few and short, those above the antennal level deeply bifid, those below with bifid tip. Labrum small and sub- rectangular ; posterior surface apparently without spinules. Mandibles short and stout; anterior surface produced into a medial blade which bears two stout medial teeth ; posterior surface with one medial tooth. Maxillary and labial palps each represented by a cluster of four sensilla. Wheeler, 1922, p. 119: ‘That the salivary glands may be important as exudate organs throughout life is indicated by certain genera of Myrmicinae (e.g., Paedalgus), the larvae of which have no exudatoria but greatly developed salivary glands, though the latter are never used for spin- ning cocoons in the prepupal stage.” (Mentioned by Wheeler 1928, p. 233 = 1926, p. 281.) Paedalgus termitolestes Wheeler (PI. 6, figs. 24-27) Abdomen spheroidal; thorax forming a short stout neck which is arched ventrally; segmentation indistinct (ac- cording to W. M. Wheeler). Integument of ventral surface of thorax with rather long transverse rows of minute 144 Psyche [December spinules. Body hairs moderately numerous, uniformly dis- tributed and short. Of two types: (1) deeply bifid, about 0.036 mm long, with the branches curling away from each other, the most abundant type, without alveolus and articu- lar membrane, absent from the ventral surface; (2) a few on the ventral surface, about 0.018 mm long, nearly straight, with the tip bifid, with alveolus and articular membrane. Cranium transversely subelliptical in anterior view, slight- ly broader than long. Antennae each with three sensilla, each of which bears a spinule. Head hairs few, short (about 0.027 mm), those dorsal to the antennal level deep- ly bifid, ventral to the antennal level with bifid tip. Labrum small, short (breadth 2.2 X length) ; subrectangular, but with the ventral corners rounded; anterior surface with about ten sensilla ; posterior surface with about six sensilla. Mandibles short, stout and heavily sclerotized ; apex slender and curved medially; anterior surface produced into a medial blade which bears two stout medial teeth; posterior surface with one medial tooth. Maxillae with the apex paraboloidal; palp represented by a cluster of four sensilla (two encapsulated and two bearing a spinule each) ; galea a short frustum with two apical sensilla. Anterior surface of the labium with a few rows of minute spinules; palp represented by a cluster of four sensilla (two encapsulated and two bearing a spinule each) ; an isolated sensillum be- tween each palp and the opening of the sericteries; the latter a short transverse slit. (Material studied: a single damaged integument from the Congo.) Bischoff (1927, pp. 94-95) cited Wheeler (1918) on tro- phallaxis in this species. Forel (1922, p. 83 = 1928, Vol. I, pp. 462-463) cited the same. Wheeler, 1918: “The larva has a singular shape, being almost spherical, with a short neck, small head and minute, bidenticulate mandibles. The delicate integument is studded with very short, stiff hairs, each of which has two recurved branches. The larvae, which are held together in compact masses by the interlocking of these hooked hairs, are fed with liquid food by regurgitation as is evident from the contents of their large spherical stomachs and the very feeble development of their mouthparts. Although, like Wheeler and Wheeler — Myrmicine Larvae 145 other Myrmicinae, they do not spin cocoons but form naked pupae, they nevertheless possess huge salivary glands. Even in the very young larva the salivary receptacle on each side is full of a clear liquid secreted by the large cells of the two branches of the gland. In the nearly full-grown female larva the glands are very voluminous and their lumen and that of the receptacle full of secretion shown as dark, com- pact masses in the figure, which was, of course, drawn from a specimen hardened and dehydrated in alcohol. As such an amount of saliva would hardly be necessary for digestive purposes and as it is not used in the form of silk by the full-grown larva, it probably serves as a store of food for the nurses. The Paedalgm larvae, therefore, would seem to resemble the repletes of honey ants . . . except that the food for the workers is metabolized and stored as saliva by the larva, instead of merely being ingurgitated and stored in the ingluvies, or crop by a certain number of workers. From the fact that other Myrmicine ants, although they spin no cocoons, often have well-developed salivary glands, we may infer that these organs have much the same func- tion as in Paedalgus” (pp. 301-302). Fig. 5 on p. 303: A, very young larva in side view showing internal anatomy; B, nearly mature female larva in side view showing salivary glands. Wheeler, 1922: “They are white, nearly spherical, with short neck, small head, and very feebly developed mouth- parts, indicating that they are fed by the tiny workers with regurgitated liquid food. They are . . . covered uniformly with short, stiff, sparse hairs, each of which has two re- curved branches. Even in alcohol, the larvae cling com- pactly together in masses by means of these hooks. When stained and cleared, the larvae are seen to possess unusually voluminous salivary glands. The youngest individuals, scarcely 0.2 mm. long, have the receptacle full of clear secretion. In older larvae, the secretion after dehydration forms great masses in the receptacles and lumen of the glands. As these organs are not used in spinning a cocoon, it is very probable that the secretion ... is elaborated and used as a food for the workers (trophallaxis) ” (pp. 179- 180). Fig. 43 on p. 179 = Wheeler, 1918, Fig. 5. In this same article Wheeler concluded (pp. 118-119) 146 Psyche [December from his study of the larvae of Pachysima spp. and ''Paedal- gus infimus (vide infra) . . . that the young larvae are fed by regurgitation, the older larvae with pellets of crushed insects, and that, especially during their younger stages, the larvae are so assiduously fed and cared for because they furnish liquid exudates, small in quantity, to be sure, but of such a quality as to excite the appetite of their nurses and induce regurgitation. I believe that the salivary glands, as soon as they develop, take on the function of supplying exudates.” Infimus here must be a lapsus for termitolestes, since the only subsequent reference is to Santschi's descrip- tion (see below) and there is no evidence that Wheeler ever studied the larvae of infimus, Paedalgus infimus (Santschi) Santschi, 1914, p. 365: “Les larves sont glabres.” (Men- tioned by Wheeler, 1922, p. 179.) Wheeler, 1922, p. 118 : See last paragraph under P. termi- tolestes above. A Bibliography of the Larvae of the Tribe Pheidologetini Bischoff, H. 1927. Biologie der Hymenopteren. viii + 598 pp., 244 figs. Berlin: Julius Springer. Eidmann, H. 1944. Die Ameisenfauna von Fernando Poo. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Oekol. Geog. Tiere, 76: 413-490, 1 pi., 17 text figs. Forel, a. 1922. Le monde social des fourmis du globe compare a celui de Thomme. Tome 3. vii + 227 pp., 10 pis., 28 text figs. Geneve: Librairie Kundig. 1928. The social world of ants compared with that of men. Translated by C. K. Ogden. 2 vols. 551 + 445 pp., 24 pis., 138 text figs. London and New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, Ltd. Santschi, F. 1914. Formicides de I’Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de M. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Sc. Sup. Agric. Portici, 8: 309-385, 34 figs. Weber, N. A. 1950. The African species of the genus Oligomyrmex Mayr. Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 1442: 19 pp., 20 figs. Wheeler, W. M. 1918. A study of some ant larvae, with a consideration of the origin 1953] Wheeler and Wheeler — Myrmicine Larvae 147 and meaning of the social habit among insects. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 57: 293-343, 12 figs. 1922. The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 45: 39-269, 22 pis., 76 text figs., 41 maps. 1926. Les societes d’insectes: leur origine — leur evolution, xii + 468 pp., 61 figs. Paris: Gaston Doin et Cie. 1928. The social insects, their origin and evolution, xviii + 378 pp., 79 figs. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co. SOME NEW SYNONYMS IN CLYTRINAE (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE) By F. Monros Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Argentina I list some new synonyms in Clytrinae, which have been established in the course of my work in connection with Junk’s second edition of the “Coleopterorum Catalogus”. Not all the names in this list are plain synonyms; in most cases they represent different color patterns or minor dif- ferences in size and microsculpture which tend to be lost in large series. In my opinion, none of these differences is of either specific or subspecific value. I have seen specimens (in several cases types or speci- mens from the typical series and typical locality) of all the names listed below. Macrolenes (Plecomera) quadraticollis Lacord. from South Africa. Lacordaire, 1848, Mon. Phyt. II, p. 105 $ . = M. (P.) varipes Jacoby, 1901, Trans. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1901, p. 217, pi. 10, f. 5. Antipus (Gyriodera) cruciata (Thunb.) from South Africa. Thunberg, 1821, Nova Acta Upsala, 8, p. 184. = A. (G.) clitellata Lacordaire, 1848, Mon. Phyt. II, p. 124. Anomoea laticlavia (Forst.) from the United States and Central America. Forster, 1771, Nov. Spec. Ins., p. 27. = A. rufifrons Lacordaire, 1848, Mon. Phyt. II, p. 135. = A. villosa Jacoby, 1888, Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. 6, 1, Suppl., p. 67, pi. 36, f. 17 $ . Diapromorpha (Peploptera) eckloni Lacord. from south east Africa. Lacordaire, 1848, Mon. Phyt. II, p. 244. = D. (P.) dorsata Lacordaire, l.c., p. 245. Diapromorpha (Peploptera) postica Lacord. from equa- torial Africa. Lacordaire, l.c., p. 251. = D. (P.) arcuata Clavareau in Jacoby and Clavareau, 1906, Gen. Ins., fasc. 49, p. 28, footnote. Diapromorpha (Peploptera) trilineata Lacord. from South Africa. Lacordaire, 1848, Mon. Phyt. II, p. 246. = D. (P.) schenklingi Clavareau, 1909, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 53, p. 386. 148 1953] Monros — Synonyms in Clytrinae 149 Diapromorpha (Peploptera) abyssinica Lef. from Ethiopia. Lefevre, 1877, Rev. Mag. Zool., (3)5, p. 225. = D. (P) schimperi Lefevre, 1891, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 35, c.r. p. CCLI. Diapromorpha {Peploptera) curvilinea Jac. from South Africa. Jacoby, 1901, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.„ 1901. p. 222, pi. 10, f. 9. = D. (P.) braunsi Jacoby, 1903, Ent., 36, p. 92. Diapromorpha (Aspidolopha) spilota (Hope) from Nepal and Burma. Hope in Gray, 1831, Zool. Misc., p. 30 (Cryp- tocephalus) . = D. (A.) thoracica Jacoby, 1892, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geno- va, 32, p. 879. Melitonoma (M.) decempunctata (Oliv.), 1808, Ent., 6, pi. 2, f. 24 from tropical and equatorial Africa. = M. (M.) patruelis Lefevre, 1891, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 35, c.r. p. CCLii. = M. (M.) pedestris Lefevre, l.c., p. CCLiil. = M. (M.) polysticta Lacordaire, 1848, Mon. Phyt. II, p. 372. = M. (M.) macidigera Lacordaire, l.c., p. 376. = M. {M.) sobrina Lacordaire, l.c., p. 377. = M. (M.) litigiosa Lacordaire, l.c., p. 378. Megalostomis (Megalostomis) amazona Jac. from tropical America. Jacoby, 1876, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 809. = M. (M.) generosa Baly, 1877, Cist. Ent., 2, p. 181. = M. (Minturnia) mariae Monros, 1951, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12)4, p. 1154, f. 7-9. Megalostomis {Megalostomis) anachoreta Lacord. from Central and northern South America. Lacordaire, 1848, Mon. Phyt. II, p. 537. = M. {Minturnia) chuncho Monros, 1951, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12)4, p. 1151, f. 4^5. = M. {Minturnia) iveyrauchi Monros, 1952, Rev. Brasil. Biol., 12(4), p. 350, f. 2-3. Urodera crucifera Lacord. from the United States to north- ern Argentina. Lacordaire, 1848, Mon. Phyt. II, p. 454. = U. godmani Jacoby, 1879, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 775. 150 Psyche [December Bahia quadriguttata (Oliv.) from the United States and Central America. Olivier, 1791, Enc. meth., 6, p. 37. = Bahia distinguenda Jacoby, 1888, Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. 6, 1, Suppl., p. 82. = Bahia amplicollis Jacoby, l.c., p. 83. = Bahia parvula Jacoby, l.c., p. 83. Bahia rufipennis Lacord. from Brazil. Lacordaire, 1848, Mon. Phyt. II, p. 433. = Bahia undahunda Lacordaire, l.c., p. 433. TWO NEW TINGIDAE (HEMIPTERA)i By Carl J. Drake Ames, Iowa This paper contains the descriptions of two new species of lacebugs, one from Australia and the other from the West Indies. The specimens were kindly sent to me by Dr. P. J. Darlington, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harv- ard University. The types have been returned to the above Museum. Teleonemia lustrabilis new sp. Large broad, blackish fuscous with a slight tinge of ferrugineous. Length, 5.15 mm; width, 2.60 mm. Head with four brownish spines; anterior pair short, porrect; posterior pair appressed, barely attaining base of frontal pair. Bucculae large, reticulate, contiguous in front. Rostrum brownish blackish apically, barely reach- ing beyond mesosternum; rostral channel wide, not closed behind; laminae not very high, dark fuscous, uniseriate, diverging posteriorly on mesosternum, more widely sep- arate and cordate on metasternum. Orifice large, very con- spicuous. Legs slender, smooth, moderately long, ferrugine- ous-fuscous. Antennae moderately long, moderately stout, straight, densely clothed with short, thick, recumbent setae ; ^Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. segments i and ll very short, only slightly thickened, sub- equal; III rather stout, three times as long as IV (72:24), the latter barely enlarged. Pleura very coarsely pitted. Thorax beneath dark fuscous, the venter mostly brownish. Hypocostal laminae uniseriate, the areolae rounded. Orifice very large. Pronotum distinctly transversely convex, coarsely punc- tate, tricarinate; each carina uniseriate and with dorsal vein strongly incrassate; median carina moderately ele- vated, distinctly arched on disc, composed of rectangular areolae (higher than wide) , with two or three of the areolae longitudinally divided in widest part; lateral carinae less elevated, with dorsal boundary gradually rounded or arched 151 152 Psyche [December from base to apex. Hood moderately high, narrow, pro- jecting almost one-third of its length over base of head, with median dorsal vein greatly thickened, a little longer than high. Paranota moderately wide, widest opposite humeral angles, there almost erect and four cells deep, only one cell wide in front, with short hind part back of widest part curved inwardly, the areolae moderately large and clear. Elytra longer and wider than abdomen, widest just behind apex of posterior projection of pronotum, broad and slowly rounded on hind margin, with tips partly over- lapping; with exterior marginal vein considerably enlarged; costal area wide, with six dark transverse fasciae (a wide band at widest part of elytron, two narrower ones in front of and three behind wide band, the areolae densely clouded in bands and clear between bands) ; areolae larger and two deep in clear areas, smaller and three deep in bands; sub- costal area wide, mostly triseriate, the areolae smaller than in costal and considerably clouded; discoidal area large, extending a little beyond middle of elytra, narrowed at both ends, with outer boundary sinuate, widest at middle, there five cells deep; sutural area large, the cells becoming larger apically, with several clear cells in apical part. Holotype (female), Constanza, Dominican Republic, West Indies, 3000-4000 feet elevation. Dr. P. J. Darlington col- lector. This large chocolate-colored species with some clear areolae in the costal area as the only characteristic mark- ings is very distinct, and can be readily separated from its congeners by the size, form and the structures of the paranota, carinae and paranota as noted in the description. The outer vein of paranota, median vein of hood and dorsal veins of carinae are unusually incrassate. The clear areo- lae of costal area of elytra are arranged largely in blocks of two or four, thus giving the dark species a striking appearance. Australotingis vinnula new sp. Large, broad, testaceous with areolae hyaline. Head brown, concealed from dorsal aspect by hood; hind pair of cephalic spines long, appressed, testaceous, the median and anterior pair wanting. Length, 4.20 mm.; width, 2.25 mm. 1953] Drake — Neiv Tingidae 153 Rostrum brownish with dark apex, extending to base of mesosternum; laminae uniseriate, with inferior edge finely toothed, testaceous, diverging posteriorly, entirely open behind. Bucculae testaceous, areolate, closed in front. Orifice present. Hypocostal ridge narrow, uniseriate. An- tennae very long, slender, shortly pilose; segments i and II short, moderately stout, the latter smaller ; iii long, almost twice the length of iv ; iv long, feebly swollen, clothed with longer hairs. Pronotum moderately convex on disc, distinctly pitted, fuscous-brown, tricarinate, the hood, paranota and carinae testaceous; with clear cells; lateral carinae parallel, with dorsal edge rounded or arched for the entire length, com- posed of one row of rectangular cells ; median carina strong- ly foliaceous, longer but not as high as hood, with dorsal vein rounded, highest a little back of the hood, there biseri- ate; hood large, moderately compressed laterally, inflated, longer than high, moderately narrowed anteriorly, strongly sloping downward. In front, with apex extending a little in front of the head. Paranota large, semiglobose, reflexed so that the outer margin projects almost vertically over pronotal surface with anterior and posterior ends curved inwardly. Elytra almost quadrate in outline, abruptly widened near base, much longer and wider than abdomen, with outer margins finely serrate, with apices broadly rounded and a little separated; costal area very wide, com- posed of large areolae, six cells deep in widest part; basal part of subcostal and discoidal areas jointly elevated so as to form a large tumid elevation; discoidal area not reach- ing middle of elytra, extending one half of its length beyond apex of hind pronotal process, five areolae deep in widest part, there more strongly inflated. Wings a little longer than abdomen, much shorter than elytra, whitish in color. Type (male) and 3 paratypes (males), Lankelly Creek, Mcllwraith Range, Cape York, Queensland, Australia, June 7, 1932, P. J. Darlington. Separated at once from the only other member of the genus, A. franzeni Hacker, by the larger size, larger hood, longer antennae, larger paranota and higher and more arched median carina. The turned in ends of the paranota form a rounded-like opening above the disc of the prono- 154 Psyche [December turn. The lateral carinae are widely separated and termin- ate behind near the base and outer corners of the triangular pronotal process ; anteriorly, they are a little removed from the sides of the hood. Additional Notes on Brachypanorpa. — In my recent account of Brachypanorpa (Psyche, 60:28-36, 1953), I pointed out that all known females of B. carolinensis (Banks) collected from 1905 through 1920 were short- winged and flightless, whereas all those collected since 1951 were long-winged and able to fly. I also noted that I had not located any specimens of this insect which had been collected during the interval between 1920 and 1951. Dr. J. Anthony Downes has more recently informed me that he collected carolmensis in the Black Mts., North Caro- lina, on June 10, 1938; the locality (near Mt. Mitchell, Toe River Gap, elevation 5500') is the one at which my long- winged females were found in 1951 and 1952. Dr. Downes writes me that the females were “unable to fly but readily jumped several inches.” One of the four females which he collected was sent to me for examination; it is clearly the short-winged type, like those originally found by Banks. The occurrence of these four females in 1938 indicates that the long-winged specimens had not appeared by that year (or at any rate that they were much in the minority) and that the female population did not change until after that time. Since I was unable to visit the carolinensis localities in the spring of 1953, I should also note that Mr. P. W. Fattig collected several long-winged females at Unicoi Gap., Georgia, on May 31, 1953, at the same locality that yielded numerous specimens in 1952. A second female of B. montana Carp, was also recently sent to me by Dr. Downes, who collected it on Mt. Mc- Loughlin, Oregon (June 25, 1939, 5000' elevation). This is the type locality of the species, originally described from a series of nine males. The new specimen agrees with the individual illustrated in my 1953 paper. — F. M. Car- penter, Harvard University. CICINDELIDAE (TIGER BEETLES) COLLECTED IN EASTERN NEW GUINEA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES! By C. M. C. Brouerius van Nidek Vogelkersstraat 28, Bussum, Holland From material loaned to me by the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., I have compiled the following list, with notes, of tiger beetles collected in New Guinea by P. J. Darlington, Jr. during the recent war.^ 1. Cicindela tetrachoides Gestro Eight specimens collected at Dobodura, Papua. 2. Cicindela darlingtoni n. sp. (Figs. 1-3, 6-7) Resembles C. latreillei Guer., but differs by larger scutel- lum, longer pronotum, more dense curly pubescence on the underside, and especially by the hairs on the side margin of the labrum and the row of stiff hairs on the middle tibia (Figs. 1, 2). Head of male green; labrum strongly pro- jecting, more rounded than in latreillei, yellow with dark margin, front margin with a small obtuse tooth at centre, side margin except anteriorly with a row of small hooked hairs; mandibles yellow, tips dark; palpi yellow, outer part of the last segment dark except at extreme tip. Head of female blackish; labrum black with green luster. Anten- nae with first 4 segments dark metallic, the rest pubescent. Prothorax more elongate than in latreillei, constricted near the base, with distinct but fine median line, and slightly transversely striated; apical edge with fine yellow hairs, ^Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. ^Two additional species, Caledonomorpha milneana and Prothyma papua, have been described by Dr. Darlington in Psyche, Vol. 54, 1947, pp. 241-245. Darlington’s collecting localities are shown on his sketch map in the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 107, 1952, p. 93. 155 156 Psyche [December basal edge especially at the angles with longer gold-colored hairs. Elytra of male more shining and less velvety than in latreillei; of female not shining but dull; of both sexes finely and rather densely punctured, with humeral spot and narrow apical margin yellow; epipleurae and apical third of suture of male yellow, of female scarcely so. Apex of each elytron separately rounded. Male below with coxae, metasternum, and sternites (except first and margin of second) yellow, the- rest shining green; episterna of pro-, meso- and metathorax, mesosternum, margin of the meta- sternum, and first sternite with dense, curly hairs; legs yellow, femora with greenish luster; basal % of femora with long, curly hairs; tarsi dark; apex of the protibiae with stiff hairs; meso-tibiae outwardly with a fringe of short pale bristles; meta-tibiae compressed; claws long. Female with pubescent parts of underside metallic green and the rest dark; trochanters yellow; legs darker than in male, with tibiae yellow. Male copulatory organs as figured (Fig. 3). Length: 12.5 mm. (without labrum). Holotype S and allotype $ in the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology (Type No. 28,997) and 1 9 paratype in my collection all from Dobodura, Papua, collected by P. J. Darlington Jr., for whom, of course, the species is named. 3. Cicindela decemguttata urvillei Dej. (Figs. 4-5) Of the six specimens, from Dobodura and Milne Bay, belonging to this subspecies only two have the typical mark- ings of urvillei Dej. The other specimens are aberrations which need not be named but are worth mentioning here. They are (a) two specimens without the humeral top-fleck (Fig. 4) ; and (b) two specimens with the discal spot con- nected with the upper marginal spot, which is in turn connected with the lower marginal spot (Fig. 5). One specimen of “a” has one elytron as in “b”. 4. Cicindela discreta Schaum. Two specimens from Dobodura, Papua. Explanation of Plate 7 Figs. 1-3, Cicindela darlingtoni, n. sp. — 1, labrum; 2, middle tibia; 3, male genitalia. Figs. 4-5, Cicindela decemguttata urvillei Dej. Psyche, 1953 VoL. 60, Plate 7 Van Nidek — New Guinea Cicindelidae [December 158 Psyche 5. Cicindela semicincta Brulle Four specimens from Dobodura, Papua, which are total- ly black. These are to be considered as a nigra-form of semicincta Brulle. Figs. 6-7. Cicindela darlingtoni, n. sp. Fig. 6, male; fig. 7, female. 6. Cicindela io W. H. Three specimens from Milne Bay, Papua. 7. Cicindela io microgemmea W. H. Dobodura, Papua, four specimens. 8. Cicindela bennigsenia W. H. Walter Horn observed in Records of the South Australian Museum, 1932, page 551, that males of Cicindela bennig- senia collected on the Mount Lamington Plateau in N. E. Papua differ in shape of labrum from the specimens de- scribed by him. A male collected by Dr. Darlington at Dobodura has a labrum of the same shape as the Mount Lamington males. The labrum is rather strongly excavated at middle, without the slightest trace of a sagittal tooth. 1953] van Nidek — Netv Guinea Cicindelidae 159 9. Cicindela funerata harbata W. H. Of this subspecies there are six examples from Dobodura, three from Milne Bay, two from vicinity of Nadzab, and thirteen from Morobe District (Surprise Creek). The first two of these localities are in Papua; the other two, in N.E.N.G. Specimens from the different localities differ slightly in color. Those from Milne Bay are more greenish; from Nadzab, more reddish; and from Surprise Creek, darker than those from Dobodura. In three examples (one from Milne Bay and two from Surprise Creek) the humeral lunule is divided into two separate spots. The penis, clearly visible in several males, shows slight differences even among specimens from the same locality. 10. Cicindela guineensis umbrosa W. H. Dobodura, Papua, six specimens. 11. Cicindela ancorifera W.H. Four examples from Chimbu Valley (Bismarck Rge.), 5,000-7,500 ft. altitude, and five from Morobe District, Mt. Misim, 6,400 ft. (both localities in N.E.N.G.). These speci- mens possess middle and apical white spots on each elytron. Typical specimens ought to have three white spots. Of about 40 examples I have seen from the London and Leiden museums almost all had only the middle spot, and only a few a slight indication of the apical spot. As I have already mentioned in Notes from the Museum Leyden, I am of the opinion that these are merely aberrations. THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF THE ANT GENUS STRUMIGENYS FR. SMITH: GROUP OF DORIAE EMERYi By William L. Brown, Jr. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University The Strumigenys doriae group includes three rather lapge species of uniform aspect with a scattered distribution in the East Indies. The mandibles are greatly simplified, evidently through loss of structures, and are like those of the Neotropical elongata group in lacking entirely preapical teeth or distinct dentiform angles in the preapical position. The apical fork teeth are strong and spiniform, straight or nearly so; an intercalary denticle may be present or absent. Mandibular blades straight, slightly narrowed at insertions ; vertex raised and convex ; occipital lobes strong- ly depressed; posterior excision deep. Labrum transverse, with a narrow, apically truncate extension on each side extending laterally beyond the lateral borders of the closed mandibles. Legs and antennae long and slender; funicular segment iv elongate. Body, including legs with very long, fine outstanding hairs. In the two species actually ex- amined {S. bryanti and S. idcerosa) , the sculpture of cer- tain areas is modified to include coarse pits and larger, shallow, margined crateriform areas in bilaterally paired positions. These regions are ordinarily plated or encrusted with a light-colored granular substance, which, when re- moved by soaking, leaves uncovered impressed areas filled with short, fine dense pile. The whole apparatus appears to be secretory in function, though for what purpose, it is still not known. These structures, which I refer to as secretory pits and lacunae, appear to be special intensive developments of a widespread general tendency among strumigenite species to produce a granular integumental covering. This cover- ing is not an artifact, since it can be seen in living speci- ^Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 160 1953] Brown — I ndo- Australian Strumigenys 161 mens in nature and in the artificial nest in a certain pro- portion of individuals in most colonies at any given time. Its structure is vaguely granular, and appears to be too amorphous to represent a vegetable growth. It is highly resistant to organic solvents, and even to strong acids and bases up to the point where these begin to attack the in- tegument itself. It can sometimes be loosened in water, but does not show appreciable reduction after prolonged soaking. It appears most likely to be a direct secretion of a largely proteinaceous nature. Similar-appearing incrusta- tions are frequent in the myrmicine tribes Basicerotini and Attini, though phylogenetic relationships between these and the Dacetini {Strumigenys, etc.) do not appear to be very close. Most species showing the secretion in the Basicero- tini and Dacetini show other structural and behavioral con- vergences, and are, generally speaking, members of the microgenton of Silvestri. The dacetines feed chiefly upon certain collembolan families, and it is possible that this secreted crust has something to do with the predatory habit. Among undescribed Strumigenys from the New World tropics, I have seen other forms with secretory lacunae, though placed differently to those of the doriae group and probably developed convergently. It is unfortunate that each of the three species treated below is known only from the unique type, a situation which makes taxonomic conclusions somewhat uncertain. The characters given to separate the three are, however, of a degree of distinctness equal to those seen in related Strumigenys species known from considerably more satis- factory samples. Emery’s brief and somewhat questionable diagnosis with figure of S. doriae remains to be checked and amplified by some future specialist having access to the type. The measurements and their abbreviations are those I have used in various works on the dacetine ants: tl, total length, or sum of lengths of the various tagmata, including the closed mandibles; hl, maximum measurable length of head in dorsal view, including all of clypeus and occipital lobes; ml, distance to which the closed mandibles project beyond the clypeal margin, measured while head is in same position as for hl measurement; WL, diagonal length of ali- 162 Psyche [December trunk measured from lateral view. The most useful indices are: ci, cephalic index, head width/ hl x 100; Mi, mandib- ulo-cephalic index, ml/hl X 100. Strumigenys ulcerosa new species Holotype ivorker: TL 4.10, HL 1.09, ml 0.55, WL 1.16 mm. ; Cl 71, MI 50. Occipital lobes surpass indistinct anterior pronotal margin by approximately 0.1 mm.; this overlap not included in TL. In general habitus resembling Emery’s figure of S. doriae (see below), but the mandibles longer and much broader, and the head less broad behind, assuming that Emery’s figure approaches the correct proportions for doriae. Sides of head in front of occipital lobes feebly concave in outline; eyes moderate in size and convexity, situated distinctly anterior to the cephalic midlength, visible in dorsal view. Clypeus triangular, the anterior border weakly depressed and very feebly concave. Seen from the side, the deepest part of the head is reached at the highest point of the con- vex vertex, slightly posterior to cephalic midlength; oc- cipital lobes only about half as deep, strongly depressed. Scape L 0.68, funiculus L 0.85 (segment v 0.40, iv 0.24, III + n 0.10, I 0.11 mm.). Mandibles approximately straight, depressed, broad (slightly less broad than in S. bryanti holotype), at bases slightly narrowed and feebly bent inward, broadest at about the apical quarter. Just before the apical fork, the inner border becomes very feebly concave, but there is no preapical angle marking off this concavity, and there is no preapical tooth or denticle. Dorsal tooth of apical fork stoutly spiniform, L 0.14-0.15 mm., only slightly longer than the ventral tooth, which is blunter and approximately paral- lel ; no trace of any intercalary tooth or denticle. Alitrunk slender, pronotum narrowly rounded anteriorly, without humeral angles, but with a low tubercle on each side; anterior pronotal border obsolete. Pronotum with the entire mesonotum forming one continuous gently arching profile as seen from the side, sloping posteriorly to the well-marked metanotal groove. Propodeal dorsum sloping down posteriorly from the groove, only very feebly convex. Mesosternal groove very broad and deep, taking up ap- 1953] Brown — Indo- Australian Strumigenys 163 proximately the anterior half of the mesosternum, lined with an abundant erect pile, apparently related to some secretory function. Propodeal teeth reduced to small, in- conspicuous, depressed blunt processes, completely involved in the broad, convex infradental lamellae. Petiole arched-claviform, the node long, low, scarcely differentiated from its peduncle as seen from any view. Ventral spongiform strip fairly well developed, not deep; posterodorsal collar rather broad, ending on each side in well developed posterolateral flaps, each of which is in turn extended as a slender, anteriorly tapered strip forward along the sides of the node about to the level of its indefinite juncture with the peduncle. Postpetiolar node seen from above subcircular, very nearly as long as broad and slight- ly broader than the petiolar node, convex, closely sur- rounded by spongiform tissue and with large ventral spongi- form lobes. Gaster with a conspicuous thick anteroventral pad of spongiform tissue and fine, short subreclinate hairs, anterodorsally with a flange-like transverse spongiform margin. Basal costulae of first gastric segment rather fine, short, extending about i/i the length of the basal segment in the middle; remainder of gaster smooth and shining, as are the mandibles. Head, alitrunk and both nodes densely and irregularly punctulate-granulose, opaque. The ground punctulation is relieved at intervals by larger, more irregular secretory pits, most conspicuous on head and promesonotum. The larger secretory lacunae, bordered by a low ridge and usually conspicuous by virtue of the whitish encrustation, appear to be formed of many confluent secretory pits. The largest pair are subcircular, located behind the humeral tubercles, occupying the greater part of the posterolateral pronotal surfaces. Another large linear pair, deep and groove-like, follow the humeral margins on each side; and another pair, adjacent to and surrounding the lateral open- ings of the mesosternal groove, are also of good size. A smaller, but very distinct groove on each side of the pro- podeum below the spiracle, running posteriorly onto the infradental lamella. Small lacunae are also found on the anterolateral faces of the petiolar node, dorsolaterally on the propodeum at the bases of the teeth, and on each end 164 Psijche [December of the metanotal groove. Legs densely and finely punctu- late-granulose. Pilosity as described for S. bryanti (below), except that in ulcerosa, the long, fine erect hairs on the head are more numerous, while those of the gastric dorsum are not so extremely long (maximum length about 0.26 mm.), nor are those on the legs so long as in bryanti. In ulcerosa, the longest hairs on the gastric dorsum are about half as long as the maximum dorsoventral thickness of the gaster. The dense, fine pile present on alitrunk and nodes much as in bryanti, most conspicuous at heavily “glandular” areas, especially humeri and mesopleura. Color rich medium ferrugineous, appendages and oc- cipital lobes slightly lighter and more yellowish. Holotype, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, a unique taken at 700 meters altitude, Kananggar, Soemba, Indonesia (Dammerman, no. 242). This species does not seem to be the worker corresponding to the female of bryanti, since the latter has a narrower, not broader, head, and has longer mandibles, differently proportioned funicular segments, longer gastric pilosity, and a minute intercalary denticle in the apical fork. If it be assumed that Emery did not too grossly misfigure his Ambonese species, cloriae, the latter would be distinct from ulcerosa in having shorter, very much more slender mandibles and a notably broader head. Emery’s draftsmanship, however, was such that doubts about the distinctness of ulcerosa and cloriae will remain until someone can review Emery’s type. Strumigenys bryanti Wheeler Striimigenys bryanti Wheeler, 1919, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 63: 95, female (original description). Holotype female, alate: Differs significantly in propor- tions, especially of the mandibles, and also in other minor details, from S. ulcerosa and S. cloriae, but for the most part very similar to at least the first of these. TL 4.63, HL 1.08, ML 0.60, WL 1.25 mm.; ci 69, Ml 56; occipital-pronotal overlap 0.1 mm., subtracted from TL. Antennal scapes straight, slender, L 0.70, very feebly incrassate in the apical half; funiculus slender, L 0.88 (segment v 0.40, IV 0.31, II -f III 0.08, I 0.09-0.10 mm.). Mandibles with apical fork of two slender spiniform 1953] Brown — I nclo- Australian Strumigenys 165 teeth, the dorsal tooth virtually straight in its apical half, the ventral tooth parallel to the dorsal and about half as long, its extreme tip gently deflected ventrad ; a single min- ute, acute intercalary denticle present. The dorsal apical tooth is about 0.17 mm. long, or slightly more. Shaft of mandible straight, broad, depressed, slightly narrowed to- ward base; external border feebly convex, inner border straight, except for brief weakly concave apical and basal stretches, and with dorsal and ventral subcultrate margins. The gentle preapical concavity, just at the point where it joins the straight section of the inner border, bears a very low, obtuse vestige of a translucent angle, just barely per- ceptible at higher magnifications and then only in certain views. This insignificant vestige is probably homologous with the preapical tooth or angle in the majority of Indo- Australian Strumigenys species. The reduction of the pre- apical tooth can be followed in the series honing sb erg eri, formosensis, hryanti, although this series probably does not represent the actually evolved lineage. The secretory pits and lacunae are arranged much as in the worker of S. ulcerosa, but those on the thoracic sclerites are somewhat restricted by the different develop- ment of these areas accompanying the presence of the wings. Scutum intricately and rather deeply rugulose- punctulate. Scutellum with similar sculpture; punctulation of mesokatepisternum partially effaced, the surface here more or less smooth and shining. Basal costulae of gaster short and fine. Head with moderate growth of fine, subreclinate ground hairs, fewer moderately long, fine erect hairs, and fewer still very long, outstanding, fine flagellate hairs, the latter concentrated along the dorsolateral and posterior occipital borders. Scape hairs very fine, reclinate. Alitrunk with numerous long, fine erect hairs, the same, becoming longer and flagelliform on both nodes and gastric dorsum (L up to 0.55 mm.), where some are as long as or nearly as long as the maximum depth of the gaster itself. Legs with very long, fine erect hairs, becoming extremely long and tapered, but fewer, on the posterior surfaces of the metatarsi, where they are often nearly as long as the elongate metatarsus itself. Also present on legs, alitrunk, both nodes and under- 166 Psyche [December side of head is a dense pile of very fine, short reclinate hairs, inconspicuous except on humeral borders, propodeum and petiolar node; forming a large anteroventral pad at the base of the gaster. The long fiagelliform hairs are con- siderably longer than those of ulcerosa. Color reddish ferrugineous, appendages lighter. Fore- wing (l 3.1 mm.) with R -j- Sc, Rsfl, stigma and 2r pres- ent and distinct, but not strongly pigmented. Other veins absent or else present only as indistinct folds or lines. The holotype, still the only known specimen, is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology; it was taken on Mt. Matang, West Sarawak, Borneo (G. E. Bryant). Strumigenys doriae Emery Strumigenys Doriae Emery, 1887, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, (2) 5: 45, pi. 2, fig. 22, worker (original description). 1897, Term. Fiizetek, 20: 574, worker, in key. I know this form only from Emery’s description and figure, which show it to be very much like S. ulcerosa (see discussion above). The original description is very brief, and the figure crude and questionable on several accounts. The mandibles are portrayed as unusually slender for a Strumigenys species; nevertheless, Emery definitely says that they are ‘'cylindricis” in his description, which, if true, would make them quite different from the broadened and depressed jaws of the two closely related forms. As estimated from the figure, the Ci would be about 77, and the MI near 46. Emery’s figures of dacetines are known, however, to err rather strongly on occasion in showing cor- rect proportions of head and mandibles. Emery also shows the petiolar and postpetiolar nodes without differentiating the spongiform appendages from the nodes proper. The total length is given as “3V2 nim.” This is probably too low a figure. Emery does not mention the secretory pits and lacunae that may well be present, but the elongate flagellate hairs characteristic of this species group are indicated in the figure. Color given as “ferruginea, capite obscurior.” The holotype is a unique worker taken at Amboina, East Indies, by Beccari ; it is presumably now in the Emery Col- lection, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Genoa, Italy. PSYCHE INDEX TO VOL. 60, 1953 INDEX TO AUTHORS Beatty, G. H., III. New England Records of Ululodes Currie (Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae). 114 Bequaert, J. Nemestrinidae (Diptera) of Iowa and Missouri. 14 Brown, W. L., Jr. Three New Ants Related to Strumigenys louisianae Roger. 1 An Australian Trapeziopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 51 The Indo-Australian Species of the Ant Genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: S. wallacei Emery and Relatives. 85 The Indo-Australian Species of the Ant Genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of doriae Emery. 160 Carpenter, F. M. The Biology of Brachypanorpa (Mecoptera). 28 Additional Notes on Brachypanorpa. 154 Chamberlin, R. V. Two New Oregon Chilopods of the Order Geophilida. 37 Cheng, F. Y. Three New Species of Panorpidae (Mecoptera). 119 Creighton, Wm. S. New Data on the Habits of Camponotus {Myrma- phaenus) ulcerosus Wheeler. 82 Darlington, P. J., Jr. Australian Carabid Beetles I. Some Clivina from Western Australia. 52 Australian Carabid Beetles II. Some New Pterostichini. 90 Drake, C. J. Two New Tingidae (Hemiptera). 151 Fairchild, G. B. Tabanidae from the State of Chiapas, Mexico, with Descriptions of Two New Species (Diptera). 41 Gregg, R. E. Taxonomic Notes on the Ant, Camponotus cooperi Gregg. 102 Judd, W. W. Larval Mites of the Genus Eutrombidium Attached to a Carolina Locust. 124 Monros, F. Some New Synonyms in Clytrinae (Coleoptera, Chrysome- lidae). 148 Nidek, C. M. C. B. van. Cicindelidae (Tiger Beetles) Collected in Eastern New Guinea, with Description of a New Species. 155 Nutting, W. L. Observations on the Reproduction of the Giant Cockroach, Blaberus craniifera Burm. 6 The Biology of Euphasiopteryx brevicornis (Townsend) (Diptera, Tachinidae), Parasitic in the Cone-headed Grasshoppers (Orthop- tera, Copiphorinae). 69 First Records of the European Mantis religiosa (L.) from Maine. 89 A Gregarine, Diplocystis, in the Haemocoele of the Roach, Blaberus craniifer Burm. 126 Pechuman, L. L. A New Neotropical Chrysops (Diptera, Tabanidae). 115 Shaw, F. R. Some New Diptera with Remarks on the Affinities of the Genus Pnyxia Joh. 62 Werner, F. G. Further Notes on North American Epicauta, with New Synonymy (Coleop., Meloidae). 105 Wheeler, G. C., and J. Wheeler. The Ant Larvae of the Myrmicine Tribe Pheidologetini. 129 Wilson, E. O. On Flanders’ Hypothesis of Caste Determination in Ants. 15 Young, F. N. Two New Species of Water Beetles from Florida (Cole- optera: Dytiscidae). 21 167 APR 2d 19^4 [December 168 Psyche INDEX TO SUBJECTS All new genera, new species and new names are printed in Large and Small Capital Type. Additional Notes on Brachypanorpa, 154 Ant Larvae of the IMyrmicine Tribe Pheidologetini, 129 Ants. 1, 15, 85, 102 Ascalaphidae, 114 Australian Carabid Beetles. 52, 90 Australian Trapeziopelta (H^mien- optera; Formicidae), 51 Australotingis vinnula, 152 Biology of Brachypnnorpa, 28 Biology of Euphasiopteryx hrevi- cornis, 69 Blaberus craniifer, 126 Brachygeophilus tampophor, 39 Brachyponorpa, 154 Brachypanorpa carolinensis, 28 Brachypanorpa montana, 34 Brachypanorpa oregonensis, 33 Brady da bellingeri, 67 Brady da farri, 67 Camponotiis cnoperi, 102 Camponotus (M yrmaphaenus) id- c erasure, 82 Carabid Beetles, 52, 90 Carebara lignata, 142 Carebara u'inijredae, 142 Caste Determination in Ants, 15 Chilopods. 37 Chrysomelidae. 148 C hr y sops Patricia, 115 Cicindela darlingtoni, 155 Cicindelidae (Tiger Beetles) Col- lected in Eastern New Guinea, with Description of a New Species, 155 Clivina diluta, 54 Clivina frenchi, 54 Clivina grata, 58 Clivina sculpticeps, 60 Clivina suturalis, 58 Clivma wiluna, 56 Clytrinae, 148 Cone-headed Grasshoppers, 69 Copelatus blatchlea'i, 24 Copiphorinae, 69 Diplocystis, 126 Dytiscidae, 21 Epicauta diversipubescens, 110 Epicauta emarginata, 105 Epicauta jallax, 108 Epicauta junenezi, 110 Epicauta languida, 113 Epicauta ochrea, 106 Epidapus johannseni, 63 Euphasiopteryx brevicornis, 69 Eutrombidium, 124 First Records of the European Mantis religiosa (L.) from Maine, 89 Formicidae, 51 Further Notes on North American Epicauta, with New SynonAun}’’ ((Toleop., Meloidae), 105 Geophilida, 37 Gregarine. Diplocystis, in the Haemocoele of the Roach, Bla- berus craniijer Bunn., 126 Habits of C amponotus ulcerosus, 82 Hydrovatus peninsularis, 21 Indo-Australian Species of the Ant Genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith; S. wallacei Emerv and Relatives, 85 Indo-Australian Species of the Ant Genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of doriae Emery, 160 Larval Mites of the Genus Eutrom- bidium Attached to a Carolina Locust, 124 Leiradira alternans, 90 Locust, 124 Lophomyrmex quadrispinosus, 131 Mantis religiosa, 89 Mecoptera, 28, 119 Meloidae, 105 Nemestrinidae (Diptera) of Iowa and IMissouri, 14 Xeopanorpa baviensis, 120 X eopanorpa contracta, 122 Neuroptera, 114 New Data on the Habits of Cam- 1953] Index 169 ponotus ( M yrmaphaenus) ulcer- osus Wheeler, 82 New England Records of Ululodes Currie (Xeuroptera: Ascalaphi- dae), 114 New Neotropical Chrysops (Dip- tera, Tabanidae), 115 N otonnmus masculixus, 99 N otonomus spurgeoxi, 98 N otonomus triplicatus, 100 Observations on the Reproduction of the Giant Cockroach, Blaberus craniijera Burm., 6 Oligomyrmex jacohsoni, 140 Oligomyrrnex mjobergi, 140 Oligomyrmex pnrvicornis, 138 Oligomyrmex sinidaicus, 140 Oligomyrmex thoracicus, 140 On Flanders’ Hypothesis of Caste Determination in Ants, 15 Paedalgus infimus, 146 Paedalgus termitolestes, 143 Panorpa chiexsis, 119 Pheidologetini, 129 Pheidologeton affinis, 138 Pheidologeton diversus, 135 Pnyxia, 62 Pterosticliini, 90 Reproduction of Blaberus craniifera, 6 Setalis sloaxei, 92 Some Clivina from Western Aus- tralia, 52 Some New Diptera with Remarks on the Affinities of the Genus Pnyxia Joh., 62 Some New Pterosticliini, 90 Some New S^monyms in Clytrinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), 148 Stenophilus rothi, 38 Stenotabaims (Stetiotabanus) chia- PASEXSIS, 45 Stenotabanus (Stenotabanus) lito- tes, 48 Strumigenys bryanti, 164 Striimigenys clasmospoxgia, 2 Strumigenys doriae, 166 Stnmiigenys louisianae, 1 Strumigenys mixta, 4 Strumigenys nidifex, 85 Strumigenys opaca, 86 Strumigenys producta, 3 Strurnigenys ulcerosa, 162 Strumigenys wallacei, 85 Tabanidae, 115 Tabanidae from the State of Chiapas, Mexico, with Descrip- tions of Two New Species (Dip- tera), 41 Taxonomic Notes on the Ant, Camponotus cooperi Gregg, 102 Teleonemia lustrabilis, 151 The Biology of Euphasiopteryx brevicornis (Townseml) (Diptera, Tachinidae), Parasitic in the Cone-headed Grasshoppers (Orth- optera, Copiphorinae), 69 Three New Ants Related to Strumigenys louisianae Roger, 1 Three New Species of Panorpidae (Mecoptera), 119 Tingidae, 151 Trapeziopelta, 51 Trichosternus relictus, 94 Trichosternus soror, 95 Trigonogaster recurvispinosa kem- neri, 133 Two New Oregon Chilopods of the Order Geophilida, 37 Two New Species of Water Beetles from Florida (Coleoptera: D^di- scidae), 21 Two New Tingidae (Hemiptera), 151 Ululodes, 114 Water Beetles, 21 Zelmira williami, 66 CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB A regular meeting of the Club is held on the second Tues- day of each month (July, August and September, excepted) at 8 :00 p.m. in Room B-455, Biological Laboratories, Divin- ity Ave., Cambridge. Entomologists visiting Boston are cordially invited to attend. BACK VOLUMES OF PSYCHE The Cambridge Entomological Club is able to offer for sale the following volumes of Psyche. Those not mentioned are entirely out of print. Volumes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, each covering a period of three years, $5.00 each. Volumes 10, 12, 14, 17, each covering a single year, $1.00 each. Volumes 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, each covering a single year, $1.50 each. Volumes 27 to 53, each covering a single year, $2.00. Volumes 54 to 59, each covering a single year, $3.00. Orders for 2 or more volumes subject to a discount of 10%. Orders for 10 or more volumes subject to a discount of 20%. All orders should be addressed to F. M. Carpenter, Editor of Psyche, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. FOR SALE The Ants of North America, by Professor Wm. S. Creighton. Published in April, 1950, as volume 104 of the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, with 585 pages and 57 plates. Price $10.00 (postpaid). Send orders to Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. MCZ ERNST MAYR LIBRARY 3 2044 28 503 661 Date Due