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rSILAS\vlliaMtbliNNlNC 1 1 BEQUEST
UNIVERSITY or MICHIGAN;
fc, GENERAL LIBRARY __i
KEPORT AND TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION
FOII
THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. LITERATURE.
AND ART.
[ASHBURTON, JULY, 1896.]
VOL. XXVIIL
PLYMOUTH : WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON.
1896.
All HfU$ mrrrtd.
[ 2 ]
The Editor is requested by the Council to make it known to the Public, that the Committees and Authors alone are responsible for the facts and opinions contained in their respective Reports and Papers.
It is hoped that Members will be so good as to send to the Editor, the Rev. W. Harpley, Clayhanger Rectory, Tiverton, not later than 16th January, 1897, a list of any errata they may have detected in the present volume.
<^
[ 3 ]
1- II- '?
3<> 7>a2>
CONTENTS.
Page
Liist of Officers ... 5
FUces of Meeting ... 6
Boles . . ... 7
Bye-laws and Standing Orders . . 11
Report . ... 17
Balance Sheet . . . . . . 20, 21
Property . ... 22
Selected Minutes of Council appointing Committees . . . 23
President's Address . . . ... 25
Obituary Notices — The Right Rev. Benjamin Price — Richard Nicholls
Worth . . . ... 50
Nineteenth Report of the Conunittee on Scientific Memoranda.
J. Brooking Rowe, F.S.A., F.L.a . . . . 58
Fifteenth Report of the Committee on Devonshire Verbal Provincialisms.
F. T. Elworthy . ... 67
Fifteenth Report of the Committee on Barrows. R. N. Worth, f.g.s.
(the late) . . . . ... 84
Fourteenth Report of the Committee on Devonshire Folk -Lore.
P. F. S. Amery . . . ... 90
Fourteenth Report (Thiid Series) of the Committee on the Climate
of Devon. A. Chandler, f.r.met.soc. . . . . 103
Seventh Report of the Committee on Devonshire Records. J. Brooking
Rowe, F.S.A., F.L.S. . . . ... 110
Tliird RejKjrt of the Dartmoor Exploration Committee. Rov. S. Baring- Gould, M.A. . . . . ... 174
The IMi-chase of Dartmoor. W. F. Collier . . . . 200
A Tangle in the History of Ashburton. P. F. S. Amery . . 209
Representatives of the Borough of Ashburton. Rev. J. B. Pearson, d.d. 219
Early Xonconformity in Ashburton. E. Windeatt . . . 228
The Parisli Registers of Ashburton and Bucklaud in the M«)or. Rev.
W. M. Birch, m.a. . . . ... 238
VJ^ Deer in Buckland Woods F. H. Firth . ... 244
Residents in Ashbm-ton and the adjoining Parishes in 1588. J. S.
Amery . . . . ... 247
Jacobite Days in the West P. Q. Karkeek, m.r.c.s. . . . 257
Raleghana. T. N. Bnishfield, m.d. . . . . 272
A Photographic Survey of Devonshire. C. E. Robinson, M Inst c e. 313
4 CONTENTS.
Page Some Devonahire Reminiaoences of the Nineteenth Century. Rev.
S. G. HarriSy m.a. • ... 316
Some Devonian Itema. R. N. Worth, f.o.s. (the late) . . . 323
John Knowlea, F.B.a T. W. Windeatt . . . 389
Devonahire Revela. Miaa Helen Saondera . ... 342
A Liat of the Rectora of Moretonhampatead. J. S. Neck 851
The Stockleigh Pariahea, near Crediton, and aome of their Surroundings.
Rev. J. Erakine Riak, m.a. . . ... 353
Devonahire " Domeaday." Part III. Rev. Oswald J. Reichel, m.a.,
B.O. L., F.S.A. • • I ... oO^
Analysis of Exon. ** Domesday." Rev. T. Whale, m.a. . . . 391 The "Domesday Hundreds." Part II. Rev. Oswald J. Reichel, m.a.,
J3. C.Ito, F. S. A. . . • I a • 404
The Warrens of Headborough and their Descendants. J. S. Amery . 494
Some Changes in the County Omis noticed particularly in the South
Hams. K A. S. Elliot . . ... 503
West Country Geological Problems. A. R. Hunt, m.a., f.l.s., f.o.s. 507
Prehistoric Torbay. Alexander Somervail . ... 583
A Few Sheaves of Devon Bibliography. Fifth Sheaf. Rev. J. Ingle
Dredge . . . ... 547
Devonshire Briefs. Part IL T. N. Brushfield, m.d. . . . 606
The Stone Rows of Dartmoor. Part V. R. N. Worth, f.u.8. (the late) 712
The Tything of Compton Gifford. R. N. Worth, F.o.s. (the late) . 714
Some Ancient Totnes Seals. K Windeatt . . . . 771
Supplementary Notices on the Radiolarian Rocks in the Lower Culm Measures to the West of Dartmoor. George G. Hind, PH.D., and Howard Fox, f.o.s. Communicated by R. N. Worth, F.o.s. (the
late) . . . . ... 774
|
PLATES. |
|||
|
Skulls (2 plates) |
. 28 |
||
|
Legis Tor (10 plates) |
. 179-191 |
||
|
Maps of Inclosures on Dartmoor |
. 200 |
||
|
Facsimile Letter |
. 302 |
||
|
Maps of Berry Pomeroy |
. 362 |
||
|
Map of " Domesday '* Hundreds |
. 464 |
||
|
Proclamation |
. 676 |
||
|
Mai) 0^ Compton— 0)py of Tithe |
. 770 |
||
|
,, Ancient Tenements |
. 770 |
||
|
f, Field Names |
. 770 |
||
|
Seals of Ancient Totnes |
' . 771 |
||
|
Sketch Map of ])arts of Dcvod and Cornwall |
. 734 |
[ 5 ]
OFFICERS
1896-97.
llrniOent. Riv. S. BARING-GOULD, M.A.
Firf«|lmOimt0. THE PORTREEVE OF ASHBURTON.
B. J. P. BASTARD, Esq., j.p., d.l. & BERRT, Esq., j.p. Rey. W. M. BIRCH, M.A. The Hon. R. DAWSON, d.l. A H. DTMOND, Esq. 7. H. FIRTH, Esq., j.p.
H. M. FIRTH, Esq.
G. C. FOOT, Esq.
Ths Rt. Hon. LORD HALSBURT.
JAliES HAMLTN, Esq., j.p.
R«v. W. H. THORNTON, m.i.
Majob R. C. tucker.
Jkon. Sreasttrrr. P. F. S. AMERY, Esq., j.p., Druid, AMurlaii.
Jkon. lotal SreiBttrrr. J. BICKFORD, Esq., AMurUm,
Ikon. JSftrrtars. Rev. W. HARPLEY, m.a., f.c.p.s., Clay hanger , Tiverton,
%f>n, loral iSrnrrtars. J. S. AMERY, Esq., Ashburton.
ACLAND, Sir H. W. D. AMBRY, J. S. AMBRY, P. F. 8. BARING-OOULD, S. BICKFORD, J. BIRCH, W. M. BLACKLBR, T. A. BBU8HFIBLD, T. X. BURNARD, R. BURNS. J. 8. CANTERBURY, ARCH- BISHOP OF. CARPBNTBR, H. J. CHANDLER, A. CHAPMAN, C. CLIFTON. BISHOP OF CLINTON, LORD. COLLIBR, W. F. COTTON, R. W. COWIE, B. DAVIBS, W.
COttltrtl.
DOE, G. M. DREDGE, J. I. ELLIOT. E. A. 8. BLWORTHY, F. T. GREGORY, A. T. HAL8BURY, LORD. HAMILTON, A. H. A. HARPER, J. HARPLEY, W. HARRIS, 8. G. HUDLE8T0N, W. H. HUNT. A. R. KARKBEK, P. Q. LAKE, W. C MARTIN, J. M. NECK, J. 8. PBARSE, W. B. PEARSON, J. B. PHEAR, Sir J. B. POLLOCK. Sir F. PRIOKMAN, J. D.
PROW8E, A. B. RADFORD, Mrs. G. REICHBL, O. J. RISK, J. E. ROBINSON, C. E. ROWE, J. B. SAUNDERS, Miss H. SHAPLAND, A. E. SHELLY, J. 80MERVAIL, A. 8PRAGUE, F. 8. 8TEBBING, T. R. R. TAYLOR, C. H. TROUP, Mrs. VARWELL, P. WEYMOUTH, R. F. WHALE, T. W. WINDBATT, B. WINDEATT, T. W. W00DH0U8E, H. U. 8. WORTH, R. H.
[ 6 ]
PLACES OF MEETING
OF
THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION.
FlAce of Meefang.
1862. EXETEB
1863. Pltmouth
1864. TOBQUAT
1865. TlVEBTON
1866. Tavistock
1867. Babnstaple
1868. HoNiTON
1869. Dabtmouth
1870. Dbvonpobt
1871. BiDEJPOBD
1872. BXETEB
1873. SiDMOUTH
1874. Teionmouth
1875. tobbtnoton
1876. ashbubton
1877. KiNGSBBIDGE
1878. Paignton
1879. Ilfbaoombe
1880. TOTNBS
1881. Dawlish
1882. Gbediton
1883. ExMOUTH
1884. Newton Abbot
1885. Seaton
1886. St. Mabtohubou
1887. Plympton
1888. Exeteb
1889. Tavistock
1890. Babnstaple
1891. Tivebton
1892. Plymouth
1893. ToBQUAY
1894. South Molton
1895. Okehampton
1896. Ashbubton .
President. Sir John Bowring, ll.d., f.b.8. 0. Spence Bate, Esq., f.b.s., f.l.8. E. Vivian, Esq., ila. C. G. B. Daubeny, m.d., ll.d., f.b.b., Pro
fessor of Botany, Oxford. Earl Russell, k.o., K.o.a, f.ius., &c W. Pengelly, Esq., f.b.s., f.o.s. J. D. Coleridge, Esq., Q.a, m.a., m.p. G. P. Bidder, Esq., o.e. J. A. Fronde, Esq., m.a. Rev. Canon C. Kingsley, m.a., f.l.s., f.o.s. Rt Rev. Lord Bishop of Exeter (Dr. Temple; Right Hon. S. Cave, m.a., m.p. Earl of Devon. R. J. King, Esq., m.a. Rev. Treasurer Hawker, m.a. Yen. Archdeacon Earle, m.a. Sir Samuel White Baker, m.a., f.b.s., F.&o.f Sir R. P. Collier, m.a.
H. W. Dyke Acland, m.a., m.d., ll.d., f.b.& Rev. Professor Chapman, m.a. J. Brooking Rowe, Esq., f.s.a., f.l.s. Very Rev. C. Merivale, d.d., d.c.l. Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, m.a. R. F. Weymouth, Esq., m.a., d.lit. Sir J. R Phear, m.a., f.g.s. Rev. W. H. Dallinger, ll.d., f.b.s., f.l.s., &< Very Rev. Dean Cowie, d.d. W. H. Hudleston, Esq., m.a., f.b.s., f.g.s
F.L.8., &c.
Lord Clinton, m.a.
R. N. Worth, Esq., f.g.s.
A. H. A. Hamilton, Esq., m.a., j.p., c.c.
T. N. Bmshfield, m.d.
Sir Fred. Pollock, Bart, m.a.
Lord Halsbury.
Rev. 8. Baring-Gould, m.a.
[ 7 ]
RULES.
1. The Association shall be styled the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art.
2. The objects of the Association are — To give a stronger impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific enquiry in Devonshire ; and to promote the intercourse of those who cultivate Science, Literature, or Art, in different parts of the county.
3. The Association shall consist of Members, Honorary Members, and Corresponding Members.
4. Every candidate for membership, on being nominated by a member to whom he is personally known, shall be admitted by the Greneral Secretary, subject to the confirmation of the General Meeting of the Members.
5. Persons of eminence in Literature, Science, or Art, connected with the West of England, but not resident in Devonshire, may, at a General Meeting of the Members, be elected Honorary Members of the Association; and persons not resident in the county, who feel an interest in the Association, may be elected Corresponding Members.
6. Every Member shall pay an Annual Contribution of Haif- a-guinea, or a Life Composition of Five Guineas.
7. Ladies only shall be admitted as Associates to an Annual Meeting, and shall pay the sum of Five Shillings each.
8. Every Member shall be entitled gratuitously to a lady's ticket.
9. The Association shall meet annually, at such a time in July and at such place as shall be decided on at the previous Annual Meeting.
10. A President, two or more Vice-Presidents, a General Treasurer, and one or more Geneiul Secretaries, shall be elected at each Annual Meeting.
8 RULES.
11. The President shall not be eligible for re-election.
12. Each Annual Meeting shall appoint a local Treasurer and Secretary, who, with power to add to their number any Members of the Association, shidl be a local Committee to assist in making such local arrangements as may be desirable.
13. In the intervals of the Annual Meetings, the aifairs of the Association shall be managed by a Council, which shall consist exclusively of the following Members of the Association, excepting Honorary Members, and Corresponding Members :
(a) Those who fill, or have filled, or are elected to fill, the offices of President, General and Local Treasurers, Greneral and Local Secre- taries, and Secretaries of Committees appointed by the CoimciL
(b) Authors of papers which have been printed in extenso in the Transactions of the Association.
14. The Council shall hold a Meeting at Exeter in the month of January or February in each year, on such day as the General Secretary shall appoint, for the due management of the affiiirs of the Association, and the performing the duties of their office.
15. The General Secretary, or any four members of the Council, may call extraordinary meetings of their body, to be held at Exeter, for any purpose requiring their present determination, by notice under his or their hand or hands, addressed to every other member of the Council, at least ten clear days previously, specifying the purpose for which such extraordinary meeting is convened. No matter not so specified, and not incident thereto, shall be determined at any extraordinary meeting.
16. The General Treasurer and Secretary shall enter on their respective offices at the meeting at which they are elected ; but the President, Vice-Presidents, and Local Officers, not until the Annual Meeting next following.
17. With the exception of the Ex-Presidents only, every Councillor who has not attended any Meeting, or adjourned Meeting, of the Council during the period between the close of any Annual General Meeting of the Members and the close of the next but two such Annual General Meetings, shall have forfeited his place as a Councillor, but it shall be competent for him to recover it by a fresh qualification.
18. The Council shall have power to fill any Official vacancy which may occur in the intervals of the Annual Meetings.
19. The Annual Contributions shall be payable in advance, and shall be due in each year on the day of the Annual Meeting.
BULES. 9
20. The Treasurer shall receive all sums of money due to the Association ; he shall pay all accounts due by the Association after they shall have been examined and approved ; and he shall report to each meeting of the Council the balance he has in hand, and the names of such members as shall be in arrear, with the sums due respectively by each.
21. Whenever a Member shall have been three months in arrear in the payment of his Annual Contributions, the Treasurer shall apply to him for the same.
22. Whenever, at an Annual Meeting, a Member shall be two years in arrear in the payment of his Annual Contributions, the Council may, at its discretion, erase his name from the list of members.
23. The General Secretary shall, at least one month before each Annual Meeting, inform each member by circular of the place and date of the Meeting.
24. Members who do not, on or before the day of the Annual Meeting, give notice, in writing or personally, to the Greneral Secretary of their intention to withdraw from the Association, shall be r^arded as members for the ensuing year.
25. The Association shall, within three months after each Annual Meeting, publish its Transactions, including the Kules, a Financial Statement, a list of the Members, the Eeport of the Council, the President's Address, and such Papers, in abstract or in extemo, read at the Annual Meeting, as shall be decided by the CounciL
26. The Association shall have the right at its discretion of printing in eocienm in its Transactions all papers read at the Annual Meeting. The Copyright of a paper read before any meeting of the Association, and the illustrations of the same which have been provided at his expense, shall remain the property of the Author ; but he shall not be at liberty to print it, or allow it to be printed elsewhere, either in extenso or in abstract amounting to as much as one-half of the length of the paper, before the first of November next after the paper is read.
27. The Authors of papers printed in the Transactions shall, within seven days after the Transactions are published, receive twenty-live private copies free of expense, and shall be allowed to have any further number printed at their own expense. All arrangements as to such extra copies to be made by the Authors with the Printers to the Association.
VOL. XXVIIL B
10 B(TLB&
28. If proofs of papen to be pablished in the Transactions be sent to Anthers for correction^ and are retained by them beyond four days for each sheet of proof, to be reckoned firom the day marked thereon by the printers, but not including the time needful for transmission by post, such proofs shall be assumed to require no further correction.
29. Should the extra charges for small type, and types other than those known as Eoman or Italic, and for the Author's correc- tions of the press, in any paper published in the Transactions, amount to a greater sum than in the proportion of ten shillings per sheet, such excess shall be borne by the Author himself, and not by the Association ; and should any paper exceed four sheets, the cost beyond the cost of the four sheets shall be borne by the Author of the paper.
30. Every Member shall, within three months after each Annual Meeting, receive gratuitously a copy of the Transactions.
31. The Accounts of the Association shall be audited annually, by Auditors appointed at each Annual Meeting, but who shall not be ex officio Members of the Council
[ 11 ]
BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS.
1. In the interests of the Association it is desirable that the President's Address in each year be printed previous to its delivery.
2. In the event of there being at an Annual Meeting more Papers than can be disposed of in one day, the reading of the residue shall be continued the day following.
3. The pagination of the Transactions shall be in Arabic numerals exclusively, and carried on consecutively, from the beginning to the end of each volume; and the Transactions of each year shall form a distinct and separate volume.
4. The General Secretary shall bring to each Annual Meeting of the Members a report of the number of copies in stock of each * Part * of the Transactions, with the price per copy of each * Part ' specihed ; and such report shall be printed in the Transactions next after the Treasurer's financial statement.
5. The General Secretary shall prepare and bring to each Annual Meeting brief Obituary Notices of Members deceased during the previous year, and such notices shall be printed in the Transactions.
6. An amount not less than 80 per cent of all Compositions received from existing Life-Members of the Association shall be applied in the purchase of National Stock, or such other security as the Council may deem equally satisfactory, in the names of three Trustees, to be elected by the Council
7. At each of its Ordinary Meetings the Council shall deposit at interest, in such bank as they shall decide on, and in the names of the General Treasurer and General Secretary of the Association, all uninvested Compositions received from existing Life- Members, all uninvested prepaid Annual Subscriptions, and any part, or the whole, of the balance derived from other sources which may be in the Treasurer's hands after providing for all accounts passed for payment at the said Meeting.
u 2
12 BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS.
8. The General Secretary, on learning at any time between the Meetings of the Council that the Greneral Treasurer has a balance in hand of not less than Forty Pounds after paying all Accounts which the Council have ordered to be paid, shall direct that so much of the said balance as will leave Twenty Pounds in the Treasurer's hand be deposited at Interest at the Capital and Counties Bank, Ashburton.
9. The General Secretary shall be authorized to spend any sum not exceeding Ten Pounds per annum in employing a clerk for such work as he finds necessary.
10. The General Secretary shall, within one month of the close of each Annual Meeting of the Association, send to each Member newly elected at the said Meeting a copy of the following letter : —
Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Sciejice, Literature^
and Art.
Sir, — I have the pleasure of informing you that on the of
July, , you were elected a Meuiber of the Association on the
nomination of
The copy of the Transactions for the current year, which will be for- warded to you in due course, will contain the I^ws of the Association. Meanwhile I beg to call your attention to the following statements : —
(1) Every Member pays an Annual Contribution of Half a Guinea, or a Life Composition of Five Guineas.
(2) The Annual Contributions are payable in advance, and are due in each year on the day of the Annual Meeting.
(3) Members who do not, on or before the day of the Annual Meeting, give notice in writing or personally to the General Secretary of their intention to withdraw from the Association are regarded as Members for the ensuing year.
The Treasurer's Address is— P. F. S. Amkry, Esq., Druid, Ashburton. — I remain, Sir, your feiithful Servant,
Hon. Sec.
1 1. The reading of any Report or Paper shall not exceed twenty minutes, or such part of twenty minutes as shall be decided by the Council as soon as the Programme of Reports and Papers shall have been settled, and in any discussion which may arise no speaker shall be allowed to speak more than ten minutes.
12. Papers to be read to the Annual Meetings of the Association must strictly relate to Devonshire, and, as well as all Reports intended to be printed in the Transactions of the Association, and prepared by Committees appointed by the Council, must, together with all drawings intended to be used in illustrating them in the said Transactions, reach the General Secretary's residence not later than the 24th day of June in each year. The Greneral Secretary shall, not later than the 7th of the following July, return to the Authors all such Papers or drawings as he may decide to be onsuit-
BTS-LAWS AND STANDING OBDEBS. 13
tble to be printed or to serve as illustrations in the said Transac- tions, and shall send the residue, together with the said Reports of Committees, to the Association's printers, who shall return the same so that they may reach the General Secretary's residence not later than on the Hth day of the said July, together with a state- ment of the number of pages each of them would occupy if printed in the said Transactions, as well as an estimate of the extra cost of the printing of such Tables, of any kind, as may form part of any of the said Papers and Reports ; and the General Secretary shall lay the whole, as well as an estimate of the probable number of Annual Members of the Association for the year commencing on that day, before the first Council Meeting on the first day of the next ensuing Annual Meeting, when the Council shall select not a greater number of the Papers thus laid before them than will, with the other documents to be printed in the said Transactions, make as many sheets of printed matter as can he paid for with the sum of 60 per cent, of the subscriptions for the year of the said probable number of Annual Members, and any part or the whole of such balance, not derived from Compositions of existing Life Members, or from prepaid Annual Subscriptions, as may be lying at interest, as well as that which may be in the Treasurer's hands ; this ' sum ' shall be exclusive of the extra cost of the printing of such aforesaid Tables, which have been approved and accepted by the Council, provided the aggregate of the said extra cost do not exceed 6 per cent, of the said subscriptions ; exclusive also of the printers' charge for corrections of the press ; and also exclusive of the cost of printing an Index, a list of Errata, and such Resolu- tions passed at the next Winter Meeting of the Council, as may be directed to be so printed by the said Winter Meeting; and the number of Papers selected by the Council shall not be greater than will, with the Reports of Committees, make a Total of 40 Reports and Papers.
13. Papers communicated by Members for Non-Members, and accepted by the Council, shall be placed in the Programme below those furnished by Members themselves.
14. Papers which have been accepted by the Council cannot be withdrawn without the consent of the Council.
15. The Council will do their best so to arrange Papers for reading as to suit the convenience of the Authors ; but the place of a Paper cannot be altered after the Programme has been settled by the Council
16. Papers which have already been printed in extenso cannot be accepted unless they form part of the literature of a question on which the Council has requested a Member or Committee to prepare a report.
14 BYE-LAWS AND STANDING OBDSBS.
17. Every meeting of the Council shall be convened by Circnlar, sent by the General Secretary to each Member of the Council not less than ten days before the Meeting is held.
18. All Papers read to the Association which the Council shall decide to print in extenso in the Transactions, shall be sent to the printers, together with all drawings required in illustrating them, on the day next following the close of the Annual Meeting at which they were read.
19. All Papers read to the Association which the Council shall decide not to print in extenso in the Transactions, shall be returned to the authors not later than the day next following the close of the Annual Meeting at which they were read; and abstracts of such Papers to be printed in the Transactions shall not exceed one- fourth of the length of the Paper itself, and must be sent to the General Secretary on or before the seventh day after the close of the Annual Meeting.
20. The Author of every Paper which the Council at any Annual Meeting shall decide to print in the Transactions shall be expected to pay for all such illustrations as in his judgment the said Paper may require.
21. The printers shall do their utmost to print the Papers in the Transactions in the order in which they were read, and shall return every Manuscript to the author as soon as it is in type, biU not before. They shall be returned intact^ provided they are written on loose sheets and on one side of the paper only.
22. Excepting mere verbal alterations, no Paper which has been read to the Association shall be added to without the written approval and consent of the General Secretary ; and no additions shall be made except in the form of notes or postscripts, or both.
23. In the intervals of the Annual Meetings, aU Meetings of the Council shall be held at Exeter, unless some other place shall have been decided on at the previous Council Meeting.
24. When the number of copies on hand of any * Part * of the Transactions is reduced to twenty, the price per copy shall be increased 25 per cent. ; and when the number has been reduced to ten copies, the price shall be increased 50 per cent on the original price.
25. The Association's Printers, but no other person, may reprint any Committee's Eeport printed in the Transactions of the Associa- tion, for any person, whether a Member of the said Committee, or of the Association, or neither, on receiving, in each case, a written permission to do so from the Honorary Secretary of the Association,
BTV-LAW8 AND STANDING ORDERS. 15
bat not otherwise; that the said printer shall pay to the said Secretary, for the Association, sixpence for every fifty Copies of each half sheet of eight pages of which the said Report consists ; that any number of copies less than fifty, or between two exact multiples of fifty, shall be regarded as fifty ; and any number of pages less than eight, or between two exact multiples of eight, shall be regarded as eight ; that each copy of such Eeprints shall have on its first page the words *' Eeprinted from the Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science,
Literature, and Art for with the consent of the Council of
the Association," followed by the date of the year in which the said Report was printed in the said Transactions, but that, with the exception of printer's errors and changes in the pagination which may be necessary or desirable, the said Eeprint shall be in every other respect an exact copy of the said Report as printed in the said Transactions without addition, or abridgment, or modification of any kind.
26. The General Secretary shall, within one month after each Annual General Meeting, inform the Hon. Local Treasurer and the Hon. Local Secretary, elected at the said Meeting, that, in making or sanctioning arrangements for the next Annual General Meeting, it is eminently desirable that they avoid and discourage everything calculated to diminish the attendance at the General and Council Meetings, or to disturb the said Meetings in any way.
27. The Bye-Laws and Standing Orders shall be printed after the ' Rules ' in the Transactions.
28. All resolutions appointing Committees for special service for the Association shall be printed in the Transactions next before the President's Address.
29. Members and Ladies holding Ladies' Tickets intending to dine at the Association Dinner shall be requested to send their names to the Hon. Local Secretary on forms which shall be pro- vided ; no other person shall be admitted to the dinner, and no names shall be received after the Monday next before the dinner.
30. Members admitted by the General Secretary during the interval between two Annual General Meetings, and who decide when admitted to compound for the Annual Contributions, shall be entitled to receive the publications of the Association during the Association's year then current, provided their compositions are paid not later than the last day of January, but shall not be thus entitled if their compositions are paid between that date and the next Annual General Meeting of the Association.
[ 16 ]
REPORT OP THE COUNCIL.
A8 Presented to the General Meeting at Ashburton, July S8th, 1896,
The Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Association was held at Okehampton, on Tuesday, July 30th, and following days. A Meeting of the GouncU was held at 2 p.m., after which there was a formal reception by the Mayor (Mr. S. P. Newcombe) who, on behalf of the Corporation and in- habitants gave a cordial welcome to the Association.
At 4 p.m. the General Meeting was held, and afterwards there was a pleasant excursion to Brightley Bridge and a walk back to Knowle Bridge by the river, and a visit to the remains of the buildings occupied by the Cistercian Monks of Ford before their permanent settlement
At 8 p.m. the Presidential Address was delivered in the Market Hall. In the absence of the Lord Chancellor, who, through pressure of ministerial duties, could not reach Oke- hampton in time, the General Secretary read the Address.
On Wednesday, at 11 a.m., the reading and discussion of the following Programme of Papers commenced, and was continued until 4 p.m.
Fourteenth Report of the Committee 1
on Deyonsnire Verbal Provincial- j- F, T. Elworthy, isms J
Thirteenth Report of the Committee \ n v o j
on Devonshire Folk-lore . ^ \ ^' Jr. ii. Anury.
Thirteenth Report (second series) of the Committee on the Climate of Devon ....
Second Report of the Dartmoor £x ploration Committee .
Okehampton Beginnings .
Sport on Dartmoor .
Okehampton Castle .
P, F. S, Amery,
[ Jtev. S. Baring-Oouldy m.a.
22. N, Worth t F.0.8.
W. F. Collier.
R, N, Worthy F.o.s.
Recent Repairs of the Castle at Exeter Sir /. B, Phear^ m.a., f.o.s.
- Bev, C. H, Taylor^ m.a.
BEPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 17
The Manors of Bratton Clovelly B/m. T, W, Whale, m.a.
The Devonshire Dcmnday and the ) i2ev. OstoaldJ, Reie?iel,u, A. , B,c.h,, Geld Boll ) F.8.A.
An Enquiry as to the genuineness of \ the Parish Accounts of Milton Abbot for the year 1688, as given in the Monthlg Magaaine or British Beffister for the year 1810^
Dartmoor and the County Council of \ ^ j^ Collier, Devon J * '
Samuel Stoddon . . . , O, M, Doe,
A short chapter from the etory of | p q, Karkeek, m.k.c.8. Torbay, 1667 . . . . j ^ '
The Frosts of 1856 and 1895, as ob- ) ,,;- ^ , , ^ __ served at Teignmoutn . . j '
^^^^*Dl°ytn^'^"' 1'**^'' '° } ^- ■"• "^"'^' *•*•■'•''•*•' "•*'•"• Notes on the Geology of Okehampton B, N, Worth, F.o.s. Devonahire Briefe. Part I. . , T, N. BrushfUld, m.d.
Sydenham. -An Error in ^J^^^^' \ Mrs. Badford. Devon ..... J
The Barnstaple Parish Registers . /. Harper, L.B.C.P.
Dom^ay Identification.-The Hun- | ^ ^ ^^^ dreds ) *
Hulham Manor. — A Sketch Historical ) Bev, Ostoald J. Beichel, M.A., B.C.L., and Economic . . . . / f.s.a.
The Stone Rows of Dartmoor. Part IV. 22. iV. Worth, Y.o.^.
A, B. Prowse, m.d., f.kc.s.
Index to Personal Names in Westcote's "^ Viexc of Devonshire in 1630, and his Devonshire Pedigrees .
After the reading of Papers, the members and associates were entertained by Mrs. Windham HoUey at an "At Home" at Oaklands. The Okehampton Volunteer Band was in attendance, and a couple of hours were pleasantly spent amid the prettily-kept gardens and beautifully- wooded grounds overlooking the West Okement.
In the evening, at 8 o'clock the Annual Dinner was held at the White Hart Hotel. The arrangements by the host, Mr. John Verdi, were excellent, and the dinner was well attended.
On Thursday, at 10 a.m., the reading and discussion of Papers was resumed, and continued until about 2.30 p.m., when the concluding General Meeting was held, followed by a Meeting of the Council. Subsequently there was an
18 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
excursion to Meldon, where the Mayoress, Mrs. S. P. B. Newcombe, gave an '^At Home/' to which all members and associates, and ladies holding ladies' tickets, were invited. Many of the leading residents of the district were invited to meet the visitors, and a company numbering about 200 assembled at the Moor, which is situated on the Mayor's estates. Two large tents were pitched on the ridge of the Moor, which at that point descends precipitously to the tortuous Okement valley, a considerable depth below. The bracing moorland air and the extensive views which the site selected commands of typical Dartmoor scenery con- duced greatly to the enjoyment of the guests. Refreshments were served in a large marquee, and during the afternoon the band of the Okehampton Volunteers played selections. On Friday several excursions were arranged :
(1) Dartmoor, including {a) visit to Fitz's Well, the western end of Park and Camp, Halstock Wood, Chapel, and old remains ; (b) visit to East Mile Tor (driving), and thence to Cranmere Pool, under the guidance of Mr. J. D. Prickman.
(2) Fingle Bridge ; driving to Sandy Park, and walking down the Hunter's Path to Fingle Bridge.
(3) South Tawton Quarries via Belstone and Sticklepath, visiting these romantic workings and deep waters.
Of these the last was most largely supported; and, not- withstanding that the pleasure was somewhat marred by occasional showers during the day, the excursion was thoroughly enjoyed.
It having been decided that the next Annual Meeting should be held at Ashburton, the following were elected officers for the occasion:
President: Kev. S. Baring-Gould, m.a. ; Vice-Presidents: The Portreeve of Ashburton; B. J. P. Bastard, Esq., j.p., d.l.; S. Berry, Esq., j.p. ; Rev. W. M. Birch, m.a. ; The Hon. E. Dawson, d.l.; A. H. Dymond, Esq.; F. H. Firth, Esq., J.p. ; H. M. Firth, Esq. ; G. C. Foot, Esq. ; The Eight Hon. Lord Halsbury ; James Hamlyn, Esq., j.p. ; Eev. W. H. Thornton, M.A. ; Major E. C. Tucker ; Hon. Treasurer : P. F. S. Amery, Esq., J.P., Druid, Ashburton ; Hon. Local Treasurer : J. Bickford, Esq., Ashburton ; Hon. Secretary : Eev. W. Harpley, m.a., f.c.p.s., Clayhanger, Tiverton; Hon. Local Secretary : J. S. Amery, Esq., Ashburton.
The Council have published the President's Address, together with Obituary Notices of members deceased during the preceding year, and the Eeports and Papers read before the Association; also the Treasurer's Eeport, a List of
RSPOBT OF THE COUNCIL. 19
Members, and the Bules, Standing Orders, and Bye-Laws; they have since added an Index, kindly prepared by Mr. E. N. Worth, and a Table of Corrections.
A copy of the Transactions and Index has been sent to each Member, and to the following Societies: The Boyal Society, Linnfean Society, Geological Society, Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Royal Institution (Albemarle Street), the Society of Antiquaries, Devon and Exeter Institution (Exeter), Plymouth Institution, Torquay Natural BUstory Society, North Devon Athenaeum (Barn- staple), Eoyal Institution of Cornwall (Truro), the Copyright office the British Museum, the British Museum (Natural History, Cromwell Road), the Bodleian Library (Oxford), and the University Library (Cambridge).
[ 20 ]
JVe(Mwrer'« Report of Receipts and Expenditure
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I have examined Uu foregoing AceoutUa with the Vouchers^ and found them
correct, this 2ith day of July, 1896.
{SigMd) R. E. TUCKER.
For ROBERT C. TUCKER,
Auditor,
[ 21 ]
during the year ending 2^th July, 1896.
(CnienHitiire,
Btlance dae to Treasurer, July 80th, 1895 MeflBTs. Brendon and Son —
Printing "Transactions," vol. xxviL
Packing and Postage
Index and Postage, vol. xxvL
Cards, Circulars, and Notices
Stationery
Credit discount
James, Okehampton, printing Programmes
Dent, Ashburton, Circulars and Receipt Books
Hoc General Secretary, Petty Expenses .
Hon. General Secretary's Assistant
Hon. General Treasurer, Postage and Expenses
Hire of Boom for Winter Meeting
Bank Charges on Overdraft
Balance in Treasurer's hands
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£208 18 8
{Signed)
P. F. S. AMERY, Hon. General Treasurer,
[ 22 ] Statement of the Fropart? ot the Aaaodattm, Jnlr 30th, 1896.
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When im lo.iibor gf eopln on h«iiii of iin» ■P.rf of tb weaty, tJie prLca per copy shall balbcrcucd £5 itT c*dL ; ui sdiiaea to ten co^es. Uie prlca >hall be locreMed fio par et
n of £400. Tb* n
[ 23 ]
SELECTED MINUTES OF COUNCIL. APPOINTING
COMMITTEES.
Passed at the Meeting at Ashburton. JULY, 18V6.
9. That Dr. Bruahfield, Rev. W. Harpley, Sir J. B. Phear, Mr. J. Brooking Kowe, and Mr. A. H. A. Hamilton be a Committee for the purpose of considering at what place the Association shall hold its Meeting in 1898, who shall be invited to be the Officers during the year beginning with that Meeting, and who shall be invited to fill any official vacancy or vacancies which may occur before the Annual Meeting in 1897; that Mr. Harpley be the Secretary; and that they be requested to report to the next Winter Meeting of the Council, and, if necessary, to the first Meeting of the Council to be held in July, 1897.
10. That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. F. Brent, Dr. Brushfield, Mr. Robert Bumard, Rev. W. Harpley, Mr. C. E. Robinson, Mr. J. Brooking Rowe, Mr. A. Somervail, and Mr. H. B. S. Woodhouse be a Committee for the purpose of noting the discovery or occur- rence of such Facts in any department of scientific inquiry, and connected with Devonshire, as it may be desirable to place on permanent record, but which may not be of sufficient importance iu themselves to form the subjects of separate papers ; and that Mr. J. Brooking Rowe be the Secretary.
11. That Mr. P. F. S. Amery, Mr. G. M. Doe, Mr. D. 0. Evans, Rev. W. Harpley, Mr. P. Q. Karkeek, Mrs. Radford, Mr. J. Brooking Rowe, Mrs. Troup, and Mr. H. B. Woodhouse be a Committee for the purpose of collecting notes on Devonshire Folk-Lore ; and that Mr. P. F. S. Amery be the Secretary.
12. That Dr. Brushfield, Lord Clifford, Mr. A. H. A. Hamilton, Mr. J. Hine, and Mr. J. Shelly be a Committee to prepare a Report on the Public and Private Collections of Works of Art in Devonshire ; and that Mr. J. Shelly be the Secretary.
24 RESOLUTIONS APPOINTING COMMITTEES.
13. That Mr. J. S. Amery, Dr. BruBhfield, Mr. F. T. El worthy, Mr. F. H. Firth, Mr. P. O. Hutchinson, Mr. P. Q. Karkeek, Dr. W. C. Lake, and Mrs. Troup he a Committee for the purpose of noting and recording the existing use of any Verbal Pro- vincialisms in Devonshire, in either written or spoken language ; and that Mr. F. T. Elworthy be the Secretary.
14. That Mr. P. F. S. Amery, Eev. S. Baring-Gould, Dr. Brushfield, Mr. Burnard, Mr. P. O. Hutchinson, Mr. J. Brooking Rowe, and Mr. K. Hansford Worth be a Committee to collect and record facts relating to Barrows in Devonshire, and to take steps, where possible, for their investigation ; and that Mr. R. Hansford Worth be the Secretary.
15. That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. W. Davies, Mr. F. H. Firth, Rev. W. Harpley, Mr. R C. Tucker, and Mr. T. W. Windeatt be a Committee for the purpose of niaking the arrangements for the Association dinner at Ashburton in 1897; and that Mr. T. W. Windeatt be the Secretary.
16. That Mr. James Hamlyn, Mr. A. Chandler, and Mr. P. F. S. Amery be a Committee to collect and tabulate trustworthy and comparable observations on the climate of Devon ; and that Mr. A. Chandler be the Secretary.
17. That the Right Rev. Bishop Brownlow, Dr. Brushfield, Mr. R. W. Cotton, The Very Rev. the Dean of Exeter, Rev. J. Ingle Dredge, Mr. J. Brooking Rowe, and Mr. E. Windeatt be a Committee for the purpose of investigating and reporting on any Manuscripts, Recoids, or Ancient Documents existing in, or relating to, Devonshire, with the nature of their contents, their locality, and whether in public or private hands ; and that Mr. J. Brooking Rowe be the Secretary.
. 18. That Mr. R. Burnard, Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Mr. J. D. Pode, Mr. J. Brooking Rowe, and Mr. R Hansford Worth be a Committee for the purpose of exploring Dartmoor; and that the Rev. S. Baring-Gould be the Secretary.
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
Ladies and Gentlsmkn, — ^When Lucretius wrote :
"Anna antiqua, maniu, ungaes, dentesque fueruut £t lapides et item sylyarum fragmina rami, Posterius ferri vis est virtusque reperta Sed prior aeris erat quam ferri cognitus usus " —
then he made a statement which modern research has demonstrated to be absolutely true.
The topic on which it is my privilege and pleasure on this occasion to address the Devon Association, is the prehistoric ethnology and archaeology of Devon, especially of Dartmoor.
In approaching this subject, I ask to be allowed very briefly to sketch the history of man in our isle, as revealed by the relics he has left to testify to his presence, so far as has been ascertained by a comparison of these remains in different places, and a determination of their relative antiquity.
But, in order to do this, I cannot expect to be able to afford you a good grip of the subject, unless I go back to a period when man's traces first appear — not, indeed, on Dart- moor, but in our limestone caverns; and if in so doing I have to traverse ground familiar to students, I ask their forbearance on behalf of such as are not acquainted with the subject, but whom I desire to interest in it, and whom I trust to put in such a position as to be able to appreciate the results of recent discovery in the field of prehistoric archaeology, and whose observation I hope to direct to the ethnology of our county, the material for collecting notes for the elucidation of which passes before their eyes every
day.
The latest geological deposits are those which are termed Quaternary, and these were preceded by the Tertiary.
VOL. XXVUL c
26 Rftv. & baring-gould's presidential address.
The Tertiary beds overlie those which ore Secondary, and these latter consist in the Triassic rocks, the Jura limestone, and the chalk.
No human remains, no traces of man's handiwork, have ever been found in the Secondary formations. But it was the chalk, with its flint deposits, that furnished man for long ages with the material out of which he fabricated his tools and weapons, and which enabled him to battle with Nature and with the beasts for his existence on the eaith.
The Tertiary beds have in places a depth of 3000 feet, and are divided into the Eocene — gravels alternating with clay, and sand mixed with rolled pebbles, due to salt-water action; then the Miocene — formed of much the same material, but deposited in great fresh-water lakes ; lastly, the Pliocene, the topmost of the three stages, at the formation of the deposits in which occurred considerable volcanic action. The fauna and flora of Tertiary times belonged to hot climates. The palm and the bamboo grew in the steamy plains, and the mastodon, the gigantic stag, and the mega- therium browsed on the rank vegetation, and wallowed in the festering ponds.
Then came the Quaternary, or Pleistocene age, at the beginning of which the temperature was sufficiently elevated to permit in Britain of the growth of a tropical flora, and the development of a tropical fauna. The mammoth, tiger, cave bear, and rhinoceros prowled over the country, and made their dens in the caves, or waded in the rivers and lakes.
About the middle of this epoch, the glaciers made their appearance on all high ground. Their extension was not sudden, but slow and progressive. When the glaciers reached their maximum of extension, the whole of the Scandinavian peninsula, Denmark, and all lower Germany and Holland, were covered with ice ; and the Alps formed another nucleus whence glaciers extended to the Jura and the Black Forest. In Scotland, Wcdes, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, the mountains were enveloped in ice. That Dartmoor was covered with snow can hardly be doubted, but this tract did not nourish extensive glaciers, so far as we are aware.
Arctic animals — the reindeer and seal — made their appear- ance, and left their bones beside those of beasts that now occupy a tropical climate, showing that there was con- siderable variation of temperature, as also that there was no interruption of land-communication between Britain and Gaul, and between Spain and Africa.
BBV. & BARING-GOULD'S PBS8IDSNTIAL ADDRISa 27
It has been a question hoUy disputed, whether man made his appearance in the Tertiary period, or only first showed himself in that which succeeded.
The partisans of Tertiary man point to the cracked flints of Thenay and Puy-Coumy, found by the Abb^ Bourgeois, in mid-Tertiary deposits. Although the enormous majority of these fractured flints show no traces of Secondary working, yet, in a few instances, they do bear token of having been retouched to convert them into scrapers, but it is precisely these of which we cannot determine whether they were found in aiiu in the Miocene bed, or had been extracted from it, and worked by men at a later period.
It has been asserted that the cracking of the flints is in itself evidence that they had been put in a fire to break up the nodules, and that, if thus fire-split, men must have existed to light the fires into which they were put. But, if 80, certainly charcoal would have been discovert associated with these crackled flint nodules, but none has been dis- covered. Moreover, it is quite possible to explain their peculiar appearance from natural causes. I may be allowed on this point to quote the experience of M. Delvaux, as reported to the Society of Anthropology at Brussels. This gentleman one winter day had watched the cutting through of a bed of flints in a hill near Benaix. As the workmen carried on the trench, they threw out the flints. The day was one of frost. Next morning M. Delvaux revisited the cutting at an early hour, and stood in the sun, observing the men. He was surprised to hear a siDgular crackling sound about him, and, on looking round, he saw the recently excavated flints jumping and apparently exploding. The sun was rising over the hill, and as the hot rays fell on the frosted nodules, these latter flew to pieces, or fell apart in flakes. Those in shade remained unfissured and intact.
The evidence in favour of Tertiary man is still too in- sufficient and too doubtful for us to admit that it is even probable that he coexisted with the dinotherium and the mastodon.
But it is quite another matter when we come to the Quaternary period. Towards the close of this age man abounded, and apparently occupied the land for a very con- siderable period. He has left behind him vast accumulations of the remains of his industry. Indeed the amount is quite astounding. This, the first man, is distinguished as Palaeo- lithic; not a trace of his presence on Dartmoor has been found, nor should we expect to And any, because at the time
c 2
28 BEV. a bariko-gould's presidential address.
of his existence it was completely covered with snow. At this period the great floods from the moor carried the china clay into the basin of Bovey Heathfield, and left the stream tin in the river bottoms on the granite. This was the age of the Drift in Eastern England. It was a period when valleys were scooped out, and gravels were left in terraces on the hillsides.
The Palaeolithic epoch was one of much change in temper- ature and oscillation in the glaciers, that now extended to their furthest limits, and then retreated from the rubble- strewn plains.
Throughout Europe not a single instance of a Palaeolithic tool has been discovered where lay the icefields in the later Glacial Age, that is to say, in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and North Germany, from the Elbe to Warsaw; nor again in Scotland ; nor in France above the points where the glaciers left their terminal morrains.
In Central Europe, in the wide district left bare by the retreat of the ice, that which is now covered by the loss, the comminuted fretting of rock by the glaciers as they retreated, hardly half-a-dozen finds of Palaeolithic objects have been made. That some have, is due to the fact that men advanced their settlements as the ice retreated ; and that they are so few is because the ground thus abandoned by the ice remained sterile for centuries.
In the Brixham Caves and in Kent's Hole we have evidence that man lived in Devon in the Quaternary period, and from almost its beginning, through several climatic changes that occurred.
I will now sum up briefly what is known of the stages of the development of culture in Palaeolithic man. This age is divided into two main epochs.
The most ancient is that of the maximum of climatic change — when were deposited the great alluvial beds, sands, gravels, china clay. The characteristic fauna of that age consisted of the hippopotamus, the rhinoceros, and the hairy elephant. To this period belong the first tools fashioned by man — large, clumsy, almond-shaped instruments, variations of one kind, and called Acheul^an, or Chellean, after the classic deposits at S. Acheul, near Abbeville, and Chelles in Seine et Marne. These tools were probably held in the hand, and may have been used to break the ice, so as to form holes for fishing, or through which to spear the seals, as also for the purpose of scooping out canoes, and even to be used as weapons of warfare. There is ditticulty in understanding how they can have been fitted into handles. No well-defined
I
REV. 8. BABING-GOULD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 29
beds of kitchen- refuse, with hearths and the dSbris of feasts belonging to this period, have been found. Probably the men of this time lived in snow igloos during the winter, and in tents of skin during the summer.
Of the men who made these rude tools — the men of the River Drift — no skulls have been found, and we cannot tell what manner of men they were. It has been assumed that certain skulls of very peculiar formation, found at Neander- thal, Cannstadt, Engis, &c., belonged to this people ; but this is pure conjecture — in no single instance have such heads been found in association with the characteristic tools of the Chelles industry. There is something, however, to be said in favour of this view. The type reappears in Europe now and again ; S. Mansuetns of Toul, and King Bobert Bruce, whose skulls we have, had these shaped heads. And in East Fries- land the type is still at home. But, on the other hand, Professor Yirchow has pointed out that in the Neanderthal, and other like skulls, there is evidence of malformation in early youth, due to rickets, and cave-gout, a complaint to which the cave bear is subject ; and prognathism is often due to the exaggerated size of the tongue in the crUin, In a book recently published — Mr. Ti'evor Battye's Icebound in Kolguev in the White Sea, among pure-blooded Samoyeds, is a portrait of one Tima-F^, who has a head and face precisely that of the Neanderthal man; but this is due, not to admixture of strange blood, but to arrested development through disease in childhood.
Tools of the S. Acheul type have been found in the lowest bed, the breccia of Kent's Hole, and from corresponding beds in other caves, as that of Wookey, in Somerset. They abound in the river drift of Hoxne and Newington. Tools precisely similar to these that are associated with bones of the straight-tusked elephant, the woolly rhinoceros, the mammoth, spotted hyajna, and lion, have been found in India, on the plateaux of Egypt, left there before the Nile valley was scooped out, and in Palestine, as well as in Europe ; and this extensive distribution can hardly be accounted for, unless we allow to the man of this period a considerable duration of time on the face of the earth.
Great climatic changes and alteration of surface of the land took place before man reappears, and then his remains are found at a higher geologic level than those of the Chelles period. The French divide the second period of Palaeolithic culture into three stages. But without denying that these stages exist, it is probable that some conditions of culture and
30 RSV. S. BARING-GOULD'S PBS8IDINTIAL ADDBISa
manafacture were more rude in one groap of natives than in another, and that the fabricators of the tools of one type may have coexisted along Mrith those who fashioned tools of another. But we shall not be wrong in r^rding the second expansion of man, in the Palaeolithic period, as being one of steady progress from the rudest flint tools and weapons to the abandonment of flint for spear and arrow heads, and the adoption of bone and ivory in the place of silex, which latter, indeed, remained in use, but almost wholly for scrapers, borers, saws, and knives, by means of which the bones were shaped and pierced. Numerous articles of manu- facture of this period have been found in Britain; there are several from Kent's Hole and the Brixham Cavern in the museum at Torquay.
At this period the reindeer and horse were abundant^ and were eaten. The mammoth was common at the beginning of the period, but became rare towards the close. The reindeer was not as yet extensively domesticated ; perhaps here and there young reindeer calves were reared and tamed, but the cave men had no droves of this deer, nor had they sheep and cows. They lived by fishing and by the chase. They had no dogs, and they knew not the use of pottery. On the other hand the artistic faculty was developed in them to an extraordinary extent, and the sketches made by theni on bone, ivory, and slate were not artistically surpassed till we reach the classic period in Greece.
How long did the Palaeolithic man of this second age exist? That we cannot tell; we have not sufficient data on which to found an estimate. He saw great changes take place in the land : he felt that the cold was ceasing and a more temperate climate was becoming general in Europe. He was not intellectually stationary; he advanced with great strides in culture. He clothed himself in skins, he knew the use of fire, he employed iron pyrites and flint for kindling it. He — or perhaps rather his wife and daughters — were not insensible to personal adornment He painted his face with red ochre, and hung cowries and pierced wolf-teeth about his neck.
Among the animals which composed the Quaternary fauna, some — as the mammoth, the cave bear, and the woolly rhinoceros — are extinct; others, as the hyaena, the tiger, and the lion, have migrated to warmer climates; others again, the musk ox, the marmot, and the reindeer, have retreated to the north. Happily sufficient numbers of skeletons and skulls of the cave men have been recovered.
REV. & BARUIQ-OOULD'B PBS8IDRNTIAL ADDBESfi. 81
for U8 to know what kind of men they were. They were tall, and their heads were dolicho cqphaiovs, long or boat* shaped, like the heads of newly-born children. Of brains there was abundance, as much as in any average head of the present day, and the profile was orthognathous.
We come now to the Neolithic period. A vast change had come over the land. Intense cold, alternating with heat, yielded to an equable temperature. The glaciers disappeared, except in the Alps and the spinal range of Norway. The chamois and marmot retreated to the mountain-tops, the reindeer, glutton, and grey bear turned their muzzles towards the Pole, and the hysena and large feline beasts disappeared from Europe. The configuration of the land became what it is at present. The Mediterranean was united with the Atlantic, and the English and Irish Channels were formed. The vast alluvial plain of the Severn and the Seine, that extended beyond Ireland, sank under water, and the ice left Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.
That man lived on from the latest Palseolithic period into the Neolithic age is probable. In the kitchen middens of Denmark, in the cave interments of the Loz^re, we have evidence that these men of the long head and of Pstlfeolithic culture moved, by slow progression, towards Neolithic culture, and recently Don Candace y Pizzaro has shown reason to believe that he never disappeared from Spain.
At the same time we cannot allow that he was the ancestor of the Neolithic man, whether of the long or the short head. We must not suppose that the art of grinding and polishing stone, in place of simply flaking and chipping it, was a peculiarity of one race. It was not so. The stone- grinding marks a stage in culture reached by races of totally distinct cranial formation ; but it was not a stage reached by the Pala3olithic man through his own efforts after improvement. If he used ground tools instead of chipped ones, it was because he was brought in contact with another race that had dis- covered how to shape tools by friction. The races that employed ground stone unquestionably acquired their skill in a country where flint was unknown, and they were driven to the manufacture by force of circumstances.
That the men of Neolithic culture had passed through the stage of chipping flints is possible, and the art of grinding <ind polishing was probably, if not certainly, acquired when *hey occupied seats where flint was unobtainable, and they could form tools and weapons of the only available stones, by no other means. But we do not know where it was that
32 BEV. 8. BARING-GOULD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
they passed through this stage. That is one of the secrets reserved for the future. Probably when Central Asia and Siberia have been investigated by competent archaeologists, we shall there find evidence of the orderly and upward progress of the races, round-headed and long-headed, which appear in Europe, with ground and polished tools already in their possession, and civilized to a degree unknown by the Palaeolithic cave-dwellers.
It is now generally accepted that the nursery of the Aryan stock is not to be sought in Central Asia, but in North- Eastern Europe, or more probably in Siberia. This Aryan race was round-headed, and to it belong the interesting and instructive remains of the Lake dwellings of Austria and Switzerland. When these men arrived and built their villages on platforms above the surface of the water, they were in the bloom of Neolithic culture. In the ofiT-fall from these villages we have a chronological record of gradual but sure progression from the stage of Neolithic development, through the periods of bronze and iron to historic times. But nowhere has been found the chronicle of the march of man from the Palaeolithic epoch to that of the ground tool When the round-headed Aryan appeared in Europe, he was already highly civilized. He knew how to make pottery, how to weave garments, he had domestic animals, and he culti- vated grain. Probably enough, these new-comers encountered the lingering remains of the reindeer hunters, but they looked on them much as, later, the Scandinavians regarded the cave- dwellers, whom they found in Norway, when they arrived and occupied it — as beings belonging to another order and blood, to be exterminated, and not even enthralled. These cave-dwellers, the Jotuns of Norse legend, very probably were lingerers of the retreating Neolithic raca
The round-headed Aryans multiplied and swarmed through Europe — German, Scandinavian, Slav, Greek, Koman, Celt, such were the swarms. But as they moved from their an- cestral home, they encountered another race — short, sturdy, long- or boat-headed, holding very definite religious views, and having very decided social characteristics, a race which had entered Europe from the high table-land of Central Asia. One great branch extended through Syria, which it strewed with monuments indistinguishable from those in Cornwall and Brittany ; then passed into Arabia, where, to his astonishment, Mr. Palgrave lighted on replicas of Stonehenge; and thence crossed into Africa.^ Another
^ See note at the end of Address.
REV. & BABIKG-GOULD'S PRKSIDBHTIAL ADDBESa S3
branch threw itself over the Himalaya, and covered India with identical monuments. A third turned west; it traversed Asia Minor, reached the Crimea, and then struck for the Baltic. It strewed Mecklenburg and Hanover with its remains, occupied Denmark and Lower Sweden, crossed into Britain, and took complete possession of the British Isles. Other members of the same swarm skirted the Channel, and crowded the plateaux and moors of France with their megalithic remains. The same people occupied Spain and Portugal, the Balearic Isles, Corsica and Sardinia, and Northern Africa, and are now represented by the Koumirs and Kabylls. To this race the name of Iberian, Ivernian, or Silurian has been given. When it reached Europe, before its branches had separated to east and west, and south and north, its religious doctrines and its practices had become stereotyped, and almost ineradicably ingrained into the con- sciousness of the entire stock.
If we desire to understand what their peculiar views were, what were the dominant ideas which directed their conduct, we must go to China. I do not say that the Chinese proper, and Annamese, are another branch of the same mighty tree that stretched east, but it is possible that it may have been so. At any rate, mentally, psychologically, the filiation is direct.
The Paljeolithic inhabitants of Europe have left us little evidence of profound reverence for the deceased. I do not doubt that they buried their dead, but, with the burial, all concern for the departed came to an end. But with the Iberian race, in a state of Neolithic culture, the relation of living to dead was of paramount importance. It formed its religion, it coloured all its ideas, affected all its customs.
Let us for a moment look into China at the present day. At first sight, the Chinese strike us as being not only geographically our antipodes, but as being our opposites in every particular — mental, moral, social; in language, as in ideas.
The Chinese language is without an alphabet, and without a grammar. It is made up of monosyllables, that acquire their significance by the position in which they are placed in a sentence. In customs the Chinese differ from us as much. In mourning they wear white; a Chinese dinner begins with the dessert, and ends with the soup ; a scholar, to recite his lesson, turns his back on the teacher. But it is chiefly in the way in which the living and the dead are regarded as forming an indissoluble commonwealth, that the
VOL. XXVIIL D
34 REV. a BiLBING-GOULD'S PBB8IDENTIAL ADDBESS.
difference of ideas is most pronounced. Regard for the dead is the first of obligations to a Chinese. A man of the people who is ennobled, ennobles, not his descendants, but his ancestry. The duty of the eldest son of the family is to maintain the worship of the ancestors. Denial of a sepulchre is the most awful punishment th^t can be inflicted; a Chinese will cheerfully commit suicide, to gain a suitable tomb, and cult after death. The most sacred spot on earth is the mausoleum, and that is perpetually inviolable. Consequently, if this principle could be carried out to the letter, the earth would be transformed into one vast necropolis, from the occupation of which the living would be in time entirely excluded. It is this respect for graves which stands in the way of the execution of works of public utility, such as canals and railroads ; and it is the imperious obligation of maintaining the woi*ship of ancestors that blocks conversion to Christianity. It is resentment against lack of respect for the dead, neglect of duty to the dead, which has provoked the massacres of Christians. A Chinese, under certain cir- cumstances, is justified in strangling his father, but not in omitting to worship him, after he has throttled him.
On the great Thibet plateau geographically contiguous to the Chinese, and under the empire of China, the Mongol nomads are so absolutely devoid of a grain of respect for their dead, that, without the smallest scruple, they leave the corpses of their parents and children on the face of the desert, to be devoured by dogs and preyed on by vultures.
If we look at the Nile valley, we see that the ancient Egyptians were dominated by the same ideas as the Chinese. To them the tomb was the habitation par excellence of the family. Of the dwelling-houses of the old Egyptians, the remains are comparatively mean ; but their mausoleums are palatial. The house for the living was but as a tent, to be removed ; but the mansion of the dead was a dwelling-place for ever.
Not only so, but just as the ancient Egyptian supposed that the Ka, the soul, or one of the souls of the deceased, occupied the monument, tablet, or obelisk set up in memorial of the dead, so does the Chinese now hold that a soul, or emanation from the dead, enters into and dwells in the memorial set up, apart from the tomb, to his honour.
Now if we desire to discover what was the distinguishing motive in life of the long-headed Neolithic man, we shall find it in his respect for the dead ; and he has stamped his mark everywhere where he has been, by the stupendous
RBY. 8. BiLKlNG-GOULD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 35
tombs he has erected, at vast labour, out of unwrought stones. He cannot be better described than as the Dohnen Builder ; that is to say, the man who erected the family or tribal ossuaries that remain in such numbers, wherever he has planted his foot.
In China, it is true, there are no dolmens, but for this there is a reason. Before the descendants of the Hundred Families who entered the Celestial Empire had reached and obtained possession of mountains whence stone could be quarried, many centuries elapsed, and forced the Chinese to make shift with other material than stone, and so formed their habit of entombment without stone ; but the frame of mind which, in a rocky land, would have prompted them to set up dolmens, remained unchanged, and so remains to the present day.
The exploration of dolmens in Europe reveals that they were family or tribal burial-places, and were used for a long continuance of time. The dead to be laid in them were occasionally brought from a distance, as the bones show indication of having been cleaned of the flesh with flint scrapers, and to have been rearranged in an irregular and unscientific manner, a left leg being sometimes applied to a right thigh. Or it may be that on the anniversary of an interment the bones of the deceased were taken out, scraped and cleaned, and then replaced.
The dolmen builders were people with flocks and herds, and who cultivated grain and spun yarn. Their charac- teristic implement is the so-called celt, in reality an axe, sometimes perforated for the reception of a handle, most commonly not. The perforation belongs to the latest stage of Neolithic civilization. Their weapons, or tools, were first ground. In about a score of places in France polishing rocks exist, marked with the furrows made by the axes when worked to and fro upon them, and others that are smaller have been removed to museums. At Stoney-Kirk, in Wig- townshire, a griuding-stone of red sandstone, considerably hollowed by use, was found with a small, unfinished axe of Silurian schist lying upon it. In the recent exploration of hut circles at Legistor a grindstone was found in one of the habitations, and on it an incomplete tool that was abandoned there before it was finished.
After grinding, these implements underwent laborious polishing by friction with the hand or with leather.
At the same time that these artificially-smoothed tools were fabricated, flint was used, beautifully chipped and
D 2
36 REV. S. BARING-GOULD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
.flaked, to form arrow and spear heads and swords. The arrow heads are either leaf-shaped, or are barbed.
The pottery of the dolmen builder is very rude. It is made of clay mingled with coarse fragments of stone or shell, is very thick, and badly tempered ; it is hand-made, and seems hardly capable of enduring exposure to a brisk fire. Hitherto the pottery of the Neolithic period has been known only from funeral urns, some employed for holding the ashes of the dead when the fashion for incineration set in ; others for holding food laid in the tomb for the consumption of the deceased. The vessels were invariably handmade; the use of the wheel was unknown. They have generally a projecting roll round them part way down from the lip, or have lugs, often perforated, for the purpose of suspension. Very frequently, but not invari- ably, the bottoms of these vessels are rounded, and, to enable the pots to stand, they were sunk in hollows scooped to receive them. The Koman amphora was a perpetuation of the same idea of not setting the vessel on a flat surface, but of planting it in the soil The shape of the Neolithic fictile ware is peculiar, and one form is specially associated with incineration in the Bronze Age. This consists of a vessel, broad-mouthed, with over- hanging rim, like a turned-back cuff, and below this the vessel rapidly slopes away. Ornament is usually applied to this broad rim, which is two or three inches deep. I do not know of vessels of this peculiar character having been made at any other period, and it is remarkable that the same type should be found in every part of the British Isles associated with the same relics of Neolithic culture at the period when bronze was first imported. I have no hesitation in attribut- ing the vessels recently found in the hut circles on Dartmoor, judging only from their shape, to this period, and the peculiar decoration found on them is conclusive in the same direction. The ornamentation of pottery of the Neolithic and early Bronze periods is constant everywhere. It consisted of zigzags, chevrons, depressions made by twisted cord, and finger-nail marks in rings round the bowls. It was not till considerably later in the Bronze Age that circles and spirals were adopted.
On the continent of Europe, in the Neolithic period, there was a great admixture of races. There were long heads and short heads. Comparative craniology has made such ad- vances in late years, and material for the formation of opinion has so accumulated, that we are now able, with
REV. S. BARING-GOULD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 37
some degree of accuracy, to sketch the succession in which the waves of immigration entered Europe.
The type of the skull of Palaeolithic man of the second stage, but late in that, is pretty well established; and it is still represented in the Lapp and Esquimaux. We know that he did not wholly disappear from the face of Europe, but retired to the elevated plateaux or lingered about the coast; but the bulk of the population unquestionably followed the reindeer in its retreat northward by way of the Baltic.
The brachy cephalic people of Aryan race spread south- west, and their heads are named after a typical skull found at Grenelle. Several are figured in Canon Greenweirs British Barrows ; but it must be understood that in Britain they arrived after the others, whereas in Central Europe the reverse was the case.
The dolichocephalic people, who were dolmen builders, are of the so-called Genay type ; examples of these are figured in Canon Greenwell's book. Here we have two distinct and pure races. On the Continent there are three, the earliest beiug the dolichocephalic man of the Beaumes-Chaudes — ^the man of Paleolithic culture.
In Britain the round-headed Grenelle man was not at home. When the dolmen builder arrived, to the best of our knowledge, he found no one in the British Isles. On the Continent, on the other hand, he not only clashed with the Aryan round-heads, but also here and there he stumbled on the lingering remains of the reindeer hunters, with long heads. The fusion of blood abroad resulted in a modification of skull, in the so-called Furfooz type.
In Britain the dolmen builder had it all to himself. He spread over the land, erected his megalithic monuments wherever he found stone that was suitable, from Kitscotty House, in Kent, to the Meinihirion of Holyhead Island, and from the Ch&n Quoit in Cornwall to the chambered barrows in Orkney. The dolmen builder, called Iberian in Spain, Ivernian in Ireland, and Silurian in Wales, has persisted in asserting himself. Though cranial modifications have taken place, the swarthy skin and the dark eyes and hair, and somewhat squat build, have remained in the Western Isles, in Western Ireland, in Wales, and in Corn- wall, It is still represented in Brittany. It is predominant in South- Western France, and in Spain and Fortugal. The Basque is the purest remaining representative of this people.
After a lapse of time, of what duration we know not.
38 RKV. S. BA^RING-GOULD's PBESIDKNTI4L ADDRESS.
Britain was invaded by men with ronnd, bullet heads; doubtless this was the first wave of the Celtic immigrations, that of the Groidels, which also swept France and gave it the name of Gaul ; in Scotland it has retained the name as Gael. These people subjugated the Ivernian inhabitants, and rapidly mixed with them, imposing on them their tongue, except only in South Wales, where the Silurian retained his individuality, when conquered by Agricola in a.d. 78. The invasion ot Spain by the Celts resulted in nothing like so complete a conquest as in Gaul and Britain. The round skull in Spain is found only in the north and north-east. In France, in the dolmens and elsewhere, the round heads are found thickly congregated about the Seine, and in the south between the Ehone and the Cevennes.
Probably the dolmen builders were acquainted with bronze before the arrival of their conquerors, but it was a valuable commodity, and was employed mostly for personal ornament, for brooches, and armlets. The use of the bronze fibula, composed of a spiral twist, originated the spiral ornament which was now introduced on pottery, and which, from henceforth, decorated bronze weapons.
With the round heads came in the round barrows, in place of those which are long. We have no long barrows in Devon and Cornwall. There can be no doubt that the long barrow represents the earliest form of interment. In it metal is never present, pottery is rarely found, and every he^d is dolichocephalic ; whereas, in the round barrows, pottery is common, bronze is occasionally found, and the skulls found are of both types, and show modification of shape, due to intermixture of blood. In the long barrows interments were carnal ; in the round, those by incineration most common, and where apparently there has been carnal burial, some charcoal near the body indicates that an attempt has been made to burn it, or perhaps a flame has been applied as a mere formality.
The examination of the earthworks on the Yorkshire wolds, by General Pitt Rivers, shows that the conquering race came from the east ; it advanced steadily westwards, establishing forts as it advanced, to control the subjugated long-heads. What happened in Yorkshire happened throughout England. The subjugation of our island by the Anglo-Saxons in historic times, was but a repetition of what had taken place before the curtain rises.
But if the Goidel invaders subjugated the Ivemians, they were in their turn conquered by them, though in a diflerent
BieV. S. BARING-GOULD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 39
manner. The strongly-marked religious ideas of the long- headed men, and their deeply -rooted habit of worship of ancestors, impressed and captured the imagination of their masters, and as the races became fused, the mixed race continued to build dolmens and erect other megalithic monuments once characteristic of the long-heads, often on a larger scale than before. Stonehenge and Avebury were erections of the Bronze period, and late in it, and of the composite people.
If we look at the physique of the two races, we find a great difference between them. The Ivemian was short in stature, with a face mild iixexpression, oval, without high cheek- bones, and without strongly characterised supraciliary ridges. The women were all conspicuously smaller than the men, and of markedly inferior development The conquering race was other. The lower jaw was massive and square at the chin, the molar bones prominent, and the brows heavy. The head was remarkably short, and the face expressed vigour, was coarse, and the aspect threatening. Moreover, the women were as fully developed as the men, so much so that where all the bones are not present^ it is not always easy to distinguish the sex of a skeleton of this race. What Tacitus says of the German women — that they were almost equal to the men both in strength and in size — applies also to these round-head invaders of Britain ; and, indeed, the same writer says of the Britons in the time of Boadicea, that it was solUum feminarum ductu bellare, shows us that the same masculine character belonged to the women of British origin. The average difference in civilized races in the stature of men and women at present is about four inches, but twice this difference is very usually found to exist between the male and female skeletons of the Polished Stone period in the long barrows. The difference is even more strikingly shown by a comparison of the male and female collar-bones ; and we are able to reproduce from them in picture the Neolithic woman of the Ivemian race, with narrow chest and drooping shoulders, utterly unlike the muscular and vigorous Goidel women who were true consorts to their men when they came over to conquer the island of Britain.
After a lapse of time the long head began to reassert itself, and the infusion of its blood into the veins of the dominant race led to great modification of its harshness of feature. The Mount Batten skull, described by Mr. R. N". Worth in the Transactions of 1891, belongs to this mixed blood, to whatever date the skull may belong ; it unmistakably
40 JKKY* & BA&INO-GOULD*S PRS8IDBNT1AL ADDRKSa
shows the union of characteristics of the two races. It is dolichocephalic, yet has the beetle brows and knotty features of the round-headed men. The Cattedown skulls are too fragmentary to tell us much ; but they probably belong to the same type.
When iron was introduced into Britain, whether by peaceable means, or whether the Cymbrian or Brithon, the second invader of Celtic blood, came in armed with it, we do not know, but when Caesar landed in Britain, B.C. 55, he found that iron was in general use. It was manufactured in the great forest of Anderida that covered the weald of Sussex and Surrey. We may suppose that its introduction took place two or three centuries before the Christian era. The silence maintained by Caesar and other writers relative to the megalithic monuments, and the way, moreover, in which, as at Carnac, they have been utilised in the construc- tion of Eoman camps, leads us to believe that the erection of dolmens and cromlechs had ceased long before the Boman conquest of Gaul, and subsequently of Britain, and that these monuments had lost their significance and sanctity. Silver is never found in them, iron rarely ; the introduction of coins into Britain took place not before B.c. 250, yet coins are never found in association with burials in these monu- ments, except where introduced by those who, in Roman times, violated the tombs in search of spoil, or where a late interment has been made in the side of a barrow of earlier construction. The pottery, weapons, implements, ornaments found in the round barrows, in kistvaens and cromlechs, show not the slightest trace of Eoman manu- facture or even of Roman influence. At the same time, it is by no means improbable that, in out-of-the-way places, and indeed in Ireland and parts of Scotland, perhaps even in Cornwall, early customs as to interment may have con- tinued till within historic period, and that iron may have been excluded because of superstitious hatred of the metal to which the amalgamated Gael and Ivernian owed defeat by the invading Brithon. The introduction of iron into Britain, and the close of the Bronze Age, may be placed at about B.c. 260. But for how long previous to that bronze had reigned, that we do not know. In Denmark the peat bogs give us an opportunity of obtaining an approximate estimate of the duration of each age, and they instruct us as to the sequence with rigorous certainty.
In these bogs we have evidence of a change in the growth in the forests, from the beginning to the present day. At the
BEY. 8. BABING-GOULO'S PRBSIDSNTIAL ADDRES& 41
bottom of all is found a bed of sub- Arctic moss and other plants belonging to the period of the end of the Glacial Age, and associated with them are reindeer bones and horns. Then there sprang up, first the aspen, then a rank growth of pine- trees, forming a very thick bed. Above these comes the oak, and, lastly, the alder, and on the fringe of these bogs is the beech, of which the Danish forests consist at the present day.
At the close of the Arctic reindeer period the pines began to manifest themselves, growing stunted; gradually the climate became more favourable, and they grew into fine trees. Among the trunks and the mat of spines and fir cones have been found remains of the urus, and in the bones still adhering, the stone arrows and axes of Neolithic man. Moreover, many of the trees have been hewn down, and scorched with fire. Above the dense bed of remains of pine, and traces of the presence of Neolithic man, comes the bed of oak, and along with the logs, leaves, and acorns, are found bronze implements. Then the oak ceases, and we reach a thin bed of alder and beech, in which occur iron weapons and tools. Danish archaeologists place the end of the Stone Age as at least 1000 B.C. We can hardly give Neolithic culture a shorter duration than a thousand years; it was probably very much longer.
Such estimates can only be approximate, but the dis- coveries made by various explorers throughout Europe in beds where one deposit overlies another, as in caves and terramares, and lacustrine ofif-falls, all lead to the same con- clusions. It must be remembered that there may have been tribes lagging behind the culture that existed else- where— there unquestionably always have been such people, yet it is very remarkable to observe the singular unity of type in the pottery throughout the British Isles, both in texture, shape, and ornamentation, in Neolithic times. Not only so, but with it agrees, with small local variation, the pottery found in similar monuments and barrows, and with similar personal ornaments, and tools, and weapons, in Portugal, and Spain, in France, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and Scotland, Ireland, and England. Canon Green well says :
"Though there are many and varied patterns of vessels in different districts, yet in their main feature?, of fabric, shape, and ornamentation, the sepulchral vases show a wonderful re- semblance throughout the whole United Kingdom. The weapons, implements, and ornaments also bear clear testimony to the same fact; nor is the identity one which would have been produced merely by human brains and human hands operating on a common
42 BEY. 8. BARING-GOULD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
material and for a common pnrpoee, whilst living under very similar circumstances, and being in much the same conditions of progress and cultivation. On the contrary, they show such an individuality in form and manufacture, as well as in the style of the ornamenta- tion, and the way in which it has been applied, as to imply not only a near race-connexion, as manifested in the process of mental development and by a well-defiDed idiosyncrasy in respect to art application, but also an intercourse both constant and continued/' ^
It is matter of regret that in Devon and Cornwall we have not the same opportunities of examining the skulls of pre- historic men, that are given to those who search the barrows strewn over the limestone wolds and the chalk downs. The vegetable humus on the granite is wholly devoid of lim^, to such an extent that cattle suffer unless removed from the moor occasionally to pastures that are over lime rock. The fibres of the roots are so ravenous after lime, that bone rapidly dis- appears, whereas on limestone and chalk it remains unaltered for thousands of years, losing nothing save its gelatine.
Nor have we, on Dartmoor, burial mounds that have not been rifled. All have been torn open, and that at an unknown period. Perhaps the grant made in 1324 by the Crown to Robert Beaupel to open barrows after treasure, provoked by a report that valuables had been found in them, may have stimulated a general exploration ; more probably they were ransacked by treasure-seeking miners who worked the streams for tin in the Middle Ages. There are scarcely any barrows intact; such as are, are so small and insignificant that they can have been erected only over poor and obscure personages. They yield at most a few flint flakes and some ashes, collected in a hollow scooped out in the " calm." The barrows that are found on the moors in North Devon have not been examined with any system, or to any extent ; and it is much to be desired that they should be subjected to a very careful and thorough investigation. But that the Dart- moor cairns and kistvaens contained bronze is more than probable. It is difficult to understand why they should have been so pillaged, if the seekers did not anticipate finding in them something worth having ; and if the excavators of half- a-dozen had been rewarded no better than by finding a few bits of flint and some potsherds, they would speedily have tired of the work. Moreover, a cairn on Hameldon, examined by Mr. Spence Bate, did actually yield a bronze dagger, with amber pommel studded with gold pins. A stone hammer was found in a tumulus on Broaidbury, and in another an amber bead that had been exposed to fire.
* British Barrows, 1877, p. 128.
RSV. 8. BARING-GOULD'S PBESIDEMTIAL ADDRESS. 43
In the Transactions of 1883 will be found a representation of one of the characteristic cinerary urns of the early Bronze Age, found in a cairn on Berry Down, but singularly, by mistake it is represented inverted, he who made the sketch having mistaken the characteristic rim for the lower part of the vessel. In the Transactions of 1889 will be found a plate representing the ornamentation of vessels of the period, found in barrows and kistvaens in Devon and Cornwall. Now this ornamentation accompanies interment with bronze ornaments and sometimes bronze weapons, and we may therefore be sure that if such pottery has been found in the barrows, bronze has also been discovered there at some time, and bronze was always sufficiently valuable to induce men to dig into a cairn after it.
Canon Greenwell, in his British Barrows, asserts that the cinerary and food vessels found in the tumuli were expressly made for funeral purposes, and were unlike the pots for domestic use. Since 1877 further investigation has led to the reversal of this doctrine, and the recent finds in the Dartmoor hut circles entirely dispose of it. The cooking pots, so badly burnt as to be useless in a fire, were sunk in holes in the soil, and cooking was done in them by means of heated pebbles. They show no sign of exposure to fire outside, but are darkened with animsd matter within. They have rounded bottoms, and are identical with the cinerary urns found in the round barrows. A second kind of vessel discovered in the hut circle is, as far as can be judged from the fragments, precisely like the food vessels that were placed with the dead in their graves. Such vessels in the huts held the meat or grain for the living, and such were placed in the barrows with the dead. As man in living had his meat baked in round- bottomed cooking-pots, when he was roasted himself, his remains were crammed into one of these self- same pots.
I will now say a few words, but only a few, on the megalithic remains in Devon, that were erected by the long- headed Ivernian, or by the composite race of which he formed the substratum, till the time of the introduction of iron, probably by the Briton, at a date of about 250 years before Christ, from which date the erection of dolmens and cromlechs ceased almost entirely — except, perhaps, in places where the Brython did not prevail, and the native population held very tenaciously to its ancestral worship.
I shall say nothing of the camps of earth or of stone that are so numerous in the county, because that is a subject
44 BEY. S. BARINGhG0ULD*8 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
demanding much closer investigation than has been given to it ; but I may say that probably they belong in Devon, as on the Yorkshire wolds, to the conquering Goidel, who was everywhere a great castle builder. I will confine myself to (1) the dolmen, (2) the kistvaen, (3) the stone circle, (4) the stone row, (5) the menhir, (6) the hut circle.
I. Of the characteristic dolmen, which we in England, perhaps improperly, call cromlech, we have but a single good example, that at Drewsteignton. Cornwall possesses numerous and fine specimens; they abound in Wales and in Ireland. But although we have one only remaining, it can hardly be doubted that formerly there were others, wherever the name of Shillstone (Shelfstone) remains, as near Modbury, and in Bridestowe.
The dolmen belonged to the period before bodies were burnt. It was the family or tribal ossuary. As it became crowded with skeletons, the earliest were unceremoniously thrust back to the rear, to make room for the last comers. The allee couverte in France, and the chambered barrows of Denmark, North Germany, Scotland, Ireland, and England, are but extensions of the dolmen to hold a larger number of the dead. The dolmens usually have a hole at one end, or a footstone that is removable at will, to allow for food to be passed in to the dead, and for the introduction of fresh applicants for house-room in the mansion of the dead.
Some of these holed dolmens have the stone plugs for closing the holes still extant. On Dartmoor in the kistvaens a small stone at foot or side was placed, to be removed at pleasure.
II. The kistvaen, or stone chest, is a modification of the dolmen, and is usually of a later date ; when incineration was become customary, the need for such enormous mortuary chapels, or tombs, as the dolmens and allSes couvertcs, ceased. The dead could be packed into a much smaller space when reduced to a handful of ash. Nevertheless, it is probable that some kistvaens belong to the period of carnal interment, and were erected for the reception of single bodies, which for some reason or other could not be conveyed to the family mausoleum. In Derbyshire carnal interment is found in cists, which are miniature dolmens, or kistvaens, sometimes standing alone, sometimes congregated together like cells of a honeycomb, each containing its crouched skeleton. On Dartmoor we have hundreds of kistvaens, but I do not know of a single instance of one that has not been rified, and we are consequently left in the dark as to their exact period,
BEY. & BARINO-OOULO'S PRE8IDEKTIAL ADDRESS. 45
whether they belong to the Neolithic period pure, with carnal interment, or to the Bronze with incineration. In the fine kistvaen at Merivale Bridge, plundered and mutilated though it had been, a flint knife and a polishing stone were found; and flint flakes have been picked out of the ploughed soil round the Drewsteignton cromlech. At King's Oven is a ruined circle surrounding a demolished kistvaen, of which, however, some of the stones remain. A fine flint scraper was found wedged between two of the encircling stones.
III. The stone circle is called by the French a cromlech. The purport of this is conjectural. Undoubtedly interments have been found within them ; but none, so far, in those on Dartmoor. In the great circle on Penmaen-mawr, there were interments at the foot of several of the monoliths, and, indeed, one of these served as the backstone of a kistvaen. Stone uprights surround many cairns, in the midst of which is a kistvaen ; but such circles as the Grey Wethers, Scaur Hill, and that on Langstone Moor, never enclosed cairns or kistvaens, and must have had some other purpose. Among semi-barbarous tribes, it is customary that the tribe and the clan shall have their places of assembly and consultation, and these are marked round by either stones or posts set up in the ground. Among some of these tribes, if one of the constituent clans fails to send its representative, the stone set up where he would sit, is thrown down. It is possible that the circles of upright stones on Dartmoor, not connected with cairns, may have served such a purpose. They are usually placed on the neck of land between two rivers. There are, on Dartmoor, about a dozen.
IV. The stone row is almost invariably associated with cairns and kistvaens, and clearly had some relation to funeral rites. The stone settings are often single, sometimes double, or are as many as eight. They do not always run parallel. They start from a cairn, and end with a blocking stone set across the line. In Scotland they are confined to Caithness. The finest known are at Carnac, in Brittany. It is probable that just as a Bedouin now erects a stone near a fakir's tomb as a token of respect, so each of these rude blocks was set up by a member of a tribe, or a household, in honour of the chief buried in the cairn at the head of the row. It is remarkable how greatly the set stones vary in size. Some are quite insignificant, and could be planted by a boy ; while others require the united eftbrts of three or four men, with modern appliances of three legs and block, to lift and place them. Usually the largest stones are planted near the
46 BEV. s. baring^ould's presidential address.
cairn, and they dwindle to the blocking stone, which is of respectable size. There is no known district so rich as Dartmoor in stone rows. They have been catalogued and described by Mr. R. N. Worth.
V. The menhir, or tall stone, is a rude, unwrought obelisk. In some cases, it is nothing other than the blocking stone of a row which has been destroyed. But such is not always the case. There were no rows in connection with the menhirs at Devil's Tor and the Whitmoor Stone.
That the upright stone is a memorial to the dead can hardly be doubted ; it was continued to be erected, with an inscription, in Brito-Roman days, and its modern repre- sentative is in every churchyard. The menhirs, locally termed longstones, or langstones, must at one time have been numerous. Those round the moor have been carried away to serve as window-sills, door-jambs, even church pillars. Several places and moors, by their names, assure us that at one time these monuments were there.
Menhirs are still erected by the dolmen builders on the Brama-pootra, the Khassias, and always in commemoration of the dead. The Chinese hold that the spirits of the deceased inhabit the memorials set up in their honour ; and the carved monoliths in Abyssinia, erected by the same race when it passed from Arabia to Africa, have carved in their faces little doors, for the ingress and egress of the spirits. Holed menhirs are found in many places.
VI. Hut circles. The cairn and kistvaen were the places of burial of the dead, but the hut circles were the habita- tions of the living. So many of them have been explored during the last three years, that we may safely draw con- clusions as to the period to which they belong. They were occupied by the Neolithic population that at one time thickly covered Dartmoor. No trace of metal has been hitherto found in them, though there can be no manner of doubt that many, if not most of them, belong to the Early Bronze period. Bronze was then as precious and rare as is gold now ; it was an import, and no home manufacture till later, and even then it is doubtful if the amalgam was made in Britain. We can, then, hardly expect to find bronze in the huts of a poor, pastoral people. The Dartmoor Exploration Committee has given so full an account of the structure and arrangement of these huts, as well as of the relics found in them, that I need not here say more than that they yield flint knives and scrapers, and pottery of the distinguishing shape and decoration of the Early Bronze period.
REV. 8. BABING-GOULD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 47
Of the paved causeways found on Dartmoor I will say nothing, as they have not been subjected to searching examination to determine their approximate date, and to whom they owe their construction.
I have ventured to give to the Devon Association this summary of the prehistoric ethnology and archaeology of the county, with special reference to Dartmoor, in the hopes of stimulating inquiry into a matter of great interest, and of collecting material. We are hindered in making great way by the absence of skulls and skeletons of pre- historic man in our barrows on the granite and the clay. Nor can we expect to find them. But the present inhabitants of the county are with us, and perhaps not altogether indisposed to be observed and commented upon. They are the lineal descendants of the men who set up the rude stone monuments, and tomahawked each other, first with stone axes, and then with bronze celts. There have been infusions of foreign blood. The Ivernian long-head was conquered by the short-headed Gael, and then the Gael and Ivernian, melted into one, were invaded by the Brython, who differed only from the Gael in dialect. Then came the sturdy Saxon, who took the land and called it after his own name : but the Saxon colonists cannot have been so numerous as to swamp the previous inhabitants ; they re- mained as a ruling class, as great landed thanes. The great bulk of the population remained unchanged ; to this day the mixed type remains. We have in this county none of the square faces, heavy jaws, and rugged features that are found in Yorkshire and Scotland, but on the other hand the Celt has introduced among us fair hair and grey and blue eyes and a clear complexion. There are still parts of the Damnonian peninsula where the dark-grained type of the Ivernian prevails, as about Veryan and at the Land's End ; and in Devon, at the roots of Exmoor. I believe that in two villages, only some seven miles apart in the folds of Broadbury — that is to say, North Lew and Germansweek — there the types remain singularly distinct; in the former place fair hair prevails, in the latter the complexion is swarthy and the hair dark.
In conclusion, I would urge on the Devon Association the importance of collecting statistics relative to the shape of heads, the colour of eyes and hair, and the complexion of the children in our schools.
The railway is rapidly distributing our population, and breaking up the little clusters of families that have remained
48 RBV. 8. baring-gould's presidential address.
in one district for centuries. Particulars regarding the characteristics of our people — ^in skull, and build, and coloration — should be taken in hand at once.
The schoolmasters of our Board and National Schools are men of marked intelligence and culture, and perfectly competent to undertake the task. They would indubitably take an interest in the matter if it were brought before them, and their attention directed to it.
I would suggest to the Association the expediency of drawing up tables of questions for the acquisition of in- formation in this matter, and of inviting the schoolmasters to answer the questions and fill in the desired details. We would then have a most important and reliable record, such as would go far to show us which is the prevailing type in our county, and in which parts of the county the several types remain purest More than that, if these enquiries were made at intervals of, say, twenty or fifty years, we would learn what modifications our Devonians were under- going.
I feel confident that our schoolmasters, if appealed to, would respond with alacrity in the interest of science, under- standing and appreciating the value of the task imposed upon them.
In conclusion, I trust you will allow me to express the sincere grief I feel at the loss of Mr. R N. Worth, who has been so long a member of this Association, and whose know- ledge of the matter under consideration in this address was great. The loss is one that not only touches me closely as a friend, but is one that alfects the Devon Association and the entire county; for he was one who, perhaps above all others, has worked to elucidate its past history, and whose research went back beyond historic into prehistoric times, and beyond them, into the geologic ages ; and in all he was equally well-read, observant, and valuable as an authority.
Note. — I quote from Palgrave's Narrative of a Year's Journey Throtigh Central Arabia^ 1865, vol. i. 251 : — ** Hardly had we descended the narrow path, when we saw before us several huge stones, like enormous boulders, placed endways perpendicularly, on the soil, while some of them yet upheld similar masses, laid trans- versely over their summit. They were arranged in a curve once forming part, it would appear, of a large circle, and many other like fragments lay rolled on the ground at a moderate distance ; the number of those still upright was, to speak by memory, eight or nine. Two, at about 10 or 12 ft. apart one from the other, and resembling huge gate-posts, yet bore their horizontal lintel, a long
RKV. 8. BAKING-GOULD'S FJEIESIDEMTIAL ADDRESS. 49
block laid across them; a few were deprived of their upper traverse, the rest supported pach its headpiece in defiance of time and the more destrnctive efif«>rts of man. So nicely balanced did one of thepe cross-bard appear, that in hope it might prove a rock- ing stone, I gaidfxi my camel right under it, and then, stretching up my riding-stick at arm's length, could just manage to touch and piish it ; but it did not stir. Meanwhile the respective heights of camel, rider, and stick, taken together, would place the stone in question full 15 ft. from the ground. These blocks seem, by their quality, to have been hewed from the neighbouring limestone cliffs and roughly shaped, but present no further trace of art, no gr«iove or cavity of sacrificial import, much less anything intended fur figure or ornament. The people of the country attribute their erection to the Darim, and by his own hands too, seeing that he was a giant. Pointing towards lUss, our companions affirmed that a second and similar stone circle, also of gigantic dimensions, existed there; and, lastly, they mentioned a third towards the S.W., that is, in the direction of Henakeeyah."
VOL. X.WIII. E
COMPILED BT THB RBV. W. HARPLET, M.A., HON. SEORETARY OP THE ASSOCIATION.
I.
The Eight Reverend Benjamin Price, the first Bishop- President of the Free Church of England, was a native of the Principality of Wales, being the eldest son of the late Mr. Isaac Price, of Builth, Breconshire, an influential and leading elder of the Welsh Presbyterian body; and his ancestors can be traced back to the early part of the seventeenth century, or even earlier.
His father was a man of deep piety, great faith, and untir- ing activity and zeal in the cause of God. Although busily engaged in commercial pursuits, he would frequently spring into the saddle and ride forty, fifty, or even sixty miles, to one of those large religious gatherings held periodically in some parts of the Principality, and home again the fourth day. Few laymen were better known or more beloved in the religious world of South Wales; of this popularity his son had abundant evidence during his various ministerial tours. Everywhere, whether at Bala, Aberystwith, or Carmarthen, he found his father's name a passport, ensuring for him the warmest reception and hospitedity. He died at the early age of fifty-seven.
The Bishop's earliest recollections were associated with the Sunday-schooL He could remember his first attendance at one, at the age of six or seven, held one Sunday afternoon in a neighbouring farm-house. From a child he had known the Holy Scriptures. He was the subject of early impressions. At one time he thought it wrong to indulge in the usual play and recreation of boys, and sought the company of his elders and religious people. His father kept open house;
OBITUARY NOTICES. 51
rarely was it without visitors, and his delight, as a lad, was to stand behind the chair and listen to the conversation between his father and his guests.
Originally intended for commercial pursuits, he was placed in a house of business in the city of Worcester, and at the same time his father gave him in charge to the Rev. Edward Lake, minister of the Countess of Huntingdon's chapel in that city, who faithfully watched over him with much tenderness and solicituda
At about the age of eighteen his mind received such a turn, that he could not give his whole attention to busi- ness ; he returned to his native country, was subsequently proposed for the ministry and accepted, and began to prepare for his examinations. He was now thrown among a class of young men of keen intellect and ready wit, who were expert theologians and able controversialists, and lashed unmerci- fully the young ministers whom they considered behind the intelligence of the age. This had the effect of stirring his spirit, and sptirring Mm on in his studies, with a determina- tion not to be behind his contemporaries.
He passed successfully, and was admitted into the ministry in 1830. In the same year he was appointed, contrary to all precedent, to preach, in English, at the Newtown (Mont- gomeryshire) Association, before ten thousand people. It was considered a high honour. Speaking of it, he said he had since trembled more at facing a hundred people than he did then that vast throng ! and could only wonder at the confidence and assurance of youth. He won great praise ; for " the sermon was short," they said. The marvel was they tolerated him at all, for behind him sat the greatest preacher in all the Principality, the Rev. John Elias, who was to follow next, and for whom the people waited in eager expectation.
The ministry thus begun was continued for several years in the Principality ; but, having married an English lady, he removed to England again. The mastership of an old endowed school, in his wife's native parish, formerly held by the curate of the parish, being offered him, he accepted it, and held this appointment for some years.
In 1845 he was unexpectedly invited to supply a Free Church at Ilfracombe, a place then scarcely known. At Exeter, on his way there, he njet the Rev. Mr. Bulteel and others, and first heard of the Free Church of England, and was informed that the church at Ilfracombe belonged to the new movement On the first Sunday there was a small
E 2
52 OBITUARY NOTICES.
congregation of twenty -four people. The congregation, however, rapidly increased, and soon filled the church; eventually he was urged to accept the charge of it. The prospect was not encouraging, and he hesitated. The church was leased for seven years, and the minister's stipend guaranteed for that period. Finally he accepted it, and returned in August to enter on his stated labours, which were continued with scarcely the interruption of a single Sabbath, except in official duties, until his health broke down, shortly before his decease. The Free Church of England grew, if not rapidly, yet steadily. In 1863 its principles and doctrines were embodied in a Poll Deed, and enrolled in her Majesty's High Court of Chancery; and in 1868 Bishop Price was elected Bishop-President, and, subsequently, con- secrated to the office by Bishop Cridge, Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church in America, and formerly Dean in the English Church in British Columbia, Canada.
In all philanthropic movements connected with Ilfracombe and its neighbourhood. Bishop Price was ever to the front; and he took a great interest in education, being for more than a quarter of a century Secretary of the British School. He always took an ardent interest in the progress and prosperity of Ilfracombe, and for many years was a member of the Local Board. In connection with the scheme for the railway to Ilfracombe, he was an earnest supporter, and in recognition of his services in this matter a handsome gold watch was presented to him by local friends. He also strongly favoured the making of the Capstone, and was one of the first shareholders of the Ilfracombe Hotel Company.
He became a member of this Association in 1879.
He died at his residence. Home Villa, Ilfracombe, on Monday, January 6th, 1896, at the advanced age of 91 years.
II.
^ Richard Niciiolls Worth was born at Devonport on the nineteenth day of July, 1837. He was the eldest of a family of three boys, and the only survivor to manhood.
At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to Mr. R. S. Smith, the proprietor of the Dcvo7iport and Plymouth Telegraph. Mr. Smith had then recently purchased the paper, and this was his first apprentice.
From the expiration of his articles in 1858, until the year 1863, he remained on the staff of the Telegraph; in the
' Kindly contributed by Mr. R. Hftnaford Worth.
OBITUARY NOTICES. 53
latter year he joined the Western Morning News; again changing in 1865, when he left for Newcastle, to edit the Northern Daily Express.
The climate of Newcastle proving unsuited to his health, he resigned the editorship of the Northern Daily Express in 1867, and re-joined the Western Morning News, from the staff of which paper he retired in 1877 ; and from that date to his death he was with Messrs. Brendon & Son, printers and publishers, of Plymouth.
Although apprenticed to Mr. Smith with intention to qualify as a journalist, he went through the whole routine of an old-fashioned newspaper office; in which it was assumed that no man could be a competent reporter, much less editor, who was not also a competent printer. In after life he was frequently heard to express his approval of this form of education, although he by no means suggested it to be necessary, or even advisable, in all cases.
His literary education was, to a great extent, self -acquired ; its quality may, however, be judged from the fact that in May, 1861, he took the first prizes in Great Britain, in English History and Literature, at the Society of Arts examination.
Some idea of the thoroughness of his methods is to be gathered from the fact that, for this examination, in- dependently of mastering all commentaries he could obtain, he memorized two plays of Shakespeare, and a portion of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, becoming word-perfect in each.
In the course of his career as a journalist, he was con- tributor to many papers, retaining his connection with some to the last. In the main his contributions were, as is usual, anonymous ; but the authorship of the articles entitled, " Life iu the Two Counties," and a kindred series, in the Western Morning News; "Popular Papers on Devon and Cornwall," in the Western Daily Mercury; and the Graphic special number devoted to Plymouth, has always been an open secret.
For many years he was the Western correspondent to a well-known mining paper, and on all subjects connected with mines and mining he was a recognised authority.
He was a contributor to Nature^ Meliora, Academy, Graphic, and other magazines or weekly papers ; in addition to which he was also, in early life, associated with two short- lived local ventures; editing, in 1868-9, The Devon and Cornwall Tempei^ance Journal ajid Permissive Bill Advocate, and, in 1869, The Western Chronicle of Current Events.
54 OBITUARY NOTICES.
But, although well known as a journalist and as the contributor of current notes to several newspapers, it is on his published historical works, and his contributions to the Transactions of local antiquarian and scientific societies, that his reputation is mainly based.
His first essays at historical or scientific work appear to have been certain papers which he contributed to the pro- ceedings of the Morice Town Mutual Improvement Society. These papers, which have never been published, give a clear insight into his methods and intentions in approaching the work, which was afterwards to assume such a great part in his life. It would appear, from their perusal, that at this time (1860 approximately) he was deliberately formulating the scheme of his future work, and putting in order the tools, if one may so write, requisite for its accomplishment.
His earlier papers deal rather with principles and methods, and not with independent research.
His first appearance as contributor to the proceedings of a learned society was in 1869, with a paper on the "Green Book of St. Columb Parish," published in the Transactions of the Eoyal Institution of Cornwall. From this date his original research into matters historical and scientific rapidly bore fruit, and papers shortly appear under his name in the Transactions of all local literary and scientific societies.
In 1871 he became corresponding member of the Eoyal Institution of Cornwall; honorary member of the Ply- mouth Institution in 1872 ; member of the Council of the Devonshire Association in 1872;^ Curator of the Eoyal Cornwall Polytechnic Society in 1874; Fellow of the Geological Society in 1875.
He also acted as one of the local officers on the occasion of the visit of the British Association to Plymouth, and, in con- junction with the late Mr. Champemowne, arranged the Devonshire programme of the Geological Association.
In the midst of a busy, business life he found time, between the years 1869 and the present, to contribute over one hundred and forty papers to the Transactions of the following societies: — Devonshire Association, Plymouth Institution, Eoyal Institution of Cornwall, Penzance Natural History Society, Eoyal Geological Society of Cornwall, Eoyal Cornwall Polytechnic, British Archaeological, and Geological Association.
^ In appreciation of his great merits, Mr. Worth was elected President of the Association in 1891. — Ed.
OBITUARY NOTICES. 55
Hb published works, issued within the same period, included a History of Devonport ; History of PlymotUh, three editions; ITiree Toums' BMiotheca\ History of Devonshire; West CourUry Cfarland; Calendar of PlymotUh Municipal Records ; contribution to Historical MS8. Commission, ninth report ; Tavistock Records, Boiler Papers, for private circula- tion ; and a number of topographical works. Of these he considered that the History of Devonshire, and the last edition of the History of Plymouth, contained his best work.
The extent of this work is in itself surprising, and it must be borne in mind that practically the whole of it was the result of original research, his established principle being that no quotation should ever be accepted where the original was possible of access; and no scientific work should be founded on communicated information where original investigation was possible.
Mr. Worth's work was principally limited to the fields of History and Greology, and further restricted to the coimties of Devon and Cornwall. Essentially a West-countryman, he chose, from all the world, England; from all England, the Western Counties; and from those counties, Dartmoor.
The descendant of an old Moorland family, the Walk- hampton branch of the Worths, it may be that family associations, or it may be, as he sometimes half-jestingly suggested, that heredity influenced him ; but it is no exaggera- tion to say that his love for Dartmoor extended to its very soil. In consequence, much of his best antiquarian and geological effort was expended on the elucidation of problems, or the collection of information relative to the Moor.
After Dartmoor, old Plymouth, and old Plymouth worthies, claimed place in his affections ; and his well-known interest in all questions connected with the past of his adopted town, led to his being nearly as well known among a certain section of New Englanders as in his own county.
It is impossible to refer at length to Mr. Worth's contribu- tions to the proceedings of this Association, which number over sixty, exclusive of Committee reports.
Of his methods, however, a few words may well be written. History he regarded essentially from its social side, and held that no effort of research was wasted, which unearthed from the local municipal and family records, where in chief such may be found, any sugi^estion or information leading to a clearer view of the past of social Ufe in this county.
He held that the great facts of National and International
56 OBITUARY NOTICES.
History can only be properly appreciated when a knowledge of their direct effect on the life of the people can be gained.
National events properly form a background to the picture of any age, and to appreciate the value of their mass, and the importance they attain, we must, he held, regard them across their appropriate foreground. To-day our own experi- ence shows that many a national event is of less direct importance to ourselves than a local insignificance: our foreground modifies, and even obscures the more distant features.
So, Mr. Worth contended, it has always been, and to appreciate history our foreground must be supplied from historical sources ; and must not be obtained from individual imagination, modifiying present conditions.
Patience in detail was a strong and abiding characteristic of Mr. Worth's work, and perhaps his position in this respect is best left to the words of one of his own earlier papers, in which he says :
"The impress of man's social nature is stamped upon all his surroundings. You cannot trace the fortunes of a single family, you cannot record the history of a single ancient manor house, without somehow or another bringing in the history of the nation likewise.
" I have ventured especially to plead for the waifs and strays of history.
" Nothing can really be unimportant or uninteresting to us that was ever important or interesting to our race, and I think, in these days of rightful devotion to science, there is danger that, in contemplating the great world of Nature, we may be regardless of the little world of humanity.''
And in this faith he worked to the last.
The same patience of detail he extended to his geological research ; and in all work he abstained alike from promul- gating working hypotheses, or expressing decided opinions, until it appeared to him that the last available evidence was before him.
Mr. Worth took a prominent part in the affairs of the locality in which he lived, and threw into public life the same energy that he displayed in scientific work.
Kindly by nature, he was intolerant of nothing save injustice ; but in public and private life alike the semblance even of an unjust suggestion found in him an unrelenting opponent He could be absolutely inflexible, and never permitted any desire to please, or to avoid adverse criticism, to influence his actions.
OBITUARY NOTICES. 57
But it is not only as a scientist and a public man that he was valued ; his personal friends were many, and his genial manners and frank cordiality brought constant accessions to their numbers.
In manner he was bright and cheerful, with an almost boyish capacity for enjoyment, ready of speech, and gifted with a keen sense of humour.
His philosophy was unqualified optimism, and his desires peaceful, except when, as he himself put it, he found it necessary to make war to preserve the peace.
He gave ungrudgingly of his stores of information to all enquirers, and was always well pleased when able to supply any missing clue, or complete any halting statement.
In person he was tall, and of powerful frame. His six feet of height, robust form, and cheerful face, together with his unfailing energy, seemed to give some indication of great vitality. Few knew, and fewer suspected, that his reserve of strength was at all times slight.
A sudden indisposition some weeks before his death gave little serious concern, either to himself or to his friends; and, indeed, recovering somewhat, he immediately resumed his public duties, presiding at a poll of ratepayers in the District of Compton Giflford, of the Council of which he was, and had for years been. Chairman.
Fluctuations in his strength, however, slowly and almost imperceptibly reduced him, until he was advised to try the moorland air, and to take comparative rest. A somewhat serious attack caused him to return to Plymouth from Princetown, where he first stayed; but, rallying from this, he next went to Shaugh Prior.
Here, in a district with every feature of which he was familiar, and among his favourite haunts, he seemed at first to gain strength ; indeed, he had every hope of attending the last meeting of this Association.
A relapse and renewed weakness, terminating in a fatal attack of syncope, caused his sudden and unexpected death on the third of July of this year.
True to his wish that he might die in harness, he had risen on the morning of his death, and had not long put down his work to prepare for a drive to Plymouth — had, indeed, risen to walk to the conveyance — when death seized him.
Buried in the quiet churchyard of the little village of Shaugh, he lies, as he would have wished to lie, under the shadow of the hills he loved so well.
NINETEENTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON
SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA.
Nineteenth Report of the Committee on Scientific Memoranda, consisting of Mr, Francis Brent^ Mr, Robert Bumard^ Rev. JV. Harpley, Mr, P, 0, Hutchinson, Mr, H, B, S. Woodhouse, Mr, S, N, Worth, and Mr, J, Brooking Rowe (Secretary), for the purpose of noting the discovery of such facts in any department of scientific enquiry, and connected with Devonshire, as it may be desirable to place upon permanent record, but which may not be of s^cfficierU importance in themselves to form the subject of separate papers.
Edited by J. Brooking Rowe, Hon. Secretary.
(Read at Ashburton, July, 1896.)
I. ANTHROPOLOGICAL. PALAOLITHIO IMPLEMENTS IN THE AXE VALLEY.
"At the meeting of the British Archaeological Association held on the 3rd June last, Mr. Quick exhibited a collection of eight Palaeolithic oval and tongue-shaped implements found in March last, at Broom, in the vb,lley of the Axe, near Chard Junction, in the parish of Hawkchurch, near Axminster. One measures 8 J inches in length. One special point of interest in connection with the find is that it is said that no Palaeolithic implements have as yet been found further west in England; but this is, we believe, incorrect.
(J. B. R)"
FIND OF NEOLITHIO IMPLEMENTS AT OHELfiTON, NEAR TORQUAY.
" On the 19th of December last Mr. Pershouse presented to the Torquay Museum three Neolithic implements, which his gardener, William Woodley, had found the day previous, when digging in the garden of Chelston Tower.
REPORT ON SCIBNTIFIC MEMORANDA. 59
" One of the implements is a perfect and beautiful speci- men, measuring 9 inches in length, 2} broad, and If thick.
"A second specimen, strongly resembling the first, has a piece broken off the apex, and, when perfect, must have been rather shorter than the other; also it is a little more slender in its other proportions.
"Both of the implements are of the oval axe type, and composed of a rock known as dolerite, or, more popularly speaking, of greenstona The dolerite out of which these two implements have been formed bears a strong resemblance to some of the varieties of the dolerite of the Black Head, near to Hope's Nose, which is the largest, most observable, and nearest rock of that kind to where the implements were found.
''The third specimen is also of the axe type, but of a more flattened variety than the two preceding. It has also a portion broken off the apex, and its whole surface is much eroded. When complete, its length was probably about 8 1 inches. Its present breadth is 2f inches, and its thickness l| inches. It is formed out of a very fine-grained dolerite or greenstone, of the variety termed anemesite. Bock of this kind, or very similar, occurs in the neighbourhood of Ashprington, and the adjoining district of the river Dart. In neither of the two cases, however, can it be affirmed absolutely that the implements have been manufactured from any of these rocks.
" With regard to the nature of the deposit in which the aforesaid implements were found, it seems originally to have formed portion of a sloping bank, composed of the waste of the adjoining Triassic or Permian rocks. The deposit was rather of an earthy nature, containing the usual fragments of the parent rocks, generally small in size, such as might be gradually swept down the slope by heavy rains or melting snows.
" The depth at which they were found was 18 inches below the present garden level, from which formerly another 18 inches had been removed in the process of levelling, so that the implements were buried to a depth of three feet, or thereabouts, from the original surface. (A. Somervail.)"
SUPPOSED STONE AXE FROM HIGHER HOOB.
" In March last a stone was picked up in a field at Higher Hooe, near Plymouth, which had the appearance of having been artificially shaped into the form of a rude axe, with a
(lO NINETEENTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTB
nmj,'lily-si|Uiuvii shank for fitting in a handle. It is not at all typiriil in c*lmrrti*ter. nor can it fairly be classed as a Celt It nitlicr 8u^:^•^«stJ^ the ait-empt to manufacture a weapon or a Uk)1 hy uiiskiUiul liiuids ; and indeed it is by no means certun that it is what may 1h» called artiticial of intention. Still, the luilanoc of su^i^ost inn leans that way. It is pear-shaped in outline, tapehuji »» somewhat suddenly to form the shank; is five inches Ion-*, :\\ inches in extreme breadth, and 1| inches in extreme thickness. The shank is 1^x1 inch. One face is fairly ll:»t : the other is irregular, and has the appearance ol" heinj; nuij^Mily trimmed to form a catting edge. The malehsil is a ijuari/ose micaceous grit, ferruginous, with (luarlz crystals. reii-hi\»wn in ci>lour, and is probably from a thin gritty vein in the local >h»te. {11. N. WoRTfl.)"
FLINT IMlM.RMkM KOVNl* AT LOWER MERRIPIT.
"This noilular imi»h*ment is the largest worked flint I have yet seen fn»m 1 >arlmoor. It is trimmed so as to present a blunt edj^'e. whidi is somewhat bruised by use. It weighs lib. 4^ ozs. It C4in be conveniently grasped by the hand, or could be mounte*! in a handle, when it would form a most elleclive skull -cracker. It was found at lower Merripit, Post Urid-^'e. 1 have found two others in the same neighbourhood, but these are smaller, and seem to pass more into the liirow-stone or sling-stone class. All are of chalk-tlint, and i»o.ssess some portions of the outer crust, and are almost more Pahi*t»lithic than Neolithic in appearance. (Koiikkt IUknakd.V
II. METEOKOLOGICAL. O.VIIT FL00I»:>.
"The great Hood of July 17th, 1S90, was eclipsed by that of November I4th, l.S(U, when at eleven a.m. it had risen at Hexwoitliy Hril;^e t^n and a half feet above the level of the stream of the previous day. The river was rising all night during heavy raiu. »Soon after eleven am. the flood began U) subside; but although there was no rain at Hexworthy, it rose again at three p.m. The second flood was not, how- ever, so high as tlie iirst.
" From observations made during the past few years, it would appear that the West Uart has occasionally been in heavier and ([uicker flood than formerly ; due, it is supposed, to the large area of its watershed, \vhich has, in recent years, been drained, principally by the Prison authorities at
ON 8CI&NT1F1C MEMORANDA. 61
Princetown. In times of drought, the volume of* the river has quickly aud seriously dimiDished, thus afifording an object-lesson in miniature of what would happen on Dart- moor if its bogs were destroyed, either by the undue removal of peat, or their drainage by artificial means. This would mean violent floods during periods of rain, and almost dry watercourses in times of drought.
" Such a state of affairs would seriously imperil the fertility of the lowlands, and it behoves every Devonian to use every effort to preserve Dartmoor just as it is. The best way to effect this is that the whole of the Forest should become the property of the county. (Robert Bdrnard.)"
"On a very cold day early in January, when Dartmoor was covered in snow and all the bogs were thickly coated with ice, I noticed a black patch on the north-eastern shoulder of Yes Tor, about 500 feet from the summit. On approach- ing the spot, I found a spring gushing through the snow, which was melted for a radius of about six feet. My thermometer, which registered 30** in the open, rose im- mediately to 41^ on being plunged into the spring. The Mater temperature of a stream close by was 33**.
(John Ll. Warden Page.)"
m. NUMIBMATICAL.
okehampton token.
" The token which is in my possession, but how acquired I know not, is of copper, and has been apparently silvered. It is about one inch and two-eighths of an inch in diameter. On the one side is, * Borough of Okehampton, Freedoin restored May 9th, 1807! On the other, * Owr own man. No, 113. T, Wardle for ever, Down with faggots!
(T. N. Brushfield, m.d.)"
" A groat and half-groat, of the reign of Elizabeth, found during the making of the Budleigh Salterton Railway, are also exhibited. (T. N. B.)"
" In March last my daughter. Miss Worth, dug up in the garden of my house, 4, Seaton Avenue, Compton Gifford, a groat of Queen Mary, struck before her marriage with Philip, probably, therefore, in the year 1553. It had evidently seen a great deal of service, for the head is only traceable in outline ; still most of the legends are legible,
62 NIllETEENTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
and the coat-of-arms on the reverse (France and England — quarterly: first and fourth, three JUurs-de-lis ; second and third, three lions passant gtuirdant, is well preserved. Obverse: head of Queen to left; * WLBiAPi^DoQo^Qf^FRAo^ [oHIb]oREGL' Reverse: arms as above, traversed to edge by a cross fleury: 'temporis filu ver[ita]sV The parts of the legends within brackets are missing in consequence of the edges of the coin being broken. (R. N. Worth.)"
COINS POUND AT EAST WORLINGTON.
"In the early part of June, 1895 (before the 13th), William Ashford,, an agricultural labourer in the employ- ment of Mr. South wood, of Thornham Farm, East Worlington, while engaged in repairing a hedge, cut the ditch somewhat deeper than it had previously been, and in so doing struck upon an earthen * jug,' or pitcher, which was broken by the blow, and proved to be full of silver coins. Mr. Southwood, who was near at hand supervising the work, then came up, and the two together, making further search, found two more similar pitchers also full of silver coins.
"The police were communicated with, and, after some correspondence, the whole of the coins, with a few excep- tions, were (on the 1st July) handed over to H.M. Treasury as 'treasure trove,' weighing altogether (inclusive of the four sealed bags which contained them) sixty-three pounds avoirdupois.
"The Treasury sent them to the British Museum for examination, etc. ; and in the end a large number were given back to Mr. Southwood, a few to Ashford; a considerable number were retained in the British Museum ; some were sent to the Exeter Museum, and a few granted to a local clergyman who had made application for them.
"I had an opportunity of seeing the coins in the bags while in charge of the Chief Constable of Devon en route for London, and was much struck with their freshness and brightness. As well as I can remember, the great bulk of them consisted of half-crowns, shillings, and sixpences of the reigns of Elizabeth and Charles I., and I have an impression that I was told they had been found separately sorted in the three pitchers, but of this I am not certain.
" An estimate was made of the number of each sort by the expedient of weighing small counted parcels of some eight or ten, and applying the rule of three to the whole weight ; and I made a note of the result, but I am unable as yet to lay my hands upon it.
ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA. 63
** Nothing is known, I believe,^ which might serve to account for the coins being where they were found. But it has been suggested that they may possibly have been money for the payment of a detachment of troops during the Civil War, which in some emergency had been carefully buried to save it from falling into the bands of the enemy, with the view to its being recovered when the exigency was passed, and that those who were privy to the concealment were killed before this took place.
"What has become of the pitchers, or their pieces (for they were all broken, I am told), I do not know, but the enclosed drawing is a copy of a sketch of one of them made by the police-inspector fiom memory, (J. B. Phbar.)"
"Further details of this find are given by Mr. Charles Waters, of the Treasury, in a letter to Mr. G. H. Radford, which the Secretary has been allowed to make use of. The ' treasure trove ' is known as the East Worlington find, and was discovered in a field in Thornham Farm, some three miles from East Worlington village. The farmer and his son were working in a field, when they observed their day labourer, who was employed in repairing a hedge, suddenly stoop down, and begin putting something in his pockets ; and approaching him they found he had met in his digging with several earthenware jars full of silver coins. In the eager- ness of the search the pitchers were unfortunately broken up. The coins numbered six or seven thousand, and were of Edward VI. (very few), Elizabeth, some of James I., and the bulk of Charles I. ; none being later than 1645, about which time they were apparently hidden. The bulk of the Elizabethan money was very much worn, and that of Charles was clipped. As stated by Sir John Phear, the Treasury claimed the find. The labourer was given a double handful, and the farmer five hundred of the coins. Some fifty specimens were sent to the Albert Museum, Exeter, and others sold or pre- sented to public institutions. " It is supposed they formed part of a military chest : — " (1) In 1645 Exeter was blockaded, and afterwards be- sieged. During the autumn, Goring's troops became such a nuisance to the city that the citizens prevailed on him and Grenville to leave, a sum of money being paid to them by the Exonians. The Parliamentary headquarters were then at Tiverton, the Eoyalist at Torrington. The Taw Valley, Chumleigh, Kingsnympton, Place, etc., were held by Royalist pickets ; and Goring, on his march to the Upper Thames,
64 NINETEENTH BEPOBT OF THE COMMITTEE
would have passed probably near the spot where the coins were found.
'' (2) On Christmas Day, 1645, the Parliamentarians made a sudden raid, capturing Kingsnympton, Eggesford- Hoose, and Chumleigh, and there was a good deal of fighting. Cannon balls have been found on or near Thornham Farm, and it is probable that this money was concealed during the time this skirmishing was going on. (J. B. R)"
SEAL, WITH HEADS OF MART STUART AUD DARNLEY.
" I send for exhibition a photograph of . a metal-handled seal or stamp, in the possession of a lady in this place'' (Budleigh Salterton). "No history of it is obtainable, beyond the fact that it has been in private hands for many years.
*" The seal is 3^ inches in height, and is form^ of two distinct parts : (1) The lower is a somewhat irregolar, rounded piece of iron (steel?), filed roughly to shape, and bearing on its lower face a circular sunk die, an impression of which accompanies this note. The field of the die displays crowned busts of Mary Queen of Scots, and her husband, Lord Darnley, with the date 1565 below, the whole sur- rounded with the legend, * maria * k ' henric * d * g * REOI * k * REX * SCOTORVM ' ; and figure of thistle.
** (2) The upper portion, forming the handle, is of brass, but with a dark surface, and patinated like bronze. It represents a lion seated on his hind legs, with the right paw raised, and supporting or holding an ornament shaped like a Tudor rose. Excepting that the head is turned to the right, a somewhat similar figure is depicted in Handle Holme's Academy of Armory, and described by him as "Gules, a lion sciant, with his right paw held up, argent" (bk. ii. ch. 7, p. 140.) It is totally unlike the heraldic lion engraved on the well-known Darnley ring. The Tudor rose suggests some connection with Mary Queen of Scots, but the proba- bility is it was not intended to be heraldic.
**The real interest centres in the legend. 'The Silver Medal struck on occasion of the nuptials of Mary Stuart with Darnley, in 1565/ of which a cast was exhibited at the Museum at Edinburgh, in 1856, on the occasion of the visit of the Archaeological Institute, as described in the Catalogue (1859), p. 183. The obverse of the medal appears to be almost identical with the die (as shown by the impression), with the important exception that the names are reversed, and in the former commences ' henricvs * & * mabia.' Can this be explained ?
ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA. 65
" The surface of the die is eroded, and shows an irregularity running through the date and towards the bust of Darnley. Probably it was obtained from a cast in fine sand — an im- pression from the original die. But, if a cast, it does not do away with the interest of the legend.
" (T. N. Brushfield, m.d.)"
IV. ARCHAEOLOGICAL. MACES.
"A handsome mace, or staff of office connected with Plymouth, has come into the possession of Mr. R Burnard. It is two feet in length, elaborately turned in hard wood, and has been richly painted and gilt. Near the top are four squared faces, each with a device. One bears the Boyal arms ; another the arms of Plymouth ; on a third are the cross of St. George above, and a ship on the waters below ; and the fourth has the interlaced script initials 'W. K.' and the date 1782.
"It is evidently a constable's staff, and probably that of the chief constable of the town under the old regime, when the ancient parish constable still retained much of the position of the tithing-man. * W. K.' would be the initials of the holder of the office for whom it was made; but I cannot give any clue to his identity. The cross of St. George is undoubtedly a survival from the days when the old freeman's guild was that of Our Lady and St. George. Since this came to light, I have acquired one of much the same character and date belonging to Compton Gifford.
(K. N. Worth.)"
"I also exhibit two examples similar in character, the property of Mr. W. H. Hoskin, of Plympton. The first is evidently the mace of office of the Governor of the Hospital of Poor's Portion, now the Guardians of the Poor of Plymouth. It is, I think, of chestnut, turned in a lathe, about thirteen inches long ; the upper part has carefully painted upon it four shields : the first contains the royal arms with crown, and w "" R ; the second contains : argent^ powdered with bees volant, a C7vss saltire, vert, over all a beehive (Hospital of Poor's Portion, Plymouth); the third shield contains the initials J. P., and below the date 1834 ; and the fourth, argent: a cross salt ire, vert, between four castles, sable (Borough of Plymouth).
" The second is a staff of a constable of the defunct
VOL. XXVIII. F
66 REPORT ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA.
municipality of Plympton Earl. It is of turned mahogany, and has the royal crown with V.S. below, and the word yipmpton in black mediaeval letters painted upon it
(J. B. R)"
8IXTBENTH CBNTURT BRIEF FOR MAGDALEN HOSPITAL, T0TNB8.
" Letters patent under the Great Seal, 33 Elizabeth, 1591, addressed in the usual way, empowering John Jefferie and his deputy to collect alms for the poor, maimed, lame, and impotent people of the poor house or Hospital of St. Mary Magdalen, of Great Totnes, in the County of Devon. A more detailed account of this document will, it is hoped, be given at some future time. (J. B. R)"
FIFTEENTH REPORT OF
THE COMMITTEE ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL
PROVINCIALISMS.
FiFTEEjn'H Rbport of the Committee — consisting of Mr. J, S. Am£ry, Dr. Brushfield, Mr. F. T. Elworthy, (Secretary), Mr. F. H. Firth, Mr. P. 0. Hutchinson, Mr. P. Q. Karkeek, Dr. W, C. Lake, and Mrs. J. Hose Troup— for the pur- pose of noting and recording the existing use of any Verbal Provincialisms in Devonshire, in either vrritten or spoken language, not included in the lists published in tJie Transactions of the Association,
Edited by F. T. Elworthy. Read at Ashburton, July, 1890.)
Inasmuch as only a small number of fresh Provincialisms have been sent in, it has been thought desirable for this year to issue, instead of the ordinary report, an index to the fourteen reports already printed in the Transactions. It is hoped that observers will thereby be not only able to learn readily what words have been so far recorded, but will be stimulated to a more careful gleaning up of such as may still remain ; or, what is almost of equal value, to note better examples of any provincial words they may hear, than those already to be found in past reports. It will be found that in many cases the same word appears twice or oftener; but closer examination will show that in nearly every case the word is used in a different sense to that previously recorded, or a better illustration of the use of the phrase has been furnished. Notwithstanding the forward state of the English Dialect Dictionary, referred to in the last yearns report, there is still much work to be done in Devonshire with the large number of dialectal words which remain unnoted.
F 2
68
FIFTEENTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
INDEX
TO THE FOURTEEN REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON VERBAL
PROVINCIALISMS.
Printed in the Several Volumes of the Devon Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art
The figures following the words indexed denote the numbers of the reports in which they are recorded ; while the Table hereto annexed will show the Volume in which any word may be found : —
Report 1. Vol. ix., p. 123
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
x., p. 112
xi., p. 122
xiii., p. 78
xiv., p. 128
XV., p. 75
xvi., p. 80
xvii., p. 77
xviii., p. 78
xix., p. 63
xxi., p. 84
xxiii., p. 125
XXV., p. 181
xxvii., p. 40
1877. Read at Kingsbridge.
1878. 1879. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1889. 1891. 1893. 1895.
>»
)i
>»
»
II
fi
II
it
if
l»
it
11
I)
Paignton.
Ilfracombe.
Dawlish.
Crediton.
Exmouth.
Newton Abbot.
Seaton.
Marychurch.
Plympton.
Tavistock.
Tiverton.
Torquay.
Okehampton.
A. Prefix .
A, prefix to p.p.
Abraham
A-braukt
Abroad
Abusefol
Ack-maul
Act, v.
Adam and Eve
Again
Against
Aggies
Ago = gone .
Agone = ago .
Agone
12 4 1 3
-I «^ i
10
7
7
2
3, 7
13 9 9 2
Ale Tuesday.
All about the go
Alley
Allis's
* All Mops and Brooms '
Allow
AU-vore
Along
A many
Am = are .
Ammit
Angle-dog .
Angle-twitch
A nine
A or An
13
7
8 o
1 1
7
11
2
2
»• i
11
U
2
14
ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
69
Answerable
Any
Anybody
A paid
Apple Shrub
Apse
Apse, v.
Archangel
Are = am
Arm-wrist
Ar-rabbits
Ash-cat
Ass'ard
Atchett
Ate
At = in
Atomies
Attackted
A-used
Avore
Ax, V.
Eack-along
Back-along
Backanvore
Back-house
Backlong
Bagavel
Baig
Laint
Bairge
Baisier
Balch (2)
Balker
Balsh Hope
Banisters
Barley-gout
Barney
I >amstaple-Fair- Weather
Barraa-urpons
Bat
Battery
Baty
Bautch
Bawker
Bay
Be = am = are
Beards
Beastle, v.
|
. 10 . 2 |
Beating the Streets . Be-at-s-will . |
. 13 9 |
|
. 13 . 2 . 8 |
Beauty of Abram Bedlayer Bed-tie |
. 11 8 .' 2 |
|
7 |
Been |
4 |
|
. 12 |
Been, n. |
5, 6 |
|
. 7 |
Been to |
6 |
|
. 6 . 8 |
Bee-plant Beer |
7 5 |
|
. 7 |
Before |
12 |
|
. 10 . 11 . 12 |
Beggars Behope, v. . Bellis, V. . |
2 5 13 |
|
. 5 |
Benderd |
U |
|
. 2 6 |
Bespoke Bess . . |
1 2 |
|
. 8 . 3 |
Between the lights . Between the two worlds , |
3 13 |
|
4, 9 . 2 |
Beyun B. from a Builds Foot |
6 5 |
|
. 10 |
Bias . . K |
D, 14 |
|
. 11 |
Bide, V. . |
2 |
|
. 9 . 12 |
Billery Billises |
11 3 |
|
1 |
Billizing Binded |
5 6 |
|
. 5 . 3 |
Bird's eye Birin |
7 10 |
|
. U |
Bit . . . |
9 |
|
8 ' Bittle |
7 |
|
|
. 10 |
Bittle-headed |
2 |
|
. 7 |
Biver |
12 |
|
. 13 1 Bivering 1 j Black-butter |
8 14 |
|
|
3 Blackhead . |
3 |
|
|
9 Blackm'n . |
6 |
|
|
. 13 |
Black Bam . |
13 |
|
. 12 . 14 |
Black-stocking Black tail . |
o O 8 |
|
4 Black-worm . |
14 |
|
|
. 10 Blake, v. . |
7 |
|
|
. 2 |
Blanks |
7 |
|
. 13 . 4 |
Blaring Blauths |
11 7 |
|
. 2 |
Blaze, V. |
2 |
|
. 13 |
Bleeded |
6 |
|
. 3 |
Blind-mobbed |
8 |
70
FIFTEENTH REPORT OF TUS COMMITTEE
Blinket Blueberry-snails (see
Meeching) l^ard cloth . Bocked Bock up Bodley Boil Boldery Bold-making Bolt Bonen
Booby, Booby-wad Booshop Boughten Bouldering clouds Bounciug Bess Bowerly-woman Brads Bratb Braukt Brave Brawn
Bread and point Break, v. Break-about . Bricks
Broken (torn) Brooms Broth Browsing Buck Butfet
Bug-blinding Bullers
BuU-wollopper Bum, V. Bunpjy Bunk, V. Bunt Burgined Bum (see Birin) Bush, V.
Bushel, Under the Bussicky (see Tissicky) Butt hedge . Buzznackiug. By all reason
11.
|
6 |
Bydle |
. 12 |
|
By = of |
. 14 |
|
|
12 |
Byse (see Bias) |
9 |
|
8 |
By-tack |
. 12 |
|
8 |
By = upon |
5 |
|
13 |
By-vore |
7 |
|
3 |
Cab, V. |
2 |
|
3 |
Cabbed |
7 |
|
7 |
Cabby |
. 11 |
|
4 |
Cage of teeth |
1 |
|
U |
Cagery |
6 |
|
4 |
Call-home, v. |
. 10 |
|
14 |
Calum |
6 |
|
2 |
Candlesty . |
7 |
|
1 |
Capooch |
4 |
|
11 |
Car, V. . . . |
7 |
|
2 |
Carding |
. 13 |
|
9 |
Carried |
2 |
|
14 |
Carry |
. 10 |
|
2 |
Catch'd ofif to sleep . |
3 |
|
3 |
Catcht |
3 |
|
9 |
Cat-glimmer . |
. 10 |
|
2 |
Cauch |
11 |
|
3 |
Caucher |
9 |
|
14 |
Caul |
6 |
|
9 |
Cause, n. . . , |
8 |
|
7 |
Cause |
3, 13 |
|
1 . Cawd |
3 |
|
|
1 Cawthy |
3 |
|
|
14 |
Chain |
5 |
|
11 |
Chall |
. 13 |
|
1 |
Chamber |
2 |
|
10 |
ChannlBS |
3 |
|
11 |
Chatterbag . |
9 |
|
7 |
Cheniis'd |
8 |
|
14 |
Cherry Gobs |
12 |
|
7 |
Chew |
3 |
|
1 |
Chewers |
5 |
|
1 |
Chicket . . IJ |
3, 14 |
|
11 |
Chickney-weed |
13 |
|
12 |
Chiel |
3 |
|
10 |
Child = female |
7 |
|
1 |
Chilled |
1 |
|
6 |
Chippen |
3 |
|
7 |
Chissocked . |
13 |
|
9 |
Chissom, v. . |
13 |
|
9 |
Choke |
13 |
|
11 |
Chollers |
12 |
ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
71
Cbore
Chuff
Cideiviuuck .
Clam, n.
Qarient
Clatter of Rocks
Clavel
Clean
Cleaning
Cledland
CleeveB
Click-bed
Clicquer
Clint
Clipped
Clipper
Clit
CUtched
Clitch'd Bread in th'
Clitter
Cloamen
Clob
Cloicby
Clome
Clovel
Clubby
Clumb
Coathe
Cold, V.
Colts' Ale .
ColU'TaUs .
Comb Vore .
Come
Come to death-bed
Concarn, n. .
Coochey-paw
Coochy
Coolder
Corbut
Cornders
Cowflop
Cow -flop Oats
Cow Flops .
Crackeu
Craking an' Crouin
Cram
Cramming .
Crane = heron
Auvm
6 12
5
1 11
3
4
3
2
2
2
1 11
8 13
5
8 13 13 13
3 11 11 11 11
6 13
3
8
7
7 14
5 I
11 . 7 ,
10 i
13 , 14
13 i
12 j
14
7 ! 1 I 3 7
Cranes . . 3
Crap, n. . . . 2
Crap (see Eaver) . 8
Crave . . . 8
Craw-tone . . .13
Crazed . . 13
Cream, v. . . . 13
Cream, v. and adv. . .11
Creek . . . 13
Creemed . .11
Creeper . . 2
Cress or Half-cress . 5
Crim up, V. . . .11
Crippleship . 7, 8
Crips . . 1
Crow-sticks . .11
Crumpetty . . . 14
Cry, n. . . . 1
Cuckoo-roses 8
Cuckoos . . . 7
Cuit . . . 5
Curious . . 10
Cute, n. . . . 1
Dabberdashed 2
Dabrified . .14
Dad or Dap-finch .13
Dag . . . 14
Dairy . .10
Daisy-mores . .13
Dapster . . . 3
Dase, V. . . . 1
Datch . . . 5
Davered . . 12. 11
Davery-topped .13
Day-Cat (see Ram-Cat) . 10
Deef . . 3, 9
Deep = depth . . 9
Deesh . . . 5
Demand . . . 8
Dempse . . 8
Denied . . . 7
Der . . 2
Dem . . 11
Detcher . . . 8
DevilVbit Scabis . . 8
Devil's Bud . . 13
Devil's Gold Ring . 13
Devil's Manty-maker . 13
72
FIFTEENTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
Devon coat nf arms
Devonshire Mark
Dibby
Dig-axe
Dim
Dimity
Dimmets
Dimmie
Dimpety
Dirt, V.
Discoorse
Discoose
Discourse
Dish-a-washer
Dish-washer
Do = does
DoUed
Done
Done = did .
Done to Jouds
Doos, n.
Doss
Dough-fig
Dout, V.
Down-house
Downarg, v.
Downlong
Doze
Drain
Drang'd
Dray zackin
Drazacking
Dreamy
Drenged
Drexil
Drim up, v.
Dring, v.
Dring'd
Droved
Drow, V.
Drownded
Druck-stool
Druge
Druging
Drum out, v,
Drunkards
Druxel
Dryth
|
7 |
Dubious |
. 5 |
|
. 7 |
Ducks' Bills |
7 |
|
. 11 . 2 |
Dug, n. Duke |
. 5 7 |
|
2 |
Dummel |
. 14 |
|
7 |
Dwall, v. |
1 |
|
. 8 |
Diver |
. 13 |
|
. 13 |
E. |
1 |
|
. 3 |
FAver |
4, 8 |
|
. 12 . 3 |
Saving Ees |
. 12 9 |
|
. 11 |
Eez |
. 2 |
|
. 10 |
Ellacum |
. 2 |
|
. 13 7 6 |
Empt Enough to terrify Job En ti |
. 3 3 . 2 |
|
. 5 4 . 5 |
Every whips now and then Every whip's while Faint |
I 11 . 12 8 |
|
. 14 |
Faird |
6 |
|
.3, 7 |
Fansical |
9 |
|
4 |
Farnicum, Vamicum |
2 |
|
3 |
Fast |
7 |
|
. 11 |
Fat . . . |
9 |
|
9 |
Faultz |
1 |
|
7 |
Faut |
2 |
|
1 |
Favoured |
11 |
|
. 6 3 |
Fay . . . Feat |
5 9 |
|
3 |
Feeded |
5, 8 |
|
8 |
Ferrol |
1 |
|
. 13 . 13 |
Ferry Fess |
8 13 |
|
. 8 . 11 |
Fetching fire Fewster |
9 10 |
|
. 13 7. 11 1 6 6, 11 . 2 . 7 |
Few Turps 1 Fiddler's Money Fiddly, V. . Fightable . Fine job Finger-cold Fire-scordel . |
1 1 13 12 3 13 9 |
|
. 13 . 13 |
First Along . Fistes |
1 8 |
|
. 8 |
Flakes |
11 |
|
. 11 |
Floeches |
1 |
|
. 11 3, 11 |
Fleet, V. . . . Flicker-meat |
13 12 |
ON DEVOHSHIRE VERBAL PROTIKCIALISMS.
73
|
Flick tails . |
11 |
Gived |
6 |
|
Flied |
5 |
Glam |
6 |
|
Fliah |
3 |
Glidder |
. 13 |
|
Flisking . |
11 |
Glorum |
. 10 |
|
Flop-a-dock . 1 |
1, 13 |
Gnaing |
5 |
|
Flour-milk . |
2 |
Goat, V. |
. 13 |
|
Flush |
3 |
Gob . . . |
6 |
|
Fluttery |
7 |
Gobs |
3 |
|
Foce-Put, n. |
1 |
Goil |
2 |
|
Form, V. . |
. 11 |
Going all about |
2 |
|
Foot |
6 |
Going round my hat |
. 11 |
|
Footers |
. 13 |
Golden dust |
3 |
|
Forehead (see Vorehead) . |
11 |
Golden-gladdy |
. 10 |
|
F'oreigner |
9 |
Good-a-Vriday |
3, 13 |
|
Forgot |
8 |
Gooded |
•7 |
|
Form, V. . |
3 |
Good-natured |
5 |
|
FouBt^ V. . |
13 |
Good offer . |
8 |
|
F'oze |
5 |
Goose-gobs . |
. 10 |
|
FraU |
4 |
Gracie Daisies |
. 11 |
|
Frauzy |
2, 12 |
Gradely |
. 12 |
|
Frawzy |
11 |
Granfather . |
1 |
|
French Furze |
13 |
Gravelin |
. 14 |
|
Fricket |
7, 8 |
Graze, v. . . . |
10 |
|
Fricketty |
3 |
Greecums |
. 10 |
|
Fridg'd |
2 |
Gribble |
. 13 |
|
Frighten |
10 |
Grit |
2 |
|
Frightened . 1 |
1, 13 |
Ground-Ash . |
1 |
|
Frill de dills |
6 |
Growed |
8 |
|
Frindered up to Ock shuns. |
12 |
1 Gubby |
7 |
|
Frisk |
3 |
Guch-guch . |
11 |
|
Frith |
14 |
Gullet |
13 |
|
Frizz |
8 |
Gurbage and Half-stuif |
6 |
|
Frizzle |
3 |
Gurry |
2 |
|
Frog's march |
8 |
Guttering |
4 |
|
Fuddeley |
11 |
Gwain |
|
|
I ull-determiiied |
7 |
Hackle |
1 |
|
Full-grow |
9 |
Hag |
. 11 |
|
Gad |
5 |
Haggagin |
. 12 |
|
Gait |
1 |
Hailer, n. (see Heal, 6) |
7 |
|
Gaketh |
7 |
Hairen |
. 13 |
|
Galled |
. 11 |
Half-enough |
11 |
|
Gallitrap |
8 |
Half-strained-gentry |
1 |
|
Gather |
7 |
Half-stuff (see Gurbage) |
6 |
|
Gay . . . |
12 |
Halse |
1 |
|
Gease |
13 |
Ham |
|
|
Getting on the sticks |
8 |
Hames |
7 |
|
Girding |
2 |
Ham o' Pork |
8 |
|
Girlopp |
9 |
Handkecher |
10 |
74
FIFTEBMTH BEPOBT OF THE COMMITTEE
|
Hand-ock |
. 11 |
Hoozen |
1 |
|
Handsome . |
. 12 |
Horch |
. 11 |
|
Hand-wristes |
2 |
Horse Jessamine |
8 |
|
Hape |
. 11 |
Hove, hoved |
5 |
|
Hfl^er |
7 |
Hovers |
7 |
|
Hat, V. |
6, 7 |
Howdering . |
7 |
|
Haunch |
6 |
Huer |
9 |
|
Have |
. 2 |
Hulk |
4 |
|
Haves |
. 2 |
Humbuz |
3 |
|
Hazy |
3 |
Hummick . |
10 |
|
Heable |
. 11 |
Humpy-scrumples |
8 |
|
Head = hair . |
. 5 |
Hurdle, v. . |
. 12 |
|
Heal, V. (see Hailer, 7) |
6 |
Hurted |
3 |
|
Healing, of a book . |
. 10 |
Husband's Tea |
1 |
|
Heal over |
7 |
If so be |
8 |
|
Heat-drops . ^ |
. 13 |
He |
6 |
|
Heckamall . |
. 11 |
Illegible (see Demand) |
8 |
|
Heckanoddy |
. 11 |
Improver |
8 |
|
Hedge-tacker |
. 14 |
In and out . |
9 |
|
Heeling |
. 12 |
In coose |
3 |
|
He = him, it, she |
2 |
In home, up home . |
10 |
|
Hekketty-Pound |
2 |
In horn |
. 10 |
|
Help |
8 |
Inside |
5, 6 |
|
Hem on his Garment |
2 |
Instanshus . |
8 |
|
Hemple |
7 |
Into |
1 |
|
Henge |
1 |
Ippet |
3 |
|
Her = he, she |
2, 8 |
Irishism, Devon |
. 10 |
|
Herevrom |
1 |
Iron prayers . |
3 |
|
Hidanseek . |
1 |
Item |
2 |
|
Hidy |
. 13 |
Item, Itemy . |
10 |
|
High-by-day |
4 |
Itemming |
3 |
|
Hiif . : |
11 |
It's a-been . |
7 |
|
Him = it |
2 |
Ivy-drum |
6 |
|
Hinder |
2, 5 |
Ivy Drnms . |
7 |
|
Hinderment |
5 |
Jabber |
3 |
|
Hinned |
. 13 |
Jacob |
11 |
|
Hire-say |
4 |
Jakes |
3 |
|
His = her |
2 |
Jerusalem seeds |
7 |
|
Hobble |
3 |
Jet, V. . . . |
1 |
|
Hobbler |
3 |
Jewel, V. . . 1( |
}, 13 |
|
Hole in the Ballet |
2 |
Jigged |
5 |
|
HoUin |
7 |
Joanie |
11 |
|
Holm |
4 |
Job |
3 |
|
Holm Screech |
13 |
Jockery |
6 |
|
Home to . -3, |
5, 6 |
Jonnick |
7 |
|
Hood-wall . |
11 |
Keep again . |
2 |
|
Hoop-])ins |
13 |
Keepering . |
10 |
|
Hoop, To go through the . |
14 |
Kid the peas |
10 |
ON DEVONSHIBE VERBAL PB0VINCIALI8M8.
75
Kiddle, v. .
Killed a little pig
Kitty Rock (see Black Bam)
Kitty-tope .
Knacked
Knowledgable
Knowledgeable
Knub
Knucks
Kutcb-pawed
Lady-day Day
Lain
Lairy
Lake
Lampie
Lank
Laicb, v.
Lar, Lana
Lana
Larrups
Larry
Last-a-long
Langb and jellaugbter
Lannder
Launders
Lay
Lead, v.
Leaping- Stock
Learn
Leer, n.
Leery
Lekky-bratb
Lenge
Lentb
I^nippiog
Lerry
Let down, v.
Let in to't
Lew't
Lew-Tide
Liable
Lickering
Lie, n.
Lifting Stock
Lights
Liketty lik
Limb
Linhay
9 2 13 10 8 1 8 5
U
13
13
13
12
2
1
13
14
6
U
5
6
3
11
5
1
. 8
2
1
2
9
11
2
2
1
3
2
8
2
10
11
10
12
0
1, 7
13
3
2
4
Lirruppy
Lissomly
Listy
Litter-cum-tos8
Little Wyevyn Soonday
Livier
Livyers
Lizzom
Load, V.
Lodge
Logic
Long
Loiig-agone .
Long-cripple
Long-dug
Long soft family
Long with .
Looking from under
Hill Loos'd Losting Lovin Low, V. Lug (see Yard) Lump, V. Lumpus Lurky Maden Mabl-scralls Maiden-comb Maiden's Ruin Maiden-tree Main Maister Make use of Malancboly . MaU
Mammy gog Man-tie Many-hearted Mapsing Martin
Martin Heifer Master cows Masterpiece !Mawn May Maze Monday
8.
Brent 13,
12
11
5
13
13
10
3
14
7
7
6
2
2
11
5
11
1
14 6
7 5 7 7 1
13 3 3 8 7
U 1
10 3
, >^
1
II
i
4
5 12 13 14
3 13 11
3
76
FIFTEENTH KEFOUT OF THE COMMITTER
|
Meant, Ment |
. 9 |
Narraway |
. 14 |
|
Meaaley Beggars |
. 2 |
Nattled |
. 14 |
|
Meeching |
. 12 |
Naturally . |
. 1 |
|
Me = I |
. 2 |
Nature |
. 11 |
|
MeU |
. 11 |
Natur-Fool . |
. 13 |
|
Mellum |
9 |
Nawz |
6 |
|
Melted bread |
3 |
Neasb, Neish |
1 |
|
Merry-Mokus |
. 13 |
Neck of the Foot . |
. 3 |
|
Michard |
. 14 |
Neggar |
. 14 |
|
Miching |
. 2 |
Neighbour . |
. 13 |
|
Middling and |
6 |
Nest, V. |
6 |
|
Midge |
1 |
Nicknames of places |
. 10 |
|
Mild |
6 |
Niddle |
6 |
|
Milk, V. |
1 |
Niggelling . |
. 14 |
|
Milkmaids . |
7 |
Night Times |
2 |
|
Mind |
3, 6 |
Nimmet |
1 |
|
Minding |
. 3 |
Nimping-gang |
. 12 |
|
Mind in it . |
. 2 |
Nitch |
. 13 |
|
Mischevious |
1 |
Nogs |
7 |
|
Misk |
4 |
Nonsical |
12 |
|
Miz-wet |
. 5 |
Nood |
10 |
|
Mograge |
6 |
Nomigging . |
. 14 |
|
Money-in-both-pockets |
4 |
Nomigig |
14 |
|
Moot, V. |
. 11 |
Norting |
14 |
|
Moot out, V. |
7 |
No ths^y a-hang'd |
7 |
|
Moppy |
. 10 |
Nothing |
4 |
|
Mops |
1 |
Notomy |
3 |
|
Mopsed |
. 12 |
Nub . . . |
3 |
|
Mores |
10 |
Nummatin . |
10 |
|
Mor'n Mool |
1 |
Nusthma |
6 |
|
Mounting-Stock |
11 |
Nut-All |
1 |
|
Moutb-speech |
5, 8 |
ObHgated . |
8 |
|
Mowbarton . |
6 |
Occupated . |
8 |
|
Mowderin |
11 |
Ockshuns (see Frindered) . |
12 |
|
Mucky |
11 |
Of . . . |
1 |
|
Mullygrubs |
8 |
Of = on |
8 |
|
Mump |
8 |
Offering for rain |
2 |
|
Mump-beaded |
13 |
Off-handed . |
6 |
|
Mun, min = tbem |
4 |
Office |
1 |
|
Mure |
14 |
Offington |
2 |
|
Musbelrooms |
14 |
Old . . . |
1 |
|
Mussel-Clumbs |
13 |
Oldness |
9 |
|
Muzzle |
8 |
Omission of Def. Art. |
6, 8 |
|
Kadgers |
14 |
On = at |
1 |
|
Naisb |
6 |
Once |
9 |
|
Naked |
6 |
Oncost |
7 |
|
Nanny-Zull |
7 |
Ooze |
13 |
|
Nap, V. . |
1 |
Opway, Opeway |
6 |
ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
77
Or thia — or that
Orts
OachillB
Oudacious
Oudsun
Outshells
Oven
Over
Over-gone
Overlash
Owned
Ownself, adj
Padlog
Pakesing
Pale Gate
Palm
Pame
Panges
Pannel, v.
Pardner
Pare
Parson
Parson in the Pulpit
Parson's Fool
Pash, n.
Passed
Passle
Pass meals
Pathfield
Patted in
I^awses
Peas
Peck, V.
Pese
Peyse, v.
Phizgie
Pick, n.
Pick-abroad,
Pierter
Pi^'s-looze
Pilar
Pilkey
Pilth
Pin
Pindey
Pinnick
Pinzwell
Pippers
9 7 7 2 12 13 3
1, 7
12
13
1
9
11
11
1
3
1
13
11
3
3
10
11
13
6
2
3
10
11
13
5
1
4
f)
7
11
f^ I
12
3
13
14
6
10 o
5
J, 12
3
13
Pirch . . 8
Pit . 11, 13
Pitch, n. . .10
Pitch, V. . . .13
Pittish . . . 8
' Place for Abraham to
bury his wife ' . .1 Plain . . 7
Plank, V. . . . 1
Platter-Footed . .13
Play . . . 8
Played the Gallies 5
Ploizy .14
Plough, n. . 5
Plough-path 8, 9
Plough-tackle 8
Pluckin . ... 8
Pluff Pluffy
Plum 6, 8, 10,
Plum, ad. Plushy Poach Poached Point
Pointment . Points Poke, n. Poke, V. Poll Parrot . Poor-ground Popples Popple-stones Pore Pote
Presently Prespiration . Presture Previous Primrosen . Prince's Feather Prize
Proacher, preaching l^roofy Proper l^roperly
Proverbs . 7, 8, i), 1 Pull up, V. .
4
2
13
5
6
8 4 3
8
1;;
14
1
I
12 3
12 13 10
() 13 12 3 7 I r>
13 1
4
14
7
78
nPTKEMTH SKPORT OP THE COHMITTBI
|
Paltry |
8 |
Rids of |
3 |
|
Fomple-foot |
7 |
Right away . |
1 |
|
Famp-pit |
7 |
Right- vore Bread |
. 13 |
|
Punctual |
. 10 |
Ripping |
4 |
|
Punish, V. . |
. 12 |
Riprended |
1 |
|
Purt |
. 13 |
Rive, Reive, v. |
4 |
|
Purty |
1 |
Riving sieve |
4 |
|
Put it down |
1 |
Roach |
. 13 |
|
Putsom |
. 10 |
Ruad-axe |
. 13 |
|
Put to bed wi* a showl |
. 10 |
Robin-Wood |
7 |
|
Put to Buck |
1 |
Rogue, V. . . . |
5 |
|
Quaddle |
5, 12 |
RoUy |
8 |
|
Quat |
. 14 |
Roman Jessamine |
7 |
|
Quickbeam . |
1 |
Roost |
9 |
|
Quill |
5 |
Round-yawing |
13 |
|
Quillaway . |
3 |
Rout |
1 |
|
Rabbit, V. . |
. 10 |
Routs |
8 |
|
Eabbit-part . |
5 |
Routy |
8 |
|
Ragg |
14 |
Rovin |
8 |
|
Baggart |
12 |
Rub, V. . . . |
2 |
|
Rfi^et, V. . |
13 |
Rubbige |
1 |
|
Ram-Cat . |
10 |
Ruckey, v. . |
3 |
|
Rame, v. . |
6 |
Runabouts . |
7 |
|
Rame out |
8 |
Runs about . |
2 |
|
Ramea |
2 |
Run up . |
. 12 |
|
Ramping |
1 |
Rushment |
1 |
|
Ramshackle . |
. 10 |
Safe |
. 12 |
|
Ranch |
. 14 |
Saffron |
4 |
|
Range |
. 12 |
Scad |
6 |
|
Rap, n. . |
7 |
Scamlin |
12 |
|
Rape |
8 |
Scammel |
. 10 |
|
Rapid |
3 |
Scanter |
3 |
|
Rasparated . |
14 |
Scat |
6 |
|
Rattle-Backed |
3 |
Scat, V. . . . |
13 |
|
Rattle-cum-Scour |
13 |
Scat abroad . |
8 |
|
Rannch |
7 |
School (see Huer) |
9 |
|
Rave |
12 |
Scloud |
11 |
|
Raze |
13 |
Sclum, V. . . . |
1 |
|
Rear, v. |
4, 6 |
Scoot |
8 |
|
Reeping |
7 |
Scottled |
8 |
|
Regrater |
14 |
Scovey |
10 |
|
Reign |
8 |
Scram-hand . |
|
|
Reigning |
6 |
Scrap |
8 |
|
Re-neg |
14 |
Scraunched, scrunched |
3 |
|
Revo |
14 |
Scummer |
9 |
|
Rexens |
4 |
Scuvvle, n. . . . |
2 |
|
Riddle |
5 |
Seat |
10 |
|
Ride, V. . |
4 |
Sebastopol Daisy |
13 |
ON DKTONSHIBE TKSBAL PROVINCUUSMS.
79
|
See = to try (see Iriflhism) . 10 |
Sklommed . |
. 10 |
|
|
Seem, v. |
1 |
Skole,'Skoole |
. 10 |
|
Seeming |
. 8 |
Skouce |
6 |
|
Segnmber |
7 |
Skriddick |
. 11 |
|
Seven sleeper |
. 11 |
Skramp |
. 11 |
|
Severe |
. 10 |
Skute |
. 13 |
|
Sex |
. 11 |
Skwinges |
8 |
|
'S final |
. 9 |
Skylarking . |
2 |
|
Shab |
. 13 |
Slack-backed |
7 |
|
Shaked |
. 3 |
Slagged |
3 |
|
Shammel-mate |
. 12 |
Slammick, Slammicky |
9 |
|
Shammichs . |
. 7 |
Sleep<S |
1 |
|
Sharps |
1, 2 |
Sleeping |
. 11 |
|
Shwir |
. 12 |
Slipage |
. 11 |
|
She = her |
2, 8 |
Slippen |
8 |
|
She = woman |
. 9 |
Slipper |
6 |
|
Shet |
. 3 |
Slip pigs |
. 5 |
|
Shettles |
. 8 |
Slob |
8 |
|
ShiUet |
7 |
Slock, V. |
8 |
|
ShiUeth |
3 |
Sloen |
4 |
|
Shine, v. |
1 |
Sloidge |
1 |
|
Shippen |
8 |
Sloozer |
8 |
|
Shoddin o' water |
. 11 |
Smeech |
8 |
|
Shoes |
1 |
Smeer, v. . |
7 |
|
Shoes and Stockings |
. 13 |
Smeerin |
8 |
|
Shords |
3, 4 |
Smudder |
3 |
|
Shorten |
. 2 |
Snapjacks . |
7 |
|
Should |
. 11 |
Snead-togs (see Toggles) |
. 8 |
|
Show, V. |
. 8 |
Snickering . |
. 3 |
|
Shred of Grass |
. U |
Snicket |
10 |
|
Shroudy |
4 |
Sniffy |
|
|
Shugg |
. 11 |
Snite |
14 |
|
Shuggling about |
7 |
Snorty and SnutTy, v. |
8 |
|
Shut, V. |
. 5 |
Snuff-box |
10 |
|
Shutes |
1 |
Some with . |
3 |
|
Shut of |
. 2 |
S. Omission of |
13 |
|
Sidelong |
. 1 |
Sound-Sleeper |
1 |
|
Sife |
. 6 |
Spaggety . |
11 |
|
Sim, V. |
. 8 |
Spare 1 |
1, 12 |
|
Similes |
10, 12 |
Sparkey |
8 |
|
Simple |
. 11 |
Sparrible (see Flop-a-dock) |
13 |
|
Sinner (see Huer) |
9, 10 |
Sparrow-burds |
7 |
|
Sis, V. |
. 7 |
Spear, n. |
|
|
Skiddick |
1 |
Specie |
o •> |
|
Skimmety Biding |
. 12 |
Speechman . |
8 |
|
Skinnied |
. 7 |
Spended |
8 |
|
Skirmishing |
. 5 |
Spill, v. |
13 |
|
Sklum, V. |
. 12 |
Spilahy |
14 |
80
FIFTEENTH REPOBT OF THE COMMITTEE
|
Spine |
. 11 |
Strome |
. 11 |
|
Spine, V. |
7 |
Strome, v. . |
. 13 |
|
Spine-field . |
4 |
Strong |
4 |
|
Spine-ground |
. 11 |
Stroppy |
7 |
|
Spine-pork . |
Strubb |
5 |
|
|
Spine-turf . |
7 |
Strubbed |
3 |
|
Spit, V. |
1, 11 |
Stuckit |
6 |
|
Spize |
. 11 |
Stud |
P9 4 |
|
Spizing |
5 |
Studded |
3 |
|
Sprank |
. 12 |
Slugged |
8 |
|
Sprankling . |
8 |
Stuggiki |
. 11 |
|
Sprawls |
6, 13 |
Suant |
9 |
|
Spring |
. U |
Succour |
. 11 |
|
Squat and a Bruce . |
. 12 |
Suddent |
. 2 |
|
Squilving-ground |
. 13 |
Suent |
t |
|
Stag |
. 12 |
Sufierment . |
9 |
|
Staggering bobs |
7 |
Super |
. 10 |
|
Standings |
7 |
Swaddle |
. 11 |
|
Staring |
. 11 |
S waling |
7 |
|
Start |
5 |
Sweeling |
7 |
|
Stave |
1 |
Sweet |
3 |
|
Steaving |
. 12 |
Sy-need |
7 |
|
Steetches |
3 |
Tacker |
5, 8 |
|
Steeved |
3 |
Tackle |
3 |
|
Stem, n. . |
8 |
Tad |
. 11 |
|
Steops |
12 |
Taflfety |
. 11 |
|
Stewer |
. 14 |
Tagster |
8 |
|
Stewering . |
11 |
Takin, or Take on |
. 12 |
|
Stick, V. . . . |
9 |
Taking ofif . . . |
|
|
Stickle |
6, 11 |
Tallet, Tallit, Tallut |
1, 4 |
|
Stid, n. |
8 |
1 ame |
4 |
|
stae |
. 13 |
Tamed |
3 |
|
Stivered out |
. 11 |
Tanterboming 1 |
1, 13 |
|
Stomachable |
. 12 |
Tap |
1 |
|
Stonin |
1 |
Taty trap (see Fast) . |
7 |
|
Stool-yett . |
y |
Tea |
1 |
|
Store |
. 11 |
Teeth |
1 |
|
Straddles |
. 13 |
Tell, V. |
5, 0 |
|
Strake . . T), |
6, 14 |
Tell a speech |
8 |
|
Strakes |
Telling |
3 |
|
|
Strammer |
. 11 |
Tender |
. 12 |
|
Strare-park . |
. 14 |
Terrible |
1 |
|
Straume |
. 13 |
Terrified |
1 |
|
Stretch-gallop |
. 12 |
Tetch |
9 |
|
Stribble |
8 |
Tetchy |
G |
|
Strike, v. |
1 |
Tetties |
2 |
|
Strip, n. . |
. 9 |
Tetties and Dap |
. 3 |
|
Strob |
6 |
Th |
. 11 |
ON DBVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
81
That = 80
ThatThoire .
Them = those, they
Therefrom .
They = them, those
Things
This here
Tho = then .
ThoTty
Thoughted .
Throw abroad, v.
Thumb-bind
Thnngeth
Thurdle
Thnrrall
Tidley
Tie,n.
Tile-stones
TiU
Till, V.
Tilt
Timber, Timbem
Ting-tang
Tisserer
Tissicky
Tit
Titch
Titsum
Tittery
Titty
Tizzick'd
To
To = about
To-ad
To and again
To and from
To = at, of .
To a sudd en t
To-brokt
To-day Morning
To-doors
To = from, in, with respect
to Toggles, Toggers To house Told it over Tom-boy To, omitted, — =at
VOL. XXVIII.
2,
2 2 2
7 2 8 2 8
14 5 7
10 8
10
8
7
2, 8
12
12
11 7 1
13 7 7 7 5 6
11 7 2
12 8 3
8
1, 4 2 4 3
8
7 8 8 3 1 10
|
Took'd |
6 |
|
Top-and-toil. 3 Tope (see Kitty-Tope) . 10 Tord . . 5 |
|
|
Touser |
. 1 |
|
Touzer Urpons .12 Trade . 2. 5, 6 |
|
|
Trade, n. . |
. 8 |
|
Travel, v. Trammel |
. 7 . 7 |
|
Traw |
. 11 |
|
Trendle |
. 14 |
|
Trennage Trim-tram |
. 8 7, 13 |
|
Troacher |
13, 14 |
|
Trown |
. 11 |
|
Truck-a-mucl |
[ . . 11 |
|
Truckley-mu: Truff |
K . . 10 6 |
|
Trug Try, V. Tub |
7 4 5 |
|
Tuck up Tuflfet |
. 11 . 14 |
|
Turmuts |
. 11 |
|
Tumaways Turn, V. |
. 2 . 7 |
|
Turn off |
. 11 |
|
Turps Tweeny Maic Twitchin up |
. 1 i . . 12 . 8 |
|
Twizzle, V. Two Bydle Two-double |
. 12 . 12 6, 8 |
|
Twos and on |
es . . 8 |
|
Twoth |
. 12 |
|
Uck-maul (se |
le Ack-mau) . 10 |
|
Underman |
. 11 |
|
Un = him, it |
4 |
|
Unheal |
. 6 |
|
Unket |
. 11 |
|
Unstinted |
. 13 |
|
Up-and-dowi |
1 . . 3 |
|
Up home (se Uplong Upping stocl Up = quite Uprights |
e In home) . 10 1 i . . 7 . 5 3 |
82
FUmXNTH BKFOBT OF THK COMMITTEE
|
Uprose |
. 11 |
Water-sweet |
12 |
|
UpsideB |
. 10 |
Waxen curl . • . • |
5 |
|
Upsise |
7 |
Way-wise . |
12 |
|
Up-atore |
. 8 |
Weekindays and Sundays. |
13 |
|
Uiges |
. 2 |
Well done ! . . . |
5 |
|
Urn, V. |
4 |
Werrow |
2 |
|
Us = we |
. 2 |
Whelpy |
3 |
|
Vadey |
3, 5 |
White as a hound's tooth . |
2 |
|
Vady |
.3, 11, U |
Whitpot |
11 |
|
Vallacing |
. 11 |
Whit-pot-trade |
7 |
|
Vang, V. |
8, 11 |
Whit- Sundays |
7 |
|
Yang to, V. . |
8 |
Whitsun-Girafleur . |
11 |
|
Veak, n. |
1 |
Whitsun Sundays |
. 11 |
|
Veklpie |
1 |
Widow-man |
8 |
|
VeUars |
. 11 |
Widow-man, widow |
|
|
Vellum-brocli |
:d . . 6 |
woman |
3 |
|
Ven |
. 13 |
Wiggin |
. 13 |
|
Yerables |
. 10 |
Wilfire |
9 |
|
Vewer-Cow . |
. 13 |
Wilger |
5 |
|
Vigging |
7 |
Willis |
. 11 |
|
Vigure of no] |
rt ... 9 |
Wink |
8 |
|
Vind, V. |
. 8 |
Winle |
3 |
|
Vinnied or 'V |
^inned . . 12 |
Winnel |
. 10 |
|
Vine |
. 3 |
Winnie |
. 10 |
|
Vitty |
. 11 |
Winte]>proud |
4 |
|
Vlax |
. 11 |
Wipe your shoes |
1, 11 |
|
Vlex, V. |
.7 |
Wippul-squip |
. 10 |
|
Vomp |
. 13 |
Wisht |
8 |
|
Voor |
. 11 |
Wisht poor Ubbard |
. 12 |
|
Vorehead |
. 11 |
Witch-halse . |
4 |
|
Vore-right |
. 7 |
Witty |
. 6 |
|
Vraith, V. , |
. 11 |
Wivering |
. 10 |
|
Wad (see Bli |
ack Ham) . 13 |
Wodges |
. 11 |
|
Waddling |
. 8 |
Wolgar |
. 14 |
|
Walks |
. 11 |
Woman-calf . |
8 |
|
Wallet |
. 13 |
Wood Waul |
. 10 |
|
Wandering J |
ew . 13 |
Wordle |
6 |
|
Wandering g |
bailors . . 4 |
Workman |
. 12 |
|
Wangery |
. 2 |
Wormuth |
. 13 |
|
Want |
. 11 |
Wound |
. 2 |
|
Want, V. |
. 8 |
Wove |
. 2 |
|
Wapping |
1 |
Wrastle |
4 |
|
Wapsy |
. 6 |
Yanning-time |
4 |
|
Warn |
. 3 |
Yard |
7, 13 |
|
Warned in . |
. 8 |
Yark 6, 1 |
0, 12 |
|
\^ ashen |
6 |
Yawl |
. 11 |
|
Water teble . |
. 11 |
Yawn^, V. . |
1 |
|
Watertabling |
. 14 |
Yellow Archangels |
ON DSVONSHIHK VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
83
|
Yen |
. 11 |
Zsaj |
. 10 |
|
Testle |
. 13 |
Zeary |
. U |
|
Yet |
3 |
Zee'e |
3 |
|
Yonder |
. 2 |
ZeVm-alaper. |
. 10 |
|
Yonm |
7 |
Zellup |
. 13 |
|
Zad |
1 |
Zim = Zimme |
1 |
|
Zam-zawey . |
. 12 |
Zo often |
13 |
|
Zam-zody |
. 11 |
Zonr Zobs . |
5 |
|
Zart |