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MONTANA

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598.4! Nllfssr 1 089

iMlnft^.SI^IE LIBRARY

3 0864 0010 2142 0

FIELD SURVEY SUMMARY -lEPORT

OF THE HARLEQUIN DUCK

CHistrionlcus hi sjuiionicus )

ON THE KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST

MONTANA

by

Rick Kerr, C^ijilfl:pcir'Field''Biolpai^t^' L,lbby7\ Mqn t:ana_39^-:

>

MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM 1515 East Sixth Avenue Helena, Montana 59620 STATE DCCUiMENTS COLLECTION

^"C ^^ 8 1997

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

1515 E. 6th AVE. HELENA, MONTANA 59S20

September 1 989

STATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION

nrc - f 1397

MONTANA STATE LIBRARV

1515 E. 6th AVE. HELENA, MONTANA 59620

6Vi:»

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"if. ' 11

ABSTRACT

A spring occurrence survey of 27 streams and stream confluences, 5 falls, and 1 lake covering 55 miles was conducted during May and June of 1989. Harlequin ducks were observed at Kootenai Falls on May 14 (4 males, 2 females : one bonded pair). May 28 (3 males), and June 11 (1 male). Harlequin ducks were observed on Graves Creek on May 19 (1 male, 1 female : bonded pair), and on June 1 (2 males, 2 females : two bonded pairs) . No other harlequin duck sitings were made during the spring occurrence survey period. An estimated potential nest start for the hen of the bonded Kootenai Falls pair was between June 4 and June 1 1 . Estimate potential nest start for both hens of bonded pairs on Graves Creek as between June 1 and June 1 5 .

A summer brood survey of 15 streams covering approximately 74 miles was conducted during July eind August. Only one harlequin duck siting was made during this period. One adult female duck was observed on Graves Creek July 19. She was observed foraging for about ain hour. No sign of amy offspring was observed.

Data collected during the summer brood survey included: stream measurements (width, estimated volume of stream flow, average gradient of low-gradient reaches, and stream temperatures), occurrence of associated species (dippers, spotted sandpipers, belted kingfishers, herons, and common mergansers) which can indicate level of aquatic insect - fish populations, and stream habitat characteristics . (rated relative value of slow water side/overflow channels, vegetated gravel bars, overhanging vegetation, log/debris jams, and beaver activity for low-giadient reaches of each stream surveyed) .

Some existing and potential limiting factors for the harlequin duck on the Kootenai National Forest include: recreational fishing pressure, road building and timber harvest, private landowner activities, mining development, low volume of stream flow, low productivity of aquatic invertebrates, lack of adequate loafing and nesting sites, large fluctuations in the level of the Kootenai River (Libby Dam) during the spring £ind summer, and the possible direct and indirect effects the common merganser may have on potential harlequin duck brood rearing habitat.

Possible methods to increase verified harlequin duck sitings include a public relations program centered around an identification poster on the harlequin duck and targeted to those private landowners who live along key stream reaches. Another method which might produce spring occurrence verification is the use of monitoring cameras at key stream confluences.

INTRODUCTION

The harlecniin duck. (Histrionicus histrionicus) is a Forest Service Sensitive Species on the Kootenai National Forest. The occurrence of this species of sea duck is rare to uncommon on the forest. Documented harlequin reproduction has occurred on the Cabinet Ranger District, eind nesting is suspected to occur on the Three Rivers Ranger District, Libby Ranger District, and Fortine Ranger District. Verified sitings of harleguin ducks on the KNF (excluding the Cabinet R.D.) during the 1980's include:

FORTINE RANGER DISTRICT

Graves Creek (1980's : Steve Fox / Tim Manley)

LIBBY RANGER DISTRICT

Quartz Creek (1987 or 1988 : Barry Hansen ...

3 harlequin chicks caught in upstream fishtrap)

(1981 or 1982 : Ai Bratkovich ... 1 male and 1 female 1/2-1 mile upstream from mouth)

REXFORD RANGER DISTRICT

Big Creek (1988 - spring : Marge Swanson ...

1 adult at mouth)

THREE RIVERS RANGER DISTRICT

Kootenai Falls (1980's : observed by biologists ever-y

spring; Carl Wolf verified nest site within log/debris jam above Falls in early 80 's)

Callahan Creek (1986 : Barry Hansen ...

1 pair during spring)

Yaak River (1983 - spring : Randy Matchet ...

observed ?# at MP 13)

N.Fk. Yaak (1980's : Bill Pomeroy)

E.Fk. Yaak (1980's : Clint / Gloria Mills ...

may be seeing wood ducks)

17-Mile Creek (1988 : Bill Pomeroy ...

at bridge 1/4 mile upstream from mouth)

Spar Lake U988 - spring : Bob Byars ...

1 pair at Whoopee Cr. confluence)

The objectives of this field survey were to document additional harlequin duck occurrences, aind hopefully gain some insight on the breeding chronology, nesting, productivity, and habitat on the KNF.

-1-

METHODS

Information on potential and past harlecruin duck, occurrences was obtained through District biologists. Streams that had previous duck sitings and potential habitat based on past studies (Wall en and Groves 1989, Kuchel 1977) were given priority for field surveys.

Elements indicating potential harlequin duck brood rearing include:

1 . Low streeun gradient

2. Braided or meandering stream reaches

3. Relative high and stable stream flow volume

4. High quality riparian shrub component ... vegetated

gravel bars and overhanging vegetation

5. High aquatic insect populations

6. Presence of log/woody debris jams

7. Presence of beaver activity

Spring occurrence surveys for breeding pairs were conducted by hiking along stream reaches not observable from roads, and by driving roads along stream reaches, searching for harlequin ducks with binoculars.

Summer brood surveys for females with broods were conducted by wading upstream selected low gradient streeim reaches. The Yaak and Kootenai Rivers were surveyed by a combination of hiking, floating, and driving roads .

Observations of harlequin ducks and information on streams surveyed were recorded on MT.NHP Animal Survey Forms. Data collected included date, time, weather, temperature, and biotic & abiotic features of the site (vegetation, elevation, sex, age, and number observed) . Information collected on streams where no harlequin ducks were observed included date, weather, stream flow data, miles of stream surveyed, time spent, and associated animal species observed.

Maps of the KNF indicating stream reaches surveyed were prepared and are included with this report.

RESULTS -2-

>

TABLE 1

Date

SPRING OCCURREINCE SURVEY.

Drainage

Stream Miles Surveyed

t rom

To

>

5/14/89 Kootenai River LIBBY KD

5/19/89 Graves Creek FORTINE RD

5/19/89 Big Creek REXFORD RD

5/23/89 Quartz Creek LIBBY RD

5/24/89 Spar Lake

(Whoopee Creek Spar Creek Hiatt Creek)

5/24/89 Keeler Creek

5/24/89 Lake Creek

5/25/89 Kootenai River

5/25/89 Yaak River

5/25/89 17-Mile Creek

5/25/89 Spread Creek

5/25/89 Pete Creek

5/26/89 W.Fk. Yaak

5/26/89 E.Fk. Yaak

THREE RIVERS RD

5/26/89 Young Creek

5/26/89 Pinkham Creek

5/26/89 Sutton Creek REXFORD RD

5/28/89 Kootenai Falls THREE RIVERS RD

6/1/89 Graves Creek FORTINE RD

6/4/89 Kootenai Falls THREE RIVERS RD

1		T31N,R32W Sec 18	T31N,R33W See 13
4		T36N,R25W Seel 4	T37N,R24W See32
3.	.5	T34N,R29W Sec2	T35N,R29W Sec33
1		T31N,R32W Sec24	T31N,R32W Sec 13
1 . 0. 0, 0.	.25 .25 .25 .25	T29N,R34W Seel 6	T29N,R34W See28
0.	.25	r30N,R33W Seel 7	T30N,R33W Seel 9
1 ,	.25	r31N,R33W See30	T30N,R33W See7
1 .	.5	T32N,R34W Sec35	T32N,R34W Sec5
8.	.5	T32N,R34W See5	T35N,R31W See6
0,	.5	T34N,R33W Sec27	T34N,R33W See27
0,	.25	T35N,R33W See3	T35N,R33W See 10
0.	.5	T35N,R32W Sec5	T36N,R32W See32
2		T37N.R31W Sec32	T37N,R32W See36
0,	.5	T37N,R31W See25	T37N,R31W See25
1		T37N,R28W Sec13	T37N,R28W See24
1		r35N,R28W Sees	T35N,R28W Sec4
1		T35N,R29W Sec25	T35N,R28W See30
0.	25	T31N,R33W Sec13	T31N,R33W Sec 13
2		r36N,R25W See 12	T37N,R24W Sec32
0.	25	T31N.R33W Sec 13	T31N,R33W Sec 13

3-

TABLE 1 ( cont ) .

SPRING OCCURRENCE SURVEY.

Date

Drainage

Stream Miles Surveyed

From

To

6/5/89 Wolf Creek

FISHER RIVER RD

6/6/89 Marten Creek

6/7/89 E.Fk. Blue Creek CABINET RD

6/9/89 Pipe Creek LIBBY RD

5/11/89 Kootenai Falls

6/11/89 Callahan Creek THREE RIVERS RD

6/13/89 Fisher River

FISHER RIVER RD

6/15/89 Graves Creek FORTINE RD

6/19/89 West Fisher

6/19/89 Silver Butte

6/20/89 East Fisher

FISHER RIVER RD

6/21/89 Graves Creek FORTINE RD

C/24/89 Kootenai Falls THREE RIVERS RD

3

1

1

3

0.25

3

5.25

1

3

1

0.5

1

0.25

T31N,R26W Seel 7

T25N,R32W Sec33

T27N,R34W Sec 17

T31N,R31W Sec21

T31N,R33W Seel 3

T31N,R34W Sec 19

T26N,R29W Sec8

T35N,R25W Seel

T27N,R29W Sec31

T25N,R29W Seel 7

T25N,R29W Sec 2

T36N,R25W Sec1

r31N,R33W Seel 3

T31N,R27W Seel

T25N,R32W Sec31

T27N,R34W Seel 3

T31N,R31W Sec20

T31N,R33W Seel 3

T31N,R34W Sec21

T29N,R29W Sec27

T37N,R24W See32

T26N,R30W See2

T26N,R30W Sec35

T25N,R29W Sec3

T37N,R24W Sec32

T31N,R33W See13

During May and June of 1989, 27 streams and stream confluences were surveyed for breeding pairs of harlequin ducks. Fifty-five stream miles were checked, as well as 5 falls (Kootenai Falls, Yaak Falls, West Fork Yaak Falls - 2, and East Fork Yaak Falls) and 1 lake (Spar Lake) .

During July and August of 1989, 15 streams were walked for female harlequin ducks with broods. Approximately seventy-four miles were surveyed. Information collected during the summer brood surveys included stream characteristics, associated species, and streeim habitat characteristics.

-4-

TABLE 2a. SUMMER BROOD SURVEY : LOCATION

Date	Drainage Stream	Miles Surveyed	From	To
7/19-20/89	Graves Creek	2,	.5	T36N.R25W	T37N,R24W
	FORTINE RD			Seel 2	See32
7/21/89	Pipe Creek	3.	.25	T31N,R31W Sec20	T31N,R31W Sec 10
7/22/89	Quartz Creek	3		T31N,R32W Sec24	T32N,R32W Sec23
8/10-12/89	West Fisher	7		T27N,R29W Sec31	T27N,R30W See32
7/25/89	Kootenai River	4		T31N,R32W Seel 4	T31N,R33W Seel 3
8/20/89	Kootenai River	6		T31N,R32W	T31N,R33W
	LIBBY RD			See24	See 13
1/23/Q9	W.Fk. Yaak	3		T37N,R32W Sec36	r37N,R32W See22
7/31/89	E.Fk. Yaak	2.	,25	T37N,R31W See25	T37N,R30W Sec29
8/17/89	E.Fk. Yaak	2.	.5	T37N,R30W See27 T37N,R31W Sec23	T37N,R30W Sec35 T37N,R31W See26
8/17/89	N.Fk. Yaak	3		T37N,R31W See22	T37N,R31W See4
3/19/89	S.Fk. Yaak	2		r35N,R32W Seel 2	T34N,R31W See5
8/18/89	Spread Creek	3.	5	T35N,R33W See1 0	T36N,R33W Sec19
8/19/89	17-Mile Creek	3.	5	T34N,R33W See25	T33N,R32W Sec5
7/31/89	Yaak River	4.	75	T36N,R31W See30	T35N,R32W Sec2
8/18/89	Yaak River	4.	5	T34N,R33W See9	T35N,R3 2W Sees
7/23/89	Callahan Creek	2.	75	T31N,R34W	T31N,R34W
	THREE RIVERS RD			Seel 9	See21
8/23-25/89	Big Creek	11		T34N,R29W	T34N,R30W
	REXFORD RD			See3	See29
8/12/89	Silver Butte	5		T26N,R29W	T26N,R30W
	FISHER RIVER RD			Seel 7	Sec34

■5-

TABLE 2b.

SUr>lMER BROOD SURVEY

STREAM CHARACTERISTICS

Drainage	Width	Est Vol	G	Avg. rad i ent	Air Temp.	Water Temp.	Time	Date
Graves Creek FORTINE RD	15.0'	90.0 64.8	cfs cfs	3.0%	50" 70 •	F F	42° 48°	F F	21 :00 19:45	6/21/89 7/20/89
Pipe Creek	22.0*	64.7	cfs	1 .6%	12"	F	61°	F	12:00	7/21/89
Quartz Creek (upper)	11 .3'	30.4	cfs	2.6'i	59°	F	52°	F	18:00	7/22/89
Quartz Creek ( lower)	14.2*	56.3	cfs	3.1%	58'	F	53°	F	20:45	7/22/89
West Fisher (upper)	14.2*	41 .3	cfs	2.2%	67"	F	49°	F	10:00	8/11/89
West Fisher ( lower) LIBBY RD	18.4'	51 .6	cfs	1.0%	61'	F	56°	F	09:30	8/12/89
W.Fk. Yaak	21 .3*	71 . 1	cfs	1.0%	74"	F	69°	F	18:00	7/29/89
E.Fk. Yaak	20.5*	153.9	cfs	1.2%	54'	F	53°	F	13:00	7/31/89
N.Fk. Yaak	38.1*	114.4	cfs	0.5%	56'	F	57°	F	14:15	8/17/89
S.Fk. Yaak	30.0'	47.3	cfs	0.7%	65*	F	62°	F	19:00	8/19/89
Spread Creek	35.0'	82.9	cfs	3.2%	58°	F	52°	F	11:15	8/18/89
17-Mile Creek	32.6'	63.2	cfs	1 .2%	64"	F	58°	F	11 :00	8/19/89
Callahan Creek 24.1* THREE RIVERS RD	106.0	cfs	2.0%	90°	F	65°	F	17:00	7/23/89
Big Creek REXFORD RD	41 .0'	84.6	cfs	1.6%	59°	F	58°	F	20:30	8/23/89
Silver Butte 19.8' FISHER RIVER RD	62.3	cfs	1 .6%	77°	F	63°	F	16:15	8/12/89

DISCUSSION

Certain streams stand out in terms of potential harlequin duck use after reviewing and comparing the data in Tables 2b-, 2c., and 2d.

The East Fork of the Yaak is one of these streams. It appears that the E. Fork has the best overall potential to support harlequin duck production, rating the highest in terms of habitat character- istics and stream flow volume. Average gradient of low gradient reaches surveyed was 1.2 %. This is slightly higher than what Wallen and Groves (1989) found in nesting areas of Northern Idaho (<1°).

-6-

TABLE 2c. SUMMER BROOD SURVEY : ASSOCIATED SPECIES

Miles Sand- King- Common

Drainage Surveyed Dippers pipers fishers Herons Mergansers

Graves Creek	2.5	2		2
FORTINE RD
Pipe Creek	3.25	3		1	2
Quartz Creek	3	4
West Fisher	7		9	3	1
LIBBY RD
W.Fk. Yaak	3	3		1
E.Fk. Yaak	4.75	5		2	3
N.Fk. Yaak	3	1		3	2
S.Fk. Yaak	2	1			1
Spread Creek	3.5	2
17-Mile Creek	3.5	1	1	2	1
Callahein Creek	2.75	3	7	1
THREE RIVERS RD
Big Creek	11	11	9	1
REXFORD RD
Silver Butte	5	3	4	1
FISHER RIVER RD

12

The West Fisher also has good potential to support harlequin duck production. The West Fisher ranks high in terms of providing habitat components, emd has a combined gradient average of 1.0 %. Possible limiting factors for supporting harlequin duck production on the West Fisher may be stream flow volume, the presence of brood rearing common mergansers, and timber harvest related disturbances.

The following streams all have the potential to support harlequin

duck production in one capacity or another. They are listed in a

'loose' order according to this survey and the comparison of data

collected :

Big Creek (REXFORD R.D.)

N.Fk. Yaak (THREE RIVERS R.D.)

17-Mile Creek (THREE RIVERS R.D.)

Silver Butte (FISHER RIVER R.D.)

Graves Creek V.FORTINE R.D.)

Pipe Creek (LIBBY R.D.)

S.Fk. Yaak (THREE RIVERS R.D.)

-7-

TABLE 2d

SUMMER BROOD SURVEY

HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS

Side/Overflow Vegetated Overhanging Log Beaver Channels Gravel Bars Vegetation Jams Activity

Drainage

Graves Creek.	3
FORTINE RD
Pipe Creek	4
Ouartz Creek	3
West Fisher	4
LIBBY RD
W.Fk. Yaak	3
E.Fk, Yaak	3
N.Fk. Yaak	2
S.Fk. Yaak	2
Spread Creek	3
17-Mile Creek	4
Callahan Creek	3
THREE RIVERS RD
Big Creek	3
REXFORD RD
Silver Butte	4

FISHER RIVER RD

3 3 4

3 3 2 2 1 4 3

4 4 4

3 5 4 4 2 4 3

3 3

4

3 5 2 4 3 3 3

4 2 3

2 5 3 3 1 5 1

1= Low Value ; 5= High Value

W.Fk. Yaak Callahan Creek Quartz Creek Spread Creek

(THREE RIVERS R.D.)

(THREE RIVERS R.D.) (LIBBY R.D. )

(THREE RIVERS R.D.)

Tie Yaak River also provides potential brood rearing habitat for the harlequin duck. The Yaak River has several reaches of slow, deep water which flows amongst heavy willow, dogwood, and alder bank cover. Overhanging vegetation cover is abundant. However, this high quality habitat is already being well utilized by brood rearing common mergamsers. Twenty-four mergansers were observed on the Yaak River during surveys in 1989.

The Kootenai River provides marginal habitat for brood rearing. This and the fact that the river level is fluctuated (Libby Dam) so

-8-

TABLE 3

HARLEQUIN DUCKS OBSERVED DURING SURVEY.

Date

Drainage

Elevation

Observation

Location

5/14/89	Kootenai Falls	196U*	4 2	' Lords ' 'Ladies'
5/19/89	Graves Creek	4400'	1 1	'Lord' • Lady '
5/28/89	Kootenai Falls	I960'	3	' Lords '
6/01/89	Graves Creek	4400'	2 2	' Lords • 'Ladies '
6/11/89	Kootenai Falls	I960*	1	•Lord*
7/19/89	Graves Creek	4360"	1	' Lady '

T31N R33W S13,NW (1 pair)

T37N R24W S32,SW (1 pair)

T31N R33W S13,NW

T37N R24W S32,SW (2 pair)

T31N R33W S13,NW

T36N R25W S1 ,NE

greatly during the spring and sununer months, reduces the chances of female harlequin ducks nesting on the river.

Several streams draining into Lake Koocanusa where not surveyed for summer broods due to being without additional time, and also because over the last 10 years I have spent considerable time walking most of the larger drainages doing stream/fish habitat surveys and conducting redd covints for the Forest Service.

Pete Creek and Burnt Creek on the Three Rivers R.D. were not surveyed for sximmer broods due to low (i.e. 20-30 cfs) stream flow volumes.

Additional streauns which were not walked, but have good potential to support harlequin production include;

Lake Creek Keeler Creek

(THREE RIVERS R.D.) (THREE RIVERS R.D.)

HARLEQUIN OCCURRENCES

Ten different harlequin ducks (6 males and 4 females) were documented during this field study. All sitings were at Kootenai Falls or on Graves Creek on the Fortine R.D. The three documented pairs were estimated to have potentially started to nest between June 1 & June 15,

-9-

TABLE 4. ESTIMATED VOLUMES *	OF STREAM FLOW.
Drainage	Estimated Vol .	Estimate Location	Date	Weather
Graves Cr.	90.0	cfs	T36N	R24W	S1,NE	6/21/89	cool/cldy
	64.8	cfs				7/20/89	warm/pcld
Big Creek	84.6	cfs	T35N	R29W	S31 ,NE	8/23/89	cool/rain
W. Fisher	41 .3	cfs	T26N	R30W	S5,NE	8/11/89	warm/shws
(upper)
W. Fisher	61 .6	cfs	T27N	R29W	S31,NW	8/12/89	warm/clr
(lower)
Silver Butte	62.3	cfs	T26N	R30W	S36,NW	8/12/89	war in/shws
Pipe Creek	64.7	cfs	T31N	R31W	S16,SW	7/21/89	hot/cir
Quartz Cr.	30.4	cfs	T32N	R32W	S26,SW	7/22/89	hot/clr
(upper)
Quartz Cr.	56.3	cfs	T31N	R32W	S13,SE	7/22/89	hot/clr
(lower)
Callahan Cr.	106.0	cfs	T31N	R34W	S20,NE	7/23/89	hot/clr
17-Mile Cr.	63 . 2 cfs	T34N	R33W	536, NW	8/19/89	wai iii/shws
Spread Cr.	82.9	cfs	T35N	R33W	>-j3 , SE	8/18/89	warm/clr
Pete Creek	27.4	cfs	T35N	R32W	S5,NW	8/18/89	warm/pcld
S.Fk. Yaak	47.3	cfs	T35N	R32W	S13,NW	8/19/89	wann/pcld
W.Fk. Yaak	71 . 1	cfs	T37N	R32W	S26,SW	7/29/89	hot/hazy
N.Fk. Yaak	114.4	cfs	T37N	R31W	S15.NE	8/17/89	cool/rain
E.Fk- Yaak	153.9	cfs	T37N	R30W	S19,SE	7/31/89	hot/clr

Stream flow vol\imes estimated with Robins and Crawford method (1954)

LIMITING FACTORS

Speculation on natural limiting factors affecting potential harleguin duck reproduction on the Kootenai NF could include: stream flow volumes (1989 spring runoff was more "normal" than previous drought years); adequate stream habitat components; gradient levels; aquatic insect populations; eind direct/indirect competition for brood rearing habitat with the common merganser. Other factors which may influence harlequin production would include: private landowner activities; fishing pressure (i.e. Graves Creek); timber hai-vest / road building affecting riparian zone and water quality; and potential hard rock mining activities.

-10-

ilJII;:^.,^— V.....

Kcotenai Falls Etnd rock terraces.

Harleciuin pair loafing on rock terrace above Falls

1 1-

-«

'-^ ""^

Harlequin pair foraging on Graves Creek.

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-9

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Lone female on Graves Creek in July.

-12--

Spotted sandpiper on the West Fisher.

female merganser with grown brood

--13-

Debris strewn side channel on Graves Creek.

Densely vegetated gravel bar on Pipe Creek.

14-

Overhamging vegetation on the E. Fork Yaak.

Log Jam habitat on the E. Fork Yaak.

-15-

Beaver dam and created marsh on 17-Mile Creek,

Beaver pond on Silver Butte Creek,

-16-

MONTANA STATE

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