Inatntt IntuprHtlg
(Haiit^i at 2Itbpral Arta
ICtbrarg
The Gift of C •..W:. J3o..<:i.a:e
]IJefee.T>rai>e:tr^^ 1 9 ' *? No
ROMAN LIFE
IN
LATIN PROSE AND VERSE
ILLUSTRATIVE READINGS FROM LATIN LITERATURE
SELECTED AND EDITED BY
HARRY THURSTON PECK, Ph.D.
PROFESSOR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, COLUMBIA COLLEGE
AND
ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.
PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN, TEACHERS COLLEGE, NEW YORK
BOSTON UNIVERSITY
C0LLE6E «F LIBERAL ARTS
LIBRARy
NEW YORK •:■ CINCINNATI .:• CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
••.,?>
Copyright, 1894, by AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY,
ROMAN LIFE
lPrinte^ bi^
TlQliUiain Hvison
•Rew ISorft, 'U. S. B.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
In the preparation of this volume the needs of three classes of students have been kept constantly in mind. Primarily, it is intended for the use of those whose plan of work makes it impos- sible for them to devote to the study of Latin more than a limited amount of time, yet who are nevertheless desirous of becoming familiar with what is most famous in the literature of the language, and of gaining incidentally some general knowledge of the life and thought of ancient Rome. It is intended also to provide for school and college classes, in the sight-reading of Latin, a wider, more interesting, and more instructive course than is offered by any existing volume designed for rapid reading. Finally, it aims to be .a history of Latin letters, giving in concise and practical form an outline of the development of Roman literature from its earliest days, as illustrated in the most characteristic and striking passages that have descended to us. It is, therefore, meant either to be read as supplementary to a regular course in Latin literature, or to be made itself the fundamental work in such a course.
The general plan of the book is to give, in chronological order, and grouped under the author's names, so far as these are known, such selections as will not only show the individuality of the writer and the quality of his literary style, but also reveal something of the life, manners, and opinions of the age in which he wrote. Thus, the first selection in the book is made, not from purely literary sources,
3
4 INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
but from the Roman folk-songs, the popular rhymes, and the verses sung by children in their play — all antedating the beginnings of written literature. In like manner, the editors have given, in their proper chronological order, other material of a popular nature, such as the advertisements found upon the walls of Pompeii, lampoons and parodies, theatrical and gladiatorial notices, announcements of ball- games, epitaphs upon tombstones, and old saws and maxims, all of which, though not themselves literature, throw a flood of light upon much that is found in literature and upon the life and customs of those for whom the literature was written.
In the purely literary extracts, the editors have ranged over a wide field, so as to make the collection a thoroughly representative one. The selections cover the early dramatists, the historians, orators, and philosophers, the writers of satire and epigram, the lyric and epic poets, the collectors of anecdotes, the letter-writers, and the authors of prose fiction. The last reading in the book is one of the early Christian hymns.
To the selections from each author is prefixed a concise account of his life, his works, and his place in the history of Latin literature, with a notice of the best editions of the text, the best commentary, and the best literary translations. These, taken together, give a conspectus of the development of the literature and a working bibliography of the most recent classical publications. This bibli- ography aims only to direct the reader to the best works easily accessible to him in any good public or college library ; and the references are in most instances only to works in the English language.
To facilitate the use of the book in classes formed for the reading of Latin at sight, the more difficult words are translated at the bottom of each page. Fuller notes relating to special points are
INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 5
given at the end of the book. Several of the selections thus anno- tated have never before been published with an English commentary, so that the volume may be of interest to advanced students of Latin, as well as to those for whom the book is primarily intended. The commentary is designed to afford only such assistance as is necessary to the understanding of the selections as parts of literature, and not at all as material for drill in parsing. There are, therefore, no gram- matical references and few discussions of grammatical points. The notes are intended to treat only the matters of allusion, style, and construction which would naturally come up for notice in the class- room.
It has been the plan of the editors throughout, in making the selections, to choose only such passages as are in themselves com- plete, embodying an entire episode or a finished thought. The collection is, therefore, not a collection of fragments, but a group of literary gems, selected and arranged upon a definite plan and with a distinct purpose kept steadily in view. It is believed that a book of this character will be welcome to those teachers who have vainly sought for a relief from the commonplace ; and that it will, in making the study of Latin more attractive, create and stimulate in the student a desire for a still wider course of reading.
August. 1894.
HARRY THURSTON PECK. ROBERT ARROWSMITH.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
I. Popular Songs, Charms, etc. page
Nursery Song 13
A Charm against Foot-ache 13
Verse for a Race 13
A Charm against Sprains 13
Weather Wisdom 14
To a Miser 14
Boating Song 14
The Nightingale 14
Serenade 17
Triumphal Song of the Roman Army 17
II. Tomb Inscriptions . . .18
III. Ennius.
The Fortune Tellers 20
The Poet's Picture of Himself 20
Alliterative Line 21
Pyrrhus to the Romans 21
The Poet's Epitaph 21
IV. Plautus.
A Roman Drinking Bout 22
The Young Man and the Extravagant Girl .... 24
Two Married Men 25
V. Cato the Censor.
How to treat Slaves 27
VI. Lucretius.
Death is not to be dreaded 30
The Early Days of the World .... . . 31
The Plague at Athens 37
7
8 CONTEXTS.
VII. Catullus. page
Lesbia's Sparrow 42
The Kisses 42
To Cicero 43
A Eoman Wedding Song 43
Marriage Hymn 47
A Roman Swell 50
VIII. Caesar.
The Customs and Religion of the Gauls 53
The Hercynian Forest 57
IX. PUBLILIUS SyRUS.
Saws and Maxims 59
X. Cicero.
The Pi-aises of Literature 62
A Good Old Age 64
A Letter from Exile QQ
XI. Vergil.
Mine Hostess 70
Laocoon 71
The Harpies 73
The Cyclops 74
The Descent into Hell 77
XII. Maecenas.
A Lover of Life 84
To Horace 84
XIII. Horace.
The Flirt 86
Live while we Live 86
Integer Vitae 87
Chloe, the Bud 87
Fons Bandusiae 88
A Voyage on a Canal Boat 89
The Night Hags 90
The Poet and the Bore 92
A Dinner Invitation 95
A True Philosopher 96
Some Famous Passages 97
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII. XXIV.
CONTENTS. 9
O^II>- . PAGE
The Rape of the Sabines ..,,,... 103
A Popular Holiday .104
Atalanta's Race 104
The Poet's Banishment from Rome 109
LlVY.
The Founding of Rome 11.3
Horatius at the Bridge 11,5
The Deed of Mucins Scaevola 116
Petronius.
A Parvenu's Dinner Party 119
The Werewolf 124
Pliny the Elder.
The Jewels of Loilia Paulina 126
A Cure for the Hydrophobia 127
Doctors at Rome 128
QCINTILIAN.
On the Whipping of Boys in School 132
Some Roman Jokes 1,33
Martial.
Thirteen Epigrams 135
Juvenal.
City Life in Rome . 138
The Bluestocking 144
Mens Sana in Corpore Sano 14-5
Pliny the Younger.
The Eruption of Vesuvius 146
A Haunted House 150
An Account of the Christians 152
Gaius.
The Business Capacity of Women 154
Wall Inscriptions from Pompeii and Rome .... 155
Tacitus.
A British Chieftain to his Warriors 158
An Account of the Germans 160
10 CONTENTS.
XXV. Suetonius. page
The Golden House of Nero 163
The Madness of Caligula 165
XXVI. Hadrian.
The Retort Courteous 170
The Departing Soul 171
XXVII. The Last Will and Testament of a Little Pig . . 172
XXVIII. Aulus Gellius.
A Woman Hater 174
Socrates and Xanthippe 175
The Ring Finger 176
Some Superstitions 177
Milo's Strange Death 178
The Story of Arion 178
XXIX. Early Christian Hymns.
Veni, Redemptor 182
Dies Irae , , 183
Ut iucundas = „ , , 185
Suggestions for Collateral Reading . . . » . . . 186
Notes 189
Index to Notes 255
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Roman Triumph. Relief from the Arch of Titus 17
Tomb of the Scipios. Vatican Museum . . . . . . .18
Bust of Ennius, from the Tomb of the Scipios 20
Comic Masks. Gulil and Koner 22
Comedy Scene. Wall-painting from Pompeii, Naples Museum . . ,24
Aldobrandini Marriage. Vatican Library 44
Preparing a Roman Bride. Von Falke 48
Bust of Caesar. Naples Museum 51
Death of Caesar. Painting by Gerome 52
Head of Gaul. Relief from Sarcophagus, Villa Amendola, Rome . . 53
Dying Gaul. Capitoline Museum 56
Roman Forum. Restoration, Von Falke To face 61
Bust of Cicero. Capitoline Museum 61
Vergil, Horace, Maecenas, and Varius. Painting by Jalabert ... 68
Fresco, Pompeii 70
Laocoon. Vatican To face 72
Harpy. Vase painting from Volsci, Berlin Antiquarium .... 73
Blinding of Polyphemus. Etruscan wall painting, Tarquinii ... 75
Horace. Gem in British Museum 85
Appian Way. Restoration, Von Falke 89
So-called Temple of Vesta. Photograph 93
Atalanta's Race. Painting by Poynter 105
Wolf Statue. Capitoline Museum . . . , o o . . 113
11
12 ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Hut Urn from Alba Longa. British Museum 114
The Carousal. Painting by Alma Tadema . , 120
Roman Larder. Herculaneum 123
Miliarium. Von Falke ...,..»... 124
Surgical Instruments. Pompeii 128
Chariot Race. Painting by Gerome 139
Reda. Von Falke 140
Wine Cart. Fresco at Pompeii 141
Head of Girl. Pompeii 144
Vesuvius and Pompeii. Prom a photograph 147
Cast of Body. Pompeii Museum 149
Greek House. Restoration, Von Falke 151
Supposed Caricature of the Crucifixion, Palace of the Caesars. Kircherian
Museum, Rome 153
Labora Aselle. GrafiBto, Palace of the Caesars, Rome .... 155
Labyrinth. Graffito, Pompeii 166
Caricature of Roman Soldier. Pompeii 157
Bust of Nero. Paris 163
Palace of the Caesars. Restoration by Benvenuto 164
Pollice Verso. Painting by Gerome 168
Bust of Hadrian. British Museum 170
Mausoleum of Hadrian (Castle of St. Angelo), Rome. From a photograph 171
Cutler's Shop. Relief, Vatican 172
Sacrifice of a Pig. Pompeian Bas-relief 173
Snake Ring. British Museum 176
Reversible Ring. Daremberg and Saglio 176
Chamber in the Roman Catacombs ........ 181
I. POPULAR SONGS, CHARMS, ETC.
Comparatively few of the Roman popular songs of classical times have de- scended to us. Such as exist are in the main preserved by casual quotations in such authors as Plautus, Cato, and Varro, in inscriptions and in the scholiasts. The fact that Roman literature, as v^e have it, is so largely influenced by Greek models, gives it a certain artificiality and restraint that prevent it from assimi- lating the crude material found in the earlier popular compositions which the over-refined writers of the Augustan Age regarded as vulgar. Such specimens of the folk-songs, proverbs, spells, and language as are known to us can be found collected by Bahrens in his Fragmenta Foetarum Bomanorum (Leipzig, 1886). Reference may be made to Du Meril's Poesies Fopulaires Latines (Paris, 1843). Cf. the introductions on pp. 18, 154 and 181.
Nursery Song. Lalla/ lalla, lalla, aut dormi aut lacta.
A Charm against Foot-ache. Terra pestem teneto, salus ^ hie maneto.
Verse for a Race. Habeat scabiem" quisquis ad me venerit novissimus.^
A Charm agaiyist Sprains. Huat, hanat, liiiat,^ ista pista sista.^
bye-bye. ^ health. 3 the pest. * last of all. ^ hocus-pocus. ^ = istain pestem sistam.
13
14 POPULAR SONGS, CHARMS, ETC.
Weather Wisdom.
Hiberno pulvere verno luto,^ Grandia farra,- camille,^ metes.
To a Miser.
Quod liabes ne habeas et illuc"* quod non liabes, habeas, malum: Quando equidem nee tibi bene esse pote pati neque alteri.
Boating Song.
Heia/ viri, nostrum reboans echo sonet heia ! Arbiter ^ effusi late maris ore sereno Placatum stravit pelagus posuitque procellam/ Edomitique vago sederunt pondere fluctus. 5 Heia, viri, nostrum reboans echo sonet heia !
Annisu^ parili tremat ictibus acta carina. Nunc dabit arridens pelago concordia caeli Ventorum motu praegnanti ^ currere velo.
Heia, viri, nostrum reboans echo sonet heia ! 10 Aequora prora secet delphinis aemula saltu
Atque gemat largum, promat seseque lacertis. Pone trahens canum deducat et orbita^*' sulcum.
Heia, viri, nostrum reboans echo sonet heia!
Aequore flet corns : " vocitemus nos tamen heia !
15 Convulsum remis spumet mare: nos tamen heia! Vocibus adsiduis litus resonet : tamen heia !
The Nightingale ; or, The Language of Birds and Beasts.
Dulcis amica veni, noctis solatia praestans ; Inter aves et enim nulla tui similis.
1 mire. 2 crops. 3 my boy. * = illud. ^ yoho 1 ^ the lord. '' blast. « pull. ^ swelling. 10 track. ^1 north wind.
THE NIGHTINGALE. 15
Tu, pliilomela, potes vocum discrimina mille,
Mille vales varios rite referre nioclos. Nam quamvis aliae volucres modulamina temptent, 5
Nulla potest modulos aequiperare tuos. Insuper est avium spatiis garrire diurnis :
Tu cantare simul nocte dieque potes. Parrus ^ enim quamquam per noctem tinnipet omnem,
Stridula vox nulli iure placere potest. 10
Dulce per ora sonat, dicunt quam nomine droscam/
Sed fugiente die ilia quieta silet. Et merulus^ modulans tarn pulchris zinzitat odis,
Nocte ruente tamen cantica nulla can it. Vere calente novo componit acredula * cantus 15
Matutinali tempore rurirulans. Tunc turdus ^ trucilat, sturnus ^ tunc pusitat ore ;
Sed quod mane canunt, vespere non recolunt. Caccabat hinc perdix ^ et graccitat improbus anser,
Et castus turtur atque columba gemunt. 20
Pausitat arborea damans de fronde palumbes
In fluviisque natans forte tetrinnit anas.^ Grus^ gruit in grumis, cygni prope flumina drensant,
Accipitres ^" pipant milvus" hiansque lupit. Cucurrire solet gallus, gallina cacillat, 25
Paupulat et pavo, trissat hirundo ^- vaga. Dum clangunt aquilae, vultur pulpare probatur,
Et crocitat corvus, fringulit et graculus.^^ Glottorat immenso maerens ciconia^^ rostro,
Pessimus et passer ^^ sons titiare solet. 30
Psittacus ^^ humanas depromit voce loquellas
Atque suo domino chaere sonat uel ave. Pica ^'' loquax varias concinnat gutture voces,
2 throstle. ^ blackbird. * owl. ^ thrush. ^ starling-. ^ partridge. ^ duck. ^ crane. " kite. 12 swallow, ^3 jackdaw, ** stork. ^^ sparrow, ^^ parrot, ^^ magpie.
16 POPULAK SONGS, CHARMS, ETC.
Scurrili strepitii omne quod audit ait. 35 Et cuculi cuculant et rauca cicada fritinnit.
Bombilat ore legens munera mellis apis. Bubilat horrendum ferali murmure bubo
Humano generi tristia fata ferens. Strix ^ nocturna sonans et uespertilio ^ stridunt, 40 Noctua ^ lucif ugax cucubit in tenebris.
Ast ululant ululae lugubri uoce canentes
Inque paludiferis butio ^ butit aquis. Regulus^ atque merops^ et rubro pectore prognis^
Consimili modulo zinzilulare sciunt. 45 Scribere me voces avium philomela coegit,
Quae cantu cunctas exsuperat volucres. Sed iam quadrupedum fari discrimina vocum
Nemine cogente nunc ego sponte sequar. Tigrides indomitae raccant rugiuntque leones, 50 Panther caurit amans, pardus ^ hiando felit.
Dum lynces urcando fremunt, ursus ferns uncat,
Atque lupus ululat, frendit agrestis aper. Et barrus ^ barrit, cervi clocitant et onagri ;
Ac taurus mugit, et celer liinnit equus. 55 Quirritat et verres ^^ setosus et oncat asellus,
Blatterat liinc aries et pia balat ovis. Sordida sus subiens ruris per gramina grunnit,
At miccire caprae, hirce petulce," soles. Eite canes latrant, fallax vulpecula gannit, 60 Glattitat et catulus ac lepores vagiunt.
Mus avidus mintrit, velox mustelaque ^^ drindat,
Et grillus ^^ grillat, desticat inde sorex.^'* Ecce venenosus serpendo sibilat anguis,
Garrula limosis rana coaxat aquis.
1 screech owl. 2 ]jat. 3 night owl. * bittern, b wren. <5 bee-eater. ^ swallow. ^ leop elephant. ^" boar, ^i butting. 12 weasel. '3 cricket. ^* shrewmouse.
TRIUMPHAL SONG. 17
Has volucrum voces describens quadrupedumque 65
Cautus discrimen cuique simm dederam.
Serenade. (Plautus, CurcnUo, i. 2, 60 foil.)
Pessuli/ heus, pessuli, vos saliito lubens,
Vos aiiio, vos volo, vos peto atque obsecro,
Gerite amanti mihi morem ^ amoenissumi :
Fite causa mea^ ludii barbari,
Subsilite, obsecro, et mittite istanc ^ foras 5
Quae mihi misero amanti ebibit sanguinem.
Hoc vide ! ut dormiunt pessuli pessumi !
Nee mea gratia commovent se ocius.
Respicio nihili meam vos gratiam facere.^
Triumphal Song of the Roman Army. (Vopiscus, Aurel. 6.)
ROMAN TRIUMPH,
Unus homo^ mille mille niille decollavimus V Mille mille mille mille bibat qui mille occidit ; Tantum vini nemo habet quantum fudit sanguinis !
1 bolts, i.e. of the lady's door. ^ gerite morem, oblige me. ^ foi- jj,y sake. * her, i.e. my love. 5 nihili facere, don't care for my good will, s as a single man. ^ beheaded. ROM. LIFE 2
II. TOMB INSCRIPTIONS.
Inscriptions upon tombs are among the earliest remains of Roman literature, and are of importance in the study of the development of the language. They are frequently written in the rough accentual verse (versus Saturninus) which the Romans employed before the introduction of the more formal Greek prosody. Numbers of them are collected in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin, 1862 ff.), especially in the first volume. See also Wordsworth's Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin (Oxford, 1874), and for the epitaphs in the Cata- combs, De Rossi's Inscriptiones Christianae (Rome, 1857-61). An Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions, by J. C. Egbert, Jr. ; in press (N. Y., 1895).
Epitaph of Lucius Cornelius Scipio.
Epitaph of a Roman Matron. (C. I. L. i. 1007.)
Hospes,^ quod dico paullum est ; asta ac perlege. Hie est sepulcrum hau pulcrum pulcrae feminae Nomen parentes nominariint Claudiam ; Suum maritum corde dilexit suo.
1 stranger.
18
TOMB INSCRIPTIONS. 19
Katos duos creavit : ^ lioninc - alterum 5
In terra ^ linquit, alium sub terra locat. Sermone lepido * turn autem incessu commodo,^ Domuiii servavit, lanam fecit : dixi. Abi.^
Epitaph on a Soldier's Tomb. (0. /. L. iii. 293.) Dum vixi bibi libenter : bibite vos qui vivitis.
Epitap)Ji of a Roman Freedivoman. ( C. I. L. i. lOiO.)
Primae'' Pompeiae ossua^ heic. Fortiina spondet^ multa multis, praestat nemini. Vive in dies et lioras/" nam proprium ^^ est nihil.
Salvius et Eros dant.
Epitaph of a Roman Boy.
Lagge fili bene quiescas. Mater tua rogat te Ut me ad te recipias : Vale 1
Inscriptions from the Catacombs.
1. Vivas in Deo.
2. Cum Sanctis.
3. Vivas inter sanctos.
4. Eefrigera cum spiritibus Sanctis.
5. Accersitus ^^ ab angelis.
6. Dulcis anima.
7. Sophronia, Sophronia dulcis, vivas in Deo !
1 she bore. 2 = horum. 3 on earth. * winning. ^ ^ith gentle mien, e farewell. ^ eldest daughter. « = ossa. » promises. " for the day and the hour. " one's own. " called away.
III. QUINTUS ENNIUS.
Quintus Ennius (239-169 b.c), the father of Roman poetry, was born at liudiae in Calabria, and became a Roman citizen in 184. His chief work was an epic poem, Annates, in eighteen books, treating the history of Rome from the coming of Aeneas to the poet's time. In it the Greek hexameter was first employed in Roman literature, and it remained the national epic of Rome until superseded by Vergil's Aeneid. Ennius also wrote trage- dies and comedies, on Greek models, of which about twenty are known through titles and fragments.
The importance of Ennius in the history of Roman litera-
ENNius. ture is very great. He definitely, and with authority, gave
to Latin writers Greek models and Greek standards, and also
led the way in polishing and refining the Latin language so as to adapt it
to elegant literary composition.
Collections of the epic fragments are those of Vahlen (Leipzig, 1854), and Lucian Muller (St. Petersburg, 1885); the dramatic portions in Ribbeck, Scae- nicae Bomanorum Poesis Fragmenta (Leipzig, 1871-73). For literary criticism, see Sellar, Boman Poets of the BepuUic (Oxford, 1881).
The Fortune Tellers. {Tr. Frag, 272 foil. Eibbeck.)
Sed superstitiosi vates impudentesque arioli/ Aut inertes ^ aut insani ant quibus egestas imperat, Qui sibi semitam ^ non sapiunt alteri * monstrant viam ; Quibus divitias pollicentur, ab eis dracumam ipsi petunt : 5 De his divitiis sibi deducant* dracumam, reddant cetera.
The Foefs Picture of Himself. {Annales, viii. 194, Bahrens.)
Haece locutus vocat, quocum bene saepe libenter Mensam sermonesque snos rernmqne suarnm Materiem ^ partit, magnam cum lassus diei Partem trivisset ^ de summis rebus regundis
* conjurers. 2 dullards, s path. * dative case. ^ take out. ^ knowledge. '' gone through.
20
TllK POET'S KPITAPII. 21
Consilio lato, iiidu ^ f oro sanctoque senatu ; 5
Cui res audacter^ magnas parvasque iociimque
Eloqueretur et ut certo malaque et bona dictu
Evomeret,^ si qui vellet, tutoque'' locaret;
Quocum multa volutat grandia clamque palamque,
Prudenter qui dicta loquive tacereve posset 10
Ingenuos, cui nulla malum sententia suasset
Ut faceret facinus levis ^ aut malus ; doctus, fidelis,
Suavis homo, facundus, suo contentus, beatus,
Scitus,^ secunda loquens in tempore, commodus, verbum
Paucum, nmlta tenens antiqua sepulta,'' vetustas 15
Maiorum veterum leges divomque hominumque.
Quae faciunt mores veteresque novosque notantem.
Alliterative Line. (Anyiales, i. 65, Bahrens.) 0 Tite tute Tati tibi tanta, tyranne, tulisti !
Pyrrhus to the Romans. {Annates, i. 143, Bahrens.)
Nee mi aurum posco nee mi pretium dederitis :
Nee cauponantes bellum,^ sed belligerantes,
Ferro non auro vitam cernamus^ utrique !
Vosne velit an me regnare era^^ quidve ferat Fors,
Virtute experiamur; et hoc simul acpite" dictum: ' 5
Quorum virtuti belli fortuna pepercit,
Eorundem libertati me parcere certumst.^^
Dono, ducite, doque volentibus cum magnis dis.
The Poet's Epitaph.
Nemo me decoret dacrumis^^ neque funera fletu^* Faxit.^^ Cur ? Volito vivus per ora virum.
' = in. 2 confidently. s pour forth. * safely. ^ vvanton. s shrewd. ^ hidden. 8 not playing the huckster in war. ^ let us contend. i" queen. i* — accipite. ^^ [ ^m resolved. " = lacrimis. ^* lamentation. >5 = faciat.
IV. TITUS MACCIUS PLAUTUS.
Titus Maccius Plautus was born at Sarsina in Umbria 254 b.c, and died in 184. He was of humble parentage. Wliile serving as a theatrical assistant in Kome, he composed some comedies, which met with so favorable a reception that he devoted himself to comic writing. Yarro found about one hundred and thirty pieces bearing the name of Plautus, of which only twenty-one were surely authentic. Of these, twenty are still extant, and present the oldest complete works of Roman literature. His plays, intended only for the momentary amusement of the public, are full of comic situations, lively dialogue, and striking pictures of Roman conditions ; but the boundaries of probability and decency are often overstepped. These comedies held their place on the Roman stage until the end of the Republic. The greatest edition of the text of Plautus is that of Ritschl (Bonn, 1848-54), revised by Lowe, Goetz, and SchoU (1894), but there is no complete edition with English notes. The plays were translated into English prose by Thornton (London, 1767-74), and there is a poor version, by Riley, in the Bohn Classical Library (1880). The Plautine comedy Menaechmi is the original source of Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors ; and the Aulularia, of Moliere's L'Avare.
COMIC MASKS.
A Roman Drinking Bout. (Mostellaria, i. 4.)
Callidamates, a gay young man. Delphium, a girl. Philolaches, friend of Callidamates. Philematium, a girl.
CA. Advorsum venire mihi ad Philolachem Volo temperi ; ^ audi ; hem, tibi imperatum est. Nam illi ^ ubi f ui, inde effugi f oras : Ita me ibi male convivi sermonisque taesum^ est. 5 Nunc comissatum'^ ibo ad Philolachetem,
Ubi nos hilari ingenio et lepide accipiet.
1 in good season. ^ there. ^ bored. * to have a bout. 22
A ROMAN DRINKING BOUT. 23
Ecqiiid tibi videor ma-ma-madere ? ^
DE. Semper istoc modo moratus,^ vita, debebas —
C A. Visne ego te ac tii me amplectare ?
DE. Si tibi cordi est facere,^ licet. CA. Lepida es.'' 10
Duce me, amabo.^ DE. Cave ne cadas. Asta.
CA. Oh ! oh ! Ocellus es meus ; tuus sum alumnus, mel meum.^
DE. Cave modo, ne prius in via^ accumbas,
Quam illi, ubi lectus est stratus, coimus.
CA. Sine sine cadere me. DE. Sino. CA. Sed et hoc,^ quod 15
mihi in manu est. DE. Si cades, non cades, quin cadam ^ tecum, lacentis toilet postea nos ambos aliquis. Madet homo. CA. Tun' me ais ma-ma-madere ? DE. Cedo ^® manum : nolo equidem te adfligi.
CA. Hem, tene. DE. Age, i i simul. CA. Quo ego eam, an scis ? 20 DE. Scio. C A. In mentem venit modo : nempe domum eo — Comissatum. DE. Immo " — C A. Istuc quidem iam memini. PHILOL. N"um non vis me obviam his ire, anime mi ? Illi ego ex omnibus optume volo.
Iam revortar. PHILEM. Diu ' iam ' id mihi. ^ 25
CA. Ecquis hie est ? PHILOL. Adest. CA. En, Philolaches, Salve, amicissume mihi omnium hominum. PHILOL. Di te ament.^^ Accuba, Callidamates. Unde agis te ? CA. Unde homo ebrius.
PHILOL. Probe.^^ Quin," amabo, accubas, Delphium mea? 30
CA. Da illi, quod bibat ; dormiam ego iam. PHILOL. Num mirum aut novum quippiam facit ? Quid ego hoc faciam postea, mea ? DE. Sic sine eumpse.^^ PHILOL. Age tu, interim da ab^^ Delphio cito cantharum circum.
^ d-d-drunk. 2 as this is your usual state. ^ if you want to. * you're a nice girl. ^ please. 6 darling. ^ in the street. ^ (sine) et hoc (cadere), i.e. her arm. ^ Without my falling down too. 10 give me ; old emphatic form of da. i^ not at all. ^2 God bless you ! " good ! " = cur non. 15 = ipsum, by himself. ^^ beginning with.
24
PLAUTUS.
SCENE FROM A COMEDY.
The Young Man aiid the Extravagant Girl.
LUSITELES.
{Tri7iummus, ii. i.)
10
Multas res simitu ^ in meo corcle vorso,
Multum ill cogitando dolorem indipiscor.^
Egomet me coquo ^ et macero ^ et def etigo : ^
Magister mihi exercitor ^ animus nunc est.
Set hoc non liquet ^ nee satis cogitatumst,
Utram potius harum mihi artem expetessam,^
Utram aetati agundae ^ arbitrer firmiorem :
Amorin me an rei^*^ opsequi potius par sit,
Utra in parte plus sit voluptatis vitae Ad aetatem agundam. I)e hac re mihi satis hau liquet : nisi hoc sic faciam, opinor, Ut utramque rem semul exputem, index sim reusque" ad eam rem.
1 at the same time. 2 get. 3 put myself in a stew. 8 to desire. » for living, i» wealth. " culprit.
* fret.
6 taskmaster. '^ clear.
TWO MARRIED MEN. 25
Sic faciam : sic placet. Omnium primum Amoris artes eloquar, quemnam ad modum se e^pediant.^ Numquam amor qiiemquam nisi cupidum postulate se hominem 15
in plagas^ Conicere : eos petit, eos sectatur, subdole'' ab re^ consulit : Blandiloquentiilust, harpago,^ mendax, cuppes, Despoliator, latebricolariim^ hominum corrumptor, Celatum indagator.^ Nam qui habet quod amat quom extemplo saviis^ perculsus est, 20 Ilico res ^*^ f oras labitur, liquitur.
" Da mihi hoc, mel meum, si me amas, si audes.'^ Ibi ille cuculus : " 0 ocelle mi, fiat : Et istuc et si amplius vis dari dabitur."
Ibi ilia pendentem ferit." 25
Jam amplius orat : non satis Id est mali, ni etiam ampliust, Quod bibit, quod comest, quod facit sumpti. Nox datur : ducitur familia tota, Vestiplica, unctor, auri custos, flabelliferae, sandaligerulae, 30
Cantrices, cistellatrices,^^ nuntii, renuntii, Raptores panis et peni. Fit ipse, dum illis comis est Amator, inops. Haec quom ago cum meo animo Et recolo, ubi qui eget, quam preti sit parvi, apage
Amor, non places, te nil utor. 35
Two Married Men. (Trinummus, i. 2. 1-28.)
Callicles. Megaronides.
CA. Larem corona nostrum decorari volo : Uxor, venerare^^ ut nobis haec habitatio
1 appear. 2 expects. ' toils. * craftily. ^ to their disadvantage. ^ rapacious. "^ who lead double lives. » a regular Paul Pry. '•> kisses, ^o money. ^^ she strikes him. " maids. ^^ pray.
26 PLAUTUS.
Bona fausta felix fortunataque evenat^ —
(aside) Teque ut quam primum possim videam emortuam. 5 ME. Adgrediar hominem. CA. Quoia^ hie prope me vox sonat?
ME. Tui bene volenti s,^ si ita's ut ego te volo :
Sin aliter es, iniinici atque irati tibi.
CA. 0 amice, salve.
ME. Et tu edepol salve, Callicles. 10 Valen ? valuistin ? C A. Valeo et valui rectius.
ME. Quid tua agit uxor? ut valet? CA. Plus quam ego volo.
ME. Bene herclest illam tibi valere et vivere.
CA. Credo hercle te gaudere, siquid mihi malist.
ME. Omnibus amicis quod mihist cupio esse item. 15 C A. Eho tu, tua uxor quid agit ? ME. Inmortalis est :
Vivit victuraquest. CA. Bene hercle nuntias,
Deosque oro ut vitae tuae superstes suppetat.
ME. Dum quidem hercle tecum nupta sit, sane velim.
CA. Vin conmutemus ? tuam ego ducam et tu meam ? 20 Eaxo^ haud tantillum^ dederis verborum*^ mihi.
ME. Nempe enim tu, credo, me inprudentem obrepseris."
CA. Ne^ tu hercle faxo hau nescias quam rem egeris.
ME. Habeas ut nanctu's : nota mala res optumast.
Nam ego nunc si ignotam capiam, quid again nesciam. 25 CA. Edepol proinde ut diu vivitur, bene vivitur.
ME. Set hoc*^ animum advorte atque aufer ridicularia.^*^
1 = eveniat. - whose. 3 good friend. * =faciam. ^ the least bit. ^ verba dare = cheat, deceive. ^ steal a march on me. * verily. ^ What I'm going to say. i" stop jesting.
V. CATO THE CENSOR.
Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 b.c.) was the typical Roman of the Republican era, A shrewd, hard-headed, obstinate, energetic man, a sturdy soldier, a pun- gent and powerful orator, he resisted during his life all the tendencies that were transforming Rome into a centi-e of Hellenic culture, and ever after typified to the nation the "good old times" when men of the highest rank labored in the fields, ate at the same table with their slaves, and despised learning. Cato was the father of Roman prose as Ennius was the father of Roman verse, and was a very prolific writer, publishing more than one hundred and fifty of his orations now lost, letters, suggestions on oratory, practical instructions on agriculture, and a great work in seven books, Origines, the first historical volume ever writ- ten in Latin prose, and dealing with the ethnology and antiquities of Italy. The only work of Cato's now remaining entire is the treatise De Agri Cultura, in sixty-two chapters. It is a sort of farmer's note-book in which are jotted down in the most off-hand style all sorts of practical directions for the care of a farm, rules for housekeeping, forms for sales and leases, and recipes for domestic medicine. It has been edited by Keil (Leipzig, 1884-94).
How to treat Slaves. (De Agri Cidtura, 5, 56, 57, 58, 59.)
Haec erimt vilici^ officia. Disciplina bona utatur. Feriae serventur. Alieno manum abstineat, sua servat diligenter. Liti- bus^ familia supersedeat ; siquis quid deliquerit, pro noxa bono modo vindicet. Familiae^ male ne sit, ne algeat, ne esuriat : opere bene exerceat, facilius malo et alieno prohibebit. Vilicus si nolet 5 male facere, non faciat. Si passus erit, dominus impune ne sinat esse. Pro beneficio gratiam referat, ut aliis recte facere libeat. Vilicus ne sit ambulator, sobrius sief semper, ad cenam nequo eat. Familiam exerceat, consideret quae dominus imperaverit fiant. Ne plus censeat sapere se quam dominum. Amicos domini eos ic habeat sibi amicos. Cui iussus siet,'* auscultet.^ Eem divinam nisi Compitalibus in compito^ aut in foco ne faciat.
Iniussu domini credat nemini : quod dominus crediderit, exigat.
1 overseer. 2 quarrels. 3 the slaves. * = sit. ^ pay attention. 6 the crossways.
27
28 CATO THE CENSOR.
Satui ^ semen, cibaria, far, vinum, oleum mutiium ^ dederit nemini.
15 Duas aut tres familias habeat, unde utenda roget et quibus det, praeterea nemini. Rationem ^ cum domino crebro putet.^ Opera- rium, mercennarium, politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die. Nequid emisse velit insciente domino, neu quid dominum celavisse velit. Parasitum ne quem habeat. Haruspicem, augurem, hario-
20 lum, Chaldaeum ne quem consuluisse velit. Segetem ne defru- det : ^ nam id infelix est. Opus rusticum omne uti sciat facere, et id faciat saepe, dum ne lassus fiat : si fecerit, scibit ^ in mente familiae quid sit, et illi animo aequiore facient, si hoc faciet, minus libebit ambulare et valebit rectius et dormibit^ libentius.
25 Primus cubitu^ surgat, postremus cubitum eat. Prius villam videat clausa uti siet, et uti suo quisque loco cubet et uti iumenta ^ pabulum habeant.
Familiae cibaria. Qui opus facient per hiemem tritici ^^ modios IIIL, per aestatem modios II II S., vilico, vilicae, epistatae," opi-
30 lioni^^ modios III., conpeditis per hiemem panis P.^'^ IIII. ubi vineam fodere " coeperint, panis P. V. usque adeo dum ficos esse coeperint, deinde ad P. IIIL redito.
Vinum familiae. Ubi vindemia^^ facta erit, loram^^ bibant menses tres : mense quarto heminas ^'' in dies, id est in mense
35 congios ^^11 S : mense quinto, sexto, septimo, octavo in dies sex- tarios,^^ id est in mense congios quinque : nono, decimo, undecimo, duodecimo in dies heminas ternas, id est in mense amphoram : ^ hoc amplius Saturnalibus et Conpitalibus in singulos homines congios : summa vini in homines singulos inter annum Q.^^ VIII.
40 Conpeditis, uti quidquid operis facient, pro portione addito : eos non est nimium in annos singulos vini Q. X ebibere.
Pulmentarium ^^ familiae. Oleae caducae quam plurimum con- dito. Postea oleas tempestivas, unde minimum olei fieri poterit,
1 crop. 2 as a loan, s account. * uiake up. ^=defraudei. ^ = sciet. "^ =dormiet. ^ irom sleep. 9 cattle, lo wheat, "steward. ^^ shepherd. '^^ poiido, pounds. ^* dig. is vintage. " lees. " half-pints. ^8 gallons, i» pints. 20 six gallons. 21 = quadranialia. 22 relishes.
now TO TREAT SLAVES. 29
eas condito, parcito, iiti quam dintissime durent. Ubi oleae comesae erunt, hallecem ^ et acetuni ^ dato. Oleum dato in menses 45 imi cuique S. I. Salis mii ciiique in anno medium satis est.
Vestimenta familiae. Tunicam P. Ill S., saga^ alternis annis : quotiens cuique tunicam aut sagum dabis, prius veterem accipito, unde centones^ fiant : sculponeas^ bonas alternis annis dare oportet. 50
1 brine. 2 vinegar. 3 cloaks. * patcii-work. '' wooden shoes.
VI. TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS.
Titus Lucretius Carus was born in the year 96 b.c. and died in the year 55. According to the legend preserved by St. Jerome, his wife gave him a love potion which deprived him of his reason, — a story which forms the subject of a beautiful poem by Tennyson. His great work on the nature of the universe {De Berum Natura) is in six books, but was never finished. In it he sets forth the Epicurean system of philosophy, which is one of pure materialism. He teaches (1) that nothing exists except matter and empty space ; (2) that the soul, being material as well as the body, dies when the body dies ; and (3) that the world is not governed by the gods, but by the fixed law of Nature, to which he gives the name Necessity. Macaulay has characterized this work as "the noblest poem ever written, in behalf of the meanest system of philosophy."
The best commentary on the whole of Lucretius is that of H. A. J. Munro (4th ed., Cambridge, 1886), which is accompanied by a fine translation into idiom- atic English prose. Good accounts of the Lucretian philosophy are J. Masson's Atomic Theory of Lucretius (London, 1884), Wallace's Epicureanism (London, 1880), and that of Lange in his History of Materialism (London, 1881).
Death is not to be Dreaded, (iii. 830-869.)
Nil igitur mors est ad nos neque pertinet liilum/ Quandoquidem natura animi mortalis habetur. Et velut ante acto nil tempore sensimus aegri,^ Ad confligendum venientibus undique Poenis,
5 Omnia cum belli trepido concussa tumultu
Horrida contremuere sub altis aetheris oris, In dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum Omnibus humanis esset terraque marique, Sic, ubi non erimus, cum corporis atque animai
10 Discidium^ fuerit, quibus e'' sumus uniter^ apti.
Scilicet baud nobis quicquam, qui non erimus turn, Accidere omnino poterit sensumque movere, ISTon si terra mari miscebitur et mare caelo.
1 a whit. 2 suffering. 3 separation. * = e quibus. ^ into one. 30
THE EARLY DAYS OF THE WORLD. 31
Et si iam nostro sentit de corpore postquam
Distractast animi natura animaeque potestas, 15
Nil tamen est ad nos, qui comptu ^ coniugioque
Corporis atque animae consistimus uniter apti.
Nee, si materiem nostram collegerit aetas
Post obitum rursumque redegerit ut sita nunc est,
Atque iterum nobis fuerint data lumina vitae, 20
Pertineat qiiicquam tamen ad nos id quoque factum,
Interrupta semel cum sit retinentia ^ nostri.
Et nunc nil ad nos de nobis attinet, ante
Qui fuimus, neque iara de illis nos adficit angor.
Nam cum respicias inmensi temporis omne 25
Praeteritum spatium, tum motus inateriai
Multimodis ^ quam sint, facile hoc adcredere possis,
Semina saepe in eodem, ut nunc sunt, ordine posta ''
Haec eadem, quibus e nunc nos sumus, ante fuisse.
Nee memori tamen id quimus reprehendere mente : 30
Inter enim iectast vitai pausa, vageque
Deerrarunt passim motus ab sensibus omnes.
Debet enim, misere si forte aegreque futurumst,
Ipse quoque esse in eo tum tempore, cui male possit
Accidere : id quoniam mors eximit, esseque probet 35
Ilium cui possint incommoda conciliari.
Scire licet nobis nil esse in morte timendum.
Nee miserum fieri qui non est posse, neque hilum
Differre anne ullo fuerit iam tempore natus,
Mortalera vitam mors cum inmortalis ademit. 40
The Early Days of the World, (v. 925-1102.)
At genus humanum multo fuit illud in arvis Durius,^ ut decuit, tellus quod dura creasset,
^ combination. ^ recollection, s variously. * = posita. ^ more rugged.
32 LUCRETIUS.
Et maioribus et solidis magis ossibus intus Fundatum/ validis aptum per viscera nervis, 5 Nee facile ex aestu nee frigore quod caperetur,
Nee novitate cibi nee labi corporis ^ ulla. Multaque per caelum solis volventia lustra^ Volgivago ^ vitam tractabant more f erarum. Nee robustus erat curvi moderator aratri
1^ Quisquam, nee scibat ferro molirier^ arva
Nee nova def odere in terram virgulta ^ neque altis Arboribus veteres decidere faleibus ramos. Quod sol atque imbres dederant, quod terra crearat Sponte sua, satis id placabat pectora donum.
15 Glandiferas^ inter curabant corpora quercus
Plerumque .' et quae nunc hiberno tempore cernis Arbita puniceo ^ fieri matura colore, Plurima tum tellus etiam maiora ferebat. Multaque praeterea novitas^ tum florida mundi
20 Pabula dura tulit, miseris mortalibus ampla.
At sedare sitim fluvii fontesque vocabant, Ut nunc montibus e magnis decursus aquai Clarigitat ^° late sitientia saecla " ferarum. Denique nota vagi silvestria templa tenebant
25 Nympharum, quibus e scibant umoris fluenta^^
Lubrica proluvie larga lavere umida saxa, Umida saxa, super viridi stillantia ^^ musco, Et partim piano scatere ^^ atque erumpere campo. Necdum res igni scibant tractare neque uti
30 Pellibus et spoliis corpus vestire ferarum,
Sed nemora atque cavos montes silvasque colebant, Et frutiees inter condebant squalida membra, Verbera ventorum vitare imbrisque coacti.
1 sustained. ^ bodily defect. ^ years. * rovinfj. ^ worked. ^ saplings. '' acorn-bearing. 8 purple. 9 youth, lo calls. " broods. 12 streams. ^^ dripping. " leap out.
40
45
THE EARLY DAYS OF THE WORLD. 33
Nee commune bonum poterant spectare, neque ullis
Moribus inter se scibant nee legibus uti. 25
Quod cuique obtulerat praedae fortuna, ferebat
Sponte sua sibi quisque valere et vivere doetus.
Coneiliabat enim vel mutua quamque cupido
Vel pretium, giandes atque arbita vel pira lecta.
Et manuuni mira freti virtute pedumque
Consectabantur silvestria saeela ferarum,
Missilibus saxis et magno pondere elavae ;
Multaque vineebant, vitabant pauea latebris,
Saetigerisque pares subus sie silvestria membra
Kuda dabant terrae, noeturno tempore capti/
Cireum se foliis ac frondibus involventes.
Nee plangore ^ diem magno solemque per agros
Quaerebant pavidi palantes noetis in umbris,
Sed taeiti respeetabant somnoque sepulti,
Dum rosea face sol inferret lumina eaelo. 50
A parvis quod enim consuerant eernere semper
Alterno tenebras et lucem tempore gigni,
Non erat ut fieri posset mirarier^' umquam
Nee diffidere, ne terras aeterna teneret
Nox in perpetuum detracto lumine solis. 55
Sed magis illud erat curae, quod saeela ferarum
Infestam miseris faeiebant saepe quietem :
Eiectique domo fugiebant saxea teeta
Spumigeri ^ suis adventu validive leonis,
Atque intempesta cedebant nocte paventes 60
Hospitibus saevis instrata cubilia fronde.
Nee nimio tum plus quam nunc mortalia saeela Duleia linquebant labentis lumina vitae. Unus enim tum quisque magis deprensus eorum
1 overtaken. 2 lamentation. ^ = mirari. * foaming. ROM. LIFE — 3
34 i.UCRETlUS.
65 Pabula viva feris praebebat, dentibus haustus,
Et nemora ac montes gemitu silvasque replebat, Viva videns vivo sepeliri viscera busto. At quos effugium servarat corpore adeso/ Posterius tremulas super ulcera taetra tenentes
70 Palmas horriferis accibant - vocibus Orcum,
Donique eos vita privarant vermina saeva, Expertes opis, ignaros quid volnera vellent.^ At non multa virum sub signis milia ducta Una dies dabat exitio, nee turbida ponti
75 Aequo ra fligebant ^ naves ad saxa virosque.
Hie temere incassum^ frustra mare saepe coortum Saevibat leviterque minas ^ ponebat inanes, Nee poterat quemquam placidi pellacia'' ponti Subdola pellicere ^ in f raudem ridentibus undis.
80 [Improba navigii ratio turn caeca iacebat]
Turn penuria deinde cibi languentia leto Membra dabat, contra nunc rerum copia mersat. Illi inprudentes ipsi sibi saepe venenum Vergebant, nunc dant aliis sollertius^ ipsum.
85 Inde casas ^^ postquam ac pelles ignemque pararunt,
Et mulier coniuncta viro concessit in unum Coniugium, prolemque ex se videre creatam, Tum genus humanum primum mollescere coepit. Ignis enim curavit ut alsia " corpora frigus
90 Non ita iam possent caeli sub tegmine ferre,
Et Venus inminuit vires, puerique parentum Blanditiis facile ingenium fregere superbum. Tunc et amicitiem coeperunt iungere aventes. Finitimi inter se nee laedere nee violari,
95 Et pueros commendarunt muliebreque saeclum,
1 mangled. ^ invoked. 8 required. * smote. ^ fruitlessly. ^ threatenings. '^ blandishment, * lure. 8 more craftily. ^^ huts, ^i chilled.
THE EARLY DAYS OF THE WORLD. 35
Vocibus et gestu cum balbe ^ significarent
Imbecillorum esse aequum misererier omnes.
Nee tanien omnimodis ^ poterat concordia gigni,
Sed bona magnaqiie pars servabat foedera caste:
Aut genus humanum iam turn foret omne peremptum, lOO
Nee potuisset adhuc perducere saecla propago.
At varios linguae sonitus natura subegit Mittere, et utilitas ^ expressit nomina rerum, Non alia longe ratione atque ipsa videtur Protraliere ad gestum pueros infantia linguae, 105
Cum facit ut digito quae sint praesentia nionstrent. Sentit enini vim quisque suam quoad possit abuti. Cornua nata prius vitulo quam frontibus extent, Illis iratus petit atque infestus inurget. At catuli ^ pantheramm scymnique ^ leonum 110
Unguibus ac pedibus iam turn morsuque repugnant, Vix etiam cum sunt dentes unguesque creati Alituum ^ porro genus alis omne videmus Fidere et a pinnis tremulum petere auxiliatum/ Proinde putare aliquem tum nomina distribuisse 115
Eebus, et inde homines didicisse vocabula prima, Desiperest ; nam cur hie posset cuncta notare Vocibus et varios sonitus emittere linguae. Tempore eodem alii facere id non quisse ^ putentur ? Praeterea si non alii quoque vocibus usi 120
Inter se fuerant, unde insita notities est Utilitatis et unde data est huic prima potestas. Quid vellet, facere ut scirent animoque viderent ? Cogere item plures unus victosque domare Non poterat, rerum ut perdiscere nomina vellent. 125
Nee ratione docere ulla suadereque surdis,^
1 stammeringly. 2 altogether, s convenience. * cubs. ^ whelps. « birds. "> = auxilium. potuisse. 9 deaf.
36 LUCRETIUS.
Quid sit opus facto, facilest : neque enim paterentur,
Nee ratione ulla sibi ferrent aniplius aures
Voeis inauditos sonitus obtundere frustra. 130 Postremo quid in liac mirabile tantoperest re,
Si genus liumanum, cui vox et lingua vigeret.
Pro vario sensu varia res voce notaret ?
Cum pecudes mutae, cum denique saecla ferarum
Dissimiles soleant voces variasque ciere,^ 135 Cum metus aut dolor est et cum iam gaudia gliscunt.^
Quippe etenim licet id rebus cognoscere apertis.
Inritata canum cum primum inmane Molossum
Mollia ricta^ fremunt duros nudantia dentes,
Longe alio sonitu rabie restricta minantur, 140 Et cum iam latrant et vocibus omnia complent :
Et catulos blande cum lingua lambere temptant,
Aut ubi eos iactant pedibus morsuque petentes
Suspensis teneros minitantur dentibus haustus,
Longe alio pacto gannitu'^ vocis adulant, 145 Et cum deserti baubantur ^ in aedibus, aut cum
Plorantes fugiunt summisso corpore plagas.
Denique non hinnitus ^ item differre videtur.
Inter equas ubi equus florenti aetate iuvencus
Pinnigeri saevit calcaribus^ ictus amoris, 150 Et fremitum patulis ubi naribus edit ad arma,
Et cum sic alias concussis artibus hinnit ?
Postremo genus alituum variaeque volucres,
Accipitres atque ossif ragae ^ mergique ^ marinis
Eluctibus in salso victum vitamque petentes, 155 Longe alias alio iaciunt in tempore voces,
Et quom de victu certant praedaeque repugnant :
Et partim mutant cum tempestatibus una
1 utter. 2 are rife. 3 jaws. * yelp. ^ bark. ^ neighing. ' goads. ^ ospreys. ^ cormorants.
THE PLAGUE AT ATHENS. 37
Raucisonos ^ cantiis, cornicum ut saecla vetusta
Corvoruinque greges iibi aqiiani dicuntur et imbris
Poscere et interduin ventos aiirasque vocare. 160
Ergo si varii sensus animalia cogunt,
Muta tamen cum sint, varias emittere voces,
Quanto mortales magis aequumst turn potuisse
Dissimiles alia atque alia res voce notare !
Illud in his rebus tacit us ne forte requiras, 165
Fulmen detulit in terrain mortalibus ignem Primitus,^ inde omnis flammarum diditur ardor : Multa videmus enim caelestibus inlita^ flammis Fulgere, cum caeli donavit plaga vapore. Et ramosa tamen cum ventis pulsa vacillans 170
Aestuat in ramos incumbens arboris arbor, Exprimitur validis extritus viribus ignis Et micat ^ interdum flammai f ervidus ardor, Mutua dum inter se rami stirpesque teruntur. Quorum utrumque dedisse potest mortalibus ignem. 175
Inde cibum coquere ac fiammae mollire vapore^ Sol docuit quoniam mitescere multa videbant Verberibus ^ radiorum atque aestu victa per agros.
The Plague at Athens, (vi. 1138-1251.)
Haec ratio quondam morborum et inortifer aestus Finibus in Cecropis ^ funestos ^ reddidit agros Vastavitque vias, exhausit ^ civibus urbem. Nam penitus veniens Aegypti finibus morbus, Aera permensus multum camposque natantes,^^ 5
Incubuit tandem populo Pandionis omni. Inde catervatim ^^ morbo mortique dabantur.
1 hoarse. 2 adverb. ^ touched. * glitter. ^ i^eat. 6 the smiting. '• = Athens, s desolate. ^ drain, ^o i.e. the seas. " in herds.
38 LUCRETIUS.
Principio caput incensum fervore gerebant Et duplices oculos suffiisa luce rubentes.
10 Sudabant^ etiam fauces intrinsecus- atrae
Sanguine, et ulceribus vocis via saepta ^ coibat, Atque animi interpres manabat lingua cruore, Debilitata malis, motu gravis, aspera tactu. Inde ubi per fauces pectus complerat et ipsum
15 Morbida vis in cor maestum confluxerat aegris,
Omnia turn vero vitai claustra ^ lababant.^ Spiritus ore foras taetrum ^ volvebat odorem, E,ancida ^ quo perolent ^ proiecta ^ cadavera ritu. Atque animi prorsum turn vires totius, omne
20 Languebat corpus, leti ^° iam limine in ipso.
Intolerabilibusque malis erat anxius angor Adsidue comes et gemitu commixta querella. Singultusque ^^ frequens noctem per saepe diemque Corripere ^^ adsidue nervos et membra coactans ^^
25 Dissolvebat eos, defessos ante, fatigans.
Nee nimio cuiquam posses ardore tueri Corporis in sum mo summam fervescere partem, Sed potius tepidum manibus propone re tactum Et simul ulceribus quasi inustis ^'^ omne rubere
30 Corpus, ut est per membra sacer dum diditur ^^ ignis.
Intima pars hominum vero flagrabat ad ossa, Elagrabat stomacho flamma ut fornacibus intus. Nil adeo posses cuiquam leve tenveque membris Vertere in utilitatem, at ventum et frigora semper.
35 In fluvios partim, gelidos ardentia moi'bo
Membra dabant, nudum iacientes corpus in undas. Multi praecipites lympliis putealibus ^^ alte
1 drip. 2 within. 3 obstruct. * barriers. ^ gave way. ^ foxii. 7 loathsome. » stink, reek. 9 expose, lo death. " gasp, hiccough. ^- attack. " convulsing. '* burnt in. is spreads. 1« w^ells.
THE PLAGUE AT ATHENS. 39
Inciderunt, ipso venientes ore patente :
Insedabiliter sitis arida, corpora inurens,
Aequabat multum parvis umoribus imbrem. 40
Nee requies erat ulla mali : defessa iacebant
Corpora. Mussabat ^ tacito medicina timore,
Quippe patentia cum totiens ac niintia mortis
Lumina versarent oculorum expertia somno.
Multaque praeterea mortis tum signa dabantur, 45
Perturbata animi mens in maerore metuque,
Triste supercilium, furiosus voltus ^ et acer,
Sollicitae porro plenaeque sonoribus aures,
Creber spiritus ^ aut ingens raroque coortus,
Sudorisque madens per collum splendidus ^ umor, 50
Tenvia sputa ^ minuta,^ croci contacta colore
Salsaque, per fauces raucas vix edita tussi.''
In manibus vero nervi trabere et tremere artus
A pedibusque minutatim * succedere f rigus
Non dubitabat : item ad supremum denique tempus 55
Conpressae nares, nasi primoris acumen
Tenve, cavati oculi, cava tempora, frigida pellis
Duraque, inhorrescens rictum,^ frons tenta tumebat.^*^
Nee nimio rigidi post artus morte iacebant.
Octavoque fere candenti lumine solis 60
Aut etiam nona reddebant lampade " vitam.
Quorum siquis vix vitarat funera leti,
Ulceribus taetris et nigra proluvie ^^ alvi
Posterius tamen hunc tabes ^^ letumque manebat,
Aut etiam multus capitis cum saepe dolore 65
Corruptus sanguis expletis naribus ibat :
Hue hominis totae vires corpusque fluebat.
Profluvium porro qui taetri sanguinis acre
1 spoke low. * look. 3 breath. * bright. ^ spittle, ^ diminished. ^ cough, s by degrees. 9 mouth. 1° swelled. ^^ torch, i.e. day. ^^ excrement. ^^ wasting.
40 LUCRETIUS.
Exierat,^ tamen in nervos huic morbus et artus
70 Ibat et in partes genitales corporis ipsas.
Et manibus sine nonnulli pedibusque manebant In vita tamen, et perclebant lumina partim : Usque adeo mortis metus liis incesserat acer. Atque etiam quosdam cepere oblivia rerum
75 Cunctarum, neque se possent cognoscere ut ipsi.
Multaque humi cum inliumata iacerent corpora supra Corporibus, tamen alituum genus atque ferarum Aut procul apsiliebat/ ut acrem exiret odorem, Aut, ubi gustarat, languebat morte propinqua.
80 Nee tamen omnino temere illis solibus ulla
Comparebat avis, nee tristia saecla ^ ferarum Exibant silvis : languebant pleraque morbo Et moriebantur. Cum primis fida canum vis Strata viis animam ponebat in omnibus aegre :
85 Extorquebat enim vitam vis morbida membris.
Nee ratio remedi communis certa dabatur : Nam quod ali dederat vitales aeris auras Volvere in ore licere et caeli templa tueri, Hoc aliis erat exitio letumque parabat.
90 Illud in his rebus miserandum magnopere unum
Aerumnabile erat,^ quod ubi se quisque videbat Implicitum morbo, morti damnatus ut esset, Deficiens animo maesto cum corde iacebat, Funera respectans animam amittebat ibidem.
95 Quippe etenim nullo cessabant tempore apisci^
Ex aliis alios avidi contagia ^ morbi, Lanigeras tamquam pecudes et bucera^ saecla. Idque vel in primis cumulabat funere funus. Nam quicumque suos fugitabant visere ad aegros,
1 escape. 2 spring away, s breed. * wretched. ^ seize upon, e infection. ^ horned.
THE PLAGUE AT ATHENS. 41
Vital nimiiim ciipidos mortisque timentes 100
Poenibat paulo post turpi morte malaque,
Desertos, opis expertes, incuria^ mactans.^
Qui fuerant autein praesto/ contagibus ibaiit
Atque labore, pudor quern turn cogebat obire
Blandaque lassoruin vox mixta voce querellae. 105
Optimus hoc leti genus ergo quisque subibat.
Incomitata rapi'^ ceniebant funera vasta,
Inque aliis alium populum sepelire ^ suorum
Certantes : lacrimis lassi luctuque redibant :
Inde bonam partem in lectum maerore dabantur. iio
Nee poterat quisquam reperiri, quem neque morbus
ISTec mors nee luctus temptaret tempore tali.
1 want of care. ^ destroying. ^ at hand. * hurried along. ^ bury.
VII. GAIUS VALERIUS CATULLUS.
Gaius Valerius Catullus was born at Verona in 87 b.c. and died in the year 54. He went to Rome at an early age, and spent the rest of his life there in the inti- macy of the leading men of his time. He stands at the head of Roman lyric poets. The most prominent event of the poet's life was his infatuation for Clodia, the wife of Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, to whom, under the pseudonym of Lesbia, most of his amatory verses are addressed. An ardent admirer of Greek poetry, some of his songs, especially the Marriage Hymns, are more Greek than Roman in spirit. His language is usually the speech of every-day life, and abo^inds in diminutives, foreign words, and alliteration.
The standard edition of Catullus with English notes is that of Robinson Ellis (2d ed., Oxford, 1889). There is a good translation into English by Ellis (London, 1871), and by Sir Theodore Martin, in verse (London, 1875).
Lesbians Sparrow, (ii.)
Passer, deliciae meae puellae Quicum ^ ludere, quern in sinu tenere^ Cui primum digitum ^ dare adpetenti Et acres solet incitare morsus,
5 Cum desiderio meo nitenti
Carum nescio quid libet iocari
(Et solaciolum sui doloris,
Credo, ut turn gravis adquiescat ardor),
Tecum ludere sicut ipsa possem
10 Et tristes animi levare curas !
The Kisses, (v.)
Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus, Rumoresque ^ senum severiorum Omnes unius aestimemus assis.
1 qui, abl. ^ primum digitum, finger-tip. ^ censure. 42
A ROMAN WEDDING SONG. 43
Soles occidere et redire possunt :
Nobis, cum semel occidit brevis lux, 5
Nox est perpetua una dormienda.
Da mi basia mille, deinde centum,
Dein mille altera, dein secunda centum,
Deinde usque altera mille, deinde centum,
Dein, cum milia multa fecerimus, lo
Conturbabimus ^ ilia, ne sciamus,
Aut ne quis mains invidere - possit,
Cum tantum ^ sciat esse basiorum.
To Cicero, (xlix.)
Disertissime Romuli nepotum,
Quot sunt quotque fuere, Marce Tulli,
Quotque post aliis erunt in annis,
Gratias tibi maximas Catullus
Agit, pessimus omnium poeta, 5
Tanto pessimus omnium poeta
Quanto tu optimus omnium patronus.-
A Roman Wedding Song. (Ixi.)
Collis 0 Heliconii
Cultor,^ Uraniae genus.
Qui rapis teneram ad virum
Virginem, O Hymenaee Hymen,
O Hymen Hymenaee. 5
Cinge tempora floribus Suave olentis amaraci^ Flamraeum'' cape, laetus hue.
1 lose the reckoning. 2 cast an evil eye. ^ just so many. * orator. 6 dweller. c sweet joram. '' marriage veil.
marjoram
44
CATULLUS.
THE ALDOBRANDINI MARRIAGE.
( Vatican.)
10
15
20
25
Hue veni niveo gerens Luteum ^ pede soccum,^
Excitusque hilari ^ die Nuptialia eoneiuens Voce carmina tinnula* Pelle Illinium pedibus, manu Pineam quate taedam.
Naiiique Vinia Manlio, Qualis Idalium colens Venit ad Phrygium Venus ludicem/ bona cum bona Nubet alite ^ virgo.
Floridis velut enitens Myrtus Asia ramulis, Quos bamadryades deae ^ Ludicrum sibi^ roscido" Nutriunt uniore.
Vosque item simul, integrae Virgin es, quibus ad venit
1 yellow. 2 slipper. Ludicrum. ^ dewy.
' cheerful. * clear. ^ i.e. Paris. ^ omen. "^ tree-nymphs
with
A ROMAK WEDDING SONG. 45
Par dies, agite, in modum '
Dicite ' 0 Hymenaee Hymen
0 Hymen Hymenaee.' 30
Te suis tremulus parens
Invocat, tibi virgines
Zonula soluunt sinus,-
Te timens cupida novus
Captat aure maritus. 35
Tu f ero ^ iuveni in manus
Floridam ipse puellulam
Pedis a gremio suae
Matris, 0 Hymenaee Hymen,
0 Hymen Hymenaee. 40
Claustra pandite ianuae, Virgo adest. Viden ut faces Splendidas quatiunt comas ?
Flere desine. Non tibi, Au-
runculeia, periculum est 45
Ne qua femina pulcbrior
Clarum ab Oceano diem
Viderit venientem.
Talis in vario^ solet
Divitis domini hortulo 50
Stare flos hyacinthinus.
Sed moraris, abit dies :
Prodeas, nova nupta.
1 measure. 2 bosom. » ardent. * many-hued.
46 CATULLUS.
Prodeas, nova nupta, si 55 lam videtur, et audias
Nostra verba. Viden faces Aureas quatiunt comas ? Prodeas, nova nupta.
Tollite, 0 pueri, faces : 60 Flammeum video venire.
Ite, concinite in modum O Hymen Hymenaee io, O Hymen Hymenaee.
O bonae senibus viris 65 Cognitae bene feminae,
Conlocate pnellulam. O Hymen Hymenaee io, O Hymen Hymenaee.
lam licet venias, marite: 70 Uxor in thalamo tibi est
Ore floridulo nitens Alba parthenice ^ velut Lutenmve papaver.^
At, marite (itii me invent 75 Caelites), nihilo minus ^
Pulcher es, neqne te Venus Neglegit. Sed abit dies : Perge, ne remorare.
Non diu remoratus es, 80 lam venis. Bona te Venus
1 Parthenice, kind of artemisia. * poppy. ^ gc. than she.
MARRIAGE HYMN. 47
luverit, quoniam palam Quod cupis capis et bonum Noil abscondis ' amorem.
Claudite ostia, virgines :
Lusimus satis. At, boni 85
Coniuges, bene vivite et
Munere adsiduo valentem
Exercete iuventam.
Marriage Hymn. (Ixii.) Youths. Vesper ^ adest : iuvenes, consurgite ; ^ Vesper Olympo Exspectata diu vix tandem lumina tollit. Surgere iam tempus, iam pingues linqiiere mensas ; lam veniet virgo, iam dicetur hymenaeus. Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee. 5
Maidens. Cernitis, innuptae, iuvenes ? consurgite contra : Nimirum Oetaeos * ostendit Noctifer igiies. Sic certe est : viden ut pernieiter ^ exsilueve ? Non temere exailuere : canent quod vincere par*' est. Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee. 10
Youths. Non facilis nobis, aequales, palnia parata est ; Adspicite, innuptae secum ut meditata ^ requirunt. Non frustra meditantur ; habent memorabile quod sit. ISiec mirum, penitus quae tota mente laborant. Nos alio * mentes, alio divisimus aures : 15
1 hide. 2 the evening star. 3 sc. mensis. * Thessalian. ^ eagerly. « sc. nobis, = it is our ,k. 7 studied (verses). » alio . . . alio, correlatives.
48
CATULLUS.
20
25
PREPARING THE BRIDE.
( Von Falke.)
lure igitur vincemur ; amat victoria curam. Quare nunc animos saltern convertite vestros : Dicere iam incipient, iam respondere decebit. Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.
Maidens. Hespere, qui caelo fertur crudelior ignis ? Qui natam possis complexu avellere matris, Complexu matris retinentem avellere natam Et iuveni ardenti castam donare puellam ? Quid faciunt hostes capta crudelius urbe ? Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.
Youths. Hespere, qui caelo lucet iucundior ignis ? Qui desponsa tua firnies conubia flamma, Quae pepigere ^ viri, pepigerunt ante parentes
1 promised.
MARRIAGE HYMN. 49
Nee iimxere prius quam se tuns extulit ardor,
Quid datur a divis feliei optatius hora ? 30
Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.
Maidens. Hesperus e nobis, aequales, abstulit unam.
Youths. Namque tuo adventu vigilat custodia semper. Nocte latent fures, quos idem saepe revertens, Hespere, mutato comprendis ^ nomine eosdem. 35
At libet innuptis ficto te carpere ^ questu. Quid tum, si carpunt tacita quem mente requirunt ? ^ Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.
Maidens. Ut flos in saeptis ^ secretus nascitur hortis, Ignotus pecori, nullo convulsus aratro, 40
Quem mulcent aurae, firmat sol, educat imber, Multi ilium pueri, multae optavere puellae ; Idem cum tenui carptus defloruit ungui, Nulli ilium pueri, nuUae optavere puellae : Sic virgo, dum intacta manet, dum cara suis est, 45
Cum castum amisit polluto corpore florem, Nee pueris iucunda manet, nee cara puellis. Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.
Youths. Ut vidua ^ in nudo vitis quae nascitur arvo Nunquam se extollit, nunquam mitem ^ educat uvam, 50 Sed tenerum prono deflectens pondere corpus lam iam contingit summum radice flagellum,"
' surprise. 2 j-ail at. ' long for. * inclosed. ^ = caelebs, solitary, not trained on a tree. 6 ripe. "> shoot.
ROM. LIFE 4
50 CATULLUS.
Haiic nulli agricolae, nulli accoluere iuvenci ; At si forte eadem est ulmo coniuncta marito, 55 Multi illam agricolae, multi accoluere iuvenci :
Sic virgo, dum intacta manet, duin inculta ^ senescit •, Cum par conubium maturo tempore adepta est, Cara viro magis et minus est in visa parenti.
Et tu ne pugna cum tali coniuge, virgo, 60 Non aequum est pugnare, pater cui tradidit ipse,
Ipse pater cum matre quibus parere necesse est.
Yirginitas non tota tua est, ex parte parentum est;
Tertia pars patri, pars est data tertia matri,
Tertia sola tua est. Noli pugnare duobus, 65 Qui genero suo iura simul cum dote dederunt.
Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.
A Roman Swell. (Ixxxiv.)
' Chommoda ' dicebat, si quando ' commoda ' vellet
Dicere et ' insidias ' Arrius ' hinsidias.' Et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum,
Cum, quantum poterat, dixerat 'hinsidias.' 5 Credo sic mater sic liber avunculus eius.
Sic maternus avus dixerit atque avia. Hoc niisso in Syriam, requierant omnibus aures,
Audibant eadem liaec leniter ^ et leviter. Nee sibi postilla ^ metuebant talia verba, 10 Cum subito adfertur nuntius horribilis :
lonios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset,
lam non ' lonios ' esse sed ' Hionios ' !
1 uncared-for. ^ i.e., without aspiration, s ^ postea.
BOSTON UNIVdKSItY COLLEGE •FL-ISERAL ARTS
VIII. GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR.
CAESAR.
(Naples Museum.)
Gaius Julius Caesar, whose family traced its origin back to the Trojan Aeneas, was born July 12th, 100 B.C. He received the usual education of a patrician youth, and at the same time a thorough training in affairs of war and statesmanship in the struggle between the patricians and plebeians, which was going on during his early years. He gradually identified himself with the democracy by his marriage in 83 b.c. with Cornelia, daughter of Cinna, who was at that time the leader of the Marian party. By this marriage he incurred the hostility of the dictator Sulla, who ordered him to divorce Cornelia, and Caesar remained away from Rome until Sulla's death in 78 b.c. On his return, after signal successes as an orator, he went to Rhodes to study rhetoric under Apollonius Molon. On his return to Rome in 74 b.c. he was elected successively pontiff, military tribune, and quaestor. His marriage with Pompeia, cousin of Pompey the Great, brought him into more intimate relations with the latter and with the people's party, and he was careful to strengthen his popularity by all possible means. In the conspiracy of Catiline he wisely kept himself in the background, but opposed the execution of the convicted conspirators. After serving as propraetor in Spain, Caesar was made consul (59 b.c), and formed, with Pompey and Crassus, the First Triumvirate. His growing power excited the apprehension of the Senate, and, in order to keep him away from Rome, the Senate assigned to him as proconsul the provinces of Gaul and Illyricum for five years. It was in these campaigns (58-51 B.C.) that Caesar's generalship and successes gained for him the title of one of the greatest commanders of all time. Crassus died in battle (53 b.c), when Caesar's successes in Gaul had excited the jealousy of Pompey. It had been agreed that Caesar's term of office in that province should be extended to ten years, but in 50 b.c. it was proposed in the Senate that Caesar should give up his command. In the following year, a resolution was passed, making him a public enemy unless he should disband his army. This was the beginning of civil war. Caesar advanced to Rome, receiving the submission of the cities through which he passed, and by his victory over Pompey at Pharsalus (Aug. 9, 48 B.C.) made himself master of Rome ; and Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was murdered. Caesar's victory over his enemies, Cato and Scipio, at Thapsus
51
52
CAESAR.
(April 6, 46 b.c), ended the war, and he returned to Rome with supreme power. An insurrection in Spain, excited by the sons of Pompey, was sup- pressed in the battle of Munda (45 b.c), and Caesar was free to carry out the work of reform. He corrected the calendar, and made wise plans for righting abuses in the laws and administration of the state, for adorning the city, and extending the Empire. These plans he was, however, unable to see completed, although many great changes were wrought in a very short time. His career was closed by his assassination on March 15th, 44 b.c.
DEATH OF CAESAR.
{From the painting by Gerome.)
Caesar's literary reputation rests chiefly on his Commentaries on the Gallic War, the best known and most widely studied military note-book of all ages. In it he set down, in simple language, a straightforward narrative of his cam- paigns, remarkable for its concise descriptions of regions, peoples, and customs, and in its revelation of the character of the writer, — his personal courage, his mastery of tactics, his power of overcoming natural obstacles, his indomitable perseverance. The Commentaries are in eight books, the last of which is the
THE CUSTOMS AND RELIGION OF THE GAULS. 53
work of Caesar's friend Hirtius. There remains also a treatise by Caesar on the Civil War in three books. Other works that pass under his name were not written by him.
An interesting life of Caesar is that of Froude (N. Y. 1884) and that of Anthony Trollope (London, 1870). A study of his campaigns is that of Col. T. A. Dodge (N, Y. 1892). His work as a statesman and organizer is analyzed by Fowler in his book Julius Caesar and the Organization of the Boman Empire (N. Y. 1892). There is a good edition of his Gallic War by Peskett in five volumes (Cambridge, 1878-82), and of the Civil War by the same scholar (1890). There is a special lexicon to Caesar by Mensel (Berlin, 1884 foil.). See an interesting article by Ropes, The Likenesses of Julius Caesar, in Scrih- ner''s Monthly for February, 1887.
The Customs and Religion of the Gauls. {B. G. vi. 13-20.)
13. In omni Gallia eorum hominum, qui ali- quo sunt numero atque honore, genera sunt duo. Nam plebes paene servorum habetur loco, quae nihil auclet per se, nullo adhibetur consilio. Plerique, cum aut aere alieno aut 5 magnitudine tributorum aut iniuria potentio- HEAD OF GAUL. y^iyr prcmuntur, sese in servitutem dicant nobi- ^"* ' libus ; in lios eadem omnia sunt iura, quae
dominis in servos. Sed de his duobus generibus alterum est Drui- dum, alterum equitum. Illi rebus divinis intersunt, sacrificia 10 publica ac privata procurant, religiones ^ interpretantur ; ad eos magnus adulescentium numerus disci]3linae causa concurrit, magnoque hi sunt apud eos honore. Nam fere de omnibus con- troversiis publicis privatisque constituunt, et si quod est admis- sum facinus, si caedes facta, si de hereditate, si de finibus 15 controversia est, idem decernunt, praemia poenasque consti- tuunt ; si qui aut privatus aut populus eorum decreto non stetit, sacrificiis interdicunt. Haec poena apud eos est gravissima Quibus ita est interdictum, hi numero impiorum ac sceleratorum
1 reliffious rites.
54 CAESAR.
20 habentur, his omnes decedunt, aditum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant, neque his petentibus ins redditur neque honos ullus communicatur. His autem omni- bus Druidibus praeest unus, qui summam inter eos habet auctori- tatem. Hoc mortuo aut, si qui ex reliquis excellit dignitate,
25 succedit, aut, si sunt plures pares, suffragio Druidum, nonnuni- quam etiani armis de principatu contendunt. Hi certo anni tempore in finibus Carnutum, quae regio totius Galliae media habetur, considunt in loco consecrato. Hue omnes undique, qui controversias habent, conveniunt eorumque decretis iudiciisque
30 parent. Disciplina ^ in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur, et nunc, qui diligentius eam rem cog- noscere volunt, plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur.
14. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt, militiae vacationem omniumque rerum habent
35 immunitatem. Tantis excitati praemiis et sua sponte multi in disciplinam conveniunt et a parentibus propinquisque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere^ dicuntur. Itaque annos nonnulli vicenos in disciplina permanent. Neque fas esse existimant ea litteris mandare, cum in reliquis fere rebus, publi-
40 cis privatisque rationibus, Graecis litteris utantur. Id mihi duabus de causis instituisse videntur, quod neque in vulgum dis- ciplinam efferri velint neque eos, qui discunt, litteris confisos minus memoriae studere ; quod fere plerisque accidit, ut praesidio litterarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant.
45 Imprimis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas, sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios, atque hoc maxime ad virtutem excitari putant, metu mortis neglecto. Multa praeterea de sideri- bus atque eorum motu, de mundi ac terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura, de deorum immortalium vi ac potestate disputant
50 et iuventuti tradunt.
1 system. ^ couiuiit to memory.
THE CUSTOMS AND RELIGION OF THE CxAULS. 55
16. Natio est omnium Gallonim admodum dedita religionibus, atque ob eam causam, qui sunt affecti gravioribus morbis quique in proeliis periculisque versantur, aut pro victimis homines immolant aut se immolaturos vovent administrisque ad ea sacri- licia Druidibus utuntur, quod, pro vita hominis nisi liominis vita 55 reddatur, non posse deorum immortalium numen placari arbi- trantur, publiceque eiusdem generis liabent instituta sacrificia. Alii immani niagnitudine simulacra habent, quorum contexta viminibus membra vivis hominibus complent; quibus succensis circumventi flamma exanimantur homines. Supplicia eorum, 60 qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut aliqua noxa sint comprehensi, gratiora dis immortalibus esse arbitrantur; sed cum eius generis copia defecit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt.
17. Deum maxime Mercurium colunt. Huius sunt plurima simulacra, hunc omnium inventorum artium ferunt, hunc viarum 65 atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaestus pecuniae mercaturasque habere vim maximam arbitrantur. Post hunc Apollinem et Martem et lovem et Minervam. De his eandem fere, quam reliquae gentes, habent opinionem: Apollinem morbos depellere, Minervam operum atque artificiorum initia tradere, lovem im- 70 perium caelestium tenere, Martem bella regere. Huic, cum proelio dimicare constituerunt, ea, quae bello ceperint, plerumque devovent; cum superaverunt, animalia capta immolant reliquas- que res in unum locum conferunt. Multis in civitatibus harum rerum exstructos tumulos locis consecratis conspicari licet; neque 75 saepe accidit, ut neglecta quispiam religione aut capta apud se occultare aut posita tollere auderet, gravissimumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum est.
18. Galli se omnes ab Dite ^ patre prognatos praedicant idque
ab Druidibus proditum dicunt. Ob eam causam spatia omnis 80 temporis non numero dierum, sed noctium liniunt; dies natales
1 Pluto.
66
CAESAR.
et mensium et annorum initia sic observant, ut noctem dies sub- sequatur. In reliquis vitae institutis hoc fere ab reliquis differ- unt, quod suos liberos, nisi cum adoleverunt, ut munus militiae 85 sustinere possint, palam ad se adire non patiuntur filiumque puerili aetate in publico in conspectu patris assistere turpe ducunt. 19. Viri, quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis ^ nomine accepe- runt, tantas ex suis bonis aestimatione facta cum dotibus com- municant. Huius omnis pecuniae coniunctim ratio habetur
sm
DYING GAUL.
{CapitoUne Museum. Rome.)
90 fructusque^ servantur; uter eorum vita superavit, ad eum pars utriusque cum f ructibus superiorum temporum pervenit. Viri in uxores, sicuti in liberos, vitae necisque habent potestatem; et cum f)aterfamiliae illustriore loco natus decessit, eius propinqui conveniunt et, de morte si res in suspicionem venit, de uxoribus
95 in servilem modum quaestionem^ habent et, si compertum est, igni atque omnibus tormentis excruciatas interficiunt. Funera sunt pro cultu Gallorum magnifica et sum2:)tuosa; omniaque, quae vivis cordi fuisse ^ arbitrantur, in ignem inferunt, etiam animalia,
1 dowry. 2 interest. 8 investigation, trial. * dear to.
THE HERCYNIAN FOREST. 57
ac paulo supra hanc inemoriam servi et clientes, quos ab iis dilectos esse constabat, iustis funeribus confectis una cremabantur. lOO
20. Quae civitates commoclius suani rem publicam administrare existimantur, habent legibus sanctum, si quis quid de re publica a linitimis rumore aut fama acceperit, uti ad magistratum deferat neve cum quo alio communicet, quod saepe homines temerarios atque imperitos falsis riimoribus terreri et ad facinus impelli et de 105 summis rebus consilium capere cognitum est. Magistratus, quae visa sunt, occultant, quaeque esse ex usu iudicaverunt, multi- tudini produnt. De re publica nisi per concilium loqui non conce- ditur.
The Hercynian Forest. {B. G. vi. 25-28.)
25. Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata est, latitude novem dierum iter expedito ^ patet; non enim aliter liniri potest, neque mensuras itinerum noverunt. Oritur ab Helvetiorum et Nemetum et Eauricorum finibius rectaque flumi- nis Danuvii regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum et Anartium; 5 hinc se fiectit sinistrorsus diversis ab flumine regionibus multa- rumque gentium fines propter magnitudinem attingit: neque quisquam est huius Germaniae, qui se aut adisse ad initium eius silvae dicat, cum dierum iter lx processerit, aut, quo ex loco oriatur, acceperit, multaque in ea genera ferarum nasci constat, 10 quae reliquis in locis visa non sint; ex quibus quae maxime differant ab ceteris et memoriae prodenda videantur, haec sunt.
26. Est bos cervi figura, cuius a media fronte inter aures unum cornu exsistit excelsius magisque directum his, quae nobis nota sunt, cornibus; ab eius summo sicut palmae ramique late diffun- 15 duntur. Eadem est feminae marisque natura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornuum.
27. Sunt item, quae appellantur alces.^ Harum est consimilis capris figura et varietas pellium, sed magnitudine paulo ante-
^ active. 2 elks.
58 CAESAR.
20 cedunt mutilaeque ^ sunt cornibus et crura sine noclis articulisque habent^ neque quietis causa procumbunt neque, si quo afflictae casu conciderunt, erigere sese aut sublevare possunt. His sunt arbores pro cubilibus ^ : ad eas se applicant atque ita paulum modo reclinatae quietem capiunt. Quarum ex vestigiis cum est animad-
25 versum a venatoribus, quo se recipere consuerint, omnes eo loco aut ab radicibus subruunt aut accidunt arbores tan turn, ut summa species earum stantium relinquatur. Hue cum se consuetudine reclinaverunt, infirmas arbores pondere affligunt atque una ipsae concidunt.
SO 28. Tertium est genus eorum, qui uri ^ appellantur. Hi sunt magnitudine paulo infra elepliantos, specie et colore et ligura tauri. Magna vis eorum est et magna velocitas, neque homini neque ferae, quam conspexerunt, parcunt. Hos studiose foveis ^ captos interficiunt. Hoc se labore durant adulescentes atque hoc
35 genere venationis exercent, et qui plurimos ex his interfecerunt, relatis in publicum cornibus, quae sint testimonio, magnam ferunt laudem. Sed assuescere ad homines et mansuefieri ne parvuli quidem excepti possunt. Amplitudo cornuum et figura et species multum a nostrorum boum cornibus differt. Haec studiose con-
40 quisita ab labris^ argeuto circumcludunt atque in amplissimis epulis pro poculis utuntur.
1 without horns. ^ resting place. 3 bisons. * pitfalls. ^ rims.
IX. PUBLILIUS SYRUS.
Publilius Syrus, who was probably a native of Antioch, flourished in Rome toward the second half of the first century b.c. He was a very successful writer for the stage, contributing pieces (mimes, mimi) that were remarkable for their epigrammatic sayings, which were collected and published after his death under the title of Sententiae (moral maxims). About seven hundred of these have been preserved and have been separately edited by 0. Friedrich (Berlin, 1880). They are in various kinds of verse (iambic and trochaic) and consist of a single line each.
Saws and Maxims.
1. Aut amat aut odit mulier, nihil est tertium.
2. Amici vitia si feras, facias tua.^
3. Absentem laedit, cum ebrio qui litigat.^
4. Amans quod suspicatur, vigilans somniat.
5. Bis gratum est, quo dato opus est ultro si offeras.
6. Beneficium accipere libertatem est vendere.
7. Bona nemini hora est, ut non alicui sit mala.
8. Bonus animus laesus gravius multo irascitur.
9. Beneficium dando accepit qui digno dedit.
10. Crudelem medicum intemperans ^ aeger * facit.
11. Cum inimico nemo in gratiam tuto redit.
12. Comes facundus in via pro vehiculo est.
13. Discipulus est prions posterior dies.
14. Deliberandum est saepe, statuendum est semel.
15. Ducis in consilio posita est virtus militum.
* your own. ^ wrang-les. ^ disobedient. * patient. 59
60 PUBLILIUS SYRUS.
16. Deliberando saepe perit occasio.
17. Deos ridere credo cum felix vocer.
18. Fortunam citius reperias quam retineas.
19. Formosa facies muta commendatio est.
20. Fraus est accipere quod non potest reddere.
21. Feminae naturam regere desperare ^ est otium.
22. Fortuna vitrea est : tum cum splendet frangitur.
23. Gravis animi poena est quem post ^ facti paenitet.
24. Heu quam est timendus qui mori tutum putat!
25. Heredis fletus sub persona ^ risus est.
26. Improbe Neptunum accusat qui iterum naufragium facit.
27. Mala secum agit aeger, medicum qui heredem facit.
28. Malum est consilium quod mutari non potest.
29. Non turpis est cicatrix quam virtus parit.
30. Non pote non sapere qui se stultum intellegit.
31. Pars benefici est, quod petitur si belle neges.
32. Stultum facit Fortuna quem vult perdere.
33. Thesaurum in sepulcro ponit, qui senem heredem facit.
34. Unus dies poenam adfert quam multi citant.
35. Voluptas e difficili data dulcissima est.
36. Ubi peccat aetas maior, male discit minor.
1 give up all hope of. 2 afterward (adverb). 3 mask.
X. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO.
CICERO.
Capitoline Museum, Rome.
Marcus Tullius Cicero was born Jan. 3, 106 b.c, at Arpinum. His family was of equestrian rank, al- though not belonging to the nobil- ity. He was educated at the best schools of Rome, and, after as- suming the toga virilis, devoted himself to the study of rhetoric, philosophy, and law, under the greatest teachers of the day. During the vSocial War he served for a short time (89 b.c), retir- ing then to private pursuits. His reputation was established by his speech in defense of Sex. Roscius (81 B.C.), in whose trial he came into opposition to Sulla. In 79 B.C. he undertook a two years' journey to Greece and Asia, in which he embraced every oppor- tunity of continuing his rhetorical and philosophical studies. Returning to Rome, he filled the office of quaestor at Lilybaeum (75 b.c), and mcreased his renown by the exercise of his oratorical talent, notably by his speech at the trial of C. Verres, former praetor in Sicily. In 69 b.c he became aedile, and as praetor (66 b.c), in his oration Pro Lege 3IamUa, aided in securiilg the com- mand in the Mithridatic War for Pompey, to whose interests he had attached himself closely. He attained the consulship in 63 b.c, and rendered important service in the detection and suppression of Catiline's conspiracy, but incurred great hostility because of the illegal execution of the conspirators. Forced into exile by the Triumvirate (58 b.c), he was recalled the succeeding year, but found himself shut out from all public activity. During this period of enforced leisure he produced the treatises De Oratore and De Bepuhlica (55 and 54 B.C.). During the years 51 and 50 he served as proconsul in Cilicia, administer- ing the office with great energy and unselfishness. Returning at the time of the rupture between Caesar and Pompey, he espoused the cause of the latter, but after the battle of Pharsalus withdrew his support, and obtained pardon from Caesar and permission to return to Rome. During the interval previous to the death of Caesar most of his great literary works were composed. After Caesar's
61
62 CICERO.
assassination, which he greeted with great joy, he once more entered public life in the struggle against Antony ; but when, after the defeat of the latter, Octavi- anus turned his arms against the Senate, and the Second Triumvirate was formed, Cicero became one of the first victims of the proscriptions which followed. He was overtaken, while fleeing, near his estate at Formiae, and murdered (Dec. 7, 43 b.c). Cicero's immense literary activity, his participa- tion in the public affairs of an important period, and his supreme command of oratory, produced a body of rhetorical Latin which for literary perfection and historical value takes first rank among Latin prose writings. The style of the orations is of sustained dignity, showing absolute command of the niceties of language, but permeated throughout by the unconquerable vanity and egotism of the author, and frequently weakened by the very perfection of the rhetoric. The titles of nearly eighty orations are given, of which only thirty-six have come down to us complete, while about twenty are extant in more or less fragmentary form. Almost all of these orations represent some important juncture in Roman affairs, and are invaluable aids to the historical study of the period.
Cicero's philosophical writings embrace thirty titles, of which the best known are the treatises De Oratore, De Officiis, and De Natura Beorum, each in three books; De Senectute {Cato Maior) ; De Amicitia {Laelius) ; Tusculanae Dis- putationes, in five books ; Academica, in four books ; De Finibus, in five books ; and De Legibns, in six books.
Of his correspondence we have upwards of eight hundred letters, extending over a space of twenty-six years. Of his other writings, poetical, historical, and miscellaneous, only fragments and rare traces remain.
The standard text of the whole of Cicero is that of C. F. W. Miiller (Leipzig, 1878 foil.). A fine edition of his correspondence, with notes, is that by Tyrrell and Pur^r (Dublin and London), still in course of publication. The most vivid and striking life of Cicero is that by Anthony Trollope (1880) ; the most recent, that by Davidson (1894). Reference may also be made to Church's Boman Life in the Daijs of Cicero (1883); Boissier's Ciceron et ses Amis (last ed. 1888); and Fausset's adaptation from Munk, under the English title of The Student's Cicero (1890).
The Praises of Literature. {Pro Archia, vi.)
Ego vero fateor me his studiis esse deditum : ceteros pudeat, si qui ita se litteris abdiderimt, ut nihil possint ex iis neque ad communem afferre f ructum neque in aspectum lucemque prof erre ; me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita vivo, indices, ut a
THE PRAISES OF LITERATURE. 63
nullius unquam me tempore aut commodo^ aut otium meum 5 abstraxerit aut voluptas avocarit aut denique somnus retardarit?
Quare quis tandem me reprehendat aut quis mihi iure suc- censeat,'-^ si quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad alias volu|)tates et ad ipsam requiem animi et corporis conceditur temporum, quan- lO tum alii tribuunt tempestivis ^ conviviis, quantum denique alveolo/ quantum pilae,^ tantum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero? Atque hoc eo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his studiis haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas, quae, quantacumque in me est, nunquam amicorum periculis defuit. 15 Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam sentio. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis multisque litteris mihi ab adolescentia suasissem, nihil esse in vita magno opere expetendum nisi laudem atque honestatem, in ea autem persequenda omnes cruciatus corporis, omnia pericula 20 mortis atque exsilii parvi esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes atque in hos profligatorum hominum cotidianos impetus obiecissem. Sed pleni omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum vetustas : quae iacerent in tenebris omnia, nisi litterarum lumen accederet. 25 Quam multas nobis imagines ^ non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt; quas ego mihi semper in admini- stranda re publica proponens animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium conformabam. 30
Quaeret quispiam: 'Quid? illi ipsi summi viri, quorum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, quam tu effers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt? ' Difficile est hoc de omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est certum, quod respondeam. Ego multos homines excellenti animo ac virtute fuisse sine doctrina, et naturae ipsius 35
* needs. 2 ^g otfended. 3 early. * dice. ^ ball, c portraits.
64 CICERO.
habitu prope clivino per se ipsos et moderatos et graves exstitisse fateor; etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem naturam sine doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam. Atque ^ idem ego hoc contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam atque
40 illustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, tum illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere: ex hoc esse hunc numero, quern patres nostri viderunt, divinum hominem Africanum;^ ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Furium, modera- tissimos homines et continentissimos; ex hoc fortissimum virum
45 et illis temporibus doctissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem: qui profecto, si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent.
Quod si non hie tantus frnctus ostenderetur et si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut opinor, hanc animi adversi-
50 onem humanissimum ac liberalissimum iudicaretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aetatum omnium neque locorum : haec studia adulescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusti-
55 cantur.
A Good Old Age. (De Senectute, xviii.)
Sed in omni oratione mementote earn me senectutem laudare quae fundamentis adulescentiae constituta sit. Ex quo efficitur id quod ego magno quondam cum assensu omnium dixi, " miseram esse senectutem quae se oratione^ defenderet." Non cani, non
5 rugae* repente auctoritatem arripere possunt; sed honeste acta superior aetas fructus capit auctoritatis extremos. Haec enim ipsa sunt honorabilia quae videntur levia atque communia, salutari, appeti, decedi, assurgi, deduci, reduci, consuli; quae et apud nos et in aliis civitatibus, ut quaeque optime morata, ita
10 diligentissime observantur. Lysandrum Lacedaemonium, cuius
* also. 2 Scipio the younger. ^ argument, * wrinkles.
A GOOD OLD AGE. 65
modo mentionem feci, dicere aiunt solitum Lacedaemonem esse lionestissimum doniicilium senectutis: iiusquam enim tantum tribuitur aetati, nusquam est senectus honoratior. Quiii etiain memoriae proditimi est, cum Atlienis ludis quidam in tlieatrum grandis natu venisset, in magno consessu locum nusquam ei datum 15 a suis civibus; cum autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui legati ^ cum essent certo in loco consederant, consurrexisse omnes et senem ilium sessum recepisse. Quibus cum a cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex datus, dixisse ex iis quendam, " Athenienses scire quae recta essent, sed facere nolle." Multa in 20 nostro collegio praeclara, sed hoc de quo agimus in primis, quod, ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet; neque solum lionore antecedentibus ^ sed iis etiam qui cum imperio^ sunt maiores natu augures anteponuntur. Quae sunt igitur voluptates corporis cum auctoritatis praemiis comparandae? 25 Quibus qui splendide usi sunt, ii mild videntur fabulam * aetatis peregisse, nee tamquam inexercitati histriones in extremo actu corruisse.^ At sunt morosi et anxii et iracundi et difficiles senes. Si quaerimus, etiam avari : sed haec morum ^ vitia sunt, non senectutis. Ac morositas tamen et ea vitia quae dixi habent 30 aliquid excusationis, non illius quidem iustae sed quae probari posse videatur : contemni se putant, despici, illudi : praeterea in fragili corpore odiosa omnis offensio est. Quae tamen omnia dulciora fiunt et moribus bonis et artibus; idque cum in vita tum in scenil intelligi potest ex iis fratribus qui in Adelphis sunt. 35 Quanta in altero duritas, in altero comitas ! Sic se res habet; ut enim non omne vinum, sic non omnis aetas vetu state coacescit.^ Severitatem in senectute probo, sed eam sicut alia modicam ; acer- bitatem nullo modo. Avaritia vero senilis quid sibi velit non intellego. Potest enim quidquam esse absurdius quam quo minus 40 nae restat eo plus viatici quaerere ?
1 ambassadors. 2 superior. 3 military authority. * drama. B to have broken down. > character. ' grows sour.
ROM. LIFE — 5
C6 CICERO.
A Letter from Exile. (Ad Favi. xiv. 4.)
TULLIUS TEREXTIAE ET TULLTOLAE ET CICERONI SUIS S. P. D.^
Ego minus saepe do acl vos litteras, quam possum, propterea quod cum omnia milii temi)ora sunt misera, turn vero, cum aut scribo ad vos, aut vestras lego, conficior laciimis sic, ut ferre non possim. Quod utinam minus vitae cupidi fuissemus ! certe nihil
5 aut non multum in vita mali vidissemus. Quodsi nos ad aliquam alicuius commodi aliquando reciperandi spem fortuna reservavit, minus est erratum a nobis ; sin haec mala fixa sunt, ego vero te quam primum, mea vita, cupio videre et in tuo complexu emori, quoniam neque dii, quos tu castissime coluisti, neque
10 homines quibus ego semper servivi, nobis gratiam rettulerunt. Nos Brundisii apud M. Laenium Flaccum dies XIII. fuimus, virum optimum, qui periculum fortunarum et capitis sui prae mea salute neglexit, neque legis improbissimae poena deductus est, quo minus hospitii et amicitiae ius officiumque praestaret.
15 Huic utinam aliquando gratiam referre possimus ! habebimus quidem semper. Brundisio profocti sumus prid. Kalendas Maias: per Macedonian! Cyzicum petebamus. 0 me perditum ! 0 afflic- tum ! quid nunc rogem te ut venias, mulierem aegram, et corpore et animo confectam? Non rogem? Sine te igitur sim ? Opinor,
20 sic again : si est spes nostri reditus, eam confirmes et rem adiuves ; sin, ut ego metuo, transactum est,^ quoquo modo potes ad me fac venias. Unum hoc scito : si te habebo, non milii videbor plane perisse. Sed quid Tulliola mea fiet? lam idvosvidete; mihi deest consilium. Sed certe, quoquo modo se res habebit, illius
25 misellae-^ et matrimonio et famae servienduin est. Quid ? Cicero meus quid aget ? Iste vero sit in sinu semper et complexu meo. Non queo plura iam scribere : impedit maeror. Tu quid egeris nescio : utrum aliquid teneas, an, quod metuo, plane sis spoliata.
1 salutem ])lii7'l)nam (licit. 2 all is up. » poor girl.
A LETTER FROM EXILE. 67
Pisonem, ut scribis, spero fore semper nostrum, De familiii liberata, nihil est, quod te moveat. Primum, tuis ita promissum 30 est, te facturam esse, ut quisque esset meritus. Est autem in officio adhuc Orpheus ; praeterea magno opere nemo. Ceterorum servorum ea causa est, ut, si res a nobis abisset, liberti nostri essent, si obtinere potuissent; sin ad nos pertineret, servirent, praeterquam oppido^ piuci. Sed haec minora sunt. Tu quod 35 me hortaris, ut animo sim magno et spem habeam reciperandae salutis, id velim sit eius modi, ut reete sperare possimus. Nunc, miser quando tuas iam litteras accipiam? qiiis ad me perferet? quas ego exspectassem Briindisii, si esset licitum per nautas, qui tempestatem praetermittere noluerunt. Quod reliquum est, sus- 40 tenta te, mea Terentia, ut potes, honestissime. Viximus ; flo- ruimus ; non vitium nostrum sed virtus nostra nos afflixit. Peccatum est nullum, nisi quod non una an imam cum orna- mentis amisimus. Sed si hoc fuit liberis nostris gratius, nos vivere, cetera, quamquam ferenda non sunt, fe ramus. Atque 45 ego, qui te confirmo, ipse me non possum. Clodium Philhe- taerum, quod valetudine oculorum impediebatur, hominem fide- lem, remisi. Salustius officio vincit omnes. Pescennius est perbenevolus nobis ; quem semper spero tui fore observantem. Sicca dixerat se mecum fore, sed Brundisio discessit. Cura, 50 quoad potes, ut valeas, et sic existimes, me vehementius tua miseria quam mea commoveri. Mea Terentia, fidissima atque optima uxor, et mea carissima filiola, et spes reliqua nostra, Cicero, valete.
Pridie Kalendas Maias, Brundisio. 55
1 exceedingly.
XT. PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO.
Publius Vergilius Maro was born 70 b.c. at Andes near Mantua, and died at Brundusium, 19 b.c. Little is known with certainty of his personal history, and no information is afforded by his own writings. His education was begun at Cremona and continued at Milan and Naples, where he devoted himself espe-
HORACE. VARIUS AND MAECENAS.
{From the Painting by Jalabert.)
cially to the study of Greek poetry and philosophy. To this period is assigned the composition of some of his minor poems. He then returned to his farm, and busied himself in study and writing. His first important work was a series of ten pastoral poems, to which he gave the name of Eclogues, and which at once established his fame and popularity. This work is said to have been undertaken at the suggestion of Asinius Pollio, then military governor of the
68
VERGIL. 69
region. After the defeat of the repubhcan army at I'hilippi, a division of lands was made to reward the soldiery, and Vergil's farm was confiscated among the rest. On the advice of Pollio he went to Rome, and secured from Augustus the restoration of his estate, which, however, seems not to have been effected, as he is described as chased by the liolder of the lands and forced to swim the Mincius to save his life. Shortly after this he removed to Rome, where his reputation brought him great respect among the highest circles. At the age of thirty-three he took up his residence at Nola, near Naples, where he spent a great portion of his time. At the request of Maecenas, it is said, he now undertook the composition of the Georgics, four books on husbandry, with the view of bringing back a love of rural pursuits. Those poems are considered the most elaborate and highly polished of his works. In both Eclogues and Georgics the influence of Vergil's study of the Greek poets is evident, the Eclogues being an adaptation of Theocritus, and the Georgics an imitation of Hesiod. After the establishment of the Empire, Vergil, at the request of Augustus, began his great- est work, the Aeneid. This great epic was commenced in the year in which he completed the Georgics^ and occupied him until his death. The poem uses the material and follows the arrangement of the Iliad and Odyssey, but unlike Homer's epic the Aeueid shows the highest perfection of literary art. It is the most elaborated production of a highly artificial age, and is dominated by one purpose, — the exaltation of Rome and the Julian gens. On the completion of the poem in its present form, Vergil went to Greece with the intention of spending some years in a final revision of his great work; but soon after his arrival there he was prevailed upon by Augustus to accompany him to Italy, where he died soon after reaching Brundusium. He is said to have ordered the Aeneid to be burned, being unwilling to have it published in its unfinished con- dition, but it was preserved by the request of Augustus and submitted to the judgment of his friends Tucca and Varius, who made it public. Vergil was buried, by his own desire, at Posilippo near Naples, where what purports to be his tomb is still shown.
In person he was tall, dark, and slender, of delicate health, and of a very shy and retiring disposition. It is related that he often entered shops or turned aside in the streets to avoid public recognition. There is no authentic portrait of Ver- gil known to be in existence. In the Middle Ages, popular tradition made Vergil a famous magician, and many marvelous stories were told of him, regarding which reference may be made to Tunison's Master Vergil (Cincinnati, 1889).
A standard text of the whole of Vergil is that of Ribbeck (Leipzig, 1867). There is an excellent commentary in English by Conington, revised by Nettle- ship, with admirable introductions (4th ed. London, 1881-88). Professor Con- ington also published a good prose translation (.3d ed. London, 1882), and there is one by Lonsdale and Lee (12th ed. London, 1890). Good verse translations of the Aeneid are those of Conington (6th ed. London, 1881); W. Morris (Lon-
70
VERGIL.
don, 1876) ; and Thornhill (Dublin, 1886). There is an excellent literary study of Vergil in Sellar's Boman Poets of the Augustan Age (2d ed. Oxford, 1883) ; and of the Aeneid in Nettleship's Lectures and Essays (Oxford, 1885). Harper and Miller's edition of the Aeneid (Books I.-VI.) and Bucolics (New York, 1892) has excellent literary and historical notes.
Mine Hostess. (Copa.)
Copa Surisca, caput Graia redimita mitella,^ Crispum ^ sub crotalo ^ docta movere latus,
Ebria fumosa saltat lasciva taberna, Ad cubitum "* raucos excutiens calamos. 5 Quid iuvat aestivo defessum pulvere abesse?
Quam potius bibulo^ decubuisse toro!
FRESCO. {Pomjjeii.)
Sunt cupae^ et calices, cyathi, rosa, tibia, chordae,' Et trichila^ umbriferis frigida arundinibus;
En et, Maenalio quae garrit dulce sub antro, 10 Rustica pastoris fistula ^ in ore sonat.
Est et vappa,^*^ cado" nuper defusa picato,^^ Et strepitans rauco murmure rivus aquae.
Sunt etiam croceo violae de flore corollae, Sertaque purpurea lutea ^^ mixta rosa,
^ hood. 2 lithe. 3 castanet. * elbow, s jovial, c casks. '' strinfred instrument, house. 3 shepherd's pipe, i" cheap -vvine. ^i jar. 12 pitched. i3 golden.
8 summer
LAOCOON. 71
Et quae virgineo libata Aclielois ab amne 15
Lilia vimineis attulit in calatliis. Sunt et caseoli,^ quos iuncea fiscina ' siccat;
Sunt autumnal! cerea pruna^ die, Castaneaeque * nuces et suave rubentia mala;
Est liic munda Ceres, est Amor, est Bromius.^ 20
Sunt et mora^ cruenta, et lentis uva racemis,'
Et pendet iunco caeruleus cucumis.^ Est tuguri ^ custos, armatus falce saligna,
Sed non et vasto est inguine terribilis. Hue, Alabita, veni : lassus iam sudat asellus ; 25
Parce illi : Vestae delicium est asinus. Nunc cantu crebro rumpunt arbusta cicadae;
Nunc viridis gelida saepe ^° lacerta latet. Si sapis, aestivo recubans te prolue " vitro,
Seu vis crystallo ferre novos calices. 30
Eia age pampinea^^ fessus requiesce sub umbra,
Et gravidum roseo necte caput strophio/^ Formosus tenerae decerpens or a puellae.
Ah pereat, cui sunt prisca supercilia ! Quid cineri ingrato servas bene olentia serta? 35
Anne coronato vis lapide ossa tegi? Pone merum et talos! ^* Pereat, qui crastina^^ curat!
LaocoOn. (Aen. ii. 201-227.)
Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos, Sollemnes taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras. Ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranquilla per alta —
1 cheeses. 2 rush-basket. 3 plums. * chestnuts. ^ Bacchus. ^ mulberries. ^ clusters. 8 cucumber. ^ cottage, ^o hedge. " moisten. 12 Qf the vine. ^^ garland. " dice. ^^ the morrow.
72 VERGIL.
Horresco referens immensis orbibus angues
5 Incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad litora tendunt :
Pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta iubaeque^ Sanguineae superant undas, pars cetera pontum Pone ^ legit sinuatque immensa volumine terga. Fit sonitus spumante salo. lamque arva tenebant;
10 Ardentesque oculos suffecti ^ sanguine et igni,
Sibila * lambebant linguis vibrantibus ora. Diffugimus visu exsangues. Illi agmine certo Laocoonta petunt, et primum parva duorum Corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque
15 Implicat, et miseros morsu depascitur artus;
Post ipsum auxilio subeuntem ac tela ferentem Corripiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus, et iam Bis medium amplexi, bis collo squamea^ circum Terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus altis.
20 Ille simul manibus tendit divellere nodos,
Perfusus sanie ^ vittas '^ atroque veneno, Clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit : Quales mugitus/ fugit cum saucius aram Taurus et incertam excussit cervice securim.^
25 At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones
Effugiunt, saevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem, Sub pedibusque deae clipeique sub orbe teguntur. Turn vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis Insinuat pavor; et scelus expendisse merentem
30 Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qui cuspide robur
Laeserit et tergo sceleratam intorserit liastam. Ducendum ad sedes simulacrum, orandaque divae Numina conclamant.
1 crest. 2 behind. 3 suffused, * hissing. ^ scaly. « gore. ^ fiUets. » roa
DEATH OF LAOCOON. (Vatican Museum.)
Illi agmine certo Laocoonta petunt II: 212.
Tin: HARPIES.
73
The Harpies. (Aeu. iii. 219-244.)
Hue ubi delati ^ portiis iiitravimus, ecce Lcaeta bourn passim campis armenta^ videinus Capri genumque pecus, iiullo (uistode, per herbas. Irruimus ferro, et divos ipsumque vocamus In partem praedamque^ lovem : tum litore curvo Exstruimusque toros, dapibusque'* epulamur^ opimis. At subitae horritico lapsu de montibus iidsunt Harpyiae et magnis quatiunt" clangoribus'^ alas,
HARPY.
{From an Etruscan vase)
Diripiuiitque dapes, contactuque omnia foedant
Immundo ; tum vox taetmm dira inter odorem. lo
Rursum in secessu longo sub rupe cavata,
Arboribus clausi circum atque horrentibus umbris,
Instruimus mensas, arisque reponimus ignem ;
Rursum ex diverso caeli caecisque latebris
Turba sonans praedam pedibus ciucumvolat uncis,^ 15
Polluit^" ore dapes. Sociis tunc arma capessant/^
Edico, et dira bellum cum gente gerendum.
Hand secus ac iussi faciunt, tectosque per lierbam
1 carried. 2 herds. ^^ pollute. 11 seize.
hendiadys. * banquet, s feast, c rich. ^ flap, s whirring. 0 hooked.
74 VERGIL.
Disponimt enses et scuta latentia condunt. 20 Ergo ubi clelapsae sonitum per curva cledere
Litora, dat signum specula^ Misenus ab alta
Aere cavo. Invaduut socii et iiova^ proelia tentant
Obscenas pelagi ferro foedare^ volucres.
Sed neque vim plumis ullam nee vulnera tergo 25 Accipiunt, celerique fuga sub sidera lapsae
Semiesam ^ praedam et vestigia f oeda reliuquunt.
The Cyclops. (Aeii. in. 594-G83.)
Eespicinius. Dira illuvies ^ ininiissaque ^ barba^ Consertum'^ tegunien^ spinis^; at cetera Graius Et quondam patriis ad Troiam missus in armis. Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Troia vidit
5 Arma procul, paulum adspectu conterritus haesit,
Continuitque gradum; mox sese ad littora praeceps Cum fletu precibusque tulit : " Per sidera testor, Per superos atque hoc coeli spirabile lumen, ^° Tollite me, Teucri ! quascumque abducite terras :
10 Hoc sat erit. Scio me Danais e classibus unum,
Et bello Iliacos fateor petiisse Penates. Pro quo, si sceleris tanta est iniuria nostri, Spargite ^^ me in fluctus vastoque immergite ponto : Si pereo, hominum manibus periisse iuvabit."
15 Dixerat, et genua am plexus genibusque volutans ^^
Haerebat. Qui sit, fari, quo sanguine cretus, Hortamur; quae delude agitet fortuna fateri. Ipse pater dextram Anchises, hand multa moratus, Dat iuveni, atque animum praesenti pignore firmat.
20 Hie haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur :
1 look-out. 2 strange. 3 cut to pieces. * half-eateii. ^ gith. c straggliug. ^ pinned. 8 gar- ments. ^ thorn. 10 air Ave breathe. ^^ tear in pieces and scatter. ^- groveling.
THE CYCLOPS.
75
" Sum patrifi ex Itliacfi, comes infelicis Ulixi, Nomeii Acliemenides, Troiam, genitore Adamasto Paupere — mansissetque utinam fortiina! — , profectus. Hie me, dum trepidi cmdelia limiiia linquunt, Immemores socii vasto Cyclopis in antro Deseruere. Domus saiiie dapibusque cmentis, Intus opaca, ingens. Ipse arduus, altaque piilsat Sidera — di, talem terris avertite pestem ! — , Nee visu facilis nee dietu affabilis ulli. Visceribus miseronim et sanguine vescitur^ atro.
25
30
35
BLINDING OF POLYPHEMUS.
{Etruscan painting.)
Vidi egomet, duo de numero cum corpora nostro Prensa manu magna medio resupinus in antro Frangeret ad saxum, sanieque exspersa^ natarent Limina; vidi, atro cum membra fluentia tabo'^ Manderet,^ et tepidi tremerent sub dentibus artus. Hand impune quidem ; nee talia passu s Ulixes, Oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto. Nam simul, expletus dapibus vinoque sepultus, Cervicem inflexam jwsuit, iacuitque per antrum Immensus, saniem eructans^ et frusta*^ cruento Per somnum commixta mero ; nos, magna precati Numina sortitique vices/ una undique circum
I feeds. 2 bespattered. 3 gore. * crunched. ^ belching forth. « morsels of flesh. '' choosing places by lot.
40
76 VERGIL.
Fimdimur, et telo lumen terebramus ^ aciito,
Ingens, quod torva ^ solum sub fronte latebat, 45 Argolici clipei aut Plioebeae lampadis instar,^
Et tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras.
Sed fugite, o miseri, fugite, atque ab litore funem
Kumpite !
Nam, qualis quantusque cavo Polyphemus in antro 50 Lanigeras claudit pecudes atque ubera pressat.
Centum alii curva liaec habitant ad litora vulgo
Infandi Cyclopes et altis montibus errant.
Tertia iam Lunae se cornua lumine complent,
Cum vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum 55 Lustra^ domosque traho, vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas
Prospicio, sonitumque pedum vocemque tremisco.
Victum infelicem,^ bacas ® lapidosaque corna,
Dant rami, et vulsis pascunt radicibus herbae.
Omnia collustrans, hanc primuni ad litora classem 60 Conspexi venientem; huic me, quaecumque fuisset,
Addixi : ^ satis est gentem effugisse nefandam.
Vos animam hanc potius quocumque absumite leto."
Vix ea fatus erat, summo cum monte videmus
Ipsum inter pecudes vasta se mole moventem 65 Pastorem Polyphemum et litora nota petentem,
jNIonstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum.
Trunca manu pinus regit ^ et vestigia firmat;
Lanigerae comitantur oves — ea sola voluptas
Solamenque mali. 70 Postquam altos tetigit fluctus et aequora venit,
Luminis effossi ® fluidum lavit inde cruorem,
Dentibus infrendens ^*^ gemitu, graditurque per aequor,
lam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit.^^
1 bore out. ^ savage, shag-jry. ^ ]i]^(> 4 lairs. » miserable. •^ berries. "^ surrendered. 8 guides. 9 dug out. i" gnashing. ^^ wet.
THE DESCENT INTO HELL. 77
Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto
Supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere funem; 75
Verrimus ^ et proiii certantibiis aequora remis.
Sensit, et ad soiiitum vocis vestigia torsit;
Verum ubi nulla datiir dextra adfectare potestas,
Nee potis ^ lonios fluctus aequare sequendo,
Clamorem immensum toll it, quo pontus et omnes 80
Contremuere undae, penitusque exterrita tellus
Italiae, curvisque immugiit Aetna cavernis.
At genus e silvis Cyclopum et montibus altis
Excitum ruit ad portus et litora complent ;
Cernimus adstantes nequiquam lumine torvo 85
Aetnaeos fratres, caelo capita alta ferentes,
Concilium liorrendum; quales cum vertice celso
Aeriae quercus, aut coniferae cyparissi
Constiterunt, silva alta lovis, lucusve Dianae.
Praecipites metus acer agit quocumque rudentes ^ 90
Excutere/ et ventis intendere vela secundis.
The Descent into Hell. {Aen. vi. 268 foil.)
Ibant obscuri sola sub nocte per umbram, Perque domos Ditis vacuas et inania regna : Quale per incertam lunam sub luce maligna Est iter in silvis, ubi caelum condidit umbra luppiter, et rebus nox abstulit atra colorem. 5
Vestibulum ante ipsum primisque in fancibus Orci Luctus et ultrices ^ posuere cubilia Curae ; Pallentesque habitant Morbi, tristisque Senectus, Et Metus, et malesuada Fames, ac turpis Egestas, Terribiles visu formae, Letumque, Labosque; 10
Tum consanguineus Leti Sopor, et mala mentis
1 sweep over. 2 sc_ erat. s rigging, cordage. * shake out. ^ avenging.
78 VERGIL.
Gaudia, mortiferumque aclverso in limine Bellum, Ferreique Eumenidum thalami,^ et Discordia demens, Vipereum crinem vittis innexa cruentis.
15 In medio ramos annosaque ^ bracchia pandit
Ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem Somnia ^ volgo Vana tenere ferant, foliisque sub omnibus haerent. Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum, Centauri in foribus stabulant Scyllaeque biformes
20 Et centumgeminus Briareus ac belua Lernae,
Horrendum stridens, flammisque armata Cliimaera, Gorgones Harpyiaeque et forma tricorporis umbrae. Corripit hie subita trepidus formidine ferrum Aeneas, strictamque aciem "^ venientibus offert,
25 Et, ni docta comes tenuis sine corpore vitas
Admoneat volitare cava sub imagine formae, Inruat, et frustra ferro diverberet umbras.
Hinc via, Tartarei quae fert Acherontis ad undas. Turbidus hie caeno vastaque voragine gurges ^
30 Aestuat atque omnem Cocyto eructat arenam.
Portitor ^ has horrendus aquas et flumina servat Terribili squalore Charon, cui plurima mento "^ Canities ^ inculta iacet, stant lumina ® flamma, Sordidus ex humeris nodo dependet amictas.^^
35 Ipse ratem conto^^ subigit, velisque ministrat,
Et f erruginea ^^ subvectat corpora cymba, lam senior, sed cruda^^ deo viridisque senectus. Hue omnis turba ad ripas effusa ruebat, Matres atque viri, defunctaque corpora vita
40 Magnanimum heroum, pueri innuptaeque puellae,
Impositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum : Quam multa in silvis autumn i frigore primo
1 chambers. ^ aged. ^ dreams. * blade. ^ Avhirlpool. '^ ferryman. '' chin. ^ grisly beard. 9 eyes, i" garment. " pole. ^^ rust-colored. " robust.
THE j)p:8Cent into hell. 79
Lapsa cadiint folia, aut ad terrain gurgite ab alto
Qiiam niultae glomerantur aves, ubi frigidus annus
Trans pontum fugat et terris inmittit apricis.^ 45
Stabant orantes primi transmittere cursum,
Tendebantque manus ripae ulterioris amore.
Navita sed tristis nunc hos nunc accipit illos,
Ast alios longe submotos arcet arena.
Aeneas miratus enim niotusque tumultu 50
"Die," ait, "0 virgo, quid volt concursus ad amnem?
Quidve petunt animae? vel quo discrimine ripas
Hae linquunt, illae remis vada livida verrunt?"
Olli ^ sic breviter fata est longaeva sacerdos :
" Anchisa generate, deum certissima proles, 55
Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiamque paludem;
Di cuius iurare timent et fallere numen,
Haec omnis, quam cernis, inops inhumataque^ turba est;
Portitor ille Charon ; hi, quos vehit unda, sepulti.
Nee ripas datur horrendas et rauca fiuenta 60
Transportare prius, quam sedibus ossa quierunt.
Centum errant annos volitantque haec litora circum ;
Tum demum admissi stagna exoptata revisunt."
Constitit Anchisa satus * et vestigia pressit,
Multa putans, sortemque animo miseratus iniquam. G5
Cernit ibi maestos et mortis honore carentis
Leucaspim et Lyciae ductorem classis Oronten,
Quos simul, a Troia ventosa per aequora vectos,
Obriiit Auster, aqua involvens navemque virosque.
Ergo iter inceptum peragunt fluvioque propinquunt. 70
Navita quos iam inde ut Stygia prospexit ab unda Per taciturn nemus ire pedemque advertere ripae.
ilU.
80 VERGIL.
Caeruleam aclvertit puppim, ripaeque propinquat.
Inde alias animas, quae per iuga longa sedebant, 75 Deturbat, laxatque foros; simul accipit alveo
Ingentem Aenean. Gemuit sub pondere cymba
Siitilis,^ et multam accepit rimosa'^ paludem.
Tandem trans fliivium incolumis vatemque virumque
Inform! limo^ glaucaque ex]3onit in ulva.^ 80 Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci ^
Personat/ adverse recubans inmanis in antro.
Cui vates, borrere videns iam colla colubris,'^
Melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam ^
Obiicit. Ille fame rabida tria guttura pandens 85 Corripit objectam, atque inmania terga resolvit
Fusus humi, totoque ingens extenditur antro.
Occupat Aeneas aditum custode sepulto,
Evaditque celer ripam inremeabilis undae. Continuo auditae voces vagitus^ et ingens 90 Infantumque animae flentes in limine primo,
Quos dulcis vitae exsortes ^° et ab ubere raptos
Abstulit atra dies et funere niersit acerbo.
Hos iuxta falso damnati crimine mortis.
Nee vero liae sine sorte datae, sine iudice, sedes : 95 Quaesitor Minos urnam movet; ille silentum
Conciliumque vocat vitasque et crimina discit.
Proxuma deinde tenent maesti loca, qui sibi letum
Insontes peperere manu, lucemque perosi "
Proicere animas. Quam vellent aetliere in alto 100 Nunc et pauperiem et duros perferre labores !
Fas obstat, tristique pains inamabilis unda
Alligat, et noviens Styx interfusa coercet.
1 patched up. 2 fuH of chinks. 3 mire. * sedge. ^ from his three throats. " makes resound. 7 serpents. ^ cake. ^ wailing, ^o deprive of. i^ loathing.
THE DESCENT INTO HELL. 81
Nee proeul liinc partem fusi nionstrantur in oinnem
Lngentes Campi; sie illos nomine dicunt.
Hie, quos durus amor crudeli tabe ^ peredit, 105
Seereti eelant ealles -^ et myrtea eircuni
Silva tegit; curae non ipsa in morte relinqunnt.
Kespicit Aeneas subito, et sub rupe sinistra Moenia lata videt. triplici cireumdata mnro, Quae rapidus fiammis ambit torrentibus amnis, 110
Tartareus Phlegethon, torquetque sonant ia saxa. Porta adversa, ingens, solidoque adamante eolumnae, Vis ut nulla virum, non ipsi exscindere bello Caelicolae^ valeant; stat ferrea turris ad auras, Tisiphoneque sedens, palla succincta cruenta, 115
Vestibulum exsomnis servat noctesque diesque. Hinc exaudiri gemitus, et saeva sonare Verbera; turn stridor^ ferri, tractaeque catenae. Constitit Aeneas, strepituque exterritus haesit. "Quae scelerum facies? 0 virgo, effare; quibusve 120
Urguentur poenis? quis tantus plangor ad auras?" Tum vates sic orsa loqui : " Dux inclute Teucrum, Nulli fas casto sceleratum ^ insistere limen; Sed me cum lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis, Ipsa deum poenas docuit, perque omnia duxit. 125
Gnosius haec Rhadamanthus liabet durissima regna, Castigatque auditque dolos, subigitque fateri. Quae quis apud superos, furto laetatus inani, Distulit in seram^ commissa piacula' mortem. Continuo sontis ^ ultrix accincta flagello 130
Tisiplione quatit insultans, torvosque^ sinistra Intentans angiies vocat agmina saeva sororum.
1 wasting disease. 2 defiles (noun). 3 the celestials. * clanking', s accursed. « late. '^ expi- ations. 8 guilty. 9 savage. ROM. LIFE 6
82 VERGIL.
Turn demum liorrisono stridentes cardine sacrae Panduntur portae. Cernis, custodia qualis
135 Vestibule sedeat? facies quae limina servet?
Quinquaginta atris inmanis hiatibus ^ Hydra Saevior intus habet sedem. Turn Tartarus ipse Bis patet in praeceps ^ tantum tenditque sub umbras, Quantus ad aetherium caeli suspectus ^ Olympum.
140 Hie genus antiquum Terrae, Titania pubes,
Fulmine deiecti fundo volvuntur in imo. Hie et Aloidas geminos immania vidi Corpora, qui manibus magnum rescindere coelum Adgressi, superisque lovem detrudere regnis.
145 Vidi et crudeles dantem * Salmonea poenas,
Dum flammas lovis et sonitus imitatur Olympi. Quattuor hie invectus equis et lampada quassans Per Graium populos mediaeque per Elidis urbem Ibat ovans, divomque sibi poscebat honorem,
150 Demens! qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen
Aere et cornipedum ^ pulsu simularet equorum. At pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum Contorsit, non ille faces nee fumea taedis ^ Lumina, praecipitemque inmani turbine adegit.
155 Nee non et'^ Tityon, Terrae omniparentis alumnum,
Cernere erat/ per tota novem cui iugera^ corpus Porrigitur, rostroque ^° inmanis voltur obunco ^^ Tnmortale iecur tondens ^'^ fecundaque poenis Viscera rimaturque ^^ epulis habitatque sub alto
KiO Pectore, nee libris ^^ requies datur ulla renatis.
Quid memorem Lapithas, Ixiona Pirithoumque? Quos super atra silex ^^ iam iam lapsura cadentique Imminet adsimilis; lucent genialibus altis
1 j^awning jaws. 2 fjeptli. ^ iieight. ^ suft'ering'. ^» horny-hoofed. ^ i>itch. " and also. 8 = poterat. ^ acres. ^" beak. 11 hooked. '- tearing. " explores. ^* entrails. '^ flint.
THE DESCENT INTO HELL. 83
Aurea fiilera^ tovis,- epiilaeque ante ora paratae
Regifico liixii; Furiarum maxuma iuxta 165
Accubat, et manibus prohibet contingere mensas,
Exsurgitqne facem attollens, atque intonat ore.
Hie, quibus invisi fratres, diim vita manebat,
Pulsatusve parens, et fraus innexa clienti,
Aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis, 170
Nee partem posuere suis, quae maxuma turba est,
Quique ob adulterium caesi, quique arma secuti
Impia nee veriti dominorum fallere dextras,
Inclusi poenam exspectant. Ne quaere doceri,
Quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave mersit. 175
Saxum ingens volvunt alii, radiisque ^ rotarum
Districti ^ pendent ; sedet, aeternumque ^ sedebit,
Infelix Theseus; Phlegyasque miserrimus omnes
Admonet et magna testatur voce per umbras:
' Discite iustitiam moniti, et non temnere divos.' 180
Vendidit hie auro patriam, dominumque potentem
Inposuit; fixit leges pretio atque refixit;
Hie thalamum invasit natae vetitosque^ hymenaeos;
Ausi"^ omnes inmane nefas, ausoque potiti.
Non, mihi si linguae centum sint oraque centum, 185
Ferrea vox, omnes scelerum comprendere formas,
Omnia poenarum percurrere nomina possim ! "
posts. 2 couches. 3 spokes. ■* stretched. '' (adverl)). '^ forbidden. ^ having dared.
XII. GAIUS CILNIUS MAECENAS.
Gains Cilnius Maecenas, a famous Roman statesman and patron of literary men, was born about 70 b.c, and died in the year 8 b.c. In public life, he was long the trusted adviser and friend of Augustus Caesar, but is now best known by his munificence to the great writers of his day, especially Vergil, whose property he saved from confiscation, and Horace, to whom he gave a compe- tence, and who in return has immortalized his name. His house was also the rendezvous of Tibullus, Propertius, Varius, Tucca, and many other men of genius. As a man, he was in many ways peculiar, — nervous, a hypochondriac, affectedly effeminate, an epicure, and almost absurd in his whimsical luxury ; but all this appears to have been largely superficial and did not conceal his genuine ability, generosity, and capacity for loyal friendship. He wrote on various topics, but onlj^ a few fragments of his work remain in quotation, and have been collected by Bahrens in his Fragmenta Poetarum Bomanorum (Leipzig, 1886). See Milman's Life of Horace (1853).
A Lover of Life. (Quoted by Seneca, Epist. lOi.)
Debilem facito manu, Debilem pecle, coxa^; Tuber ^ adstrue gibberum, Lubricos quate denies; Vita dum superest, bene est.^ Hanc mihi, vel acuta Si sedeam cruce, sustine.
To ILorace. (Quoted by Suetonius, Vit. ILor.)
Ni te visceribus meis, Horati, Plus iam diligo, tu tuum sodalem'* Hinnulo^ videas strigosiorem.^
1 hip. 2 hump. 3 it's all rij,'ht. •* friend. ^ mule. '' more scraggy, 84
XIIT. QUINTUS IIORATIUS FLACCUS.
HOKACK.
{From gem in British Museum.)
Quintus Iloratius Flaccus was born 05 b.c. at Venusia in the Apennines, and died 8 n.c. Most of the known details of his life are gathered from his own writings. From them we learn that his fatlier was a freedman, who had probably obtained his freedom before the birth of Horace. At an early age Horace was placed in school at Home, and later was sent to Athens to finish his education. While he was studying there he was made tribune in the army of Brutus, with whom he went to Asia Minor, sharing the defeat at Philippi (42 b.c). Receiving, with others, permission to return to Italy, he settled in Rome, suffering, however, the loss of his patrimony, which induced him to court notice by writing verses. He became acquainted with Vergil and Varius, who introduced him to his future patron, Maecenas. The latter was not at first desirous of receiving the tribune of Brutus into his circle, and it was not until nearly a year after the introduction that he sent for Horace. Thereafter he was the closest friend of the poet, who became intimate at his house with many influential men. Through him, probably, Horace was introduced to Augustus. From Maecenas also he received as a present a small estate in the Sabine country, near Tibur, where he passed a part of each year in retirement. His life was not eventful. Poor health forced him to seek frequent change of air at his farm, at Praeneste, and at his favorite Baiae. The latter part of his life was spent in the study of moral philosophy. Maecenas and Horace died in the same year and were buried near one another in the farthest part of the Esquiline.
The works of Horace consist of four books of Odes ; the Carmen Saeciilare, an ode written at the request of Augustus for the Ludi Seculares ; one book of Epodes ; the Satires and Epistles^ each in two books, and the Ars Poetica,
The most convenient edition of the entire works of Horace with notes in English is that of Wickham in two volumes (London, 1892). Excellent notes on the Satires are those of Palmer (London, 1888), and on the Epistles those of Wilkins (London, 1884). There are lives of Horace by Dean Milman (London, 1853), and by Hovenden (London, 1876). For general literary criticism see W. Y. Sellar's Boman Poets of the Augustan Age, pt. ii. Horace (1892). There are verse translations of the Odes by Conington (1870) and by Gladstone (1894) ; of the Satires and Epistles together by Conington (1869) ; of the whole
85
86 HORACE.
of Horace by Sir Theodore Martin (1881). There is a prose rendering of the whole by Lonsdale and Lee (1877). A good lexicon to Horace (German) is that of Koch (1879).
The Flirt. (Carm. i. 5.)
Quis multa gracilis te puer in rosa Perfusus liquidis urget odoribus Grato, Pyrrha, sub antro? Cui flavam religas comam 5 Simplex munditiis?^ Heu quoties fidem
Mutatosque deos flebit et aspera Nigris aequora ventis Emirabitur insolens ^ Qui nunc te fruitur credulus aureaj 10 Qui semper vacuam,^ semper amabilem
Sperat nescius aurae
Fallacis. Miser i quibus Intentata nites ! * Me tabula sacer Votiva paries ^ indicat uvida 15 Suspendisse potenti
Vestimenta maris deo.
Live lohile we Live. (Carm. i. 11.)
Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quem mihi, quem tibi Finem di dederint, Leuconoe, nee Babylonios Tentaris ® numeros.' Ut ^ melius quidquid erit pati, Seu plures hiemes sen tribuit luppiter ultimam, 5 Quae nunc oppositis debilitat ^ pumicibus ^^ mare
Tyrrhenum. Sapias, vina liques ^^ et spatio brevi Spem longam reseces.^^ Dum loquimur fugerit invida Aetas : carpe diem quam minimum credula postero.
1 elegance. ^ inexperienced. 3 fancy-free. * seem fair. ^ temple wall. ^ consult. '' horo- scopes. 8 iiow much. 9 breaks the strength. ^» corroded rocks. " strain off. 12 ^.^ll down.
CHLOE, THE BUD. 87
Integer Vitae. {Carm. i. 22.)
Integer vitae scelerisque purus Non eget Mauris iaculis neque arcu Nee venenatis gravida sagittis,
Fusee, pharetra, Sive per Syrtes iter aestuosas ^ 6
Sive facturus per inliospitalem Caucasum vel quae loca fabulosus
Lambit ^ Hydaspes. Namque me silva lupus in Sabina, Dum meam canto Lalagen et ultra 10
Terminum ^ curis vagor expeditis,
Fugit inermem, Quale portentum neque militaris Daunias latis alit aesculetis/ Nee lubae tellus ^ generat leonum 15
Arida nutrix. Pone me pigris ubi nulla campis Arbor aestiva recreatur aura, Quod latus mundi nebulae malusque
luppiter^ urget; 20
Pone sub curru nimium propinqui Solis in terra domibus' negata: Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo,
Dulce loquentem.
Chloe, the Bud. {Carm. i. 23.)
Vitas hinnuleo^ me similis, Chloe, Quaerenti pavidam montibus aviis ®
^ boiling. 2 laves. ^ limits. * oak. forests. ^ i,^^ Mauritania. 6 sky, climate. ^ i.e., as residence. ^ fawn. ^ pathless.
88 HORACE.
Matrem non sine vano Aurarum et siluae metu. 5 Nam sen mobilibus veris ^ inhorruit ^
Adventus foliis sen virides riibum ^ Dimovere lacertae/
Et corde et genibus t rem it. Atqui non ego te tigris ut aspera 10 Gaetulusve leo frangere persequor:
Tandem desine ^ matrem Tempestiva sequi viro.
Fons Bandusiae. {Carm. iii. 13.)
0 fons Bandusiae, splendidior vitro/ Dulci digne mero '' non sine floribus, Cras donaberis haedo ^
Cui f rons turgida ® cornibus 5 Primis et venerem et proelia destinat
Frustra : nam gelidos inficiet ^^ tibi Eubro sanguine rivos Lascivi suboles gregis. Te flagrantis atrox hora Caniculae ^^ 10 Nescit tangere, tu frigus amabile
Fessis vomere ^^ tauris Praebes et pecori vago. Fies nobilium tu quoque fontium, Me dicente cavis iinpositam ilicem 15 Saxis, unde loquaces
Lymphae ^^ desiliunt tuae.
1 spring. 2 has nistled. 3 bramble. * lizards. ^ cease. ^ crj^stal. '' wine. ^ ^{^ swelling. ^o tinge. ^i dog-star. 12 plow. i3 waters.
A voyagp: on a canal boat.
89
A Voyage on a Canal Boat. (Sat. i. 5.)
Egressiun magna nie excepit Aricia Eoma Hospitio ^ moclico ; rhetor comes Heliodorus, Graecorum longe doctissimus ; inde Forum Appi, Differtum ^ nautis cauponibus ^ atque malignis.
^W^
APPIAN WAY — RESTORATION.
( Von Falke.)
Hoc iter ignavi divisimus, altius ac * nos Praecinctis^ unum; minus est gravis Appia tardis.^ Hie ego propter aquam, quod erat deterrima, ventri Indico bellum/ cenantes hand animo aequo ^ Exspectans comites. lam nox inducere terris Umbras et caelo diffundere signa parabat;
10
1 inn. 2 crowded. 3 innkeepers. * ac = quain. embargo on. ^ impatiently.
more active. ^ the leisurely.
lay an
90 HORACE.
Turn perui ^ nautis, pueris convicia ^ nautae Ingerere. Hue appelle ! ^ Trecentos inseris : ^ ohe lam satis est! Dum aes^ exigitur/ dum mula ligatur, Tota abit hora. Mali culices ' ranaeque ^ palustres
15 Avertunt somnos, absentem ut cantat amicam
Multa prolutus vappa^ nauta atque viator Certatim. Tandem fessus dormire viator Incipit, ac missae pastum^^ retinacula^^ mulae Nauta piger saxo religat stertitque ^'-^ supinus.
20 lamque dies aderat, nil cum procedere lintrem
Sentimus, donee cerebrosus ^^ prosilit unus Ac mulae nautaeque caput lumbosque saligno Fuste^* dolat^^: quarta vix demum exponimur^^ hora. Ora manusque tua lavimus, Feronia, lympha.
25 Millia tum pransi " tria repimus ^^ atque subimus
Impositum saxis late candentibus ^^ Anxur.
The Night Hags. {Sat. i. 8.)
Olim truncus eram fieulnus,^*^ inutile lignum, Cum faber incertus scamnum ^^ faeeretne Priapum, Maluit esse deum. Deus inde ego furum aviumque Maxima f ormido ; ^^ nam fures dextra coercet
5 Ast importunas volucres in vertice ^^ arundo ^^
Terret fixa vetatque novis considere in hortis. Hue prius angustis electa cadavera cellis "^^ Conservus vili portanda locabat^® in arca.^'^ Hoc miserae plebi stabat commune sepulerum,
10 Pantolabo seurrae ^^ ISTomentanoque nepoti : '^'^
1 slaves. 2 curses. 3 ge, Untrem, boat. ^ take on. ^ fare. 6 collected. "^ gnats. » frogs.
9 soaked with poor wine. " to graze. " tow-rope. ^^ snores. i^ hot-tempered. " willow
club. 15 belabors. " put ashore. " having lunched, is crawl. i9 gleaming. 20 fig. 21 bench.
22 terror. 23 head. 24 crown of reeds. 25 quarters. 26 bargained. 27 coffin. 28 buflFoon. 29 spendthrift.
THE NIGHT HAGS. 91
Mille pedes in f route, ^ trecentos cipi)us ^ in agrum^
Hie dabat heredes monumentum ne sequeietur.''
Nunc licet Esquiliis liabitare salubribus atque
Aggere^ in ax^rico*^ spatiari/ quo modo tristes
Albis informem spectabant ossibus agrum ; 15
Cum mihi non tantum furesque feraeque suetae
Hunc vexare locum curae sunt atque labori,
Quantum carminibus ^ quae versant ^ atque venenis
Humanos animos. Has nullo perdere possum
Nee prohibere modo, simul ac vaga luna decorum 20
Protulit OS, quin ossa legant herbasque nocentes.
Vidi egomet nigra succinctam ^^ vadere palla ^^
Canidiam pedibus nudis passoque ^^ capillo.
Cum Sagana maiore ululantem : ^^ pallor utrasque
Fecerat liorrendas adspectu. Scalpere ^^ terram 25
Unguibus et pullam ^^ divellere mordicus ^^ agnam
Coeperunt; cruor in fossam confusus ut inde
Manes elicerent, animas ^^ responsa daturas.
Lanea ^^ et effigies erat, altera cerea : ^^ maior
Lanea, quae poenis compesceret ^*^ inferiorem; 30
Cerea suppliciter stabat servilibus ut quae
lam peritura modis. Hecaten vocat altera, saevam
Altera Tisiplionen; serpentes atque videres
Infernas errare canes, ^^ lunamque rubentem^'^
Ne foret his testis post magna latere sepulcra. 35
Singula quid memorem? quo pacto alterna loquentes
Umbrae cum Sagana resonarent triste et acutum,
Utque lupi bar bam variae cum dente colubrae
Abdiderint furtim terris, et imagine cerea
1 in breadth. 2 piUar. 3 i.e., back from the road. * descend to. ^ terrace. " sunny. '' stroll. 8 charms. ^ bewitch. ^o tucked up. ^^ gown. 12 dishevelled. ^^ howling-, i* dig up. '5 black. i" with the teeth. ^^ specters. ^^ of wool. ^'^ of wax. 20 restrai-n. 21 hellhounds. 22 blushing.
92 HORACE.
40 Largior arserit ignis, et ut non testis inultus Horruerim voces Furiarum et facta cluarum. Canidiae clentes, altum Saganae caliendrum.^ Excidere atque lierbas atque incantata lacertis Vincula ^ cum magno risuque iocoque videres.
The Poet and the Bore. (Sat. i. 9.)
Ibam forte Via Sacra, sicut meus est mos, Nescio quid nieditans uugarum, ^ totus in illis : Accurrit quidam notus milii nomine tantum. Arreptaque manu, "Quid agis, dulcissime rerum?"^ 5 "Suaviter ut nunc est," inquam, "et cupio omnia quae vis." Cum assectaretur : ^ "Num quid vis?" occupo.^ At ille, "Noris nos," inquit; "docti sumus." Hie ego, "Pluris' Hoc," inquam, "milii eris." Misere discedere quaerens, Ire ^ modo ocius, interdum consistere, in aurem
10 Dicere nescio quid puero, cum sudor ad imos Manaret talos.^ 0 te, Bolane, cerebri ^° Felicem ! aiebam tacitus ; cum quidlibet ille Garriret,^^ vicos, urbem laudaret. Ut illi Nil respondebam, "Misere cupis," inquit, "abire;
15 lamdudum video; sed nil agis; usque tenebo;
Prosequar: hinc quo nunc iter est tibi?" "Nil opus est te Circumagi; quendam volo visere non tibi notum. Trans Tiberim longe cubat^" is proj^e Caesaris hortos." "Nil habeo quod agam et non sum piger; usque sequar te."
20 Demitto auriculas ut iniquae^^ mentis asellas. Cum gravius dorso subiit onus. Incipit ille: " Si bene me novi non Viscum pluris amicum, Non Yarium facies ; nam quis me scribere plures
1 chignon. 2 charms. ^ trifles. ^ how are j'ou, my dear fellow ? ^ went on. ^ break in. ^ gen. of value. « historical inf. » ankles. 10 hot temper. 11 chatter. 12 jjes sick. " sm-ly.
THE roET AND THE BORE.
93
Aiit citius possit versus? quis membra movere
Mollius?^ Invideat quod et'-^ Hermogenes ego canto." 25
Interpellandi locus hie erat : " Est tibi mater,
Cognati, quis te salvo est opus?" — "Haud milii quisquam.
Omnes composui."^ — Felices! nunc ego resto.
Confice; namque instat fatum mihi triste Sabella
Quod puero cecinit divina mota anus * urna: 30
MOUTH OF CLOACA MAXIMA AND SO-CALLED TEMPLE OF VESTA.
"Hunc neque dira venena nee liosticus auferet^ ensis Nee laterum dolor ^ aut tussis ^ nee tarda podagra. * Garrulus hunc quando consumet cunque; loquaces Si sapiat vitet simul atque adolverit aetas." Ventum erat ad Vestae ^ quarta iam parte diei Praeterita, et casu tunc respondere vadato ^'^ Debebat, quod ni fecisset perdere litem."
35
^ gracefully. ^ even, gout. 9 sc. templum.
3 laid to rest. * old witch. ^ carry off. 10 answer in court. " case.
G pleurisy. ^ consumption.
94 HORACE.
"Si me amas/' inquit, "paulum hie acles."^ "Inteream si Aut valeo stare aut novi civilia iura;
40 Et propero quo scis." ''Dubius sum quid faciam," inquit,
" Tene relinquam an rem." " Me socles." ^ '' Non faciam " ille; Et praecedere coepit. Ego ut contendere durum est Cum victore sequor. " Maecenas quomodo tecum? " ^ Hinc repetit; "paucorum hominum et mentis bene sanae;
45 Nemo dexter ius fortuna est usus. Haberes Magnum adiutorem posset qui ferre secundas/ Hunc hominem velles si tradere/ dispeream ni Summosses^ omnes." "Non isto vivimus illic Quo tu rere ' modo ; domus hac nee purior ulla est
50 Nee magis his aliena malis; nil mi offieit^ umquam Ditior hie aut est quia doctior; est locus uni Cuique unus." "Magnum narras, vix credibile! " " Atqui Sic habet." " Aceendis, quare cupiam magis illi Proximus esse." "Velis tantummodo: quae tua virtus,
55 Expugnabis ; et est qui vinci possit, eoque
Diffieiles aditus primos habet." "Hand mihi deero: Muneribus servos corrumpam ; non hodie si Exclusus fuero desistam; temporal quaeram, Oecuram in triviis, dedueam.^° Nil sine magno
00 Vita labore dedit mortalibus." Hav.c dum agit, eeee Fuseus Aristius oceurrit, mihi earns et ilium Qui pulchre nosset. Consistimus. Unde venis? et Quo tendis? rogat et respondet. Vellere ^^ coepi Et prensare manu lentissima ^^ bracehia, nutans,
65 Distorquens oeulos, ut me eriperet. Male salsus ^^ Kidens dissimulare: meum ieeur^'* urere bills. "Certe nescio quid secreto velle loqui te
1 help (as advocate). ^ gi mides = I be<?. ^ how does Maecenas stand with you ? * sc. partes. 6 introduce. ^ supplant. "^ think. ^ trouble. ^ opportunities. i" accompany. ^* twitch. 12 unresponsive. i3 malicious waj,'. ^* liver.
AN INVITATION TO DINNER. 95
Aiebas mecum." "Meiiiini bene, sed meliore
Tempore dicam; hodie tricesima sabbata: viiiHu
Curtis ludaeis oppedere ^ ? " ^^ Nulla mihi," inquain, 70
"Religio^ est." "At mi; sum paulo infirmior, uuus
Multorum; ignosces^; alias ^* loquar." Huncine solem
Tam nigrum surrexe^ mihi! Fugit imj)robus ac me
Sub cultro ^ linquit. Casu venit obvius illi
Adversarius et: "Quo/tu turpissime?" magna 75
Inclamat voce, et " Licet antestari ^ ? " Ego vero
Oppono auriculam. Eapit in ius^*^; clamor utrinque,
Undique concursus. Sic me servavit Apollo.
An Invitation to Dinner. {Epist. i. 5.)
Si potes Arcliiacis " conviva recumbere lectis ^^
Nee modica cenare times olus omne j)atella ^^
Supremo ^^ te sole ^^ domi, Torquate, manebo.
Vina bibes iterum Tauro ^^ diffusa palustres ^®
Inter Minturnas Sinuessanumque Petrinum. 5
Si melius quid habes arcesse ^^ vel imperium fer.
lamdudum splendet focus et tibi munda supellex.
Mitte leves spes et certamina divitiarum
Et Moschi causam: eras nato Caesare festus
Dat veniam somnumque dies; impune licebit lo
Aestivam sermone benigno tendere noctem.
Quo mihi fortunam si non conceditur uti?
Parens ob heredis curam nimiumque severus
Assidet^^ insano: potare et spargere fiores
Incipiam, patiarque vel inconsultus ^^ liaberi. 15
Quid non ebrietas designat? Operta^*^ recludit,
1 = visne. 2 offend. ^ scruple. * pardon. ^ another time. <» = surrexisse. ^ knife.
8 sc. tendis. ^ will you be witness. i" court. n made by Archias, = plain. 12 couch.
13 dish. " at sunset, i» ^c. consule. ic marsh. i^ order, is = jg next door to. is foolish. 20 secrets.
96 HORACE.
Spes iiibet esse ratas,^ acl proelia trudit^ inertem; Sollicitis animis onus eximit, addocet artes. Fecundi calices quern non fecere disertum?^
20 Contracta quern non in paupertate solutum?
Haec ego procurare et idoneus imperor et non Invitus, ne turpe toral/ ne sordida mappa^ Corruget ® nares, ne non et cantharus "^ et lanx ^ Ostendat tibi te, ne fidos inter amicos
25- Sit qui dicta foras eliminet,^ ut coeat par
lungaturque pari. Butram tibi Septiciumque, Et nisi cena prior potiorque ^*^ puella Sabinum Detinet, assumam^ locus est et pluribus umbris^^; Sed nimis arta ^^ premunt olidae ^^ convivia caprae.
30 Tu quotus ^^ esse velis rescribe, et rebus omissis
Atria servantem postico ^^ falle clientem.
A True Philosopher. {Sat i. 6. 110-131.)
Hoc ^® ego commodius ^"^ quam tu, praeclare senator, Millibus atque aliis ^^ vivo. Quacunque libido^^ est, Incedo solus ; percontor quanti olus ac far ^® ; Fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro
5 Sae]3e Forum; adsisto^^ divinis'^^; inde domum me
Ad porri^^ et ciceris^^ refero laganique^^ catinum^^; Cena ministratur pueris tribus, et lapis albus "^^ Pocula cum cyatho^' duo sustinet; adstat echinus ^^ Vilis, cum patera ^^ guttus,^*^ Campana supellex.^^
10 Deinde eo dormitum, non sollicitus milii quod eras
Surgendum sit mane, obeundus Marsya, qui se
1 accomplished. ^ pushes on. ^ eloqxient. * covering. ^ napkin. •^ wrinkle. '' bowl. 8 dish. 8 repeat, divulge. ^^ very attractive. ii attendant friends. ^* crowded. ^^ = rank odors. " how large a party. ^^ back door. i*» abl. of spec. ^^ more comfortably. ^* fancy. 19 ask the price of vegetables and meal. 20 stand beside. 21 fortune tellers. 22 onion. 23 chick pea. 24 pancake. 25 dish. 26 g^elf. 27 ladle. 28 saltcellar. 29 bowl. 3o cruet. 3i pottery.
SOME FAMOUS PASSAGES. 97
Vultum ferre negat Noviorum posse ininoris.
Ad quartami i^^eo; post lianc vagor; aut ego, lecto
Aut scripto quod me taciturn iuvet, ungor olivo,
Non quo fraudatis ^ inimundus ^ Natta lucernis.'* 15
Ast ubi me fessum sol acrior ire lavatum
Admonuit, fugio Campum lusumque trigonem.^
Pransus non avide, quantum interpellet inani
Ventre diem durare,^ domesticus ' otior. Haec est
Vita solutorum misera ambitione gravique ; 20
His me consolor victurum suavius ac si
Quaestor avus pater atque mens patruusque fuisset.
Some Famous Passages.
0 fortes, peioraque passi
Mecum saepe viri, nunc vino pellite curas !
Cras ingens iterabimus aequor. {Carm. i. 7 30.)
O matre pulchra filia pulclirior! (i. IG. i.)
Frui paratis et valido mihi, Latoe, dones et, precor, integra
Cum mente nee turpem senectam
Degere nee citliara carentem. (i. 31. 17.)
At vulgus infidum et meretrix retro Periura cedit, diffiigiunt cadis
Cum faece siccatis amici
Ferre iugum pariter dolosi. (i. 35. 25.)
Nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libero Pulsanda tellus, nunc Saliaribus
Ornare pulvinar deorum
Tempus erat dapibus, sodales. (i. 37. i.)
1 sc. horam. » robbed, s filthy. * lamps. 5 game of ball, s from going. ROM. LIFE — 7
98 HORACE.
Aequam memento rebus in ardiiis Servare mentem, non secus in bonis Ab insolenti temperatam Laetitia, moriture Delli. (ii. 3. i.)
Ille terrarum milii praeter omnes Angulus ridet. (ii. 6. 13.)
Auream quisquis mediocritatem Diligit tutus caret obsoleti Sordibus tecti, caret invidenda Sobrius aula. (ii. 10. 5.)
Neque semper arcum Tendit Apollo, (ii. lo. 19.)
Eheu fugaces, Postume, Postume,
Labuntur anni, nee pietas moram Rugis et instanti senectae Afferet indomitaeque morti. (ii. 14. 1.)
Linquenda tellus et domus et placens Uxor, neque liarum quas colis arborum
Te praeter invisas cupressos
XJlla brevem dominum sequetur. (ii. 14. 21.)
Odi profanum vulgus et arceo. (iii. i. i.)
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. (iii. 2. 13.)
lustum et tenacem propositi virum Non civium ardor prava iubentium
Non vultus instantis tyranni
Mente quatit solida. (iii. 3. i.)
Damnosa quid non imminuit dies ? (iii. G. 45.)
Quid leges sine moribus Vanae proficiunt ? (iii. 24. 35.)
SOME FAMOUS PASSAGES. 99
Ille potens sui Laetusqiie cleget, cui licet in diem Dixisse " Vixi." (iii. 29. 41.)
Exegi monumentum aere perermius
Noil omiiis moriar, multaque pars mei Vitabit Libitinam. (iii. 30. i.)
Fortes creantur fortibus et bonis, (iv. 4. 29.)
Nos ubi clecidimus
Quo pius Aeneas, quo dives Tullus et Ancus,
Pulvis et umbra sumus. (iv. 7. 15.)
Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi ; sed omnes illacrimabiles
Urgeutur ignotique longa
Nocte, carent quia vate sacro. (iv. 9. 25.)
Beatus ille qui procul negotiis
Ut prisca gens mortalium Paterna rura bobus exercet suis
Solutus omni fenore. {Epod. 2. i.)
Tanti quantum habeas sis. (Sat. i. i. 62.)
Quid rides ? mutato nomine de te Fabula narratur. (Sat. i. i. 69.)
ab ovo Usque ad mala. (Sat. i. 3. 6.)
Disiecti membra poetae. (Sat. i. 4. 62.)
Hie niger est; hunc tu, Komane, caveto. (Sat. i. 4. 85.)
Credat ludaeus Apella. (Sat, i. 5. lOO.)
100 HORACE.
Saepe stilum vertas iterum quae digna legi sint Scripturus. {Sat. i. 10. 72 )
leiunus raro stomachus vulgaria temnit. (Sat. ii. 2. 38.)
O noctes cenaeque deum ! (Sat. ii. 6. 65.)
coiidicio dulcis sine pulvere palmae. (Epist. i. i. 51.)
Isne tibi melius suadet qui rein^ facias, rem,
Si possis, recte, si non, quocunque modo rem ? (Epist. i. 1. 65.)
Quidquid delirant reges plectuntur Achivi. (Epist. i. 2. 14.)
Nos Humerus- sumus et fruges consumere nati. {Epist. i. 2. 27.)
sapere aude. Dimidium facti qui coepit liabet. {Epist. i. 2. 40.)
Sincerum est nisi vas quodcunque infundis acescit.
Sperne voluptates, nocet empta dolore voluptas. {Epist. i. 2. 64.)
Nil admirari prope res est una, Numici,
Solaque quae possit facere et servare beatum. {Epist. i. 6. i.)
Quae nocuere sequor, fugio quae prof ore credam. {Epist. i. 8. ii.)
Illic vivere vellem Oblitusque meorum obliviscendus et illis. {Epist. i. 11. 8.)
Caelum, non animum, mutant qui trans mare currunt. {Epist. i. il. 27.)
Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum. {Epist. i. 17. 36.)
Nam tua res agitur paries cum proximus ardet. {Epist. i. 18. 84.)
Hinc illae lacrimae. {Epist. i. 19. 41.)
1 mouey. 2 u^ei-e ciphers.
SOME FAMOUS PASSAGES. 101
Eidentur mala qui coinpoiuuit carinina ; verum Gaudeiit scribentes et se venerantur. {Epist. ii. 2. 107.)
Grammatici certant et adlmc sub iudice lis est. (^1. P. 78.)
sesquipedalia verba. (^1. P. 97.)
Difficile est proprie communia dicere. ( 1. P. 128.)
Nee deus intersit nisi dignus vindice nodus. (^1. P. 191.)
Indignor quandoque bonus dormitat^ Homerus. {A. P. 359.)
Tu nihil invita dices faciesve Minerva. {A. P. 385.)
Nescit vox inissa reverti. {A. P. 390.)
^ nods.
XIV. PUBLILIS OVIDIUS NASO.
Publius Ovidius Naso was born 43 b,c. at Sulmo, about ninety miles from Rome, and died 18 a.d. In order to give his sons the benefit of residence in :he capital, their father removed to Rome, where Ovid received the usual train- ing in rhetoric and oratory. His early aspirations toward a literary career were strongly discouraged by his father, but, coming into possession of a moderate fortune at the death of his elder brother, he was enabled to pursue his natural bent, and rapidly became a favorite in the circle of court poets. He was three times married and twice divorced. For many years he enjoyed great prosper- ity, but when about fifty years old incurred the sudden displeasure of the 3mperor, and was banished to Tomi, on the Black Sea. The cause of his banishment is not known. He refers to it in his poems, but does not explain what his offense was. He was unable to mollify the anger of Augustus, and iied in the place of his exile.
The most important work of Ovid is the 3Ietamorphoses, which professes to give in order the stories of Greek and Koman mythology, begiiming with the creation. There is very little continuity, and the style is rambling and excursive, the narrative running through some twelve thousand verses. The verses are smooth and easy, but lacking in elaborate finish. The poem is of great value as the best known collection of ancient fables, set down by an excellent story-teller. In the Fasti, of which six books are extant, Ovid attempts a poetical version of the Roman Calendar, describing the various fes- tivals of the year, the customs and ancient rites of the people. The Hei'oides are a set of letters from various legendary characters ; the Amoves, a collection of miscellaneous short poems in three books ; the Tristia, five books of poems written during Ovid's banishment, full of personal biography and deep feeling. His other works are his Epistulm ex Ponto, addressed to various persons and similar to the Tristia in character; the Ars Amatoria and Bemedium Amoris ; and the Ihis^ an invective against a false friend.
The standard text of the whole of Ovid is that of A. Riese (2d ed. Leipzig, 1889). There is a good edition of the Fasti with English notes by Paley (London, 1888) ; of the Heroides, by Shuckburgh (London, 1879) ; of the Amoves and Avs Amator-ia, by J. H. Williams (London, 1884); of the Meta- movphoses (selections), by Simmons (London, 1887); of the Tvistia, by S. G. Owen (London, 1890); of the Epistiilce ex Panto (Bk. L), by Keene (London, 1887). The Ibis is edited with Latin notes by R. Ellis (Oxford, 1881). There is a lexicon to the Metamovplioses by Eichert (9th ed. Hanover, 1886) ; a life (in French) by Nageotte (Dijon, 1872) ; and a general introduction by Church in Ancient Classics fov English Beaders (1876).
102
THE RAPE OF THE SAIUNES. 103
The Rape of the Sabines. (Ars jUr. i. lui.)
Primus sollicitos ^ fecisti, lloniule, liulos,
Cum iuvit vidiios ^ rapta Sabimi viros. Tunc iieque marmoreo pendebant vela^ theatrOj
Nee fuerant liquido pulpita* rubra croco.^ Illic, quas tulerant nemorosa Palatia, frondes 5
Simpliciter positae, scena sine arte fuit. In gradibus sedit populus de cespite ^ factis,
Qualibet hirsutas^ f ronde ^ tegente comas. Eespiciunt, oculisque notat sibi quisque puellam,
Quam velit : et tacito pectore multa movent. 10
Dumque, rudem praebente modum tibicine Tusco,
Ludius ^ aequatam ter pede pulsat humum ; In medio plausu (plausus tunc arte carebat,)
Eex populo praedae signa petenda dedit. Protinus exsiliunt, animum clamore fatentes/"^ 15
Virginibus cupidas iniciuntque manus. Ut fugiunt aquilas, timidissima turba, columbae,
Utque fugit visos agna novella ^^ lupos ; Sic illae timuere viros sine lege ruentes.
Constitit in nulla qui fuit ante color. 20
Nam timor unus erat; facies non una timoris.
Pars laniat ^^ crines : pars sine mente sedet : Altera maesta silet; frustra vocat altera matrem:
Haec queritur ; stupet haec : haec fugit, ilia manet. Ducuntur raptae, genialis ^^ praeda, puellae, 25
Et potuit multas ipse decere jjudor. Si qua repugnabat nimium, comitemque negabat,
Sublatam cupido vir tulit ipse sinu: Atque ita, "Quid teneros lacrimis corrumpis ocellos?
1 anxious. 2 unmarried, s awnings. * stage. ^ satfron. c turf. 7 shaggy. » chaplet. a actor. 10 showing, i^ young. ^^ tear. i3 charming.
104 OVID.
30 Quod matri pater est, hoc tibi/' dixit, "ero."
Komule, militibus scisti dare commoda^ solus. Haec mihi si dederis commoda, miles ero.
A Popular Holiday. (Fasti, iii. 523-542.)
Idibus est Annae festum geniale '^ Perennae.
Haud procul a ripis, ad vena ^ Thybri, tuis Plebs venit ac virides passim disiecta per lierbas
Potat, et accumbit cum pare * quisque sua. 5 Sub love ^ pars durat, pauci tentoria ^ ponunt,
Sunt quibus e ramis frondea' facta casa^ est; Pars, ubi pro rigidis calamos statuere columnis,
Desuper extentas imposuere togas. Sole tamen vinoque calent, annosque precantur, 10 Quot sumant cyathos, ad numerumque bibunt.
Invenies illic, qui Nestoris ebibat annos,
Quae sit per calices facta Sibylla suos. Illic et cantant quidquid didicere tlieatris,
Et iactant f aciles ad sua verba manus ; 15 Et ducunt posito duras cratere choreas,®
Cultaque diffusis saltat amica comis. Cum redeunt, titubant '^^ et sunt spectacula vulgi,
Et fortunatos obvia turba vocat. Occurri nuper: visa est mihi digna relatu 20 Pompa^^: senem potum^'^ pota trahebat anus.
Atalanta's Race. {Met. x. 5G0-680.)
'^Forsitan audieris aliquam certamine cursus Veloces superasse viros. Non fabula rumor
1 reward, pay. 2 merry. a stranger. * mate. 5 open sky. 6 tents. ^ leafy. s hut " dances. ^" reel. ^^ procession. 12 (Jrunk.
ATALANTA'S RACE.
105
ATALANTA'S RACE.
{From the j)ainting by Poynter.)
Ille fuit ; superabat enim ; nee dicere posses,
Laude pedum, formaene bono praestantior esset.
Scitanti^ deus- hiiic de coniuge 'Coniuge/ dixit, 5
' Nil opus est, Atalanta, tibi : fuge coniugis usum.
Nee tamen effugies, teque ipsa viva carebis.' ^
Territa sorte dei per opaeas innuba silvas
Vivit, et instantem turbam violenta proeorum^
Condicione fugat, nee ' Sum potiunda, nisi,' inquit, lo
' Victa prius cursu ; pedibus eontendite meeum :
Praemia veloei coniunx thalamique dabuntur ;
Mors pretium tardis. Ea lex certaminis esto.'
Ilia quidem immitis : sed tanta potentia formae est,
Venit ad hanc legem temeraria turba i^roeorum. 15
Sederat Hippomenes cursus spectator iniqui, Et 'Petitur cuiquam per tanta perieula coniunx?' Dixerat, ae nimios iuvenum damnarat amores. Ut faeiem et posito corpus velamine^ vidit. Quale meum,^' vel quale tuum,^ si femina fias, 20
Obstipuit, tollensque manus ' Ignoscite,' dixit, ' Quos modo eulpavi. Nondum mihi praemia nota, Quae peteretis, erant.' Laudando coneipit ignes,
1 inquire. ^ Apollo. ^ = lose your present form. * suitors. ^ outer garment. " i.e., of Venus. ^ i.e., of Adonis.
106 OVID.
Et, ne quis iuvenum currat velocius, optat
25 Invidiaque timet. 'Sed cur certaminis huius
Intemptata mihi fortuna relinquitur? ' inquit 'Audentes deus ipse iuvat.' Dum talia secum Exigit Hippomenes, passu volat alite ^ virgo. Quae quamquam Scythica non secius ^ ire sagitta
30 Aonio ^ visa est iuveni, tamen ille decorem
Miratur magis. Et cursus facit ille decorem. Aura refert ablata citis talaria ^ plantis ^ : Tergaque iactantur crines per eburnea/ quaeque Poplitibus "' suberant picto genualia ^ limbo ^ :
35 Inque puellari ^° corpus candore ruborem
Traxerat, baud aliter, quam cum super atria ^^ velum Candida purpureum simulatas inficit umbras. Dum notat haec hospes, decursa novissima meta ^^ est, Et tegitur festa victrix Atalanta corona.
40 Dant gemitum victi, penduntque ^^ ex foedere poenas :
Non tamen eventu iuvenis deterritus horum Constitit in medio, vultuque in virgine fixo 'Quid facilem titulum superando quaeris inertes? Mecum confer! ' ait 'seu me fortuna potentem
45 Eecerit, a tanto non indignabere vinci.
Namque mihi genitor Megareus Onchestius : illi Est Neptunus avus : pronepos ^* ego regis aquarum. Nee virtus citra genus est. Seu vincar, habebis Hippomene victo magnum et memorabile nomen.'
50 Talia dicentem molli Schoeneia ^^ vultu
Aspicit, et dubitat, superari an vincere malit. Atque ita 'quis deus hunc formosis ' inquit 'iniquus Perdere vult, caraeque iubet discrimine vitae
1 winged. ^ otherwise. ^ Boeotian. ■* wings. ^ feet. ^ ivory. ^ linee. « leggings. 9 fringe. ^<* maiden. ^^ court. ^^ goal. ^3 pay. ^* great-grandson. is daughter of Schoeneus.
ATALANTA'S RACE. 107
Coniugium petere hoc? non sum, me iudice, tanti.
Nee forma tangor, — poteram tamen hac quoque tangi — 55
Sed quod adhuc puer est. Non me movet ipse, sed aetas.
Quid, quod inest virtus et mens interrita leti?
Quid, quod ab aequorea numeratur origine quartus?
Quid, quod amat, tantique putat conubia nostra;
Ut pereat, si me fors illi dura negaret? 60
Dum licet, hospes, abi, thalamosque relinque cruentos.
Coniugium crudely meum est. Tibi nubere nulla
Nolet; et optari potes a sapiente puella.
Cur tamen est milii cura tui, tot iam ante peremptis?
Viderit ! ^ intereat, quoniam tot caede procorum 65
Admonitus non est, agiturque in taedia^ vitae.
Occidet hie igitur, voluit quia vivere mecum,
Indignamque necem pretium patietur amor is?
Non erit invidiae victoria nostra ferendae.
Sed non culpa mea est. Utinam desistere velles ! 70
Aut, quoniam es demens, utinam velocior esses!
At quam virgineus puerili vultus in ore est !
Ah, miser Hippomene, nollem tibi visa fuissem!
Vivere dignus eras. Quod si felicior essem.
Nee mihi coniugium fata importuna negarent, 75
Unus eras, cum quo sociare^ cubilia vellem.'
Dixerat : utque rudis ^ primoque Cupidine tacta, Quid facit, ignorans, amat et non sentit amorem. Iam solitos poscunt cursus populusque paterque : Cum me sollicita proles Neptunia voce 80
Invocat Hippomenes, ^Cytherea' que 'comprecor, ausis Adsit' ait 'nostris et quos dedit, adiuvet ignes.' Detulit aura preces ad me non invida blandas ; Motaque sum, fateor. Nee opis mora longa dabatur.
1 hortatory subj. ^ weariness. 3 share. * inexperienced.
108 OVID.
85 Est ager, indigenae Tamaseniim nomine clicunt,
Telluris Cypriae pars optima, quam milii prisci Sacravere senes, templisque accedere dotem ^ Hanc iussere meis. Medio nitet arbor in arvo, Fulva comam, fulvo ramis crepitantibus auro.
90 Hinc tria forte mea veniens decerpta ^ f erebam
Aurea poma manu : nullique videnda nisi ipsi Hippomenen adii, docuique, quis usus in illis. Signa tubae dederant, cum carcere ^ pronus * uterque Emicat, et summam celeri pede libat ^ harenam.
95 Posse putes illos sicco freta radere ® passu,
Et segetis canae'^ stantes percurrere aristas.^ Adiciunt animos ^ iuveni clamorque favorque, Verbaque dicentum 'iS'unc, nunc incumbere tempus, Hippomene, propera! nunc viribus utere totis.
100 Pelle moram, vinces : ' dubium, Megarei'us heros
Gaudeat, an virgo magis his Schoeneia dictis. 0 quotiens, cum iani posset transire, morata est, Spectatosque diu vultus invita reliquit! Aridus e lasso veniebat anhelitus ore,
105 Metaque erat longe. Tum denique de tribus unum
Fetibus arboreis proles Neptunia misit. Obstipuit virgo, nitidique cupidine pomi Declinat cursus, aurumque volubile toUit : Praeterit Hippomenes : resonant spectacula ^^ plausu.
no Ilia moram celeri cessataque" tempora cursu
Corrigit, atque iterum iuvenem post terga relinquit. Et rursus pomi iactu remorata secundi, Consequitur transitque virum. Pars ultima cursus Restabat. 'Nunc ' inquit 'ades, dea muneris auctor! '
115 Inque latus campi, quo tardius ilia rediret,
1 endowment. 2 plucked. 3 barrier. ■* bending forward, s skims. « graze. '' white, yellow. 8 grain. ^ courage. 10 geld. ^^ lost.
THE POET'S BANISHMENT FROM ROME. 109
lecit ab obliqiio nitidum iuvenaliter ^ aurum.
An peteret, virgo visa est dubitare : coegi
Tollere, et adieci sublato pondera malo,'^
Impediiqiie oneris pariter gravitate moriique.
Neve mens sernio cursii sit tardior ipso, 120
Praeterita est virgo: diixit sua praemia victor."
The Poefs Banishment from Home. (Tristia, i. 3.)
Cum subit illius tristissima noctis imago,
Qua mihi supremum tempus in urbe fuit, Cum repeto noctem, qua tot mihi cara reliqui,
Labitur ex oculis nunc quoque gutta^ meis. lam prope lux aderat, qua me discedere Caesar 5
Einibus extremae iusserat Ausoniae. Nee spatium fuerat, nee mens satis apta parandi :
Torpuerant longa pectora nostra mora. Non mihi servorum, comitis non cura legendi,
Non aptae profugo ^ vestis opisve fuit. 10
Non aliter stupui, quam qui lovis ignibus ictus
Vivit, et est vitae nescius ipse suae. Ut tamen hanc animi nubem dolor ipse removit,
Et tandem sensus convaluere mei, Alloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos, 15
Qui modo de multis unus et alter ^ erant. Uxor amans flentem flens acrius ipsa tenebat,
Imbre^ per indignas usque cadente genas.'^ Nata procul Libycis aberat diversa ^ sub oris,
Nee poterat fati certior esse mei. 20
Quocumque aspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonabant,
Formaque non taciti funeris intus erat.
1 with youthful strength. 2 apple. 3 tear. * exile. ^ one or two. ^ flood of tears. ^ cheeks. 8 in an opposite direction (to Scythia).
no OVID.
Femina virque meo, pueri qiioque, f unere maerent : Inque domo lacrimas angulus omnis habet. 25 Si licet exemplis in parvo grandibiis uti,
Haec facies Troiae, cum caperetur, erat. lamque quiescebant voces hominumque canumque,
Lunaque nocturnos alta regebat equos. Hanc ego suspiciens, et ab hac Capitolia cernens, 30 Quae nostro frustra iuncta fuere lari/
" Kumina vicinis habitantia sedibus, " inquam
" lamque oculis numquam templa videnda meis, Dique relinquendi, quos urbs habet alta Quirini, Este salutati tempus in omne milii! 35 Et quamquam sero clipeum post vulnera sumo,
Attamen hanc odiis exonerate fugam, Caelestique viro,^ quis me deceperit error,
Dicite, pro culpa ne scelus esse putet ! Ut quod vos scitis, poenae quoque sentiat auctor, 40 Placato possum non miser esse deo."
Hac prece adoravi superos ego, pluribus uxor,
Singultu^ medios impediente sonos. Ilia etiam ante lares passis adstrata capillis Contigit extinctos ore tremente focos, 45 Multaque in adversos effudit verba Penates
Pro deplorato non valitura viro. lamque morae spatium nox praecipitata negabat,
Versaque ab axe suo Parrhasis ^ arctos erat. Quid facerem? blando patriae retinebar amore: 50 Utima sed iussae nox erat ilia fugae.
Ah, quotiens certam me sum mentitus habere
Horam, propositae quae foret apta ^ viae. Ter limen tetigi, ter sum revocatus, et ipse
1 home. 2 i,e., Augustus. ^ sole. * Arcadian. ^ lucky.
THE POET'S BANISHMENT FROM ROME. HI
Indulgens animo pes milii tardus erat. S.iepe ' vale ' dicto rursus sum iiiulta locutus, 55
Et quasi discedens oscula suinma dedi. Saepe eadem mandata dedi, meque ipse fefelli,
Respiciens oculis pignora^ cara meis. Denique, "Quid propero? Scytliia est, quo mittimur," inquam,
" Roma relinqueuda est. Utraque iusta mora est. GO
Uxor in aetenium vivo milii viva negatur,
Et domus et iidae dulcia membra domus, Quosque ego fraterno dilexi more sodales,
0 milii Thesea pectora iuncta fide ! Dum licet, amplectar. Nunquam fortasse licebit 65
Amplius. In lucro ^ est quae datur hora mihi." Nee mora, sermonis verba imperfecta relinquo,
Complectens animo proxima quaeque meo. Dum loquor et flemus, caelo nitidissimus alto,
Stella gravis nobis, Lucifer ortus erat. 70
Dividor baud aliter, quam si mea membra relinquam,
Et pars abrumpi corpore visa suo est. Sic doluit Metus tunc, cum in contraria versos
Ultores habuit proditionis equos. Tum vero exoritur clamor gemitusque meorum, 75
Et feriunt maestae pectora nuda maniis. Tum vero coniunx, umeris abeuntis inliaerens,
Miscuit liaec lacrimis tristia dicta suis : " Non potes avelli. Simul, all, simul ibiinus," inquit :
"Te sequar et coniunx exulis exul ero. 80
Et milii facta via est. Et me capit ultima tellus :
Accedam profugae sarcina^ parva rati. Te iubet a patria discedere Caesaris ira,
Me pietas; pietas liaec milii Caesar erit.''
^ pledges. 2 counted as gain. » burden.
112 OVID.
85 Talia temptabat, sicut temptaverat ante,
Vixque dedit ^ victas utilitate ^ manus. Egredior, sive illud erat sine funere ferri,^ Squalidus inmissis hirta'* per ora comis. Ilia dolore amens tenebris narratur obortis ^ 90 Semianimis media procubuisse domo,
Utque resurrexit foedatis pulvere turpi
Crinibus et gelida membra levavit hnmo, Se modo, desertos modo complorasse Penates, Nomen et erepti saepe vocasse viri, 95 Nee gemuisse minus, quam si nataeque meumque
Vidisset structos corpus habere rogos/ Et voluisse mori, moriendo ponere sensus,
Respectuque tamen non periisse mei. Vivat ! et absentem — quoniam sic fata tulerunt — 100 Vivat ut auxilio sublevet usque suo.
1 submit. 2 — what was best. ^ carry out (of a corpse) * rough. ^ rising. ^ funeral bier.
XV. TITUS LIVIUS.
Titus Livius was born at ralaviuiu (Padua) 59 n.c, and died at the same place 17 A.D. He passed most of his life at Rome in literary work. His great history of Rome from the coming of Aeneas to the death of Drusus, 9 b.c, was contained in one hundred and forty-two books, of which only thirty- five have been preserved. He was a raconteur rather than a historian, and collated from various and often conflicting authorities the accounts of the events which he described in vivid and animated language. No attempt is made in his work to sift historical evidence or to present the results of original research. He has therefore been called "the Roman Herodotus."
A standard text is that of Weissenborn in 6 vols. (Leipzig, 1878). There is a fair translation by Spillane and others in the Bohn Library ; and an excellent one of the part relating to the Second Punic War (Bks. XXI. -XXV.) by Church and Brodribb (London, 1883). For criticism of Livy as a writer and historian see the monograph in French by H. A. Taine, Essai swr Tite Live (Paris, 1860); and for his language and style the Etude sur la Langue et Gram- maire de Tite Live by Riemann (Paris, 1879).
The Founding of Rome. (i. G, 3.)
Ronmlum Reiuum- que cupido cepit in his locis, ubi expositi ubi- qiie educati erant, urbis condendae. Et siiper- erat multitudo Albano- rum Latin ornm que ; ad id pastores quoque ac- cesserant, qui omnes facile spem facerent parvam Albam, par- vum Lavinium prae ea urbe quae conderetur, fore. Intervenit cleinde his cogi- tationibus avitum malum, regni cupido, atque inde foe-
BRONZE WOLF STATUE.
{Rome.)
10
ROM. LIFE
113
114 LTYY.
15 dum ^ certamen coortuni a satis miti principio. Quoniam gemini essent, nee aetatis verecunclia- discrimen facere posset, ut dii, quorum tutelae^ ea loca essent, auguriis legerent, qui nomen novae urbi daret, qui conditam imperio regeret, Palatium Eomu- lus, Kemus Aventinuiii ad inaugurandum templa capiunt. 20 Priori Eemo augurium venisse fertur sex vultures, iamque nuntiato augario cum duplex numerus Romulo sese ostendisset, utrumque regem sua multitudo ^ consalutaverat. Tempore ^ illi praecepto, at hi numero avium regnum trahebant. Inde cum altercatione congressi certamine irarum ad caedem vertuntur. 25 Ibi in turba ictus Remus cecidit. Vulgatior fama est ludibrio ^ fratris E-emum novos transiluisse muros ; inde ab irato Romulo, cum verbis quoque increpitans adiecisset "Sic deinde quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!" interfectum. Ita solus potitus imperio Romulus ; condita urbs conditoris nomine appellata. 30 _/yx.^ Palatium primum, in quo ipse erat educa-
tuS; muniit. Sacra diis aliis Albano ritu,
Graeco Herculi, ut ab Evandro instituta
erant, facit/ Herculem in ea loca Geryone
interempto boves mira specie abegisse me-
35 ^^^^--C^^TTTIIX^''^ morant, ac prope Tiberim fluvium, qua prae
HUT-URN FROM ALBA ^c armeutum agens nando traiecerat, loco
LONGA. lierbido,^ ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret
(British Museum.) . „ . , .
boves, et ipsum lessum via procubuisse. Ibi cum eum cibo vinoque gravatum sopor oppressisset, pastor
40 accola ^ eius loci nomine Cacus, f erox viribiis, captus pulchritu- dine boum cum avertere ^^ cam praedam vellet, quia, si agendo armentum in speluncam compulisset, ipsa vestigia quaerentem dominum eo deductura erant, aversos boves, eximium quemque pulchritudine, caudis in speluncam traxit. Hercules ad primam
45 auroram somno excitus cum gregem perlustrasset oculis et par-
1 unseemly. 2 rggpect 3 pj-otection (g-en.). * followers. ^ = on account of priorit3\ c gport. '' perform. * grassy. ^ inhabitant, i" drive off.
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE. 115
tern abesse niimero sensisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent. Quae ubi omnia foras versa vidit nee in partem aliam ferre, confusus atque incertus animi ex loco infesto^ agere porro^ armentum occepit.^ Inde cum actae boves quaedaiTi ad desiderium, ut iit,'^ relictarum mugissent, red- 50 dita iiiclusarum ex spelunca boum vox Herculem convertit. Quern cum vadentem ad speluncam Cacus vi prohibere conatus esset, ictus clava fidein pastorum nequiquam invocans morte occubuit.
Horatius at the Bridge, (ii. 10.)
Cum liostes adessent, pro se quisque ^ in urbem ex agris demi- grant, urbem ipsam saepiunt praesidiis. Alia muris, alia Tiberi obiecto videbantnr tuta. Pons sublicius^ iter paene hostibus dedit, ni unus vir fuisset Horatius Codes: id munimentum illo die fortuna urbis Romanae habuit. Qui positus forte in statione '^ 5 pontis, cum captum repentino impetu laniculum atque inde citatos decurrere liostes vidisset, trepidamque turbam suorum arma ordinesque relinquere, repreliensans singulos, obsistens obtestansque ^ deum et hominum fidem testabatur, nequiquam deserto praesidio eos fugere; si transitum® pontem a tergo 10 reliquissent, iam plus hostium in Palatio Capitolioque quam in laniculo fore. Itaque monere praedicere, ut pontem ferro igni, quacumque vi possint, interrumpant : se impetum^^ hostium, quantum corpore uno posset obsisti, excepturum. Vadit inde in primum aditum pontis, insignisque inter conspecta cedentium 15 pugnae terga obversis comminus ad ineundum proelium armis ipso miraculo audaciae obstupefecit hostis. Duos tamen cum eo pudor tenuit, Sp. Lartium ac T. Herminium, ambos claros genere factisque. Cum his primam periculi procellam et quod tumul- tuosissimum pugnae erat parumper^^ sustinuit. Deinde eos 20
1 uncanny. 2 further. '^ be<ran. * as is apt to happen. ^ with one accord. ^ of piles. "^ on guard. 8 call to witness. ^ as a passage. 1** onset. 11 for a while.
116 LTVY.
quoque ipsos exigua parte pontis relicta, revocantibus qui rescindebant, cedere in tutum coegit. Circumferens inde truces minaciter oculos ad proceres Etruscorum nunc singulos provocare, nunc increpare omnes, servitia regum superborum, suae libertatis
25 inmemores alienam oppugnatum venire. Cunctati aliquamdiu sunt, dum alius alium, ut proelium incipiant, circumspectant. Pudor deinde commovit aciem, et clamore sublato undique in unum hostem tela coniciunt. Quae cum in obiecto cuncta scuto haesissent, neque ille minus obstinatus ingenti ^ pontem obtineret
30 gradu/-^ iam impetu conabantur detrudere virum, cum simul fragor rupti pontis simul clamor Eomanorum, alacritate perfecti operis sublatus, pavore subito impetum sustinuit. Turn Codes "Tibe- rine pater " inquit, " te sancte precor, haec arma et hunc militem propitio flumine accipias ! " ita sic ^ armatus in Tiberim desiluit,
35 multisque incidentibus telis incolumis ad suos tranavit, rem ausus plus famae habituram ad posteros quam fidei. Grata erga tantam virtutem civitas fuit : statua in Comitio posita, agri quan- tum uno die circumaravit datum. Privata* quoque inter pub- licos honores studia eminebant: nam in magna inopia pro
40 domesticis copiis unusquisque ei aliquid fraudans se ipse victu suo contulit.
The Deed of Mucins Scaevola. (ii. 12.)
C. Mucins, adulescens nobilis, cui indignum videbatur populum Pomanum servientem, cum sub regibus esset, nullo bello nee ab hostibus ullis obsessum esse, liberum eundem populum ab iisdem Etruscis obsideri, quorum saepe exercitus fuderit, — magno au- 5 dacique aliquo facinore^ eam indignitatem vindicandam ratus,® primo sua sponte penetrare in hostium castra constituit; dein metuens, ne, si consulum iniussu et ignaris omnibus iret, forte deprehensus a custodibus Pomanis retraheretur ut transfuga,'
1 firm. 2 position. 3 as he was. * of individuals. ^ deed. ^ thinking. ^ deserter.
THE DEED OF MUCIUS SCAEVOLA. 117
fortuna turn urbis crimen adfirmante, senatum adit. '' Transire Tiberim" inquit, "patres, et intrare, si possim, castra liostium lo volo, non praedo ^ nee populationum in vicem ultor : mains, si di invant, in animo est facinus." Adprobant patres. Abdito intra vestem ferro proficiscitur. Ubi eo venit, in confertissima turba prope regium tribunal constitit. Ibi cum stipendium militibus forte daretur, et scriba ^ cum rege sedens pari fere ornatu multa 15 ageret, eum milites volgo adirent, timens sciscitari/ uter Porsena esset, ne ignorando regem semet ipse aperiret quis esset, quo temere traxit* fortuna facinus, scribam pro rege obtruncat. Vadentem inde, qua per trepidam turbam cruento mucrone sibi ipse fecerat viam, cum concursu ad clamorem facto conprehensum 20 regii satellites retraxissent, ante tribunal regis destitutus^ tum quoque inter tantas fortunae minas metuendus magis quam metuens, "Romanus sum" inquit "civis, C. Mucium vocant. Hostis hostem occidere volui, nee ad mortem minus animi est quam fuit ad caedem: et facere et pati fortia Eomanum est. 25 Nee unus in te ego lios animos gessi; longus post me ordo est idem petentium decus.*' Proinde in hoc discrimen, si iuvat, accingere,'^ ut in singulas boras capite dimices ^ tuo, ferrum liostemque in vestibulo habeas regiae. Hoc tibi inventus Romana indicimus bellum. Nullam aciem, nullum proelium timueris; 30 uni tibi et cum singulis res erit." Cum rex simuP ira infensus periculoque conterritus circumdari ignis minitabundus iuberet, nisi expromeret propere, quas insidiarum sibi minas per ambages ^*^ iaceret, " En tibi " inquit, " ut sentias, quam vile corpus sit iis, qui magnam gloriam vident," dextramque accenso ad sacrificium 35 foculo inicit. Quam cum velut alienato ab sensu torreret animo, prope attonitus miraculo rex cum ab sede sua prosiluisset, amoverique ab altaribus iuvenem iussisset, " In vero abi," inquit,
1 as a plunderer. 2 secretary. s inquire. < happened to draw. 5 set down alone. ^ dis- tinction. '' prepare for. ^ ut . . . dimices, apposition with discrimen. ^ forthwith. 10 myste- rious words.
118 T^IVY.
" in te magis quam in me hostilia ausiis. luberem macte virtnte ^ 40 esse, si pro mea patria ista virtus staret : nunc iure ^ belli liberum te intactum inviolatumque hinc dimitto." Tunc Mucins quasi remunerans meritum, " Quandoquidem," inquit, "est apud te virtuti lionoSj ut beneficio tuleris a me, quod minis nequisti: trecenti coniuravimus principes iuventutis Eomanae, ut in te hac 45 via grassaremur.^ Mea prima sors fuit; ceteri, utcumque ceci- derit primi, quoad te opportunum fortuna dederit, suo quisque tempore aderunt."
1 go on and prosper. 2 abl. of separation. 3 attack.
XVI. GAIUS PETRONIUS [ARBITER].
Gaius Petroniiis [Arbiter], a writer concerning whose personality there has been nuich discussion, is probably to be identified with the Gaius Petronius who was for some time the maitre de plaisirs of Nero, — the Beau Brummel of Imperial Rome in the first century a.d. A man of great natural ability and unusual cultivation, he preferred a life of elegant dissipation to any serious pur- suit. In 66 A.D., he was accused to the emperor of complicity in a plot, and at once committed suicide by opening his veins in a bath (Tacitus, Annales, xvi. 17). He wrote the work entitled Satira or Satiricon from which the fol- lowing extracts are taken, — the best surviving example of the ancient world of manners. It depicts with absolute fidelity the daily life of the author's time, in narrating the adventures of two friends, Encolpius and Ascyltus, in one of the small cities of Campania. All classes of society are drawn with unusual power and merciless realism, from the standpoint of the man of the world. Its dialogue gives many specimens of the Latin of common life. Only a portion, however, of the work has survived, and the gaps in the existing portions are frequent.
The standard edition of the text is by Biicheler (Berlin, 1862; smaller edition, 1882). There is an edition of a portion of the work (the Gena Trimalchionis) with notes and a German translation by Friedlander (Leipzig, 1891); an edition in English (announced) by Waters (1895); an English translation of the whole by Kelly (London, 1854), and a good French translation by De Guerle (Paris, 1862).
A Parvenu^ s Dinner Party, (ch. 31 foil.)
Tandem ergo discubuimus ^ pueris Alexandrinis aquam in manus nivatam infundentibus aliisque inseqiientibns ad pedes ac paronychia^ cum ingenti subtilitate tollentibus. Ac ne in hoc quidem tarn molesto tacebant officio, sed obiter cantabant. Ego experiri volui, an tota familia cantaret, itaque potionem poposci. 5 Paratissimus puer non minus me acido cantico excepit, et quisquis aliquid rogatus erat ut daret. Pantomimi chorum, non patris familiae^ triclinium crederes. Allata est tamen gustatio* valde lauta ; nam iam omnes discubuerant praeter ipsum Trimalchionem, cui locus novo more primus servabatur. Ceterum inter pro- 10
1 took our places. 2 agnails. 3 a iirivate gentleman. * first course.
119
120
PETXiONlUS.
mulsidaria ^ asellus erat Coriuthius cum bisaccio ^ positus, qui habebat olivas in altera parte albas, in altera nigras. Tegebant^ asellum duae lances, in quarum marginibus nomen Trimalchionis inscriptum erat et argenti pondus. Ponticuli etiam ferruminati 15 sustinebant glires^ melle ac papavere^ sparsos. Fuerunt et tomacula super craticulam ® argenteam ferventia posita, et infra craticulam Syriaca pruna cum granis Punici mali.''
In his eramus lautitiis, cam ipse Trimalcliio ad symphoniam allatus est positusque inter cervicalia^ munitissima^ expressit
THE CAROUSAL.
{From the painting by Alma Tadema.)
20 imprudentibus risum. Pallio enim coccineo adrasum ^^ excluserat caput circaque oneratas veste cervices laticlaviam immiserat mappam^^ fimbriis^^ hinc atque illinc pendentibus. Habebat etiam in minimo digito sinistrae manus anulum grandem subauratum/^ extreme vero articulo digiti sequentis minorem, ut mihi vide-
25 batur, totum aureum, sed plane ferreis veluti stellis ferrumina- tum. Et ne has tantum ostenderet divitias, dextrum nudavit lacertum armilla aurea cultum et eboreo ^^ circulo lamina ^^ splen- dente conexo. Ut deinde pinna ^^ argentea dentes perfodit,
1 dainties. * double pack, s flanked. 8 cushions. 9 well-stuflfed. i» shaven. 15 clasp. 16 toothpick.
* dormice. ^ poppy. ^ gridiron. "^ pomegranate. " napkin. 12 fringed edges. i3 gilded. " ivory.
A PARVENirS DINNER PARTY. 121
"Amici," inquit "nondum milii suave erat in triclinium venire, sed ne diutius absentivos morae vobis essem, omnem voluptatem 30 mihi negavi. Permittetis tamen liniri lusum." Sequebatur puer cum tabula terebintliina^ et crystallinis tesseris,^ notavique rem omnium delicatissimam. Pro calculis enim albis ac nigris aureos argenteosque habebat denarios. Interim dum ille omnium textorum dicta inter lusum consumit, gustantibus adhuc nobis 35 repositorium ^ allatum est cum corbe,* in quo gallina erat lignea patentibus in orbem alis, quales esse solent quae incubant ova. Accessere continuo duo servi et symphonia strepente scrutari paleam ^ coeperunt erutaque subinde pavonina ova divisere con- vivis. Convertit ad banc scaenam Trimalchio vultum et " Amici, " 40 ait "pavonis ova gallinae iussi supponi. Et mehercules timeo ne iam concepti^ sint; temptemus tamen, si adhuc sorbilia'^ sunt." Accipimus nos coclearia non minus selibras pendentia ovaque ex farina^ pingui figurata pertundimus. Ego quidem paene proieci partem meam, nam videbatur mihi iam in pullum 45 coisse. Deinde ut audivi veterem convivam : " Hie nescio quid boni debet esse," persecutus putamen^ manu pinguissimam fice- dulam^*' inveni piperato vitello^^ circumdatam.
Advenerunt ministri ac toralia ^^ praeposuerunt toris, in quibus retia erant picta subsessoresque cum venabulis et totus venationis 50 apparatus. Necdum scifebamus, quo mitteremus suspiciones nostras, cum extra triclinium clamor sublatus est ingens, et ecce canes Laconici etiam circa mensam discurrere coeperunt. Secu- tum est hos repositorium, in quo positus erat primae magnitudinis aper, et quidem pilleatus,^^ e cuius dentibus sportellae ^^ depende- 55 bant duae palmulis textae, altera caryotis^^ altera thebaicis^^ repleta. Circa autem minores porcelli ex coptoplacentis ^"^ facti, quasi uberibus imminerent, scrofam ^^ esse positam significabant.
^ pine. 2 checkers. 3 tray. * basket. ^ straw. ^ ready to be hatched. ^ worth sucking. 8 paste. 9 shell. i" reed-bird. " yolk. 12 coverings. i3 -with a cap on. " little baskets. " dates. 1" figs. ^^ cake. ^* sow.
122 PETRONIUS.
Et hi quidem apophoreti^ fuerunt. Ceterum ad scindendum aprum
60 accessit barbatus ingens, fasciis ^ cruralibus alligatus et alicula ^ subornatus polymita'* strictoque venatorio cultro latus apri vehementer percussit, ex cuius plaga turdi^ evolaverunt. Parati aucupes ® cum barundinibus fuerunt et eos circa triclinium voli- tantes momento exceperunt. Inde cum suum cuique iussisset
65 referri, Trimalchio adiecit: "Etiam videte, quam porcus ille silvaticus lotam comederit glandem." Statim pueri ad sportellas accesserunt, quae pendebant e dentibus, tbebaicasque et caryotas ad numerum ' divisere cenantibus.
Kepositorium cum sue ingenti mensam occupavit. Mirari nos
70 celeritatem coepimus et iurare, ne gallum quidem gallinaceum tam cito percoqui^ potuisse, tanto quidem magis, quod longe maior nobis porcus videbatur esse, quam paulo ante aper fuerat. Deinde magis magisque Trimalchio intuens eum, "Quid? Quid?" inquit "porcus hie non est exinteratus?^ ISTon mehercules est.
75 Voca, voca cecum in medio." Cum constitisset ad mensam cocus tristis et diceret se oblitum esse exinterare, "Quid? oblitus?" Trimalchio exclamat "Putes ilium piper et cuminum^'^ non coniecisse. Despolia."^^ Non fit mora, despoliatur cocus atque inter duos tortores ^^ maestus consistit. Deprecari tamen omnes
80 coeperunt et dicere: " Solet fieri; rogamus, niittas; postea si fecerit, nemo nostrum pro illo rogabit." Ego, crudelissimae severitatis, ^•'^ non potui me tenere, sed inclinatus ad aurem Aga- memnonis "Plane" inquam "hie debet servus esse nequissimus; aliquis oblivisceretur porcum exinterare? Non mehercules illi
85 ignoscerem, si piscem praeterisset." At non Trimalchio, qui relaxato in hilaritatem vulto " Ergo " inquit " quia tam malae memoriae es, palam nobis ilium exintera." Eecepta cocus tunica cultrum arripuit porcique ventrem hinc atque illinc timida manu
1 souvenirs. ^ drawers. ^ light cloak. ■* richly wrought. ^ thrushes. ^ bird catchers. 7 to music. 8 well-cooked. ^ dressed, lo seasoning-. ^^ strip him. ^2 overseers. ^^ genitive of characteristic.
A PARVENU'S DINNER PARTY.
123
secuit. Nee mora, ex plagis ponderis iiiclinatione crescentibus tomacula cum botulis ^ effusa sunt. 90
Plausum post hoc automatum ^ familia dedit et " Gaio feli- citer ! " ^ conclamavit.
Nee diu mirari licuit tam elegantes strophas*; nam repente lacunaria^ sonare coeperunt totumque triclinium intremuit. Con- sternatus ego exsurrexi et timui, ne per tectum petauristarius ^ 95 aliquis descenderet. Nee minus reliqui convivae mirantes erexere vultus, expectantes quid novi de coelo nuntiaretur. Ecce autem diductis lacunaribus subito circulus ingens, de eupa' videlicet grandi excussus demittitur, cuius per totum orbem coronae aureae cum alabastris unguenti pendebant. Haec apophoreta^ iubemur 100 sumere.
lam illie repositorium cum placentis aliquot erat positum, quod medium Priapus a pistore faetus tenebat, gremioque satis
amplo omnis generis poma et uvas sustinebat more vulga- 105 to. Avidius ad pompam^ manus porreximus, et repente nova ludorum missio hilari- tatem liic refecit. Omnes enim placentae ^^ omniaque no poma etiam minima vexa- tione contacta coeperunt ef- fundere crocum ^^ et usque ad OS molestus umor accidere. E-ati ergo sacrum esse fericulum tam religioso apparatu^^ perfusum, consurreximus altius et 115 "Augusto, patri patriae, feliciter," diximus. Quibusdam tamen etiam post banc venerationem poma rapientibus et ipsi mappas implevimus, ego praecipue, qui nullo satis amplo munere puta-
|
^ |
'a^ |
3; |
A) I |
^ |
|
|
PT^ |
^^ |
^ |
^^^ |
M |
1 |
|
''111 r |
^'^SW^ |
s^ |
"'IpJllvV |
iSM |
|
|
1 ^^i |
>. - \ |
'i 1 ' ^V |
^W\S\ |
111 |
|
|
j-oy^f |
^%«\.\ |
^^^tWl'^^ |
%%] |
jtijH |
|
|
0 |
m^m |
^fr |
^^^6 |
rM |
M |
|
M |
^ |
te |
^y |
'£ |
ROMAN LARDER.
(Ilerculaneum.)
1 mincemeat. ^ spontaneous. ^ good luck to Gaius ! * devices. ^ ceiling. 6 acrobat. ' dome. 8 souvenirs. ^ magnificent display, lo cakes. ^^ saffron water (perfume). ^ prepa- ration.
124 PETRONIUS.
bam me onerare Gitonis sinum. Inter haec tres pueri Candidas 120 succincti tunicas intraverunt, quorum duo Lares bullatos ^ super mensam posuerunt, unus pateram^ vini circumferens " Dii pro- pitii" clamabat.
The Weretvolf. (ch. 62.)
Forte dominus Capuam exierat ad scruta^ scita expedienda. Nactus ego occasionem persuadeo hospi- tem nostrum, ut mecum ad quintum miliarium ^ veniat. Erat autem miles, fortis tanquam Orcus. Apocula- mus^ nos circa gallicinia^; luna lucebat tanquam meridie. Venimus intra monumenta: liomo mens coepit ad stelas^ facere,^ sedeo ego cantabundus et ^ -- stelas numero. Deinde ut respexi ad comitem, ille exuit se et omnia vestimenta secundum viam posuit.
MILIARIUM. ^
10 Mihi anima in naso esse ; stabam tanquam mortuus.
At ille circumivit vestimenta sua et subito lupus factus est. Nolite me iocari putare ; ut mentiar, nullius patrimonium tanti facio. Sed, quod coeperam dicere, postquam lupus factus est, ululare coepit et in silvas fugit. Ego primitus ^ nesciebam ubi
15 essem, deinde accessi, ut vestimenta eius tollerem : ilia autem lapidea facta sunt. Qui mori timore nisi ego ? Gladium tamen strinxi et in tota via umbras ^^ cecidi, ^^ donee ad villam amicae meae pervenirem. Ut larva ^^ intravi, paene animam ebullivi,^^ sudor mihi per bifurcum^'* volabat, oculi mortui, vix unquam
20 refectus sum. Melissa mea mirari coepit, quod tam sero ambu- larem, et "Si ante" inquit "venisses, saltem nobis adiutasses; lupus enim villam intravit et omnia pecora perculit, tanquam lanius^^ sanguinem illis misit. Nee tamen derisit, etiam si fucrit: servus enim noster lancea collum eius traiecit." Haec ut
1 wearing amulets. ^ bowl. 3 -wares. * milestone. ^ start off. ^ cock-crow. '' tombstones. 8 so. se; "betake himself." '** at first, lo gi^osts. ii hacked at. " pale as a ghost. i3 kicked the bucket. ^* crotch. " butcher.
THE WEREWOLF. 125
audivi, operire ocnlos amplius non potui, seel luce clara Gai 25 nostri tlomum fugi tanquam copo ^ compilatus, et postquam veni in ilium locum, in quo lapidea vestimenta erant facta, nihil inveni nisi sanguinem. Ut vero domum veni, iacebat miles mens in lecto tanquam bovis, et collum illius medicus curabat. Intellexi ilium versipellem^ esse, nee postea cum illo panem 30 gustare potui, non si me occidisses. Viderint alii quid de hoc exopinissent ^ ; ego si mentior, genios vestros iratos habeam.
1 peddler. 2 " turn-skin," i.e. werewolf. 3 think (present subjunctive).
XVII. GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS MAIOR.
Gains Plinius Secundus Maior, a famous encyclopaedic writer, usually spoken of as "Pliny the Elder" to distinguish him from his nephew, was born in the north of Italy (probably at Novum Comum) in 23 a.d. After seeing service in the German campaign of which he wrote an account now lost, he studied law ; but gave up active practice to devote himself to study and the composition of literature. As a student his industry was extraordinary. He rose at two o'clock in the morning and read all day, having a slave read aloud to him at meal-time and while he was in his bath ; and of all that was read he took copious notes, so that on his death he left to his nephew one hundred and sixty volumes of memoranda. From these materials he wrote, among other works, the monumental Historia JSfaturalis in thirty-seven books, — a great storehouse of encyclopaedic knowledge that has been of inestimable value to archaeolo- gists and historians. It deals with astronomy, geography, botany, mineralogy, meteorology, medicine, zoology, inventions and institutions, and the fine arts, — besides touching on many other topics of gi'eat interest. In his preface he says that in its compilation he drew upon some two thousand books ; and he has, besides, incorporated many facts observed by himself. Pliny died in the erup- tion of Vesuvius, 79 a.d.
The standard edition of the Latin text is that of Detlefsen in 6 vols. (Berlin, 1882). There is an English translation with an index, by Bostock and Riley, in the Bohn Series (London, 1859); and one in French by Littre (Paris, 1848-50).
The Jeivels of Lollia Paulina, (ix. 58.)
Lolliam Paulinam quae fuit Gai principis niatrona/ ne serio ^ quidem aut sollemni caerimoniaruia aliquo apparatu sed medio- crium etiam sponsalium cena, vidi smaragdis ^ margaritisque ^ opertam, alterno textu fulgentibiis toto capite, crinibiiSj spiris/ 5 auribiis, collo, manibus,^ digitisque: quae summa quadringenties HS.^ colligebat : ipsa confestim parata mancipationem ^ tabulis ^ probare. Nee dona prodigi principis fuerant, sed avitae opes, provinciarum scilicet spoliis partae. Hie est rapinarum exitus : hoc fuit quare M. Lollius infamatus regum muneribus in toto
1 wife. 2 formal. 3 emeralds. * pearls. ^ braids, e arms. "> 40,000,000 sesterces. » value, s receipted bills.
126
A CURF FOR THE HYDROPHOBIA. 127
Oriente, interdicta amicitia a Gaio Caesare August! filio venenum lo biberet ut neptis ^ eius quadringenties HS. operta spectaretur ad lucernas.^ Computet nunc alicpiis ex altera parte quantum Curius aut Fabricius in triumphis tulerint; imaginetur illorum fercula; et ex altera parte Lolliam, unam imperii mulierculam accubantem: non illos curru detractos quam in hoc vicisse 15 malit?
A Cure for the Hydropliohia. (xxix. 32.)
In canis rabiosi morsu tuetur a pavore aquae capitis canini cinis illitus ^ vulneri. Oportet autem comburi omnia eodem modo, ut semel dicamus, in vase fictili novo, argilla ^ circumlito, atque ita in furnum indito. Idem et in potione prolicit. Quidam ob id edendum dederunt. Aliqui et vermem e cadavere canino 5 adalligavere, . . . aut ipsius caudae pilos combustos insuere vul- neri. Cor caninum habentem fugiunt canes. ISTon latrant^ vero lingua canina in calceamento ^ subdita pollici,^ aut caudam mustelae ^ quae abscissa dimissa sit habentes. Est limus salivae sub lingua rabiosi canis qui datus in potu fieri hydrophobus non lo patitur. Multo tamen utilissime iecur eius qui in rabie mo- morderit datur, si possit fieri, crudum ^ mandendum ^° : si minus, quoquo modo coctum aut ius coctis carnibus. Est vermiculus in lingua canum qui vocatur a Graecis lytta; quo exempto infantibus catulis nee rabidi fiunt nee fastidium sentiunt, . . . 15 Et cerebello gallinaceo occurritur; sed id devoratum anno tantum eo prodest. Aiunt et cristam galli contritam efiicaciter imponi et anseris adipem ^^ cum melle. Saliuntur et carnes eorum qui rabidi fuerunt ad eadem remedia in cibo dandae. Quin et necan- tur catuli statim in aqua ad sexum eius qui momorderit ut iecur 20 crudum devoretur ex iis.
1 granddaughter. 2 ^y lamplight. 3 plastered over. * clay. ^ bark. 6 shoe. ^ great toe. 8 weasel. » raw. 10 to be chewed, ^i goose-grease.
128
PLIXY THE ELDER.
Doctors at Rome. (xxix. 5-8.)
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS FOUND AT
Dissederuntque din scholae :
et omnes eas damnavit Herophi-
lus, in musicos pedes venarum
pulsu de scrip to per aetatum
gradus. Deserta deinde etMiaec
secta est : quoniam necesse erat
in ea literas scire. Mutata et
POMPEII. quam postea Asclepiades (ut
retulimiis) invenerat. Auditor eius Themison fuit, qui quae inter
10 initia scripsit, illo mox recedente a vita, ad sua placita ^ mutavit.
Sed et^ ilia Antonius Musa eiusdem auctoritate Divi Augusti,
quern contraria medicina gravi periculo exemerat. Multos prae-
tereo medicos, celeberrimosque ex iis Cassios, Calpetanos, Arrun-
tios, Albutios, Rubrios. Ducena qiiinquagena HS ^ annua
15 mercede iis fnere apud principes. Q. vero Stertinius imputavit
principibus, quod HS quingenis'* annuis contentus esset : sex-
cena^ enim sibi quaestu urbis fuisse numeratis domibus ostende-
bat. Par et f ratri eius merces ^ a Claudio Caesare infusa est :
censusque, quamquam exliausti, operibus Neapoli exornata, heredi
20 HS CCC^ reliquere, quantum ad eam aetatem Arruntius solns.
Exortus delude est Yectius Valens, adulterio Messalinae Claudii ^
Caesaris nobilitatus,^ pariterque eloquentiae assectator. Is eam
potentiam nactus,^*^ novam instituit sectam. Eadem aetas ISTero-
nis principatu ad Thessalum transilivit, delentem cnncta maio-
25 rum placita, et rabie quadam in omnis aevi medicos perorantem :
quali prudeutia ingenioque, aestimari vel uno argumento abunde
potest, cum monumento suo (quod est Appia Via) Iatronicex
se inscripserit. Nullius histrionum equarumque trigarii ^^ comi-
tatior egressus in publico erat : cum Crinas Massiliensis arte
1 = eiiam. 2 according to his own whims, s 250,000 sesterces. * 500,000. ^ 600,000. ^ in- come. '' 30,000,000. 8 sc. mulieris. ^ made notorious. ^» having acquired. ^1 jockey.
DOCTORS AT ROME. 129
geminata^ ut cautior religiosiorqiie, ad siclerum motus ex 30 ephemeride mathematica cibos daiido, horasque observando, auctoritate eiim praecessit : nuperque centies HS reliquit, muris patriae, moenibiisque aliis paene non minori siimma exstructis. Hi regebant fata, cum repente civitatem Charmis ex eadem Massilia invasit, damnatis non solum prioribus medicis, verum 35 et ^ balineis : f rigidaque ^ etiam liibernis algoribus lavari per- suasit. Mersit aegros in lacus. Videbamus senes consulares usque in ostentationem * rigentes. Qua de re exstat etiam Annaei Senecae stipulatio.^ Nee dubium est, omnes istos famam novi- tate aliqua aucupantes^ anima statim nostra negotiari. Hinc 4i) illae circa aegros miserae sententiarum concertationes, nullo idem censente, ne videatur accessio^ alterius. Hinc ilia infe- licis monumenti inscriptio, turba se medicorum perisse. Mutatur ars quotidie, toties interpolis,^ et ingeniorum Graeciae flatu impellimur : palamque est, ut quisque inter istos loquendo 45 polleat, imperatorem ilico vitae nostrae necisque fieri : ceu ^ vero non milia gentium sine medicis degant, nee tamen sine medicina : sicut populus Romanus ultra sexcentesimum annum, nee ipse in accipiendis artibus lentus, medicinae vero etiam avidus, donee expertam ^^ damnavit. 50
Etenim percensere insignia priscorum in his moribus convenit. Cassius Hemina ex antiquissimis auctor est primum e medicis venisse Romam Peloponneso Archagatum Lysaniae filium, L. Aemilio, L. lulio consulibus anno urbis DXXXV., eique ius Quiritium datum, et tabernam in compito Acilio emptam ob id 55 publice : " Vulnerarium " eum f uisse e re dictum : mireque gra- tum adventum eius initio : mox a saevitia secandi urendique, transisse nomen in '^ Carnificem," ^^ et in taedium artem omnes- que medicos : quod clarissime intelligi potest ex M. Catone,
1 pursuing a twofold trade. 2 = etiam. 3 gg. aqua. * for show. ^ statement. 6 hunting for reputation. ^ yielding to another. ^ revamped. ^ just as if. 10 after having tried it. 11 executioner.
ROM. LIFE — 9
130 PLINY THE ELDER.
(50 cuius auctoritati triumphus atque censura minimum conferunt ^ ;
tanto plus in i^jso est. Quamobrem verba eius ipsa ponemus : —
" Dicam de istis Graecis suo loco, Marce fili : quid Atlienis
exquisitum liabeam, et quod bouum sit illorum litteras inspicere,
non perdiscere, vincam.- Nequissimum et indocile genus illo-
05 rum ; et hoc puta vatem ^ dixisse : Quandocumque ista gens suas litteras dabit, omnia corrumpet : tum etiam magis, si medicos suos hue mittet. lurarunt inter se barbaros necare omnes medi- cina. Et hoc ipsum mercede faciunt, ut fides lis sit, et facile disperdant. Nos quoque dictitant barbaros, et spurcius'* nos,
70 quam alios Opicos, appellatione foedant.^ Interdixi tibi de medicis."
Atque hie Cato DCV anno urbis nostrae obiit, LXXXV suo, ne quis illi defuisse publice tempora aut privatim vitae spatia ad experiendum arbitretur. Quid ergo ? damnatam ab eo rem uti-
75 lissimam credimus ? Minime hercules ! subiicit enim qua medi- cina, et se et coniugem usque ad longam senectam perduxerit, iis ipsis scilicet, quae nunc nos tractamus ; profiteturque esse commentarium sibi, quo medeatur filio, servis, familiaribus, quem nos per genera usus sui digerimus. Non rem antiqui damnabant.
80 sed artem. Maxime vero quaestum esse immani pretio vitae recusabant. Ideo templum Aesculapii, etiam cum reciperetur is deus, extra urbem fecisse, iterumque in insula traduntur. Et cum Graecos Italia pellerent, diu etiam post Catonem, excepisse ^ medicos. Augebo providentiam illorum. Solam banc artium
85 Graecaram nondum exercet Romana gravitas ^ in tanto f ructu : paucissimi Quiritium attigere, et ipsi statim ad Graecos trans- fugae : immo vero auctoritas aliter quam Graece eam tractanti- bus, etiam apud imperitos expertesque linguae, non est. Ac minus credunt, quae ad salutem suam pertinent, si intelligunt.
90 Itaque, hercule, in hac artium sola evenit, ut cuicumque medicum
1 ascribe. ^ j shall set forth. ^ a prophet. * more outrageoiisl\'. ^ insult. ^ expressly mentioned. ^ dignity.
DOCTORS AT ROME. 131
se professo statim credatur, cum sit periculuin in iiullo menda- cio mains. Non tamen illud intuemur, adeo blanda est sperandi pro se cuique dulcedo ! Nulla praeterea lex, quae puniat insci- tiam ^ : capitale nullum exemplum vindictae.^ Discunt periculis nosti'is, et experimenta per mortes agunt : medicoque tantum 95 hominem occidisse impunitas summa est !
1 malpractice. - punishment.
XVIII. MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS.
Marcus Fabius Quintilianus was a native of Spain, where he was born about 40 A.D. Educated at Rome, he long resided at the capital as a professional teacher of rhetoric and oratory, receiving a regular salary from the imperial treasury. Among his pupils were Pliny the Younger and the grandnephew of the emperor Domitian. In the later years of his life he published a work, in twelve books, on the complete training of an orator from childhood up, in which he summarized his own practical experiences and observations as a teacher. This treatise, which is entitled Institutio Oratoria^ is written in a clear and pleasant style, and exhibits both good taste and common sense. Its illustra- tions drawn from Roman sources, its judgments upon the great works of ancient literature, and its occasional anecdotes regarding historical personages, are all of permanent interest and value. Quintilian died about 95 a.d.
The standard edition of the text of Quintilian is that of Carl Halm, revised by Meister (Prague, 1886-87), and of Books X. and XII., with notes by Frieze (New York, 1889). There is a fair translation by Watson, in the Bohn series ; and a lexicon by Bonnell, in Spalding's edition (1834).
On the Wliipping of Boys in School, (i. 3.)
Caedi^ vero discipiilos, quamlibet et receptum sit et Clirysippus non improbet, minime velim. Primum, quia deforme atque ser- vile est et certe, quod conveuit si aetatem mutes,^ iniuria ; deinde, quod, Si cui tarn est mens illiberalis, ut obiurgatione non corriga- 5 tur, is etiam ad plagas ut pessima quaeque mancipia^ durabitur ; postremo, quod ne opus erit quidem bac castigatione, si assiduus studiorum exactor astiterit. Nunc fere negligentia paedagogorum sic emendari videtur, ut pueri non f acere, quae recta sunt, cogantur sed, cum non fecerint, puniantur. Denique cum parvulum ver- 10 beribus coegeris, quid iuveni facias, cui nee adhiberi potest liic metus et maiora discenda sunt? Adde, quod multa vapulantibus* dictu deformia et mox verecundiae futura saepe dolore vel metu acciderunt, qui pudor frangit animum et abiicit atque ipsius lucis
1 to be beaten. 2 j^^ jf yo^ imagine the age to be changed. ^ slaves. * those who are beaten.
132
SOME ROMAN JOKES. 133
fugaiii et taedium dictat. Non morabor in parte hac ; niiiiiiim est quod intelligitur. Quare hoc dixisse satis est ; in aetatem infir- 15 mam et iniuriae obnoxiam nemini debet nimium licere.
Some Roman Jokes, (vi. 3.)
Ref utatio ^ cum sit in negando, redarguendo,- defendendo, ele- vando^: ridicule negavit Manius Curius ; nam, cum eius accusator in sipario^ omnibus locis aut nudum eum in nervo'' aut ab amicis re- demptum ex alea pinxisset: "Ergo ego," inquit, "numquam vici?" Redarguimus interim aperte, ut Cicero Vibium Curium multum de 5 annis aetatis suae mentientem, "Tum ergo, cum una declamaba- mus, non eras natus " ; interim et simulata assensione, ut idem Fabia Dolabellae^ dicente, triginta se annos habere, " Verum est," inquit ; " nam hoc illam viginti annis audio." Belle interim subiicitur pro eo, quod neges, aliud mordacius : ut Junius Bassus, 10 querente Domitia Passieni, quod incusans eius sordes calceos eam veteres diceret vendere solere, "Kon mehercules," inquit, "hoc um- quani dixi ; sed dixi, emere te solere." Defensionem imitatus est eques Romanus, qui obiicienti Augusto, quod patrimonium come- disset, " Meum," inquit, " putavi." Elevandi ratio est duplex, ut 15 aut verecundiam quis aut iactantiam minuat : quemadmodum C. Caesar Pomponio ostendenti vulnus ore exceptum in seditione Sulpiciana, quod is se passum pro Caesare pugnantem gloriaba- tur,'' "Numquam fugiens respexeris," inquit: aut crimen obiectum, ut Cicero obiurgantibus, quod sexagenarius Publiliam virginem 20 duxisset, "Cras mulier erit," inquit. Hoc genus dicti consequens vocant quidam, atque illi simile, quod Cicero Curionem semper ab excusatione aetatis incipientem, "facilius cotidie prooemium* habere," dixit; quia ista natura sequi et cohaerere videantur. Sed elevandi genus est etiam causarum relatio, qua Cicero est 25
1 retort. 2 rebuttal. 3 extenuation. * on a curtain. ^ in bonds, c i.e., the wife of Dolabella. ^ was boasting. » exordium.
13J: MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS.
usus in Vatinium. Qui pedibus aeger, cum vellet videri commo- dioris valetudinis factus et diceret, se iam bina milia passuum ambulare, "Dies enim/' inquit, "longiores sunt." Et Augustus nuntiantibus Tarraconensibus, palmam in ara eius enatam, "Appa- 30 ret," inquit, " quam saepe accendatis.^ " Transtulit- crimen Cas- sius Severus. Nam cum obiurgaretur a praetore, quod advocati eius L. Varo Epicureo, Caesaris amico, convicium fecissent, " Ne- scio," inquit, " qui conviciati sint, et puto Stoicos fuisse."
1 make a fire on it. - shifted (^to another).
XIX. MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS.
Marcus Valerius Martialis was born at Bilbilis in Spain in the year 40 a.d., and died in the year 102. He went to Rome to pursue legal studies, but pre- ferred, as he himself says, casu vivere, to get his living by flattering the emper- ors, especially Domitian, and the rich nobles! He returned to his native home so poor that the younger Pliny was obliged to give him money for the journey. His fame rests on fifteen books of epigrams, depicting all the follies and vices of his time, with spirit and cutting wit, but without any moral feeling.
The chief edition of the text is that of Friedlander (Leipzig, 1886) . There are no adequate translations of the epigrams into English.
Thirteen Epigrams.
i. 9.
Bellus ^ homo et magnus vis idem, Cotta, videri : Sed qui bellus homo est, Cotta, pusillus ^ homo est.
i. 16.
Sunt bona, sunt quaedam mediocria, sunt mala plura Quae legis hic^: aliter non fit, Avite, liber.
i. 19.
Si memini, fuerant tibi quattuor, Aelia, dentes :
Expulit una duos tussis^ et una duos. lam secura ^ potes totis tussire diebus :
Nil istic quod agat tertia tussis habet.
i. 32.
Xon amo te, Sabidi, nee possum dicere quare: Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te.
pretty. ^ petty. ' i.e., in my book. * cough. ^ at your ease.
135
L36 MARTIAL.
i. 47.
Nuper erat medicus, nunc est vispillo ^ Diaulus : Quod vispillo facit, fecerat et medicus.
i. 56.
Continuis vexata madet vindemia nimbis : Non potes, ut cupias, vendere, copo,^ merum.
i. 72.
Nostris versibus esse te poetam, Fidentine, putas cupisque credi? Sic dentata^ sibi videtur Aegle Emptis ossibus Indicoque cornu ; ^ 5 Sic quae nigrior est cadente moro,^
Cerussata ^ sibi placet Lycoris. Hac et tu ratione qua poeta es, Calvus ' cum fueris, eris comatus.
i. 109.
Issa est purior osculo columbae,
Issa est blandior omnibus puellis,
Issa est carior Indicis lapillis,^
Issa est deliciae catella^ Publi. 5 Hanc tu, si queritur, loqui putabis ;
Sentit tristitiamque gaudiumque.
Collo nixa ^^ cubat capitque somnos,
Ut suspiria nulla sentiantur;
Ignorat Venerem; nee invenimus 10 Dignum tam tenera virum ^^ puella.
Hanc ne lux rapiat suprema totam,
1 undertaker. - barkeeper. 3 possessed of teeth. * ivory. s mulberry. g enameled. ■? bald. 8 precious stones. ^ lapdog. i" resting. ^^ mate.
THIRTEEN EPIGRAMS. 137
Picta Publius exprimit tabella,
In qua tain similem videbis Issam,
Ut sit tarn similis sibi nee ipsa.
Issam denique pone ^ cum tabella : 15
Aut utramque putabis esse veram,
Aut utramque putabis esse pictam.
ii. 12.
Esse quid hoc dicam, quod olent tua basia myrrham Quodque tibi est nunquam non alienus odor?
Hoc mihi suspectum est, quod oles bene, Postume, semper : Postume, non bene olet qui bene semper olet.
ii. 25.
Das nunquam, semper promittis, Galla, roganti. Si semper fallis, iam rogo, Galla, nega.
iii. 15.
Plus credit^ nemo tota quam Cordus in urbe.
"Cum sit tam pauper, quomodo?" Caecus amat.^
V. 43.
Thai's habet nigros, niveos Laecania dentes.
Quae ratio est? Emptos* haec habet, ilia suos.
compare. ^ gives more credit. 3 he is blindly in love. * bought.
XX. DECIMUS lUNIUS lUVENALTS.
Decimus lunius luvenalis was born about 47 a.d. at the Volscian town of Aquinum, and died about 130. He was either the son or protege of a rich freedman, but raised himself to the rank of knight. His extant works consist of sixteen satires on the foibles and vices of society at Rome under Domitian, and were probably written at an advanced age. Juvenal is supposed to have been banished for satirizing the influence of the actor Paris at the imperial court, and hence died in exile. The Satires are highly rhetorical in their tone, so much so as to lessen their effect by producing an impression of insincerity. They abound in epigrammatic lines and phrases, many of which have become proverbial ; while his studied antitheses and anticlimaxes with his occasional ir- reverent freedom of expression have led some editors to compare him with James Russell Lowell in the BigUnu Papers^ and to describe his rather grim wit as " the earliest known instance of American humor." A very full commentary is that of Mayor (London, 1886); a very convenient one, that of Lindsay (N. Y., 1890). A good verse translation is that of Gifford, and a good prose rendering that of J. D. Lewis. Dr. Samuel Johnson's paraphrase of Satires III. and X., under the respective titles of London and The Vanity of Human Wishes, are fine imitations in spirited and energetic verse, and contain lines that by their epigrammatic form have become almost as famous as any in the original.
City Life in Rome. (iii. 193-314.)
Nos urbem colimus tenui tibicine ^ fultam ^ Magna parte sui; nam sic labentibus obstat Vilicus ^ et, veteris rimae ^ cum texit hiatum. Secures pendente iubet dormire ruina. 5 Vivendum est illic, ubi nulla incendia, nulli
Nocte metus. lam poscit aquam, iam frivola ^ transfert Ucalegon 5 tabulata ^ tibi iam tertia f umant ; Tu nescis; nam si gradibus trepidatur' ab imis, Ultimus ardebit, quem tegula ^ sola tuetur 10 A pluvia, molles ubi reddunt ova columbae.
prop. 2 ; iipported. ^ steward. * crack. ^ traps. ^ story. "^ alarm begins. ^ tile.
138
CITY LIFE IN ROME.
139
A CHARIOT RACE. {Painting by Gerome.)
Lectus erat Codro Procula minor, nrceoli ^ sex,
Ornamentum abaci, ^ nee non et parvulus infra
Cantliarus ^ et recubans sub eodem marmore Chiron.
lamque vetus Graecos servabat cista * libelios,
Et divina opici ^ rodebant carmina mures.® 15
Nil habuit Codrus; quis ejiim negat? et tamen illud
Perdidit infelix totum nihil : ultimus autem
Aerumnae '^ est cumulus, quod nudum et frusta rogantem
Nemo cibo, nemo hospitio tectoque iuvabit.
Si magna Asturici cecidit domus, horrida ^ mater, 20
Pullati^ proceres,^" differt vadimonia^^ praetor;
Tunc gemimus casus urbis, tunc odimus ignem.
Ardet adhuc, et iam accurrit qui marmora donet,
Conferat impensas^^: hie nuda et Candida signa,^^
Hie aliquid praeclarum Euphranoris et Polycliti, 25
Haec Asianorum vetera ornamenta deorum,
Hie libros dabit et forulos ^'* mediamque ^^ Minervam,
Hie modium^® argenti; meliora ac plura reponit
Persicus orborum " lautissimus et merito iam
1 jugs. 2 sideboard. 3 goblet. * chest. ^ vandal. ^ in mourning, lo nobles. ^^ adjourns court. '^ expense of. 16 peck. 17 destitute.
' mice. ■^ distress. » dishevelled. 13 statues. 1* bookcases, is bust
140
30
35
JUVENAL.
Suspectus, tamquam ipse suas incenderit aedes. Si potes avelli circensibus/ optima Sorae Aut Fabrateriae domus aut Frusinone paratur, Quant i nunc tenebras unum conducis ^ in annum. Hortulus hie puteusque ^ brevis nee reste ^ movendus In tenues plantas faeili difEunditur liaustu. Vive bidentis ^ amans, et culti vilicus liorti, Unde epulum possis eentum dare Pytliagoreis.
REDA.
(Von Falke.)
Est aliquid, quocumque loco, quocumque recessu, Unius sese dominum fecisse lacertae.^
40 Plurimus hie aeger moritur vigilando : sed ilium
Languorem peperit cibus imperfectus et haerens Ardenti stomacho. Nam quae meritoria' somnum Admittunt? Magnis opibus dormitur in urbe: Inde caput morbi. E-edarum tran situs arcto ^
45 Vicorum in fiexu, et stantis convicia mandrae,^
Eripient somnum Druso vitulisque ^^ marinis. Si vocat officium, turba cedente vehetur
1 public shows. 2 hire. « well. * rope. ^ ^oe. « lizard. ^ lodgings. » narrow, 10 seals.
CITY LIFK m ROME.
141
Dives, et ingenti curret super ora Libiirno/ Atqiie obiter ^ leget aut scribet vel dormiet intus, Nam que facit somnum clausa lectica"'^ fenestra. Ante tamen veniet; nobis properantibus obstat Unda prior, niagno j)opulus preniit agniine lumbos Qui sequitur; ferit hie cubito,* ferit assere^ duro Alter; at hie tignum^ capiti incutit, ille metretam.' Pinguia crura luto/ planta^ mox undique magna Calcor,^° et in digito " clavus^^ mihi militis haeret.
50
55
WINE CART.
(Pompeian Fresco.)
Nonne vides quanto celebretur sportula^^ fumo? Centum convivae; sequitur sua quemque culina.^'* Corbulo vix ferret tot vasa ingentia, tot res Impositas capiti, quot recto vertice portat 30
Servulus infelix et cursu ventilat^^ ignem. Scinduntur^^ tunicae sartae ^"^: modo longa coruscat^^ Sarraco^^ veniente abies,^*^ atque altera pinum Plaustra ^^ vehunt ; nutant alte j)opuloque minantur : Nam si procubuit qui saxa Ligustica portat 65
Axis, et eversum fudit super agmina montem,
* sc. slave. 2 on the way. ^ litter. * elbow. 5 pole. 6 beam. ^ cask. 8 mud. » foot. ^0 trod. "toe. "hobnail. " hamper, —here, food distributed, "kitchen, "blows. ^^ tear. " patched. " sways. ^* cart. 20 fir-beam. 21 wagons.
142 JUVENAL.
Quid superest de corporibus? quis membra, quis ossa Invenit? Obtritum vulgi perit omne cadaver More animae.^ Domus ^ interea secura patellas
70 lam lavat, et bucca ^ foculum excitat, et sonat unctis
Striglibus/ et pleno componit lintea^ gutto.^ Haec inter pueros varie properantur : at ille lam sedet in ripa, taetrumque novicius^ horret Porthmea,^ nee sperat coenosi^ gurgitis alnum,^'^
75 Infelix, nee habet qiiem porrigat^^ ore trientem.^^
Respice nunc alia ac diversa pericula noctis : Quod spatium tectis sublimibus, unde cerebrum Testa ^^ ferit, quoties rimosa et curta ^* fenestris Vasa cadunt; quanto percussum pondere signent
80 Et laedant^^ silicem.^® Possis ignavus haberi
Et subiti casus improvidus, ad cenam si Intestatus eas. Adeo tot fata, quot ilia Nocte patent vigiles, te praetereunte, fenestrae. Ergo optes, votumque feras miserabile tecum,
85 Ut sint contentae patulas ^^ defundere pelves. ^^
Ebrius ac petulans,^^ qui nullum forte cecidit, Dat poenas, ^^ noctem patitur lugentis amicum ^^ Pelidae,'^^ cubat in faciem, mox deinde supinus. Ergo non aliter poterit dormire? Quibusdam
90 Somnum rixa facit : sed, quamvis improbus annis,
Atque mero fervens, cavet hunc, quem coccina laena ^^ Vitari iubet, et comitum longissimus ordo, Multum praeterea flammarum et aenea lanipas. Me, quem luna solet deducere, vel breve lumen
95 Candelae, cuius dispenso et tempero filum,^*
1 like a breath. 2 household. ^ mouth. •* flesh-scrapers. ^ linen. ^ oil flask. "< newcomer. 8 ferryman = Charon. 9 foul. i» bark. i^ ofi'er. ^2 copper. is potsherd. " chipped.
16 indent. i" flint pavement. ^^ broad. i* basins. 1» quarrelsome. 20 sulfers torments.
21 i.e., Patroclus. 22 Achilles. 23 scarlet cloak. 24 ^vick.
100
10;1
CrrV LIFE IN ROME. 143
Coutemnit. Miserae cognosce prooemia^ rixae, Si rixa est, iibi tu pulsas, ego vapuloHantmn. Stat contra starique iubet ; parere necesse est : Nam quid agas, cum te furiosus cogat et idem Fortior? "Unde venis?" exclamat: "cuius aceto,^ Cuius conche * tumes ^? quis tecum sectile porrum ^ Sutor'' et elixi vervecis^ labra comedit? Nil mihi respondes? Aut die, aut accipe calcem.^ Ede ubi consistas ^^ in qua te quaero proseuclia"?" Dicere si temptes aliquid tacitusve recedas, Tantumdem est : f eriunt pariter, vadimonia ^^ deinde Irati faciunt; libertas pauperis haec est: Pulsatus rogat et pugnis concisus ^^ adorat,
Ut liceat paucis cum dentibus inde reverti.
Nee tamen haec tantum metuas ; nam qui spoliet te
Non deerit, clausis domibus postquam omnis ubique
Fixa catenatae siluit compago ^* tabernae.
Interdum et ferro subitus grassator^^ agit rem:
Armato quoties tutae custode tenentur
Et Pomptina palus et Gallinaria pinus.
Sic inde hue omnes tamquam ad vivaria ^^ currunt.
Qua fornace ^^ graves, qua non incude ^^ catenae?
Maximus in vinclis ferri modus, ^^ ut timeas, ne
Vomer deficiat, ne marrae^o et sarcula^^ desint.
Felices proavorum 22 atavos,^^ felicia dicas 120
Saecula, quae quondam sub regibus atque tribunis
Viderunt uno contentam carcere Eomam.
no
115
1 prelude 2 get the beating. ^ sour wine. * beans. ^ puffed up. « chopped leek. ' cobbler. 8 boiled sheepshead. ^ take a kick. 10 stand (as a beggar). " synagogue. 12 make you give bail. 13 cut up. "fastening. t5 footpad. 1« preserve, "forge. 1« anvil, i^ quantity, ^o mattocks. 21 hoes. 22 forefathers.
144
JUVEN^AL.
10
15
The Bluestockiyig. (vi. 434-450.)
Ilia tamen gravior, quae, cum discumbere ^ coepit, Laudat Vergilium, periturae ignoscit Elissae,^ Committit vates^ et comparat/ hide Maronem Atque alia parte in trutiua^ suspendit Homerum. Cedunt grammatici, vincuntur rlietores, omnis Turba tacet; nee causidicus/ nee praeco' loquetur, Altera nee mulier : verboruni tanta cadit vis ; Tot pariter pelves ^ ac tintinnabula ® dicas Pulsari. lam nemo tubas, nemo aera^^ fatiget; Una laboranti poterit succurrere lunae. Imponit finem sapiens et rebus honestis ; Nam quae docta nimis cupit et facunda videri, Crure tenus ^^ medio tunicas succingere debet, Caedere Silvano porcum, quadrante lavari. Non habeat matrona, tibi quae iuncta recumbit, Dicendi genus, aut curvum sermone rotato
1 recline. 2 Dido. s bards.
9 bells. 1" trumpet. ^^ as far as.
* contrasts. ^ balance. ^ lawyer. "^ herald. ^ pans
MENS SANA IN CORPORE SANO. 145
Torqueat entliymema' nee historias sciat omnes;
Sed quaedam ex libris et non intellegat. Odi
Hanc ego, quae repetit volvitque Palaemonis artem,
Servata semper lege et ratione loquendi, 20
Ignotosque mihi tenet antiquaria versus,
Nee curanda viris opicae castigat amicae
Verba: soloecismum ^ liceat fecisse marito.
Mens Sana in Corpore Sano. (x. 346-366.)
"Nil ergo optabunt homines? " Si consilium vis, Permittes ipsis expendere ^ numinibus, quid Conveniat nobis, rebusque sit utile nostris. Nam pro iucundis aptissima quaeque dabunt di : Carior est illis homo, quam sibi. Nos, animorum 5
Impulsu et caeca magnaque cupidine ducti, Coniugium petimus partumque * uxoris : at illis Notum, qui pueri qualisque futura sit uxor. Ut tamen et poscas aliquid, voveasque sacellis ^ Exta,® et candiduli divina tomacula' porci: 10
Orandum est, ut sit mens sana in corpore sano; Fortem posce animum, mortis terrore carentem, Qui spatium vitae extremum inter munera ponat Naturae, qui ferre queat quoscunque labores, Nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil, et potiores 15
Herculis aerumnas credat saevosque labores Et Venere et cenis et pluma ^ Sardanapali. Monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare: semita^ certe Tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae. Nullum numen habes, si sit prudentia: nos te, 20
Nos facimus, Fortuna, deam caeloque locamus.
1 logical puzzle. ^ blunder. 3 decide. * offspring. ^ shrines. ^ vitals. "> mincemeat, downy couch. ^ path.
ROM. LIFE — 10
XXI. GAIUS PLINIUS CAECILIUS SECUNDUS (MINOR).
Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Minor) was born at Comum 61 a.d. Having lost liis father at an early age, he was adopted by his uncle, the elder Pliny, whose name he assumed. From his earliest years he was devoted to literature, and his acquirements made him one of the most learned men of the age. When about seventeen years old he was at Misenum during the great erup- tion of Vesuvius, which destroyed Pompeii and in which his uncle lost his life. He filled various political offices under Domitian, and under Trajan served two years as propraetor of Pontus. This office, as his letters show, he administered with much activity and fidelity.
His private character and tastes appear in his own letters. He was a kindly and upright man, of cultivated mind, fond of simple country life, liberal, and public-spirited. He was twice married, but had no children. His letters are valuable as throwing light upon a great variety of topics, and present an agree- able picture of his own life and that of his friends and associates. They are written with much care, evidently with a view to publication, and in them the author constantly betrays an amiable desire for fame. Nothing is known as to the date or manner of his death.
His extant works are the Panegyricus (a eulogy on Trajan) and the ten books of his Epistles.
A standard text of Pliny is that of Keil (Leipzig, 1870). There is a good Eng- lish translation of the letters by Lewis (London, 1879). There is a good edition of Bks. I. and IL by Cowan with English notes (London, 1889), and of Bk. III. by Mayor (London, 1880). Selected letters by Prichard and Bernard (Oxford, 1873).
The Erwption of Vesuvius. (Epist. vi. 20.)
Ais te adductiim litteris quas exigent! tibi ^ de morte avunculi mei scrips! cupere cognoscere quos ego Miseni ^ relictus (id enim ingressus abruperam) non solum metus verum etiam casus pertu- lerim. Quamquam animus meminisse horret, incipiam. Profecto avunculo ipse reliquum tempus studiis (ideo enim remanseram)
1 salutem, "greeting." - at j^our request. ^ locative. 146
THE ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS. 147
impendi^: mox balineuin,- cena, somims inquietus et brevis. Praecesserat per multos dies tremor terrae minus formidolosus quia Campaniae solitus. Ilia vero iiocte ita invaluit^