SOCIOLOGY & ECONOMICS DETROIT PUBLIC Linnany SE

IN THE UNITED STATES

1973

ISSUED BY—CLARENCE M. KELLEY, DIRECTOR—FBI

UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS

FOR RELEASE FRIDAY AM, SEPTEMBER 6, 1974 PRINTED ANNUALLY

5 $

UNIFORM CRIME

REPORTS for the United States

PRINTED ANNUALLY—1973

; Apvisory: Committee on Uniform Crime Records og 88

\ _ International Association of Chiefs of Police (? B ss

L Carl V. Goodin, Chief of Police, Cincinnati Police % » R POLICE

(| Department, Cincinnati, Ohio, Chairman Rano gh

Clarence M. Kelley Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation

) U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. 20535

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.95 Stock Number 2701-00012

Contents

Page NR vik. Sak cbt. Socceschsdd BEES Seeded sa fale the acti vi-vii CS lis ida add eaiien scheminsénnecugietenatunas Vili Coie Gates WRMS.. 666i saed Chie ele ceed ae 1-2 CN Said 6 en ccicnccttdawsnncnsemhattittieeaneiaess 2 Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter -__-____.........------------- 2-10 ea titinidctnnndnninendennnmismatadiialnidiiaine 11-13 PPOs 5 NG ee akc de See Ds in BSE eR 13-15 PL Gebcackccdunnanegudsaneecnsedpadiduseaneaneaneterat 15-19 aS. seas Sac tabuadaeetecatudbe eentets bcbesueueasees 19-22 SOONG 5s sei. SSE ea Re E yah oe ndedacesueagueeenee 22-26 Se CEE. BGR AU EG ed cng osadoncenancsadeneenyeen 26-28 CR ia. Sei ce ccs ide epecdddausseawieusulk eee 28-30 IN ir ticcn cans ctecedensemeseeknsuaeceeseanesenmine 30-34 I dents tiicuniesedtomdann+driabcar uae hii diane 34-35 Law enforcement employee date... -.-...........-------.----------- 35-37 Law enforcement officers killed data___..........-.---------------- 37-48 Summary of Uniform Crime Reporting Program --------.----------- 50-56 ‘Fe Ree OG, Fs ah a Ladndcdcansccacesmocuendaccusedl 57-95 Coban Beneat;- 0008 tee Thi oo ccc ee esate eek 58 United States, 1960 to 1973 (table 2)____._.-___--------------- 59

United States, 1972-1973, by regions, geographic divisions, and SERIE CI Olas ok. bach ntscaekkcaanancpedssreunneee 60-65 ND CE TN sie cceciaemuwennninadbiennxdecscaceeaeeeeen 66-76 Standard metropolitan statistical areas (table 5)_-.-._._--------- 77-95 General United States crime statistics, 1973__..........------------ 97-120 Crime trends, 1972-1973, by population groups (table 6) - -------- 98-99

Crime trends, 1972-1973, suburban and nonsuburban cities, by CORI SONS GD Ciakcnciccnccccnennenennnagnesguncns 100

Crime trends, 1972-1973, suburban and nonsuburban counties by RR GD GIs ccna ceednanndintinaodamienennn 101

Crime trends, 1972-1973, offense breakdown, by population groups NUN siti dws ic anid crass apinansa'goea a tacdotiemadindediaiaaee aaa 102-103 Crime rates, by population groups (table 10)_-.-.---.--------- 104-105

Crime rates, suburban and nonsuburban cities, by population groups SUNUEE UNG 5s cack nee ncaa ata eaa ene 106

Crime rates, suburban and nonsuburban counties, by population I I Richiitiiitasicn conic ubuaceeened ube medaanaes 107

Crime rates, offense breakdown, by population groups (table 13).__ 108 Offenses known, cleared by arrest, by population groups (table 14)_- 109-110 Offenses known, cleared by arrest, by geographic divisions

CRI TU oi iii dc iid dade tedeeseta bore eae ae eee 111 Offenses cleared by arrest of persons under 18 years of age CE, Bio vinicdnncconconen cuvumnisi tania tae ee 112-113

iv

General United States crime statistics, 1973—Continued

Page Offenses known breakdown, cleared by arrest, by population groups : PN TEs ccnp atc eneatedenccnesceeainaidinuaeeneté 114-115 Disposition of persons formally charged by the police (table 18)___ 116 Persons charged—percent arrested or summoned (table 19)___.._ 117 Offenses known, cleared, persons arrested, charged, and disposed WP I Nn oo cco cn tcncctesesesndeecectcerécclerzeeea 118 Police disposition of juvenile offenders taken into custody SN SP caktcewskdunanawesdcncacccnGcssuapeamereeee eee 119 Cis anterdie Gallet Ss. 5.2. nnccsccnsceciecse SaaS 120 Type and value of property stolen and recovered (table 23) _-____- 120 I iit teteicdcnn. 4 ~ nnn mhgundcccin patience aaa 121-161 Total estimated arrests, United States, 1973 (table 24)_________- 121 Number and rate by population group (table 25)_____________- 122-123 Arrest trends, 1960-1973 (table 26)_._..................-___--- 124 Arrest trends, 1968-1973 (table 27)_..........-.-----.-----.-.- 125 Arrest trends by sex, 1960-1973 (table 28)__-___--___________-- 126 Total arrest trends, 1972-1973 (table 29)______________________- 127 Total arrests by age group (table 30)__-____.-----------__-__- 128-129 Total arrests of persons under 15, under 18, under 21, and under 25 Clie OR) «wesc ccccsccsccccccaccsss AIDA 130 Total arrests, distribution by sex (table 32)_._.........-__.__--- 131 Total arrest trends by sex, 1972-1973 (table 33)... __.._.______-- 132 | Sn nee 133-135 City arrest trends, 1972-1973 (table 35).......----------------- 136 Cie ees er ee Cin ne O0) os 6 ce ceeeie sce ess snee en ee 137-138 City arrests of persons under 15, under 18, under 21, and under 25 I aiid sis ice iphone nh eal celle a iain 139 City arrests, distribution by sex (table 38) _---------.---------- 140 City arrest trends by sex, 1972-1973 (table 39)-.._._._____------ 141 City arrests by race (table 40)... .........---............... 142-144 Suburban arrest trends, 1972-1973 (table 41)________________-_-- 145 Suburban arrests by age (table 42)________------------------ 146-147 Suburban arrests of persons under 15, under 18, under 21, and under RI ae a a) oe eran, 148 Suburban arrests, distribution by sex (table 44)________--------- 149 Suburban arrests by race (table 45)_______.____-------------- 150-152 Rural arrest trends, 1972-1973 (table 46)_.....__.._.________-_--- 153 Rerel erreste by age (table 47).......-.............-..-....- 154-155 Rural arrests of persons under 15, under 18, under 21, and under 25 NII onthe cna ahhtu at deededem ama eatebe eae renee 156 Rural arrests, distribution by sex (table 49)_____--------------- 157 Rural arrests by race (table 50)__.__......------.----------- 158-160 Suburban and rural arrest trends by sex, 1972-1973 (table 51)_... 161 Law enforcement employee data, 1973____.------._- gitvnenebune 163-222 Full-time law enforcement employees; number, rate, and range I i re ssc a ake es sala sadtaar ise eaicd a ae 164 Full-time law enforcement officers; number, rate, and range i a a rd at wi sels ental lat ken 165 Percent distribution of law enforcement employees by male and RE NE ica sein din ose ae me pont Rada ieidan die alee oailieee 166 Law enforcement officers patrol and shift assignments (table 55)... 167

Law enforcement employee data, 1973—-Continued

Law enforcement employees and patrol assignments (table 56)__.__ 168 Law enforcement officer shift assignments (table 57)___..________ 168 Law enforcement officer patrol types (table 58)_____.._________- 168 Law enforcement officer patrols, type and shift (table 59).....__.__ 169 Civilian employees, percent of total (table 60)___._____________- 169 Assaults on law enforcement officers by geographic divisions and

Tk): a ee ee en ee ee 170 Assaults on law enforcement officers, percent distribution of wea-

CU IEE QE SE diciccndcbupertoisetuccundass katnen eae 170 Assaults on law enforcement officers; activity by type of weapon

(table 63). -.-.--- ecciesad Ria Renaak da dees den sian nc eaten ead Meenas 171 Assaults on law enforcement officers, type of weapon and activity

Ce Qa in ced ie Sh eet seoehebieeelisi lsh 172 Assaults on law enforcement officers by time of day (table 65)_..._ 173 Assaults on law enforcement officers, type of activity by percent of

clear enamel CUR Gia oie oss ae ooh shes dhe 8s 174 Assaults on law enforcement officers, type of assignment by activity

CPT. aie cn rises eae iets ekattanteaes 175 Assaults on law enforcement officers and percent cleared (table 68)_. 176 Full-time state police and highway patrol employees, and police

UE CG a sitesi na prttitdc dion psemigineiatptindy dbabiilen 177 Law enforcement employees in individual cities, universities, and

suburban and rural counties with 25,000 or more inhabitants

Conlben: TA, Th, Fi Fe GN Fe oe tteins ct enntnnieencewnasen 178-222

Offenses in individual areas 10,000 and over, by population groups, and iiwiquideds aun antes eaten 223-266 Offenses in individual suburban and rural counties with 25,000 or more ea: CO FO GID POs 6 cbkk nice cian xncceucsasis 267-282

universities (tables 75 and 76)

vi

Foreword

Crime is a social problem of vital concern to society and all levels of govern- ment. Each citizen of this country must become involved if we are to success- fully combat this menace.

The Uniform Crime Reporting Program was initiated in 1930 by the law enforcement community to better identify the crime problem. In order to develop a national Program which would be practical and meaningful, certain standards and procedures were established. At the inception of the Program the impossibility of identifying the occurrence of every criminal act was recog- nized; therefore, the Uniform Crime Reporting Program is based upon those criminal acts which actually come to the attention of law enforcement either through information received from citizens or through the observations of law enforcement officers.

In order to insure uniformity of information, standard criminal act definitions were adopted to overcome the variances in criminal offense definitions which exist in the legal codes from state to state. To maintain the concept of prac- ticality seven criminal acts were selected to be used in measuring crime in the United States. These seven crimes are known as the Crime Index offenses and consist of murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny- theft, and motor vehicle theft. The remaining criminal offenses are placed in a separate category.

The Crime Index offenses were selected because of the inherent seriousness of the criminal act and/or because the volume of such offenses caused a serious problem for law enforcement. In addition, consideration was given to the probability of society reporting specific criminal acts to law enforcement.

Since the Program’s inception, 44 years ago, more and more law enforcement agencies have joined in this common effort to present data not only for the use of law enforcement, but also for the use of mayors; governors; legislators; the Congress of the United States; other Government officials at all levels; the academic and research communities; and other persons seriously concerned with the crime problem. Today almost 11,000 city, county, and state law en- forcement agencies contribute to Uniform Crime Reports. This is definitely a tribute to the professional nature of law enforcement agencies throughout the Nation. In addition, 22 states have implemented state Uniform Crime Report- ing Programs. These state programs furnish data directly to the national Pro- gram. It should be emphasized that information collected in connection with the national Uniform Crime Reporting Program is a by-product or residual of the information which a law enforcement administrator needs for the daily operation of his agency. Every effort is made on a continuing basis to improve the overall quality of the information collected in connection with the Uniform Crime Reporting Program.

Recently the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration and the Bureau of Census embarked upon a victimization survey in certain cities throughout the United States. This was the first concentrated national effort ever made in

this country to measure the volume of unreported crime—the number of criminal acts which do not come to the attention of law enforcement. This first effort furnished some valuable information as to why members of our society do not report certain criminal acts to law enforcement authorities. These reasons will be closely reviewed by law enforcement agencies in an effort to resolve the impediments which may exist as to the reporting of crime. Law enforcement administrators accordingly have a substantial challenge to develop methods through which the total volume of unreported crime can be reduced. These first efforts in connection with victimization studies have encountered problems. However, one by one the problem areas will be resolved and these studies will undoubtedly develop more useful information relating to the causes and nature of crime.

Federal Bureau of Investigation.

viii

Crime Factors

Crime is a social problem and the concern of the entire community. The law enforcement effort is limited to factors within its control.

Uniform Crime Reports gives a nationwide view of crime based on police statistics voluntarily contributed by local law enforcement agencies. The factors which cause crime are many and vary from place to place throughout the country. The reader of this publication is cautioned against comparing statistical information of individual communities solely based on a similarity in their population counts. Population is only one of many factors which must be con- sidered in a comparative study of crime. Some of the conditions which affect the volume and type of crime that occurs from place to place are briefly outlined as follows:

Density and size of the community population and the metropolitan area of which it is a part.

Composition of the population with reference particularly to age, sex, and race.

Economic status and mores of the population.

Stability of population, including commuters, seasonal, and other transient types.

Climate, including seasonal weather conditions.

Educational, recreational, and religious characteristics.

Effective strength of the police force.

Standards of appointments to the local police force.

Policies of the prosecuting officials.

Attitudes and policies of the courts and corrections.

Relationships and attitudes of law enforcement and the community.

Administrative and investigative efficiency of law enforcement, in- cluding degree of adherence to crime reporting standards.

Organization and cooperation of adjoining and overlapping police jurisdictions.

SERIOUS CRIMES

16 EACH MINUTE

FORCIBLE RAPE

ONE EVERY 10 MINUTES

6 BURGLARY

ONE EVERY 12 SECONDS

1973

6 VIOLENT CRIMES

MURDER, FORCIBLE RAPE, ROBBERY OR ASSAULT TO KILL

ONE EVERY 36 SECONDS Bene: .

6 AGGRAVATED ASSAULT

ONE EVERY 7 6 SECONDS

12

6 LARCENY- THEFT

ONE EVERY J SECONDS 7

CHART 1

CRIME CLOCKS

—___———+

MURDER

one EveRY 27 minutes

12°

6 ROBBERY

ONE EVERY 82 SECONDS

12

6 AUTO THEFT

ONE EVERY 34 SECONDS

FBI CHART

el ~- See HK KY SP ee OC mee GS CO n ae ae See SG

CRIME INDEX TOTALS

The offenses of murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, and auto theft are used to establish an Index in the Uniform Crime Reporting Program, to measure the trend and distribution of crime in the United States. These crimes are counted by law enforce- ment agencies as they become known and are reported on a monthly basis. The Crime Index offenses were selected as a measuring device be- cause, as a group, they represent the most common local crime problem. They are all serious crimes, either by their very nature or due to the volume in which they occur. The offenses of murder, forcible rape, aggravated assault, and robbery make up the violent crime category. The offenses of burglary, larceny-theft, and auto theft make up the property crime category.

Law enforcement does not purport to know the total volume of crime, because of the many criminal actions which are not reported to official sources. Estimates as to the level of unreported crime can be developed through costly victim surveys but this does not eliminate the reluctance of the victim to report all criminal actions to law enforcement agencies. In light of this situation, the best source for obtaining useable crime counts is the next logi- cal universe which is the offenses known to the police. The crimes used in the Crime Index are those considered to be most constantly reported and provide the capability to compute meaningful crime trends and crime rates.

The crime counts used in the Crime Index and set forth in this publication are based on actual offenses established by police investigation. When

the law enforcement agency receives a complaint of a criminal matter and the follow-up investiga- tion discloses no crime occurred it is “unfounded.” On a national average, police investigations ‘“unfound” 4 percent of the complaints concerning Crime Index offenses ranging from 2 percent in the larceny classification to 15 percent in the forcible rape classification. These unfounded com- plaints are eliminated from the crime counts.

During calendar year 1973, an _ estimated 8,638,400 Crime Index offenses were reported to law enforcement agencies. This includes total larceny-theft which was used as an Index offense in 1973. Total larceny-theft replaces the “larceny $50 and over’’ offense category which was pre- viously utilized as an Index offense. All data in this publication uses total larceny-theft for compara- tive periods. There is a 6 percent increase in es- timated volume of Index offenses, 1973 over 1972. The violent crime category made up 10 percent of the Crime Index total and increased 5 percent in volume over 1972. Murder increased 5 percent, forcible rape 10 percent, and aggravated assault 7 percent. Robbery increased 2 percent. The volu- minous property crimes as a group increased 6 percent. Auto theft increased 5 percent, larceny- theft increased 5 percent, and burglary was up 8 percent.

Since 1968, the violent crimes as a group have increased 47 percent and the property crimes 28 percent. Crime, as measured by the Crime Index offenses’ has risen 30 percent in volume during this five-year period.

The estimated 1973 crime figures for the United States are set forth in the following table titled, “National Crime, Rate, and Percent Change.”

National Crime, Rate, and Percent Change

Estimated crime 1973

Percent change over 1972

Percent change over 1968

Percent change over 1960

Number Rate Number Rate

A study of the volume of crime, as measured by the Crime Index, reveals the large core cities having population in excess of 250,000 recorded a 1 percent increase while the suburban areas re- corded a 9 percent increase over 1972. The rural areas of the United States registered a 10 percent increase. The cities over 1,000,000 population reported a decrease of one-half of one percent from the previous year.

Regionally, in 1973, the Western States reported a 2 percent increase in crime while the North- eastern States registered a 4 percent increase, the North Central States a 6 percent increase, and the Southern States recorded an increase of 9 percent.

CRIME AND POPULATION

Crime rates relate the incidence of reported crime to population. A crime rate should be con- sidered a victim risk rate. Crime rates used are based on Crime Index offenses. The change in the level of the crime rates published in prior years is

1973 rather than larceny $50 and over as an Index offense. Table 2 shows crime rates each year, 1960-1973, using total larceny-theft as an Index crime.

The Crime Index rate of the United States in 1973 was 4,116 per 100,000 inhabitants. This was a 5 percent increase from the crime rate of 3,925 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1972. The national crime rate, or the risk of being a victim of one of these crimes, has increased 24 percent since 1968. Many factors influence the nature and extent of crime in a particular community. A number of these factors are shown on page viii of this publi- cation. A crime rate takes into consideration only the numerical factor of population and does not incorporate any of the other elements which contribute to the amount of crime in a given area. Tables disclose that the varying crime experiences, especially in large cities and suburban communi- ties, are affected by a complex set of involved factors and are not solely related to numerical population differences.

The tables set forth on these pages reveal the variations in crime experience by geographic region, large cities, suburban, and rural areas.

The crime rates set forth in the National Crime Rate and Percent Change table for each of the Crime Index offenses show a variation from a 9 percent increase in forcible rape to a 1 percent increase in robbery. The number of crimes per

2

Crime Rate by Region, 1973

[Rate per 100,000 inhabitants] North- | North South- | Western Crime Index Offenses eastern | Central ern States States States States DR Social dd 3,738.5 | 3,922.2 | 3,636.8 5,801.5 ist caceniognataauil 453.8 353.3 411.8 461.4 PU a ished 3,284.7 | 3,568.9 | 3,225.1 5,340.1 PNAS ie pvacsainsprckekainbed 7.6 7.6 12.9 7.8 DORN Gin ose essen 19.1 22.3 23.8 35.4 rice nctncanenntoniatcteciepnmel 253.7 166.8 141.6 183.5 Aggravated assault..............- 173.4 156.7 233.4 234.6 se seis ikke ddeed 1,123.8 | 1,040.4) 1,117.4 1,766. 1 ak incd avtdictcnbcan 1,579.3 | 2,132.0) 1,792.2 3,032.3 Tare cctcccksitcnkhyieecuae 581.6 396. 6 315.4 541.7 Crime Rate by Area, 1973 [Rate per 100,000 inhabitants] Area Crime Index Offenses Total Cities | Subur- U.8. ever ban | Rural 250,000 } i iiidiinicnmermaaenid 4,116.4 | 6,582.8 | 3,562.6 1,471.8 isos, ditt satccedsbice 4143) 1,003.4 248.5 147.4 stich cnnditpiominied 3,702.1 | 5,579.5 | 3,314.1 1,324.4 BE: cictccuctatmbiningenaid 9.3 20.7 5.1 7.5 N ndbiiccncsnidnnedéud 24.3 51.4 17.8 12.0 ON seit dskedc ci cts ceicaad 182. 4 571.5 76.1 17.7 Aggravated assault............... 198. 4 359.9 149.5 110.2 Be inactnsncncesecciossseen 1,210.8) 1,949.3) 1,054.4 564.0 RgmeOOR,. «0c cnesnitiodectysicd 2,051.2 | 2,651.8 | 1,952.4 677.6 ee 440.1 978.4 307.4 82.8

unit of population is highest in the large metro- politan centers.

The accompanying charts illustrate the trend of crime in the United States from 1968 through 1973 by showing percent changes in volume and crime rate together with the population increase. Separate charts provide similar information rela- tive to crimes of violence and crimes against property. Since 1968, the violent crime rate has increased 40 percent and the property crime rate increased 22 percent. The violent crime group includes murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault offenses. The property crime category is made up of burglary, larceny-theft, and auto theft offenses.

MURDER AND NONNEGLIGENT MANSLAUGHTER

This Crime Index offense is defined in Uniform Crime Reporting as the willful killing of another.

CRIME AND POPULATION 1968 - 1973 PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1968

CRIME RATE = NUMBER OF OFFENSES PER 100.000 INHABITANTS

+66-—_—_—— ——

+50>

as ae nic secnicceeles en UP 30% |

CRIME RATE nee —}— UP 24% , | | , a ; | | paecneanere UP 5% . ecccopoccocccocspooeeeee®

196 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

CHART 2 FBI CHART

CRIMES OF VIOLENCE

1968 - 1973 PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1968

VIOLENT CRIME UP 47%

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

CHART 3 FBI CHART

CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY

1968-1973 PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1968

LIMITED TO BURGLARY, LARCENY -THEFT AND AUTO THEFT

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

FBI CHART

The classification in this offense, as in all of the other Crime Index offenses, is based solely on police investigation as opposed to the determina- tion of a court, medical examiner, coroner, jury, or other judicial body.

Deaths caused by negligence, suicide, accident, or justifiable homicide are not included in the count for this offense classification. Attempts to murder or assaults to murder are scored as aggravated assaults and not as murder.

Volume

In 1973 there were an estimated 19,510 murders committed in the United States. This represents a numerical increase of 960 over the 18,550 estimated homicide offenses for 1972. The number of murders in 1973 is approximately 2 percent of the total for violent crime and less than one-half of one percent of the total of the seven Crime Index offenses.

An analysis of murder by month in 1973 shows that the summer months had the greatest fre- quency of murder as compared to any other period of the year.

A geographical breakdown of murder by region showed 44 percent of the murders occurred in the Southern States, 22 percent in the North Central States, 19 percent in the Northeastern States, and 15 percent in the Western States.

Trend

The number of murders increased 5 percent in 1973 over 1972. The trend in this crime classifica- tion reveals an increase from .13,720 in 1968 to 19,510 in 1973. This is an increase of 42 percent.

Regionally, the number of murder offenses in 1973 increased 4 percent in the Western States, 4 percent in the Northeastern States, and 3 percent in the Southern States. The number of murders increased approximately 11 percent in the North Central States.

An analysis, by population grouping, of murder shows that large core cities of 250,000 or more inhabitants had a 5 percent increase in the number of murders in 1973, the suburban areas experienced a 9 percent increase in murder offenses, and the rural areas had a 0.2 percent increase.

Murder Rate In 1973, there were 9.3 victims of murder for every 100,000 inhabitants in the Nation. This was an increase of 4 percent over the murder rate of 8.9 per 100,000 inhabitants recorded in 1972. By population grouping, the cities with 250,000 or more inhabitants reported a murder rate of 20.7

victims per 100,000 inhabitants, the suburban areas showed a rate of 5.1 and the rural areas a rate of 7.4 per 100,000 inhabitants.

The number of murder victims in proportion to population was highest in the Southern States with 12.9 murders per 100,000 inhabitants. This is an increase of 2 percent over the murder rate of that Region in 1972. In 1973, the Western States showed a murder rate of 7.8, an increase of 1 per- cent over the rate in 1972 for that Region. The Northeastern States had a rate of 7.6, which was a 4 percent increase over the 1972 rate for those states. The North Central Region had a rate of 7.6, an increase of 12 percent in comparison to the 1972 rate.

Nature of Murder

The law enforcement agencies which participate in Uniform Crime Reporting cooperate in pro- viding additional information regarding homicide so that a more in-depth analysis of this offense can be made. Through a supplemental reporting system, information is provided regarding the age, sex, and race of the victim; the weapon used in the murder; and the circumstances surrounding the offense.

The victims of murder in 1973 were male in approximately three out of four instances. This ratio of male to female victims is similar to the experience in the last several years. Approximately 47 out of 100 murder victims were white, 52 were Negro, and 1 percent other races. The largest number of murders occurring in any ten year age bracket was in the 20 to 29 group with three of every ten murder victims.

In 1973, firearms again predominated as the weapon most often used in homicide in the nation. The accompanying chart illustrates a breakdown by type of weapon used in the commission of murder in the nation. Firearms were used more frequently in the Southern States than in any other region with firearms used in more than seven of every ten murders. Nationwide, 67 percent of the homicides were committed through the use of firearms and 53 percent were committed with handguns. In 1972, 54 percent of the murders were through the use of handguns.

Cutting or stabbing weapons were used in 18 percent of the murders in the Nation. The North- eastern States reported the greatest use of knives or cutting instruments with three out of every ten murders being committed with this type of weapon. The North Central and Southern States

—————

MURDER

1968 - 1973

PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1968

eum «=NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 42 PERCENT RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 35 PERCENT

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

CHART 5 FBI CHART

Age, Sex, and Race of Murder Victims, 1973

Sex

Age Number Percent |__.___ iain ibcaieieteiia Gn aa iad ie Tg i aac anna a

Male Female White Negro Japanese | All others Se 3 18, 125 3, 998 8, 031 8, 863 6 PRS iricnt neds ccdbiectceskcaes 1 100.0 76.7 23.3 46.9 51.8 6 Infant (under 1)..............-. 131 .8 71 60 82 42 6 es ccdktcatienabsadcadmmidnne 329 1.9 183 146 182 139 4 aaa aa ae sn lial 150 -9 86 64 91 56 3 PE iceiesanadckiotneceasen 259 1.5 160 99 141 DEE LiincnascodcusPicdecuuasdishsaskonactoanacsabbadute Se ictithcitinctideesnbscdninen 1, 476 8.6 1,073 403 699 758 7 ic Asst sasecninicatolenieiinchicenciinieiivenes 2, 686 15.7 2, 054 632 1, 162 1,494 7 I Nbiacdicesiatatcssiinisnd imnieepinmnnichestibie 2, 454 14.3 1,978 476 1, 046 1,370 13 BP kanctnadtncbaeearnenmnbenee 1,951 11.4 1,564 387 809 1,114 13 SN ir cocpacslp uss cia elastase bnlcraceas 1,587 9.3 1,218 369 675 891 9 OS att ci x ces artpentiaien ioeenstine 1, 462 8.5 1,150 312 646 796 5 irateiinis ainihntiinisbomanel 1,177 6.9 937 240 555 607 4 NE ii nici diecaiiindicicincmdasl navigate 993 5.8 813 180 508 482 1 Be cbcbinckdhitadadsndsiecason 725 4.2 588 137 397 318 4 aie aien Rinteoniscgnasshionl 501 2.9 396 105 290 204 5 PP etichvmsnoiviesmaianwaweneas 380 2.2 277 108 232 142 4 ie pitas tnciamanibadnecman 282 1.6 198 84 164 114 2 ic iicicaccctiomicanenni 334 2.0 184 150 256 76 1 Fin mcescanensranmcce 246 1.4 195 51 | 96 142 8

1 Because of rounding percentages may not add to total. Murder Victims—Weapons Used, 1973 Weapons Personal Un- Age Number Blunt | weapons known Cutting | object (hands, Explo- Nar- Stran- - As- weap- Gun or (club, fists, Poison sives Arson cotics gula- phyxia- on or

stabbing | hammer feet, tion tion weap-

etc.) etc.) on not

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had the least incidence of use of this type of weapon with less than two out of every ten mur- ders. Other weapons (blunt objects, poisons, ex- plosives, arson, drowning, etc.) were used in 7 percent of the homicides and the remaining 9

8

percent of the murders were the result of use of personal weapons such as hands, fists, feet, etc.

A comparative study for the past six years

shows an increase from 65 percent of all homicides through use of firearms in 1968 to 67 percent of

s'ewrmaleadks i |

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HANDGUN

RIFLE

SHOTGUN

CUTTING OR STABBING

OTHER WEAPON

(CLUB, POISON, etc.)

PERSONAL WEAPON

(HANDS, FISTS, FEET,etc.)

DUE TO ROUNDING. DOES NOT ADD TO 100%

CHART 6

Murder, Type of Weapon Used, 1973

[Percent distribution]

| | Total Knife | Other all Fire- or other | weapon; | Personal Region weapons arms cutting club, weapons used | instru- | poison, ment ete. Northeastern States... 100.0 51.3 29.0 | 8.4 11.3 North Central States... 100. 0 72.5 13.5 6.0 8.0 Southern States-.....- 100.0 74.0 14.0 5.3 6.7 Western States........ 100.0 61.9 18.7 8.5 10.9

WO ccnacsias 100.0 67.0 17.8 6.6 | 8.6

all homicides in 1973. A comparative analysis of weapons used to commit murder for 1968 through 1973 is shown in tabular form.

The circumstances which result in murder vary from family arguments to felonious activities. Criminal homicide is largely a societal problem which is beyond the control of police. The cir- cumstances of murder serve to emphasize this point. In 1973, murder within the family made up approximately one-fourth of all murder offenses. Over one-half of these family killings involved

MURDER

BY TYPE OF WEAPON USED

FBI CHART

Murder, Type of Weapon Used, 1968-1973

[Percent distribution]

Total Knife Other eee __| Fire- or other | weapon; | Personal Year arms cutting club, weapons Number | Percent instur- | poison, ment etc. Wiissasece 13, 720 100.0 65.4 18.7 8.3 7.6 nn 14, 670 100.0 64.5 19.9 7.4 8.2 Weesiinas 15, 890 100.0 65. 4 18.9 7.6 8.1 Web imines 17,670 100.0 65.1 19.8 6.5 8.6 We caked 18, 550 100. 0 66. 2 19.0 6.6 8.2 WE aancses 19,510 100.0 67.0 17.8 6.6 86

spouse killing spouse. The remainder were parents killing children and other in-family killings. Felony murder in Uniform Crime Reporting is defined as those killings resulting from robbery, burglary, sex motive, gangland and institutional slaying, and all other felonious activities. Felony type and suspected felony type murders in 1973 constituted 29 percent of all murders, whereas these two categories accounted for 25 percent of total murder in 1968. An analysis of felony murder reveals that 52 percent of these killings occurred

9

in connection with robbery offenses. Prostitution and commercialized vice, rape, and sex offenses accounted for 9 percent of the total, while Narcotic Drug Law offenses comprise 6 percent of felony murder. Tables showing breakdown by geo- graphical region for murder in 1973 and murder breakdown by circumstances for 1968-1973 ac- company this section.

During 1973, 7 percent of the murders were the result of romantic triangles or lovers’ quarrels. In murders involving husband and wife, the wife was the victim in 52 percent of the incidents and the husband the victim in the remaining 48 per- cent. In these incidents involving spouses, 49 percent of the victims were Negro, 50 percent white, and the remaining victims were of other races.

The victims of felony type murder were 62 percent white, 37 percent Negro, and the remain- ing 1 percent of other race or race not reported.

Clearances

Nationally, police continue to be successful in clearing or solving by arrest a greater percentage of homicides than any other Crime Index offense. In 1973, 79 percent of the homicides were solved; however, in 1972, 82 percent of all murder offenses were solved. Persons under 18 years of age were involved in 6 percent of the willful killings solved by police.

Since 1968, the clearance rate, nationwide, in homicide has decreased from 86 per 100 offenses to 79 per 100 offenses in 1973.

Persons Arrested

Based on reports submitted by law enforcement agencies, 10 percent of all persons arrested for murder were under 18 years of age and 45 percent were under 25. During the period 1968-1973, there was a 59 percent increase in the number of persons under 18 years of age arrested for murder. The increase in adult arrests for murder offenses during this period was 39 percent. Numerically, the 20 to 24 year age group had the heaviest involvement during 1973 with 25 percent of the total arrests coming from within this age group. Negroes made up 58 percent of the arrests for murder in 1973 and 52 percent of the victims of homicide were also Negroes.

Persons Charged

Law enforcement agencies’ reports disclose that 66 percent of all adults arrested for murder in 1973 were prosecuted during the year. Forty-five percent of the adults prosecuted were found guilty as charged, and 23 percent were convicted on some lesser charge. The remaining won re- lease by acquittal or dismissal of the charges against them. Of all individuals processed for murder, 11 percent were juveniles who had their cases referred to juvenile court jurisdiction.

Murder Circumstances, 1968-1973

10

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AGGRAVATED ASSAULT

Aggravated assault is defined as an unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily injury usually accom- panied by the use of a weapon or other means likely to produce death or serious bodily harm. Attempts are included since it is not necessary that an injury result when a gun, knife, or other weapon is used which could and probably would result in serious personal injury if the crime were success- fully completed.

Volume

In calendar year 1973, there were an estimated 416,270 aggravated assaults in the Nation. This is a 7 percent increase, or 27,300 additional offenses over 1972. This crime against the person made up 5 percent of the Crime Index offenses in 1973 and comprised 48 percent of the crimes of violence. Regionally, the Southern States reported 37 per- cent of the total count of these crimes followed by the North Central States with 22 percent, the Northeastern States with 21 percent, ard the Western States reported the remainder. As has been the experience in previous years, the sum- mer months recorded the highest frequencies of aggravated assault during 1973.

Trend

In 1973, the volume of aggravated assault offenses increased 7 percent over 1972 and 47 percent over 1968. Cities with over 250,000 in- habitants had an increase of about 1 percent. The suburban areas reported an increase of 14 percent and the rural areas an increase of 5 percent.

The North Central States had an increase of 10 percent, the Western States an increase of 9 per- cent, the Northeastern States had a 7 percent increase, and the Southern States an increase of approximately 4 percent.

Aggravated Assault Rate

For each 100,000 persons in the United States during 1973, there were 198 victims of aggravated assault. Large core cities with 250,000 or more inhabitants recorded a victim rate of 360 aggra- vated assaults per 100,000 inhabitants, suburban areas had 150, and rural areas 110. The victim rate for the Nation for aggravated assault increased 6 percent over 1972 and 40 percent over 1968. (See Chart 6.) The Western States were highest with a rate of 235 per 100,000 followed by the Southern

States with 233, the Northeastern States with 173, and the North Central States 157.

Nature of Aggravated Assault

Most aggravated assaults occur within the family unit and among neighbors or acquaintances. The victim-offender relationship, as well as the nature of the attack, makes this crime similar to murder. In 1973, 26 percent of the serious assaults were committed with the use of a firearm. A knife or other cutting instrument was used in 25 per- cent of the assaults, 23 percent were committed with blunt objects or other dangerous weapons. The remaining assaults were with personal weap- ons such as hands, fists, and feet. A comparison of the weapons used to commit assault from 1968 to 1973 indicates that assaults with firearms have increased 63 percent; assaults with a knife or other cutting instrument have risen 16 percent; assaults where blunt objects or other dangerous weapons are used increased 37 percent, and those assaults through use of personal weapons have climbed 83 percent. The table which follows demonstrates the regional experience of aggravated assault in 1973 by type of weapon used.

Clearances

Law enforcement agencies were successful in solving 63 of each 100 cases of aggravated assault in 1973. This clearance rate decreased from 66 of each 100 cases in 1972. This relatively high solu- tion rate is consistent with high solution rates in other crimes against the person. Persons under 18 years of age were identified in 10 percent of these clearances. Due to the nature of these crimes, arrests are frequently made upon the response of patrol units. This type of patrol call is hazardous to the officers. Since 1964, 125 officers have lost their lives responding to disturbance-type calls,

Aggravated Assault, Type of Weapon Used, 1973

(Percent distribution] Knife Total Fire- | or other Personal Region all arms cutting weapons weapons instru- ment Northeastern States... 100.0 20.1 23.2 North Central States... 100.0 27.5 27.8 Southern States....... 100.0 29.6 26.0 Western States. ....... 100.0 23.7 31.9 Gaaaeidemnd 100. 0 25.7 27.1

1968

AGGRAVATED ASSAULT 1968-1973 PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1968

aumummmes NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 47 PERCENT eeoee RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 40 PERCENT

1969 1970 1971 1972

CHART 7

1973

FBI CHART

which frequently involve family or neighborhood arguments.

Persons Arrested

Arrests for aggravated assault in 1973 increased 36 percent over 1968. Since 1968, arrests of persons 18 years of age and over for aggravated assault have increased 35 percent and arrests of persons under 18 years of age for this offense have increased 42 percent. As a group, persons 21 years of age and over accounted for 69 percent of the arrests for aggravated assault in 1973 and those under age 21 accounted for 31 percent. Arrests of males out- numbered females by about 7 to 1.

Persons Charged

Law enforcement agencies have difficulty in obtaining convictions based on the original charge in the aggravated assault category. The close family or other relationship which exists between victims and assailants in this category accounts for the victims’ frequent unwillingness to testify for the prosecution. Acquittals and dismissals therefore continue to run high, accounting for 44 percent of the dispositions. Eighty-two out of every 100 adults arrested for aggravated assault in 1973 were prosecuted. Seventeen percent of the adults prosecuted for this offense were con- victed of lesser charges. Seventeen percent of all persons processed were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction.

FORCIBLE RAPE

Forcible rape, as defined under this Program, is the carnal knowledge of a female through the use of force or the threat of force. Assaults to commit forcible rape are also included; however, statutory rape (without force) is not counted in this category. Crime counts in this offense classi- fication are broken down by actual forcible rapes and attempted forcible rapes.

Volume

During 1973, there was an estimated total of 51,000 forcible rapes. Numerically, the volume increased by 4,520 offenses over 1972. Forcible rape continues, as in prior years, to comprise less than 1 percent of the Crime Index total. It makes up nearly 6 percent of the volume of crimes of violence. When viewed geographically, the South- ern States recorded 31 percent of the total volume

while the Western and North Central States each reported 25 percent. The Northeastern States reported 19 percent of the volume.

A comparison of the month-to-month variations of forcible rape in 1973 with the long-term season- ally adjusted trend followed the pattern set for many years. Chart 18 reflects the month-to-month variations of forcible rape during 1973, as well as a@ comparison with the prior average 5-year experience.

Trend

The volume of forcible rape offenses in 1973 increased 10 percent over 1972, and 62 percent over 1968. During 1973, this crime occurred most frequently in large cities with 250,000 or more inhabitants, which accounted for 44 percent of the forcible rapes. Forcible rape increased 8 per- cent in this group of cities and 7 percent in the suburban areas surrounding the large core cities. The rural areas registered a 6 percent increase. Geographically, all regions of the United States reported increases in this offense. The North- eastern and Southern States each reported in- creases of 12 percent in this offense followed by the North Central States with a 10 percent increase and the Western States with a 5 percent increase.

Forcible Rape Rate

A crime rate, in its proper perspective, is a victim risk rate since it equates the number of crimes per unit of population. In 1973, 47 out of every 100,000 females in this country were re- ported rape victims. Since 1968, the forcible rape rate has increased 55 percent. In calendar year 1973, the forcible rape rate increased 9 percent. over 1972.

The 58 core cities with populations in excess of 250,000 experienced a victim risk rate of 100 per 100,000 females. This is in marked contrast to the suburban areas of the country where the risk rate for females was 35 per 100,000 and the rural area with a risk rate of 23. In the Western States, a rate of 69 per 100,000 females was recorded. Females residing in the Southern States were victims of forcible rape at the rate of 46 per 100,000. The North Central and Northeastern States recorded rates of 43 and 37 per 100,000 females respectively.

Nature of Offenses

In 1973, 73 percent of all forcible rape offenses were actual rapes by force while the remainder were attempts or assaults to commit forcible rape. This offense is a violent crime against the person,, and of all the Crime Index offenses, law enforce-

13

FORCIBLE RAPE 1968-1973

PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1968 ees NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 62 PERCENT aamae RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 55 PERCENT

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

CHART 8 FBI CHART

14

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ment administrators recognize that this offense is probably one of the most under-reported crimes due primarily to fear and/or embarrassment on the part of the victims. As a national average, 15 percent of all forcible rapes reported to police were determined by investigation to be unfounded. In other words, the police established that no forcible rape offense or attempt occurred. This is caused primarily due to the question of the use or threat of force frequently complicated by a prior relationship between victim and offender. Crime counts in this publication are limited to actual offenses established by police investigation.

Clearances

Of the total forcible rapes reported in 1973 to law enforcement, 51 percent were cleared by arrest. This is a 9 percent decrease over the clearance rate for 1972. The large cities with 250,000 or more people had a clearance rate of 50 percent. The suburban areas of the country reported a 52 percent rate while the rural areas had a 66 percent clearance rate. Of the total clearances for forcible rape, 11 percent were by the arrest of persons under the age of 18.

Persons Arrested

The age grouping of males 16 to 24 years of age constituted the greatest concentration of arrests for forcible rape in 1973. Total arrests for this offense increased 12 percent with the arrest of persons under 18 years of age up 13 percent over 1972. Sixty-one percent of the arrests for forcible rape during the year were of persons under the age of 25. All arrests for forcible rape in 1973 compared to 1968 indicate an increase of 53 percent. Figures for the same years indicate that arrests of persons under 18 years of age have increased 52 percent. In 1973, 47 percent of the persons arrested for forcible rape were Negroes, 51 percent whites, and all other races comprised the remainder.

Persons Charged

Of all adults arrested for forcible rape in 1973, 76 percent were prosecuted for this offense. Prosecutive problems accounted for acquittals and/or dismissals in 47 percent of the cases. Thirty-six percent of the adults prosecuted were found guilty of the substantive offense and 17 percent were convicted of lesser offenses. Juvenile referrals amounted to 22 percent of the persons processed on forcible rape charges in 1973.

ROBBERY

Robbery is a vicious type of crime which takes place in the presence of the victim to obtain prop- erty or a thing of value from a person by use of force or threat of force. Assault to commit robbery and attempts are included. This is a violent crime and frequently results in injury to the victim. For crime reporting purposes, information con- cerning robbery is collected for armed robbery where any weapon is used, and strong-arm robbery where no weapon other than a personal weapon is used. The latter category includes crimes such as mugging, yoking, etc.

Volume

The volume of estimated robberies increased in 1973 by 7,890 offenses from the prior year. There was an estimated total of 382,680 robbery offenses committed in the United States in 1973. This offense makes up 4 percent of the total Crime Index and compromises 44 percent of the crimes of violence. In 1973, these offenses occurred most frequently during the month of December.

The heaviest volume of robbery offenses oc- curred in the Northeastern States with 33 percent of the total. The North Central States experienced 25 percent, the Southern States 24 percent, and the remainder were reported in the Western States.

Trend

When the total robbery offenses occurring in 1973 is compared with the 1972 total, a 2 percent increase is noted. Since 1968, robbery has in- creased 46 percent.

Large core cities over 250,000 population re- ported a 2 percent decrease in robbery offenses in 1973 when compared to the reported volume in 1972. Suburban areas surrounding the large core cities reported a 10 percent increase while the rural areas recorded an upward trend of 6 percent.

Geographically, the Southern States experi- enced an 11 percent increase in robbery offenses. The Western and North Central States reported 5 percent and 1 percent increases respectively. The Northeastern States reported a 4 percent decrease in robbery offenses.

The accompanying chart depicts the trend in the volume of robbery and the robbery rate, 1968-1973. (Chart 9)

Robbery Rate

The 1973 robbery rate of 182 per 100,000 in- habitants was 1 percent above the 1972 rate. Robbery is primarily a large city crime. American

15

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ROBBERY ;

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16

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cities with more than 250,000 inhabitants ac- counted for two-thirds of all robberies which occurred in the United States during 1973.

Cities with over 250,000 inhabitants had a rob- bery rate of 571 victims per 100,000 people. There were 76 robbery victims per 100,000 in the subur- ban areas, up 5 percent over the preceding year. The rural areas experienced a rate of 18 victims per 100,000 people. Robbery rates in the larger cities were about eight times greater than the rates in the suburban areas.

This crime occurred most frequently in relation to population in the Northeastern States where the rate was 254 per 100,000 inhabitants. The Western States had a rate of 183, the North Central States 167, and the Southern States 142 per 100,000 people.

Nature of Robbery

Supplemental robbery information is obtained from law enforcement agencies as a part of the monthly collection of statistical data under this Program. In 1973, these figures disclosed that half of the robberies were committed in the street. Nationally, bank robbery offenses decreased from 2,618 offenses in 1972 to 2,521 in 1973. The average bank robbery dollar loss increased from $3,529 in 1972 to $4,653 in 1973.

The 1968-1973 trends in robbery by type, as illustrated by the following charts, show bank robbery has increased 37 percent. During this same period, gas or service station holdups have decreased 6 percent; chain store robberies increased 167 percent; street robberies 35 percent; robberies in residences 64 percent; and holdups of other commercial or business establishments rose 31 percent.

Armed perpetrators were responsible for 66 per- cent of the robbery offenses during 1973, while 34 percent were muggings, yokings, or other violent confrontations where personal weapons were used by the offender to subdue or overcome the victim. Since 1968, armed robbery has increased 60 per- cent and strong-arm robbery 24 percent.

Robbery by Geographic Region

Special surveys have indicated that approxi- mately 63 percent of all armed robbery is com- mitted with a firearm, 24 percent with a knife or other cutting instrument, and 13 percent with blunt objects such as clubs, etc.

As it has been pointed out in prior issues of this publication, the full impact of this violent crime on the victim cannot be completely measured in terms of dollar loss alone. While the object of the attack is money or property, many victims of the mugger and the strong-arm robber, as well as the armed robber, suffer serious personal injury as a result of the attack. During 1973, the average value loss in each robbery incident was $261 for a total loss of $100 million.

Clearances

In 1973, law enforcement agencies were success- ful in clearing 27 percent of the robbery offenses reported. Eighty-two percent of the robberies which were cleared by arrest involved adults. Arrests of persons under 18 years of age figured in the clearance of 12 percent of the armed robberies and 29 percent of the strong-arm type.

Persons Arrested

Nationally, arrests for robbery increased 4 per- cent in 1973 when compared to 1972. The greatest volume of arrests occurred in cities and were up 3 percent. In the rural areas, arrests increased 21 percent and in the suburban areas arrests increased 17 percent.

Examination of arrest data discloses that 76 percent of the persons arrested for robbery were under 25 years of age and 56 percent were under 21 years of age. Of all persons arrested for robbery, 34 percent were under the age of 18. This greater proportion of youthful arrests, compared to clear- ances, is accounted for in part by the fact the young-age offenders frequently act in groups. Rob- bery arrests for this young-age group recorded a 12 percent increase in 1973 over 1972. In the suburban areas young persons made up 30 percent of the arrests for this offense. The rural areas reported young offenders made up 18 percent of the tota] arrests for robbery.

In 1973, 7 of every 100 persons arrested for robbery were females. Arrests of women for this offense rose 5 percent in 1973 when compared to 1972.

17

+ +200% STREET ROBBERY _., | ROBBERY OF 1968-1973 *150% | COMMERCIAL HOUSE 1968-1973 UP 35% +100% UP 31% | | +50% enon 0 penton - ~ 10% 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

— + +200% ‘ ae

ROBBERY OF GAS STATION ROBBERY OF CHAIN STORE 1968-1973 +150% 1968-1973 DOWN 6% UP 167% +100% +50% 0 — — - 10% 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1968 1868 1970 1971 1972 1973 percenaniepuionsnomnam ‘ — +200% a . - ROBBERY OF RESIDENCE BANK ROBBERY 1968-1973 +150% 1968-1973 UP 64% UP 37% +100% +50% ‘ Mie 0 , MOS: } -10% & — 1968 1869 1970 1971 1972 1973 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 CHART 10 FBI CHART

~~ —_—_ fn ote oo ae oot. Oe

From a standpoint of race, 63 percent of those arrested were Negro, 35 percent were white, and all other races made up the remainder.

Persons Charged

In 1973, 72 percent of all adults arrested for robbery were prosecuted. Thirty-five percent of the persons processed for this crime were juveniles whose cases were referred to juvenile court juris- diction. Of the adults prosecuted in 1973, 46 percent were convicted of the substantive offense, 16 percent were convicted for lesser charges, and the remainder were acquitted or their cases were dismissed.

BURGLARY

The Uniform Crime Reporting Program de- fines burglary as the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. The use of force to gain entry is not required to classify the crime as a burglary. The offense of burglary in this Program is broken down into three subclassifications: forcible entry, unlawful entry where no force is used, and attempted forcible entry.

Volume

An estimated total of 2,540,900 burglaries oc- curred during 1973. The increase in the number of offenses from 1972 to 1973 was 188,100. In 1972, the large core cities over 250,000 inhabitants recorded 35 percent of the total burglary figure. For calendar year 1973, this decreased to 33 per- cent. Of the Crime Index offenses, burglary makes up 29 percent of the total. When viewed as a segment of property crime, burglary is found to comprise 33 percent of the total. Geographically, the Southern States reported 29 percent of the total volume, the Western States 25 percent, with the North Central States 24 percent and the Northeastern 22 percent.

Viewed monthly the highest volume of burglary occurred in December of 1973.

Trend

The five-year trend, 1968-1973, indicates burglary offenses have risen 38 percent during the period. In 1973, burglary increased 8 percent from 1972 as compared to a decrease of 1 percent 1972 over 1971. Cities over 250,000 population reported an increase of 4 percent. In 1972, these cities experienced a decrease of 7 percent in volume. In 1973, the suburban and rural areas of the nation reported increases of 10 and 8 percent respectively. Viewed regionally, the South-

ern States reported a 12 percent increase and the North Central States a 9 percent increase in burglary offenses. The Western States experi- enced a 6 percent increase and the Northeastern States a 4 percent increase for this offense.

Burglary Rate

The burglary rate in 1973 was 1,211 per 100,000 inhabitants. During the period of 1968-1973, this rate increased 31 percent. The burglary rate for 1973 increased 7 percent when compared with 1972. The large core cities with over 250,000 inhabitants reported a rate of 1,949 burglaries per 100,000 people. The suburban areas experi- enced a rate of 1,054 offenses per 100,000 pop- ulation in 1973. The rural areas recorded a rate of 564 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants.

The Western States again recorded the highest burglary rate in 1973 with 1,766 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants followed by the North- eastern States with a rate of 1,124, the Southern

States 1,117, and the North Central States 1,040. Nature of Burglary

Burglary is generally accepted as a crime of stealth and opportunity. It is committed by both amateurs and professionals. In 1973, 75 percent of the burglaries involved forcible entry, 18 per- cent were unlawful entry (without force) and 7 percent were recorded as forcible entry attempts. Residential burglaries decreased from 63 percent of the total burglaries in 1972 to 62 percent in 1973. Nonresidential offenses increased from 37 percent in 1972 to 38 percent in 1973. Daytime burglaries of residences increased 9 percent in 1973 and accounted for over half of the residential burglaries. Considering the period 1968-1973, there has been an increase of 56 percent in the volume of daytime residential burglaries.

Prevention and detection of the burglary offense poses a most difficult problem to law enforcement. Volume alone is an overriding factor, particularly as related to the number of officers available for this type investigation. Viewed as a group, night- time burglary represents 61 percent of all bur- glaries.

Economically, the offense of burglary represents a substantial sum. Victims suffered a loss of $856 million in 1973 through the offense of burglary;

19

BURGLARY 1968-1973

PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1968

ames NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 38 PERCENT =—=== RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 3] PERCENT

19¢

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

CHART 11 FBI CHART

RESIDENCE BURGLARY NIGHTTIME

UP 52%

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

NONRESIDENCE BURGLARY NIGHTTIME

as ies

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

RESIDENCE BURGLARY DAYTIME

UP 56%

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

+100% NONRESIDENCE cm, | BURGLARY DAYTIME sm |

+25%

0 25% 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 CHART 12 FBI CHART

21

this is an increase of about $134 million from the 1972 loss. During 1973, residential losses amounted to $543 million. In 1972, that loss amounted to $465 million. Nonresidential losses due to bur- glaries amounted to $313 million in 1973 and $258 million in 1972. In 1973, the average dollar loss per burglary was $337.

Clearances

As suggested earlier, burglary is a crime of stealth. This characteristic tends to make the detection of the perpetrator more difficult. In 1973, law enforcement was successful in clearing 18 percent of the total burglary offenses. (Chart 16)

Adults were involved in 67 percent of all cases cleared while young persons under 18 years of age were involved in 33 percent. Law enforcement agencies in cities 250,000 and above cleared 19 percent of these crimes in 1973. In the suburban areas 17 percent were solved while 19 percent were cleared in the rural areas.

Persons Arrested

In this Program, the arrest of one person may account for the clearance of numerous offenses. Likewise, the arrest of several may clear only one offense. In the offense of burglary, it has been the experience of law enforcement that the arrest of one person frequently clears several reported offenses. In 1973, total arrests for burglary in- creased by 11 percent. Arrests of persons under the age of 18 increased 17 percent while arrests of persons 18 years and over increased 4 percent. In the cities ard suburban areas, increases of 9 and 17 percent respectively were reported. The rural areas experienced a 14 percent increase in total arrest: for burglary.

In analyzing the 1968-1973 period, a 19 percent increase in burglary arrests is seen. Arrests of individuals under the age of 18 increased 18 percent, while the arrests of adult burglary offenders increased 20 percent.

Nationally, persons under 25 accounted for 84 percent of all arrests for burglary in 1973. Young persons under 18 accounted for 54 percent of all arrests for this crime. Females were involved in five of every 100 arrests for burglary during 1973. Arrests of whites outnumbered Negroes by 2 to 1. Persons Charged

In 1973, 82 percent of the adults arrested for burglary were prosecuted. In 1972, this figure was 80 percent. Of the adults prosecuted, 49 percent were found guilty as charged. Conviction for lesser

22

offenses accounted for 18 percent and 33 percent were freed through acquittal or dismissal of charges. Juveniles referred to juvenile court jurisdiction accounted for 55 percent of all persons processed for burglary in 1973.

LARCENY-THEFT

Larceny-theft is the unlawful taking or stealing of property or articles without the use of force, violence, or fraud. It includes crimes such as shoplifting, pocket-picking, purse-snatching, thefts from autos, thefts of auto parts and accessories, bicycle thefts, etc. In the Uniform Crime Re- porting Program this crime category does not include embezzlement, ‘‘con” games, forgery, and worthless checks. Auto theft, of course, is excluded from this category for crime reporting purposes inasmuch as it is a separate Crime Index offense.

Volume

In 1973, there were 4,304,400 offenses of larceny-theft which is an increase from 4,109,600 such crimes in 1972. This offense makes up 50 percent of the Crime Index total. From a seasonal standpoint, the volume of larceny was highest during the summer months of 1973.

Geographically, the volume of larceny-theft was highest in the North Central States which reported 29 percent of the total number followed by the Southern States with 27 percent, the Western States with 26 percent, and the North- eastern States with 18 percent.

Trend

Larceny-theft increased 5 percent in 1973 when compared to the previous year. The large cities with over 250,000 inhabitants reported a decrease of less than 1 percent in the volume of this offense. The suburban areas reported an 8 percent in- crease in this offense and the rural areas showed an 11 percent increase. Nationwide, this offense has increased 25 percent since 1968.

Geographically, the Western States reported an increase of less than 1 percent and the North- eastern States reported a 4 percent increase. The North Central States had an increase of 6 percent and the Southern States recorded an increase of 8 percent.

Larceny Rate

During 1973, the larceny crime rate was 2,051 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants, an increase of 4 percent from the 1972 rate. The rate has in-

RRS

LARCENY-THEFT 1968-1973 PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1968

me NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 25 PERCENT RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 19 PERCENT

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

CHART 13 FBI CHART

creased 19 percent since 1968. In 1973, the large core cities registered a larceny rate of 2,652 per 100,000 inhabitants. The suburban larceny rate was 1,952 and the rural rate was 678. Viewed geographically, the Western States reported the highest larceny rate with 3,032 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants which was 1 percent below 1972. The North Central States had a rate of 2,132 up 6 percent; the Southern States 1,792 up 6 percent; and the Northeastern States 1,579 reported an increase of 5 percent in the rate.

Nature of Larceny-Theft

The average value of property stolen in each larceny in 1973 was $140, up from $100 in 1968 and $74 in 1960. When average value is applied to the estimated crimes in this category, the dollar loss to victims was $603 million. It is true that a portion of the goods stolen was recovered and returned to victims but the relatively low percentage of these crimes cleared by arrest and the lack of specific identification characteristics on such property indicates these recoveries did not materially reduce the overall loss. In addition, many offenses in this category, particularly where the value of the stolen goods is small, never come to police attention.

In 1973, the average value of goods and property reported stolen from victims of pickpockets was $101, by purse-snatchers $62, by shoplifters $28, by thefts from autos $160, and by miscellaneous thefts from buildings $246.

The accompanying table presents distribution of larceny by type for large cities, suburban, and rural areas. Cities and suburban areas appear to

Larceny Analysis, 1973

[Percent distribution] Area Classification Total | Cities | Subur- United | over ban Rural States | 250,000 IR a iisiiddcccincccnngccias L0 21 a4 0.3 @mecnsceneessennecces 22 40 a9 0.4 ni cticiilednichieilbiliinigiannieiie 10.8 1L3 7.5 3.8 From autos (except accessories) . ..... 17.4 18.6 16.2 15.3 eee 16.0 18.8 17.1 1L2 ET ER ee 16.9 1.7 17.3 5.3 From buildings...................... 16.8 17.8 12.9 16.4 From coin-operated machines. .....- 1.3 10 L4 L3 Se iititeictighdiin enidsaicditshucnheninciaig 17.6 14.7 2.3 46.0 TT hiicdstiniciindpcatboneaelaieinsldanbiien 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

have similar experience except for pocket-picking and purse-snatching which are considerably less in the suburban areas. This, of course, is to be expected as these theft opportunities flourish where population and business houses are highly con- centrated. Thefts from autos made up 19 percent of larceny offenses in large cities over 250,000 in population, 16 percent in suburban areas, and 15 percent in rural areas.

From year to year, the distribution of larceny as to type of theft remains relatively constant. As in prior years, a major portion of these thefts, 33 percent, represented thefts of auto parts and accessories and other thefts from automobiles. Other major types of thefts which contributed to the large number of these crimes were thefts from buildings and stolen bicycles with 17 percent each. Miscellaneous types of larcenies, not falling into any of the specific categories for which data were collected, made up 18 percent of the total. The remainder was distributed among pocket- picking, purse-snatching, shoplifting, and thefts from coin-operated machines.

Clearances

The nature of larceny, a crime of opportunity, sneak thievery, and petty unobserved thefts, makes it an extremely difficult offense for law enforcement officers to solve. A lack of witnesses and the tremendous volume of these crimes work in the offender’s favor. In 1973, 19 percent of all larceny offenses brought to police attention were solved. Involvement of the young-age group is demonstrated by the fact that 37 percent of these crimes which were cleared in the Nation’s cities were solved by arrest of persons under 18 years of age. Juvenile clearance figures for suburban areas and rural areas were 40 percent and 27 percent respectively.

The larceny clearance percentage for the cities over 250,000 inhabitants was 20 percent. The suburbs and rural areas reported a 17 percent clearance rate.

Persons Arrested

Forty-seven percent of the total arrests for Crime Index offenses in 1973 were for larceny. Arrests for this crime increased 3 percent, 1973 over 1972. Forty-eight percent of these arrests were of persons under 18 years of age and when

1968

196

aoe jt Feo a> @ mee e

— =.

we

NPoooeouxne= *

PURSE-SNATCHING 1968-1973

UP 6%

SHOPLIFTING 1968-1973

UP 67%

1973

+100%

THEFT OF AUTO ACCESSORIES 1968-1973

DOWN 9%

THEFT FROM AUTOS 1968-1973

UP 3%

+ 75%

+ 50%

+ 25%

0 -15% 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 + 100% THEFT OF BICYCLES THEFT FROM BUILDINGS 1968-1973 + 15% 1968-1973 0 UP 26% om UP 13% + 25% eatin stata tata: 0 -15% 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 CHART 14 FBI CHART

25

individuals under 21 were considered, the ratio rose to two-thirds. When examined by sex of arrested persons, it was determined that females comprised 32 percent of all arrests for larceny- theft and had a higher involvement in this offense than for any of the other Index offenses. In fact, women were arrested more often for larceny than any other offense in 1973.

Arrests of females rose 8 percent in 1973; while arrests of males increased 2 percent. Arrests of whites outnumbered Negroes by more than 2 to 1 with all other races comprising about 2 percent of the arrests for larceny-theft. The total volume of arrests for larceny-theft in 1973 as compared with the 1968 figures indicates a 29 percent in- crease. Arrests of individuals under 18 were 12 percent greater than 1968. The number of adult arrests rose 50 percent over the number of arrests for this offense in 1968.

Persons Charged

As in prior years, law enforcement agencies nationally charged more offenders for larceny- theft than for any other Crime Index offense. Sixty-nine percent of the adults prosecuted for larceny-theft were found guilty of this offense, 6 percent were found guilty of a lesser charge, and 25 percent had their cases dismissed or were ac- quitted. Thirty-nine percent of persons processed in 1973 for larceny were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction.

AUTO THEFT

In Uniform Crime Reporting, auto theft is defined as the unlawful taking or stealing of a motor vehicle, including attempts. This definition excludes taking for temporary use by those persons having lawful access to the vehicle.

Volume

In 1973, 923,600 motor vehicles were reported stolen. This is a 5 percent increase compared to 1972 when 882,200 motor vehicles were reported stolen.

Geographically, the volume of auto theft in 1973 was highest in the Northeastern States which reported 31 percent of the total number followed by the North Central States with 25 percent. The Southern States reported 23 percent and the Western States reported the remainder. This crime made up 11 percent of the total Crime Index offense volume. Seasonal variations during

26

1973 disclosed the volume of auto theft was highest during the month of October.

Trend

The number of auto thefts in 1973 increased 5 percent compared to 1972. The number of auto thefts has increased 19 percent since 1968.

Auto theft increased 1 percent in large cities with 250,000 or more inhabitants during 1973. The rural areas reported an increase of 15 percent in auto thefts while the suburban areas had an increase of 10 percent.

Geographically, auto thefts were up 8 percent in the Southern States, the Northeastern States reported an increase of 7 percent, the North Central States an increase of 4 percent, and the Western States reported a decrease of 1 percent. The accompanying chart shows the trend in auto thefts, 1968-1973.

Auto Theft Rate

The 1973 auto theft rate of 440 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants is 4 percent higher than in 1972. Since 1968, the auto theft rate has risen 13 percent. People in cities with over one million population were deprived more often of their motor vehicles in 1973 than in any other popula- tion group with 11 thefts per 1,000 inhabitants.

Nationally, the auto theft rate in large core cities with 250,000 or more inhabitants was 978. The suburban areas had an auto theft rate of 307 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1973. The rural areas had an auto theft rate of 83.

Regionally, the Northeastern States had the highest auto theft rate in 1973. This rate was 582, an increase of 8 percent from 1972. The Western States had a rate of 542 per 100,000 inhabitants which was a decrease of 2 percent. The North Central States had a rate of 397 which was 4 percent higher than the prior year and the Southern States reported an increase of 6 percent in the auto theft rate to 315 per 100,000 inhabitants.

Across the Nation in 1973, one of every 128 registered automobiles was stolen. Regionally, this rate was the highest in the Northeastern States where 12 cars per 1,000 registered vehicles were stolen. In the other three regions the figures were 8 in the Western States, 7 in the North Central States, and 5 in the Southern States.

AUTO THEFT 1968 - 1973

PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1968 mmm §=NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 19 PERCENT RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 13 PERCENT

0 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

CHART 15 FBI CHART

Nature of Auto Theft

Auto theft rates again clearly indicate that this crime is primarily a large city problem since the highest rates appear in the most heavily populated sections of the Nation. In 1973, the average value of stolen automobiles was $1,095 at the time of theft.

Clearances

Law enforcement agencies were successful in solving 16 percent of the auto thefts by arrest of the offender.

In the Nation’s largest cities, 14 percent of auto thefts were cleared during 1973. Police in the suburban areas were somewhat more success- ful, clearing 19 percent. Throughout the Nation, auto theft clearance percentages ranged from 22 percent in the South Atlantic States to 11 percent in the New England States.

In all geographic divisions and population groups, the participation of the young age group population is indicated by the high proportion of these clearances which were through the arrest of persons under 18 years of age. In the large core cities, 32 percent of the auto thefts cleared were cleared by arrests in this age group while juveniles accounted for 38 percent of the solutions in the suburbs and 34 percent in the rural areas.

Persons Arrested

As in prior years, persons arrested for auto theft come primarily from the young-age group population. In 1973, 56 percent of all persons arrested for this crime were under 18 years of age. When persons under 21 are included in the computations, the proportion of arrests rises to 74 percent.

The national trend in auto theft arrests disclosed an increase of 5 percent in 1973 when compared to 1972. Adult arrests decreased less than 1 per- cent while arrests of persons under 18 increased 10 percent. During the period 1968-1973, auto theft arrests decreased 7 percent.

Females under 18 years of age recorded an increase of 14 percent in arrests for auto theft over 1973. White persons made up 66 percent of the arrests for auto theft, Negroes 32 percent, and ail other races accounted for the remainder.

Persons Charged

Police reports disclosed that of all persons formally processed for auto theft in 1973, 62 per- cent were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction.

2

No other Crime Index offense results in such a high percentage of juvenile referrals. When the remaining adult offenders were considered as a group, 43 percent of those prosecuted on charges of auto theft were found guilty as charged, 15 percent were convicted of lesser charges, and 42 percent were acquitted or their cases were dismissed.

NCIC Stolen Vehicle File

The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is a computerized system operated by the FBI servicing law enforcement at all levels throughout the United States. The NCIC sys- tem’s stolen vehicle file provides law enforcement with the ability to immediately enter the auto theft record information. These agencies also have the ability to immediately modify the record in the system when the stolen vehicle is recovered.

The NCIC system generally has on file approxi- mately 869,000 active stolen vehicle records.

CLEARANCES

Law enforcement agencies clear a crime when they have identified the offender, have sufficient evidence to charge him and actually take him into custody. Crime solutions are also recorded in exceptional instances when some element beyond police control precludes the placing of formal charges against the offender, such as the victim’s refusal to prosecute after the offender is identified or local prosecution is declined because the sub- ject is being prosecuted elsewhere for a crime committed in another jurisdiction. The arrest of one person can clear several crimes or several persons may be arrested in the process of clearing one crime.

The nationwide clearance information as re- ported by law enforcement agencies shows that 21 percent of the Index crimes were cleared during 1973. In 1973 law enforcement agencies cleared 79 percent of the murder offenses down from 82 percent in 1972, 51 percent of forcible rapes com- pared with 57 percent the prior year, 63 percent of aggravated assaults compared with 66 percent in 1972, and 27 percent of the robberies down from 30 percent the prior year. Solutions in the prop- erty crime categories showed police cleared 18 percent of the burglaries in 1973 and 19 percent in 1972, 19 percent of the larcenies compared with 20 percent the prior year, and 16 percent of the auto thefts down from 17 percent in 1972. Police

CRIMES CLEARED BY ARREST 1973

AGAINST THE PERSON NOT CLEARED CLEARED

Je

NEGLIGENT 81% MANSLAUGHTER °

AGGRAVATED ° ASSAULT 63%

AGAINST PROPERTY NOT CLEARED CLEARED

CHART 16 FBI CHART

29

are able to clear a higher percentage of the crimes against the person, not only because of the more intense investigative effort afforded these violent crimes requiring police attention, but more im- portantly, because witnesses are usually available who can identify the perpetrators.

The highest overall Crime Index clearance rate regionally was recorded by the Southern States with 24 percent, followed by the North Central States with 22 percent, the Western States with 21 percent, and the Northeastern States with 18 percent.

The accompanying chart reveals crime and police clearance experience for the last five years. From 1968 to 1973 the Crime Index offenses rose 30 percent. Police response to this upward trend was a 32 percent increase in the number of Crime Index Offenses cleared and a 25 percent increase in the number of arrests for Crime Index offenses. The clearance rate for Crime Index type offenses for 1968 was 21 of every 100 which is approxi- mately the same rate for 1973. The clearance rate of 21 percent in 1973 was down from 22 percent in 1972.

Offenses Cleared by Arrest of Juveniles

One means of measuring the involvement of the young age group in crime is to identify the number of crimes in which they are the offenders. In 1973, 31 percent of all Crime Index offenses solved involved only persons under 18 years of age, while persons 10 to 17 years of age account for about 16 percent of the total United States population.

PERSONS ARRESTED

In 1973, law enforcement agencies made an estimated 9 million arrests nationally for all criminal acts except traffic offenses. The arrest rate was 42 arrests for each 1,000 persons. In 1972, there were 43 arrests for each 1,000 inhabi- tants. The arrest rate for big cities as a group was 57 per 1,000 inhabitants, for suburban areas 32, and in the rural areas the arrest rate was 24.

Arrests are primarily a measure of police activity. Arrest practices, policies, and enforce- ment emphasis will vary from place to place and within a community from time to time. The volume of police arrests for certain unlawful conduct such as drunkenness, disorderly conduct,

30

and certain local ordinances is particularly in- fluenced by the above. On the other hand, robbery, burglary, and other arrests for serious crimes are more likely the result of standard procedures. Arrests are first a measure of police activity as it relates to crime. Arrests do, however, provide a useful index to indicate involvement in criminal acts by the age, sex, and race of the perpetrators, particularly for those crimes which have a high solution rate. Procedures used in this Program require that an arrest be counted on each separate occasion when a person is taken into custody, notified, or cited. Arrests do not measure the number of individuals taken into custody since one person may be arrested several times during the year for the same or different offenses. As noted above, this happens frequently for certain types of offenses against public order such as drunkenness, vagrancy, disorderly conduct, and related violations.

Arrest Trends

In 1973, police arrests for all offenses except traffic increased 3 percent over 1972. During this time, arrests of persons under 18 years of age increased 5 percent and arrests of persons 18 years of age and over increased 3 percent. When only Crime Index offenses are used to compute this trend, there is a 6 percent increase for all ages.

During the five-year period, 1968-1973, police arrests for all offenses except traffic increased 13 percent with the arrests of persons under 18 years of age up 15 percent and the arrests of persons 18 years of age and over up 13 percent. When only the Crime Index offenses are used in com- puting this five-year trend, the increase was 25 percent. Arrested persons under 18 years of age increased 13 percent while the adult arrests increased 36 percent. Violent crime arrests for persons under 18 years of age increased 53 per- cent while the property crime arrests increased 10 percent. Adult arrests for violent crime in- creased 35 percent and property crimes were up 36 percent.

Age

Nationally, persons under 15 years of age made up 9 percent of the total police arrests; under 18, 26 percent; under 21, 41 percent; and under 25, 55 percent. In the suburban areas, the involve- ment of the young-age groups in police arrests is again markedly higher than the national figures

CRIME AND CRIMES CLEARED 1968-1973

HANGE OVER 1968 PERCENT C G CRIMES CLEARED UP 32%

CRIME INDEX UP 30%

INDEX-TYPE ARRESTS UP 25%

CLEARANCE RATE UP 1%

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

CHART 17 FBI CHART

CRIMES

FEB. MAR. APR.

JULY AUG. SEPT.

FEB. MAR. APR. JULY AUG. SEPT.

JULY AUG. SEPT.

FEB. MAR. APR.

AN Nt

BY MONTH

eee VARIATION FROM 1973 ANNUAL AVERAGE

AGAINST PROPERTY

+ 30% pe

+ 20%

10% f ANNUAL _E:

10% F 20% E

30g Ce ee EC, JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

+ 30% fe

+ 20% fi

+ 10% : ANNUAL AVERAGE F

- 10% F

C. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR.

ANNUAL | AVERAGE

30% 2. $$$ C. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. + 30% ER ———— sae

ANNUAL AVERAGE

10%

20% siamese icsaniteeiasicint

30% F

CHART 18

FBI CHART

with the under 15 age group represented in 12 percent; under 18, 33 percent; under 21, 49 percent; and under 25, 63 percent. In the rural areas the distributions were lower for the younger age groups with the under 15 group being involved in 5 percent; under 18 in 20 percent; under 21 in 37 percent; and those under 25 in 54 percent of total police arrests. When only the Index crimes are considered, 19 percent of all arrests in 1973 were for persons under the age of 15 and 45 percent were under 18 years of age.

In reviewing arrest figures, it is important to keep in mind that police arrest practices and emphases vary which account for some variations in these statistics from year to year. It is noted arrests of persons under 18 years of age for Nar- cotic Drug Law violations have increased sharply in recent years. In fact, in 1973, 57 percent of the individuals arrested for violations of the Narcotic Drug Laws were persons under 21 years of age. Twenty-six percent of the marijuana arrests in 1973 were persons under the age of 18 and 57 percent of the arrests for this offense involved persons under 21 years of age.

Arrests for Narcotic Drug Law violations, 1973 over 1972, were up 19 percent nationally. From 1968 to 1973, arrests for this violation increased 174 percent. There is set forth a tabulation by geographic region showing the type of narcotic drug involved in the arrest of the offender in 1973.

Narcotic Drug Laws

[Percent distribution] Heroin Synthetic Region Total or Marijuana | narcotics | Other cocaine Northeastern States....; 100.0 19.1 67.7 4.4 8.8 North Central States...| 100.0 13.5 68.7 4.7 13.1 Southern States_....... 100.0 11.2 69.5 4.7 14.6 Western States......... 100.0 13.0 63.6 6.7 16.7 WD cicutnntnnn 100.0 14.0 66.9 5.3 13.8

Male arrests outnumbered female arrests by almost 6 to 1 in 1973. Male arrests in 1973 rose by 3 percent while female arrests were up 4 percent. Nineteen percent of arrests for Crime Index offenses were of female persons. Ten percent of the arrests for violent crimes in 1973 involved females and arrests of females for these types of crimes increased 8 percent over 1972. Again, as in prior years, their involvement was primarily

34

for larceny which accounted for 20 percent of all female arrests. Females accounted for 24 percent of the embezzlement and 14 percent of the nar- cotics arrests. Over one-half of the runaway— police custody cases—were girls under 18 years of age.

The five-year arrest trends, 1968-1973, revealed that arrests for young females under 18 years of age increased 35 percent while arrests for young males under 18 rose 10 percent. When the serious crimes as a group are considered, arrests of males, 1968-1973, were up 8 percent and female arrests increased 52 percent.

Arrest Rates

The following table sets forth arrest rates by geographic regions for Crime Index type offenses. Arrest rates indicate law enforcement activity in response to crime.

Arrests by Region, 1973

[Rata per 100,000 inhabitants] U.S. | North-| North | Southern | Western Offense Total | eastern | Central States States States | States PI iicastcsetnnccaue 9.3 7.9 7.0 12.8 9.1 Forcible rape............ 12.4 12.1 9.4 13.5 15.5 IG 6 ctivictie cece 65.7 84.8 41.3 59.3 85.9 Aggravated assault...... 99.9 96.5 58.8 120.2 134.7 I aiciccesnaneania 204.1 189.6 154.3 193.9 314.2 Larceny-theft........... 415.6 280.8 424.6 425.7 572.6 Rte WR sccsccsscns 76.4 77.1 58.9 60.6 126.0

Crime index total..| 883.4 748.9 754.4 886, 1 1, 257.9

PERSONS CHARGED

Disposition data reveals the results of cases in which law enforcement agencies have made an arrest and subsequently formally charged the offender in a court of jurisdiction. This information is important to the law enforcement administrator in evaluating the quality of investigations and court presentation functions.

In 1973, 89 percent of the adults arrested for Crime Index offenses were prosecuted in the courts. Of the adults prosecuted for Crime Index offenses, 58 percent were found guilty as charged and 11 percent of a lesser charge.

It must be recognized that not all arrested per- sons are turned over to the courts for prosecution. There are various reasons for this: failure of the victim to cooperate or appear for the prosecution, persons arrested are released with a warning, evidence is obtained which discloses the arrested

—> ©

Pe a ee ee ee ee ee on ee ee. a ow |

person did not commit the offense, or there is not sufficient evidence available to support either a formal charge or a subsequent prosecution.

For example, about one-half of the juveniles arrested are handled by the individual law en- forcement agencies without preferring a formal charge or referring them directly to juvenile authorities. All contributors to this Program are urged to obtain and report final disposition in cases involving persons they arrest. Tables con- taining this data commence on page 119. Keep in mind that police methods of handling juvenile offenders differ widely from place to place. Also, the tables concerning juveniles (local age limit) refer to those who were arrested and turned over to juvenile authorities in connection with specific criminal acts.

Forty-two percent of the persons processed for Crime Index offenses were young persons referred to juvenile court jurisdiction. Similar to prior years, juvenile referrals for auto theft were significant. Sixty-two percent of those processed for auto theft were juveniles. Juvenile referrals for burglary were 55 percent, larceny 39 percent, robbery 35 percent, forcible rape 22 percent, aggravated assault 17 percent, and murder 11 percent.

During 1973, as in past years, auto theft, arson, burglary, and vandalism recorded high percent- ages of juvenile referrals. When all crime cate- gories are reviewed, it is noted that convictions on original charges remained high in the offenses against public order and decency—driving under the influence, drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and vagrancy. As in prior years, offenses against trust, such as fraud and embezzlement, also recorded a high percentage of conviction on original charges.

Of the adults who were prosecuted for Crime Index offenses, 31 percent were acquitted or their cases were dismissed. In 1973, 33 percent of the murder defendants were either acquitted or their cases dismissed at some prosecutive stage. Forty- seven percent of those charged with forcible rape were acquitted or had their cases dismissed, and 44 percent of the persons charged with aggravated assault were released either through acquittal or dismissal.

Sixty-nine percent of those persons prosecuted for the offense of larceny were found guilty of that offense in 1973. This was followed by bur- glary with 49 percent found guilty of the original

charge, 46 percent for robbery, 45 percent for murder, 43 percent for auto theft, 39 percent for aggravated assault, and 36 percent for forcible rape.

The offense which had the highest percentage guilty of a lesser charge was murder where 23 percent of the defendants were convicted on some charge other than murder.

LAW ENFORCEMENT EMPLOYEE DATA

This publication has a section with tables of Law Enforcement Employee Data which shows average police employee strength by geographic division and population group. This data is sub- divided by sex of employees, percentage of civilian employees, number and type of patrol assignments, and an individualized listing of police employees by reporting cities and sur- rounding suburban counties. Tables containing data relative to law enforcement officers assaulted in the line of duty are published to supplement the following narrative material.

Employee Rates

The average number of law enforcement em- ployees per 1,000 inhabitants (including civilian employees) was 2.4, which has remained constant since 1971. Male employees represented 90.6 percent of total police employee strength.

Many cities in the United States continue to operate with a police employee ratio of less than the national average of 2.4 per 1,000. Fifty percent of all law enforcement agencies in cities had police ratios ranging from 1.4 to 2.4 police em- ployees per 1,000 inhabitants.

Nationally, large cities with 250,000 or more inhabitants as a group had an average ratio of 3.4 employees per 1,000 inhabitants.

The average ratio of police employees to popu- lation in the suburban areas was 1.9 per 1,000 inhabitants; an increase from the 1.8 rate in 1972. One-half of the suburban police departments had from 1.2 to 2.3 employees per 1,000 inhabitants. The average rate of full-time employees in sheriff’s departments was 1.5 per 1,000 inhabitants; how- ever, in three-fourths of the departments the rate was 1.3 or less.

Police departments in the Middle Atlantic and South Atlantic States continued to have the highest average rate with 2.9 employees per 1,000 inhabitants. Cities in the West South Central

35

POLICE EMPLOYEE DATA

AVERAGE NUMBER OF POLICE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES, AND RANGE IN NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, PER 1,000 INHABITANTS

BY POPULATION GROUPS, OCTOBER 31, 1973

ALL CITIES CITIES CITIES CITIES CITIES CITIES CITIES OVER 100,000 50,000 25,000 10,000 LESS 250,000 T0 10 10 T0 THAN

250,000 100,000 50,000 25,000 10,000

CHART 19 FBI CHART

36

and West North Central States had the lowest average ratio with 2.0.

Civilian Employees

In Table 60, the percentage of total law enforce- ment personnel represented by civilian employees is tabulated by population group. On the average during 1973, 14.6 percent of all city police person- nel were civilian employees; up from 13.3 percent in 1972. Of all civilian employees, 54 percent were femaJe and 46 percent were male personnel. Law enforcement administrators are continuing to utilize greater numbers of civilian employees, thereby relieving sworn personnel for active police duties.

Sworn Personnel

Law enforcement employee rates based on sworn personnel only (excluding civilian em- ployees) show that the average for all cities was 2.1 in 1973 compared to the 1972 rate of 2.0 per 1,000 inhabitants. The city rates, nationally, range from 0.1 to 7.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. In city agencies, males represented 98 percent of all sworn personnel, while males in suburban agencies constituted 96 percent and in county sheriff and police departments 93 percent. The average ratio of sworn employees in sheriff’s departments was 1.2 per 1,000 inhabitants and the rate range for the 2,427 reporting county agencies was 0.1-10.0 per 1,000 inhabitants. Caution should be exercised, however, in using rates for comparative purposes since there is a wide variation in the responsibilities of various law enforcement agencies throughout the country. Just as the conditions which affect the amount and type of crime that occurs vary from place to place, so do the requirements for types of police service based upon the conditions which exist in a given community. For example, the increased need for police service in a community which has a highly mobile or seasonal population, differs from a community which has a relatively stable or fixed population. In addition, a small commu- nity situated between two large cities may require a greater number of law enforcement personnel to handle crime conditions based solely on its geographic location.

The functions of the sheriffs also vary widely in different sections of the country. In certain areas the sheriffs’ responsibilities are limited almost exclusively to civil functions and/or the administra- tion of the county jail facilities. The sheriffs’

departments used in computing rates, however, are al] engaged in law enforcement activity and are responsible for all phases of policing in their jurisdiction.

It is pointed out that the figures set forth in detailed police employee tables (Tables 52 and 53) represent national averages. They should be used as a guide or indicator and not considered as recommended or desirable police strengths. Ade- quate manpower for a specific place can only be determined after a careful study and analysis of the various factors which contribute to the require- ment for police service in that community.

Police Patrols

In 1973, 85 percent of the police patrol assign- ments utilized in cities were vehicle patrols, and 15 percent were foot patrols. In cities with over 250,000 inhabitants 73 percent were vehicle patrols and 27 percent were foot patrols. In the areas covered by sheriffs and county police departments, 94 percent were vehicle patrojs and 6 percent were foot patrols. For all cities, patrol distribution indicated that 35 percent of the patrol activity was during the day, 35 percent during the evening hours, and after midnight 30 percent. Large cities over 250,000 inhabitants showed that approximately 40 percent of the patrol activity was during the day, 36 percent during the evening hours, and 25 percent after midnight. In the areas covered by sheriffs and county police, 39 percent of the patrol activity was during the day, 32 percent during the evening hours, and 29 percent after midnight.

The distribution of one- and two-man vehicle patrol assignments for all cities indicated that 86 percent of the vehicle patrols during the day in- volved one-man cars, 76 percent during the eve- ning hours, and after midnight 74 percent. In the large cities with 250,000 or more inhabitants, 74 percent of the daytime patrols involved the use of one-man cars, 62 percent during the evening hours, and after midnight 59 percent. In the areas covered by sheriffs and county police departments, 90 percent of the daytime patrols involved the use of one-man cars, 82 percent during the evening hours, and after midnight 79 percent were one-man vehicles.

LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS KILLED

In 1973, a total of 127 local, county, and state law enforcement officers were killed due to feloni-

37

Number of Low Enforcement Officers Feloniously Killed in 1973 [By geographic division and population groups]

Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Group VI County, State Geographic division Total over 100,000 to 50,000 to 25,000 to 10,000 to oner Police and

250,000 250,000 100,000 , 000 25, 000 10, 000 Highway Patrol gle beldinmvniendmnonnaies 127 46 3 5 10 13 43 DUE TIE 5 nc cccccncsncsnscccnnes 3 D Ietuccoanseses 1 D fecdccnsscdccntdacnncecs-cnteabsténmiensesbesdtis BREis ATMs. ....220202020.-000ee 4 SO) 0s (iC eeeereeens 1 2 1 2 East North Central..............-.- 15 DE: BR ieettuiedichancennies 2 1 1 1 West North Central. ...........-.... 5 D J -nconconsunennitcensecanseseulatendussamscediateneuncccisin 1 3 South Atlantic. ..................-.. 26 Ci Dh Dettctictdmntnsetinecinccnsnean 2 4 12 East South Central..... canesecccoses ll 1D Ditdicnenacsonabatdnediiniinke 1 1 2 2 West South Central. ..............- 2 Ti BR Rkcisincccennacidbuabnsassecctsiieecenenania 2 10 Raw cs cccecescccenccccscccces ee B Jececcccccccene 1 2 6 i Ritcciatnts antnncnninitiawsniceat 18 BE |. Bb ssaccsuaccubastesscseutcus 1D ndanvenseodacs 7

ous criminal action in the United States. During the ten-year period 1964-1973, 858 officers were killed. Specifically, there were 57 officers killed in 1964; 53 in 1965; 57 in 1966; 76 in 1967; 64 in 1968; 86 in 1969; 100 in 1970; 126 in 1971; 112 in 1972; and 127 in 1973. A greater number of law enforcement officers were killed in 1973 than in any year since 1961, when the FBI began the comprehensive analysis of this data.

The number of law enforcement officers of Puerto Rico feloniously killed has not been tabu- lated with those in the United States for the ten- year period. An overview of these killings is pre- sented for the three-year period of 1971-1973. Nine officers were killed due to criminal action in Puerto Rico in this time period. Specifically, three officers were killed in 1971; two in 1972; and four in 1973. The killing of eight officers was effected through the use of firearms, and a knife was used to kill one officer. The most frequent types of activity under which these officers were slain were disturbance call situations and civil disorders.

Circumstances Surrounding Deaths

Examination of circumstances under which police officers were slain during the period 1964— 1973 continues to disclose that more officers were killed attempting arrests than in any other matter. There remains an urgent need for officers to be more alert in connection with all their assign- ments, regardless of how routine these assignments may seem or have been in the past. No arrest situation can be considered routine and it is thus essential that officers be extremely alert with all individuals they contact. During 1973, 19 officers were killed while attempting arrest for crimes other than robbery or burglary. Twenty-seven

38

officers were slain by persons they encountered during the commission of a robbery, or during pursuit of robbery suspects. In connection with the crime of burglary, eight officers were killed at the scene of burglaries or while pursuing burglary suspects.

During the period 1969-1973, 56 officers were slain in ambush situations. Thirty-one of these officers were entrapped and slain through pre- meditated action. Twenty-five of the officers were killed in unprovoked attacks which did not involve any apparent element of entrapment.

In 1973, three officers were slain by mentally deranged persons. During the period 1964-1973, a total of 38 officers were killed by mentally deranged persons.

Twenty-five officers were slain while making traffic stops in 1973. Nine officers were killed while investigating suspicious persons or circumstances and 29 were slain responding to “disturbance calls”’ involving such things as family quarrels, man with gun, etc. Six officers were slain while transporting or otherwise engaged in custody of prisoners and one officer was killed while handling a civil disorder.

In 1973, 47 of the slain officers utilized their service firearms when confronted by their assail- ants. Thirty-four of these officers fired their service firearms while attempting to protect themselves. Fifty-six percent (or 71) of the officers were within five feet of their assailants when slain. Twenty- five officers were six to ten feet from the offenders when they were killed. In summary, 96 of the 127 officers slain were within ten feet of their assailants when they were killed.

In 1973, 60 officers were slain in the Southern States, 30 in the Western States, 20 in the North Central States, and 17 in the Northeastern States.

19

The following chart shows the number of law enforcement officers killed by region for each of the two five-year periods, 1964-1968 and 1969-1973. An accompanying table shows the officers feloni- ously killed by geographic division and population grouping in 1973.

Weapons Used

One hundred twenty of the police killings in 1973 were perpetrated through the use of fire- arms. Eighty-six of these deaths were committed through the use of handguns, 21 with rifles, and shotguns were used to kill 13 of the officers. Seventeen percent (or 21) of the officers slain had their own weapons used against them by the assailants. Two policemen met death as a result of assaults with knives, while two officers were killed through the use of blunt instruments. Three officers were feloniously killed through the use of automobiles while attempting to arrest their assailants.

During the period 1964-1973, firearms were used by felons to commit 95 percent of the police killings. Seventy-one percent of the weapons used were handguns. Specifically, of the 858 law enforcement officers slain by criminal action dur- ing this period, 613 were killed through the use of handguns, 104 with rifles, 101 with shotguns, eleven with knives, three with bombs, nine with personal weapons such as hands, fists, and feet, and 17 by other means such as clubs, automobiles, etc. A total of 120 officers, or 14 percent, were slain with their own firearms.

The accompanying table shows the type of weapons used to kill law enforcement officers from 1964 through 1973.

Law Enforcement Officers Killed, 1964-1973

[By type of weapon] 1964-1973 1964-1968 1969-1973 Type of weapons Total Per- | Num-/| Per- | Num-/| Per- Number | cent ber cent ber cent Handgun............- 613 71.4 219 71.3 304 71.5 PM iaisisicenectiass 101 11.8 37 12.1 64 11.6 i isaicticciduad 104 12.1 37 12.1 67 12.2 Total firearms... 818 95.3 293 95. 4 525 95.3 i sikncwiwastenaucal ll 1.3 2 on 9 6 ee 3 ME Ricicctcnsae sepia 3 5 Personal weapons._... 9 1.0 6 20 3 5 Other (clubs, etc.).... 17 2.0 6 20 ll 2.0 pe 858 | 100.0 307 | 100.0 551 100.0

Due to rounding, percentages may not add to total.

553-509 O - 74-4

Profile of Victim Officers

During the period 1964-1968, 87 percent of the officers were white, 10 percent were Negro, and 3 percent were of other races. The median year of service was five and one-half. Twelve percent of the victim officers had one year or less service. Forty-one percent had less than five years of service, 29 percent had five to ten years of service, and 30 percent had more than ten years service as law enforcement officers.

During the period 1969-1973, 87 percent of the victims were white, 12 percent were Negro, and 1 percent were of other races. The median year of service was four and one-half. Thirteen percent of the victims had one year or less of service, 48 percent had less than five years of service, 26 percent had five to ten years of service, and 26 percent over ten years of service.

For the entire ten-year period, 1964-1973, 87 percent of the officers were white, 11 percent Negro, and 2 percent of other races. The median year for the entire period was five. Thirteen percent had one year or less service, 45 percent had less than five years of service, 27 percent had five to ten years, and 28 percent had over ten years of service.

Profile of Victim Officers

Law enforcement officers 1964-73 | 1964-68 | 1969-73 EE Wien cccceccupicsasiiticssenenes 87 87 87 ee Be icinssccacdhitscniinndisdadsaee ll 10 12 RII EI GI ksds dno scccntesncnnsiced 2 3 1 Median years of service. ...................-. 5 54% 44 Percent with 1 year or less service__........ 13 12 13 Percent with less than 5 years service......- 45 41 48 Percent with 5 to 10 years of service......... 27 29 26 Percent over 10 years of service_...........- 28 30 26

Types of Assignment

Officers who are assigned patrol duties within law enforcement organizations have the most hazardous type of assignment. During the course of his duties the patrol officer is frequently in contact with suspicious individuals. Each of these situations constitutes a threat to the officer’s personal safety. The patrol officer is readily identifiable because of his uniform and/or patrol vehicle. He cannot hide his presence or official capacity, and frequently must determine quickly and accurately if a person is involved in a criminal act. If that person constitutes a danger to his, the officer’s, personal safety, he must afford himself reasonable protection. The patrol officer must

39

LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS KILLED

BY REGION 1964-1973 1964.1968[___]307 KILLED 1969-1973 551 KILLED

1964-1973 TOTAL 858 KILLED

NORTHEAST

NORTH CENTRAL

CHART 20 FBI CHART

LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS KILLED by Type of Activity

1964-1973

Responding to disturbance calls (family quarrels, man with gun, etc.)

Burglaries in progress or pursuing burglary suspects

Robberies in progress or pursuing robbery suspects

Attempting other arrests (excludes arrests for Burglaries and Robberies)

Civil disorders (mass disobedience, riot, etc.)

Handling, transporting, custody of prisoners

Investigating suspicious persons or circumstances

Ambush (entrapment and

premeditation )

Ambush (unprovoked attack)

Mentally deranged

Traffic pursuits and stops

| 1964-1968 L__] 307 KILLED | 1969-1973 551 KILLED 1964-1973 total 858 KILLED

CHART 21 FBI CHART 4)

also react to situations as they occur without the benefit of detailed information or planning, and thus, he places himself in a variety of dangerous situations. The patrol officer risks attack through frequent encounters with criminal offenders at or near crime scenes. These perils are substan- tiated by the fact that officers assigned to patrol duty are the most frequent targets of the police killer. Officers assigned in other capacities are confronted with equally tense and dangerous types of situations while performing their duties, but not with the same frequency.

During 1973, 91 patrol officers were slain. Eighty-eight of these officers were assigned to patrol vehicles while three were foot patrolmen. Twenty-five officers were detectives or officers on special assignments. During 1973, in the highest tradition of the law enforcement profession, eleven officers, while in an off-duty status, were taking appropriate police action concerning crimes committed in their presence when they were slain. Six of the off-duty officers were slain by persons they encountered during the commission of a robbery, or while in pursuit of robbery sus- pects. During the period 1964-1973, 68 percent (or 587) of the 858 officers slain by felons were

assigned to patrol duties. In 1973, 50 of the on- duty officers were alone and unassisted when killed. During the period 1964-1973, 35 percent (or 299) of the officers were alone and unassisted when they gave their lives for the communities they were sworn to protect. Information is set forth in the following tables concerning types of assignment and circumstances involved in con- nection with the killings of officers during the periods 1964-1968 and 1969-1973.

Time of Police Killings

The month of January proved to be the most dangerous for law enforcement officers during 1973. During this month 19 officers were felo- niously slain.

In 1973, Sunday was the most dangerous day of the week for law enforcement officers. During the period 1964-1973, 140 officers were killed on Friday, 128 on Saturday, 127 on Sunday, 124 on Wednesday, 122 on Monday, 114 on Thursday, and 103 on Tuesday.

During the period 1969-1973, Sunday was the most dangerous day with 92 officers slain followed by Friday with 90, Monday 79, Saturday 78, Wednesday 75, Thursday 73, and Tuesday 64.

Low Enforcement Officers Killed —Percentage of Victim Officers Assisted, 1964-1973

Type of assignment of victim Type of activity Years 1-man Percent Percent Detective Percent | vehicle assisted Foot patrol or special assisted | assignment

PE Pe ibnsdtticncnacdsnnntioonaibasrsmbenenenins 1964-1973 321 29.9 38.1 190 74.7 I ic ckanenendcmenencncausosncchbuae 1964-1968 119 31.9 18 22.2 66 72.7 BN icin ninscecsimmtiedeer at nactmaiaenatiicis | 1969-1978 202 28.7 py | 50.0 124 75.8

Responding to “‘Disturbance”’ calls (family quarrels, ee I licinicnctininimtnandinneennntnicadns 1964-1968 17 52.9 B bidciscckodees 12 83.3 1969-1973 27 48.1 6 33.3 9 88.9 Burglaries in progress or pursuing burglary suspects....| 1964-1968 13 15.4 D hiccaconssceuee 3 66.7 1969-1973 19 26.3 100.0 7 85.7 Robberies in progress or pursuing robbery suspects_.._. 1964-1968 20 45.0 DB iicsiibcccstads, 6 33.3 1969-1973 red 41.2 + 50.0 21 57.1

Attempting other arrests (excludes robbery and bur- I ccksicccendactdancesteibdnstiationscinacs 1964-1968 38 23.9 6 33.3 “4 79.2 1969-1973 32 OO a | 49 81.6 Civil disorders (mass disobedience, riot)................ MS | Biden cincssc Re cideetn cake 50.0 3 100.0 ee ee 5 100.0 Handling, transporting, custody of prisoners. .......... 1964-1968 7 BG iicemntssguatesassabemnke 5 100.0 1969-1973 5 GO Tiicenicctiicchcdpsiiadininaiaian Il 72.7 Investigating suspicious persons and circumstances....- 1964-1968 D htcndnctaakand 50.0 5 60.0 1969-1973 15 DR Ncesitsnesstescadbessnsendannend 6 83.3 Ambush (entrapment and premeditation).............. 1964-1968 © 1. cccciddcicnndssacssveumagidsstnsimekadsibteisestnabet ae 1969-1973 D tnsovbdassosnan 66.7 6 66.7 Ambush (unprovoked attack).................-.-...... 1964-1968 3 OF 4 Qiiessienssghewiccisneeeee 1969-1973 7 238.6 62.5 |, ee SI III aa cncccccsncsnccsuaseseqncnsconsuen | 1964-1968 | 6 Ge: -itaacam 7 42.9 1969-1973 5 I Bis cisterna ihiccmmmeseiea 7 85.7 Traffic pursuits and stops..................-..-.---.--. 1964-1968 ib bc sitaccccsiosaian a lntatinds ie ncnien bomieictaaiieadlin 1 100.0 1969-1973 55 a a ee

|

42

m © e©8 FF © Off DD. wo FR’ OU

——

7.1

9.2 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 3, 3

6.7 2.9 5.7 0.0

Type of law enforcement officer activity

Law Enforcement Officers Killed—Type of Assignment of Victim Officers, 1964-1973

office vehicle = = hich vehicle patrol siascapniieiiaesteaiiia cose igh als edness ls esliadnaipalgltnainiidlicinaanadinatidlamceeli Grand total......... sdseudecneccasasecascscescsacasasce 1964-1973 858 224 321 42 GeO BONG... «cnn cnecasccsncnsessasscis 1964-1968 307 83 119 18 Datel BVO PENT PE soa cc ccccncdconssccseqssnes 1969-1973 551 141 202 w“ Responding to “‘Disturbance” calls (family quarrels, Se OE CO ID isn snckit ccnitinicteeiinaientanets 1964-1968 52 19 17 1 1969-1973 73 27 27 6 Burglaries in progress or pursuing burglary suspects....| 1964-1968 22 5 13 1 1969-1973 39 8 19 1 Robberies in progress or pursuing robbery suspects....| 1964-1968 48 15 20 2 1969-1973 118 23 xu + Attempting other arrests (excludes robbery and bur- EF CINE 0 nan ccnnanadnnnsncnsnccsusacnccsscnnsees 1964-1968 96 22 38 6 1969-1973 113 23 32 2 Civil disorders (mass disobedience, riot)...............-. 1964-1968 6 DE cccetelsntauad 2 1969-1973 5 Handling, transporting, custody of prisoners........... 1964-1968 17 1969-1973 21 Investigating suspicious persons and circumstances... _. 1964-1968 25 1969-1973 35 Ambush (entrapment and premeditation).............. 1964-1968, 8 1969-1973 31 Ambush (unprovoked attack).................-.-...... 1964-1968 5 1969-1973 25 TORS GUNG a nc ccdscccencccccnpacntesscowsesases 1964-1968 20 1969-1973 18 py IU CUI a is ccncccctinirniccesuscesaadus 1964-1968 8 1969-1973 73

During the period 1964-1973, 68 percent of all killings of law enforcement officers occurred be- tween 4:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m. The most dangerous times were between 10:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. when 74 officers were slain, and from 1:00 a.m. to 2:00 a.m. when 72 officers were killed.

Criminal Offenders

Law enforcement agencies cleared 121 of the 127 police killings that occurred in calendar year 1973. One hundred ninety-two offenders were identified in connection with these crimes. Thirty-nine percent of the offenders were white, 60 percent Negro, and 1 percent other races.

During the period 1964-1973, 858 officers were slain; 1,207 offenders were identified, clearing 96 percent of these killings. Seventy-seven percent of the offenders had prior arrests for criminal charges, with 59 percent of the offenders having been convicted of those charges. Forty-two per- cent had prior arrests for violent types of crime such as murder, rape, armed robbery, aggravated as- sault, etc. Sixty-one percent of those who had previously been convicted on criminal charges were granted parole or probation. Sixteen percent of the offenders were on parole or probation when

they were involved with the killing of an officer. Fourteen percent of the offenders had a prior arrest for a narcotics charge and 10 percent had prior arrests for police assault.

Ninety-six percent were male and 4 percent female. During this ten-year period, 47 percent of the offenders were white, 52 percent were Negro, and 1 percent other races.

In the period 1961-1971, 1,025 known persons were involved in connection with the killing of 759 law enforcement officers. One hundred twenty- nine subjects, or 13 percent, were killed at the scene of the crime or soon thereafter, 25 committed suicide, and nine subjects are presently fugitives. A total of 862 individuals, or 84 percent, were arrested and charged in connection with these police killings. There were 560 offenders, or 65 percent, found guilty of murder. Available court disposition data regarding the offense related to the officers’ deaths disclose that 96 were sentenced to death, 284 were sentenced to life imprisonment, 176 received prison terms ranging from two to 999 years, and four offenders received probation. Seventy-one offenders were found guilty of lesser offenses such as manslaughter, assault, etc. Forty- five offenders were found guilty of other crimes,

43

LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS KILLED by Hour of Day 1964-1973

ART

Percent | 1964-| Per- | 1969-/ Per. Offenders Total of all 1968 | cent | 1973 | cent offenders WO kcedsecctomicnian . 100; 412; 100| 795 100 Water 660 BB a ccncsccwnccecen 7 30 7 SA 7 From 20 to 30 years of age... 55 | 195 47 | 474 60 PR nncccecnccscscscessccsine 96 | 397 9% | 760 96 PEI. cncucantsnccntscesces 4 15 4 35 4 WEED, codecccsnescocecencoces 47 | 233 57 | 338 43 DIR a iiiccinatdnntccinteds 52| 178| 43) 449 56 Cn 1 ) | ee 8 1 Prior criminal arrest. ........ 77 | Sil 75 | 623 78 Convicted on prior criminal DA Ricncinceccsccccesessna 707 59 | 259 63 | 448 56 Prior arrest for crime of vio- ee 510 42| 178 43 | 332 42 Convicted on criminal charges—granted lenigncy.| 432 36 | 157 38 275 35 On parole or probation at time of killing.............- 191 16 73 18 | 118 pts) Arrested on prior murder Gv tancsanttdesescsnses 44 4 il 3 33 a Prior arrest on narcotic drug law violation--.....-...... 170 14 33 8| 137 17 Prior arrest for assaulting policeman or _ resisting Si aticacatdhietnipipaiinine 119 10 30 7 89 ll Prior arrest for weapons vio- I iistekcvnctstuinatadeka 237 20 58 14| 179 2

Disposition of Offenders Involved in Murders of Law Enforcement Officers, 1961-1971

Percent

Total -

bution Pe hatin bincistigninacunibdaiincieiaeimiantas 1,025 100 PR idditsdinivtccnctencocnanciacimieedaate 9 1 I Hi citiicks nce Rinuisiddnianlicedand 129 13 Cin tntadincticiccnctidentedsace 25 2 ROE COE CHIE ove dcntncicccccceaicscesccs 862 ot SS i iiss cick cccntesdincediencnee 862 100 ee Oe ic nediconauidsconsanadiecenioton 560 65 Guilty of lesser offense related to murder........ 71 8 Guilty of crime other than murder. ............. 45 5 Acquitted or otherwise dismissed................ lll 13 Committed to mental institution................ 42 5 Ce <cthihincadscncnambemsieieainded 23 3 BONN Iie cd bcceccedndcninacedaboanaced 10 1

such as robbery, burglary, etc., committed when the police murders occurred. One hundred eleven individuals, or 13 percent, were found not guilty. Further, 42 offenders were committed to mental institutions and ten offenders died while awaiting trial.

In 1973, 28 offenders were killed at the scene of the crime or soon thereafter, and three offenders committed suicide. For the period 1964-1973, 158 assailants were killed at the crime site or within a short time after the police killing was committed;

28 committed suicide shortly after the killing, and six died from other causes. During the period 1964-1973, the offenders ranged in age from 13 years to 82. The median age of these offenders was 24 years. Fifty-five percent were between the ages of 20 and 30. Seven percent (or 84) were under the age of 18, and 20 was the most common age of the police killers. In 1973, the 192 offenders identified with police killings had a median age of 23. Fifty-eight per- cent of these persons were between the ages of 20 and 30. Fifteen of the persons committing these fatal attacks were under the age of 18. The most common. age of the police killer was 22 in 1973.

Geographic Locations

The 127 law enforcement officers slain during 1973 were from 100 different law enforcement agencies in 31 states and the District of Columbia. Among the agencies, New York City ranked highest with five officers slain in 1973. Four of these were New York City Police Department officers, while one was a New York City Transit Authority policeman. The New Orleans, Louis- iana, Police Department followed with four officers killed.

Among the states, California ranked highest with 17 officers killed while performing their duties as law enforcement officers. The State of Texas followed closely with 15 officers killed. The States of Georgia and New York followed with eight officers killed in each state.

Federal Law Enforcement Officers Feloniously Killed

In 1972 and 1973 five Federal law enforcement officers were killed in the line of duty. Two of these officers were killed in 1972 and three in 1973. Two of the five victim officers were Agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration (formerly the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs), one was an Agent of the Federal Bureau of In- vestigation, one was a Park Ranger of the Na- tional Park Service, and one was a United States Marshal. Four of these officers were killed through the use of handguns and one with a knife.

Accidental Deaths

Three hundred eighty-eight law enforcement officers have reportedly died as a result of acci- dents occurring in the line of duty during the nine-year period, 1964-1972. In 1973, 40 additional officers died, bringing the total number of such deaths from 1964 through 1973 to 428. These officers are not included in the preceding informa-

45

CRIMINAL HISTORY OF 1,207 PERSONS IDENTIFIED IN THE KILLING OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS

(PERCENT OF TOTAL OFFENDERS IDENTIFIED) 1964-1973

TOTAL OFFENDERS IDENTIFIED

OFFENDERS WITH PRIOR ARREST FOR CRIMINAL CHARGE

OFFENDERS CONVICTED ON PRIOR CRIMINAL CHARGE

PRIOR ARREST FOR VIOLENT CRIME

PRIOR ARREST FOR WEAPONS VIOLATION

PRIOR ARREST FOR NARCOTIC CHARGE

PRIOR ARREST FOR POLICE ASSAULT

CHART 23

FBI CHART

tion concerning law enforcement officers who were killed as a result of felonious criminal action. The leading cause of accidental deaths in the law enforcement profession is automobile accidents, which have claimed the lives of 196 officers. Sixty-eight officers have been killed in accidents involving motorcycles. Fifty-six officers died as a result of accidents while they were directing traffic or while they were at the scene of a previous accident. The other deaths occurred when fire- arms were accidentally discharged, helicopter and plane crashes, falls, etc. These latter types of accidents claimed the lives of 16 officers in 1973.

ASSAULTS ON LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS

The following information is based on a detailed monthly collection of data in the Uniform Crime Reporting Program regarding the problem of assaults on local, county, and state law enforce- ment officers in this Nation. The large number of reported assaults on sworn officers is in part due to a prevalent attitude of disrespect for law en- forcement in certain elements of our society.

The uniformed officer is the target of persons with real or imagined grievances against the “system.”’ He also is, in many instances, the first person to render aid to mentally deranged in- dividuals, to calm disturbances and quarrels, to offer protection to those threatened, or rescue those in peril. The officer is the active representa- tive of a society whose members too often forget their individual responsibilities to their fellow human beings. In this role, he suffers a variety of unsolicited and undeserved abuse.

During 1973, 32,535 assaults on police were re- ported by 4,072 agencies covering an estimated population of 108,532,000. There were, in 1973, an estimated 62,300 assaults on police in the Nation. The rate of assaults on police for the Nation was 15 assaults per 100 officers for the year.

Activity of Police Officers at the Time of Assault

An examination of the activities of law enforce- ment officers at the time of the assaults (Table 64) discloses that the greatest number of assaults, 26 percent, were in responding to disturbance calls. The second highest incidence activity, 23 percent of the assaults, was “attempting arrests” other than burglary or robbery. Any officer who has answered disturbance calls remembers the situa- tions when he became a substitute target in a husband and wife quarrel or an arbitrator in a

customer-proprietor argument. The high incidence of assaults in these common and often repeated police activities should serve as an impetus for greater alertness to all police personnel. The officer must avoid becoming complacent in his pursuit of any type of police activity. The police adminis- trator or command officer should consider pro- cedures to afford the responding officer the fullest possible support in all activities no matter how menial or routine they might seem.

Weapons Used in Assaults on Police Officers

The distribution of weapons used to assault officers is shown by geographic division, population group, and types of activity in Tables 61 and 62. Nationwide, personal weapons such as hands, fists, feet, etc., were used in 80 percent of the assaults on officers in 1973. Cities with population between 50,000 and 100,000 had the highest incidence of assaults with personal weapons accounting for 89 percent. The greatest percentage of assaults with firearms, 10 percent, occurred in cities with over 250,000 population. These large cities also showed the highest percentage of assaults with knife, 4 percent. By geographic division, the highest incidence of assaults with personal weapons occurred in the Pacific States with 86 percent.

Type of Assignment

Of those officers assaulted in 1973, Tables 66 and 67 show the type of assignment of the officer assaulted as 42 percent in two-man vehicles, 37 percent in one-man vehicles, 7 percent on detective or special assignment, and 14 percent in other assignments. In the highest assault incidence ac- tivity of police responding to disturbance calls, 47 percent of the victims were in two-man vehicles, 43 percent in one-man vehicles, 3 percent in detec- tive or special assignment, and 7 percent in other assignments. The vehicle patrol officer is the victim of assault in 79 percent of the total assaults on police.

Injuries to Law Enforcement Officers

Assaults on officers resulted in 40 cases of serious personal injury to every 100 officers assaulted. The rates (Table 61) showed assault with injury to 8 officers per 100 in the Mountain division as con- trasted with 4.2 per 100 in the East South Central division. The national rate of injuries to law en- forcement officers was 6 per 100 officers. Cities of 100,000 to 250,000 inhabitants had the greatest rate of assault with injury with 8 per 100 and

47

cities under 10,000 inhabitants had the lowest rate with 3.6 per 100.

Time of Assault

Assaults on officers by time and population group are set forth in Table 65. Approximately one-half of the assaults on officers occurred during the hours from 8:00 p.m. to 2:00 a.m. The period with greatest incidence was from 10:00 p.m. to midnight. Nearly one-fifth of the assaults, 18 percent, were recorded for this two-hour period. Cities and counties recorded the largest number of assaults against officers in this time period, with the exception of the cities with under 10,000 inhabitants. Cities in this population group showed the greatest assault incidence from 8:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.

Clearances in Assaults on Police

Nationwide in 1973, 91 percent of police assaults were cleared by arrest. In cities 100,000 to 250,000, this clearance percentage was highest of any population group with 94 percent being cleared. Assaults of police in disturbance matters were cleared at the rate of 97 percent in cities 100,000 to 250,000.

By police activity, the highest clearance rate for all agencies was 92.8 percent which occurred in assaults on officers who were attempting arrests other than for burglary or robbery. Ambush attacks accounted for the lowest clearance rate with 50 percent. Table 68 shows the percentage of assaults cleared by type of activity and population

group.

ee =

te d ts sh te

of on

» y SW Potice

a Lau Enforcement Code of Ethics

As a Lam Enforcement Officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind, to safequard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to respect the Constitutional rights of all men to liberty, equality and justice.

¥ will boop my private life unsullied as an examgle to all; maintain coura- geous calm in the face of danger, scorn, or ridicule; develop self-restraint; and be constantly mindful of the welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed in both my personal and official life, 9 will be exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and the regulations of my department. Whatever 9 see or hear of

a confidential nature or that is confided to me in my official capacity will be hept ever secret enlees vecaliallbinis is necessary in the performance of my duty.

E will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, animos- ities or friendships to influence my decisions. With no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals, 9 will enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear or favor, malice or ill will, never employing

unnecessary force or eteleass and never accepting gratuities.

ET recognize the badge of my office asa symbol of public faith, and J accept it as a public trust to be held so long as Iam true to the ethics of the police service. 9 will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals, dedicating myself before God to my chosen profession . .

. bw enforcement.

SUMMARY OF UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING PROGRAM

Uniform Crime Reports provides a nationwide view of crime based on the voluntary submission of police statistics by city, county, and state law enforcement agencies throughout the country. The extent of coverage as demonstrated by this publication is a tribute to the cooperative and dedicated spirit of the law enforcement com- munity in this country.

Historical Background

The Uniform Crime Reporting Program is the outgrowth of a need for a national and uniform compilation of law enforcement statistics. A voluntary national Program of collection of crime counts was initiated in 1930 by the Committee on Uniform Crime Records of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP). In that same year, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was authorized by the Congress of the United States to serve as the national clearing- house for statistical information on crime. Crime reports are obtained from law enforcement agencies throughout the Nation based on uniform classifi- cations and procedures of reporting. Information regarding crime is available to law enforcement in a variety of data spheres, e.g., offenses, arrests, prosecutions, convictions, and confinements. In an effort to provide as complete a picture of crime in the United States as possible, the Committee on Uniform Crime Records of the IACP chose to obtain data from offenses that became known to police. Greater numbers of these data were available than in any other category of reportable crime information. A meaningful overview of crime was available through examination of seven offenses which were selected because of their seriousness, frequency in occurrence, and likeli- hood of being reported to police. These offenses, known as the Crime Index offenses, were murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, bur- glary, larceny-theft, and auto theft. To provide for uniformity nationwide in the reporting of these offenses, standardized definitions were adopted. This standardization was necessary to overcome the variations in definitions of crimi-

50

nal offenses in the states and localities. Reporting agencies are required to interpret local criminal acts and law violations in the context of these definitions prior to submission of their counts to the FBI. The Uniform Crime Reporting definitions of these offenses are set forth later in this section. Because of the differences among the state codes, there is no possibility in a Pro- gram such as this to distinguish between crimes by designation such as “felony” or ‘misdemeanor’.

The Committee on Uniform Crime Records, IACP, continues to serve in an advisory capacity to the FBI in the operation of this Program. In this connection, the Field Operations Division of the [ACP is also playing an active and effective part in quality control through surveys of police records and crime reporting systems. Dr. Peter P. Lejins, Director, Institute of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of Maryland, Col- lege Park, Maryland, continues as a consultant to the FBI in the conduct of this Program.

The National Sheriff’s Association (NSA) in June, 1966, established a Committee on Uniform Crime Records to serve in an advisory capacity to the NSA membership and the national Uni- form Crime Reporting Program. This Committee actively encourages sheriffs throughout the coun- try to fully participate in this important Program.

Committees on Uniform Crime Reporting within state law enforcement associations are active in promoting interest in the Uniform Crime Reporting Program, fostering widespread and more intelligent use of uniform crime statistics, and lending assistance to contributors when the need exists.

In recent years, the FBI has actively assisted individual states in the development of statewide programs of police statistics compatible with the national system. These state statistical programs provide the advantage of increased coverage of law enforcement agencies due to state mandatory reporting requirements. The state systems also can provide direct and frequent service to law enforcement agencies in assuring completeness and quality of information provided by them.

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Through coordination by the state data collection agency, information is more readily available for the use of the state. The collection and reporting machinery for the national Program also is substantially streamlined.

With the development of state Uniform Crime Reporting Programs, the FBI ceases collection of data directly from individual law enforcement agencies within the state. Completed information from these agencies is forwarded to the national Program through the state Uniform Crime Re- porting collection agency. There are 22 states now operating state Uniform Crime Reporting Pro- grams. These include Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Okla- homa, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Several other states are in various stages of development. The conditions under which these systems are developed provide for consistency and compara- bility in the data submitted to the national Program. They also permit regular and timely reporting of the national crime data. These con- ditions are:

(1) The state Program must conform to the national Uniform Crime Reports standards, defi- nitions, and information required. This, of course, does not prohibit the state from collecting other statistical data beyond the national collection. (2) The state criminal justice agency must have a proven, effective, mandatory, statewide Program and have instituted acceptable quality control procedures. (3) Coverage within the state by a state agency must be, at least, equal to that attained by Uniform Crime Reports. (4) The state agency must have adequate field staff as- signed to conduct audits and to assist local units in record practices and crime reporting procedures. (5) The state agency must furnish to the FBI all of the detailed data regularly collected by the FBI in the form of duplicate returns, computer print- outs, and/or magnetic tape. (6) The state must have the proven capability (tested over a period of time) to supply all the statistical data required to the FBI in time to meet national Uniform Crime Reports publication deadlines. (7) The FBI will continue its internal procedures of verifying and reviewing individual agency reports for both completeness and quality. (8) The FBI will con- tinue to have direct contact with individual re-

porting units within the state where necessary in connection with crime reporting matters, but will coordinate such contacts with the state agency. (9) Upon request, the FBI will continue its training programs within the state with respect to police records and crime reporting procedures. For mutual benefit these will be coordinated with the state agency. (10) Should circumstances develop whereby the state agency cannot provide the data required by the national Program, the FBI will reinstitute a direct collection of Uniform Crime Reports from law enforcement agencies within the state.

Objectives of Uniform Crime Reporting

The fundamental objective of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program is to produce a reliable set of criminal statistics on a national basis for use in law enforcement administration, operation, and management. This compiled data is also in- tended for the use and information of other pro- fessionals and scholars who have an interest in the crime problem. At the same time, this infor- mation is important as a reference source for the public as an indicator of the crime factor in our society.

The means utilized to attain these objectives are:

(1) To measure the extent, fluctuation, distri- bution, and nature of serious crime in the United States through presentation of data on the seven Crime Index offenses.

(2) To measure the total volume of serious crime known to police.

(3) To show the activity and coverage of law enforcement agencies through arrest counts and police employee strength data.

Reporting Procedure

In the national Uniform Crime Reporting Pro- gram, contributing law enforcement agencies are wholly responsible for compiling their own crime reports and submitting them to the FBI. The FBI, in an effort to maintain quality and uni- formity in the data received, furnishes to the contributing agencies, upon their request, training in Uniform Crime Reporting procedures. All con- tributors, also, are furnished with the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook which outlines in detail, procedures for scoring and classifying offenses. The Handbook illustrates and discusses the monthly and annual reporting forms as well

51

as the numerous tally sheets made available to facilitate the periodic tabulation of desired data.

The publication of the Uniform Crime Report- ing “‘Newsletter,”’ which was initiated in October, 1963, has continued with issues published when pertinent. This ‘‘Newsletter’’ is utilized to explain revisions in the Program as well as to present information and instructional material to assist contributors.

A centralized record system is necessary to the sound operation of any Jaw enforcement agency. The record system is an essential basis for crime reporting by the agency. The FBI makes available upon request to any law enforcement agency the Manual of Police Records, which can serve as a guide in the establishment or modification of a basic, nonautomated police record system. Special Agents of the FBI are utilized to encourage new Uniform Crime Reporting contributors and to assist them in the established reporting procedures of Uniform Crime Reporting.

On a monthly basis, law enforcement agencies (police, sheriffs, and state police) report the num- ber of offenses that became known to them during the month in the following crime categories: mur- der and nonnegligent manslaughter, manslaughter by negligence, forcible rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny-theft, and auto theft. This count is taken from a record of all complaints of crime received by the law enforcement agency from victims, other sources, and/or discovered by officers. Whenever complaints of crime are deter- mined through investigation to be unfounded or false, they are eliminated from the actual count. The number of “actual offenses known” in these crime categories is reported to the FBI whether or not anyone is arrested for the crime; the stolen property is recovered; prosecution is undertaken; or any other restrictive consideration is in effect. Law enforcement agencies, on a monthly basis, report the total number of these reported crimes which they clear either by arrest or exceptional means. A separate count of crimes cleared which involve only persons under the age of 18 is shown. The number of law enforcement officers killed and assaulted and the value of the property stolen and recovered during the month are also reported.

Arrests are reported monthly for all criminal acts, except traffic violations, by crime category and include the age, sex, and race of each person arrested. A report is also submitted on an annual basis concerning the number of persons formally

52

charged by crime classification and the disposi- tion of such charges.

Law enforcement employee data specifically encompass the number of fulltime sworn officers and other personnel. This information is collected as of October 31 of each calendar year. State Uni- form Crime Reporting Programs are encouraged to maintain this same method and scope of data collection for a reasonable period before expanding their efforts. In January, 1972, a monthy col- lection in the national Program was instituted concerning the number of law enforcement officers assaulted by type of duty assignment. Additional information is collected relative to the type of weapon used, the circumstances of the assault, and whether the victim officer sustained injury.

Reporting Area

During calendar year 1973, crime reports were received from law enforcement agencies represent- ing 97 percent of the United States population living in the standard metropolitan statistical areas, 90 percent of the population in other cities, and 80 percent of the rural population. The combined coverage accounts for 93 percent of the total national population.

Presentation of crime data by areas as used in this publication follows as closely as practical the definitions used by the Office of Management and Budget and the Bureau of the Census for standard metropolitan statistical areas and other cities. There is, however, some deviation insofar as the rural area is concerned. For crime reporting purposes rural is generally the unincorporated portion of a county outside of standard metro- politan statistical areas. In addition, statistics are presented in certain tables relative to “suburban” areas. A suburban area consists of cities with population less than 50,000 together with counties which are within a standard metropolitan statis- tical area. In this use of suburban, the major core city is, of course, excluded. The suburban area concept is used because of the particular crime conditions which exist in these communities surrounding the major core cities.

Standard metropolitan statistical areas are generally made up of an entire county or counties having at least one core city of 50,000 or more inhabitants, with the whole area having certain metropolitan characteristics. In New England, “town” instead of “county” is used to describe standard metropolitan statistical areas. These towns do not coincide generally with established

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reporting units; therefore, metropolitan state economic areas in New England are used in these areas’ tabulations since they encompass an entire county or counties. Standard metropolitan statis- tical areas, as used in this publication, make up approximately 73 percent of the total United States population.

“Other cities” are urban places outside stan- dard metropolitan statistical areas. Most of these places are incorporated and comprise 11 percent of the 1973 population. Rural areas are made up of the unincorporated portions of counties outside of urban places and standard metropolitan statisti- cal areas and represent 16 percent of our national population. Throughout this Program, sheriffs, county police, and many state police report on crimes committed within the limits of the counties but outside cities while local police report on crime committed within the city limits (urban places).

Verification Procedures

Uniformity of crime data collected under this Program is of primary concern to the FBI as the national clearinghouse. With the receipt of reports covering approximately 11,000 jurisdictions, the problems of attaining uniformity are readily apparent. Issuance of instructions does not com- plete the role of the FBI. On the contrary, it is standard operating procedure to examine each incoming report not only for arithmetical accuracy but also, and possibly of even more importance, for reasonableness as a possible indication of error.

Variations in the level and ratios among the crime classes established by previous reports of each agency are used as a measure of possible or probable incompleteness or changes in reporting procedures. Necessary arithmetic adjustments or unusual variations are brought to the attention of the submitting agency by correspondence. During 1973, 19,200 communications were addressed to contributors primarily as a result of editing and evaluation processes. Correspondence with con- tributors is the principal tool for supervision of quality. Not only are individual reports studied, but also periodic trends for individual reporting units are prepared. Crime rates for all units are grouped for general comparability to assist in detecting variations and fluctuations possibly due to some reason other than chance. For the most part, the problem is one of keeping the contributors aware of the type of information necessary for the success of this Program.

The elimination of duplication in crime report- ing by the various agencies is given constant attention. In addition to detailed instructions as to the limits of reporting jurisdictions between sheriffs and police in urban places, lists of urban places by county are furnished to sheriffs, county police, and in some instances state police organi- zations.

The FBI schedules Uniform Crime Reporting seminars and workshops throughout the country for law enforcement personnel. Contacts by Special Agents of the FBI are utilized to enlist the coopera- tion of new contributors and to explain the purpose of this Program and the methods of assembling information for reporting. When correspondence, including specially designed questionnaires, do not elicit a response, Special Agents may be directed to visit the contributor to satisfactorily resolve the misunderstanding.

Variations from the desired reporting standard which cannot be resolved by the steps indicated above are brought to the attention of the Com- mittee on Uniform Crime Records of the IACP. The Committee may designate a representative to make a personal visit to the local department to cooperatively assist in a needed revision of records and reporting methods.

Regardless of the extent of the statistical veri- fication processes used by the FBI, the accuracy of the data assembled under this Program depends upon the sincere effort exerted by each contributor to meet the necessary standards of reporting. For this reason, the FBI is not in a position to vouch for the validity of individual agency reports.

The Crime Totals

Communities not represented by crime reports are relatively few. An examination of the tables which follow show 1973 crime totals for the Index classifications and the extent of coverage of the data in a particular table. The FBI conducts a continuing Program to further reduce the unre- ported areas. The continuing development and implementation of mandatory state Uniform Crime Reporting Programs will virtually eliminate unreported areas.

Within each of the three areas—standard metro- politan statistical, other urban, and rural—it is assumed that the unreported portion had the same proportionate crime experience as that for which reports were received. In lieu of figures for the entire year from those agencies, reports for as many as nine months are accepted as a sufficient

53

data base on which to base estimates for the year. Estimates for unreported areas are based on the reported crime experience of similar areas. Certain refinements are made in this basic estimating procedure as the need arises.

Crime Trends

Crime data for trends are homogeneous to the extent that figures from identical reporting units are used for each of the periods tabulated. In all trend tabulations, only those reporting units are used which have provided comparable data for the period under consideration. National, geo- graphic, and area trends are always established on the basis of two consecutive years. Exclusions from trend computations are made when figures from a reporting unit are obviously inaccurate for any period or when it is ascertained that unusual fluctuations are due to such variables as improved records procedures.

As a matter of standard procedure, crime trends for individual places are analyzed five times a year by the FBI. Any significant increase or decrease is made the subject of a special inquiry with the contributing agency. In 1973, for exam- ple, more than 2,500 letters were sent to police administrators of contributing agencies inquiring as to the reason for significant increases or de- creases in pertinent crime classifications. The com- munication containing this inquiry specifically directs attention to possible changes in records or reporting procedures. When it is found that crime reporting procedures are in part responsible for the difference in the level of crime, the figures for specific crime categories or totals are excluded from the trend tabulations. Year-to-year trends in Uniform Crime Reports are valid and may be used to reasonably establish long term trends as well as to reestimate crime volume and reconstruct crime trends for prior years. It can be assumed logically that the current year is the most complete in terms of volume. Trend or percent change as established by comparable units for each two-year period is then applied as the basis for reestimating the volume of crime for prior years.

On the other hand, crime rate tables by state and standard metropolitan statistical area contain the most reliable reports available for the cur- rent year, and care should be exercised in any direct comparisons with prior issues. Changes in crime level may have been due in part to improved reporting or records procedures rather than to chance.

54

Population Data

In computing crime rates by state, geographic division, standard metropolitan statistical area, and the Nation as a whole, population estimates released by the Bureau of the Census on July 1, 1973, were used. Population estimates for in- dividual cities and counties were prepared using special census reports, state sources and estimates, commercial sources, and extrapolation where no other estimate was available. Complete 1973 population estimates for individual cities and counties were used from 14 states while official sources in other states provided limited data which was used selectively. The estimated United States population increase in 1973 was nearly 1 percent over 1972 according to the figures published by the Bureau of the Census.

Recent Developments in Uniform Crime Reporting

Collection of traffic enforcement data by the national Uniform Crime Reporting Program was discontinued during 1972. This decision, upon advisement of the Committee on Uniform Crime Records of the IACP, was made in that this information is in part duplicative of broader and more detailed collections made at the state level and by the National Safety Council.

Since 1958, “larceny $50 and over in value” has been a Crime Index offense. The problem of dollar valuation of larceny has been the subject of dis- cussion in the Committee on Uniform Crime Records meetings since 1963. During recent years, the Committee has considered modification in the definition of this offense due to problems of evaluation of stolen property and inflation factors in the $50 value which is basic to the definition of this offense. The Committee and the FBI have had mutual concern in this matter and have jointly discussed a variety of possible solutions including increasing the dollar valuation from $50 to some higher dollar value. This suggestion was seen as only a temporary solution to the problem. In the latter part of 1972 consideration by the FBI, the Committee, the operating state programs, and several large city police departments resulted in the adoption of ‘total larceny-theft”’ as a replace- ment for the Crime Index offense of “larceny $50 and over in value.” This new classification includes the total number of larceny-theft offenses known to police without regard to value. The Index offense of “total larceny-theft’’ was instituted as of January, 1973.

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In the interest of maintaining comparability of data in this larceny classification, contributing agencies continued reporting larceny offenses with the $50 breakdown during 1973.

The IACP Committee on Uniform Crime Rec- ords adopted certain changes in the Program to be instituted in January, 1974. Due to law enforce- ments’ concern over the robbery problem, an expansion of the sub-breakdowns of robbery inci- dents was adopted. Prior to 1974, robbery was viewed as either armed or strong-armed. The breakdowns for 1974 information will be firearm, knife or cutting instrument, other dangerous weapons, and strong-arm. The collection of the data in this fashion will enhance the specificity of type of weapon used in this crime.

The category of auto theft has been renamed motor vehicle theft in 1974. To more fully present this problem, law enforcement has been asked to provide the type of vehicle stolen in three cate- gories: autos, trucks and buses, and other vehicles.

Offenses in Uniform Crime Reporting

Offenses in Uniform Crime Reporting are di- vided into two groupings designated as Part I and Part II offenses. Crime Index offenses are included among the Part I offenses. Offense and arrest information is reported for the Part I offenses on a monthly basis whereas only arrest information is reported for Part II offenses.

The Part I offenses are as follows:

1. Criminal homicide.—(a) Murder and non- negligent manslaughter: All willful felonious homicides as distinguished from deaths caused by negligence. Excludes attempts to kill, assaults to kill, suicides, accidental deaths, or justifiable homicides. Justifiable homicides are limited to: (1) The killing of a person by a law enforcement officer in line of duty; and (2) The killing of a person in the act of committing a felony by a pri- vate citizen. (b) Manslaughter by negligence: Any death which the police investigation estab- lished was primarily attributable to gross negli- gence of some individual other than the victim.

2. Forcible rape——The carnal knowledge of a female, forcibly and against her will in the categories of rape by force, assault to rape, and attempted rape. Excludes statutory offenses (no force used—victim under age of consent).

3. Robbery.—Stealing or taking anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person by force or violence or by putting in fear, such as

553-509 O- 74-5

strong-arm robbery, stickups, armed robbery, assaults to rob, and attempts to rob.

4. Aggravated assault.—Assault with intent to kill or for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily injury by shooting, cutting, stabbing, maiming, poisoning, scalding, or by the use of acids, explosives, or other means. Excludes simple assaults.

5. Burglary—breaking or entering.—Burglary, housebreaking, safecracking, or any breaking or unlawful entry of a structure with the intent to commit a felony or a theft. Includes attempted forcible entry.

6. Larceny-theft (except auto theft).—The un- lawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another. Thefts of bicycles, auto- mobile accessories, shoplifting, pocket-picking, or any stealing of property or article which is not taken by force and violence or by fraud. Excludes embezzlement, ‘‘con’’ games, forgery, worthless checks, etc.

7. Auto theft—Unlawful taking or stealing or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. A motor vehicle is a self-propelled vehicle that travels on the surface but not on rails. Specifically excluded from this category are motor boats, construction equipment, airplanes, and farming equipment.

The Part II offenses are:

8. Other assaults (simple).—Assaults which are not of an aggravated nature.

9. Arson.—Willful or malicious burning with or without intent to defraud. Includes attempts.

10. Forgery and counterfeiting —Making, alter- ing, uttering or possessing, with intent to defraud, anything false which is made to appear true. In- cludes attempts.

11. Fravd.—Fraudulent conversion and ob- taining money or property by false pretenses. Includes bad checks except forgeries and counter- feiting. Also includes larceny by bailee.

12. Embezzlement.—Misappropriation or mis- application of money or property entrusted to one’s care, custody, or control.

13. Stolen property; buying, receiving, pos- sessing.—Buying, receiving, and possessing stolen property and attempts.

14. Vandalism.— Willful or malicious destruc - tion, injury, disfigurement, or defacement of property without consent of the owner or person having custody or control.

55

15. Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc.—All violations of regulations or statutes controlling the carrying, using, possessing, furnishing, and manu- facturing of deadly weapons or silencers. Includes attempts.

16. Prostitution and commercialized vice.—Sex offenses of a commercialized nature and attempts, such as prostitution, keeping a bawdy house, procuring or transporting women for immoral purposes.

17. Sex offenses (except forcible rape, prostitu- tion, and commercialized vice).—Statutory rape, offenses against chastity, common decency, morals, and the like. Includes attempts.

18. Narcotic drug laws.—Offenses relating to narcotic drugs, such as unlawful possession, sale, use, growing, manufacturing, and making of narcotic drugs.

19. Gambling.—Promoting, permitting, or en- gaging in gambling.

20. Offenses against the family and children.— Nonsupport, neglect, desertion, or abuse of family and children.

21. Driving under the influence.—Driving or op- erating any motor vehicle or common carrier while drunk or under the influence of liquor or narcotics.

22. Liquor laws.—State or local liquor lew violations, except ‘“‘drunkenness” (class 23) and “driving under the influence’’ (class 21). Excludes Federal violations.

23. Drunkenness.—Drunkenness or intoxica- tion.

24. Disorderly conduct.—Breach of the peace.

25. Vagrancy.—Vagabondage, begging, loiter- ing, etc.

26. All other offenses.—All violations of state or local laws, except classes 1-25 and traffic.

27. Suspicion.—Arrests for no specific offense and released without formal charges being placed.

28. Curfew and loitering laws (juveniles).—Offen- ses relating to violation of local curfew or loitering ordinances where such laws exist.

29. Runaway (juveniles).—Limited to juveniles taken into protective custody under provisions of local statutes as runaways.

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In this section, tabulations are shown to indicate the probable extent, fluctuation, and distribution of crime for the United States as a whole, geo- graphic divisions, individual states, and standard metropolitan statistical areas. The measure used is a Crime Index consisting of seven important offenses which are counted as they become known to the law enforcement agencies. Crime classifi- cations used in the Index are: murder and non- negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary-breaking or entering, larceny-theft, and auto theft.

The total number of criminal acts that occur is unknown, but those that are reported to the police provide the first means of a count. Not all crimes come readily to the attention of the police; not all crimes are of sufficient importance to be significant in an index; and not all important crimes occur with enough regularity to be mean- ingful in an index. With these considerations in mind, the above crimes were selected as a group

THE INDEX OF CRIME, 1973

to furnish an abbreviated and convenient measure of the crime problem.

It is important to remember in reviewing the tables in this section that the volume of crime in a state or standard metropolitan statistical area is subject to the factors set forth on page vii. Estimates of current permanent population are used to construct crime rates. With our highly mobile population all communities, metropolitan areas, and states are affected to a greater or lesser degree by the element of transient popula- tion. This factor is not accounted for in crime rates since no reliable estimates by state are available nationwide.

Tables are presented showing the comparative crime experience by population group of suburban cities having 50,000 or less inhabitants with cities of the same size isolated from suburban areas. The effects of being a part of the metro- politan fringe can be readily discerned by a review of these tables.

Table 1.—Index of Crime—United States, 1973

Area actually reporting * Estimated total..............- Rate per 100,000 inhabitants. _- Area actually reporting Estimated total............... Rate per 100,000 inhabitants _ __ Area actually reporting Estimated total_............-- Rate per 100,000 inhabitants - - .

8,638,375 4,116, 4

7, 231, 583 7, 372, 041 4, 823.0

694, 525 762, 616 3, 348.7

421, 497 |

503, 718 1, 471.8

Violent ?

Property ? crime

crime

869,465 414,3

7,768,910 3,702, 1

758, 778 768, 771 502. 9

45, 141 50, 255

38, 897 50, 439 147.4

Murder and non- negligent

man- slaughter

4,701 6, 057 17.7

416,271 198, 4

336, 117 342, 273 223.9

32, 465 159, 2 29, 009

37, 732 110. 2

Larceny-

Burglary theft 2,540,907 | 4,304,363 1,210, 8 2,051, 2 2,112,775 | 3, 622,049 2, 156, 213 | 3, 594, 019 1, 410.6 2, 351.3 173, 732 437, 311 191, 662 478, 439 841.6 2, 100.8 163, 220 196, 224 193, 032 231, 905 564.0 677.6

1 ie is Bureau of the Census provisional estimate as of July 1, 1973. 2 Violent crime is offenses of murder, forcible rape, robbe:

, and aggravated assault; property crime is offenses of burglary, larceny-theft and auto theft.

3 The percentage representing area actually reporting will not coincide with the ratio between reported and estimated crime totals since these data re present the sum of the calculations for individual states which have varying populations, portions reporting and crime rates.

Nu

Table 2.—index of Crime, United States, 1960-1973

Violent ?| Property ? Population ! crime crime " Number of offenses: 1 west oo: cso 8, 066, 600 9,050 | 17,060 | 107,410 | 152,720} 903,400} 1,886,800 | 326,400 - 1961—182,958,000...........----.------ 3, 168, 400 8,680 | 17,080 | 106,240 | 155,130| 940,400 | 1,893,800 | 334,200 1962—185,822,000.............--------- 8, 418, 200 8,480 | 17,410 | 110,410 | 162,850 | 984,800 | 2,068,700 | 364,800 1963—188,531,000................-..-.- 3,756, 700 8,580 | 17,510 | 116,000 | 172,400 | 1,076,000 | 2,274,800 406, 000 8) 1964—191,884,000..............-......- 4, 161, 000 9,300 | 21,250 | 129,860 | 200,940 | 1,201,600 | 2,489,300} 470,200 38 1965—198,818,000.............-.-.----. 4, 311, 200 9,900 | 23,280 | 138,130 | 213,090 | 1,270,200 | 2,546,900} 494, 100 1 pa ee aaa 4,748, 300 10,970 | 25,620 | 157,350 | 232,890 | 1,396,500 | 2,793,700} 558,100 | 1967—197 ,864,000................--.-.- 5, 353, 000 12, 160 27,410 | 202,100 | 254,490 1,616,500 3,080,500 656, 100 Al 1968—199,861,000.............---...-.- 6, 068, 200 13,720 | 31,410 | 261,780 | 283,720 | 1,841,100 | 3,447,800 | 779,300 eo 1969—201,921,000...........-.....-.-.. 6, 686, 200 14,670 | 36,880 | 297,650 | 307,850 | 1,962,900 | 3,849,700 | 873, 600 6 1970—208, 184, 772......-.------------- 7, 290, 500 15,890 | 37,690 | 348,460 | 331,480 | 2,183,800 | 4,183,500 923, 200 1971—206,256,000........--.---------.- 7,699, 100 17,670 | 41,940 | 386,150 | 364,920 | 2,376,300 4,379,900 | 942,900 56 1972—208,282,000.........-.----------- 7,344, 600 18,550 | 46,480 | 374,790 | 389,000 2,352,800} 4,109,600| 882,200 n 1978—200,851,000.............--------- 7, 768, 900 19,510 | 51,000 | 382,680 | 416,270 | 2,540,900 | 4,304,400 | 923, 600 e Percent change 1960-1973 3 +153.3 +115.6 | +199.2 +256.3 | +172.6 +181.3 +134.3 +183.0 - Rate per 100,000 inhabitants: Es 26s cudadetucenedivaiial . 1,710.1 5.0 9.5 59.9 85.2 503.8} 1,024.3 182.0 Qe Fi cbiecnndidbameetatel 1,731.8 4.7 9.3 58.1 84.8 514.0} 1,085.2 182.7 t WES 205. cncccstd Stepan , 1,839. 5 4.6 9.4 59.4 87.6 530.0 1,118.3 196.3 a dbabibaboosseell 1,992.6 4.5 9.3 61.5 91.4 570.7 1, 206.6 215.3 Mi: Hiss conci beanie 2,174.7 4.9 11.1 67.9| 105.0 628.0} 1,301.0 245.7 I si cccinesineds etal . 2,224.3 5.1 12.0 71.3| 100.9 655.4 | 1,814.0 254.9 GOR. dei desinndacndaaaiesdial ‘ 2,427.7 5.6 13.1 80.4} 119.1 714.0] 1,428.4 285.3 ahaa deena ene 2, 705. 4 6.1 13.9 102.1 128.6 817.0 1, 556.9 331.6 Wes cesthaascceschedinencentasvesesee 4 3, 036. 2 6.9 15.7 131.0 142.0 921.2 1,725.1 389.9 WOOD tik ss csnicdinideandesin Aten : 3,311.3 7.3 18.3|} 147.4| 152.5 972.1 | 1,906.5 432.7 | Weshdtbenenesduetneanandebiedl 3, 588. 1 7.8 18.6 171.5 163.1 1,074.8 2, 059. 0 454.4 Wt bedbbntcdacksnbdnbaasgigdensialien 3,732.8 8.6 20.3 187.2 176.9 1,152.1 2,123.5 457.2 Sis dtihsisccnavichincdesseaesldban j 3,527.1 8.9 22.3| 180.0] 1868] 1,129.9| 1,978.6 423.7 We ndicbsnnsensactbabinisanneetbsaeiien 3,702.1 9.3 24.3 182.4 198.4 1, 210.8 2,051.2 440.1 Percent change 1960-1973 3 +116.5 +86.0 | +155.8 | +2045 +132.9 +140.3 +100.3 +141.8

1 Population is Bureau of the Census provisional estimates as of July 1, except Apr. 1, 1960 and 1970, census. 2 Violent crime is offenses of murder, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault. Property crime is offenses of burglary, larceny-theft, and auto theft. 3 Percent change and crime rates calculated prior to rounding number of offenses. Revised estimates and rates based on changes in reporting practices.

Area Year | Population!

Total Crime Index

Number

8,173,430 8,638,375

+5.7

Rate per 1

,

3,925, 2 4,116.4 +4,9

Table 3.—Index of Crime by Regions, Geographic

(Number and rate per 100,000

Violent crime 2

Property crime 2 Murder and nonnegli-

gent manslaughter

Number Rate per 1

00,000

Number nw per Number Rate

828,818 398,0 | 7,344,612 869,465 414.3 | 7,768,910 +4,9 +4, 1 +5,8

NINN os nN ong octet Sighs Soe Sse et oe pcan ne 1972 49,757 ,000 1973 49,678,000 IPR i OR ee a ee OS ee New England. -__..........____. 1972 12, 099, 000 | 1973 | 12,150,000 Percent change---..__.__- Us cious ede Atti teecamntepeed Connecticut ................-. 1972 3, 082, 000 1973 3, 076, 000 ra te enia Sohia atone: 1972 1, 029, 000 1973 1, 028, 000 Massachusetts.-_.....__._-- 1972 5, 787, 000 1973 5, 818, 000 New Hampshire..______.._- 1972 771, 000 1973 791, 000 Rhode Island___..._.._.._-- 1972 968, 000 1973 973, 000 ciel 1972 462, 000 1973 Middle Atlantic. -...._......__.

1, 342, 657

1,778,706

1,857,218 +44 436, 049 477, 440 +9.5 104, 883 112, 717 23, 879 26, 156 237, 677 263, 031 15, 352 18, 425 44, 073 45, 520 10, 185 11, 591

1973 37, 528, 000 1, 379, 778

I IID. sic ocean accnacecbucdtcnannccen +2.8 Re een 1972 7, 367, 000 282, 894 1973 7, 361, 000 300, 512

SN i iniccadectneniccecime: 1972 18, 366, 000 777, 200 1978 18, 265, 000 786, 620

Pennsylvania............_.- 1972 11, 926, 000 282, 563 292, 646

North Central_................_. 1972 57,552,000 | 2,123, 471 1973 57,600,000 | 2,259, 199

PIN Sica cuhccccstie Eta ne meee’ +6. 4 East North Central......._..- 1972 40,927,000 | 1, 588, 886 1973 40, 896,000 | 1, 690, 546

NR icici Rice cece ee aoe a= aed +6.4 ee 1972 11, 251, 000 426, 539 1973 11, 236, 000 485, 949

ia tc ok 1972 5, 291, 000 170, 977 1973 5, 316, 000 187, 847

Peedi be ecnlann 1972 9, 082, 000 487, 118 1973 9, 044, 000 496, 459

SN ibaitisicnaraikseienduenual 1972 10, 783, 000 370, 870 1973 10, 731, 000 375, 140

RE 1972 4, 520, 000 133, 382 1973 4, 569, 000 145, 151

See footnotes at end of table.

3,574,8 3,738, 5

+4.6 3, 604. 0 3, 929. 5

+9.0 3, 403. 1 3, 664. 4 2, 320. 6 2, 544. 4 4, 107.1 4, 621.0 1, 991. 2 2, 329. 3 4, 553. 0 4, 678.3 2, 204. 5 2, 498. 1

3, 676.7

+3.1 3, 840.0 4, 082, 5 4, 231.7 4, 306. 7 2, 369. 3

3,689.7 3,922.2

+6.3 3, 882, 2 4, 133.8

3, 791.1 4, 324.9 8, 231.5 3, 533.6 5, 363.6 5, 489. 4 3, 439. 4 3, 495.9 2, 950.9 3, 176.9 |

1,554,923

223,783 449,8 225,435 453.8 | 1,631,783 +0.7 +0.9 +4.9 27, 652 228. 5 408, 397 31, 790 261. 6 445, 650 +15.0 +14.5 +9.1 6, 138 199, 2 98, 745 6, 421 208. 7 106, 296 1, 068 103.8 22, 811 1, 169 113.7 24, 987 17, 086 295, 2 220, 591 20, 475 351.9 242, 556 491 63.7 14, 861 649 82.0 17, 776 2, 424 250. 4 41, 649 2, 749 282.5 42,771 445 96.3 9, 740

327

193, 645 —1.3 27, 577 28, 845 136, 662 133, 561 31, 892

192, 566 334.6 | 1,930,905 3, 355, 1 3, 931 6.8 203, 522 353.3 | 2,055,677 3, 568.9 4,377 7.6 +5.7 +5.6 +6.5 +6.4 +113 +11.8 156, 605 382.6 | 1, 432, 281 3, 499. 6 3, 239 7.9 165, 112 403.7 | 1,525, 434 3, 730. 0 3, 545 8.7 +5.4 +5.5 +6.5 +6.6 +9. 4 +10.1 57, 162 508. 1 369, 377 3, 283.1 985 8.8 62, 457 555. 9 423, 492 3, 769. 1 1, 163 10.4 12, 374 233.9 158, 603 2, 997.6 318 6.0 13, 157 247.5 174, 690 3, 286. 1 384 7.2 50, 425 555. 2 436, 693 4, 808. 3 999 11.0 52, 921 585. 2 443, 538 4,904. 2 1, 096 12.1 32, 286 299. 4 338, 584 3, 140.0 8il 7.5 31, 304 291.7 343, 836 3, 204.1 783 7.3 4, 358 96. 4 129, 024 2, 854. 5 126 2.8 5, 273 115. 4 139, 878 3, 061.5 119 2.6

en eceeeeeaaaaeaaeacaraereacerreaeeeeacccccccc cece crac eca ee ee Eye a

Coes

Divisions and State, 1972-1973 inhabitants; percent change over 1972]

Forcible rape Auto theft

Number Rate per Number Rate Number | Rate Number Rate Rate Number | Rate 100, 100,000. 100,000" 100,000, 100,000

46, 481 1,973.6 882, 212 423,7 51, 002 2,061, 2 923, 640 440,1 +3.9 +4,7 +3,9

1,509, 4 269, 205 541,0

784, 569 1,579,3 288, 945 581,6

+45 +4.6 +7.3

1, 640, 2 82, 494

1,761.5 93, 048

+7.9 +7.4 +12.8 54, 798 1,778.0 1,909.7 14, 029 1,363. 4 1,401.2 92, 425 1,597.1 1,729. 2 9, 299 1, 206. 1 1,373.3 22, 004 2, 282. 4 22, 499 2,312.3 5, 802 1, 255. 8 6,913 1, 489. 9

19.1 b 67, 046 552, 578 21.1 ° 70, 829 570, 548 +10.5 \ +5.6 +3.3 16.9 10, 375 124, 153 18.8 11, 737 . 137, 899 22.4 . 44, 668 306, 052 26.1 . 46, 473 305, 300 110, 914 15.2 12, 003 122, 373 39, 769 14.9 \ 12, 619 127, 344 42, 824

81,911 1, 160, 991 220, 455 | 90, 266 1, 228, 013 228, 420 +10.2 . . +5.8 +3.6 64, 322 851, 173 169, 550 72, 309 904, 858 177,277 +12.4 . . +6.3 +4.6 2A, 287 22A, 344 49, 843 27,949 251, 263 57, 046 5, 339 93, 574 18, 418 103, 801 19,741 20, 493 . 249, 940 43,044 23, 083 250, 638 49, 589 193, 673 47,725 202, 203 40, 443 2,195 89, 642 10, 520 96, 953 10, 458

Percent change. .-.......-- South Atlantic 4. ...........--

See footnotes at end of table.

Year | Population!

1972 16, 626, 000 1973 16, 704, 000 1972 2, 883, 000 1973 2, 904, 000 1972 2, 258, 000 1973 2, 279, 000 1972 3, 896, 000 1978 3, 897, 000 1972 4, 753, 000 1973 4, 757, 000 1972 1, 525, 000 1978 1, 542, 000 1972 632, 000 1973 640, 000 1972 679, 000 1978 685, 000 1972 64,856,000

1972 565, 000 1973 576, 000 1972 7, 259, 000 1973 7, 678, 000 1972 4, 720, 000 1973 4, 786, 000 1972 4, 056, 000 1973 4, 070, 000 1972 5, 214, 000 1978 5, 273, 000 1972 2, 665, 000 1973 2, 726, 000 1972 4, 764, 000 1973 4, 811, 000

Total Crime Index

Number

534, 585 568, 653 +6.4 72, 990 82, 230 76, 881 80, 079 130, 674 137, 781 186, 947 197, 008 40, 084 43, 349 12, 563 13, 302 14, 446 14, 904

2,199,551 2,400,518 +9.1

1, 198, 948 1, 316, 379 +9.8

25, 559 26, 396 390, 306 457, 631 144, 045 164, 175 187, 740 195, 010 138, 648 148, 269 87, 003 90, 694 146, 796 155, 814 25, 584 26, 399

Rate per 100,000

3, 215. 4 3, 404.3

+5.9 2, 581.7 2, 831.6 3, 404.8 3, 513.8 3,354. 1 3, 535. 6 3, 983. 2 4,141.4 2, 628.5 2, 811.2 1, 987.8 2, 078. 4 2, 127.5 2, 175. 8

3,391, 4 3,636, 8

+7.2 3, 773.6 4, 055. 4

+7.5 4, 523.7 4, 582.6 5, 376.9 5, 960.3 3, 051. 8 3, 430.3 4, 628.7 4,791.4 2, 659. 1 2, 811.9 3, 264.7

3, 327.0 |

3, 081. 4 3, 238.7 1, 436. 5 1,471.5

Table 3.—Index of Crime by Regions, Geographic

Violent crime 2 Property crime 2 Murder and nonnegli- gent manslaughter r te per | Number

Number | aoiBo cl ee 35, 961 216.3 498, 624 2, 999. 1 692 4.2 38, 410 229. 9 530, 243 3,174.3 832 5.0 +6. 8 +6.3 +6.3 +5.8 +20. 2 +19.0 2, 519 87.4 70, 471 2,444.4 50 1.7 2,970 102.3 79, 260 2, 729.3 63 2.2 4, 737 209. 8 72,144 3, 195.0 91 40 4, 956 217.5 75, 123 3, 296.3 137 6.0 6, 798 174.5 123, 876 3, 179.6 95 2.4 6, 926 177.7 130, 855 3, 357.8 107 2.7 18, 223 383. 4 168, 724 3, 549.8 396 &3 19, 441 408.7 177, 567 3, 732.8 427 9.0 2, 638 173.0 37, 446 2, 455. 5 44 2.9 2, 859 185. 4 40, 490 2, 625.8 67 43 290 45.9 12, 278 1,941.9 8 1.3 389 60. 8 12, 913 2, 017.7 5 8 756 111.3 13, 690 2, 016. 2 8 1.2 869 126.9 14, 085 2, 048. 9 26 3.8 254,503 392.4 | 1,945,048 2,999, 0 12,7 271,789 411.8 | 2,128,729 3,225, 1 12,9 +6.8 +4.9 +9.4 +7.5 +1.6 148, 409 467.1 | 1,050, 539 3, 306. 5 13.5 156, 062 480.8 | 1, 160,317 3, 574.6 13.4 +5.2 +2.9 +10. 4 +8.1 -.7 2, 181 386. 0 23, 378 4, 137.7 6.9 2, 016 350.0 24, 380 4, 232.6 5.9 40, 252 554.5 350, 054 4, 822.3 12.7 46, 419 604.6 411, 212 5, 355.7 15.4 17, 823 377.6 126, 222 2, 674.2 18.5 19, 738 412.4 144, 437 3,017.9 834 17.4 26, 412 651.2 161, 328 3, 977.5 509 12.5 26, 093 641.1 168, 917 4, 150.3 460 11.3 22, 087 423.6 116, 561 2, 235. 5 704 13.5 23, 086 437.8 125, 183 2, 374.0 683 13.0 10, 312 386. 9 76, 691 2, 877.7 447 16.8 10, 757 394. 6 79, 987 2, 982.4 392 14.4 14, 178 297.6 132, 618 2, 783.8 455 9.6 13, 744 285. 7 142, 070 2, 953. 0 408 8.5 2, 299 129.1 23, 285 1,307.4 109 6.1 2, 219 123.7 24, 180 1,347.8 103 5.7

1, 622 12.4

1,708 12.8

+5.0 +3.2

496 14.1

468 13.2

323 9.8

323 9.7

348 15.4

368 16.1

455 11.3

544 13.2

oS Ge Ge Ge ae ae Ve Ge Se Se Se es ae lL lll eelmLl Om” mm”—“—™

.

. 2 3 .2 .8 7 4 1

2

Divisions and State, 1972-1973—Continued

Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault Burglary Larceny-theft Auto theft be Rate Numbe! Rate Numbe Rate Number Rate Numbei r r um AE ne fn ‘io 10,00 | 100,000. 100,000. | 100,000 ee 100,000" | 2, 752 16.6 14, 928 89.8 17, 589 105.8 137,901 829. 4 309, 818 1,863.5 50, 905 306. 2 3,050 18.3 16, 571 99. 2 17,957 107.5 155, 945 933. 6 328, 155 1,934. 6 51, 143 306. 2 +10.8 +10. 2 +11.0 +10.5 +2.1 +1.6 +13.1 +12.6 +4.3 +3.8 | a oe 248 8.6 770 26.7 1,451 50.3 15, 087 521.6 50, 560 1,753.7 4,874 169. 1 329 1.3 954 32.9 1,624 55.9 18, 412 634. 0 55,310 1,904.6 5, 538 190.7 401 17.8 1,556 68.9 2, 689 119.1 20,472 906. 6 46, 433 2, 056. 4 5, 239 232.0 411 18.0 1,781 78.1 2, 627 115.3 23, 485 1,030. 5 46, 840 2,055. 3 4,798 210.5 571 14.7 3, 290 84.4 2, 842 72.9 36, 124 927.2 74,612 1,915.1 13, 140 337.3 579 14.9 3, 455 88.7 | 2,785 71.5 39, 610 1,016.4 78, 122 2, 004. 7 13, 123 336. 7 1,212 25.5 8, 347 175.6 8, 268 174.0 52,312 1, 100.6 94, 051 1,978.8 22, 361 470.5 1,442 2.2 9, 201 193.4 8,471 178.1 58,740 1,234.8 97, 640 2,052.6 21, 187 445.4 212 13.9 303 52.7 1,579 | 103. 5 8, 489 556. 7 24, 968 1, 637.2 3, 989 | 261.6 254 16.5 964 62.5 1,574 102.1 9, 828 637.4 25, 994 1, 685.7 4, 668 302.7 31 4.9 56 8.9 195 30.9 2, 257 357.1 9, 443 1,494. 1 | 573 | 90.7 47 7.3 47 7.3 290 45.3 2, 454 383. 4 9, 618 1,502.8 841 131.4 | 77 11.3 106 15.6 565 83.2 3, 210 472.8 9,751 1, 436.1 729 107.4 88 12.8 169 24.7 586 85.5 3, 416 498. 7 9, 631 1,406.0 | 988 144.2 ' I | 1 : | 14, 060 21,7 84, 501 130,3 147,700 227.7 660, 103 1,017.8 1, 092, 665 1,684.8 | 192, 280 | 296.5 15, 716 23.8 93, 485 141,6 154, 084 233.4 737, 568 1,117.4 1, 182, 959 1,792, 2 208, 202 | 315, 4 +11.8 +9.7 +10.6 +8.7 +4.3 +2.5 +117 +9.8 | +8.3 +6.4 +83 +6.4 7, 221 22.7 52, 849 166. 3 84, 035 264. 5 349, 699 1, 100.7 600, 312 1, 889. 4 100, 528 316. 4 8, 150 25.1 86, 127 172.9 87, 423 269. 3 395, 550 1, 218.6 652, 543 2,010.3 112, 224 345.7 +12.9 +10.6 +6. 2 +4.0 +40 +1.8 +13.1 +10.7 +8.7 +6. 4 +11.6 +9.3 80 14.2 735 130. 1 1, 327 234.9 7, 059 1, 249. 4 13, 544 2, 307.2 2,775 491.2 | 91 15.8 620 90. 3 1, 371 238.0 7, 024 1,219.4 14, 552 2, 526. 4 2, 804 486. 8 1,920 26. 4 13, 745 189.4 23, 663 326. 0 116, 516 1, 605. 1 206, 962 2,851.1 | 26, 576 366.1 2, 447 31.9 17, 069 222.3 25, 723 335. 0 142, 507 1, 857, 2 234A, 073 3, 048. 6 #, 542 449.9 84 20.8 6, 340 134.3 9, 628 204. 0 51, 056 1,081.7 60, 689 1, 285.8 14, 477 36.7 1, 236 25.8 7, 565 158.1 10, 108 211.1 60, 726 1, 268.8 66, 558 1, 390.7 17, 153 358. 4 1, 053 26.0 13, 144 324.1 11, 706 288. 6 45, 090 1,111.7 94, 571 2, 331.6 21, 667 534.2 1,131 27.8 12, 274 301.6 12, 228 300. 4 46, 584 1,144.6 100, 036 2, 457.9 22, 297 547.8 78 14.6 3, 452 66. 2 17,172 329.3 42, 375 812.7 65, 574 1, 257.7 8, 612 165. 2 847 16.1 3, 766 71.4 17, 790 337.4 47, 036 892. 0 68, 984 1, 308. 2 9, 163 173.8 509 22.5 1, 762 66.1 | 7, 504 281.6 29, 760 1, 116.7 41, 003 1, 538. 6 5, 928 222. 4 612 22.5 2, 158 79.2 7, 305 278.6 32, 557 1,194.3 40, 675 1, 492.1 6, 705 246. 0 931 19.5 5, 212 109. 4 7, 680 189.1 37, 637 790. 0 82, 282 1, 727.2 12, 699 266.6 94 20.7 4, 861 101.0 7, 481 155. 5 39, 731 825. 8 89, 440 1, 850.1 12, 899 268. 1 146 8.2 562 | 31.6 1, 482 83. 2 7, 356 413.0 13, 976 784.7 1,953 109.7 | 166 9.3 501 | 27.9 | 1,449 80.8 7,450 415.8 14, 799 824.9 1,922 107.1 | 2,374 10, 129 77.3 | 24, 249 185. 1 96, 961 740.0 136, 551 1,042.1 31, 000 236. 6 2,793 21.0 12, 108 91.1 25, 652 193. 0 109, 136 821.3 151, 612 1,141.0 31,814 239.4 +17.6 +16.0 +19.5 +17.9 +5.8 +4.3 +12.6 +11.0 +11.0 +9.5 +2.6 +1.2 660 18.8 2, 407 68.6 7,431 211.7 27,242 776.1 36, 590 1,042.5 6, 846 195.0 751 21.2 2,809 79.4 8, 362 236. 3 31,213 882.0 37, 268 1,053.1 8, 089 227.2 517 15.7 2,744 83.2 3, 862 117.1 21,449 650, 2 35, 495 1,075.9 9, 298 281.8 545 16.3 2,843 85.1 3, 645 109. 1 22,716 679.7 38, 072 1,139.2 7, 561 226. 2 395 17.5 902 39.9 5,431 240.0 12,221 540.0 | 18, 829 832.0 2,728 120.5 389 17.1 1,068 46.8 5,909 259. 1 13, 544 593. 8 20, 066 879.7 2, 595 113.8 802 19.9 4,076 101.1 7,525 186.7 36, 049 894.3 45, 637 1, 182.2 12, 128 300. 9 1,108 26.9 5, 383 130.5 7,7% 187.5 41, 663 1,009.8 56, 206 1,362.2 13, 619 330. 1

Table 3.—Index of Crime by Regions, Geographic

Total Crime Index || Violent crime ? Year | Population! a i | Number | Rats pez || Number | Rate per 100,000 1 | | 1972 | 19,981,000 697,717 3,491.9 67,720 1973 | 20,258,000 749, 826 3, 698.9 || 78, 476 ce bem ges ae +7.4 +5.9 | +8.5 1972 1,978, 000 42, 860 2, 166. 8 4,840 1973 2,087, 000 51,717 2, 588.9 5,905 1972 3, 720, 000 125, 830 3, 382. 5 15,712 1978 3, 764, 000 128, 087 3, 402.9 16, 020 1972 2, 684, 000 81, 802 3, 105.6 6, 289 1973 2, 663, 000 92,311 3, 466. 4 6, 556 1972 | 11,649,000 447, 225 3, 889. 2 40, 879 1973 | 11,794,000 477, 211 4, 046. 2 44, 995 1972 | 36,067,000 | 2,071,702 5,744, 0 157, 966 438,0 | 1,913,736 5, 306.1 2,763 7.7 1973 | 36,567,000 | 2,121,440 5,801, 5 168,719 461,4 | 1,952,721 5,340.1 2,863 7.8 sceptics me ma +2.4 +1.0 +6.8 +5.3 +2.0 +.6 +3.6 +13 1972 8, 840, 000 435, 109 4, 922.0 20, 716 336. 2 405, 393 4, 585.9 621 7.0 1978 9, 150, 000 472, 604 5, 165. 1 33, 771 369. 1 438, 833 4, 796.0 677 7.4 | Seat Dero Lae +8.6 +4.9 +13. 6 +9.8 +8.2 +46 +9.0 +5.7 1972 1, 945, 000 115, 402 5, 933.3 8, 781 448.9 106, 671 5, 484. 4 142 7.3 1978 2, 058, 000 137, 966 6, 708. 9 9,877 479.9 128, 089 6, 224.0 167 8.1 1972 2, 357, 000 181, 841 5, 593.6 9, 555 405. 4 122, 286 5, 188. 2 196 8.3 1978 2, 437, 000 133, 933 5, 495.8 10, 088 414.0 128, 845 5, 081.9 193 7.9 1972 756, 000 25, 858 3, 420.4 1, 085 143.5 2, 778 3, 276.9 2 3.8 1978 770, 000 26, 625 3, 457.8 1, 264 164. 2 25, 361 3, 203.6 2 2.6 1972 719, GOO 23, 046 3, 205.3 1,079 150.1 21, 967 3, 055. 2 18 2.5 1978 721, 000 24, 480 3, 395.3 1, 207 167.4 23, 278 3, 227.9 43 6.0 1972 527, 000 30, 830 5, 850. 1 2, 264 429.6 28, 566 5, 420.5 71 13.5 1973 548, 000 36, 344 6, 632. 1 3, 135 572.1 33, 209 6, 060. 0 67 12.2 1972 1, 065, 000 50, 307 4,728.7 4, 428 415.8 45, 879 4, 307.9 118 11.1 1973 1, 106, 000 52, 069 4, 707.9 5, 025 454.3 47, 044 4, 253. 5 126 11.4 1972 1, 126, 000 47, 364 4, 206. 4 2, 063 183. 2 45, 301 4, 028. 2 33 29 1973 1, 157, 000 49, 139 4, 247.1 2, 412 208. 5 46, 727 4, 088.6 37 3.2 1972 345, 000 10, 461 3, 082. 2 9, 950 14 41

1972 27, 227,000

1972 2, 182, 000

1978 3, 429, 000

1972 2, 809, 000 1978 2,941, 000

12, 048 3, 413.0

1, 686, 593 6, 010. 9 1, 648, 836 6,013.9 +.7 $

14, 555 4, 478.5 16, 313 4,943.3

1, 312, 635 6, 413.1 1, 298, 872 6, 304.9 37,315 4,612.5 41, 257 4,958. 8 110, 156 5, 048. 4 117,860 5, 297.1 161, 982 4,708. 2 174, 584 5, 089.9 62,780 2, 234.9 68, 808 2, 339. 5

128, 250 184, 948 +5. 2 1, 204 1, 269 110, 667 116, 563 1, 258 1, 295 6, 494 6, 512 8, 627 9, 309

15, 313 15, 150

545.1 515.1

47, 467 53, 658

5,539.9 5,521.7

—.3 4, 108.0 4, 558. 8 5,872.4 5, 789.1 4, 457.0 4,808.1 4,750.8 5, 004. 4 4, 452.7 4,818.5

1,689.8 1,824.5

1 Population for each state for 1972 and 1973 is Bureau of Census provisional estimate as of July 1st and subject to change. ? Violent crime is offenses of murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Property crime is offenses of burglary, larceny-theft, anc auto theft.

2,142 2, 186 +2.1

31

33 1,791 1,862

119 110

187

10.6 13.0

Divisions and State, 1972-1973—Continued

Larceny-theft Auto theft

ee ee ee

3,871 190.0 16,317 801.0 26,800 | 1,815.7 2, 695 132.3

; 9, 408 252.8 33, 597 903. 1 63, 262 1, 700.6 13, 259 356. 4

837 22.2 5,218 138.6 9, 384 249.3 36, 212 962. 1 63, 625 1, 690. 4 12, 230 324.9 501 19.0 1,702 64.6 3, 902 148.1 26, 156 998.0 42,288 | 1,605.5 7,069 268. 4 582 20.0 1,816 68. 2 4,031 151.4 30, 995 1, 168.9 46, 475 1,745.2 8, 285 311.1 2,767 23.8 13,774 118. 2 22, 908 196.6 140, 578 1, 206.7 227,410} 1,952.2 38, 363 329.3 3, 006 25.5 16, 765 142.1 28, 728 201.1 149, 358 1, 266. 4 241, 904 2,051. 1 40, 954 347.2

9, 758 35.8 54, 899 201.6 61, 451 225.7 492, 532 1,809.0 851, 688 3, 128.1 164, 123 602. 8 10, 222 37.3 55, 961 204. 1 66, 579 242.8 518, 042 1,871.3 842, 512 3, 073.0 158, 334 577.5 +4.8 +4.2 +1.9 +1.2 +8.3 +7.6 +4.2 +3.4 —1L1 —1.8 —3.5 —42 136 41.8 216 66.5 821 252.6 3,155 970.8 8,577 2, 639. 1 1,619 498.2 147 44.5 221 67.0 868 263. 0 3, 852 1, 167.3 9, 456 2, 865. 5 1,7% 526. 1 8, 127 39.7 48, 829 238. 6 51, 920 253.7 398, 960 1,949. 2 663, 568 3, 242.0 139, 440 681.3 8, 357 40.6 49,531 240. 4 56, 813 275.8 407,824 1,979.6 643, 488 3, 123.6 130, 997 635.9 172 21.3 448 55.4 583 72.1 10, 805 1,335.6 22, 029 2,723. 0 3, 223 398. 4 168 20. 2 696 83.7 387 46.5 12,775 1,535.5 23, 552 2, 830. 8 3, 635 436.9 574 26.3 2,390 109.5 3, 411 156. 3 32, 049 1, 468.8 63, 178 2, 895. 4 8, 435 386.6 653 29.3 2,211 99. 4 3, 538 159.0 35,772 1,607.7 66, 494 2, 988. 5 9, 082 408. 2 749 21.8 3, 016 87.6 4,716 137.0 47, 563 1,381.4 94, 336 2,739.9 11, 406 331.3 897 26. 2 3, 302 96. 3 4,973 145.0 52, 819 1,540.4 99, 522 2, 902. 4 12, 884 375.7

3 Offense totals based on all reporting agencies and estimates for unreported areas. 4 Includes the District of Columbia. 5 Increase of less than one-tenth of one percent.

Table 4.—Index of Crime by State, 1973

Area

ALABAMA

Standard Metropolitan StatisticalArea. _-. Area actually reporting

CT II tin sie. eeninninin tine teimensuebemetaa Area actually reporting Estimated totals

Area actually reporting. --_....-...-.- Estimated totals

ALASKA

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area... II nc din nnn nenhibedemogs Area actually reporting Estimated totals

ARIZONA

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area-.-. Area actually reporting... ...........- Estimated totals...............-...---

Area actually reporting. --..-....------- Estimated totals

ARKANSAS

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area... Area actually reporting. -...........--- StiennbrE SOT... cndonsicnccsssse-

SS i. nn edidticn de ccmacoews Area actually reporting. --...-.-.-.--- Estimated totals

CALIFORNIA

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area...

Area actually reporting Estimated totals

See footnotes at end of table.

98.7% | 116,601 100.0% | 118, 100 206, 000

97.4% 11, 262 100. 0% 11, 555 317,000

57.4% 4, 766 100. 0% 8, 311

2,058,000 | 137, 966 pecccceakohin 6, 703. 9 779, 000

93.8% 31, 362 100. 0% 32, 741 438, 000

59.7% 6, 317 100. 0% 10, 589 820, 000

28. 6% 2, 402 100. 0% 8, 387

2, 037, 000 51,717

erecsesencea 2, 538. 9 19, 170, 000

99.9% fl, 228, 925

99.8% 38, 182 100.0% 38, 272 851, 000 100. 0% $1, 122

20, 601, 000 fl, 298, 872

Violent ! crime

7, 410 8,314

1, 537 2, 004

952 2,072 12, 390 350. 1

3, 679

112, 176 112, 216

2, 193 2, 198

2,149 116, 563

565.8 |

Prop-

1, 116, 749 1,117, 262

35, 989 36, 074

28, 978 1, 182, 309 5, 739.1

Murder and non- negligent

Forci- ble

129 751 21.2

§21

51 52

61

31.0

8, 051 8, 054

#3

114 114

189 8, 357 40.6

2, 149 2, 384

Zl 314

74 161 2,809 79.4

182 186

67.0

2,776 2, 795

153 157

3,031 147.3

1,011 1,087

116 195

1,456 71.5

48, 708 48, 725

271 49, 531 240. 4

4, 527 5, 159

1, 206 1, 573

749 1, 630 8, 362 236.3

518

Beg gs

4, 627 4, 667

7%

649 6, 042 293.6

2, 080 2, 188

673 1,128

189

3,871 190.0

53, 636 53, 656

1,512 1, 516

1,641 56, 813 275.8

22, 221 24, 723

3, 472 4, 528

1,962 31,213 882.0

1, 167.3

34, 324 34, 758

2, 672 2, 642

1, 664 2, 901 40, 301 1, 958.3

9, 500 9, 982

1,918 3, 215

3,170 16, 317 801.0

387,070 387, 233

9, 718 9, 741

10, 850 407, 824 1,979.6

Larceny- theft

27, 271 29, 487

4, 292 5, 597

1,004 2, 184 37, 268 1, 053. 1

6, 943 7,090

2, 366 9, 456 2, 865. 5

64, 523 65, 422

7,089 7, 229

2, 242 3, 909 76, 560 3,720.1

16,717 17, 435

3, 262 5, 468

1,116 3, 897 26, 800 1,315.7

602, 617 602, 919

24, 009 2A, 066

16, 508 643, 188 3, 123.6

Auto theft

127, 062 127, 110

2, 262 2, 267

1,620 130, 997 635.9

ee

Sta

Ot

Ru

Ste

ot

Rt

7 2

oe SBStS S&

32

78,

1

117

o8 Bs

717

110

COLORADO

CU So ckacqckbtnccccctddccnccesend Area actually reporting. .............. BE ee

Area actually reporting. .-...........-. Estimated totals......................

CONNECTICUT

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area... Area actually reporting. .............. I BNI Sack cnc i cdccccccccns

tiie adcddiienbcsctewseneges

DELAW ARE Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area___

Area actually reporting .-.............- CF Cisse ace cicc ncn setkscbocccsd

FLORIDA Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area-__

Area actually reporting -.............- Ci iii nciSassewesechshi ted

GEORGIA Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area... CR i ce a dabci dh cnc cccsccdce

Area actually reporting -----........-- Estimated totals. ....................-

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 4.—Index of Crime by State, 1973—Continued

101, 662 105, 356

3, 956 || 4, 398 |

2, 963 112,717 3, 664. 4

114, 681 |

124, 490

13, 029 17,519

9, 838 22, 166 164, 175

3, 430.3

Violent ! crime

97,012 101, 918

661 13, 142 710 14, 121

632 7, 160 689 7, 806 123, 845 5,081.9

5, 798 5,911

95, 864 99, 445

231 3, 674 312 4, 086

198 2, 765 6,421 | 106,296 208.7 | 3,455.7